USER MANUAL - Weld on Sweden
Contents
1. LITERATURE References 1 N Yurioka Comparison of preheat predictive methods Welding in the World vol 48 2004 p 21 27 2 N Yurioka and T Kasuya A chart method to determine necessary preheat in steel welding Welding in the World vol 35 1995 p 327 334 3 N Yurioka Prediction of Weld Metal Strength Report III IIW Doc IX 2058 03 p 3 4 Norman Bailey Weldability of ferritic steels Abongton Publishing Woodhead Publishing 1994 United Kingdom ISBN 1 85573 0928 p 35 37 on web test pages 5 J H Devletian Carbon equivalent Pem limits for thick Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Final Report 2000 April 4 Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology p 2 4 6 H Kihara T Kanazawa and H Tamura Weldability and Toughness Specifications for Structural Steels in Japan With Special Reference to WES 135 and 136 e Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol 282 No 1307 Rosenhain Centenary Conference The Contribution of Physical Metallurgy to Engineering Practice Jul 8 1976 pp 247 258 article consists of 12 pages e Published by The Royal Society Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 41 of 42 Stable URL http www jstor org stable 74540 7 JIS G 3106 2008 rolled steel for welded structures WES 135 and WES 136 8 JIS G 3115 2005 Steels plates for pressure vessels f2. 3 By opening the two icons for welding process and HAZ you may differentiate the welding process welding methods and welding parameters and at the same time see the result of the manipulation with the sliders directly in the graph 800 C S ME 7 6s j 76s Hoo V 271 271 Red numbers give the result from the previous simulation Black numbers are the result from the current one Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 24 of 42 HAZ and cooling time The window for these calculations give you the following informations Maximum hardness in HV10 in the heat affected zone Cooling time from 800 to 500 degree Cooling time in a given distance form the centre point in the weld itself Tensile strength Hardness at given distances in the HAZ Calculate width of the HAZ itself asm DN y 1900 enu e acp Advanced 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 2 Bag anjesadway wo e e 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 28 26 27 28 29 30 Time seconds By moving your cursor to the line at any arbitrary point will give you the temperature and cooling time for that very point Note that the values for HAZ and cooling time are shown in black and red The black value to the left is the current value you get from this simulation The red value to the right is the value obtained in the previous simulation However the button Define current as reference
3. Evaluate the consequences of altering the dimensions of a given joint configuration for welding Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 costs Select the following icons in the sequence indicated below Title fig Y fig Creatorfig Ydev Version Y Y Patchlevel o CreationDate Mon Aug West VOTE CER Ne LanguageLevel y Welding parameters versus hardness and cooling time Evaluate the consequences of altering the welding parameters for the hardness and cooling Select the following icons in the sequence indicated below Title fig fig Creator fig Ydev Version Y Y Patchlevel o CreationDate Mon Aug Y NA ViN N LanguageLevel Y Geometry and welding parameters versus welding costs Evaluate the consequences of altering the welding parameters for the welding costs Select the following icons in the sequence indicated below Title fig o fig Creator fig dev Version Y Y Patchlevel o CreationDate Mon Aug Y N A 84 YA NV LanguageLevel Y 9 of 42 If you want to alter some of the previous settings then move back to the icon were the settings are specified carry out the alterations and move back again to the icon where you want to evaluate the consequences of the previous alteration You may also during the simulation decide to view two sessions or tasks in parallel That means you may select to see the influence of altering the welding details on the HAZ values and the t
4. 1m 18 30 45 60 75 100 a PEWULSAEaM Wire cost m V j i 20 7 46h Duty Cycle 9 48 jJ 10 20 30 40 50 b Labor cost m a BEEN 223 74 Labor cost hour with overheads Actual repair cost m 40 00 0 B5 10 15 20 28 p Total cost m LI 4 273 21 Repair m 0 1000 2000 3000 uc Y 1000 00 Repair cost m Data input Wire diameter A set of predefined wire diameters are given in the slider Click on the diameters and the slider will jump to the selected diameter Only the predefined values can be used Wire feed speed Select the wire feed speed according your requirements The selected value will also be seen in the value box on the right hand side The speed is defined as meter per minutes Efficienc Efficiency factor for the wire taking into consideration possible losses in y y g p Iqsim user manual v 1 6 Wire price kg Gas flow Gas price m3 Electrode diameter Kilo weld metal kg electrode Deposition rate Welding speed Duty cycle Labour costs hour Repair 96 Repair costs meter 2010 01 19 30 of 42 weight from wire to weld metal Price in Euro per kilo for the wire In litre per minute Price in Euro per cubic meter of gas A set of predefined electrode diameters are given in the slider Click on the diameters and the slider will jump to the selected diameter Only the predefined values can be used Select the deposit value for the
5. be shown below the Vickers hardness values The Advanced button thus allows you to evaluate the temperature and hardness values in the welded connection and get a feeling on how the distribution of values will be through the material and the weld itself Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 28 of 42 Economic evaluations The economic evaluations are related to the joint configuration and import data from that part of the system This means that you may select a joint configuration and then create a economic simulation based on those data You can then move back to the geometry of the joint and alter the date in moving back to the economy to see the result of the graphical alterations Also note that the welding process is defined behind the welding icon and when you alter the welding method then the basic input in the economical calculation are altered Ex from MMA 11 to TIG 141 the interface will alter electrode to wire and add cost elements for gas When you alter the geometrical data for the joint configuration then this will influence the cost calculation User interface for economical simulation A aS Yu Cross Section win 1 2 1 6 LL o i 120mm iia mma os 9 0 5 10 15 20 25 a Wire Feed Speed Deposition Deposited wire Specific weight of steel 7800 kg m Deposition rate 0 25 S0 75 100 at ose fist ar Efficiency Time to weld 1m Mas
6. brittle phases to form during cooling period of time 2 Ce formula for common low carbon and carbon manganese steels implemented by ITW 4 5 11 The following carbon equivalent has been long used as an index representing the susceptibility to cold cracking or weldability Original O Neil and Dearden s formula was simplified by HW subcommission and in the last 25 years it is known as IIW Hydrogen cracking formula and it is valid for steels with low carbon content This Cerw intended for sing e pass welding 4 The carbon equivalent formula Cerw is one of the most widely used because it is a good measure of the hardenability for conventional steels This carbon equivalent satisfactorily evaluates weldability whose carbon content is higher than 0 1296 Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 37 of 42 Cerw is preferable for common carbon steels and carbon manganese steels whilePcm is designed for modern low carbon low alloy steels Steels with a Cenw greater than 0 4 cannot be welded successfully unless precautions are taken In the Cerw formula the alloying elements are heavily weighted compared to carbon as shown below For steels C gt 0 12 0 18 C 4 13 Cenw C 96 1 For steels having Si in a significant volume 4 If Si content in the steel is more as before was in the steels then a modified ITW formula Cen is for usage which takes into account the effect of Si Cen 96 2 3 Ce
7. cracking of the welded metals welds are hot and cold cracking Hot cracking occurs immediately after solidification in a weld caused by the segregation of certain alloying elements during the solidification process S B and other elements tend to segregate excessively They are reduced in order to prevent hot cracking Cold cracking also known as delayed or hydrogen induced cracking developing after solidification of the fusion zone nearby the HAZ as a result of residual stress Generally it occurs below 200 C sometimes several or even days after welding Ce sometimes is useful in planning welding procedures Adabtability usability of Ce is limited if only the chemical composition of steel is considered because the section size being welded and joint restrain is of equal or sometimes greater importance than the value of Ce because of their strong relations to heat input and cooling rate they are issues in details here not discussed Susceptibility to cold cracking is determined by hardness of welds HAZ and weld metal see above The weld hardness is determined by an interactive effect of weld hardenability and carbon content Preheating 11 The objective of preheating is to effuse diffusible hydrogen out of welds to prevent hydrogen assisted cold cracking The occurrence of cold cracking is influenced by the following factors chemical composition of steel thickness of parent metal s or plate or wall thickness we
8. electrode Deposition rate for the selected electrode per hour Welding speed in centimetre per minutes Duty cycle or arc time in 96 for the welding process This means effective welding 96 per hour Labour cost per hour Note It is wise to use the total price here That means the company costs and overhead should be added Or one may use the company sales price per hour Repair 96 per meter weld Average number to be used Repair costs per meter should at least include the following elements Cost for gauging and grinding in order to remove the weldment e Costs for re weld Costs for renewed control and documentation e Additional cost for handling equipment back and forth for control and welding purposes should also be included Cost for documentation of the repair Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 31 of 42 Administration of material data ISO 15608 group ISO 15608 subgroup Name 1 1 P275NH 1 2 P295GH 3 pasonn 1 8935 m Min Max Slider stepping VE EE OE CE EEE GE G GB GO GO G Gg d E p dg p p d d d od gp d d d p p p p rr dnd C 0 12 Ly 0 12 0 2 0 00200000 Cu 015 VER ERE PEPE GE GE GE Eee GO B g E Gg gg d E E E E EE E B GO n g g 0 0 0 3 0 0075 pr j tudd at RU 0 ee i vrzizafTriR Si 0 175 0 0 35 0 00874999 Teter d d E E ELE EE E EE EE EE E EE E EE E E E E GN Cr 0 15 op 0 3 0 0075 o0 VEU OEOEOEE E OE OE OE GE E GO GE GO GO
9. more about the intensions English Copyright 2009 iQSim Ser Trendelag University College HIST Trondheim Norway HIST Contract Research Trondheim Norway Centre for Flexible Learning Municipality of S derhamn Sweden CFL Hungarian Association of Welding and Material Testing Budapest Hungary MHtE Klaipeda University Lithuania KU University of Thessaly Greece UTH Multilateral Pilot Project 142719 LLP 1 2008 1 NO LEONARDO LMP 2008 1924 E p Education and Culture DG Fig2 Select an action by clicking on one of the graphical icons or tabs in the border to proceed Please note that the IQSim system is designed for educational purposes The key objective has been to develop a system with a simple and effective user interface which allows the students to evaluate the results and consequences of different decisions and learn them to see the fabrication process as a set of different actions which are influencing each other To get exact data may in some cases not be easy but that has not been the intention of this user interface However some different solutions for obtaining exact results has been implemented and you will be notified when these tools and facilities are available in the different parts of the system Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 7 of 42 General user input To select a task Click on the icon in the frame and the task will open To move a slider Click on the slider pointer and press th
10. steel and by some other here not discussed factors It means the chemical composition of the steel will influencethe hardness and the weldability of the steel the definition of weldability here is not discussed and as a result of this the quality of the joint will be remarkably influenced Higher concentrations of C and other alloying elements such as Mn Si Mo V Cu Ni will increase the hardness and decrease the weldability of the parent material s Each of these alloying elements trends to influence the hardness e g measured in HV and its value preferred to be about 320 340 HV 10 and weldability of the steel to different magnitudes Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 34 of 42 However there is a need for making a method of comparison to judge the difference in hardness between two alloys made of different alloying elements Cracing The metallurgical characteristics of steels are mainly dominated by its chemical composition Any small changes in chemical composition of the base and filler metals could substantially increase cracking tendency The risk of cracking also increases with increasing hardness of the Heat Affected Zone HAZ in welding for a particular H hydrogen level and welded joint restraint A general indicative which is Ce is a useful guide to estimate and assess the possibility of cracking in alloy steels by comparison with the equivalent plain un alloyed carbon steel The two main problems faced in the
11. to hardenability thus Cu was ignored in 13 Ce for calculating weld metal tensile strength 3 11 Cei C 96 11 Cer for calculating HAZ maximum hardness 11 Si Mn Cu Ni Mo Cr l 0164C CE C 4 zx a um x m 24 6 15 12 4 8 f B f B an increase in HAZ hardenability due to boron C lt 0 8 N lt 0 01 11a 5 00001 Bx 0 0001 A 0 0020 0 0080 F A f C 0 09 Bx 0 0004 0 0006 3f ict I C COSE A RO b Cen The case when the hardness of 096 martensite phase plus that due to precipitation hardening which arises only when tgs becomes long it is also function of Ce in the following equation 14 the effect of precipitation hardening elements of Cu Mo V Nb Ti are relatively high and the non linear effect of Nb considered as 2 2Nb 1 5Nb Cer for calculating weld metal tensile strength 3 11 Cep C 4 4 4 2V4 96 12 Cer for calculating HAZ maximum hardness 11 Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 40 of 42 Si Mn Cu Ni Cr Mo V Nb CE C t 4 4 t4 24 5 10 18 5 25 5 3 12a c Cem The critical cooling time when martensite phases diminish and considered as an index of easiness of bainite formation in this case Ce is as it follows Cer for calculating weld metal tensile strength 3 11 Cem C 90 13 Cem for calculating HAZ maximum hardness 11 Mn Cu Ni Cr M VT CE C pe LEN 36 20 9 5 4
12. will both define the current curve and values as reference when you are carrying out the evaluation Creating a new evaluation will then bring in a new cooling curve as well as new data for the cooling time and hardness The previous curve defined as reference will be shown in red colour and the new one will be shown in black colour as shown in the following figure Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 25 of 42 cm 25 35 d Y am 2000 Advanced 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 m 3 9 1100 3 E 1000 m 8 900 800 C 2 aoo Mi 700 aa 3A 500 C 600 sod 6 3s 400 es G 7 6s 300 200 4 100 ld i 285 012 34 567 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Time seconds 271 Define current as reference J NOTE The accuracy of the calculations has to verified by an appropriate test weld followed by a hardness test For the HAZ and cooling time calculation you have also two options By ticking off in the selection box available through the Advanced modus you can choose to view the temperature development at a certain distance outside the HAZ region Select the distance by using the slider The result will be seen as a new graph drawn in black Or you may select to see the maximum temperature profile through the weld by clicking into the selection box By using this graph as shown below you may get an additional information or indication on how the heat dist
13. 17 2007 Class B s ClassC Class D LH QQ Maximum height 1SO 5817 2007 5 9 mm 4 2 4mm 0 66 kg m 5 9 mm 5 0 mm lel ca Mg 0 84 cm 2 The use of the sliders and other manipulation tools are as described earlier in page 12 NOTE Recommendations according EN ISO 9692 1 for single and double sided welding has been added Minimum and maximum plate thickness is highlighted for different welding methods Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 19 of 42 BUTT WELD V Bevel VY i 10mm 30mm 50mm 70mm i 0mm imm 2mm 3mm 4mm 5mm 0mm imm 2mm 3mm 4mm Cap requirements 1SO 5817 2007 Class B s ClassC Class D QQ i Maximum height 1S0 5817 2007 16 9 qm aM _ p m 2 42 cm 2 11 90 kg m 2 0 L PNE J 5 0 3 0 Lhe The use of the sliders and other manipulation tools are as described earlier in page 12 NOTE The height of the cap on the cap and root side is given as well as the width of the top of the bevel Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 20 of 42 BUTT WELD X Bevel 10mm 30mm 50mm 70mm 0mm 5mm 10mm 15mm 20mm 255 uM RN NNI NM 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 0mm 10mm 20mm hn laa b ll 0mm 10mm 20mm 30mm 40mm Px T L h n Cap requirements 1S0 5817 2007 Class B e ClassC Class D Az Qa Maximum height 1S0 5817 2007 3 1 2 L A ma M49 a Je ue The use of the sliders and other manipulati
14. 8 for plate thickness less than 50 mm and Ce 0 4 for plate between 50 100 mm thickness 6 2 Ce values for stainless steels 9 For stainless steels and welds between carbon steels and stainless steels the equivalent nickel content Nie and equivalent chromium content Cr usually used together and in conjunction with the Sch ffler Delong diagram are considered more accurate for measuring estimating weldability 6 3 Some new types of Ce formulas 6 3 a Ce for steel grades WES 135 and WES 136 7 8 11 Cewres C 96 8 6 3 b Cen 11 In the recent years complicated formulas have been developed including welding parameters effects of inclusions chemical composition etc According to the general view that for workshop usage without having PC to calculate is seeing to be not practical The following carbon equivalent considers this effect and can evaluates weldability of steel with a wide range of carbon Ce C f C 9 where f C 0 5 0 25 tanh 20 C 0 12 With decreasing carbon content f C decreases from 1 0 to 0 5 Therefore Ce is close to Cenw when C is higher than 0 15 and Cen approaches to Pcm as a carbon content decreases Ce is stipulated in ATM A 1005 A 00 and ASME B16 49 2000 The newest carbon equivalent formula 5 Ce applies to both traditional steels covered by CeIIW and low carbon low alloy steels covered by Pcm because of the hyperb
15. G G G Gg g E E GB Gg 3 GO B B g d n n n p p rrt 0 0 025 o 000625 lo pr 0 0 03 0 00075 Ni Sas AE 0 0 3 0 0075 Ti 0 D 0 0 0 Al 0 p s 0 0 Mn o4 p A ba los 0 0125 ag ra d d d d d d d E E E b p p p d d dp p gr d d E E P n ng B 0 0001 0 0 0001 0 0000025 f 04g ap pa gr rg d d d d d E d d d d E d d d d d d d d d pr d p p n ng Mo 0 25 f y 9 0 25 0 35 0 00249999 SO eee N 0 1 o 0 2 0 005 Nb 0 0 0 0 The material data can also be run in an Advanced modus By doing so you may do the following e Adjust the minimum and maximum values for the chemical elements You may alter the steps in the slider e You may add chemical elements which were not added in the material composition of the material you selected Please note If a chemical element has a minimum and maximum value equal to zero then the slider will be void and can not be used If a numerical value is entered which is above or below the max or min value then a red border will be seen on the value box Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 32 of 42 References For calculation of HAZ and cooling time Yurioka http homepage3 nifty com yurioka exp html E1 Basic formulas found here with references to additional papers Rosentahl Calculation of preheat EN1011 2 Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 33 of 42 Appendix A Understanding equivalent carbon cont
16. Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 1 of 42 ZZ aa Education and Culture DG Lifelong Learning Programme IQSim USER MANUAL IDIRAJE TL Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 2 of 42 List of Content Liiarsraltra nto ire E c 3 THE TC a EE E E 3 System Regu irementS aon RA Boos pad ed eia rs foul rebus utres fn Rino pv udi 3 Project Lead Orgartzatiot uae edes pee br tu ie pete dte EN iu ades 3 Participating organizations eesseeeessesseessssresssereersestersssrersssreessseresssereessssreesssreesssent 4 Start the system errio enai a ede a a Svat whee Nites au Dek E En 6 General sgh E 7 Different alternative SimulatioHs o oido eti tous eer eei Noe ver aeo ep eei ap tara Rer oi AR RENE 8 Material COIHDOSIOOF pt sac tek eror tice rc duced esa nu incip verdes dev dee 8 Material composition versus hardness and cooling rate eese 8 Geometrical properties unco de ceo eo vA tut oo Sap cute dance en soe utute tu duds 8 Geometrical properties versus welding costs essere 8 Welding parameters versus hardness and cooling time eese 9 Geometry and welding parameters versus welding costs esses 9 Evaluation and its COMSCQUENICEG sscseccssscessccsnssesscssnccesscesnssenscesaccetscsensensessnes 10 Moving the icons in the Canvas n teesesn te ceste eie eei erre oru eei etas dme eR waves deu UE Es 11 Ev
17. This activity will change or modify the basic characteristics of the parent metal now in our case that of the Fe which will be modified and or changed Therefore for the welded steel structure production chemically pure Fe is not used The welding industry producing steel structures uses significantly Fe based alloys Fe is the dominant element These materials of different chemical composition are forming different types of steels These are named in welded steel structure industry base or parent metal Un alloyed plain mild alloyed and high alloyed steels If the accumulated ingredients alloying elements are x 596 and the rest is Fe then this kind of steel is generally named to un alloyed steel If the volume of ingredients is about 5 96 the steel is low or medium alloyed steel If volume of ingredients is gt 596 the steel is highly alloyed steel Hardness and weldability All alloying elements and thermal history heat input and cooling rate are influencing the properties of parent material s and weld welded joint as well This effect could be estimated as positive e g having higher strength and corrosion resistance etc but some of effects could have negative influence on the load bearing capacity of welded joint e g bringing crack formation into action and or the welded joint under load will break fail According to practice such negative effect could be significantly influenced by the chemical composition of
18. ace Amperage Voltage Welding speed Ambient temperature Preheat temperature Welding process is selected through the pull down menu in the top of the user interface cm gi OO L Y m 111 Manual Metal Arc welding with covered electrode X e UP pae nu MM X 70A 100A 140A _180A 220A 260A 300A zi WO rhs 170A Arc energy Thermal Efficiency DOA ov 10V 20V _ 30V 40V X y TEE mar 0 10 _ 20 30 40 amp min V 15 cm min E Heat Input ja 40 20 0 20 40 cc meme Y 20 C o X EN s 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 ee i a ae ie Vv 20 ec The selected values will be shown in the yellow result boxes on the right hand side of the sliders The efficiency factor will be altered according the welding process you are choosing Arc energy and heat input will be calculated automatically as you are manipulating with the sliders Note Ambient temperature and preheat temperature do not influence the heat input calculation Efficiency factor are dependent on the welding process and is set automatically Ambient temperature is equal material temperature Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 23 of 42 Welding parameters and HAZ cooling time By manipulating the welding parameters this will directly influence the HAZ and the cooling time In order to see this influence directly you may do the following 1 Enlarge the browser window 2 Move the HAZ ic
19. aluation of the chemical composition eese enne nnne nnne 12 Evaluation of the weld geometry eee eeeee eee ee eee eene eene eene tne tnn tetas etae inse ease 15 General input for the bevel Mata seach sn ara rry eaae etr tetuer rot evene cn epo eran NUUS 16 BUTTAWBED T Bey8l xh or re ies pede sad NER E et R Ta R Can 18 BUELIWELD sV BeVelss cete vertiente steht teur E iud edes uu tu bled sea Rug 19 PAT OW ELD SVE ns ce custo scence vain tede em wea ten cepimus uv atq et dero eei ut s 20 FILLET WELD rerien er e HR Gaetan Aut RR ERE EN CHA RERO eo DRE EX LER EOS 21 Welding Param ens sco eene duct ne dde tmi ene dust M de 22 Welding parameters and HAZ cooling time eese eese eene nenne tn ettet tnn etta nue 23 HAZ aud coolimg time antra erase er or e nea a Sp ras Da esp osi un oa uen EM Dee ORE 24 Economic Cy ALA ONG sodes ctr turpe tesi ESO E QU RID NDA Da 28 Administration of material data ood posed erp obi Ceuta usto orn mee eee 31 TE E EEE PETERE 32 For calculation of HAZ and cooling time eese eee enint tenens tetas 32 Calculation of preheat EN1011 2 cssccsscccssssssccsecessccesssesscssnccessceesssesscssnscesscsonssesscsonees 32 Appendix Ar E a 33 Append Boario TN 42 Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 3 of 42 Introduction The idea The idea behind the IQSim project is that the teachers and students need to evaluate a set of parameters in
20. be moved NOTE If the border in a value box turns red then the value selected is outside the permitted value in the ISO standard for that material group AC1 738 C CEI 0 36 96 CEIIV 0 35 AC3 864 C CE 1I 0 40 CET 0 27 96 Pcm 0 22 96 Ms 433 C CElll 0 48 96 CEen 0 34 96 CEWES 0 36 96 Values which are calculated automatically in the material section are shown in yellow result boxes Values which will be altered dynamically during the simulation AC1 The temperature at which austenite begins to be formed AC3 The temperature at which the transformation of ferrite to austenite is completed Ms The temperature at which martensite formation begins during cooling of austenite CE I Carbon Equivalent CE for evaluation of the weldability of steel according ISO 1011 CE II Carbon Equivalent CE for evaluation of the Alternative algorithm defined by weldability of steel reference ISO 1011 but modified N Yurioka Corrections for chemical composition CE HI Carbon Equivalent CE for evaluation of the Alternative algorithm defined by weldability of steel reference ISO 1011 but modified N Yurioka Corrections for chemical composition CEIIW Carbon Equivalent CE according IW This carbon equivalent satisfactorily recommendations evaluates weldability whose carbon content is higher than 0 1296 CET Carbon Equivalent CE for evaluation of the Alternative algorithm defined by weldability of steel N Yurio
21. dag Temperature profile at 10 4 5 259mm 12 Additional temperature profile r V 14 S 16 las o 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 n C Maximum temperature C foi tm E gt a Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 Additional temperature profile 27 of 42 If additional temperature profile is selected then the following will happen Anew graph will appear showing the temperature profile at the material depth as defined through the use of the slider The selected value will also be shown in the dimension box above the slider Anew vertical black line will appear on the profile graph This graph will give the temperature line for the material depth selected by the slider 2000 1900 0 1800 2 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 ww jeuajew oui uydag 1200 12 1100 gt 52g 2unjeiaduia 1 m e e eo 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 Maximum temperature C 012 34 567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Time seconds V Show max temperature profile Distance from origo to 1550 C line 5 259mm Estimated withd of HAZ Distance from origo to 509 4 895mm 10 155mm Temperature profile at 15 259mm Additional temperature profile Note If you also select the button Use Current as Reference then also a red reference curve as well as the red reference value boxes will be shown The tensile strength value will
22. e left mouse button Move the mouse button to the left or right and the pointer will follow Note that a small information box appear above the pointer highlighting its value Or Click on the slider at an arbitrary point with the left mouse button and the pointer will jump to the point selected at the slider Move a slider in steps For selection of electrode or wire diameters Click on the relevant diameter value and the pointer will move to that diameter Select an exact value For chemical composition it is possible to enter exact values in the result box beside the slider instead of using the slider Activate Deactivate Click on the icon yellow colour and it will deactivate some information and the icon will then turn white Click on the white icon and it will be activated together with its tasks and the icon get a yellow active colour Calculated results from the simulation will be shown with yellow colour background as an example 1 74 kg m However in the welding calculations and the economic calculations other colour codes are used in addition for clarity purposes When you have selected the language then you have to decide which evaluations and tasks you are going to carry out By selecting one of the icons in the banner area you have different options either to carry out a single task or to carry on with multiple task simulations If you want to carry out simulations which involves multiple tasks then you may freely
23. emperature curve for cooling time To do this then drag ex The HAZ icon into the canvas and scale it into the size you want to have Each of the sessions may be scaled individually Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 10 of 42 Later you may choose to put one of the icons back into the frame where the other icons resides inorder to continue with one dataset only Evaluation and its consequences 111 Manual Metal Arc welding with covered electrode D TOA 100A 1408 180A 220A 260A 3008 15 cm min w gt 01 2345 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 216 Time seconds 150 200 250 300 L fi 1 10mm i5mm 20mm 1 1 1 Example The HAZ calculation graphs has been moved into the canvas and scaled so that the user can manipulate with the welding data in order to simultaneously monitor the result on the cooling time and temperature curve and Vickers hardness Similar comparisons by showing the two items side by side can effectively be made between the alterations of the geometry data and the cost data Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 11 of 42 Moving the icons in the canvas The icons can be moved around in the canvas if you select to do so The canvas is divided into different segments top and bottom segment left and right segment and the centre segment By dragging an icon into the segment the segment will circumscribed Release the
24. ent Ce A review of literature General The welded joints in a welded structure should serve the planned loading of the structure with safety If there are some non conformities around welding then the welded joint s under load can fail The welded joints could be classified according their quality If high load and high safety is needed then high quality welded joint s should be produced etc During production some non conformities could occur because welded design is not friendly for the appropriate welding activity or on the other hand the parent material s used prescribed are technologically e g during welding not properly treated and welding parameters used could be not suitable In this latest case it means that the heat input and thermal history could be not correct In this context the characteristics of parent material mean chemical composition thickness of parent materials and mechanical strength of steel grade etc Alloying chemical composition hardness and weldability 12 Alloying and chemical composition The basic characteristic features of a metal could be changed in molten fluid status by adding some other elements this is alloying and the added element s are alloying elements If adding some small quantities of other molten metal or metals to the molten base metal this activity is called alloying The result after cooling is a solid stage it is called alloy or one or more component alloyed metal
25. icipating organizations HiST Contract Research Norway e Centrum for flexibelt l rande CFL Sweden Hungary Magyar Hegeszt stechnikai s Anyagvizsg lati Egyes l s MhtE Hungarian Association of welding and Material testing Hungary e Klaipeda University Faculty of Marine Technology Lithuania University of Thessaly Greece Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 5 of 42 Title iQSim A4 eps Creator GIMP PostScript file plugin V 1 CreationDate Tue Dec 15 08 08 58 2009 LanguageLevel 2 Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 6 of 42 Start the system You enter into the system through Step 1 Log in with you user name Step 2 Enter your password and the system will go to the introduction page for IQSIM Step 3 Select which language to use within the system by clicking at the flag icon on the right hand side i ale English Fig 1 Select which language to use within the system by clicking at the flag icon on the right hand side and that language will automatically be selected Step 4 Select one of the system icons or tabs in the banner area to proceed with an action Gm x A Y IQsi m Version 0 8 500 August 7 2009 Build Time 10 40 779 Please keep in mind the following This software is intended for pedagogical use and will give indications of correct values but should not be used as a tool for estimating ats and do not use it for precice calculations and some
26. icon and it will then be moved Dragging the icon back into the top segment can be done Drag the icon and move it in between the other icons and see that a box will be highlighted then release the icon The icom will then be inserted 111 Manual Metal Arc welding m 4 70A 100A 140A Omm imm 2mm 3mm 4mm V 30 35 40 45 5S0 55 60 ctrode cost m of weld Cap requirements ISO 5817 2007 Class B Classc Class D Example of presenting results on the convas Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 12 of 42 Evaluation of the chemical composition 1 1 P275NH 1 0487 1 2 P295GH 1 0481 La E pason _ 1 8935 i c DE ee ee Cu 015 UEY UCELE AOR E EOR OSOA EE ee E T ee e O LU EES OV eB Oot ECCE B A A A O A Si 0 175 v 9 1s Cr 0 15 bas VEO GE OG GG GE EGO GB GO GB Gg Gn Gg g B GN NL gg GE nd b E E p rdg M ag ag pag gr gd d d d P d d d d d E E E E EE OB g E B B GB n CORECTE 0 p e R ee EEO EE CUULCUP CEET E921 Ni 0 15 ee auas Ti 0 a Al 0 EE salu pA ee B 0 0001 l pS OU ORSQAUGLECLNUUE Mo 0 25 ae N 0 1 nus ia piu i e DLP Nb 0 o AC1 748 C CEI 0 29 96 CE1IV 0 28 96 AC3 889 C CEII 0 36 96 CET 0 20 Pem 0 18 96 Ms 452 C CEIIH 0 34 96 CEen 0 24 96 CEWES 0 29 95 In this window you have the following options 1 Youcan select which material to use by scrolling and selecting from the menu 2 Youcan
27. ka Corrections for chemical composition CEen Susceptibility to cold cracking is determined by hardness of welds HAZ and weld metal The weld hardness is determined by an interactive effect of weld harden ability and carbon content Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 14 of 42 The following carbon equivalent considers this effect and can evaluates weldability of steel with a wide range of carbon PCM Parameter Crack Measurement substitutes Ce values Modern low alloy steel is mostly of a for carbon contents lower than 0 1296 carbon reduced type C lt 0 12wt Weldability of this type of steel is more adequately evaluated by the following carbon equivalent CEWES Carbon Equivalent CE for evaluation of the weldability of steel Alternative algorithm defined by N Yurioka Corrections for chemical composition Alternative algorithm defined by N Yurioka See http homepage3 nifty com yurioka exp html For Formulas used for the calculations see Appendix A NOTE All calculations are based on material ISO 15608 Group 1 ONLY Other material group can not be added in the current version due to the use of algorithms optimized for this material group Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 15 of 42 Evaluation of the weld geometry The weld geometry may be evaluated in order to see the consequences of the alteration of the geometry dimensions for the welding itself If you choose on
28. ld metal diffusible hydrogen content welding heat input welding residual stresses or weld metal yield strength weld joint restraint notch concentration factor at weld toe and weld root or groove shape weld pass number preheating method heating rate heating width ambient temperature immediate post heating Here in this study we are dealing only with chemical composition Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 35 of 42 Carbon equivalent Ce Steels can be assessed in terms of the Ce which scales the concentration of each element by its ability to retard the y a transformation Ce is an empirical value relating to the combined effects of different alloying elements used in making of carbon and or alloyed steels to an equivalent amount of carbon The resulting equivalent carbon coefficient allows the alloy to be compared with un alloyed plain carbon steels to predict their weldability and hardness properties Relating to welding Ce governs the hardenability of the parent metal It is a rating of weldability related to C Mn Mo Cr Ni Cu and V content Application of the Ce is modified by the inclusion in a steel as inclusions can effect hardenability and susceptibility for forming crack The most common formulas for Ce to evaluate weldability depends if the metal is any alloyed steel or modern carbon steel see later The order of magnitude for Ce can be calculated using mathematical equations The
29. ly to evaluate the geometrical changes then the result will be calculated as cross area section and weld requirements per meter weld However you may select to combine this evaluation also with the cost evaluation in order to see the consequences of geometrical changes for the weld economy 1 Select the icon for bevel configuration The canvas will show the alternative joint configurations 2 Click on the joint configuration you want to use You may select one of the four configurations The selected configuration will then be highlighted 3 Then select the icon for the weld bevel in the canvas and a new bevel interface will appear showing the evaluation parameters and the resulting data from the evaluation Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 16 of 42 General input for the bevel data csm 28 gi DU L d 10mm _ 30mm 50mm 70mm Al 0mm imm 2mm 3mm 4mm Cap requirements 1SO 5817 2007 Class B e Class C Class D J VY a 2 Maximum height ISO 5817 2007 16 9 5 0 2 42 cm 2 1 90 kg m 2 0 3 0 Common for all bevel configurations are the following 1 You may use the sliders to alter the geometrical data for the joint By moving the sliders back and forth the data will be altered dynamically 2 By selecting the relevant classes for cap requirements Class B Class C or Class D according EN ISO 5617 2005 the maximum cap dimension will be included in the calculation of the cross section are and the weld requiremen
30. move between the tasks in order to evaluate possible alterations on the fly All datasets will be updated immediately NOTE If you are using a Smartboard for communication with the system then tap on an icon or select a slider pointer and drag it across the slider The system is optimized for use with a Smartboard Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 8 of 42 Different alternative simulations You have the following options to select sequences and combine tasks Material composition Evaluate the consequences of alteration of the chemical compositions of the base material for CE PCM values and so forth Select the following icon Title fig 11 fig Creator fig2dev Version 3 2 Patchlevel 5 CreationDate Mon Aug 10 19 37 04 2009 LanguageL evel 2 Material composition versus hardness and cooling rate Evaluate the consequences of the chemical composition for the hardness value and cooling parameters Select the following icons in the sequence indicated below Title fig 10 fig Creator fig2dev Version 3 2 Patchlevel 5 CreationDate Mon Aug 10 19 36 14 2009 LanguageLevel 2 Geometrical properties Evaluate the consequences of altering the dimensions of a given joint configuration for weld metal requirements Select the following icons Title fig 12 fig Creator fig2dev Version 3 2 Patchlevel 5 CreationDate Mon Aug 10 19 40 56 2009 LanguageLevel 2 Geometrical properties versus welding costs
31. olic tangent tanh term in the accommodation factor A C shown below Ce C A C 5B 10 where A C 0 75 0 25 tanh 20 C 0 12 In the higher C range A C approaches 1 and Cen approaches Cerw Conversely at low carbon levels the Ce approaches Pcm This behavior of the Cen equation is due to the tanh hyperbolic tangent function Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 39 of 42 6 3 c Cer m m values The formulas given here are also for prediction of weld metal hardness and strength as reference on the martensite or bainite formation show They are dependent of different chemical compositions microstructure and cooling time 6s of steel The martensite hardness is determined solely by the carbon content and there is a relation in HAZ and it is assumed that the same relation holds in weld metal The index for hardenability is a function of carbon equivalency and for different microstructure there can be different equations as it can be seen and study below a Cer The formula 13 is obtained by a best fitting manner against the present database the effect of Mn is non linear as indicated as Mn 1 Mn This means that activity of Mn decreases as Mn content increases Ni and Cr are considered to show the same tendency but their effects could be considered to be linear for Ni less than 3 596 and Cr less than 1 2596 as it was indicated by the used database and Cu was considered not to contribute
32. on into the canvas and the canvas will be divided in two parts 3 Scale these parts in proportions which suits you 4 When you now alter the welding parameters these will directly be reflected in the cooling time graph and HAZ values iQSim g ww E Y Yu UU A em 121 Manual Metal Arc welding with covered electrode z 1800 NU zo 100A 140A 180A 220A 280A 300A 1700 W L v 170A 1600 1500 Py ov iov 20v _ 30 M E Ww f v 25v 1300 1100 m 0 10 20 30 40 0 S W min V 15 cm min pee s 800 C C 6 mm 800 N S 40 20 o 20 d 700 C Y 20 c orc J 500 16 5 1 C po 16 5s p gt M 50 100 150 200 250 300 EeAvr ov OT T VU e aaa 200 Hv gt ar 216 012 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 216 Time seconds 0mm 5mm 10mm iSmm 20mm Li This simulation has two extra features 1 Click into the small slider box at the bottom of the graph By doing so a new graph will be shown illustrating the cooling curve in the selected distance in the material from the HAZ itself By using this function you will get a pretty good idea of the heat distribution into the material 2 Both values for cooling time and Vickers hardness HV10 have two values shown in black and in red The black value shows the result from the current simulation The red value shows the results from the previous simulation
33. on tools are as described earlier in page 12 NOTE The sum of value c and value h can not be larger than material thickness The with of the bevels are given as well as the cap height on the cap and root side Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 21 of 42 FILLET WELD 0mm 20mm 40mm 60mm 80mm LL LV DL E t E 0mm 5mm 10mm 15mm 20mm EB L1 Y c Warning Fillet weld is not completely implemented Cap requirements 1S0 5817 2007 Maximum height 1S0 5817 2007 eS tas S 2 ky 12 00mm Ux Q7 2 80mm cm 0 79 cm 2 ng 0 62 kg m E DN L de The use of the sliders and other manipulation tools are as described earlier in page 12 NOTE The fillet weld can be set to be concave or convex by clicking at the icons The selected icon will be highlighted Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 22 of 42 Welding Parameters The simulation of welding parameters has directly influence of the HAZ calculation and the cooling time You may select to combine this simulation together with the HAZ calculation and the temperature cooling graph and calculation of cooling time If so it is advisable to drag the HAZ calculation into the canvas so that you will directly observe the consequences of your manipulation of the welding data into the HAZ data set Based on the variables in the user interface the arc energy and heat input are shown as a result You may manipulate with the following variables by using the sliders in this interf
34. or intermediate temperature service WES 135 WES 136 9 en wikipedia 10 www eng tips com fagg 11 N Yurioka Prediction of HAZ hardness of steels Metal Construction vol 19 1987 p 217R http homepage3 nifty com Yurioka exp Master code by N Yurioka Welding Calculation up dated 2007 May 12 www leonghuat com articles carbon9620equivalent htm 13 www staff ncl ac uk s j bull mmm373 WELDMAT Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 42 of 42 Appendix B Formulas used in the calculations Aci 750 8 26 6C 17 6Si 11 6Mn 22 9Cu 23Nit 24 1Cr 22 5Mo 39 7V 5 7Ti 232 4Nb 169 4Al 894 7B AC3 937 2 436 5C 56Si 19 7Mn 16 3Cu 26 6Ni 4 9Cr 38 1Mo0 124 8V 136 3Ti 19 1Nb 198 4AI 3315B Ms 521 353C 22Si 24 3Mn 7 7Cu 17 3Ni 17 7Cr 25 8Mo CEI E CE C Si Mn Cu Ni Cra Sever MO fip 24 6 15 30 8 4 CEII od MN LOHN TORUM a a 24 216 1 Mn 10 45 10 5 1 5Nb 10
35. order to find out which parameters are the most important to focus on in a given context The IQSim tool is consequently a dynamic tool to be used in an evaluation process It is not intended as being a tool for calculating a certain result only but the tools should be used asking questions like What happen if I select that parameter instead of another IQSim is a tool for evaluation of consequences within the welding sector That means we have been interested in asking What happen if From a pedagogical point of view we want the students to make modifications and evaluate the consequences the results these modifications will give This means we are not interested in the exact answer but in the differences or relations that the modifications will give It is a tool developed through the project IQSim This project is sponsored by the Leonardo pilot Project programme within the EU NOTE This manual has been written for possible users of the program However it is assumed that these user has the basic knowledge about welding All welding terms and expressions herein is NOT explained A non welding person may therefore face difficulties with some of the expressions and the logic iQSim develops and disseminates a new generation of simulation services that will generate new training methodologies that are applicable to European wide mechanical industry sectors The on line simulator services that are interconnected to state of the ar
36. re are also several commonly used and empirically derived Ce equations as well These Ce values for expressing carbon equivalent are developed by different welding research organizations and metallurgical industry see later In the practice it could be possible for each single steel grades to develop a special Ce value based on experimental laboratory practices because these relationships could nt be derived pure theoretically The alloying constituent elements in steel are expressed in weight percent amount wt 96 the unit of chemical composition in wt of steel However steels could be classified on practical base and industrial practice therefore generally it is enough for individual steel grades un alloyed alloyed steel etc to derive a formula for Ce which later could be commonly used for that particular grade of steels see later The Ce is a measure of the tendency of the weld to form martensite on cooling and suffer hydrogen induced cracking therefore some preheat predictive method uses Ce as well to determine the thermal history By varying the amount of carbon and other alloying elements in steel the designed strength levels can be achieved by proper heat treatment A better weldability and low temperature notch toughness can also be obtained Since Cr and Mn increase the susceptibility to hydrogen assisted cracking and hardenability of steel the value of both indicators Pcm and Cerrw see later are strongly influenced by
37. ribution will be in the material itself on each side of the HAZ region in a distance of approximately 12 mm This indicate how wide the HAZ region will be Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 26 of 42 Li Show max temperature profile Distance from origo to 1550 C line 5 259mm Estimated withd of HAZ Distance from origo to 5 4 895mm 10 155mm Temperature profile at 5 259mm Additional temperature profile E C a 800 C The picture on the canvas indicates where the temperature and the HAZ is measured If you click on the Advanced button then additional information will be available and also additional possibilities will be available The following information is calculated automatically Distance from origo to the 1550 C line Distance from origo to the 500 C degree line Estimated width of the HAZ In addition you will get the following possibilities e Show max temperature profile Additional temperature profile Show max temperature profile If you choose to tick off the box for selecting maximum temperature profile then a graph will indicate the temperature profile vertical through the weld itself The red vertical line illustrate the 1550 C line and the blue dotted line will will be the temperature profile through the material V Show max temperature profile Distance from origo to 1550 C line 4 5 259mm Estimated withd of HAZ Distance from origo to 5 4 895mm E 10 155mm ww jeuazew 07u uy
38. s filem 7 50kg m V 1 20 Wire price kilo Volume of gas m 10 15 20 28 Y 15 l min Gas Flow 0 Px 4 6 8 10 __ V 2 40 Gas price m3 The user interface for the economical simulation follows the same path as for the other simulations As you are moving the sliders the resulting values are altered and shown in the yellow result boxes on the right hand side of the sliders However the resulting impact on the overall simulation and the total cost for the weld is then shown on the result boxes on the right hand side Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 29 of 42 NOTE A set of ON OFF buttons are situated at the upper right corner of the canvas The number of buttons will depend on the welding process By clicking on one of these buttons you will hide the related cost elements away from the cost simulation This will enable you to work within a smaller area of the overall calculation and concentrate on fewer variables thus creating a smaller canvas area NOTE For the wire or electrode diameter the pointer will jump between the defined values of the slider Just click at the slider value and the pointer will move NOTE The total welding cost will be automatically updated if you go back into the geometry part and alter the geometrical information nem Jee ERR 0 2 4 6 8 10 lm ae 1 20 Wire price kilo 73 Time for a welder to actually weld
39. t Computer Algebra Services CAS provide easy to use graphical interfaces that optimize cost and time effective transfer of industrial production process and technology know how to VET students The combination of new pedagogical methodologies and simulator services extend existing training methods Partnership The IQSim consortium has a strong industrial presence with strong ties to research within utilization of new pedagogical methodologies HiST development of simulator tools that utilise CAS tools HCR and UTH and connections towards mechanical industry HiST CFL KU and MHtE for effective delivery of instructor training HiST offers expertise in distance learning methodologies blended learning and visual communication and collaboration services For Teachers Please note that the IQSim tool can be operated on a Smartboard Tm digital pressure sensitive board together with the other Smartboard tools The sliders and icons can then be operated tapping on the Smartboard surface A set of Teacher Use Cases have been developed in order to help the teacher formulating different questions to the students This document can be obtained from the project organization System Requirements Web browser preferably Firefox 3 5 Internet Explorer 7 Adobe Flash 10 plug in must be installed Project Lead Organization S r Tr ndelag University College Faculty of Technology Norway Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 4 of 42 Part
40. these alloying elements Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 36 of 42 Ce values for different steel grades and industry usage 1 General rules There are some recommendations for content in weigh 96 for some of alloying elements 10 12 Alloying Composition elements Preffered in 96 High in 96 Silicon 0 10 or less Sulphur 0 035 or less Phosphorus 0 030 or less Manganese 0 35 0 80 I rule of thumb whenCeisless than 0 40 6 cracking is unlikely gt when Ce is between 0 40 0 60 96 weld preheat may be necessary gt when Ce is above 0 60 preheat is necessary post heat treatment may be necessary and techniques to control the hydrogen content of weld are required II rule of thumb gt if Ce lt 0 14 excellent weldability no special precautions necessary gt if Ce 0 14 lt Ce lt 0 45 martensite is more likely to form and modest preheats and welding with low hydrogen electrodes become necessary gt if Ce gt 0 45 extreme precautions weld cracking is very likely hence preheat see above in the range 100 400 C and low hydrogen electrodes are required The ability to form hard metallurgical microstructures like martensites or any other hard phases is dependent on the Ce and cooling rate of the steel involved in cooling from y a transformation temperature The higher the Ce value the faster the cooling rate the higher the tendency for hard
41. ts in kg m weld Activate the button by clicking into it The maximum cap height will also be calculated for the cap and root side Special features You may scale the drawing of the welded joint by clicking on the magnification glasses m You may switch the rulers ON OFF by clicking at the ruler icon Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 17 of 42 e You may switch the dimension lines ON OFF by clicking on the dimension icon At the bottom of the canvas you will get information about some of the key data square area of the joint required filler metal per meter weld Main dimension of the joint with in the top bevel and root width maximum height of cap and root according the selected quality level according EN ISO 5617 2005 Grab the pointer on the slider by pointing at it and press the left mouse button down Then move the mouse to the left or right side When you click at the pointer then a small value icon will be shown above the pointer highlighting the current value this value icon will follow the pointer and give you the correct pointer value in decimals Note Some logical limitations are built into the system Ex Nose height can not be larger than the material thickness 25 6 4 0 5 55 cm 2 4 36 kg m 13 9 3 0 Values which are calculated automatically by the system are shown above and the values are shown with yellow background Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 18 of 42 BUTT WELD I Bevel Cap requirements ISO 58
42. use the sliders and move these back and forth in order to reach the value you want to have The selected value will be shown in the value box on the left hand side of the slider 3 You can choose to insert the value itself in the value box and then use the slider to manipulate the value This can be an interesting option if you need the value for a specific material data sheet or from a specific material charge 4 By entering the data and use the sliders for data manipulation the values in the yellow result boxes will dynamically be altered Grab the pointer on the slider by pointing at it and press the left mouse button down Then move the mouse to the left or right side Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 13 of 42 If the slider has no value in the value box on the left hand side and no marking or indications on the slider line then this chemical composition is not valid for the material specified When you click at the pointer then a small value icon will be shown above the pointer highlighting the current value NOTE A number of features are included in this window Ifacomma has been typed into the value field then it will be automatically be changed to a dot The system will give an error sign as a red border in the value box if the value is not allowed according the default value set as min or max value e Ifa chemical component is not defined in a material then the slider for that component will not be active and it can not
43. value for for low carbon microalloyed steels if Ce lt 0 18 C 3a Pcm Ce formula for modern steels particularly for pipeline manufacture and C lt 0 11 0 12 no more Ito Besseyo Carbon equivalent 4 10 11 Pcm is designed for newer steels with low carbon low alloy content Modern low alloy steel is mostly of a carbon reduced type C x 0 11 0 12 wt Weldability of this type of steel is more adequately evaluated by thePcm carbon equivalent which was implemented by Ito and Besseyo in Japan and called Pcm The effect of carbon becomes critical to HAZ if containing large amounts of martensite Thus Pcm is a good indicator of hydrogen assisted cracking in the HAZ because carbon is a heavily weighted factor in this formula as shown in Pem Ceito Besseyo equation 3 In the Pcm formula in equation 3 Ni does not raise the susceptibility to hydrogen assisted cracking to the degree that it increases hardenability Pcm Certo Besseyo C 5B 3 3b D ren s formula from Germany is similar for steel grades mentioned above in 3a 4 10 11 Ceg C 96 4 4 Ce formula for modern low carbon and or microalloyed steels is 10 Ce C 5 6 Some other formulas Iqsim user manual v 1 6 2010 01 19 38 of 42 6 1 Ce values for shipbuilding steels Cenw 2 C 96 6 Pcm Cetto Besseyo C 5B 7 Example for steel AH36 from Co Oakley Steel Ce 0 3
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