STUDY OF NITROGEN REMOVAL RATE AND
Contents
1. Sludge Volume ml L Date Reference Line Temperature Line 2011 09 09 0 0 2011 09 14 30 50 2011 09 21 45 30 2011 09 28 20 2011 10 05 0 2011 10 12 270 2011 10 19 110 25 2011 10 26 460 5 2011 10 31 165 10 2011 11 08 150 2011 11 11 400 2011 11 18 205 2011 11 23 17 14 2011 11 24 22 23 2011 11 25 60 40 2011 12 05 550 80 2011 12 06 540 50 2011 12 07 580 40 2011 12 08 500 35 2011 12 14 570 100 2011 12 15 570 100 2011 12 16 580 110 2011 12 19 400 80 2011 12 23 800 160 2011 12 27 740 220 2011 12 29 770 240 2012 01 02 800 240 2012 01 05 660 250 2012 01 17 160 290 2012 01 24 212 310 2012 01 31 640 450 2012 02 07 240 195 2012 02 14 310 250 2012 02 21 220 220 2012 02 28 420 270 2012 03 06 540 300 2012 03 09 480 260 2012 03 12 490 250 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant ITEST 2012 03 14 440 260 2012 03 22 370 290 2012 04 02 290 240 2012 04 10 370 250 2012 04 17 370 430 2012 04 26 340 420 2012 05 04 410 350 2012 05 14 440 220 2012 05 23 630 240 D Temperature readings for reference and temperature lines measured calculated values during the project Temperature C Date Reference Line Temperature Line 2011 09 09 2011 09 14 20 9 20 8 2011 09 21 2011 09 282. op E E EEN rn SN SN REN ANNANS NG valar SNS eines E EE E wt NISSE TER 7 Municipal waste water ctt ceen eee me bete S TN ag vetu eatis ge NARE HOS FRE eee PE say 8 Industtial land b sed soutees o eee tete orte 8 Jt nspOtt yen E E gegebenen etae ert pe e Ce 9 Pilot plant of IT ES ERE Enea 9 Description of the Pilot 9 Operation 0er SoS 10 Primary sedimentation e pee tuse edet eq RA 10 An aerobic treatment Denitrification ic ene nene ESSEE pen np 11 Aerobic treatment INittificati n tree EE EE e eU etre teet UNST eo 11 Secondary sedimentatiofa 25 4 0 E E E seers D ac NI IM ME ADEL M LIC rsa 12 Operational parametets eese tasa sone tastes 12 TEM Pet ature HANAR 12 io E io teamed es EE 13 Methods and materials ssccscescsscsncessessccnsessessecnssessesscnscessessessesasessenseeeessesseeseesseessessesseessenes 13 Laboratory equipment s ssssesosessosn nssssnens pd vess sssosossdsonansossoossersnesesssensonssessosssss nsnsseinn 13 Calculation analysis of Nitrogen Nitrate NO3 N Ammonium Nitrate NTH4 N and Total nitrogen TN using cuvette test ccscssssrcsrsscecccsere
3. sssssssssssssssssrssssssssrererersrnrsnsnsrsrnsrsre V E Suspended solids readings for reference and temperature lines measured calculated values during the projeCt sssssssssssososossesrsrorsrsssssorsrsrsrsrrnt VI F Sludge volume index readings for reference and temperance lines measured calculated values during the projeCt sssssssssssosossssrorsrsrsrssssrsrsrsrsnrnrn VII G Total nitrogen readings for incoming reference and temperature lines measured calculated values during the projeCt ssssssssososssororsrersrssssrsrsrsrsnrnrn VIII viii Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST ABSTRACT This paper is about improving the efficiency of nitrogen and other organic nutrient removal from activated sewage treatment by adopting an innovative technology The work is to study the changes in nitrogen removal in pilot scale experiments with the ITEST unit The report also describes the various sources contributing to the eutrophication of the sea and water caused by an increase in nutrient levels in different water bodies Ineffective treatment of sewage contributes to the eutrophication In the Baltic regions the temperature will be zero or less than zero degree centigrade during winter season It results in decreased or fall in temperatures of incoming water to wastewater treatment plants The temperature is an important parameter for sewage wastewater treatme
4. The nitrate content for the incoming temperature and reference lines was compared with each other the readings taken continuously with the approximately equal time intervals in days The calculated nitrate content was in milligrams per Liter mg L and the results were given in figure 15 with graphical representation The nitrate content for the incoming water is represented with blue colour line the nitrate content of the reference line after the biological treatment is represented in the red colour line and the nitrate content of the temperature line after the biological treatment is represented in green colour line From the figure 15 we can say that the nitrate content of incoming water is less than other two treated lines reference and temperature because the samples were collected from fifth cabin of treatment lines Due to the nitrification processes the ammonium converted to nitrate 14 12 10 Py S PF GP PF P PF PM PY S S S F P F I Y S y Y gY vw Nitrate content mg N L Incoming E Nitrate content mg N L Referance line Nitrate content mg N L Temperature line Figure 15 The Nittogen Nitrate NO3 N of Incoming Reference amp Temperature L nes 20 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST So the incoming water nitrate content is less than the other two temperature and reference lines readin
5. STUDY OF NITROGEN REMOVAL RATE AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF PILOT PLANT ITEST Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham Jun 2012 TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 ISSN 1651 064X LWR EX 12 34 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham 2012 Degree Project for the master degree program Water System Technology Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering Royal Institute of Technology KTH SE 100 44 STOCKHOLM Sweden Reference to this publication should be written as Yatham V K R 2012 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant ITEST TRITA LWR Degree Project Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST SAMMANFATTNING Denna avhandling handlar om att f rb ttra effektiviteten for avl gsning av kv ve och andra organiska n rings mnen vid rening med aktivt slamprocessen genom att introduktion av ny innovativ teknik Arbetet handlar om att studera f r ndringarna i kv verening vid pilotskalef rs k med f rs ksenheten ITEST Rapporten beskriver ven olika k llor som bidrar till verg dningen av hav och vatten som orsakas av en kning av n rings mnesniv er i olika vattenomr den Ineffektiv rening av avloppsvatten bidrar till verg dningen I stersj omr det r temperaturen noll 0 eller mindre n noll grader Celsius under vinters songen Detta resulterar i l gre temperaturer p inkommande vatten till rening
6. 2011 10 05 2011 10 12 18 2 21 2011 10 19 17 22 2011 10 26 17 5 21 2011 10 31 17 8 18 2 2011 11 08 17 8 18 1 2011 11 11 17 7 18 2 2011 11 18 17 35 17 75 2011 11 23 17 1 17 6 2011 11 24 17 4 List 2011 11 25 17 3 17 8 2011 12 05 17 2 17 8 2011 12 06 16 16 7 2011 12 07 16 1 16 7 2011 12 08 16 16 6 2011 12 14 16 1 16 7 2011 12 15 14 6 16 3 2011 12 16 14 5 16 1 2011 12 19 15 16 1 2011 12 23 132 14 5 2011 12 27 14 3 15 5 2012 01 02 14 2 15 2 2012 01 05 13 15 2 2012 01 17 12 9 15 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 2012 01 24 13 15 2 2012 01 31 13 2 15 3 2012 02 07 13 1 15 2 2012 02 14 13 18 6 2012 02 21 13 2 19 2 2012 02 28 13 5 19 8 2012 03 06 13 2 19 8 2012 03 09 14 1 20 2012 03 12 14 3 20 2012 03 14 14 5 20 2012 03 22 14 20 2012 04 02 142 20 2012 04 08 14 5 20 2012 04 15 14 3 20 2012 04 17 14 8 20 2012 04 26 15 5 20 2012 05 04 16 3 20 2012 05 14 17 5 20 2012 05 23 18 2 20 E Suspended solids readings for reference and temperature lines measured calculated values during the project Suspended Solids mg L Date Reference line Temperature line 2011 09 09 2011 09 14 196 368 2011 09 21 0 0 2011 09 28 366 240 2011 10 05 380 144 2011 10 12 1190 190 2011 10 19 656 32 2011 10 26 1364 204 2011 10 31 844 194 2011 11 08 776 198 2011 11 11 0 126 2011 11 18 0 0 2011 11 23 576
7. 2012 http 05lovesgeography blogspot se Wikipedia 2012 http en wikipedia org wiki Eutrophication Wikipedia 2012 http en wikipedia org wiki Nitrification Wikipedia 2012 http en wikipedia org wiki Denitrification Wikipedia 2012 http en wikipedia org wiki Activated sludge Wikipedia 2012 http en wikipedia org wiki Total suspended solids 30 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 appendix A Nitrogen Nitrate readings measured values during the project Nitrate content mg N L Date Incoming Reference line Temperature line 2011 09 09 0 126 0 231 2011 09 14 0 474 0 934 1 47 2011 09 21 0 495 1 6 1 4 2011 09 28 0 54 0 627 0 746 2011 10 05 0 942 1 43 2011 10 12 0 563 0 884 0 239 2011 10 19 1 07 2 58 3 05 2011 10 26 0 668 0 218 0 735 2011 10 31 2 53 2 44 2 62 2011 11 08 0 629 1 11 0 401 2011 11 11 0 638 2 76 3 65 2011 11 14 0 342 1 52 2 21 2011 11 18 0 692 3 08 5 21 2011 11 23 1 09 1 64 1 71 2011 11 25 0 76 0 956 0 884 2011 12 06 1 2 38 1 89 2011 12 28 4 72 5 29 0 238 2012 01 03 1 18 2 58 0 103 2012 01 06 0 655 0 055 0 08 2012 01 10 1 4 2012 01 17 1 9 5 9 2012 01 24 0 068 2 4 2012 01 31 0 73 2 8 2012 02 07 0 27 2 9 2012 02 14 0 2 4 2 2012 02 21 7 3 2012 02 28 11 9 3 2012 03 06 11 8 9 2012 03 13 10 7 3 2012 03 20 12 8 9 2012 03 27 2 1 2012 04 03 1 9 0 18 2012 04 10 4 4
8. Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 The decrease in biological activity of bacteria in activated sludge corresponding to the decrease in temperature is an essential parameter of biological de nitrification where wastewater temperature may drop to approximately 5 or less during the winter Dawson et al 1971 linear nitrate Nitrification and de nitrification are the key processes for nitrogen removal in activated biological wastewater treatment Nitrification is carried out in two steps ammonia to nitrate conversion carried by Nitrosomonas followed by further conversation of nitrite to nitrate by Nitrobacter Antonious et al 1989 There are mainly two important factors which affects the growth rate of organisms These are the temperature and pH values Previous studies indicate that a rise in temperature of 10 C gave about a three fold rise in growth rate Painter et al 1981 Usually growth of Nitrosomonas limits the nitrification rate The effective maximum specific growth rate was found to be a monotonically increasing function of temperature in the range of 15 C to 25 9C and the effective nitrification rate was observed at a pH range of 7 0 to 8 2 Antonious et al 1989 If the temperature lowers than 16 C it results in the removal of ammonium and it can become unacceptable in most of the practical conditions situations Nitrification is more sensitive to temperature than de nitrification Obaja et al 2
9. 0 97 2012 04 17 6 1 2 2012 04 24 4 5 0 62 2012 05 02 6 1 0 24 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST B Ammonium readings for incoming reference and temperature lines measured calculated values during the project Ammonium content mg N L Date Incoming Reference line Temperature line 2011 09 09 35 3 30 4 2011 09 14 22 8 17 6 15 9 2011 09 21 34 8 28 5 31 5 2011 09 28 38 29 8 29 9 2011 10 05 40 3 33 4 59 7 2011 10 12 38 2 29 7 34 1 2011 10 19 22 3 18 7 19 2011 10 26 28 1 34 5 31 3 2011 10 31 38 9 46 47 9 2011 11 08 36 5 30 9 36 1 2011 11 11 42 3 36 2 34 6 2011 11 14 42 3 34 3 33 1 2011 11 18 48 3 34 2 35 1 2011 11 23 34 8 37 36 9 2011 11 25 39 9 33 7 33 6 2011 12 06 37 3 22 9 27 6 2011 12 28 28 1 IT 21 3 2012 01 03 22 9 10 6 19 2 2012 01 06 17 2 5 91 16 8 2012 01 10 19 2012 01 17 25 22 2012 01 24 27 25 2012 01 31 24 19 2012 02 07 26 22 2012 02 14 17 22 2012 02 21 17 2012 02 28 0 021 0 032 2012 03 06 0 055 0 025 2012 03 13 0 064 0 25 2012 03 20 0 032 0 23 2012 03 27 1 5 4 6 2012 04 03 0 033 0 54 2012 04 10 4 6 3 8 2012 04 17 0 13 0 041 2012 04 24 3 5 5 4 2012 05 02 7 1 16 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham C Sludge volume readings for measured calculated values during the project TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 teference and temperature lines
10. 04 24 28 16 10 2012 05 02 47 16 44
11. and de nitrification Ammonification is the processes occurred while travelling the sewage water through sewer pipes the majority of the nitrogen contained in the raw sewage like urea and fecal material is converted from organic nitrogen to ammonia through a process called hydrolysis In the technical point of view more ammonium than ammonia is created during ammonification This actual ration is influenced by temperature and pH An aetobic treatment Denitrification An aerobic treatment is carried under the absence of oxygen during the processes the biological reduction of nitrate NO3 to nitrogen gas N2 A number of species that occur in wastewater capable of accomplishing dentrification these are sometimes referred to as facultative heterotrophic bacteria All of the organisms that can accomplish denitrification are heterotrophic because they can metabolize complex organic substances Normally heterotrophic organism will metabolize waste using dissolved oxygen whenever it is available gt 0 1 mg L When placed in anaerobic conditions an environment having lt 0 1 mg L dissolved oxygen the facultative organisms can turn to the oxygen bound in nitrate as a means of metabolizing waste The Carbon source needed for heterotrophic bacteria as a food to live The effective de nitrification takes place when the oxygen levels are depleted and nitrate becomes the primary oxygen source for the microorganisms The process is per
12. biological sludge 5e tere Ee en ee sede er tetuer cerit 26 Improper readings of Oxygen tnetets seen Uma bt e eR 26 Sludge floating cuin E ET LI EE 26 Detecting of the electrochemical reactions of different materials while passing the wastewater through Heating toe eee pte e coun eir e cete 26 Analysis of the nutrient removal 4 lees eese esee eene een etna 26 hunc EP 27 27 e EDD einen 27 EE ES 27 RO tal nitro E ETT 27 f ec M 27 PH yest tite mA EAS a E Rei he M neu Are 28 Conclusi ns 28 Reffelt E Ssns enen Enos M 29 appendix qe II A Nitrogen Nitrate readings measured values during the project II B Ammonium readings for incoming reference and temperature lines measured calculated values during the projeCt sesessssssssssssrsrsrsossrsrsrorsrersrsnrnrsr III C Sludge volume readings for reference and temperature lines measured calculated values during the projeCt ssssssssscsososssssorsrersrsrssrssrsrsrsnsnnnt IV D Temperature readings for reference and temperature lines measured calculated values during the projeCt
13. of reference line For temperature line form starting of December on wards there is a good SV graphical representation graph was occurred with continuous growth in SV of temperature line The graphical representation of sludge volume was given in figure18 900 S 0 Y J o 9 S od Q I N N N N y Cy y NY Sludge Volume ml L Referience Line E Sludge Volume ml L Temperature Line Figure 18 Suspended volume SV tor temperature and reference lines 23 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 Temperature The temperature of both reference and temperature lines were represented in the graphical representation To compare the temperature changes of the both lines with each other with respect to the analysed date Temperature of the both line was represented on the y axis of the graph in figure 19 The given temperature of the both lines was shown in degree centigrade C The temperature for the reference line is represented in the blue colour line and for the temperature of temperature line is represented in the red colour line In figure 19 temperatures of the reference and temperature lines were represented these values were quiet similar for the both lines during the period of October 11 to January 12 In figure 19 on y axis the values of temperature was represented in C and on x axis the time intervals of the an
14. one to two weeks Then we used to add the biological sludge again into the pilot plant We can observe this effect in the results part especially in the graphical representation of sludge volume After having few discussions on this problem we figured out one of the main reasons for this trouble could be the flow rate of the waste water circulation which is not suitable for the given design of the pilot plant Another problem was the conical depth of the secondary sedimentation tank which is not enough We tried to find out a good solution for this conical depth of the secondary sedimentation tank But we couldn t get it Improper readings of oxygen metets After overcoming the escaping of biological sludge problem the other problem we observed was that there is improper measurement of oxygen reading meters The reading which is showing on the digital display of the control panel of ITEST is not matching with the reading showing by the manual calibrated reading Then we consulted the technical instillation department to fix that problem they replaced the oxygen meters with new ones Still the problem was not rectified they were made some technical changes again to fix the problem Sludge floating The sludge is floating about 10 to 15 cm in thickness at the top of the reactor This was happen because of the excesses denitrification During the denitrification processes nitrate is converted into nitrogen gas So if the treating wastewater is
15. shooting of Pilot plant TEST Spectrophotometer After making the cuvette sampling spectrophotometer is used to measure the cuvette sample readings It is one kind of photometer that makes it possible to test the intensity of concentration based on the light source wavelength The spectral band width and linear range of absorption are two vital characteristics of spectrophotometer Due to the advantage in measuring at fast speed and also at high precision it is widely used for measurement of transmittance solutions The spectrophotometer is made in Germany in the corporation of DR LANGE and used in the laboratory XION 500 By simply attach ProID clips to the cuvette containing the sample read the identification with the scanner and read out the right measurement procedure The spectrophotometer in Hammarby Sj stadsverk plant having the range from 340 900 nm wavelength accuracy is 2 nm with automatic zeroing The picture of the spectrophotometer taken when it is in the conditions of off is given in figure 9 Incubator After completion of filtering processes of the sewage sludge form both lines reference and temperature for suspended solids incubators used to dry the samples Incubator is a container which is used to provide the constant temperature like 100 105 107 etc degree centigrade C The samples were used to dry for 24 hours at 100 degree centigrade The incubator which is used in the Hammarby Sj stadsver
16. staying for the long time in denitrification tank while escaping nitrogen gas it will also lift up the sewage sludge Detecting of the electrochemical teactions of diffetent materials while passing the wastewater thtough heating system When observed one more problem in the incoming water for the temperature line The problem is in the quality of incoming water of temperature line was not same as wastewater at outlet of the primary sedimentation to wastewater at the outlet of heat exchanger the water is too dark in colour and high in concentration For that we suspected that there were different metals of combination while passing the wastewater from primary sedimentation to heat exchanger due to presence of these metals there is a chance of electrochemical reaction in the wastewater So we replaced with same metals in the line Analysis of the nutrient removal The results for the nutrient removals were shown in the results part optimized reasons for those analysed results were mentioned here Those are following as 26 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST Nitrate The content of the nitrate in the incoming water is compared with the nitrate content of the both lines after the completion of biological treatment There was differences in these contents are represented in the graph 1 And as mentioned in the results part nitrate content of incoming water 1s less than other two treated lines During
17. the nitrification processes the ammonium is converted to nitrate So the processes are going well in the treated lines There is a removal rate of the nitrogen Ammonium The ammonium content of incoming temperature and reference lines was represented in figure 16 From there we can say that the ammonium concentration of the temperature line is less than the reference line is less than incoming line During the nitrification processes ammonium is converted into nitrate So the processes are going well in the both lines Still the ammonium removal levels were slightly higher in the temperature line than the reference line So there is an effect of temperature in nutrient nitrogen removal during the activated biological sewage treatment Suspended solids The suspended solids of the temperature line is almost throughout the graphical representation had lesser value than the reference line We can also observe that there was suspended solids value closer to zero this was happen because of the escaping of sludge especially in the temperature line for more than two months It was happen during the initial periods of the pilot plant running There was suddenly increased sludge volume after immediately attaining zero That was happened due to the successive addition of the sludge after escaping Sludge volume In the sludge volume also similar kind of trends were represented in graph 4 Because sludge volume and suspended solids are related
18. the temperature line Sludge volume index The sludge volume index SVD introduced by Mohlman in 1934 and has become the standard measure of the physical characteristics of activated sludge solids Measurement of activated sludge settling properties is not standardized internationally and many countries use the US Standard methods The sludge volume index is the volume in millilitres occupied by 1 gram of a suspension after 30 min settling It is typically used to monitor the settling characteristics of activated sludge and other biological suspensions but sludge volume index is not supported theoretically To calculate the sludge volume index for the both lines reference line and temperature line the calculated settled sludge volume ml L and suspended solids were used The calculated formula is as following S udge Volume Index SV T Settled sludge volume ml L Suspended solids mg L x 100 a Ex Wi Figure 14 Volumetric graded flasks for measuring sludge volume 19 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 RESULTS Different forms of nitrogen nutrient is removed from the activated sludge in different stages in under different conditions e g as nitrogen gas during the denitrification processes and solid nitrogen during the nitrification processes The nitrogen removal rates are shown in following graphs as remaining nitrogen nutrient content in the samples Nitrate No3 N
19. 001 The eutrophication is defined in many ways one of that is the processes by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients especially phosphate and nitrates Eutrophication is a natural slow aging process for water body but human activity greatly speeds up the process Art 1993 Effects of eutrophication to aquatic environment There are many adverse effects due to the eutrophication those are mentioned in the following description e An increase in primary production e Algal blooms e Increase in turbidity e Oxygen depletion Effects of the eutrophication to environment The Swedish environmental protection agency 2009 describes the sea as a multi functioning set of resources with provisioning supporting regulating and cultural ecosystems with life sustaining content like food and oxygen and aesthetic and cultural resources like scenery recreation and species diversity Eutrophication can also have a far reaching impact on the resources abundance of freshwater and marine environments and their value to human and natural systems It effects the quality of water bodies like lakes rivers and sews The effect of eutrophication in water bodies is given in figure 5 e Ecological impact e Social impact e Economic impact Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST Figure 5 Effect amp major result of eutrophication in water bodies http noshodspage blog
20. 11 12 08 58 17 2011 12 14 66 42 2011 12 15 32 12 2011 12 16 34 13 2011 12 19 23 12 2011 12 23 54 24 2011 12 27 32 17 2012 01 02 31 15 2012 01 05 0 0 2012 01 17 12 18 2012 01 24 12 25 2012 01 31 19 25 2012 02 07 11 15 2012 02 14 11 13 2012 02 21 11 13 2012 02 28 13 12 2012 03 06 17 12 2012 03 09 17 14 2012 03 12 18 8 2012 03 14 20 12 2012 03 22 2012 04 02 2012 04 10 19 12 2012 04 17 21 41 2012 04 26 0 0 2012 05 04 0 0 G Total nitrogen readings for incoming reference and temperature lines measured calculated values during the project Total Nitrogen mg N L Date Incoming Reference line Temperature line 2011 09 09 27 0 24 2011 09 14 18 14 13 2011 09 21 27 25 25 2011 09 28 30 25 23 VIII Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant ITEST 2011 10 05 32 26 46 2011 10 12 30 23 27 2011 10 19 18 15 15 2011 10 26 22 27 25 2011 10 31 31 36 38 2011 11 08 29 24 28 2011 11 14 33 27 26 2011 11 23 27 29 29 2011 12 06 29 18 22 2011 12 28 23 15 17 2012 01 06 14 5 13 2012 01 10 38 22 2012 01 17 41 37 29 2012 01 24 41 35 33 2012 01 31 40 29 27 2012 02 07 53 34 28 2012 02 14 54 20 30 2012 02 21 38 12 2012 02 28 30 15 15 2012 03 06 37 13 10 2012 03 13 41 14 11 2012 03 20 50 13 11 2012 03 27 48 8 8 69 2012 04 03 40 12 210 2012 04 10 47 15 39 2012 04 17 34 11 4 9 2012
21. 222 2011 11 24 154 160 2011 11 25 344 458 2011 12 05 506 586 2011 12 06 876 442 2011 12 07 802 470 VI Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST 2011 12 08 864 202 2011 12 14 862 238 2011 12 15 1770 802 2011 12 16 1726 820 2011 12 19 1704 670 2011 12 23 1470 670 2011 12 27 2304 1310 2012 01 02 2588 1564 2012 01 05 2012 01 17 1300 1645 2012 01 24 1763 1227 2012 01 31 3387 1797 2012 02 07 2273 1277 2012 02 14 2707 1870 2012 02 21 1927 1723 2012 02 28 3357 2263 2012 03 06 3190 2540 2012 03 09 2887 1913 2012 03 12 2797 2983 2012 03 14 2150 2197 2012 03 22 2012 04 02 2012 04 10 1950 2050 2012 04 17 1750 1050 2012 04 26 2012 05 04 F Sludge volume index readings for reference and temperance lines measuted calculated values during the project Sludge Volume Index ml mg Date Reference line Temperature line 2011 09 09 2011 09 14 15 14 2011 09 21 2011 09 28 2011 10 05 0 0 2011 10 12 23 0 2011 10 19 17 78 2011 10 26 34 2 2011 10 31 20 5 2011 11 08 19 4 2011 11 11 0 5 VII Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 2011 11 18 2011 11 23 2011 11 24 14 14 2011 11 25 17 9 2011 12 05 109 14 2011 12 06 62 11 2011 12 07 72 9 20
22. Form Oxidisesd Form Nitrite NO Nitrate NO3 Nitrous Oxide 0 Nitric Oxide NO Nitrogen Dioxide NO Nitorgen Gas N Ammonia NH NH Organic Nitrogen amino acids proteines etc Figure 1 Difterent forms of nitrogen in the Envitonment Wojcik 2011 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant ATEST nitrogen removal technology Nitrogen is also constituent in human sewage The principle forms of nitrogen with regards to on site wastewater treatment and soil groundwater interactions are organic nitrogen before it is used by the plants takes part of many processes and it is component of many biomolecules such as amino acid nucleotide and nucleic acids Nitrogen cycle The nitrogen on our planet is constantly being changed from one form to another The nitrogen cycle illustrated the interrelationship of the environment and nitrogen products The transformation of nitrogen can occur through several key mechanisms The nitrogen cycle is shown in figure 2 Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen N2 gas into nitrogen compounds such as ammonia NH3 and nitrate NOs Braking of the bond between the nitrogen atoms taking place natural with a great deal of energy The reactive forms of nitrogen compounds assimilated by plants lighting and through industrial processes The breaking of nitrogen atoms can be taken naturally in two prel
23. a physical process and is an essential part of treatment process The putpose of secondary sedimentation tank is that it allows the secondary sludge to settle which is the organic matter washed from trickling filter Again the sludge is used to pump back into the inlet end of the primary sedimentation tank and settle with the raw sludge At this point the biological oxygen demand may be reduced to about 80 and most of the suspended solids are removed It is not very essential to emphasize on removing the sludge than the primary sedimentation but this is also important to remove the sludge frequently and at regular cleaning intervals Operational parameters During the wastewater treatment process several factors influences the efficiency of the process and make big difference in obtaining optimal results The operational parameters of ITEST also influence sludge processes in pilot plant e g at which range the processes will occur efficiently are given below in details There are other parameters also which can influence the processes but we considered mainly the temperature and pH are essential Temperatute The temperature is an important factor which affects the nutrient removal during the activated sludge treatment The temperature during the activated biological treatment also influences the bacterial growth rate as studied by the previous works of DSIR 1964 and Knowles et al 1965 The temperature less than 16 C offers ammonium
24. alysis was tepresented in dates as per carried out The values are almost same still there was little difference about half to one degree centigrade 0 This difference in temperature rise is due to the both lines were running at the room temperature This is due to the improper functioning of heating system But we can observe during the period of February 2012 to May 2012 there was an observable difference in temperature of the both lines The graphical representation of temperature was given in figure 19 25 4 20 15 10 0 T T T T T T T T 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 S S S S S S S S S P 9 D S I Q Q DD DN 5 Y Temperature C Referience Line E Temperature Temperature Line Figure 19 Temperatures for temperature and reference lines 24 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST Total nitrogen Total N The total nitrogen for both reference and temperature lines were calculated the calculated procedure were mentioned in detail in the methods part For comparison of total nitrogen content for the both lines with each other with respect to analysed dates was done The calculated total nitrogen was given in milligrams per Liter mg L The graphical representation of total nitrogen was given in figure 20 In that graphical representation the blur coloured line was representing incoming water total nitro
25. ational temperature the other parameters ate at the constant throughout the processes Still the aim of the project is not achieved completely During the period of September 2011 to January 2012 the results were poor due to the pilot plant was not working fully There were some obstacles troubles which were discussed in the troubles shooting part After rectifying those problems the plant getting better processes That improved process had the influence in the results as well which can be observable in the results part during the period of February 2012 to May 2012 The nitrate nitrogen content in the treated temperature line had the values of 0 2 and 0 3 mg N L respectively during the dates 03 04 2012 and 02 05 2012 The nitrate nitrogen content in the treated reference line had the values of 2 0 and 6 0 mg N L respectively during the dates 03 04 2012 and 02 05 2012 The temperatures of the temperature and reference lines were 14 C and 16 C during the dates 03 04 2012 and 02 05 2012 respectively And the temperature line is at 20 C There is temperature influence in nitrogen removal during activated biological treatment form the graphical representation of nitrogen nitrate and ammonium nitrate results it is clearly identified In the removal of ammonium nitrogen and total nitrogen removals also strongly showing the influence of temperature Because of the both the lines were constructed inside of the Hammarby Sj stadsverk
26. ations make its pollution significant in already high emission The importance of shipping for transporting goods and for world trade the impact of its pollution can significantly increase in its contribution to the eutrophication The waste water produces during the shipping also contributes to the eutrophication with both black and grey water discharged The need for efficient reduction of N and P content in ship wastewater has been recognized and standards set from 2010 by the International Maritime Organization IMO PILOT PLANT OF ITEST The biological nitrification and denitrification is recognized as a feasible treatment for the nutrient nitrogen removal form wastewater The pilot plant studied results using the activated biological sludge on complex municipal wastewater have been reported from United States Mulbarger 1970 and Smith et al 1970 There are many investigations which have examined the factors influencing the nitrification sequence Denitrification and nitrification are the key processes in activated sludge processes to remove the different forms of nutrient nitrogen from the wastewater Nitrification is carried out in two steps These are conversation of ammonium to nitrite by N rosomonas then followed by further conversation of the nitrite to nitrate by Nitrobacter Both groups of bacteria comes under autotrophic the source of Co useful as the carbon source for the biosynthesis and oxidation of nitrogen compound a
27. cess have been carried out Some readings were also noted down mentioned in bullets to analyse the processes These include e Nitrogen nitrate N NO e Ammonium nitrate N NH4 e Suspended solids SS e Sludge volume SV e Sludge volume index SVT e Temperature Laboratory equipment The laboratory equipment which was used throughout the experiments is given in details with the concerned figure according to the procedure of analysis e Electronic balance e Spectrometer e Cuvettes e Incubator e Mechanical pipette e Filter paper Calculation analysis of Nitrogen Nitrate NO N Ammonium Nitrate and Total nitrogen TN using cuvette test The content of nitrate NOs is calculated for the incoming outgoing of reference and outgoing of temperature line is calculated For this the water samples are collected from the sedimentation tank of reference and temperature lines by using the mechanical collection device The mechanical collection device collects equal amount of water sample like 5 ml 10 ml etc for constant time 1 min 2 min etc The samplers are started and collected for about 24 hours and after that from that sample we 13 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 m I B 4 i T s Figure 8 Cuvettes and timer can take the enough amount of sample for the quit test of the samplers The cuvettes are prepared solutions So by adding the collected water sa
28. cuumed filtration because it is operated under the suction pressure to drain the water from the sample Suspended solids SS Filter weight filter sample weight x 1000 50 Electronic measurement for weighing The electronic balance used to measure the weights of the filter paper filter paper container and filter paper with sample after drying The electronic balance instrument is made in Germany with the cooperation of LA 100 Figure 10 Incubator used for drying the suspended solid samples 16 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST Figure 11 Vacuum filtration used for suspended solids SS Figure 12 Filter paper micro fibtas made 17 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 ACCULAB It is an analytical weighing balance with high performance It will require only 0 1 to 0 5 seconds for displaying the results of measured weights And also it has various weighing units Its maximum capacity is 110 g it means this electronic balance used only for the small scale purposes The reproducibility and readability specification are 0 0001 g and 0 0001 respectively The electronic measurement instrument is given in figure 13 Total nitrogen To calculate the total nitrogen for the both reference and temperature lines the samples were used which were collected from the automated sample collectors the same samples which were used for calculat
29. e dissolved oxygen is very essential for these bacteria since both microorganisms are strict aerobes and ate very sensitive to changes in their environment 11 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 Rapid changes to pH temperature DO levels and other factors can result in a large scale of die off In this sense the nitrifiers are the prima donnas of the wastewater microorganism world The rate at which nitrification will occur in a wastewater treatment facility is regulated by numbers of nitrifiers available Nitrification can be accomplished in activated sludge systems treatment facilities provided conditions are right Because it is a strictly aerobic process sufficient levels of dissolved oxygen must be provided Typically a DO level of at least 1 mg L 2 mg L must be maintained to realize affects the nitrification rate More DO will results in higher levels of nitrification up to a maximum of about 4 0 mg L of DO The nitrifiers can carry out efficient nitrification within an efficient pH range Outside of this range the rate of nitrification slows to generally unacceptable levels Alkalinity is consumed during nitrification as a part of the biological reaction For each gram of ammonia nitrified into nitrate 7 2 grams of alkalinity was destroyed Because of the destruction of alkalinity through realizing of hydrogen ions the sustainable nitrification causes a drop in pH Secondary sedimentation It is
30. et plant Due to this while the water is passing form the incoming line to inlet of the ITEST pilot plant 28 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST REFERENCES Andrew J Thomson Georgios Giannopoulos Elizabeth M Baggs Jules Pretty and David J Richardson 2012 Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emission The Royal society of biological science 367 1157 1168 Antonious P Hamilton J Koopman B Jain R Holloway B Lyberatos G amp Svoronos S A 1990 Effect of temperature and pH on the effective maximum specific growth rate of nitrifying bacteria Water Research pergamon press 24 97 101 Donald F B amp Russell B B 2000 Coastal eutrophication and agriculture contributions and solutions Biological resource management connecting science and policy Organization for economic cooperation and development Paris James E C 2001 Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem Marine ecology progress series 210 223 253 Dawson R N amp Murphy K L 1972 The Temperature dependency of Biological denitrification Water Research 6 71 83 Katarina E 2003 Cost effective reductions of stochastic agricultural loads to the Baltic Sea Ecological economics 47 13 31 Gasparikova E Kapusta S Bodik I Derco J amp K Kartochvil 2005 Evaluation of anaerobic aerobic wastewater treatment plant opera
31. formed under the anoxic conditions when the dissolved oxygen concentration levels are less than 0 5 mg L ideally 0 2 mg L The bacteria by breaking the oxygen O form nitrate converts to nitrous oxide N2O and later to nitrogen gas N2 Because of the lower water solubility of nitrogen gas it escapes into the atmosphere as a gas bubbles The free nitrogen gas composition in the atmospheric air is major so the release of nitrogen gas in denitrification process doesn t cause any environmental concerns The biological nitrate removal conducted by wide variety of organisms by either assimilatory or dissimilatory pathways Japp van Rijn et al 2005 the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas by facultative anaerobic bacteria is as following Aerobic treatment Nitrification Nitrification is the processes by which ammonia is oxidized into nitrite and nitrate It completes in two step process It s works under the strict aerobic conditions gt 1 0 mg L DO Aerobic treatment is carried out under the presence of oxygen there are two groups of autotrophic microorganisms accomplish nitrification The biological is nitrification is the biological conversion of ammonium to nitrate nitrogen The bacterial species named as N trosomonas is primary responsible for converting ammonium and ammonia into nitrite Later on bacteria named as Nitrobacter finishes by the conversion of nitrite into nitrate these bacteria are known as INZirifrers Th
32. gen content red coloured line was representing the total nitrogen content of the reference line and the green coloured line was representing the total nitrogen content of temperature line In figure 20 on y axis the values of total nitrogen was represented in mg N L and on x axis the time intervals of the analysis was represented in dates as carried out DISCUSSIONS In this part the trouble shooting of pilot plant during initial period of three to four months is described in details Optimized reasons to obtained results of nutrient removals from two lines given under results Nitrogen Nitrate Ammonium Nitrate Suspended solids Sludge volume and Total Nitrogen 250 200 150 100 50 0 T T N N N N Y Y Y Y o qq o OQ NM Vv A 0 M oN N y Total Nitrogen mg N L Incoming Total Nitrogen mg N L Reference e Total Nitrogen mg N L Temperature Figure 20 Total nitrogen for incoming temperature and reference lines 25 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 Troubleshooting of Pilot Plant The problems faced during initial stages of pilot plant operation were given as point wise as following bellow And how those troubles were overcome also mentioned Escaping of biological sludge During the starting stages of the pilot plant the biological sludge is used to escape from the nitrification and denitrification cabins in period about
33. gs Even the temperature line nitrate content is more than reference line nitrate content In figure 15 on the y axis the values of nitrate nitrogen was represented in mg N L and on the x axis the time intervals of the analysis carried out was given in date Ammonium NH4 The ammonium content of the incoming reference and temperature lines were compared with each other the readings for the three lines were taken in a continuous manner with approximately constant time intervals in days The calculated ammonium content for the three incoming reference and temperature lines was represented in milligrams per liter mg L and the results with respect to date and corresponding lines were given in the graphical representation of figure 16 The ammonium content for the incoming water is represented with blue colour line the ammonium content of the reference line after the biological treatment is represented in the red colour line and the ammonium content of the temperature line after the biological treatment is represented in green colour line So the ammonium content of the incoming water is more than other two lines reference and temperature because the samples were collected from end of the nitrification tank as earlier mention that due to the nitrification 70 60 5 50 40 30 20 10 0 PY GS PM Q Q Q S S S Y gt E Y S y Y YX ow yY ow qw 5 Ammo
34. hna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Erik K Levlin who gave me the opportunity to take part in a very interesting research project I really appreciate his suggestions support and encouragement all the time to do the research oriented investigation during the project His wisdom and strong faith about new technologies in sewage treatment always inspires me to rethink what already exists and explore unknown things I specially want to thank department head professor Elzbieta Plaza who gave me the chance to do my thesis work in the field of water sewage and waste technology And also Per Olof Persson who supported me by providing the microscope to the IVL I also want to express my gratitude to Christian Baresel Lars Bengtsson and Mila Harding in Hammarby Sj stad research station They spent so much of time to help me and to make me familiarize with the pilot plant equipment and for their extreme patience in solving the technical problems and theoretical doubts I am grateful to JingJing yang Andriy Malovanyy and Klara who gave the suggestions while doing the analysis in the IVL I am so happy while working in the IVL with Kunyu Wang for his sharing of theoretical and practical knowledge Finally to my parents for their immense love and support towards me without my parents I will no
35. iminaty paths One is abiotic fixation and the second one is biological fixation Ammonification Ammonification processes is a host of decomposing microorganisms carried out by different living organisms such as bacteria and fungi It is also the biochemical degradation of organic nitrogen into ammonia or ammonium ion by heterotrophic bacteria The decomposition rates affect the level of nutrients available to primary producers NO denitrification ati NO nitrification NO 2 N O 1 DNRA NH OH 1 anammox N 0 fixation NH ammonification assimilation organic nitrogen Figure 2 Nitrogen Cycle Thomson et aL 2012 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Doegree Project 12 34 Synthesis Synthesis is the biochemical mechanism in which ammonia or ammonium ion of nitrate is converted into plant protein organic nitrogen Nitrification Nitrification is the processes by which ammonia is oxidized into nitrite ions and then nitrate ions which is the form most usually by plants The two groups of microorganism are involved in this process ate Nifrosomas and Nitrobacter It is explained in detail in pilot plant part operations Denitrification The biological reduction of nitrates NO3 are reduced to nitrogen gas under the absence of oxygen is called denitrification This process occurs by facultative anaerobes in anaerobic environment conditions Farmers with waterlogged fields and soils that have high c
36. ion of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrate The samples are collected form the secondary sedimentation tank Total nitrogen readings were noted down for the further analysis The sample collected for total nitrogen from the incoming line is the sample which was used for other measurements During the initial stages about one to one and half month later on the total nitrogen is calculated using the readings of ammonium and nitrate during the period of 09 10 2012 to 29 12 2012 So it is not the original value After that period the total nitrogen was not calculated using the cuvette But from the jan 2012 the total nitrogen is calculated using cuvette samples Figure 13 Electronic measurement 18 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST Sludge Volume The sludge volume of reference and temperature lines were calculated form the last fifth tanks For this study we had collected the samples of 1000 mL of the sewage water Then the collected sewage water was keep it in the measuring jar for 30 minutes after the volume of the sludge settled in the measuring jar was measured with the graded reading device on measuring jar itself The analysis setup was given in the figure 14 From the figure the left side sample was representing original line of the henriksdal main line also known as line 1 and middle sample was representing the reference line finally the right side sample was representing
37. k laboratory is electronically heating oven used to dry the samples at a constant Figure 9 Spectrophotometer 15 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 temperature for certain period of time like generally 24 hours 36 hours amp 48hours It is made in Germany by MEMMERT The picture of incubator is given in figure 10 Suspended Solids To calculate the suspended solids firstly the samples are collected from the end of the nitrification reactor for the both lines reference and temperature lines fifth reactor and then the weight of the filtration paper was measured by using the electronic weighing machine Then the sample of 50 ml of processed sludge was taken into volumetric 50 ml to measure flask and after that the sample was filtered with vacuumed filtration Analysis set up is given in figure 11 Then the sample was kept into the oven to dry for 24 hours Then again the weight was measured The filter paper used for the analysis of suspended solids is given in figure 12 The instrument which is used in the analysis was electronic balance given in figure 13 and mentioned with details of instrumental specifications The filter paper has the diameter of about 55 mm and thickness is also about 3 mm The thickness should be sufficient to pass the sample through it by catching all the suspended particles even in the micro meter size The filter paper can have the enough strength to stand during the va
38. lay content are especially vulnerable to nitrogen losses due to denitrification It is also explained in detail in pilot plant part Eutrophication Eutrophication is the primary production of plants and phytoplankton in surface waters as a result of increased loading of nutrients and organic matter NSTC 2003 The excessive nourishment of surface water is a global problem that is far reaching and having adverse social and economic consequences Randall 2003 Elofsson 2003 Eutrophication was first evidenced in 1960 s 70 s in lakes and rivers as they become chocked with excessive growth of rooted plants and floating algal scums The process of eutrophication is shown in figure 3 During 1960 s 70 s a scientific basis has been identified and postulated for banning Heavier saltier cooler lower layer Mortality Figure 3 Processes of Eutrophication http www wti otg Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST phosphate detergents which are a major source of P the most frequent culprit in Eutrophication of lakes Later on the sewage treatment is also upgraded to reduce the wastewater N and P discharge to inland water A clear evidence has been established in 1980 s to prove that human activities doubled the transportation of N and tripled the transportation of P form Earth s land surface to oceans Increased nutrient loading to surface water raises the impact the primary producti
39. lbarger 1970 Many investigators have examined the factors influencing the nitrification sequences i e aerobic conversion of NH through NO to NO by means of the bacterial genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter Operation of Pilot plant The pilot plant is designed with combination of different operations to fulfil the biological sewage treatment processes Those operations were given in the following Bacteriological nitrification and denitrification is recognized as a feasible process for the removal of nitrogen from wastewater Dawson and Murphy 1971 Primaty sedimentation The primary sedimentation is meant to reduce the velocity of the wastewater flow for the organic solids called raw sludge to settle Scrappers present in the tank move continuously along the floor of the tank to deposit the raw sludge in hoppers for removal The scum which floats to the surface is directed to the sludge sump The raw sludge is then pumped to the sludge for biological treatment This process also reduces the biological oxygen demand BOD of wastewater treatment After the completion of primary sedimentation the nutrient nitrogen removed by the bacteria from wastewater by a two step biological processes nitrification followed by de nitrification 10 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST But mainly when we are speaking technically there are three step processes ammonification processes nitrification
40. mples form the treated lines to these cuvettes and following the procedure given in the kits The picture of the cuvettes is shown in Fig 8 Procedure Calculation of the nitrogen nitrate nitrogen ammonium and total nitrogen was carried out by using the Dr Lange analysis kit There are different cuvette samplers are available for specified analysis like nitrate nitrogen ammonium nitrogen and total nitrogen The samples required for nitrogen nitrate nitrogen ammonium and total nitrogen analysis were collected from the samples collection point form the secondary sedimentation tank of temperature and reference lines by an automated collection device this device was operated to collect the sample of 10 ml to 15 ml for every 5 min of time interval And these samples are used in the cuvette sampler kits Cuvettes are designed for particular reading range as LCK 339 labelled cuvettes are used for the analysis of nitrogen nitrate NOs N between the reading range of 0 23 mg L 13 50 mg L and LCK 340 labelled cuvettes are used for the analysis of nitrogen nitrate NO3 N between the reading range of 5 mg L 35 mg L LCK 303 labelled cuvettes are used for analysis of ammonium nitrate NH4 N between the reading range of 2 mg L 47 mg L and LCK 304 labelled cuvettes are used for analysis of ammonium nitrate NH4 N between the reading ranges of 0 015 mg L 2 0 mg L 14 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble
41. nd human systems e Health effects from drinking groundwater contaminated with nitrates e Surface water pollution with nitrogen e Environmental affects by increasing nitrogen oxides quantity in air Standard requirements for nitrogen removal from WWT Council Directive 91 271 EEC concerning urban waste water treatment was adopted on 21 may 1991 It is to protect the water environment form the adverse effects of discharge of urban wastewater and from certain industrial discharges After 1991 again on 27 of February 1998 the commission issued directive 98 15 EC amending directive 91 271 EEC It clarifies the requirements of the directive in relation to discharges from urban wastewater treatment plants to sensitive areas which are subjected to eutrophication Occurrence of nitrogen in the environment Nitrogen is one of the very important elements which exists in many forms in its gaseous state nitrogen is odourless tasteless and inert Nitrogen element number seven on the periodic table is an essential part of living matter and a relatively common element on our planet 70 of the atmosphere consists of nitrogen and plants and animals alike require nitrogen as one of the building black of living tissue In the environment it exists in many forms divided into two forms unoxidized and oxidized is shown in figure 1 Because of its mobility in the ground and surface water is the form of nitrogen that I the primary focus of Unoxidised
42. nium content mg N L Incoming E Ammonium content mg N L Referance line Ammonium content mg N L Temperature line Figure 16 Ammonium nitrogen NH4 N content of incoming reference and temperature lines 21 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 processes ammonium converted to nitrate Even the ammonium content of temperature line was obtained less than the reference line In figure 16 on the y axis the values of ammonium nitrogen was represented in mg N L and on the x axis the time intervals of the analysis carried out was given in date Suspended Solids SS The suspended solids of the reference and temperature lines were calculated the procedure was described in the methods part and calculated value for the both lines were compared with each other with respect to dates of analysis The value shown in the graph was in grams per Liter g L The suspended solids for the reference line are represented in the blue colour line and for the suspended solids of temperature line is represented in the red colour line Form the graphical representation of suspended solids the reference line suspended solids was obtained most of the times higher value than temperature line The graphical representation of suspended solids is given in figure 17 In figure 17 on y axis the values of suspended solids was represented in g L and on x axis the time intervals of the analysis was represented in dates a
43. nt processes Bacteriological nitrification and denitrification is an effective process for removing nitrogen from wastewater From various research works and articles it can be found that 23 2 C is the optimum temperature for nitrification and denitrification processes So the main aim is to study the effect of maintaining the incoming wastewater temperature by use of heat exchangers on incoming water to an activated sludge process line in pilot plant scale In the pilot plant there were two testing lines one line with heating system and the second line without heating system A temperature of 19 to 20 C was maintained in the influent to testing line The nitrogen removal rates were compared between the two lines during the test period of approximately more than 8 months Other biological activities in the treatment process were also compared between the two lines Key words Nitrification Denitrification Eutrophication Activated sludge processes Temperature pH Cuvette and Spectrophotometer INTRODUCTION Being in the 21st century the important challenges faced by mankind is to save fresh water resources from contamination In order to acquire adequate potable water for the rapidly growing population and to support the adequate quantity and quality of the water for different other purposes like agricultural production industrial development and other related sectors it is essential to improve treatment of waste water To fulfil
44. om the human waste Second one is grey water coming from the streams like laundry dish washing showers and sinks The domestic wastewater is a point source of pollution but it can also be considered diffuse source since dwelling and settlements with improper or without treating the wastewater it is not easy to identify and often widely spread over large areas Industrial land based sources Industrial processes contribute to significant loads of nutrients Wastewater effluents and runoff from sites poor drainage infrastructure can increase the discharge of nutrients to subsurface and surface waters The high concentration of N P and other hazardous substances can damage Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST freshwater and marine environments and contribute significantly to eutrophication Atmospheric pollutants from industry also contribute to eutrophication emitted during combustion processes when nitrates are emitted into the atmosphere and are deposited in acidic precipitation Boesch and Brinsfield 2000 Transport Transport emissions contribute to the deposition of nutrients in the marine environment Whilst there have been improvements to reduce road vehicle pollution the other modes of transportation have been less well regulated Shipping is estimated to contribute more pollution than the land based sources by 2020 EC 2005 Low graded fuel use and large number of shipping oper
45. on of phytoplankton the basis of the food web that impact species and environment When nutrient loading occurs for sustained periods it can have serious impacts that disrupt an ecosystem balance Cloern 2001 Discharges of nitrogen and phosphorus have significantly increased in the 20 century because of human activities Boesch and Brinsfield 2000 The physical impacts of eutrophication are an indicator of how human activities affect marine and aquatic environments Svendsen et al 2005 It is a syndrome of ecosystem response to human activities that fertilize water bodies with nitrogen N and phosphorus P often leading to changes in animal and plant population and degradation of water and habitat quality These nitrogen and phosphorus are very essential elemental components of structural proteins enzymes cell membranes nucleic acids and molecules that capture and utilize light and chemical energy to support life The treatment of sewage water with innovative and the cutting edge technology in treatment processes will be a good approach to overcome this Eutrophication problem There were different sources contributing to this imbalance of environmental ecology Those are shown in figure 4 The two major predominant elements for the eutrophication are nitrate and phosphates r et c 35 Figure 4 Eutrophication imbalance of environmental ecology http ecology2012 blog spot se 2012 09 euttophication hunl
46. r Science and Technology 48 11 17 29 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 Smith J M Masse A N Feije W A amp Kamphate L J 1970 Nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater by columnar denitrification Presented at A C S Meeting Chicago Svendsen L M Bil L Van der Boutrup S amp Norup B 2005 NOVANA National monitoring and assessment programme for the aquatic and terrestrial environments Programme description part 2 National environmental institute Denmark NERI technical report 537 Timothy M Lapara Cindy H Nakatsu Lisa M amp Pantea James E 2001 Aerobic Biological treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater Effect of temperature on COD removal and Bacterial community Development Water Research 35 4417 4425 Tiziano Matteo Maria Piccardo 2006 Modeling nitrogen leaching from forest ecosystem case study using data from SW Sweden Trita LWR master thesis project 1651 064X LWR EX 06 07 Weronika Wojcik 2011 Evaluation of microbiological activity during the deammonification process for nitrogen removal Trita LWR master thesis project 1651 064X LWR EX 11 26 Other References Activated sludge 2012 http water worldbank org shw resource guide Hammarby Sj stadsverk 2012 http www sjostadsverket se Nitrogen cycle 2012 http rstb royalsocietypublishing org Sludge volume 2012 http www aquanova cz sludge_volume_index htm Source of Eutrophication
47. reated municipal X cines iy ies Natural runoff Td Ri la nitrates and xm phosphates ww Manure from feadiol nitrates Arale as d seconda reat n nt pt LES aif nirates and phosphates 44 Runoff from y lawns and CO Lake ecosystem lots nitri nutrient overload phos and breakdown of chemical cycling Runoff and from cultivati mining constr Lo enti COMMON Tm Figure 6 Different nutrient sources contributing to Eutrophication http 05lovesgeography blogspot se While doing different operations in the farm like field preparation by ploughing chemical fertilizers and pesticides for controlling different diseases and increasing yield harvesting of crops and direct runoff leads leaching the large amount of nutrients into the water courses Municipal waste water The discharges of domestic wastewater significant sources of pollution that contribute to eutrophication The water quality and human health retorted due to the nutrient pollutants and bacteria discharged from domestic sources also causing and contributing to eutrophication Matuska et al 2010 In the region of Baltic Sea all the point sources coming from municipal wastewater discharges 30 of N and 90 of the P HELCOM 2010 There are two kinds of domestic wastewater contributing to eutrophication first one is black water coming fr
48. removal yields that can become unacceptable in most practical situations Denitrification is not so affected by temperature Obaja et al 2003 The effective temperature range for the activated biological treatment for the stable nitrogen removal rate was 23 2 C J Yang et al 2011 The temperatures in both lines were noted down whenever the sapling analysis was taken with the help of digital measurements shown in the online control system of ITEST 12 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST pH The pH is also known as hydrogen ion concentration The pH is an important factor which indirectly influences the nutrient removal by direct affect on the growth rate of nitrifying bacteria by previous works DSIR 1964 and Knowles et al 1965 The optimal nitrification rate is achieved at a pH in the range of 7 0 8 2 and further more increasing function is depends on the temperature range The pH for the both lines were also note down whenever the sampling analysis was taken the readings were also taken with the help of digital measurements shown in the online control system of ITEST With the help of taken readings of temperature and pH the performance of activated sludge treatment processes was studied METHODS AND MATERIALS During the activated sludge treatment the nitrogen was converted form one form to another Various methods pertaining to their respective processes during the treatment pro
49. s pet carried out 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 T T T T T Q Q O wv gt S GS Reference line Suspended Solids mg L W Temperature line Suspended Solids mg L Figure 17 Suspended solids SS of the reference and temperature lines 22 Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant TEST Sludge volume SV The sludge volume for the both reference and temperature lines were calculated the calculation procedure were given in the methods part The calculated values of the both lines were compared with each other with respect to dates of analysis The sludge volume calculated and shown in the graphical representation for the both lines was in millilitres per Liter ml L The sludge volume for the reference line is represented in the blue colour line and for temperature line is represented in the red colour line mg L In figure 18 on y axis the values of sludge volume was represented in ml L and on x axis the time intervals of the analysis was represented in dates as per carried out The sludge volume of temperature line was obtained less than reference line most of the times Even there we can also observe that temperature line sludge volume was about 5 to 50 ml L for almost three months From mid of November reference line had good SV results graph with continuous growth in SV
50. s the energy source The nitrification rate is usually limited by the growth rate of Nitrosomonas Description of the Pilot plant There two lines with same specifications and materials except the temperature remaining operating conditions are also same In figure 7 we can see the two different lines with five reactors of each line in that two lines the bottom line is reference line and the above line is temperature line The temperature line is associated with the heating system which is used to heat the incoming water up to the desired temperature of 20 C The other line which is named as the reference line is with the same temperature of water as the main line line 1 treatment in the Hammarby Sj stadsverk plant The pilot plant is given in figure 7 In particular the relationship between temperature and reaction rate is an important parameter for design purposes particularly in cold climate Dawson and Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 PRIMARYCLARIFIER a m 9 BIOREAKTORS SECONDARYCLARIFIER DENITRIFICATION BIOREAKTORS SECONDARYCLARFER Figure 7 ITEST pilot plant design draft Hammerby Sj stadsverk http www sjostadsverket se Murphy 1971 Results of pilot plant studies utilizing activated sludge on complex industrial and municipal waste water have been reported from the United States Smith 1970 and Mu
51. secsesecsceesececesseseesecees 13 Ptoc d te Aet c tb tee RI EXPO chante KOSS RS Or 14 Spectrophotometer e eese eee eee esee essen enses stato seta seasons SE Esnes eo sesso esaesa 15 Incobatot echo passen exi ivt xke ipi E 15 Suspended Solids R 16 Electronic measurement for weighing eere eee esee eren eee neta etta atta atta 16 Total DEIOBGI Si eie gen Ee USER REUS 18 SHU SE Volutlie adis a SD Sn essens r r Nere i 19 Sludge VOlume INGO 19 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 RE 20 INittate RM rro 20 Ammonium NH4 21 Suspended S lids SS s ssvss vss ss vos ssss vessssussevscs sdsssv ns sorsovessss resessss nse ss rss ssss vessss verden 22 Sludge volume SV sssssssosss ssasssesessovssssssvossssnssss vepssverssenennsssessssspesesessenesesesssss ksnsessrsesessse 23 TEMPEL ALULE e 24 Total nittopen Total N sssssisess vssvssssossvossssssvsnsr ssovs seensssossv nsesssesesss esenss sesesssrss nsnsse 25 DiSCUS ON Sieisen P 25 Troubleshooting of Pilot Plant seseseseserererereceeecsoroeeeeeseserereroreeeeeesorcrereeeeseeeeerorereeeesoseree 26 Escaping of
52. spot se Different sources causing eutrophication Different ecosystems have different level of nutrient enrichment to cope with seasonal variation in nutrient loading There are mainly two streams of nutrients One is from atmosphere and the other is from land based sources The first one is deposition of nutrients in clouds which are atmosphetic Pollution arises from activities that discharge particulates in to the air form as mist and precipitate rain The land based sources mobiles in surface water and ground water as a result of point sources like sewage and industrial waste outfalls and diffuse sources like runoff from agricultural lands In the Baltic Sea the sources of 75 of N and 95 of P comes from rivers ad waterborne sources HELCOM 2007 The following ate the inputs into water bodies from both point and diffuse sources Different sources contributing to the eutrophication was given in detailed as shown in Fig 6 e Agriculture e Municipal waste water e Industrial land based sources e Transport Agriculture Enrichment of nutrients in agriculture can arise from arable and livestock operations The discharge of nutrients N and P can be increased through different operations like irrigation of agriculture fields drainage and wetland creation and also other sinks to increase agriculture production Boesch and Brinsfield 2000 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 Discharge of unt
53. sverken Arbetet fokuserar p f rb ttring och Optimering av kv vereningen genom att h lla konstant temperatur hela ret Temperaturen r en viktig parameter f r reningsprocesser f r avloppsvatten Bakteriologisk nitrifikation och denitrifikation ar en effektiv process f r att avl gsna kv ve fran avloppsvatten Av olika forskningsarbeten och attiklar framkommer att 23 2 C ar den optimala temperaturen f r nitrifikations och denitrifikationsprocesser Arbetet r i huvudsak inriktat pa att bibeh lla en optimal konstant temperatur under hela ret genom att tillhandah lla en yttre v rmek llan Med hj lp av v rmev xlare halls temperaturen inom ett konstant intervall I denna studie anv ndes tv linjer med aktiv slamprocessen d r en ar forsdkslinje med konstant temperatur och den andra ar referenslinje Da det fr msta syftet vid f rs ken ar att halla temperaturen pa inkommande avloppsvatten konstant anv nds v rmev xlare f r inkommande avlopp i pilotanl ggningens testlinje f r att h lla en temperatur p 19 till 20 C i inkommande avlopp till f rs kslinjen I referenslinjen var temperaturen densamma som inkommande kommunalt avloppsvatten vriga parametrar som pH var densamma i b gge linjerna Effektiviteten f r kv vereningen j mf rdes mellan de tv linjerna under en testperiod p mer n 8 m nader ven andra biologiska aktiviteter i behandlingsprocessen j mf rdes mellan de tv linjerna lii Venkata Kris
54. t be here Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 vi Study of Nitrogen Removal Rate and Trouble shooting of Pilot plant ITEST TABLE OF CONTENT iii Acknowledgement s ssessssssererersrseseseserererereeserererorsrseseseserereeeeseseresorsrseseseserererersesesesossesesesesee v Table of vii EP 1 TAG OD skies E E E 1 Adverse impact of nitrogen on the environment csccrcesscsrserccescsssencesccsacenscesceacensees 2 Standard requirements for nitrogen removal from 2 Occurrence of nitrogen in the ENVITONMENt cccsserresrcssccsccscesscnscecesscnssensesscsacensenses 2 Nitrogen Cy CE MR 3 Nitrogen fixation somete te ee eae tase pn aes oh ee ed as SR ER 3 AMMONIMCAMON 3 Synthesisz eee tetuer eae Rede 4 INittifiCAtOf Jenn oret e DEN GE RERO IRE ERE PRETIO DERE RE DEN EIEERRIAR 4 De niet fH Caton eos coiere eroe EU ERROR PIRE sus RU RE FERE E SE THES ergo QUELS EE Ine 4 Eutrophication PR 4 Effects of eutrophication to aquatic environment s sssssssssessssserserserssersesssrsssssnnssrsr 6 Effects of the eutrophication to environment ssssssssesssrsssssosssrsersersersersosssrnosssnrssrsr 6 Different sources causing eutrophication sssssssssssssesssrsssssossorserserserserserssrnosssnrssrsr 7
55. these the major challenge is to minimize the eutrophication in different water bodies Nitrogen and phosphorus are the major nutrients to cause eutrophication of natural water bodies to overcome this problem the removal of nutrients from the wastewater during the wastewater treatment processes has more importance this not only leads to eutrophication but also high concentration of nitrogen will affect the public health and also navigates various ecologically adverse impacts Biological waste water treatment has positive and friendly environmental results in nutrients removal removal of nitrogen and phosphorus etc Compared to other treatment methods Biological wastewater treatment processes is mainly for nutrients removal When efficient biological processes take place then we can expect the maximum removal of nutrients and it will be possible For that the temperature 1s one of the main influencing factors on biological treatment processes In general 99 of Sewage is characterized by its volume physical condition chemical contamination and biological content Activated sludge is a process for treating sewage and industrial waste water using air and a biological flock composed of bacteria and protozoans Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 Adverse impact of nitrogen on the environment Nitrogen is an elemental and compound nutrient this substance of nutrient allows negative effects on water sources environmental a
56. tions Polish journal of environmental studies 14 29 34 HELCOM 2007 Towards a Baltic sea unaffected by eutrophication HELCOM ministerial meeting Helsinki commission Krakow Poland Jingjing Yang 2009 Optimization of canon processes and startup processes Trita LWR degree project 1651 064X LWR EX 09 33 Jiachun Yang Zang Li Daisuke Hira Yasuhiro Fukuzaki amp Kenji Furukawa 2011 High rate nitrogen removal by the Anammox processes at ambient temperature Journal Bioresource Technology 102 672 676 Mulbarger M C 1970 Modifications of the activated sludge processes for nitrification and denitrification Presented at 43 Annual conference of Water Pollution Control Federation Boston Massachusetts Matuska M Fatulova E Bodi I amp Zvara 2010 Study of alternative solutions for wastewater treatment richnava local municipality Bratislava Global Water Partnership obaja D Mace S Costa J Sans C amp Mata Alvarez J 2003 Nitrification denitrification and biological phosphorus removal in piggery wastewater using a sequence batch reactor Journal Bioresource Technology 87 103 111 Painter amp Lovesses J E 1981 Effect of temperature and pH value on the growth rate constant of nitrifying bacteria in the activated sludge processes Water Research pergamon press 17 237 248 Randall C W 2003 Potential and Societl and economic impact of wastewater nutrient removal and recycling Wate
57. to each other If there is good sludge growth then there will be good amount sludge volume and a suspended solid occurs Total nitrogen Form the total nitrogen graph during the period of initial two to three months total nitrogen of the incoming water was lesser than temperature and reference lines This was because of the total nitrogen values were calculated from ammonium and nitrate values But total nitrogen is the amount of ammonium nitrate nitrite and nitride But the value of the nitride will be less and it is negligible Temperatute Form the temperature graphical representation the temperatures of the both lines were almost close for long time of about two and half to three months as shown in figure 5 and results also because the heating system was not functioning properly But after that the temperature of the temperature line is almost as desired as 20 C degree centigrade 27 Venkata Krishna Reddy Yatham TRITA LWR Degree Project 12 34 pH The pH or alkalinity is also an important parameter to take place the efficient biological treatment of wastewater As mentioned earlier the suitable pH range is between 6 5 7 5 The pH for the both lines was almost between the desired ranges CONCLUSIONS The temperature dependence of nitrification and denitrification process was observed in the results parts are discussed in the discussions part There is an improvement in nitrogen removal with respect to the increase in the oper
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