User's Manual for "PC-SEED"
Contents
1. b rye pw pi 9 BoB Ro BoB Bot Tom p re Bor c 5B 188 158 268 SEEDING RATE in thousands per hectare Figure 4 Stocking graph broadcast seeding Peatland black spruce Density Uersus Seeding Rate 1809 s Ha Seed viability 188 87 AB EE ud psi EE SE c UE UT Coe CUT S NER IRE 4 L E tee s OO T E ag wg wo T T e e e m E D d a a H el a a D D D L zi a BP gg pe ge 4d b u HH W e B B 3 4 gt D A 100 206 300 408 500 SEEDING RATE Cin thousands per hectare Figure 5 Density graph broadcast seeding te SS CH OO ra La Peatland black spruce seedspot stocking for Sphagnun peat based on B seeds per spot uith viability of 10802 Average density 2 7 seedlings per spot stocking 74 zx 188 3 t 40 Humber of Seedlings Per Spot Figure 6 Seedspot graph K CH ZE Fe CC E ma roi by Beat land black spruce Frequency Distribution of Sphagnun peat Mean Area 18 20 38 48 3B 68 76 60 38 188 QUADRAT AREA x Figure 7 Seedbed area frequency distribution graph MENU COMMANDS This section provides details on all possible menu commands IFile Carry out file operations including starting a new worksheet retrieving a file saving a file shelling to DOS and setting a default directory and exiting IFilelNew Erase the current contents of the worksheet and assign default values to all settings IFilelRetrieve Retrieve a PC SEED data file2. nonviable for seedspot calculations maximum number is 50 Default is 5 CalculatelSeedspot Viability Enter the seed viability expressed as a percentage values from 0 to 100 are accepted Default is 100 ICalculatelSeedspotlGo Determine seedspot stocking percentage of seedspots stocked with at least one seedling for each seedbed and display the results on the worksheet Details of the seedspot stocking calculation are provided in Appendix 4 ICalculatelBroadcast Set options for broadcast seeding calculations ICalculatelBroadcastlSeeding Rate Enter the broadcast seeding rate in thousands of viable seeds per hectare The default rate is 100 000 seeds per ha values from 0 to 500 000 seeds per ha are permitted ICalculatelBroadcastilQuadrat Size Enter the size of the quadrat on which stocking calculation will be based The default size is 4 m and values from 0 to 100 m are permitted ICalculatelBeta Set values or parameters to estimate the values of the beta probability density function The beta function is used to describe the degree of within seedbed variability in receptivity Groot 1988 IMPORTANT NOTE This is an advanced option that should be used only on the basis of detailed knowledge of seedbed receptivity A method for estimating amp and p values from seedspot information is provided in Appendix 2 ICalculatelBetalEnter values Enter amp and B values of the beta probability density function N
3. 3 261166 28 23566 38 52201 feathermoss peat 0748 1 7952 4 1 120672 1 132554 2 162268 1 355336 6 291801 1 53827 1 801324 1 166813 2 641242 3 261722 12 27205 9 798359 1 236457 5 046894 7 847229 4 051919 15 47202 19 76184 25 90796 36 13327 rotten wood 374 1 496 20 6207932 6207932 6207932 6207932 6207932 6207932 6 337538 6207932 6207932 6207933 6207948 6208071 6208957 6214468 6244612 6392145 7048088 9742139 2 027886 6207932 14 Appendix 2 Estimating c and f from seedspot information It is possible to estimate o and f values from seedspot data and a program BETA is provided for this purpose Estimates of o and B can be entered into PC SEED to make more accurate stocking predictions Estimating o and B using BETA requires information on seedspot stocking percentage of seedspots with one or more seedlings receptivity value percentage of seeds that become established seedlings number of seeds per spot and seed viability At least 2 seeds per spot must have been used and the same number must have been used for each spot Seedbeds with low receptivity values require larger numbers of seedspots to accurately estimate and p values Installing and running BETA is similar to installing and running PC SEED To use BETA simply enter the seedspot information in the appropriate spaces and then press F10 to calculate and D Not all combinations of input data result in meaning
4. Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 500 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IPrintlIGraphlDensity Display a graph of density versus seeding rate in broadcast seeding see Figure 5 IPrintlGraphlIDensityl1 Scale 50 select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 50 000 seeds per ha for the density graph IPrintlGraphlDensityl1 Scale 200 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 200 000 seeds per ha for the density graph IPrintlGraphlDensityl1 Scale 500 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 500 000 seeds per ha for the density graph IPrintiGraphlSeedspot Print a graph showing the percentage of seedspots with 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and 10 or more seedlings per spot see Figure 6 for the current seedbed IPrintiGraphlFrequency Print a graph of the relative frequency distribution of seedbed area for the current seedbed IPrintI Worksheet Print the contents of the worksheet see Figure 2 The worksheet report reproduces the information contained in the worksheet including the name receptivity and average area of each seedbed type the area of each 12 seedbed type in each quadrat the mean total seedbed area and the mean stocking and the total seedbed area and the probability of stocking for each quadrat Print WorksheetlNormal Print the worksheet in normal text mode 80 columns wide Print Worksheetl Compressed Print the worksheet in compressed text mode 137 columns wid
5. 6 displaced Sphagnum 20 6 dud 0 9 lm 15 6 0 9 2 1 0 9 0 9 7 deciduous litter 0 1 1 5 0 7 0 8 0 9 AL 0 7 0 7 0 7 B coniferous litter Gk 1 7 0 8 0 9 Lab Bal 0 8 0 8 1 5 9 sheared Sphagnum 42 7 1 4 1 8 0 8 0 7 0 8 0 7 0 7 0 7 10 displaced feathermos 3 4 1o 0 7 2 4 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 7 0 6 11 rotten wood A 32 4 1 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 0 6 1 0 ia other Ze XA 13 3 1 4 9 7 d5 4 31 7 4 4 3 5 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Area 53 5 45 0 35 5 58 6 31 5 61 7 315 9 65 1 Enter seedbed name OR Type to access the main menu Figure 1 PC SEED worksheet Now access the main menu by typing Select Graph by typing g or by using the right or left arrow keys and typing Enter Type s or the Enter key to select a stocking graph and then type 1 or the Enter key to select the first graph scale A graph of stocking versus seeding rate 1s displayed Congratulations You have completed your first stocking predictions using PC SEED Press the space bar to return to the worksheet Continue experimenting with PC SEED or conclude your session by selecting File and then Exit from the main menu USING PC SEED Examining stocking relationships in broadcast seeding One of the main functions of PC SEED is to examine stocking relationships in broadcast seeding Seedbed receptivity values seedbed areas and seeding rates are used in the calculations Results can be displayed in two ways A graph of stocking versus seeding rate can be viewed by selecting IGraphlStock
6. LU D x OO OO 0 10 O 150 amp Un va Oh zl zl DI zl OM JU a BO 19 A UI LS 21 13 WU PO0Oo0POSG l3 b Bae L Mon JU 310 1 JoO J COOC OO OO gocwH oc m itx Man CO JO CO D C NP On e n zl 00 odas paqpaag g aansig SEEDBED REPORT Peatland black spruce Report bate 01 13 1559 File SAMPLE PCS Seedspot Average Seedbed Type Receptivity Stocking Area Alpha Beta EH 5 1 compact Sphagnum Tu 24 5 10 D 0 1440 l 7260 2 Sphagnum peat 33 4 Fada 743 0 6246 1 2454 3 Sphagnum and grass 6 3 23 2 345 0 1290 i T7T410 4 pioneer mosses 11 4 34 3 3 2 0 2132 1 6568 5 feathermoss peat 3 4 114 9 3a 0 0636 1 8064 6 displaced Sphagnum 20 6 54 3 2 3 0 3852 1 4848 7 deciduous litter 0 1 0 4 NR Q 0019 1 8681 8 coniferous litter 6 4 S ow 1 7 OP a LIS 1 7503 9 sheared Sphagnum amp 2 7 52 8 1 4 0 7985 1 0718 10 displaced feathermos 3 4 11 5 lad 0 0636 1 8064 11 rotten wood A 32 4 7243 1 0 0 6059 1 2641 12 other 2 0 bad 16 8 0 0374 l 8326 EXE m A nns mm mm ELO A eg em emm eg o e Seedspot stocking values n lol L1 US mmm D mmm mmm mmm pm wm mm gu mm mmm D mmm wm M e de de mem Dod based on 8 seeds per spot Peatland black spruce Stocking Uersus Seeding Rate seed viability 100 07 E ES AA ow7 8 A A B BH B B amp E e ko amp m m amp b h c E o 2x O0 4 La B S B8 S ES 3 B H ka c
7. Only files with a pes extension can be retrieved The names of all files in the current subdirectory with this extension are displayed Although PC SEED saves pes files in a standard format some flexibility is possible in the format of files to be Retrieved Appendix 1 Once a file has been Retrieved the file name is displayed in the upper right hand corner of the screen IFilelSave Save a PC SEED worksheet to the current directory with the filename that 1s displayed in the upper right hand corner of the screen If the file already exists its contents will be written over The files are written in text ASCID form with a standard format Appendix 1 IFilelSave As Save a PC SEED worksheet to the current directory with a filename supplied by the user If the file already exists its contents will be written over Files are always saved with a pes extension even 1f a different extension was entered The files are written in text ASCII form with a standard format Appendix 1 IFilelDOS Shell Shell to DOS After the desired DOS commands have been executed type Exit to return to PC SEED IFilelDirectory Change the current directory 10 IFilelExit Exit PC SEED and return to DOS ICalculate Sel options for seedspot broadcast seeding and quadrat area calculations ICalculatelSeedspot Set options for seedspot calculations ICalculatelSeedspotlSeeds per spot Set the total number of seeds per spot viable
8. from 0 to 200 000 seeds per ha for the density graph IGraphlDensityl1 Scale 500 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 500 000 seeds per ha for the density graph IGraphlSeedspot Display a graph showing the percentage of seedspots with 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and 10 or more seedlings per spot see Figure 6 for the current seedbed Pressing P while the graph is displayed will print the graph pressing any other key will return to the worksheet IGraphlFrequency Display a graph of the relative frequency distribution of seedbed area for the current seedbed IGraphlTitle Enter a title up to 40 characters to be printed at the top of graphs or reports ISetup Set screen mode or characteristics of the bottom line of display ISetuplScreen Mode Change the screen mode PC SEED can be operated using either a colour or monochrome display ISetuplScreen ModelColour Select a colour display This is the default screen mode and is appropriate for colour monitors ISetuplScreen ModelMonochrome Select a monochrome display This screen mode provides a clearer display when using monochrome monitors ISetuplBottom Line Change the bottom line of the display Three options are available 13 ISetuplBottom LinelStocking Display stocking values for broadcast seeding along the bottom line The stocking value under the Area column is the average stocking for all quadrats The stocking value under the Qn c
9. the right hand side of this equation reduces to eS Succeeding terms m 1 2 3 are evaluated by multiplying the previous term by AS P m 1 m amp D m 1 In PC SEED terms are evaluated until m gt AS and the value of the term is lt 1 E 08 When values of and B are very high i e small within seedbed variability the value of y approaches y e SA de eg rA which is the equation originally developed by R gni re 1982 for predicting stocking without considering within seedbed variability 16 Appendix 4 Details of stocking calculations for seedspots The probability of a seedspot having k seedlings is given by H J T P d v 1 v Ree nee ik Li k P e P B T a B i where lis the total number of seeds viable nonviable and vis the seed viability This equation ts taken from Groot 1988 17 Appendix 5 Details of the method for generating quadrat areas It is assumed that quadrat areas are distributed according to the beta density function The values of o and B are determined by the method of matching moments f s I mean mean a mean 1 f f B 1 mean 1 ff where mean is the mean fractional area for the seedbed type and s is the variance of fractional area for the seedbed type The cumulative frequency distribution for the beta function is used as a basis for generating quadrat areas With n quadrats for which to generate areas areas correspond
10. 6 1 2454 3 Sphagnum and grass 6 9 24844 345 0 1290 1 7410 4 pioneer mosses 11 4 34 3 d 0 2137 1 6568 5 feathermoss peat 3 4 11 5 3 8 0 0636 1 8064 6 displaced Sphagnum 20 6 54 3 CMEC 0 3052 1 4848 7 deciduous litter JU iua 1 5 0 0019 1 8681 8 coniferous litter 6 4 20 7 147 0 1197 1 7503 9 sheared Sphagnum 42 7 82 9 Leg 0 7985 1 0715 10 displaced feathermos 3 4 Li S I3 0 0636 1 8064 11 rotten wood A 32 4 72 3 1 0 0 6059 1 2621 12 other 2 0 6 9 16 8 0 0374 1 8326 mem ges be Zeie e dt we mm om wm pnl ma 2 mm ge mm mm mmm vm em eg es em ms ms mem em me e e gp mp mm Seedspot stocking values based on 8 seeds per spot with a viability of 100 image remains on the screen until all of the graph information has been sent to the printer This can take some time and in the meanwhile no keystrokes are accepted IPrintiGraphlStocking Print graph of stocking versus seeding rate in broadcast seeding see Figure 4 IPrintlGraphlStockingl1 Scale 50 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 50 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IPrintlGraphlStockingl1 Scale 200 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 200 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IPrintlGraphlStockingl1 Scale 500 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 500 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IPrintlGraphlDensity Display a graph of density versus seeding rate in broadcast seeding see Figu
11. CS Q1 Q2 L3 4 9 2 2 14580 iu isd 4 7 3 2 1 8 3 0 9 LH 0 7 0 8 0 8 0 9 1 8 0 8 0 7 2 4 0 6 32 9 13 3 1 4 46 0 35 5 72 1 85 3 Q10 Q11 1 8 2 6 usd 1 4 Bl Li lx 1 2 4 3 144 0 9 1 3 H os ii 0 8 0 8 0 0 7 0 6 0 8 0 6 0 6 17 8 25 9 42 7 39 1 70 0 52 1 019 020 19 4 40 7 1 4 1 6 L0 5 4 0 9 1 4 de 0 9 T8 4 2 0 7 0 8 0 8 0 7 3 8 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 23 4 2 6 55 3 66 2 58 5 85 prop H U1 LU to Lo IIHRISOHRHPIOCUN D co un co Co on NA bh Co CO nr bJ kA OO OO OO Lu Ok TAN me Lad un O pA Lal to O CO 0 O E ppp won J JD JL OO OO H bh if gi On m H oo Lal OO On H kl un jo bo FOOOONrFORMOrRFFRD va CO OO OO OO OO k O kA Mt FAT sl d M O J UN 0 wie Li On bo LD e j un 64 d La 21 LD OO On JU JS oo zl JoO zl LA kA OO k OO wk oo C CO Un e n E 000000 ar raa be NO KA M sl VD 40 lh HIR 0 co 21 60 7 1i0d34 paqpaag cg anig SEEDBED REPORT Peatland black spruce Report Date 04 13 1999 File SAMPLE PCS mm mm e mm eg A mm pm mem wm E m me wm ee mm em ui lx x em em Sr e mn e eS Seedspot Average Seedbed Type Receptivity Stocking Area Alpha Beta 5 5 1 compact Sphagnum La Y 24 5 10 0 0 1440 Ls 7260 2 Sphagnum peat 33 4 73 5 7 2 0 624
12. EDIFEL mess APPENDIGES eene tn 13 als 14 INTRODUCTION Direct seeding is a widely used forest regeneration method in Ontario particularly for jack pine and to a lesser extent black spruce Direct seeding includes broadcast seeding row and spot seeding In broadcast seeding seed is spread over the entire regeneration area usually from seeding devices mounted on aircraft In row seeding seeds are applied to intermittent or continuous rows of prepared seedbed usually by a mechanical device mounted on site preparation equipment In spot seeding groups of one or more seeds are placed at suitable spots throughout the regeneration area The objective of direct seeding is to establish a stand of the seeded species to a desired regeneration stocking and density In broadcast seeding probabilistic models can be used to explore the stocking that will result from various combinations of seeding rate seed viability seedbed amounts and seedbed receptivities R gni re 1982 Groot 1988 but these models require a considerable amount of computation Estimating stocking in spot seeding also requires computations involving seedbed receptivity seed viability and number of seeds per spot It should be noted that probabilistic models cannot be used to predict the outcome of a particular direct seeding operation Variability in site type seedbed conditions seed viability seed application and weather all affect seedling establ
13. User s Manual for PC SEED Arthur Groot Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Great Lakes Forestry Centre Box 490 Sault Ste Marie ON P6A 5M7 PC SEED worksheet report Peatland black spruce Printed on 04 13 1999 Seedbed Type compact Sphagnum Sphagnum peat Sphagnum and grass pioneer mosses feathermoss peat displaced Sphagnum deciduous litter coniferous litter sheared Sphagnum displaced feathermos rotten wood A other Quadrat Area Quadrat Stocking Seedbed Type compact Sphagnum Sphagnum peat Sphagnum and grass pioneer mosses feathermoss peat displaced Sphagnum deciduous litter coniferous litter sheared Sphagnum displaced feathermos rotten wood A other Quadrat Area Quadrat Stocking Seedbed Type compact Sphagnum Sphagnum peat Sphagnum and grass pioneer mosses feathermoss peat displaced Sphagnum deciduous litter coniferous litter sheared Sphagnum displaced feathermos rotten wood A other Quadrat Area Quadrat Stocking Figure 2 Worksheet report Filename Recept Area Tear L0 33 4 7 62 6 9 3 5 11 4 3 2 3 4 2 9 20 6 2 3 0 1 1 5 6 4 Ll 42 7 1 4 3 4 Dot 32 4 1 0 2 0 16 8 53 5 71 6 Q8 Q9 30 4 6 0 i L ll 1 0 1 0 B 0 9 g 1 34 0 9 ach 0 7 AER 0 8 0 8 0 7 BT T d 0 6 0 6 6 3 36 2 6 8 89 7 JT 65 4 70 9 Q17 Q18 349 T3 34 1 17 9 QST UY 1i 5 p mee 1 04 1 0 4 4 1 0 0 8 10 4 2 13 0 8 1 1 9 0 6 i 0 6 0 6 20 4 5 6 83 3 375 1 93 6 395 5 SAMPLE P
14. ariables are written in the following order one line for each seedbed type seedbed name up to 20 characters 2 value 3 p value 4 receptivity value 5 area of quadrat 95 6 area of quadrat 2 56 4 n area of quadrat n In the standard format the seedbed name occupies 20 columns and subsequent variables are separated by commas Rather long lines may be created if there are many quadrats It is also possible to create pes files using other software word processors editors spreadsheets however and then to retrieve them using the FilelRetrieve command This would be useful for importing data that have been stored previously in other files Blanks are ignored by PC SEED so more blanks can be used than shown in the standard format or no blanks can be used Values for variables can be omitted but commas must still be entered to hold the variable s place For example the following line omits o and B values mineral soil 32 1 31 25 37 Figure Al Format of a sample pcs file compact Sphagnum 4675 1 4025 25 1 169338 1 421931 3 815682 42 82235 1 678302 32 4999 3 091681 12 19854 4 689889 5 733235 6 969545 8 42954 10 15395 2 035068 14 64272 17 60569 21 27921 26 00504 2 502453 1 255943 Sphagnum peat 748 1 122 40 1 13701 2 648908 1 229162 2 169174 1 534563 4 975798 1 348005 1 163764 21 94315 17 47921 4 027913 1 803238 7 558817 9 296187 11 43343 14 0946 6 138268
15. cale Density is simply a linear function of the seeding rate Examining seedspot relationships Another important function of PC SEED is to explore results when seeds are sown in spots Seedspot stocking percentage of spots with at least one seedling values are displayed for all seedbed types by selecting ICalculatelSeedspotlGo More detailed seedspot results are displayed by selecting IGraphlSeedspot A graph is displayed for the seedbed type that is currently active cursor Is on the row containing the seedbed name The graph indicates the percentage of spots with 0 1 2 etc seedlings and also gives the average number of seedlings per spot Seedspot stocking and density are affected by the number of seeds per spot and the viability of the seed The number of seeds per spot can be altered by selecting IGraphlSeedspotlSeeds per spot The default is 5 and the permissible range is from to 50 Note that number of seeds per spot refers to the total viable and nonviable number of seeds The viability can be altered by selecting IGraphlSeedspotlViability The default viability is 100 and viability can range from 0 to 100 Within seedbed variability affects seedspot stocking results just as it does stocking in broadcast seeding See the section Within seedbed variability and D values on page 3 for more information Printing reports and graphs PC SEED can print two reports select IGraphlPrint and the desired report Th
16. e This option is possible for printers using the Epson command set IPrintlTitle Enter a title up to 40 characters to be printed at the top of graphs or reports IPrintlSeedbed Report Print a report summarizing the receptivity seedspot stocking average area and alpha and beta values for each seedbed type see Figure 3 Seedspot stocking is the estimated stocking if seedspots were established on each seedbed type IGraph Select one of several graph options IGraphlStocking Display a graph of stocking versus seeding rate in broadcast seeding see Figure 4 Pressing P while the graph is displayed will print the graph pressing anv other key will return to the worksheet IGraphlStockingl1 Scale 50 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 50 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IGraphlStockingl1 Scale 200 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 200 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IGraphlStockingll1 Scale 500 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 500 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IGraphlDensity Display a graph of stocking versus seeding rate in broadcast seeding see Figure 5 Pressing P while the graph is displayed will print the graph pressing any other key will return to the worksheet GraphiDensity 1 Scale 50 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 50 000 seeds per ha for the density graph IGraphlDensityl1 Scale 200 Select a seeding rate scale going
17. e one cell left 1 Enter the value and move one cell up Enter the value and move one cell down Ctrl Move seven cells right Ctrl Move seven cells left Home Move to the upper left corner of the worksheet Backspace Erase the last character entered Del Deletes the contents of the current cell Esc Return to the previous menu selection Access the main menu F7 Quit the Area column so the next entries must be made in the Q1 and subsequent columns For example enter quadrat areas for QI to Q10 e g 12 24 17 5 37 etc Only values between 0 and 100 will be accepted These represent the percent area of the quadrat covered by this seedbed type After cach value is entered the mean area of the seedbed is updated in the Area column The total quadrat area is given in the summary line at the bottom of the screen with only one seedbed type the total area is the same as the area for the seedbed Note that the Seedbed Recept and Area columns always remain on the screen while the quadrat columns scroll horizontally File Calculate Print Graph Setup Average SAMPLE PCS Seedbed Type Recept Area Ql Q2 Q3 a Q5 Q6 o 1 compact Sphagnum TT 30 0 15 9 4 9 31 2 1 2 10 7 1 5 13 0 2 Sphagnum peat 33 4 4 ve 2 2 13 53 8 5 1 1 10 8 T MET 6 7 3 Sphagnum and grass 6 9 3 5 2 3 Ll 2 0 143 L 0 Lit 21 57 4 pioneer mosses 11 4 3 2 4 7 3 2 Lo 1 4 0 9 0 9 1 0 5 feathermoss peat 3 4 358 Esg 2 3 deL la 1 0 LD 13 8
18. e worksheet report prints all of the information contained in the worksheet Figure 2 and the seedbed report summarizes information for each seedbed Figure 3 Graphs of stocking and density versus seeding rate Figures 4 and 5 of seedspot stocking Figure 6 and of seedbed area distribution Figure 7 can be printed by selecting IGraphlPrintlGraph Because graphs are printed using the DOS PrtSc service the DOS Graphics command must be used in the PCSEED batch file or prior to executing SEED EXE see Installing and Running PC SEED page 1 The eraph image remains on the screen until all of the graph information has been sent to the printer This can take some time and in the meanwhile no keystrokes are accepted Applying PC SEED Applying PC SEED requires information about seedbed amounts seedbed receptivities seeding rates and seed viability PC SEED can operate with best guesses but more detailed information will likely result in prescriptions with greater reliability Such information could include seedbed amounts from seedbed surveys and seedbed receptivities from locally established scedspots Seedbeds that cover large areas may make a substantial contribution to stocking and density even if receptivity values are low These seedbeds should be included when developing prescriptions with PC SEED Natural seed inputs from adjacent standing timber or from cones in slash can be considerable An estimate of the na
19. eared Sphaanum displaced feathermos rotten wood A other Quadrat Area Quadrat Stocking Figure 2 Worksheet report Filename Recept Area Fet LOS 33 4 Y 2 6 9 3 5 11 4 d M 3 4 3 8 20 6 23 0 1 i 2 6 4 L7 42 7 1 4 3 4 1 1 32 4 1 0 2 0 16 8 53 5 71 6 Q8 Q9 30 4 6 0 1 2 ll 1 0 LO D 0 9 9 0 1 4 0 9 154 0 7 0 7 0 8 0 8 0 7 0 7 dud 0 6 0 6 5 3 35 2 6 8 39 57 27 1 65 4 70 9 GU Q18 249 Na 34 1 17 9 Sur LA 14245 T 0 1 0 L9 4 4 Lep 0 8 10 4 i i 0 8 Led 9 5 0 6 l 24 0 6 0 6 20 4 5 6 B3 3 Td 93 6 95 6 SAMPLE PCS Q1 Q2 125 93 4 9 Zoe 13 8 dud A 4 7 CNET 1 8 23 0 9 1 8 0 7 0 8 0 8 0 3 1 8 0 8 0 7 2 4 0 6 2 50 13 43 1 4 46 0 35 5 dast 85 3 Q10 O11 1 8 2 6 2 1 4 B i d i d 1 2 4 3 1 0 0 9 Lis e 0 7 0 8 0 8 Dz 0 7 0 6 0 8 0 6 0 6 17 8 26 9 42 7 39 1 70 0 52 1 Q19 Q20 19 4 40 7 1 2 1 6 1 9 5 4 0 9 2 3 1 4 n AS 7 8 4 2 Ohad 0 8 0 8 0 7 3 8 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 23 4 2 6 55 3 66 2 50 5 85 0 I H ID oO OO k OU GW P bc zl zl DX J 0040P J NN LW on i Ov Oy 3 310 0 0 0 O nr pi un Ww HH if 53 mo oo vin or kA EI p Fe I a i s 8 03 3 8s SD D C3 sc m ho oO mea ob oF YP ee Ro N Un gr 47 6 m H oo KF Ooo CONF OO kd LA on H H By H 68 I POO0OONPOdOoOPPPO b OY Oy J M MO PA UJ 0 00 UJ d ul J EN ul ri UJ Ln ul 72 a OO OH OO OO kA OO kA Mt Fr uo OO O DO O rm cor
20. ful o and B values BETA restricts inputs to the following conditions 1H 1 v 100 x r 100 gt p 100 gt r 1 1 v 100 100 where vis seed viability 56 ris the receptivity value 7 l is the number of seeds per spot and p is seedspot stocking 96 The left hand side of this inequality is the maximum seedspot stocking attainable which occurs when there is no within seedbed variability see equation in Groot 1988 The right side of this equation is the minimum seedspot stocking attainable which occurs when there is maximum within seedbed variability r percent of seedspots have 100 receptivity and the remainder 0 receptivity The basis for BETA ts a numerical solution of the seedspot equation given in Appendix 4 for Pr 0 and Equation lI in the text 15 Appendix 3 Details of stocking calculation for broadcast seeding This calculation is based on Groot 1988 The probability of a quadrat being stocked is given by K r i SA l SA r y zl re dr rose drs rJe dr ya 1 f Rede an LE ee ha P fre ar where f r is the probability density function for seedbed receptivity for seedbed n A is the area of seedbed n m and S is the seeding rate viable seeds m The beta probability density function was used for fj r Numerical integration of this equation was simplified by the relation fa y AMAS Ti PIB m l SAF e lr L Ta m0 m MP a The first term m 0 of
21. ing and then an appropriate graph scale The graph can be printed by selecting IPrintlGraphlStocking and an appropriate graph scale A quadrat summary for stocking can be displayed along the bottom of the worksheet by selecting ISetuplBottomlStocking These values give the probability that a quadrat will be stocked and are based on a single seeding rate The default rate is 100 000 viable seeds ba but any rate up to 500 000 seeds ha can be chosen by selecting CalculatelBroadcastlRate The area of the stocking unit regeneration quadrat can be altered by selecting ICalculatelBroadcastlQuadrat The default area is 4 0 mt and areas from 0 to 100 m can be entered The value of stocking at the bottom of the Area column is the average for all quadrats The value at the bottom of each Q column is the probability that the quadrat is stocked Within seedbed variability ct and D values The variability in receptivity that occurs within a seedbed type is currently not well understood but it has a strong effect on stocking In a variable seedbed type establishment is poor on some patches of the seedbed but good on other patches In a uniform type establishment Is similar among all patches For a given seedbed receptivity higher within seedbed variability leads to lower stocking Variability in receptivity within a type probably occurs because patches of a seedbed type may be similar in appearance yet differ in the properties that affec
22. ing with relative frequencies at intervals of 1 n 1 beginning with 1 n 1 are determined Area values are determined using the Newton Raphson procedure and the cumulative frequency for an area value is determined using the BETAI algorithm Press et al 1986 Quadrat areas generated at this stage usually have a mean slightly different from the desired mean so rescaling is carried out to obtain the desired mean When areas are generated for more than one seedbed type the fractional area for a quadrat may exceed one An iterative procedure is used to exchange pairs of quadrat areas to minimize these occurrences Exchanges of areas take place only between quadrats within the same seedbed type After this stage total areas for some individual quadrats may still exceed one by a small amount This is corrected by reducing the area of a seedbed in such a quadrat and increasing the area of the same seedbed type in another quadrat by the same amount The final result is that all seedbed types have the desired mean area the total area of each quadrat is less than or equal to one and the areas of each seedbed type are to a close approximation beta distributed 18
23. ishment and preclude accurate forecasts Probabilistic models can be used however to help develop prescriptions for direct seeding because they allow examination of how seeding rate seedbed amount and seedbed receptivity influence stocking and density This manual describes PC SEED a program that carries out computations for probablistic models in direct seeding PC SEED is similar to older versions of popular spreadsheet programs in appearance and some functions making it easy to learn PC SEED computes potential regeneration stocking and densities from user entered seeding rates seedbed amounts and seedbed receptivities and displays the results in graphic form Because complete information on seedbed distribution is not always available an option allows seedbed areas to be generated internally PC SEED also computes stocking for seedspots This manual explains how to install and run PC SEED describes the worksheet provides a brief tutorial introducing PC SEED describes how to use PC SEED to perform several tasks and gives a complete listing and explanation of all menu commands Computer operating systems have developed more rapidly than PC SEED and this software does not have the advantages of a graphical user interface and does not support a mouse INSTALLING AND RUNNING PC SEED The files required for PC SEED are contained on the diskette included with this report Table 1 Table 1 PC SEED files File Descri
24. lVariance option generates seedbed areas according to the beta density function see Appendix 5 Generating seedbed areas 1s a numerically intensive procedure see Appendix 5 and can be very time consuming In the worst case with 20 seedbeds and 200 quadrats and a slow processor many minutes may be required The time taken increases linearly with the number of seedbeds and increases roughly with the square of the number of quadrats Note that each time a value is entered under the Average column seedbed area generation is reinitiated If the objective is to generate areas for a large number of quadrats for many seedbeds it is possible to save a considerable amount of time by using one of two strategies For the first strategy begin by selecting IFilelNew to erase the worksheet also sets mode to Average Then enter the mean seedbed areas for each seedbed type in the QI column The same value will appear under the Average column When all values have been entered select Generate mode ICalculatel ArealGenerate and seedbed areas will be generated for all quadrats and seedbed types Alternatively set the number of quadrats to 1 while in Generate mode Then enter the average seedbed areas in the Average column When all areas have been entered set the number of quadrats to the value desired Examining density relationships in broadcast seeding Density can be examined by selecting IGraphlDensity and the desired seeding rate s
25. olumn is the probability that the quadrat will be stocked Stocking values are expressed as a percentage and are based on a quadrat size and broadcast seeding rate that be set in ICalculatelBroadcast can ISetuplBottom LinelArea Display area values along the bottom line The area value under the Area column is the average of total seedbed area for all quadrats The area value under the Qn column is the total area of all seedbeds for the quadrat n Areas are expressed as a percentage of the quadrat area The default display for the bottom line is area ISetuplBottom LinelBlank Display nothing along the bottom line ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The substantial contributions made by Tom Alves in the programming of PC SEED are gratefully acknowledged Mike Adams Rob Fleming and Colin Bowling provided constructive reviews of the software and the manual LITERATURE CITED Groot A 1988 Methods for estimating seedbed receptivity and for predicting seedling stocking and density in broadcast seeding Can J For Res 18 1541 1549 Press W H Flannery B P Teukolsky S A Vetterling W T 1986 Numerical recipes Cambridge University Press Cambridge 818 p R gni re J 1982 A probabilistic model relating seeding rate and seedbed availability to degree of scarification and aerial seeding rate Can J For Res 12 362 367 Appendix 1 Format of pcs files PC SEED writes pcs files in a standard format e g Figure Al V
26. ompatible computers Abstract Accompanied by a computer diskette Includes bibliographical references ISBN 0 662 28570 5 Cat no Fo42 292 2001E PC SEED Computer file Handbooks manuals etc 2 Sowing Computer programs Handbooks manuals etc 3 Plant propagation Computer programs Handbooks manuals etc I Great Lakes Forestry Centre Il Title ILSeries Information Report Great Lakes Forestry Centre GLC X 4 5D403 G77 2001 634 9 562 0285 C00 980059 X OHer Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2001 Catalogue No F042 292 2001E ISBN 0 662 28570 0 ISSN 0832 7122 Copies of this publication are available at no charge from Publications Services Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Great Lakes Forestry Centre P O Box 490 Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 5M7 Microfiche copies of this publication may be purchased from Micro Media Inc Place du Portage 165 Hotel de Ville Hull Quebec J8X 3X2 The views conclusions and recommendations contained herein are those of the authors and should not be construed as either policy or endorsement by Natural Resources Canada Groot A 2001 User s Manual for PC SEED Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forestry Service Great Lakes Forestry Centre Infor Rep GLC X 4 15 p ABSTRACT The software PC SEED has been developed to carry out computations required to help develop prescriptions for direct seeding PC SEED c
27. omputes stocking and density for broadcast and spot seeding and also performs some related computations This manual outlines how to install and run PC SEED and describes how to use PC SEED for several applications A complete listing and explanation of all menu commands is provided The manual includes a 3 1 2 floppy diskette with the files necessary to run PC SEED The program is written in QuickBasic and runs on MS DOS compatible computers R SUM Le logiciel PC SEED a t d velopp pour effectuer les calculs n cessaires l laboration des prescriptions d ensemencement direct Il calcule la proportion de surface occup e et la densit des semis en plein ensemencement la vol e et des semis localis s ensemencement sur placeaux et effectue des calculs connexes Le pr sent manuel explique comment installer et utiliser le logiciel PC SEED et d crit ses diverses applications Il fournit la liste compl te des commandes de menu et en pr sente une description Le manuel est accompagn d une disquette de 3 pouces contenant les fichiers n cessaires pour ex cuter PC SEED Le programme est en QuickBasic et tourne sur des ordinateurs MS DOS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION eenegen INSTALLING AND RUNNING PC SEED aaen THE WORKSHEE Tesis A BRIEF TUTORIJAL comment AR EE Rs USING PO SEEDBD our MENU COMMANDS eierrr error rrr rn nan nins ACEKNOWEEDGEMENTS e enitn rtis LITERAIVR
28. ote that a ap me r where r receptivity 100 Changing the values of o and D changes the receptivity value For a given receptivity smaller values of and p produce greater within seedbed variability and ultimately lower stocking values The acceptable ranges of values are Oso 10 000 and 0 B lt 10 000 ICalculatelBetalParameters Enter m and b parameters for the following equations to estimate values of amp and D from r Wi m b r ek F r p where r receptivity 100 If a combination of r m and b would result in amp 0 the default values of b and m are used instead Default values are b 0 and m 1 87 from Groot 1988 Changing the values of receptivity at any time will produce new values of amp and P based on these equations ICalculatelAreas PC SEED can be operated in two area modes If you wish to enter the area of seedbed for individual quadrats the Average mode is appropriate With the Average mode selected the average of the quadrat areas for each seedbed is updated whenever a new quadrat area is entered Values cannot be entered into the Area column when in Average mode If vou have only an estimate of the average area of seedbeds and wish to generate individual quadrat areas for more realistic stocking predictions the Generate mode is appropriate When a value is entered into the Area column values of area are generated for each quadrat Values canno
29. pland sites with a uniform site preparation pattern ICalculatelGeneratelQuadrats Enter the number of quadrats for which seedbed areas are to be generated The default value is 20 and values from 1 to 200 are permitted Stocking estimates will be biased upwards 1f too few quadrats are used particularly if the average seedbed area is low or if the variance factor for seedbed area is high For most circumstances bias will be minimal if the number of quadrats is set to at least 100 IPrint Print one of several outputs IPrintlGraph Print one of several graphs Note that graphs can also be printed when they have been displayed using the Graph command by pressing P Because graphs are printed using the DOS PrtSc service the DOS Graphics command must be used in the PC SEED batch file or prior to executing SEED EXE see Installing and Running PC SEED page 1 The graph image remains on the screen until all of the graph information has been sent to the printer This can take some time and in the meanwhile no keystrokes are accepted IPrintlGraphlStocking Print a graph of stocking versus seeding rate in broadcast seeding see Figure 4 IPrintiGraphlStockingll1 Scale 50 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 50 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IPrintlGraphlStockingl1 Scale 200 select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 200 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IPrintlGraphlStockingl1 Scale 500
30. ption SBEBED EAE PCSEED BAT main program batch file normally used to run PC SEED a sample PC SEED data file self displaying introductory screen program to estimate d and B values see Appendix 2 SAMPLE PCS INTRO EXE BETA EXE A hard disk drive subdirectory e g C PCSEED should be created and all of the files copied to that subdirectory This can done through whichever operating system is most convenient In DOS the commands are mkdir cApeseed copy a c peseed PC SEED can be run from either a floppy disk drive or from the hard disk drive Change to the drive or directory that contains the PC SEED files and at the DOS prompt type pcseed This method runs the batch file PCSEED BAT This batch file contains the DOS command graphics which allows graphs created by PC SEED to be printed An alternate method of running PC SEED is to first type the graphics command with any parameters desired and then to type the seed command This method permits control over the type of printer Remember to type the graphics command before the seed command if using this method otherwise graphs will not print properly or the program may not run properly the parameters permissible depend on the version of DOS installed on the computer Consult your DOS manual An example of the command is graphics laserjetii which allows graphics to be printed to a laser printer THE WORKSHEET When PC SEED is run a worksheet consis
31. ptivity value is entered this relationship with the intercept rounded to 0 is used by PC SEED to determine values of a and then from 1 B No study of within seedbed variability has been made for other species or other conditions and it is possible that equation 2 is not universally applicable However values of and D should be changed only if there is good cause for doing so Data from seedspots can be used to provide local estimates of o and D see Appendix 2 It is possible to alter the values of o and D in two ways Selecting CalculatelPetalParameters permits new values of the intercept and slope to be entered for equation 2 Values of amp and B can be entered directly for a single seedbed type by selecting ICalculate BetalEnter Values This results in a new receptivity value being computed according to equation 1 It is possible to determine what stocking would be if seedbeds were uniform by setting very high values for o and B This can be done by setting m to 10 000 and b to 0 It should be noted that because of within seedbed variability PC SEED will predict different stocking values for seedbed area combinations that are seemingly equivalent For example different stocking will result from the following combinations 1 1 seedbed average receptivity 20 seedbed area 30 1 2 seedbeds average receptivity 20 each with seedbed area of 15 Stocking in 11 will be greater than in 1 because
32. re 5 IPrintiGraphlDensityl1 Scale 50 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 50 000 seeds per ha for the density graph IPrintlGraphlDensityl1 Scale 200 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 200 000 seeds per ha for the density graph IPrintiGraphlDensityl1 Scale 500 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 500 000 seeds per ha for the density graph IPrintlGraphlSeedspot Print a graph showing the percentage of seedspots with 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and 10 or more seedlings per spot see Figure 6 for the current seedbed IPrintiGraphlFrequency Print a graph of the relative frequency distribution of seedbed area for the current seedbed Print Worksheet Print the contents of the worksheet see Figure 2 The worksheet report reproduces the information contained in the worksheet including the name receptivity and average area of each seedbed type the area of each seedbed type in each quadrat the mean total seedbed area and the mean stocking and the total seedbed area and the probability of stocking for each quadrat IPrintIWorksheetlNormal Print the worksheet in normal text mode 80 columns wide Print WorksheetlCompressed Print the worksheet in compressed text mode 137 columns wide This option is possible for printers using the Epson command set PrintiTitle Enter a title up to 40 characters to be printed at the top of graphs or reports IPrintlSeedbed Report Print a
33. receptivities of the seedbeds in 11 vary independently of each other Because of this effect users of PC SEED should avoid lumping dissimilar seedbeds together particularly if substantial areas are involved Summarizing seedbed areas A frequency distribution of quadrat areas for a seedbed type can be displayed by selecting IGraphlFrequency The seedbed type is selected by moving the cursor to the row with the desired seedbed type Generating seedbed areas In the default mode Average indicator appears in the upper right hand corner of the screen seedbed areas are entered for each quadrat under the appropriate Q column The average area for each seedbed appears under the Average column It is not possible to enter values into the Average column when in the Average mode PC SEED can also generate seedbed areas for individual quadrats This is useful when seedbed area data for individual quadrats is not available but the user does have an estimate of the average area of seedbeds Select ICalculatelAreaslGenerate to generate seedbed areas about the average value that appears under the Average column Any subsequent entry under the Average column initiates generation of seedbed areas In this mode the Generate indicator appears in the upper right hand corner of the screen It is not possible to enter individual quadrat values of seedbed area when in the Generate mode The number of quadrats for which seedbed area
34. report summarizing the receptivity seedspot stocking average area and alpha and beta values for each seedbed type see Figure 3 Seedspot stocking is the estimated stocking if seedspots were established on each seedbed type IGraph Select one of several graph options IGraphlStocking Display a graph of stocking versus seeding rate in broadcast seeding see Figure 4 Pressing P while the graph is displayed will print the graph pressing any other key will return to the worksheet IGraphlStockingl1 Scale 50 Select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 50 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IGraphlStockingl1 Scale 200 Selecta seeding rate scale going from 0 to 200 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IGraphlStockingl1 Scale 500 select a seeding rate scale going from 0 to 500 000 seeds per ha for the stocking graph IGraphlDensity Display a graph of stocking versus seeding rate in broadcast seeding see Figure 5 Pressing P while the graph is displayed will print the graph pressing any other key will return to the worksheet 12 User s Manual for PC SEED Arthur Groot Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Great Lakes Forestry Centre Box 490 sault Ste Marie ON P6A 5M7 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Groot Arthur User s Manual for PC SEED Information Report GLC X 4 Includes an abstract in French The program is written in QuickBasic and runs on MS Dos c
35. s are generated can be chosen by selecting ICalculatel AreaslGeneratelQuadrats The default number is 20 and values between and 200 are permissible Stocking estimates will be biased upwards if too few quadrats are used particularly if the average seedbed area is low or if the variance factor for seedbed area is high For most circumstances bias will be minimal if the number of quadrats 1s set to at least 100 It 1s possible to specify the variance to be used in generating seedbed areas by selecting ICalculatel AreaslGeneratelVariance Entering a value for the variance factor causes areas to be generated with the following variance variance factor x mean area X 100 mean area Note that mean area x 100 mean area is the maximum variance that can occur for a given mean area When a low factor is entered the area of a seedbed type is similar among all quadrats low variance With a high factor areas are highly dispersed high variance Maximum variance occurs when all seedbed areas are either 0 or 100 and this condition is approximated by setting the factor to 0 99 The default value for the variance factor is 0 2 and the permissible range is from 0 01 to 0 99 A variance factor of 0 19 has been observed on shear bladed peatland sites in northeastern Ontario unpublished data but it seems likely that lower variance factors occur on upland sites with a uniform site preparation pattern The ICalculatelAreaslGenerate
36. t establishment e g moisture Variability also occurs if the definition of the seedbed type is so broad that a number of conditions occur within it Groot 1988 showed that seedspot stocking on peatland seedbed types is consistently below values expected for seedbeds with uniform receptivity values and that it 1s necessary to account for within seedbed variability to obtain reasonable stocking predictions It is probable that within seedbed variability is scale dependent with variability decreasing as average seedbed patch size increases This supposition has not been substantiated however PC SEED uses the beta probability density function to describe within seedbed variability This function has two parameters and D which are related to the receptivity r by a c D x100 1 Many combinations of o and D are possible for a single receptivity value When and p are small within seedbed variability 1s high the extreme case of high variability would occur with patches of a given seedbed type being either fully receptive or completely unreceptive Large o and B values correspond with low within seedbed variability the extreme case of low variability would occur with all patches of a given seedbed type having the same receptivity For black spruce on peatland seedbed types Groot 1988 found that the value of was linearly related to receptivity by amp 0 0005 1 87 x receptivity 100 2 When a rece
37. t be entered into any of the QI Qn columns when in Generate mode The word Average or Generate is displayed in the upper right hand corner of the screen to indicate which mode is operating 11 ICalculatelA reaslA verage Select Average mode Areas entered into columns Q1 Qn will be averaged in the Area column ICalculatelGenerate Select Generate mode Areas entered into column Area will generate areas in columns Q1 Qn ICalculatelGeneratel Variance Enter a variance factor to control the dispersion of generated seedbed areas about the mean area Seedbed areas are generated with the following variance variance factor x mean area x 100 mean area The variance factor 1s the desired variance divided by the maximum possible variance Note that mean area x 100 mean area is the maximum variance that can occur for a given mean area When a low factor is entered the area of a seedbed type is similar among all quadrats low variance With a high factor areas are highly dispersed high variance Maximum variance occurs when all quadrat seedbed areas are either O or 100 and this condition is approximated by setting the variance factor to 0 99 The default value for the variance factor is 0 2 the permissible range is from 0 01 to 0 99 A variance factor of 0 19 has been observed on shear bladed peatland sites in northeastern Ontario unpublished data but it seems likely that lower variance factors occur on u
38. ting of 20 rows and 10 columns appears Figure 1 Each row represents a seedbed type and each column provides information about the seedbed type The first column entitled Seedbed Type indicates the seedbed name The second column entitled Recept indicates the receptivity of the seedbed Receptivity is the proportion of viable seeds that become established seedlings and can vary from 0 to 100 The third column entitled Area indicates the mean area of the seedbed type The remaining columns entitled Q1 to Q200 indicate the areas of individual quadrats Both mean and individual quadrat areas are expressed in proportional terms varying from 0 to 100 The main menu appears at the top of the screen and a quadrat summary line appears in the second line from the bottom of the screen A help line is provided in the bottom line of the screen A BRIEF TUTORIAL The best way to become familiar with PC SEED is to start using 1t Begin by entering a seedbed name e g mineral soil in the cell under the column heading Seedbed Type Cell entry and cursor movement are controlled by standard keys Table 2 Enter a receptivity value e g 20 which means 20 established seedlings per 100 seeds sown for seedbed 1 under the Recept column In the default mode values cannot be entered in Table 2 Worksheet keys Key Function Enter Enter the value into the cell gt Enter the value and move one cell right Enter the value and mov
39. tural seed input should be included in the applied seeding rate specified in ICalculatelBroadcastlSeeding Rate As a result of variations in site conditions or site preparation effectiveness the amount type and receptivity of seedbeds within a seeding block may vary If sub blocks can be identified PC SEED can be used separately on each sub block to examine whether a single seeding prescription is suitable for the entire block If information on year to year or site to site variability in receptivity values is available PC SEED can be used to provide estimates of lower confidence limits for stocking or density This can be done by entering a lower confidence limit for the receptivity value instead of mean value PC SEED worksheet report Peatland black spruce Printed on 04 13 1999 Seedbed Type compact Sphagnum Sphagnum peat Sphagnum and grass pioneer mosses feathermoss peat displaced Sphagnum deciduous litter coniferous litter sheared Sphagnum displaced feathermos rotten wood A other Quadrat Area Quadrat Stocking Seedbed Type compact Sphagnum Sphagnum peat Sphagnum and grass pioneer mosses feathermoss peat displaced Sphagnum deciduous litter coniferous litter sheared Sphagnum displaced feathermos rotten wood A other Quadrat Area Quadrat Stocking Seedbed Type compact Sphagnum Sphagnum peat Sphagnum and grass pioneer mosses feathermoss peat displaced Sphagnum deciduous litter coniferous litter sh
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