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POSTMINI User's Manual Version 11.0-00

1. DGE VLSICAP SI SIO2_INT ERFACE Values lt string gt lt string gt lt real gt lt string gt lt real gt lt string gt lt real gt lt real gt No value No value TOP BOTTOM lt string gt No value LEFT RIGHT lt string gt lt real gt lt real gt Description Text string Line types see list above Linewidth 1 0 default Marker color Marker size 1 0 default Postmini marker type see list above Multiplies X axis data Multiplies Y axis data Sorts data on X coordinate before plotting Takes absolute value of X coordinate Associates this curve with the top or bottom axis comparison plots only Expression to apply to X axis data Takes absolute value of Y coordinate Associates this curve with the left or right axis comparison plots only Expression to apply to Y axis data Position of gate edge Position of Si SiO2 interface 36 Keyword CURVE cont The following parameters are valid only for the ASCII datatype Subkey AZ CHARACTER_DATA_IN_X_COL COL_X COL_Y _or COL_Z ERRORBARS MZ READ_LINES SAMP LE_FREQ SKIP_LINES SWEEP ZABS ZSORT Values Description lt real gt Adds to Z coordinate No value Labels for barcharts lt int gt Column which has X axis data lt int gt Column s which have Y axis data ALL All remaining columns lt int gt Column which has Z axis data Plot error
2. 12 15 Improvements in version V7 3 POSTMINI no longer uses the GKS logical GKSSWS_TYPE to determine which output device to use The device option can be used to specify this from the command line The default type is Motif Support has been added for PROMIS 1 7 which can use a curvilinear co ordinate system mesh this is approximated in Postmini by converting to a triangular mesh Support has been added for reading structure files generated by the TMA SUPREM IV process simulator Use the SUPREM4 datafile type to read these files Support has been added for TMA TIF Technology Independent Format files Note well Postmini can read TIF files generated by the current field test version of TMA tools on AXP OSF 1 The data formatting will change slightly in the released version of the TMA tools this will require a small change to the TIF read routines in Postmini Linear data scaling for ASCII files can now be done when the file is read in 66 Integration of 2D triangular data has been implemented Multiple X and or Y axes are now supported in COMPARE plots This func tionality is accessible at this time only through the PMI file The user may now specify a different X axis on the top or bottom of the graph or a differ ent Y axis on the left or right side of the graph To acess this feature specify LEFT or RIGHT on the AXIS Y command or BOTTOM or TOP on the AXIS X command To associate a CURVE with a particular axi
3. cursors has been added to comparison plots Two cursors are supported A and B Crosshair cursors can be added to a graph using the MA or MB menu commands A crosshair cursor appears on the graph and the user can position it with the mouse When mouse button one is pressed the cursor is drawn as an annotation to the graph and the cursor position and delta between mark A and B is reported to the screen The cursor is attached to the graph so the graph can be zoomed or unzoomed Marks A and B can be cleared with the CA and CB menu commands C will clear both marks 53 12 4 A second mode of crosshair operation is to enter just M In this case mark A will be placed then on subsequent M commands mark B will be placed X and Y graph grids can be enabled on comparison plots using the GX and GY menu commands The GO command turns off graph grids More of the code has been converted to use Fortran90 95 dynamic allocation features This has significantly reduced the amount of static storage bss in Unix terms used in Postmini Hatched fill on bar charts is now supported General code cleanup for porting to other operating systems Changed code to use standard Fortran90 95 constructs rather than extensions to Fortran 77 Some use of language extensions remain these will be cleaned up as time permits The MINIMOS file reader has been set to read the standard TU Vienna MIN IMOS 5 0 6 0 binary format rather than the one specific
4. P AS SB AS_INACTIVE INTERSTITIALS VACANCIES ELECTRONCS HOLES ATOMIC_NO_NN POTENTIAL SI_SIO2_INTERFACE S102_THICKNESS NET_DOPING T Description Boron concentration Phosphorous concentration Arsentic concentration Antimony concentration Inactive arsenic concentration Silicon interstitial concentration Silicon vacancy concentration Electron concentration Hole concentration Element with atomic number NN Electrostatic potential Silicon Oxide interface Oxide thickness Net doping concentration 90 H 4 USEOUT quantity names USEOUT quantity names Quantity Description USEOUT Useout quantity may represent anything 91 H 5 VLSICAP quantity names VLSICAP quantity names Quantity Description POTENTIAL Potential EX X component of electric field EY Y component of electric field 92 H 6 BAMBI quantity names BAMBI quantity names Quantity P OTENTIAL m LECTRONS e e w m m Z S Q ss c T N P N JMAG_TOTAL KM SS Se ES rab z U U_P X_N Y_N JMAG_N X_P Y_P JMAG_P JX_TOTAL Y_TOTAL ET_DOPING ET _CHARGE ET_RECOMBINATION ERROR ERROR OTAL_ERROR INT INT P_INT RECOMB_INT Q Q FN ER Description Electrostatic Potential Electron concentration Hole concentration X component of electric field Y component of elec
5. e Read Read a new data file e Show List information about a curve e Exit quit Return to main menu The plot submenu has a variety of options for plotting e Plot Actually makes the plot e Repaint Redraws the plot menu in the terminal emulator window e Marker Allows the user to set a plot marker with the mouse Two markers are supported Marker A is red marker B is green The MA command is used to set marker A The user can use the mouse to position a crosshair on the graph Pressing mouse button one will fix the crosshair and report the marker position and the difference A B The crosshair will remain in a fixed location on the graph as the user zooming or unzooming the graph The MB command works similarly for marker B You can also use just the M command as a shortcut In this case the first M command sets marker A and subsequent M commands sets marker B e Grid Turns on the plot grid Solid lines are used at major tic marks and dotted lines are used at minor tic marks The commands GX and GY can be used to selectively turn on just the X or Y axis grid The command GO turns off the X or Y axis grid Note you must replot the graph to see any changes e Clear Clears the A and B markers The commands CA and CB can be used to selectively clear the A and B marker e Sample On workstations you can use the mouse to interactively take a sample of the plot and display the X Y coordinates Enter the S samp
6. fac lt 1 0 Use gray scale on color output devices Apply byte swapping to binary file SPICE3 PISCES UTPISCES MIN IMOS Medici PROMIS USEOUT Set papersize for hardcopy plots Allowed types A B C D E legal US A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 B4 B5 metric Specifies default plot or hardcopy device Plot devices win32 Hardcopy devices normally used with bat ch postscript color_postscript epsf color_epsf png ppm ppmraw tiff geometry geometry geometry specification for the size of plot windows in widthxspace e g geometry 700x500 papersize typ device type C 3 Known problems with lib2d graphics library under Win32 Although the lib2d graphics library is used under Win32 the QuickWin library provided with Compaq Visual Fortran is still used to draw graphics under windows Using the native win32 GDI interface would probably require lib2d to support multi threading with one thread handling the windows message queue Perhaps some day until then there are a few oddities you may see QuickWin only supports 5 linestyles solid dashed dotted dash dot and dash 2 dot All other linestyles are drawn as solid lines Even the five supported linestyles are not drawn correctly all the time Sigh Hardcopy output has the correct linestyles When creating an elliptical curve annotation an initial ellipse is supposed to 79 appear so you can cut it but it does not This is a limitation of the V6 5 QuickWin graphics library Un
7. EJ field in direction of current EMAG magnitude of electric field JLE lateral electron current density JTE transverse electron current density JMAG E magnitude of electron current density JL_H lateral hole current density JT_H transverse hole current density JMAG H magnitude of hole current density AVL avalanche generation rate QF E electron quasi Fermi level QF_H hole quasi Fermi level ML_E electron lateral mobility MT_E electron transverse mobility ML_H hole lateral mobility MT_H hole transverse mobility CHE Na n CH_H p Na CH_NET net charge ICH Fixed interface charge 97 J Papersizes US sizes inches Name Size A 8 5 x 11 LEGAL _ 8 5 x 14 B 11 x 17 C IP22 D 22 x 34 E 34 x 44 COMP 11 x 14 Metric sizes cm Name Size AO 84 1 x 118 9 Al 59 4 x 84 1 A2 42 0 x 59 4 A3 29 7 x 42 0 A4 21 0 x 29 7 AS 14 8 x 21 0 B4 25 7 x 36 4 B5 18 2 x 25 7 98 K Plot examples This section contains four plots from the results of a simulation of an n channel de vice simulated with MINIMOS Plot annotations were added to POSTMINI graphs interactively using a workstation and mouse All plots were printed on a PostScript printer e A 1D plot of the electron current density versus depth at X 0 5 um A comparison plot showing the electron concentration from source to drain at depths of Y 0 0 um 0 01 um and 0 02 um e A 3D surface plot of the doping log sc
8. This feature is avail able only on workstations The user can add the following items to a graph e Boxes both filled or outline e Elliptical arcs useful in grouping multiple curves together e Horizontal vertical or angled lines e Horizontal vertical or angled arrows e Markers e Mathmode text Each item is positioned on the graph using the workstation mouse The user can also delete any item or reposition items The final result is a professional looking graph especially when plotted to the PostScript output device Here are a few hints on using the plot annotation feature 22 e When you ask to draw a vertical or horizontal line POSTMINI will snap the line to the vertical or horizontal even if you try to draw a line that is at an angle e Filled boxes drawn using a color of 0 background color can be used to block out portions of the plot like electronic white out This is especially useful in placing text in colored or busy areas of a plot First draw a filled box the size of the text then place the text over the box e Elliptical arcs are drawn in two steps v8 2 and higher First the user clicks on the lower left and upper right corners of a rectangle that is the bounding box for the arc Postmini then displays an elliptical arc in real time The end points of the arc change as the user moves the mouse Clicking on mouse button one finishes the process e Under some conditions it is po
9. aaa H 6 BAMBI quantity names o aaa H 7 2DOP quantity names aaa iii 72 72 73 73 73 74 75 75 76 76 78 78 79 79 80 80 80 82 83 84 85 H 8 PISCES quantity names 0 4 95 H 9 SUPREM4 quantity names 0 4 96 ASCII output file extensions 97 Papersizes 98 Plot examples 99 iv 1 Introduction POSTMINI is an interactive graphical postprocessor for device and process simula tors The postprocessor reads the save files from a number of simulation programs e g MINIMOS MEDICI TSUPREM4 FLOOPS etc and allows the user to examine or plot quantities stored in the file In addition POSTMINI can import data from ASCII files or from analytical functions and can be used as a general purpose plotting program Graphical output is available on workstations running X11 and PostScript devices monochrome color and encapsulated forms and a variety of raster file formats The POSTMINI command language can be used to re create any plot from commands in a file 2 Functionality The available functions in POSTMINI are e 1D Plot an X Y graph of 1D data or plot a 1D cross section of 2D data along any vertical or horizontal line e 2D Plot 2D contours of a quantity e 3D Plot a quantity as a surface in 3D These kind of plots are also known as bird s eye plots e Compare Plot several curves on the same graph can be from the same or different dat
10. minor tic every 0 02 units thus dividing the major tic interval in five The annotation option can be used to interactively add text lines arrows boxes symbols and elliptical arcs to the plot Text is processed by the math mode utility which allows you to enter sub and or superscripts Greek letters and certain math symbols using a subset of the TEX math syntax Read section 10 for details on how to enter mathmode format strings 4 2 2D contour plots POSTMINI can plot a contour map level curves of simulation quantities over all or a portion of the device The user is asked to specify the portion of the device to plot and the contour values to plot POSTMINI can plot up to 9 contours on one graph There are several different ways to specify contour values e You can specify the contours by individual value e g 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 e To specify a number of contours equally spaced between a min and max range use the e notation e number of contours minimum maximum For example to specify 5 contours between 1 and 5 e515 This would result in contours at 1 2 3 4 and 5 e To specify contours with a given step value use the s notation s step value minimum maximum For example to specify contours between 1 and 5 with a step of 1 Sleds This would result in contours at 1 2 3 4 and 5 e To specify a number of contours with logarithmic spacing use the 1 notation 1 number of contours minimum maximum For exam
11. such as eye position e ANNOTATE The ANNOTATE command defines the various annotations of the plot boxes lines arrows text markers and ellipses In general you would generate a POSTMINI command file using the save function It is entirely possible to generate one yourself although it would probably be better to use a POSTMINI generated file as a template The restore function attempts to catch invalid input as best as possible and reports syntax errors to the terminal by line number of the POSTMINI command file Section sec pmifile lists the current set of command file keywords Once you restore a plot you will be placed into an appropriate full screen e g if you restored a 2D contour plot you will be placed in the 2D contour plot menu You can then plot annotate make a hardcopy etc 20 Note that POSTMINI when restores a plot it re reads the original datafiles If the datafiles have been deleted modified or are in another directory then POST MINI may not be able to restore the plot or a unexpected graph may be displayed POSTMINI automatically saves your last plot in a file called POSTMINI PMI when you exit the program Under VMS a new version of the file is created so you should occasionally purge the POSTMINI PMI files 5 POSTMINI printer support If you want to make a hardcopy plot file select the Hardcopy menu option An other full screen menu will come up To generate a hardcopy enter P To return to the
12. AY MY scaling parameters used in com parison plots on the fly without re reading the datafile The scaling param eters can now be applied to data from any source not just ASCII data Several small code changes were made to accomodate GKS V5 0A changes in default parameters 68 The input parser for PMI and default setting files has been altered to allow multiple parameters on one line Use a semicolon to separate items Exam ple AXIS X MIN 0 0 MAX 10 0 LABEL X axis If you need to have a semicolon included in an item a text label or file name for instance use single quotes to quote the string Example LABEL This is a string with a in it Note that you only need to quote strings if you are placing them together with other items on a single line and only if they contain a semicolon To enter a single quote in a quoted string use two quotes Many internal routines were re named to make external name conflicts less likely when linking callable postmini with another application Such appli cations should avoid external names beginning with pm anno_ surf_ and mathmode_ Not all external Postmini names have been converted to have unique prefixes at this time 12 18 Improvements in version V7 2 3 2D contour plots now have a sample mode where the user can use the mouse to point to a position on the graph and find out the corresponding data value and coordinate information 3D surface plots have an o
13. For example if the X column is 1 and the Y column is 4 the following lines represent valid input 57 12 8 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 1 0 ABC 3 0 4 0 1 0 2 0 DEFG 4 0 1 0 A B C Y2K 4 0 Note the field separators are any number of blanks tabs commas or equal signs A Grapes file that has only node voltages in it can now be read correctly The PISCES file reader has been converted to read the classic Stanford PISCES format version 9009 rather than the one specific to Compaq s internal PISCES Improvements in version V8 3 000 A GRAPES file reader is now available The reader supports the DICTIONARY information found in the SPICE output spo file The GRAPES file sup port is split into two parts the read of the GRAPES data and the selec tion of a particular voltage or current to plot Node voltages are specified as V nnn resistor capacitor voltage supply currents as I element name and MOSFET drain current as IDR element name Examples V 10 I VIN IDR M1 It is now possible to apply a general expression to X or Y data as read in from an ASCII file or as applied to a comparsion multiple X Y curve plot The expression can use the operators exponentiation parenthe sis and the functions sqrt sqrt log log base e xp exponential function logl0 log base 10 abs absolute value sin sine function radian argument cos cosine function radian argument tan tan
14. a subsystem which has these features Add Add a curve to the plot list You will be prompted for the quantity to plot the cut line and coordinate for 2D data sets You can also specify plot attributes such as line type e g solid dashed color and plotting of symbols A total of forty separate curves can be plotted at once Postmini supports multiple X and Y axes You can associate a data curve with either the top or bottom X axis and the left or right Y axis Use the xaxis_tag and yaxis_tag menu items Barchart Plot all the data as a bar chart Clear Delete all curves from the plot list Useful for starting over Delete Delete a curve from the plot list Integrate Integrate a quantity vertically or horizontally and add to plot list This option applies to 2D data only List List all curves to be plotted with their labels Modify Modify various aspects of a curve such as the plot label curve color linetype or symbol You can also modify the scale factors AX AY MX MY that were applied the data or apply an expression to the data You can also select whether a curve will be included in the plot This is useful if you wish to store a number of data items at one time but selectively plot the entries You can also change the axes the curve will be plotted on Postmini supports a top and bottom X axis and a left and right Y axis Plot Enter the plot menu for displaying the data as an X Y graph 12
15. bars using Z column data lt real gt _Multiplies Z coordinate lt int gt Read only n lines in file lt int gt Read every lt int gt lines lt int gt Skip n lines in file before reading No value Suppress retrace if X axis data is non monotonic No value Takes absolute value of Z coordinate No value Sorts data on Z coordinate before plotting The following parameters are valid only for the GRAPES datatype Subkey GRAPES_XAXIS_QUANTITY USE_GRAPES_DICTIONARY Values Description Quantity to plot along X axis No value Use dictionary information to translate between netlist names and SPICE internal names node numbers The following parameters are valid only for the SPICE3 datatype Subkey SPICE3_XAXIS_QUANTITY Values Description Quantity to plot along X axis The following parameters are valid only for the HSPICE datatype Subkey HSPICE_XAXIS_QUANTITY Values Description Quantity to plot along X axis 37 Keyword CURVE cont The following parameters are valid only for the ANALYTICAL datatype Subkey Values Description ANALYTICAL_EXPRESSION lt string gt Analytical expression ANALYTICAL_FUNCTION_TYPE F X Analytical function type F X P F X Y ANALYTICAL_XSTART lt real gt Starting x value ANALYTICAL_XEND lt real gt Ending x value ANALYTICAL_XSTEP lt real gt X step ANALYTICAL_PSTART lt real gt Starting p value ANALYTICAL_PE
16. factors transform the data as follows scaled data mx input data ax 1 You can also specify how many lines to skip and how many lines to read in a file If you have a data file which contains several data sets appended together you can read all the data in one step by setting the option Multiple curves in datafile to yes This will suppress the retrace when the X axis value goes backwards This is useful for plotting current voltage or capacitance voltage data files You can also set the sampling frequency which will cause Postmini to use every second third fourth etc point in a file This is useful for reducing the size of large closely spaced data sets especially if symbols are also plotted Postmini also recognizes SPICE output files and has special support to skip automatically to the simulation results output via PRINT statements Postmini can handle ASCII files with up to 50000 data points each If you wish to plot different columns of data as one curve you can specify more than Y column or ALL to select all remaining columns Postmini can also import ASCII files which have X Y Z data The X Y Z for mat is simple way to import 2D data from an arbitrary simulator Postmini normally expects the the data to lie on a rectangular grid The file format is similar to the X Y ASCII format You may use the same commenting conventions along with scaling factors including scaling the Z axis The file format is x
17. floating point format is typically used Postmini on Tru64 Unix and Alpha Linux supports the swap_endian command line option which will convert big endian data on the fly as needed to little endian format for all binary formats For X86 Linux the Lahey Fujitsu compiler can perform endian conversion for binary files read by Postmini by setting the FORT90L environment 76 variable as follows setenv FORT90L W1 T9 TT C Win32 Specific Notes C 1 Setup You can run the postmini executable from a command window by double click ing on the executable from Windows Explorer or by setting up a shortcut to the executable on your desktop If you run Postmini from a command window you may the following command line options postmini options datafile filetype where datafile is a datafile e g MINIMOS binary file and filetype is the type of datafile being read e g MINIMOS PISCES etc If the datafile has an extension that POSTMINI recognizes e g bin for MINIMOS pmi for POST MINI command file then the filetype is optional For a complete list of datafiles see Appendix D 78 Option batch o file inverse_gray portrait scale fac gray swap endian C 2 Command line options Action Runs Postmini in non interactive mode Specifies output file for hardcopy Use inverted gray scale on color output devices Use portrait mode on hardcopy output devices Hardcopy reduction scale factor 0 1 lt
18. following diagram illustrates the MINIMOS coordinate system oxide SOURCE 4 Using POSTMINI for visualization After you have read in a file you can examine the data with a number of visualiza tion techniques POSTMINI allows the user to visualize his her simulation results with contour maps both filled color and traditional level curves quasi 3D plots plots at various cross sections in the structure etc After selecting a menu item the program will display the data that can be examined e g potential doping Select the quantity to be plotted or enter 999 Q or lt return gt to exit this menu You will then be placed into a full menu screen that will allow you to make a plot on your graphics device annotate the plot make a hardcopy or alter the plot characteristics such as the horizontal axis limits To alter a quantity enter the number next to the quantity to be modified You will then be prompted for the quantity If at this point you decide that you don t want to change the quantity enter an end of file control Z on VMS control D on Unix If you enter an invalid response an error message will appear under the Messages line If the screen becomes corrupted by a mail message notification or other system message enter R to repaint the menu on the screen 4 1 1D plots POSTMINI provides a quick way to do an X Y plot or plot a quantity along either a vertical or horizontal line POSTMINI provides the
19. has been corrected The AUTOSCALE key on the X or Y axis can now be used in Postmini command files for 2D contour plots Support for CURV command files has been dropped 55 12 5 Improvements in version V9 1 000 e Multiple 2D plots can be performed using the overlay set of functions 12 6 Overlay works much like compare plot does but for 2D contour plots Multiple datasets can be read in and plot attributes for each dataset e g contour levels can be set The user can apply linear scaling or arbitrary expressions to the X Y or Z data Plots can overlap each other or can be spaced apart by scaling the x or y coordinates NOTE the contour plot routines for rectangular grid datasets assume that the X and Y coordinates are monotonically increasing If you change this by using scaling or applying an expression the plot may be invalid or crash Postmini 3D surface plots are now supported for triangular based meshes A crude clipping algorithm has been implemented any triangle that crosses the cur rent X or Y axis limits is not plotted 3D histogram plots are not yet im plemented it is not obvious how to do determine how large to make each histogram box An option to set the axis parameters so that the plot appears in the correct aspect ratio has been added to comparison plots The aspect ratio flag is not obeyed if any axis has log scaling A new command line option papersize has been added to select the pape
20. is more numerically accurate that the backward difference previously used As a side effect functions that have use the deriv expression are now evaluated twice The function evaluator now supports more than one integrate function in an expression The print function will now print data from triangular datasets Data is output in x y value triplets Triangle information is not output The size of two dimensional data sets both rectangular and triangular grid based from process and device simulation tools has been raised to from 14400 to 22500 points Arrays used in 3D surface plots are now allocated dynamically This reduces the memory usage of Postmini when these features are not used The Grapes file interface has been enhanced The user can now list the nodes resistors capacitors mosfets and voltage sources found in the grapes file along with their dictionary alias names if dictionary information was found in the DECSPICE output file In addition Postmini will look for dictionary information in a DECSPICE output file with extension SPO or SPICE_OUTPUT before just the SPO extension was searched Line annotations may now have arrowheads on both ends Mathmode now has expressions for date time and user Rotated text in annotations used to appear distorted This has been corrected When selecting data from a Grapes file if data other than time or frequency was Selected for the X axis zeros were used instead This
21. legibility As a result there is limited support for mathmode on these terminals All commands are output verbatim to the terminal minus the intial Example mu A becomes muA Sub and superscripts are still plotted correctly Things to look out for bugs POSTMINI prints out all quantities at the coordinates of simulation mesh points MINIMOS prints out electric field and current density at the mid points between mesh points The user must be careful in comparing MINI MOS printouts of these quantities with POSTMINI printouts 50 12 12 1 The horizon hidden line removal algorithm for hardcopy devices sometimes makes mistakes when the plotted data has spikes in it It also will fail if you select a theta angle within a few degrees of zero To work around the problem switch to the painters method which is more accurate but takes longer to plot The Quick Win library supplied with certain versions of Compaq Visual For tran does not use fixed width fonts to display text from Fortran IO statements under Windows98 The solution is to use the updated library in Compaq Vi sual Fortran V6 1 This bug does not appear under Windows95 or NT 4 0 The SUPREM3 structure file reader is very old and has not been used in years It may or may not work with Stanford s SUPREM3 code List of improvements and bug fixes Improvements in version V11 0 00 Postmini s internals have been significantly overhauled so that almost all large array
22. number of data set inside a file PROMIS USEOUT Scaling length for MINIMOS doping file Interface file associated with a MINI MOS doping file Eye position radius phi theta phi and theta are in degrees phi rotates eye around graph 180 to 180 theta moves eye over or under graph 0 to 180 Default 8 45 45 Position of gate edge Position of Si SiO2 interface 42 Keyword SURFACE cont The following parameters are valid only for the ASCII datatype Values lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt int gt lt int gt lt int gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt int gt Values lt string gt Subkey AX AY AZ COL_X COL_Y COL_Z MX MY MZ SKIP_LINES Subkey ANALYTICAL_EXPRESSION ANALYTICAL_FUNCTION_TYPE ANALYTICAL_XSTART ANALYTICAL_XEND ANALYTICAL_XSTEP ANALYTICAL_PSTART ANALYTICAL_PEND ANALYTICAL_PSTEP ANALYTICAL_YSTART ANALYTICAL_YEND ANALYTICAL_YSTEP F X F X P lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt F X Y Description Added to X axis data Added to Y axis data Added to Z axis data Column which has X axis data Column which has Y axis data Column which has Z axis data Multiplies X axis data Multiplies Y axis data Multiplies Z axis data Skip n lines in file before reading Description Analytical exp
23. prints out certain landmarks in the device such as the source and drain contact positions and the gate position for the user s con venience in specifing the region Note that the integration area is rounded to the 15 nearest simulation mesh line so integration over exact regions is not possible in general In most cases there are sufficient mesh lines to resolve the use specified integration region As a check POSTMINI will print out the actual integration region for the user to check Also note that the resulting integrated value is given per centimeter cm device width or length depth if 3D data is being integrated Integration over a line can be thought of as integrating over a plane that is inserted perpendicularly to the simulated device in the z or width direction for example When performing a line integration of a vector quantity such as cur rent density or electric field the vector component perpendicular to the cut line is usually chosen For example if the cut line is in the vertical Y direction the inte gral of the x component of the current density gives the amount of current flowing though across that line One should be cautious when integrating the y component of the electric field at the oxide interface since field is discontinuous at that point POSTMINI computes the electric field at the semiconductor side of the interface and uses the result at that point POSTMINI also allows you to perform a 1D integrati
24. rectangular grid via a user controlled switch A Delaunay triangulation code from Steve 60 Fortune of AT amp T Bell Laboratories unencumbered is used to impose a grid on the data 3D surface plots are still not supported on triangular data e The ASCII file reader has been enchanced the reader understands out put files from both DEC SPICE and SOI SPICE and probably other SPICE derivatives The READ_LINES option now works for all ASCII file types e The method for adding elliptical arc annotations has been improved The user first draws a rubber band box which is the bounding box of the ellipse The user then moves the mouse around the ellipse Postmini will draw the elliptical arc using the mouse position to cut the ellipse in real time Click mouse button 1 to add mouse button 2 to reject e Mathmode has been extended so that it can be used to label the X and Y axes on surface plots these appear at non right angles e Postmini now intercepts interrupts control C on Unix control C and control Y on VMS and will make an orderly exit including deleting any temporary files 12 10 Improvements in version V8 1 003 e Most process and device simulators assume that the Y depth coordinate increases in the downward direction In order for surface plots to appear correct Postmini has always flipped the X and Y axes Surface plots now have the option of using a normal coordinate system which is useful
25. the right side of the plot You can optionally plot the location of all the junctions in the structure If you select this option a dashed line will be plotted at the approximate junction location If you request the plot software will place small labels on each level curve so they can be distinguished On workstations you can use the mouse to intteractively zoom in on a portion of the plot Enter the Z zoom command at the menu prompt A crosshair cursor will appear in the plot window Click and release the first mouse button to enter the new lower left corner of the plot The cursor will change to a stretchy box Click the first mouse button again to enter the new upper right corner of the plot If you click outside the plot area the coordinate of the closest corner is used Press the second mouse button to cancel input To return to the full coordinates enter the U unzoom command On workstations you can use the mouse to interactively take a sample of the contour data and display the data value and coordinates Enter the S sample command a the menu prompt A crosshair cursor will appear in the plot window Click and release the first mouse button to take a sample The data value at that point plus its coordinates will be displayed on the menu You can continue to click the mouse button to sample other areas of the plot Press mouse button two to exit sample mode If your data is better represented by discrete values rat
26. to the semiconductor region e g y gt 0 in a planar MOSFET 4 10 The PRINT function Using the PRINT function you can print simulation internal quantities over the entire device to a file Output consists of a neatly printed array of data values with corresponding x and y coordinates When you print data into a file POSTMINI creates a file in your current direc tory using the following algorithm to generate the file name 1 The stem of the binary file name is the first part of the print file Example binary file is GEN505000 BIN stem is GEN505000 2 The file type is a mnemonic code which depends on the quantity selected See section 8 for the list of extensions and their meaning 17 4 11 Changing POSTMINI defaults POSTMINI allows you to change a number of default plot attributes Use the default function to modify them The following attributes can be modified from within Postmini Attribute Possible values Force solid lines on contour plots Yes No Linewidth scale factor 0 0 5 0 Hidden line algorithm Device dependent Horizon function Painter s algorithm Default hardcopy device See list of supported devices Workstation window size factor 0 1 gt factor gt 1 0 the factor is a percent of the full workstation screen Hardcopy reduction factor 0 1 gt factor gt 1 0 Hardcopy orientation Landscape Portrait Text scale factor gt 1 0 enlarges all text lt 1 0 shrinks Force autoscale of coordinate
27. were being assigned an incorrect material type sometimes leading to oddities in contour plots POSTMINI always computed the net doping even if it appeared in the TIF file TIF files that had oxide velocity in them caused POSTMINI to mislabel the quantities that appeared in the file POSTMINI now maintains the entire MINIMOS 3D binary file in memory this makes taking slices of the data along different planes much faster The arrays to hold the 3D data are allocated only when needed this minimizes memory requirements for users who do not process 3D files This change avoids the need for the POSTMINI incore version POSTMINI can now interpret CURV command files POSTMINI uses the actual CURV language parser to read the file in order to maintain maxi mum compatibility You can invoke the CURV parser on a file by specifying the curv option on the command line or by simply using a file with an extension of crv POSTMINI s X Y comparison plots were signficantly enhanced to support most of CURV s features see below You can now specify separate X and Y scaling factors as well as X and Y offsets for any graph when output to a hardcopy device You can now specify an isotropic scaling for any graph when output to a hardcopy device This will scale the plot to the largest square that will fit on the output device A semicolon in column 1 or 2 may be used as a comment character for ASCII files The following new features appl
28. 0004 12 18Improvements in version V7 2 3 04 4 12 19Improvements in version V7 2 1 00 12 20Improvements in version V7 2 2 20 00005 12 21Improvements in version V7 1 2 00004 12 22Improvements in version V7 0 0 004 12 23Improvements in version V6 1 4 ii 13 14 A 12 24Improvements in version V6 0 4 For further information and support Acknowledgments OpenVMS Specific Notes Al SETUP ai Gece Serko a a hs Nie Bk a he Hs gh Set A 2 Command line options ooo A 3 Floating point issues aoaaa Unix Specific Notes Bil Semp io s an VON e ns aaa YOR Ws E Oaet B 2 Command line options ooa B 3 Floating point issues oaaae Win32 Specific Notes Gil Setup ae pih ae i AS E a Oe ee ee eres C 2 Command line options oaoa C 3 Known problems with lib2d graphics library under Win32 C 4 Setup so Postmini can call Ghostscript C 5 Floating pointissues o su saci deana ha a a C 6 Implementation differences ooo Lib2d graphics library Interoperability with PC X displays Displaying Postmini graphics from a remote server to a home PC G POSTMINI File Types and Default Extensions H File quantity names H 1 MINIMOS quantity names aaa H 2 SUPREM3 quantity names aaa H 3 PROMIS quantity names aoaaa H 4 USEOUT quantity names aoaaa H 5 VLSICAP quantity names
29. FI 1E_TYPE DATAFI E RECORD DOPF I E_GATE_LENGTH DOPFILE INTERFACE_FILE INTEGRATED INTEGRATION_DIR ECTION Values No value lt real gt lt real gt lt string gt X Y 4 lt real gt Kf od eZ lt real gt lt string gt Le 23 lt string gt MINIMOS SUPREM3S 2DOP SUPREM4 ASCII TIF SPICE3 MEDICI ANALYTICAL lt int gt lt real gt lt string gt USEOUT PROMIS SUPR EM3P PISCES UTPISC GRAPES HSPICE FLOOPS FAIM 35 ES MCP2D Description Make cutline along oxide interface Added to X axis data Added to Y axis data Color of curve Make cutline along this axis Make cutline at this coordinate Make cutline on this plane MINIMOS 3D Make cutline at this plane coordinate MINIMOS 3D Data file name Spatial dimension 3 for MINIMOS 3D Name of data quantity see later tables Data file type Record number of data set inside a file PROMIS USEOUT Scaling length for MINIMOS doping file Interface file associated with a MINIMOS doping file Quantity is integrated Direction to integrate Keyword CURVE cont Subkey ABEL LINETYPE LINEWIDTH MARKER_COLOR MARKER_SIZE MARKER_TYPE MY SORT XABS XAXIS_TAG X_EXPRESSION YABS YAXIS_TAG Y_EXPRESSION VLSICAP_GATE_E
30. LOR LOC LOC2 LOC3 LOC LOC2 LOC3 E GRAPH COORDINATES Values lt int gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt Description Color of ellipse X coordinate of lower left corner of bounding box X coordinate of upper right corner of bounding box X coordinate of cut vector from center of bound ing box Y coordinate of lower left corner of bounding box Y coordinate of upper right corner of bounding box Y coordinate of cut vector from center of bound ing box Use graph coordinates to position annotation 48 10 Mathmode The mathmode utility provides a way to enter strings with sub and or superscripts Greek letters and a limited number of mathematical symbols using a subset of the TEX math syntax 10 1 Features Subscripts Underscore _ followed by subscript in curly braces Example V_ gs produces V gs Superscripts Caret followed by superscript in curly braces Example n produces nt Greek letters Backslash followed by the name of the Greek letter Upper case letters are specified by capitalizing the first letter only Example delta produces 6 Example Delta produces A Text font styles Mathmode supports three text styles rm Roman or nor mal bf bold and it italic You can change the font of a portion of text by enclosing the text in curly braces Text fonts PostScript output only Mathmode supports th
31. ND lt real gt Ending p value ANALYTICAL_PSTEP lt real gt P step ANALYTICAL_YSTART lt real gt Starting y value ANALYTICAL_YEND lt real gt Ending y value ANALYTICAL_YSTEP lt real gt Y step 38 9 6 Keyword CONTOUR Keyword CONTOUR Subkey COLOR CUT_PLANE_AXIS CUT_PLANE_COORD DATAFILE DATAFILE_DIM ENSION DATAFILE_QUANTITY DATAFILE_TYPE DATAF ILE_RECORD DOPFILE_GAT EL ENGTH DOPFILE_INTERFAC E_FILE UNCTIONS RID LSICAP_GATE EDGE J G NEGATE V V VALUES LSICAP_SI_SIO2_INTERFACE Values No value XS iad lt real gt lt string gt 20 3 lt string gt MINIMOS PROMIS SUPREM3S SUPR 2DOP USEOUT EM3P SUPREM4 PISCES ASCII TIF FAIM MCP2D ANALYTICAL lt int gt lt real gt lt string gt No value No value No value lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt up to 9 values MEDICI FLOOPS UTPISC 39 ES Description Enables color fill contour Make plot on this plane MINIMOS 3D Make plot at this plane coordinate MIN IMOS 3D Data file name Spatial dimension 3 for MINIMOS 3D Name of data quantity see later tables Data file type Record number of data set inside a file PROMIS USEOUT Scaling length for MINIMOS doping file Interface file associated wi
32. PICE3 raw files DECSpice Grapes binary data files TU Vienna MINIMOS 5 x 6 0 binary solution files both 2D and 3D formats TU Vienna MINIMOS 5 x 6 0 binary doping file TU Vienna USEOUT binary dump format TU Vienna PROMIS binary data files Univ Florida FLOOPS FLOODS structure files Stanford and Univ Texas PISCES IIB 9009 binary mesh and solution files Stanford SUPREM IV structure files e Avant MEDICI binary mesh and solution files Avant TSUPREM4 ASCII structure files Avant TIF TMA Interchange Format files Avant HSPICE postprocessing waveform files e Vector Technologies FAIM and MCP2D files POSTMINI can read binary files from either 2D or 3D MINIMOS runs If you are plotting from a 3D binary file you will be requested for a cut plane which will slice the device along the length width or wafer top view direction POSTMINI supports 3D MINIMOS doping files in a similar manner 3 1 ASCII file reader You can also import data from an external ASCII file The data should be arranged in columns Any line which begins with a C c P or is taken as a comment line You can also use OFF and ON to exclude portions of a file from being read If you do not have enough data in a line to satisfy a read request or have non numeric data on a line that line is silently ignored You can specify which columns are to be read as well as data scaling factors mx my and ax ay These scaling
33. POSTMINI User s Manual Version 1 1 0 00 John Faricelli Alpha Semiconductor Technology Hewlett Packard Company Contents 1 2 3 Introduction Functionality Supported datafile formats 3 1 ASCII filereader 2 2 ee 3 2 Plotting analytical functions 0 3 3 MINIMOS coordinate system and terminology Using POSTMINI for visualization AT AD plots i sannana e Bt ot not oe Ste a hae Be 4 2 2Dcontourplots soe os es soaa ee a e a o e 4 3 3Disurface plots i oseta a sae a uran eb ae ea Aue Wa 4 4 Comparison plots ooa 200000000048 4 5 Overlay plots concn i Se ce RS ae a 4 6 The FIND function 220000 4 7 The INTEGRATE function 0 4 8 The LINE function 000 4 9 The MINMAX function aaa aaa 2000 4 10 The PRINT function aaaea aaa 4 11 Changing POSTMINI defaults aoaaa 4 12 The shell function sasieta aris s e ae ee a ae A 4 13 Managing windows on workstations 4 14 The save restore functions 0 000 POSTMINI printer support Plot annotations Expression Evaluator POSTMINI startup file POSTMINI command file syntax 9T Keyword PLOT Anah ee REE be ee ae 9 2 Keyword GLOBAL 250202 ee eee 9 3 Keyword TITLE 4 4 ac copa te Be al tat ie achat Bd OA Keyword AXIS 4 63 44 gute AA ae gee ae a Ree ak NUN 21 22 23 25 9S5 Keyword CURVE 320 0 Goi wt wea ea a e
34. VMS and Unix This enabled ports of Postmini to Linux X86 Linux Alpha AIX RS6000 Sun Sparc and other systems Structure files created by the University of Florida FLOOPS FLOODS can now be read by Postmini using the FLOOPS data type Data on 1D or 2D meshes is supported Data on 3D meshes is not supported At this time 24 Jan 2001 quantities on edges such as current densities are not available Pisces mesh and solution files generated by the University of Texas Pisces can now be read using the UTPISCES data type The SPICE3 file interface has been enhanced One can now load a specific dataset from a raw file that contained multiple simulation run outputs Bug fixes The SPICE3 file reader would fail when reading a file which con tained complex data in ASCII format There was also a memory allocation error which affected ASCII and binary complex data These bugs have been corrected The Grapes and SPICE3 interface now supports an expression to be plotted using any of the quantities in the SPICE3 or Grapes file For example one could plot v 5 exp 10 v 10 2 If the intermediate results con tain imaginary quntities from AC analysis complex arithmetic is used New functions to manipulate complex numbers are CMPLX x y Form complex number from x and y REAL x Return real part of x IMAG x Return imaginary part of x MAG x Return magnitude of x PHASE x Return phase in degrees of x Support for crosshair
35. a workaround lib2d intentionally disables the window manager close win dow function on lib2d plot windows 82 E Interoperability with PC X displays Postmini is often run on a Unix system with the X display sent to a desktop PC Here are some issues that have come up in the past and workarounds No PC X display specific problems are known for the lib2d graphics 83 F Displaying Postmini graphics from a remote server to a home PC If you are logged into an OpenVMS or Tru64 Unix host from your home PC run ning Windows software it is recommended that you use the lib2d graphics version of Postmini along with PC X display software The typical sequence of events is e Set up your connection to the Internet either via dialup networking or a broadband connection e Determine the IP address assigned to your PC One way to do this is to run the ipconfig command from a command MS DOS window e Start the PC s X server e Run the terminal emulation package of your choice to access the remote sys tem Postmini uses the most basic VT100 ANSJ cursor control sequences so most any terminal emulator should do e Log onto the remote computer system Set the X display from your remote system Example if the PC s IP address is 10 80 34 148 and your remote system is Unix the issue a setenv DISPLAY 10 80 34 148 0 e Run Postmini as usual from the remote system You may notice that on low bandwidth connections there may be
36. a files Can also plot bar charts e Overlay Plot multiple contour plots on the same graph Plots can be over laid or offset from each other e Find Find where an internal quantity reaches a specified value e Integrate Integrate an internal quantity in a region or along a line e Line Print a cross section of a 2D data along any vertical or horizontal cut line into a file e Minmax Determine the minimum maximum of an internal quantity e Print Print 2D data in a formatted report into a file e Read Read in another data file Show List information about the simulation run e g terminal voltages and currents Currently only for MINIMOS Default Change default plot attributes of POSTMINI Restore Restore a plot from a Postmini command file Shell Execute operating commands without leaving POSTMINI Save Save the current plot in a Postmini command file Window Manage multiple plot windows on workstations Exit Quit Terminate POSTMINI The quantities that can be printed plotted depend on the simulation program See Appendix H for a list of internal data quantities available from each simulation program See Appendices A B and C for operating specific notes for OpenVMS Unix and Win32 respectively 3 Supported datafile formats POSTMINI can read the output file formats for a number of simulators ASCII data in column format SPICE HSPICE DECSpice ASCII output files via the ASCII file reader S
37. a noticible delay many seconds in drawing the plot window Also when performing mouse opera tions in the plot window you may notice some delay between in the actual mouse position and the software cursor in the plot window You may wish to try the free PC X server software Web URL http www microimages com freestui Please note I have not tried it with Postmini I have tested the Postmini with the eXcursion X server 84 G POSTMINI File Types and Default Extensions POSTMINI takes two optional arguments the name of a data file to be read and a datafile name type If the data file name does not have an extension that POSTMINI recognizes you must also specify the type You may abbreviate the data file type as long as it is unambiguous Example postmini nchan_test bin m reads a MINIMOS binary file named nchan_test bin into POSTMINI You may also specify a PMI file on the command line The following table lists the supported data file types Datafile type 2dop Asci Bamb i i FLoops Minimos PIsces UTpisces PMi PRomis SPICE3 SUPREM3P SUPREM3S SUPREM4 USeo ut Visicap TIF Medici Description 2D or 3D MINIMOS doping file ASCII columns data file BAMBI data file FLOOPS FLOODS structure file MINIMOS 2D or 3D binary file PISCES binary mesh file Stanford PISCES 9009 Postmini will prompt for solution file PISCES binary mesh file UTexas PISCES Postmini will prompt for solution fi
38. ale over the region from X 0 5 um to 1 5 um and Y 0 0 um to 0 4 um A contour map of the doping in the same region as the 3D plot 99 Electron Concentration abs at X 0 50000 Data source NCHAN_TEST BIN 11 MAY 94 10 59 25 A a a ea 0 05 fs 10 q F J 2 C J B J 2 J E ap i E J 5 E J g E J 2 C J S z J S L 4 z 10 E E E 4 E J u C J 105 LL Li pail e je 0 0 01 0 02 0 03 0 04 Depth microns 10 r rt a To 3 T 102 E E E J 2 L a4 1h 4 2 E 4 E 3 s N J pm S 1018 L E t5 E E c E q 8 E wb o E E 5 E J 2 E Y 0 02 1 mi 106b 4 0 p Sa 3 4018 fis of sie ge eS ey ile ge 0 5 0 0 5 1 0 Length microns Y 0 0 oe 2 Feat Y 0 02 100 a Log Electron Concentration cnr Electron Concentration cm 23 Data source NCHAN_TEST BIN 10 0 5 0 5 S Length microns Electron Concentration cm 11 MAY 94 10 59 39 Data source NCHAN_TEST BIN Depth microns 0 1015 106 0 1 107 1018 1019 0 2 1 51 x 107 0 3 0 4 0 0 5 1 0 15 Length microns 101
39. amation point in column 1 A choice is denoted by the syntax wordl word2 Note that new main keywords may be added in later versions of Postmini 27 Key Values PLOT 1D 2D 3D COMPARE BARCHART OVERLAY GLOBAL none TITLE lt string gt AXIS X Y Z optional BOTTOM TOP LEFT RIGHT CURVE none CONTOUR none SURFACE none ANNOTATE LINE BOX TEXT MARKER ELLIPS 28 Description Type of plot Global plot parameters Titling to appear at top of plot Axis parameters Source of data for a 1D or COMPARE plot There can be multiple CURVE commands in a COMPARE plot Source of data for a 2D contour plot There can be multiple CONTOUR commands in an OVERLAY plot Source of data for a 3D surface plot Data for an annotation The subkeywords for each main keyword are listed in the following tables Note that new subkeywords may be added in later versions of Postmini In the fol lowing table lt string gt means any string lt int gt means any integer and lt real gt means any real number String values are taken from the first non blank character after the equal sign to the last non blank character of the line Quoting is not needed to maintain the case of strings Postmini 7 4 000 and higher supports symbolic names for colors line types marker types and PostScript fonts as well as integers Postmini recognizes the following Item Values Colo
40. ates to position annotation 45 9 10 Keyword ANNOTATE TEXT Keyword ANNOTATE TEXT Coordinate range from X 0 to 1 0 and Y 0 to 1 0 unless using graph coordinates Subkey Values Description COLOR lt string gt Text color JUSTIFICATION LEFT RIGHT CENTERED Text justification LABEL lt string gt Text string ORIENTATION HORIZONTAL Text orientation VERTICAL SCALE lt real gt Scale factor for text default 1 0 X_LOC lt real gt X coordinate of lower left corner Y_LOC lt real gt Y coordinate of lower left corner USE_GRAPH_COORDINATES Interpret X LOC and Y_LOC as graph coordinates USE_X_GRAPH_COORDINATES Interpret X_LOC as a graph coordinate USE_Y_GRAPH_COORDINATES Interpret Y_LOC as a graph coordinate CLIP Clip text to the graph window 46 9 11 Keyword ANNOTATE MARKER Keyword ANNOTATE MARKER Coordinate range from X 0 to 1 0 and Y 0 to 1 0 unless using graph coordinates Subkey Values Description MARKER_COLOR See list of colors Color of marker MARKER_TYPE See list of markers Marker type X_LOC lt real gt X coordinate of lower left center of marker Y_LOC lt real gt Y coordinate of lower left center of marker USE_GRAPH_COORDINATES Use graph coordinates to position annotation 47 CO XL X US 9 12 Keyword ANNOTATE ELLIPSE Keyword ANNOTATE ELLIPSE Coordinate range from X 0 to 1 0 and Y 0 to 1 0 unless using graph coordinates Subkey
41. axes Yes No Length unit name Arbitrary string 4 12 The shell function You can execute operating system commands without leaving POSTMINI by using the shell function Under VMS your DCL prompt will be set to Postmini gt to remind you that you must return to POSTMINI type LOGOUT to do this Under Tru64 Unix a C shell process is created Type exit or control D to return to POSTMINI 4 13 Managing windows on workstations When POSTMINI is run on a workstation it can plot data in multiple windows Select the windows option from the main menu From there you can opt to delete any or all plot windows on the screen or select the style of window management The three available styles are e Single window All plots go to a single window 18 e Multiple Each plot type e g 1D contour 3D comparison uses a separate window e Reactivate Reactivate plot windows that have been saved on the screen e Retained All plots go to a single window however you can elect to save the current window on screen POSTMINI will prompt you when the plot is completed if you want to save the window POSTMINI will open a new window for the next plot Retained windows remain on the screen until you delete them You may keep up to 10 windows on the screen at once The default style is retained If you use several windows you will probably want to rearrange or shrink expand the windows to your liking Use the
42. ay your graphics you must also tell OpenVMS where you want your X display to go It may need to be set if you are running Postmini on one system and have the X display on another computer Use the SET DISPLAY OpenVMS command to set the X display Note there is no display command line option as under Unix A 3 Floating point issues For compatibility with VAX based systems Postmini on OpenVMS Alpha is com piled with D_FLOAT This means that all binary files read by POSTMINI must be in D_FLOAT format If you need to read data in G_FLOAT default on OpenVMS Alpha systems or IEEE float you can do this by defining a logical name which will cause the floating point data to be converted on the fly For OpenVMS 74 define FORSCONVERT009 vaxg or define FORSCONVERT009 ieee B Unix Specific Notes B 1 Setup C shell and Korn shell users can define an alias for Postmini as follows alias postmini directory where postmini was installed postmini To run Postmini use the following command postmini options datafile filetype where datafile is a datafile e g MINIMOS binary file and filetype is the type of datafile being read e g MINIMOS PISCES etc If the datafile has an extension that POSTMINI recognizes e g bin for MINIMOS pmi for POST MINI command file then the filetype is optional For a complete list of datafiles see Appendix D Since most Unix systems do not support file versions the p
43. blank character of the line The fol lowing keywords are recognized Postmini default file keywords Key 3D_VIEW AUTOSCALE COLOR_nn HARDCOPY HC_ORIENTATION Values lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt YES NO lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt string gt postscript eps color _postscript color_eps png tiff ppm ppmraw portrait landscape 26 Description Default 3D viewpoint radius phi theta If YES always generate new default plot axis limits using an autoscaling algorithm If NO remember the last coordinate axis lim its the user specified and use for the next plot default Defines red green blue components of color nn nn ranges from 0 to 15 Postmini normally uses col ors 0 11 Color 0 specifies the background color Name of color nn Default hardcopy device Hardcopy orientation Postmini default file keywords cont Key HIDDEN_LINE_METHOD LENGTH_UNIT_NAME_ AND_SCALE OXIDE_FILL PLOT_SCALE_FACTOR iw EFAULT_FONT LINEWIDTH_SCALE SOLID_CONTOUR_LIN TEXT_SCALE WRITE_PMIFILE ES F E Z COLORMAP_MINIMUM Z COLORMAP_MAX IMUM Values painter horizon lt string gt lt real gt YES NO lt real gt 0 1 to 10 0 lt string gt lt real gt No value lt real gt 0 1 to 10 0 YES NO lt real gt lt real gt Description 3D h
44. ble input on the new full screen menu user interface in POSTMINI V7 2 72 The Delaunay triangulation code used in Postmini was written by Steve Fortune of AT amp T Bell Laboratories He requested that the following notice appear in any documentation This notice applies ONLY to the delaunay c code The author of this software is Steven Fortune Copyright c Bell Laboratories 1994 by AT amp T Permission to use copy modify and distribute this software for any purpose without fee is hereby granted provided that this entire notice is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy ocumentation for such software r modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting TED ARRANTY IN PARTICULAR NEITHER THE AUTHORS NOR AT amp T MAKE ANY OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE A OpenVMS Specific Notes A 1 Setup To run Postmini first define it as a foreign symbol typically you would place this DCL command in your login com POSTMINI SYOURDISK YOUR DIRECTORY POSTMINI EXE where YOURDISK YOUR DIRECTORY is the disk and directory specification where Postmini resides on your machine To run Postmini use the following command POSTMINI options datafile filetype where datafile is a datafile e g MINIMOS binary file and filetype i
45. component of hole current density JMAG_P Magnitude of hole current density AVL Avalanche generation rate QFN Electron quasi Fermi potential QFP Hole quasi Fermi potential MU_N Electron mobility MU_P Hole mobility EXCESS_N Ni n EXCESS_P p N NET_CHARGE N n p N NSS Fixed interface charge DIT Fast interface charge DIT_CHARGED Charged fast interface charge JZN Z component of electron current density JZ_P Z component of hole current density EZP Z component of electric field VX_N X component of electron velocity VY_N Y component of electron velocity VMAG_N Magnitude of electron velocity VX_P X component of hole velocity VY_P Y component of hole velocity VMAG_P Magnitude of hole velocity 88 H 2 SUPREMS3 quantity names SUPREM3 quantity names Starred quantities only available from SUPREM structure files Quantity Description B Active boron concentration P Active phosphorous concentration AS Active arsenic concentration SB Active antimony concentration NET DOPING Net active concentration B CHEM Chemical boron concentration P_CHEM Chemical phosphorous concentration AS_CHEM Chemical arsenic concentration SB_CHE Chemical antimony concentration B_INACTIVE Inactive boron concentration P_INACTIVE Inactive phosphorous concentration AS_INACTIVE Inactive arsenic concentration SB_INACTIVE Inactive antimony concentration 89 H 3 PROMIS quantity names PROMIS quantity names Quantity B
46. d to try to maintain undistorted text even when the plot aspect ratio changes drastically Bar charts are now available as an option from the compare plot submenu Plots with multiple datasets are supported each dataset appears as a sepa rately colored bar On monochome output devices colors are replaced by different types of hatch marks In addition the ASCII file reader has been extended to support character labels which are displayed under the X axis to label each bar This new mode can be selected interactively from the Datafile type menu item or the CHARACTER_DATA_IN_X_COL key in a Postmini command file Up to 200 strings can be read in Character strings are delimited in the file by spaces tabs commas or equal signs Mathmode strings may be used If you wish to embed a blank in a string use the Mathmode escape code for a space 59 12 9 Labels are normally displayed horizontally Postmini estimates the overall label length and switched to vertical display when there are too many labels to plot legibly The current heuristic is to switch when the product of the maximim string label length times the number of bars is greater than 80 Mathmode has been extended to support three different fonts for text using codes Times Courier Helvetica and three different font styles using codes roman italic bold The XY ASCII column data reader now supports up to 100 columns Some data files created by Warren Anderson us
47. der Win98 a number of issues have been seen that have not been a problem under Windows2000 e The stretchy box locator used for the zoom function annotate box etc does not appear e Under some circumstances the fonts used by the Windows desktop to dis play text under shortcuts change to a larger font even after Postmini exits C 4 Setup so Postmini can call Ghostscript Postmini uses Ghostscript to create raster bitmap format files It does this by generating postscript and then using ghostscript as a rasterizing engine In order for this to work you need to define two environment variables GS_LIB and GS_EXE GS_LIB should point to a semicolon separated list of directories where Ghostscript can find its fonts and initialization files GS_EXE should point to the complete path for the ghostscript executable Under Windows2000 go to Start gt Settings gt Control Panel double click on System click Advanced tab click environment variables and add them there Under Win95 98 edit AUTOCONFIG BAT and use the SET command to define these environment variables and then reboot Be sure to make a backup copy of AUTOCONFIG BAT before you edit it Example SET GS_LIB C gs gs7 04 C gs fonts ET GS_EXE C gs gs7 04 bin gswin32c exe n C 5 Floating point issues On Win32 Postmini supports little endian IEEE floating point On many Unix systems big endian floating point format is typically us
48. dition the FAIM and USEOUT data formats can support up to 50 000 data points Datasets based on triangles e g TIF SUPREMA4 are unaffected and have total data point limit of 14 400 These new limits are also available to programs which use the callable subroutine interface to Postmini e In contour plots a new mode is available which alters the coordinate plot bounds so that the plot appears in the correct aspect ratio This is useful for examining physical features in process simulation The mode may be set or unset from the contour plot menu Note that when the aspect ratio flag is set the zoom feature will not follow the exact bounding box that the user inputs with the mouse but rather a box that maintains the correct aspect ratio e Anew 3D surface plot type called HISTOGRAM is now available In HISTOGRAM mode 3D surface plots of data consist of rectangular box at each data point 63 with the box height and color corresponding to the size of the data This mode can be entered through the DEFAULTS menu or from the statement HIDDEN_LINE_METHOD HISTOGRAM under the GLOBAL section of the PMI file e The number of regions for TIF SUPREM4 and PISCES plots has been in creased to 20 e Eight additional linetypes are available for comparison plots dash two dots dash three dots long dash long short dash spaced dash spaced dot double dot triple dot e The 1D integration module now provides some program d
49. dow size either clipped to a smaller size or tiled to a larger size If you enter the plot command again Postmini will recognize the new window size and plot to the full window extent e Atpresent lib2d can generate graphical output for X11 displays and PostScript both normal and encapsulated forms Postmini invokes the ghostscript pro gram to convert from PostScript to a number of bitmap formats such as Portable Network Graphics PNG Portable PixMap PPM and TIFF If you do not have ghostscript intalled on your system Postmini will not be able to create these raster files Postmini expects ghostscript to be invoked via the gs command e If you keep up many Postmini plot windows active at one time a new Post mini plot window may come up with a strange set of colors Normally this can be rectified by bringing the mouse pointer into the window clicking on the window border etc This typically happens when there are not enough color cells for Postmini to allocate its colors from the default colormap This has been reported to happen even for the first Postmini plot window on cer tain X servers Running color cell intensive programs such as Netscape concurrenly with Postmini can exacerbate this problem This should nor mally only be a problem on X displays using the PseudoColor visual class e Under X windows lib2d cannot recover if the user manually closes a plot window via the window manager e g Motif KDE Gnome etc As
50. e Postmini graphic window comes up focus will be on the graphics window but you can move it back to the terminal string by clicking anywhere on the terminal window Click on the window border to raise the window to the foreground 19 4 14 The save restore functions Postmini supports the option to save a description of the current plot in a Postmini command file The command file is ASCII text and can be edited with any text editor It contains all the information necessary to re plot your graphics The command file consists of several sections e PLOT The PLOT command describes the type of plot e g 1D 2D 3D or COMPARE e GLOBAL The GLOBAL command and its subsequent lines set overall factors such as defining colors e AXIS The AXIS command defines the limits on the various axis parame ters such as minimum maximum tic marks etc e CURVE The CURVE command defines the how to restore an individual curve of a ld or comparison plot It contains datafile information file name data type cut line coordinate etc as well as plotting information color marker information e CONTOUR The CONTOUR command defines how to restore a contour plot It contains datafile information filename data type etc as well as contour values used and other plot options e SURFACE The SURFACE command defines how to restore a surface plot It contains datafile information filename data type etc as well as other options
51. e a to indicate a missing value from a column Postmini interprets the as a zero The TIF X Y data reader now supports up to 250 columns Improvements in version V8 2 001 Plot windows that have been kept on the screen can now be reactivated Go to the top level menu and enter the window menu The reactivate function can be used to reactivate any plot window on the screen The cur rent window is automatically kept and can be restored later Postmini implements this function by saving a Postmini command file for each kept window to a temporary file in your home directory The files are called PM_TEMPWIN xxxx Where xxxx is a unique string Restoring a window may require that a datafile be re read this may cause some delay One dimensional data of up to 20000 points can now be handled Support for larger data sizes have been frequently requested by users This has sig nificantly increased the amount of memory used by Postmini Two dimensional data from ASCII files on a rectangular grid can support up to 50000 points Data that is not on a rectangular grid has a limit of 14400 points One can now load multiple Y columns when reading X Y data from ASCII files One can also specify ALL to load all the columns in the file except for the X column Postmini automatically assumes SWEEP mode so that any retraces are suppressed The ASCII file reader can now accept X Y Z data that is not on a
52. e n 9 6 Keyword CONTOUR 2 000 9 7 KeywordSURFACE 2 2 0004 9 8 Keyword ANNOTATE BOX 9 9 Keyword ANNOTATE LINE 9 10 Keyword ANNOTATE TEXT 9 11 Keyword ANNOTATE MARKER 9 12 Keyword ANNOTATE ELLIPSE 10 Mathmode LOA Features Ao atar A it hc he ae A be tt 10 2 Implementation details 0 11 Things to look out for bugs 12 List of improvements and bug fixes 12 1 Improvements in version V11 0 00 12 2 Improvements in version V10 0 02 12 3 Improvements in version V10 0 000 12 4 Improvements in version V9 2 000 12 5 Improvements in version V9 1 000 12 6 Improvements in version V9 0 000 12 7 Improvements in version V8 3 001 12 8 Improvements in version V8 3 000 12 9 Improvements in version V8 2 001 12 10Improvements in version V8 1 003 12 11Improvements in version V8 1 001 12 12Improvements in version V8 1 044 12 13Improvements in version V8 0 04 4 12 14Improvements in version V7 4 0200 4 12 15Improvements in version V7 3 2 0 0004 12 16Improvements in version V7 2 5 004 12 17Improvements in version V7 2 4 0
53. ed e g Sun RS 6000 MIPS etc Postmini on Win32 supports the swap_endian command line option which will convert big endian data on the fly as needed C 6 Implementation differences The following implementation differences are noted 80 e The shell environment symbol Windows NT is used to determine whether Postmini is running on Windows NT It used is mainly to determine which executable to use to start up a new shell e Since win32 does not support file versions the plot file naming scheme is slightly different If a new plot file would overwrite an existing file the new plot file name is modified to be of the form file n extension where n is an integer For example nmos 2 ps 81 D Lib2d graphics library A replacement for the GKS graphics library has been written This allows Postmini to be ported to a number of other Unix based operating systems such as Linux and AIX The new graphics library lib2d is provided under the same open source license terms as Postmini is This software is very new and is expected to have a number of bugs Please report problems as you identify them Here is a list of the current known issues e The current implementation of the X windows graphics driver in the lib2d library supports automatic refresh redraw of graphics windows when they are exposed or de iconified by maintaining its own backing pixmap If you resize the plot window the current plot is redrawn into the new win
54. efined defaults for the integration limits and cut lines e Postmini now creates its GKS error log file in the user s home directory rather than in the current directory This allows Postmini to run in a direc tory where it does not have write permission The form of the error log file name is now GKSERRORS_DATE_PID_COUNT This change allows more than one Postmini to run in the same directory without each of them stomping on the GKS error file e On Ultrix and Tru64 Unix Postmini now closes and then re opens standard output to enable FORTRAN carriage control This is mainly needed for callable Postmini 12 14 Improvements in version V7 4 e Inthe POSTMINI command language you can now use symbolic names for colors markers and linetypes e g COLOR RED Check section 9 for more information e When Postmini computes the quasi Fermi potentials from data in a 2D MIN IMOS binary file it now sets the majority carrier potential to the bulk voltage or source voltage for SOI when only minority carriers are solved for e g MODEL 2 D This is consistent with what MINIMOS uses internally e POSTMINI can now read the new TIF and SUPREM4 file formats created by TMA tools such as TSUPREM 4 6 1 POSTMINI automatically detects the old or new file format 64 A number of bugs were fixed in TIF file support certain quantities which should have appeared in non silicon regions were not being plotted in con tour plots nodes
55. ent density JY_N Y component of electron current density JX_P X component of hole current density JY_P Y component of hole current density CUR_POT Current flowlines NET_RECOMB Net recombination 95 H 9 SUPREM4 quantity names SUPREM4 quantity names Quantity Description POTENTIAL Electrostatic potential NET_DOP ING Net doping concentration VACANCIES Vacancy concentration INTERSTITIALS Interstitial concentration ELECTRONS Electron concentration HOLES Hole concentration AS_CHEM Chemical arsenic concentration P_CHEM Chemical phosphorous concentration B_CHEM Chemical boron concentration SB_CHEM Chemical antimony concentration XVELOCITY X component of interface velocity YVELOCITY Y component of interface velocity DRYO2 Dry O2 concentration WETO2 Wet O2 concentration ITRAPS Interstitial trap concentration DELA Delta Interface Area AS Active arsenic concentration P Active phosphorous concentration Active boron concentration SB Active antimony concentration SUPREM_ID_NN Impurity NN 96 I ASCII output file extensions The following extensions are used for data files created by the LINE and PRINT functions for MINIMOS Similar extensions are used for other simulators SEST potential DCONC doping concentration ECONC electron carrier density HCONC hole carrier density EL lateral electric field LET transverse electric field
56. ers Due to a limitation in the expression parser a single argument must be supplied to the ran function Its value is ignored If an expression is used any linear scaling factors AX AY MX MY are not ap plied 8 POSTMINI startup file When POSTMINI starts up it reads a file named POSTMINI_DEFAULTS DAT from your current directory If no such file exists it tried to read it from your home directory The startup file can be used to modify many features of Postmini The file consists of lines as follows keyword valuel value2 Keywords are case independent Blanks or commas may be used to separate values Comment lines begin with an exclamation point in column 1 You may place several items on one line by separating the items with a semicolon The following is a sample startup file A sample Postmini default file l Make hardcopy in portrait orientation 25 hc_orientation portrait 3d_view 8 45 45 Use Courier font default_font courier Redefine color 2 as light gray color_2 0 7 0 7 0 7 Define default 3D view at radius 8 phi 45 degrees theta 45 degrees The following table lists all valid keywords for the Postmini startup file POSTMINI_DEFAULTS DAT In the following table lt string gt means any string lt int gt means any integer and lt real gt means any real number String values are taken from the first non blank character after the equal sign to the last non
57. f the window to rotate the plot counter clockwise Click and release the first mouse button at the top edge of the window to move your eye position towards the north pole Click and release the first mouse button at the bottom edge of the window to move your eye position towards the south pole If your data is better represented by discrete values rather than a continuous function you can switch Postmini into a mode where it plots a 3D histogram rather than a surface Go to the top level Defaults menu and change the Default hidden line method to histogram This will also change contour plots so that Postmini plots boxes centered on each data point rather than interpolating a surface The annotation option can be used to interactively add text lines arrows boxes symbols and elliptical arcs to the plot Text is processed by the math 11 mode utility which allows you to enter sub and or superscripts Greek letters and certain math symbols using a subset of the TEX math syntax Read section 10 for details on how to enter mathmode format strings 4 4 Comparison plots POSTMINI can plot several 1D cross sections on the same graph The 1D slices can be of the same internal quantity different quantites or from different simula tion runs You can also import data files from different simulators including 1D ASCII files for plotting To use this feature select COMPARE at the main menu You will be put into
58. following default plot scales which the user can override e The default limits for the abscissa horizontal axis is the entire device width length depth e The default limits for the ordinate vertical axis is the entire data range rounded to nice numbers Data outside the range 0 001 to 1000 0 will be scaled by a power of ten You have the option of changing the default limits to plot a portion of the data or range On 1D and comparison plots you can modify the scale factor or remote exponent for the plot Note as of Postmini V7 2 you can only modify the scale factor for the ordinate The scale factor is an integer power of ten that will be used as the remote exponent in the graph The plot data will then be scaled according to the following relation scaled_data actual_data Poa ne A suggested scale factor will be displayed this usually results in the best plotting A zero scale factor means no scaling will take place before plotting Example to plot data with a range of 2 2 x 10 to 3 5 x 10 you might select a data range of 2 0 to 4 0 with a scale factor of 3 this would have been the default Axis tic marks are also provided You can specify the major tic mark increment real and the frequency of minor ticmarks integer A major ticmark is a long tic mark which has a number next to it Example a major tic mark increment of 0 1 with a minor tic frequency of 5 would plot major tics every 0 1 units and plot a
59. for visualizing data from other simulators When data is imported from ASCII files the axes are set to use a right handed coordinate system e The way to suppress lines or symbols in comparison plots has been made more intuitive Previously one had to specify that the color of the curve or symbol was invisible to suppress it User feedback suggested that it was clearer to use the line type or symbol type field to suppress the line or symbol Hence users can now specify a line type or symbol type of none to suppress the line or symbol Users can still use the old method of specifying an invisible color if they wish 12 11 Improvements in version V8 1 001 e The ASCII file reader has been enhanced to use the Z column data to draw error bars on a curve The error bar is drawn from Y Z to Y Z in other 61 words the the Z column data is used as the delta The error bar takes the color of the curve If only symbols are plotted then the error bar takes the color of the symbol Error bars are only supported for comparison plots The MINIMOS binary file reader has been enhanced to handle files created by recent versions of DEC MINIMOS dated 6 96 or later In the contour plot menu both the min max of the entire dataset and the min max within the current X Y plot limits is now shown The number of symbols has been increased by six bowtie hourglass dia mond and filled versions of the above Linetypes for line annotatio
60. ge red undefined undefined2 undefined3 undefined4 30 9 1 Keyword PLOT Keyword PLOT Subkey Values Description Does not have any subkeys at this time 31 9 2 Keyword GLOBAL Keyword GLOBAL Subkey COLOR_nn COLORMAP _TYPE HARDCOPY_DEVICE HC_ORIENTATION HC_SCALE_FACTOR HIDDEN_LINE_METHOD ENGTH_UNIT_NAME_ AND_SCALE AINEWIDTH_SCALE PLOT_SCALE_FACTOR DEFAULT_FONT TEXT_SCALE SUPPRESS_LABELS UNIT_DELIMITERS HC_SCALE_FACTOR HC_ASPECT_RATIO C_XOFFSET HC_YOFFSET HC_DPI Values lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt or lt string gt SPECTRUM GRAY_SCALE lt string gt LANDSCAPE lt real gt R ED_B UE INVE RT PORTRAIT device painter horizon lt string gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt string gt lt real gt lt string gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt 32 ED_GRAY_SCALE Description Red green blue components of color color name colormap type Default hardcopy device see section 8 Hardcopy orientation Hardcopy reduction factor lt 1 0 Type of hidden line algorithm Scales all lines Scales plot window lt 1 0 makes window smaller gt 1 0 makes window larger Default font name see list of names above Scales al
61. gent function radian argument asin arcsin function returns radians 58 acos arccos function returns radians atan arctan function returns radians atan2 arctan function with two arguments returns radians max maximum function arb number of arguments min minimum function arb number of arguments sind sine function degree argument cosd cosine function degree argument tand tangent function degree argument Example to plot Jy vs 1 Le ff one would set then the X expression to 1 fee Example to plot failure rate vs time using the Weibull probability distribu tion function one would set the Y expression to log og 1 1 y On contour plots an option has been added to color regions of different ma terials with different colors This is useful to examine the output of process simulation If you wish to color materials you must switch off color filled contours and plot contour lines Hardcopy output options have changed The options X and Y reduction fac tor isotropic scaling and expand to full page have been removed Hardcopy output now always expands to the full extent of the page consistent with the portrait landscape orientation of the plot The user can manipulate the shape of the plot by changing the aspect ratio height width and an overall reduc tion factor The default aspect ratio is 0 77 Text scaling for the PostScript output device has been enhance
62. he 1d dataset flag was not being set by the SUPREM4 Pisces and Floops readers This could cause problems in comparison plots which mix 1D and 2D data sources Certain active dopant quantities in TIF files were not being labeled correctly This could cause user confusion The name of the y quantity from a SPICE3 or GRAPES file was not being loading into an internal datastructure for comparison plots Null characters were being written to the PMI file In the ASCII file reader remove any trailing carriage returns on input lines Some Fortran runtime libraries don t ignore trailing carriage return charac ters This could happen if the file was created on Win32 and copied to Unix Added string in column 1 2 as start of a comment line for ASCII files Improve ASCII file reader so that it makes a better guess as to which vari ant of SPICE created it On Win32 entering just a carriage return at a plot menu prompt could cause Postmini to crash sigh Linux code now includes support for raster format hardcopy omitted by accident Hardcopy scale factor taken out as this did not work well Unzoom 2 function in comparison plots could crash Postmini if a log scale was selected for either the x or y axis The problem with setting the X window plot icon under Tru64 Unix was fixed 52 12 3 Improvements in version V10 0 000 The Lib2d graphics library has been created as a replacement for the Digital GKS library on Open
63. her than a continuous function you can switch Postmini into a mode where it plots a box around each data point in a different color rather than interpolating a surface Go to the top level Defaults menu and change the Default hidden line method to histogram This will also change 3D surface plots so that Postmini plots a 3D histogram around each data point rather than interpolating a surface The annotation option can be used to interactively add text lines arrows boxes symbols and elliptical arcs to the plot Text is processed by the math mode utility which allows you to enter sub and or superscripts Greek letters and certain math symbols using a subset of the TEX math syntax Read section 10 for details on how to enter mathmode format strings 4 3 3D surface plots POSTMINI can plot an internal quantity as a surface in 3D perspective The user is asked to specify the portion of the device to plot this can be used to zoom in on a region of detail in the device You can also move the viewing position of your eye relative to the 3D plot POSTMINI uses a polar coordinate system to specify the eye position Position is specified with three numbers a radius r in microns polar angle in degrees and azimuth angle 8 in degrees Increasing 8 rotates the eye counter clockwise around the equator Values for 6 range from 0 to 360 You may also specify a negative angle it is converted to the correspondi
64. idden line method Name of length unit and scale to cm Fill regions of oxide with background color if ox ide does not have any data associated with it For debugging only default YES Plot reduction enlargement factor Selects text font to use for Postscript plots see section 9 Linewidth scale factor Makes all 2D contour lines solid Text reduction enlargement factor If YES writes PMI file at end of Postmini run default YES Value of colormap minimum for 3D plots Value of colormap maximum for 3D plots 9 POSTMINI command file syntax The Postmini command file describes all the data needed to recreate a Postmini plot from the original data files The command file breaks a Postmini plot into several parts such as type of plot axis description data source annotations etc In order to use the same code as for reading the Postmini defaults file the Postmini command file uses a similar general syntax a keyword an optional equal sign and an optional list of arguments Certain special keywords called main keywords introduce each part of the plot and tell Postmini what to expect next Each main keyword is followed by subkeys which give further information The following table lists all valid main keywords for the Postmini command file Note that some keys go together for example a file with a PLOT 2D key must have a CONTOUR key Keywords may be in any case They must be spelled out completely Comments are started by an excl
65. ilar to Fortran The common arithmetic operators and exponentiation are supported 23 along with comparison operators gt gt lt lt binary and amp binary or logical and amp amp logical or parenthesis to group operations as well as a number of functions listed below function name sqrt log exp log10 abs sin cos tan asin acos atan atan2 max min sind cosd tand sinh cosh tanh ran merge a b c Operation sqrt log base e exponential function log base 10 absolute value sine function radian argument cosine function radian argument tangent function radian argument arcsin function returns radians arccos function returns radians arctan function returns radians arctan function with two arguments returns radians maximum function arb number of arguments minimum function arb number of arguments sine function degree argument cosine function degree argument tangent function degree argument hyperbolic sine function hyperbolic cosine function hyperbolic tangent function random function 0 1 0 takes one dummy argument if c is true then a else b The following functions are valid for 1 D data integrate y x deriv y x select a t Integrate y x from initial x to current x value Differentiate y with respect to x if t is true then return expression a Note that only one differentiate function is all
66. ious aspects of a dataset such as contour values grid junctions etc You can also apply scaling or expressions to the x and y coordinates and the data itself You can also select whether a dataset will be included in the plot This is useful if you wish to store a number of data items at one time but selectively plot the entries e Plot Plot all the data as an contour graph The plot menu allows the user to set certain global plot attributes such as applying a global set of contours to be used with all datasets and setting the dataset that will be used for the sample function and also for plotting the contour map legend at the side of the plot The other functions available for contour plots e g zoom unzoom sample save are available for overlay plots e Read Read a new data file e Show List information about a dataset e Exit quit Return to main menu 4 6 The FIND function The FIND function will search along a 1D cut line in the device and print out where a simulation quantity reaches a certain value For example you can use FIND to determine where the lateral electric field is zero along the surface of the MOSFET Y 0 4 7 The INTEGRATE function The INTEGRATE function will integrate a quantity in an arbitrary rectangular re gion in the device or along a 1D cut line in the X Y or Z direction INTEGRATE prompts for the region to integrate and will check to make sure the region is in side the device INTEGRATE
67. l text Suppresses labels at bottom of compare plots Two chararacters used as left and right delimiters around the units string Scales the hardcopy plot 0 1 lt 1 0 Modifies the aspect ratio of the hardcopy plot 0 1 lt 2 0 default 0 77 Offsets the hardcopy plot in the X direction lt 1 0 Offsets the hardcopy plot in the Y direction lt 1 0 Sets raster plot file resolution 9 3 Keyword TITLE Keyword TITLE lt string gt Subkey Values Description Does not have any subkeys at this time The TITLE command is used to put text labels at the top of plots For 1D 2D 3D plots only one title line can be specified For comparison plots up to five title lines can be specified For overlay plots up to three title lines can be specified If you use more than two titles you should also specify either SUPPRESS_LABELS or CURV_MODE on the GLOBAL command to make more room on the plot for titling 33 9 4 Keyword AXIS Keyword AXIS Subkey ABS EXPONENT ABEL LOG LOG_TIC_FREQ MAJOR_TIC MAX MIN MINOR_TIC_FREQ UNITS Values No value lt int gt lt string gt No value lt int gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt string gt Description Take absolute value of data Power of 10 used to scale divide data Axis label Take logig of data Number of decades between major tic marks on log scale Z axis only Major ticmarks placed at this inte
68. l yl z x2 yl z x3 yl z xn yl z xl y2 Z x2 y2 Zz x3 y2 z xn y2 Zz where the x s are the X coordinate the y s are the Y coordinate and the z s are the function value f x y Each X Y Z triplet must be on a single line The X Y coor dinate pairs must be unique and must be specified with the X coordinate increasing with the Y coordinate fixed then repeating the set of X coordinates with the next Y coordinate value etc The ASCII file reader can also read data that is not on a rectangular grid Switch the data on rectangular grid flag in the the read ASCII file menu to no In this case a Delaunay triangular grid is imposed on the data Postmini can apply general expressions to ASCII data For example given a file with quantities C and E one could plot C 2 vs 1 E Postmini can also process ASCII files that have character string labels in the X column Character strings are delimited by blanks tabs equal signs or commas Mathmode strings may be used To embed a blank use the mathmode escape This type of data is used to place labels under each bar on the X axis on bar charts Up to 200 labels may be input The user must tell Postmini to expect X column character data via the datafile type option in the ASCII file reader menu 3 2 Plotting analytical functions Postmini can plot analytical functions of the form y as a function of x y f x y as a function of x and an additional independent variable p
69. le POSTMINI command file PROMIS binary save file SPICE3 PowerSpice save file SUPREM3 PRINT MINIMOS file SUPREM3 binary structure file SUPREM4 ASCII structure file USEOUT binary data file VLSICAP data file TMA interchange format TMA Medici binary mesh file The following table lists the datafile extensions that POSTMINI recognizes 85 Datafile extension 2dop or dop bin or bin3d crv2d or crv3d dat grp grapes_input pmi raw save Spo stif useout Description 2D or 3D MINIMOS doping file MINIMOS 2D or 3D binary file MINIMOS I V data file ASCID ASCII data file DECSPICE GRAPES output file DECSPICE GRAPES output file POSTMINI command file SPICE3 or PowerSpice save file PROMIS binary save file SPICE output file TMA TIF output file USEOUT binary data file 86 H File quantity names 87 H 1 MINIMOS quantity names MINIMOS quantity names Quantity Description POTENTIAL Electrostatic potential NET_DOPING Net doping concentration LECTRONS Electron concentration HOLE Hole concentration EX X component of electric field EY Y component of electric field EJ Electric field in direction of current density EMAG Magnitude of electric field JX_N X component of electron current density JY_N Y component of electron current density JMAG_N Magnitude of electron current density JX_P X component of hole current density JY_P Y
70. le command at the menu prompt A crosshair cursor will appear in the plot window Click and release the first mouse button to take a sample The data value coordinates will be displayed on the menu You can continue to click the mouse button to sample other areas of the plot the change from the last sample point is also printed Press mouse button two to exit sample mode e Zoom On workstations you can use the mouse to interactively zoom into a region of the plot Enter the Z zoom command at the menu prompt A crosshair cursor will appear in the plot window Click and release the first mouse button to define the lower left of the zoom area The cursor will now 13 change to a strechy box which defines the area to be zoomed Click and release the first mouse button to perform the zoom Press mouse button two to cancel the zoom The unzoom function U will rescan all the curves and pick bounds which will enclose all the data The Z2 command can be used to zoom in and make the plot bounds half their current size e Unzoom Sets the plot bounds to their maximum values and replots the graph The U2 command can be used to zoom out and make the plot bounds twice their current size e Annotate The annotation option can be used to interactively add text lines arrows boxes symbols and elliptical arcs to the plot Text is processed by the mathmode utility which allows you to enter sub and or superscripts Greek letter
71. le densities and quasi Fermi levels and also current densities if the currents keyword was specified on the Medici solve statement Elec tron hole and lattice temperatures are also output if these quantities were solved for Note that a solution file must have a corresponding mesh file in order to be processed by Postmini You have the option of reading just the mesh file in order to examine the grid and or doping Mesh and solution files are usually much smaller than TMA TIF files because they are binary data and read in faster They are less flexible however because only certain data is contained in them 12 13 Improvements in version V8 0 e Two new datatypes FAIM and MCP2D are now supported These output file formats are generated by Vector Technologies tools Due to the nature of the data from these tools surface plots of FAIM output can be performed but not for MCP2D X Y or contour plots can be done on either format file e Postmini versions up to 8 0 could only handle 1D data of up to 500 points and 2D rectangular grid data of no more than 120 by 120 points Postmini internals have been re written to relax these limits without significantly in creasing the amount of memory required by the program One dimensional data of up to 2000 points can now be handled 2D rectangular grid data MINIMOS 2DOP PROMIS can have up 2000 points in either x or y di rection as long as the total number of points does not exceed 14 400 In ad
72. lot file naming scheme is slightly different If a new plot file would overwrite an existing file the new plot file name is modified to be of the form file n extension where n is an integer For example nmos 2 ps 75 B 2 Command line options Unix options Option batch o file inverse_gray portrait scale fac gray swap endian papersize typ device type geometry xllgeometry display name B 3 Floating point issues Action Runs Postmini in non interactive mode Specifies output file for hardcopy Use inverted gray scale on color output devices Use portrait mode on hardcopy output devices Hardcopy reduction scale factor 0 1 lt fac lt 1 0 Use gray scale on color output devices Apply byte swapping to binary file SPICE3 Note on Tru64 Unix and Alpha Linux the following data files are also affected by the swap endian option PISCES UTPISCES MINIMOS Medici PROMIS USEOUT Set papersize for hardcopy plots Allowed types A B C D E legal US A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 B4 B5 metric Specifies default plot or hardcopy device Plot devices X11 Hardcopy devices normally used with bat ch postscript color_postscript epsf color_epsf png ppm ppmraw tiff X11 geometry specification for the initial position of plot windows e g geometry 700x500 500 0 X11 display e g foo 0 On Compaq Tru64 Unix and Linux Postmini uses little endian IEEE floating point On other Unix systems big endian
73. n is given in degrees similar to DECSPICE The Grapes file reader now understands the DECSpice syntax for relative node voltages e g V 5 3 means V 5 V 3 Recall that complex arith metic is used for AC quantities DECSpice puts incorrect information in the GRAPES file when a user spec ifies a non default temperature The Postmini GRAPES file reader has been adjusted to handle this case A bug parsing the PRINT header of DECSpice ASCII output files has been fixed commas were treated as field delimiters e ASPICE3 file reader has been added The SPICE3 reader can input so called SPICE3 raw files both ASCII files generated by SPICE3 and ASCII and binary files generated by PowerSpice Byte swapping of big endian binary data files is provided as an option e The ASCII file reader has been enhanced to better deal with output files gen erated by HSPICE In order for Postmini to read HSPICE files the HSPICE input file should specify options ingold 2 in his her input file so that numbers are formatted in exponential notation rather than use letter suffixes e g 1 0n for 1 0e 9 12 7 Improvements in version V8 3 001 e The number of curves in a comparison plot has been increased to 40 e For 1D or comparison plots the maximum number of X Y points has been reduced to 10000 in order to conserve memory e The ASCII file reader for X Y data has been enhanced to allow non numeric data in any column that is not used
74. ng positive angle Increasing moves the eye down from the north pole to the south pole Values for range from 0 to 180 The default eye position is r 8 0 45 and 0 45 The following diagram illustrates the polar coordinate system You may notice that this is a left handed coordinate system A left handed system is used to be consistent with the way 3D plots are displayed by other workers In the default view the source is on the left and the drain on the right Note that this is opposite from the way the SURF program displays MINIMOS data 10 P r 8 Y On devices that support color the plot will be done using color area fill tech nique This method plots the surface in different colors depending on the height of the data This makes is very simple to determine the actual value of data being plotted A legend is printed on the side of the plot similar to the 2D color contour map On all other devices the surface will be plotted using a hidden line removal technique On color devices the underside of the plot will be done in a different color On workstations you can use the mouse to intteractively rotate the 3D plot Enter the O orbit command at the menu prompt A box around the 3D plot will appear in the plot window Click and release the first mouse button at the right edge of the window to rotate the plot clockwise Click and release the first mouse button at the left edge o
75. normal Motif window manager functions to manipulate the GKS plot window Under Motif when a window is re sized the un derlying graphics are redrawn to fit in the window while maintaining the original aspect ratio of the plot Under Motif you may notice that the window input focus is transferred to the GKS window whenever there in any input or output to that window This is inconvenient when using Postmini since you need to click on your terminal window to restore input focus so you can type at the terminal window This also has the side effect of popping the terminal window up so that it covers the graphics output This is especially annoying when performing graph annotations One way to avoid this problem is to change the Motif window manager input focus policy so that input focus is assigned to the window where the mouse is pointing To do this click and hold down mouse button 1 on any part of the background window A menu should come up Point to Options and select the Workspace submenu Under To make a window active select the Move the pointer into the window option Also turn off the option Raise it to the top of the screen under When a window becomes active Then save the settings and restart the Motif window manager If you do not like the focus follows mouse approach you can just turn off the option Raise it to the top of the screen and restart the Motif window man ager When th
76. ns could be set to values 1 12 but only line types 1 4 would appear on the graph Fix bug in which annotations did not show up in hardcopy plot when using the restore function and a plot was not first made to the screen 12 12 Improvements in version V8 1 It is now possible to specify two different X or Y axes interactively in com parison plots Before one had to use the Postmini command file to access this feature The ASCII file reader has been enhanced to support X Y Z data and also X Y data that is sorted on the Z column The latter feature is only supported for comparison plots The ASCII file reader has been enhanced to recognize DEC SPICE output files and extract column data from SPICE PRINT statements No special user intervention is necessary Postmini examines the first line of the file to determine if the file is SPICE output Handling of VT graphics terminals ReGIS is improved The color sidebar on 3D plots is now readable A better attempt is made to reset the colormap after each plot Axis labels with values between 0 01 and 0 001 were not formatted with enough decimal places This could cause erroneous roundup down Real numbers printed in the full screen menus had a similar problem These num bers are now formatted with an additional decimal place 62 e TMA Medici binary mesh and solution files are now supported The mesh file contains the grid and doping The solution file contains potential elec tron and ho
77. on of any 1D data that has been loaded e g from an ASCII file etc Note well integrating over an area with the same X or Y coordinate is not the same as integrating over a line Quantities integrated over a region are weighted by area cm while those integrated over a line are weighted by length cm POSTMINI prints the units of the integrated quantity to remind the user Note well the integration method does not take nonplanar boundaries correctly into account uses entire area weight rather than area in just silicon Use caution when integrating near nonplanar features Example 1 Integrate the avalanche generation over the entire device Multiply this number by the electronic charge q to get the bulk current per cm of device width Note this number can be different from what MINIMOS prints especially when the bulk current is very small compared to the drain current Example 2 Integrate the X component of the minority current in a vertical direction in the middle of the channel This gives the drain current per cm width of the device Note if MODEL AVAL or HOT there may be a slight difference between this current and the drain current printed by MINIMOS due to additional current generated by impact ionization By varing the length of the integration line one can determine the amount of current that passes a certain depth 4 8 The LINE function Using the LINE function you can print simulation internal quantities along any ver
78. opy without making a screen preview first User may change the hardcopy output file name orien tation and use of color The monochrome hidden line drawing algorithm has been optimized to be more efficient Drawing speed has improved 20 50 and PostScript hard copy file size has decreased by 20 50 A subroutine interface to Postmini is now available POSTMINI now takes options from the command line 12 21 Improvements in version V7 1 POSTMINI now has the ability to save all the information necessary to re create any plot in a file and restore it The format of the POSTMINI NOTE file has changed to an new format com patible with the POSTMINI command file POSTMINI can now display arbitrary slices through a 3D doping file It au tomatically reads in the interface file INT file associated with a MINIMOS doping file if it exists and displays it 2D PROMIS plots now include the oxide shape information 70 12 22 Improvements in version V7 0 POSTMINI can now read a number of device and process simulation data files including PROMIS SUPREM3 BAMBI VLISCAP 2DOP and USE OUT files Plot file names are no longer always POSTMINI XXX but take the name of the data file from which they were read Curves in contour plots can now be automatically labeled if desired Plot annotations are automatically saved and can be restored Line style can be specified on annotations In contour plots of MINIMOS data the oxide is
79. owed per expression Versions 9 1 002 and higher of Postmini implement a two pass function evaluator which allows implementation of a central difference differentiator which is more numer ically accurate than in previous versions 24 When applying expressions to simulator data a single variable is allowed ei ther x y or z which refers to the X Y or Z data which will be transformed When applying expressions to ASCII data the situation is more complicated If only one X and Y column have been loaded then the variables x or y are permitted in either the X or Y expression If multiple Y columns have been loaded then the y variables are named after the columns in which they appeared in the original file For example if you loaded columns 2 and 3 as Y columns then the y variable names you could use in an expression are y2 and y3 The merge function can be used to implement an if then else construct For example one could specify the Y expression as merge y 0 y gt 0 Where y was greater than zero its value would be plotted otherwise zero would be plotted The select function can be used to select a subset of the data to be plotted For example one could specify the Y expression as select y x gt 0 This would plot only data where the x variable was greater than zero More complicated tests can be constructed from simpler tests combined with logical and and or The ran function can be used to provide a sequence of random numb
80. painted white in order to be better distinguished This is not done if the plotted quantity has a value in the oxide In contour plots of VLSICAP data the boundaries and original triangular mesh can be plotted POSTMINI gets this information from the VLSICAP INP and LGF files POSTMINI looks in the standard VLSICAP direc tories for these files e g INP files are in input and LGF files are in lgf_vlsi If these files do not exist or are inconsistent with the L3D data file then these annotations may not be plotted or may be incorrect A POSTMINI_DEFAULTS DAT file is read at startup to define Postmini de faults 12 23 Improvements in version V6 1 POSMTINI now supports color PostScript Color PostScript can be printed on an LJ250 printer using the DEC PSPRINT utility DECprint Utility for PostScript to Sixel Printing This provides outstanding color printing POSTMINI can now plot data from plain ASCII files as long as the data is in columns It supports the CURV ON and OFF commands in data files comment lines using C or as well as scaling of the input data POSTMINI now gives the user complete control of line type line color symbol type and symbol color on COMPARE plots 71 In comparison plots you can now select whether a curve will be included in a plot With this feature you can load several different data curves at once and plot only the ones you want The user is now supplied with default val
81. ple to specify 5 contours between 1014 and 10 in logarithmic steps 1 5 1H14 1E18 This would result in contours at 10 10 5 10 10 7 and 10 8 e To specify contours with a logarithmic step use the d notation d step minimum maximum For example to specify contours between 104 and 10 with a log step of 10 d 10 1E4 1E6 This would result in contours at 10 10 10 When using log steps the minimum and maximum have the same sign You can combine any or all of these notations when specifying contour values but you must not exceed the total number of contours On devices supporting many colors such as workstations the default is to plot contours with color fill between the contours A different color is used to denote different data values This makes the contour map easier to interpret A legend on the side of the plot tells what values the colors represent The first color represents all data below the first contour value note the lt before the printed value the second color represents all values between the first and second contour value etc The last color represents all values above the maximum of the data note the lt You may also specify tranditional contour plots using lines Different contours may be distinguished by different colors or by different line styles solid dashed dotted etc depending on the output device A key to the contour values is plotted on
82. previous menu without making a hardcopy enter Q or E You may make a hardcopy without previewing the graph on your screen Note POSTMINI will only create the plot file it is up to you to print the file POSTMINI supports a number of output devices Under lib2d graphics the supported devices are color and monochrome PostScript encapsulated PostScript for inclusion in other documents like Microsoft Word or LaTeX Portable Net work Graphics PNG raster files Portable PixMap PPM raster files Raw bi nary PPM files and Tagged Image File Format TIFF raster files The plot file will have the name corresponding to the data file you read in with an extension depending on the type of hardcopy e g ps for PostScript Supported Hardcopy Devices Lib2d graphics Hardcopy device Default extension Postscript ps Color Postscript ps Encapsulated Postscript eps Color Encapsulated Postscript eps PNG png PPM ppm PPMRAW ppmraw TIFF sleet You may specify a different output file name from the hardcopy menu The PNG format is highly recommended as it generates highly compact files and with good fidelity PNG files are supported for import and display by the Microsoft Office 97 and 2000 suites Internet Explorer and Netscape For raster file formats one can specify the raster resolution in pixels per inch dpi The higher the resolution the 21 larger the raster file will be 50 100 dpi is suitable for Web documents Higher re
83. r size e g A4 legal for hardcopy plots Improvements in version V9 0 000 The limit on the number of data points in X Y plots 1D or comparison is now 50000 Some arrays which are used to store data are now dynami cally allocated in order to reduce memory consumption Standard Fortran90 features are used to implement dynamic arrays The ASCII file reader has been enhanced to support plotting expressions which involve multiple columns of data For example if one had three columns of data one could load column 1 for the X axis and columns 2 and 3 for the Y axis One could then apply a y expresion involving column 2 and 3 When more than one Y column is loaded the Y expression uses variable names of the form ynnn where nnn is the column number To continue the previous example to plot the average of columns 2 and 3 use the y expression y2 y3 2 56 e The zoom unzoom feature of contour and comparison plots has been en hanced If the user types 22 Postmini will zoom in by a factor of 2X in each direction Similarly if the user types U2 Postmini will zoom out by a factor of 2X in each direction e The Grapes file reader has been enhanced It can now read output from both transient and ac analysis DECSpice limits Grapes output from AC analysis to node voltages only Postmini recognizes the SPICE syntax for the real part VR imaginary part VI magnitude VM and phase VP of an AC signal Phase informatio
84. r Dependent on plot type See tables below Also invisible off none Line types solid dashed dotted dash_dot dash_2_dot dash_3_dot long_dash long short_dash spaced_dash spaced_dot double_dot triple_dot none off omit Marker types circle square triangle_up triangle_down solid_circle solid_square solid_tri up solid_tri_down dot plus asterisk cross bowtie hourglass diamond solid_bowtie solid_hourglass solid_diamond none off omit PostScript times times_italic fonts times_bold times_bold_italic helvetica helvetica_oblique helvetica_bold helvetica_bold_oblique courier courier_olblique courier_bold courier_bold_oblique You can still use integers to specify these items if you wish Note well If you have used the COLOR_NN command to change Postmini s default colors the color name associated with index NN will no longer be recognized by Postmini In its place the name userdefinednn will be recognized The color names are taken from the list of X11 colors on Unix see usr lib X11 rgb txt The default colors for 1D and comparison plots are 29 Color Index Name OANNDNHPWNK OS me n AUN white black red green blue cyan magenta yellow lightgreen gold lightblue orange purple brown gray violet The default colors for 2D and 3D plots are Color Index Name OADM HPWNK OC Re e RS e DO nABWNF CO white black purple blue deepskyblue cyan green3 green yellow gold oran
85. rbit feature which allows the user to manipulate the bounding box of the plot with the mouse then replot If the axis min max is changed such that the current axis tic mark parameters are invalid they are automatically re computed A SWEEP mode for interpreting ASCII data has been implemented This allows for plotting information such as multiple I V curves in a single file by suppressing the retrace at the start of the next curve 12 19 Improvements in version V7 2 1 The specification of contours has been enhanced The user may specify con tours by min max number of contours or min max step value Either a linear or log step may be used 69 2D contour plots now have a zoom mode where the user can use the mouse to zoom in on a region of interest A logarithmic X abscissa axis may now be specified on comparison mul tiple curve X Y plots Save restore of integrated quantities is now supported Read of ASCII files with up to 25 columns of data and up to 250 characters per line are now supported The user can specify a number of lines to be skipped before reading data 12 20 Improvements in version V7 2 POSTMINI has changed its plot user interface to a full screen menu mode Users can change one or more plot attributes and re plot without having to answer questions on all the plot attributes More attributes like plot labeling can be now modified by the user Hardcopy is more flexible Users may request a hardc
86. ree text fonts Times Courier and Helvetica Note that these keys must be entered with an initial upper case in order to be recognized You can change the font of a portion of text by enclosing these in curly braces On devices other than PostScript these keys have no meaning Mathematical symbols Mathmode can produce the following TX math symbols cdot oint geq partial infty pm int prime leg sum nabla times AA bot Mathmode also defines the following control sequences 49 10 2 11 time Current time date Current date user User name Implementation details Input is always considered to be in line mathematics mode that is there is no need to include dollar signs to start math mode Unlike TEX you must always enclose any subscripts or superscripts in braces even if the superscript or subscript is only one character This exception was allowed so other underscores in the text will not inadventantly cause sub scripts Right Wrong 10 2 10 2 mu_ 0 mu_0 Unlike TEX spaces are not ignored with the following exceptions initial spaces before the first non blank character trailing spaces after the last non blank character the first space after a TEX command NOTE In mathmode context means output a not end of line Only one level of super sub scripting is supported The hardware fonts on VTxxx terminals are used to increase plotting speed and
87. ression Analytical function type Starting x value Ending x value X step Starting p value Ending p value P step Starting y value Ending y value Y step 43 9 8 Keyword ANNOTATE BOX Keyword ANNOTATE BOX Coordinate range from X 0 to 1 0 and Y 0 to 1 0 unless using graph coordinates Subkey COLOR FILLED INTERIOR_COLOR X_LOC X_LOC2 Y_LOC Y_LOC2 USE_GRAPH_COORD INAT ES F E Values lt string gt No value lt string gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt Description Color of box outline Fill interior of box with color Color of interior of box X coordinate of lower left corner X coordinate of upper right corner Y coordinate of lower left corner Y coordinate of upper right corner Use graph coordinates to position annotation 9 9 Keyword ANNOTATE LINE Keyword ANNOTATE LINE Coordinate range from X 0 to 1 0 and Y 0 to 1 0 unless using graph coordinates Subkey ARROW DOUBLE_ARROW COLOR LINETYPE X_LOC X_LOC2 Y_LOC Y_LOC2 USE_GRAPH_COORD INAT ES F E Values No value No value lt string gt lt string gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt Description Put arrow head on line Put arrow head on both ends of line Color of line Linetype X coordinate of lower left corner X coordinate of upper right corner Y coordinate of lower left corner Y coordinate of upper right corner Use graph coordin
88. rs are may be used for any datatype in OVERLAY plots Subkey Values Description AX lt real gt Added to X axis data AY lt real gt Added to Y axis data AZ lt real gt Added to Z data MX lt real gt Multiplies X axis data MY lt real gt Multiplies Y axis data MZ lt real gt Multiplies Z data X_EXPRESSION lt string gt Expression to apply to X axis data Y_EXPRESSION lt string gt Expression to apply to Y axis data Z EXPRESSION lt string gt Expression to apply to Z data 41 DATAFILE 9 7 Keyword SURFACE Keyword SURFACE Subkey CUT_PLANE_AXIS CUT_P LANE_COORD DATAFILE_DIMENS ION DATAFILE_QUANTITY DATAFILE_TYPE DATAF ILE_RECORD DOPFILE_GATE_LENGTH DOPFILE_INTERFACE_FILE HYE POSITION lt lt LSICAP_GATE_EDGE LSICAP_SI_SIO2_INT ERFACE Values Xo Wie e VL lt real gt lt string gt 2 i he3 lt string gt MINIMOS PROMIS SUPREM3S_ SUPREM3P 2DOP USEOUT ASCII MEDICI FLOOPS ANALYTICAL lt int gt lt real gt lt string gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt lt real gt Description Make plot on this plane MINIMOS 3D Make plot at this plane coordinate MIN IMOS 3D Data file name Spatial dimension 3 for MINIMOS 3D Name of data quantity see later tables Data file type Record
89. rval Axis maximum Axis minimum Number of minor ticmarks per major tic Data units The following are supported for comparison plots only AUTOSCALE COLOR FORMAT MAJOR_GRID MAJOR_GRID_LIN ETYPE MINOR_GRID MAJOR_TIC_FACTOR MINOR_GRID_LINE TYPE MINOR_TIC_SIZE NONUMBERING OMIT THICKNESS No value lt string gt lt string gt No value lt int gt lt real gt No value lt int gt lt real gt No value No value lt real gt Choose min max depending on data MIN MAX MAJOR_TIC MINOR_TIC_FREQ are ignored Axis color Any value C language format for a floating point number Plot a grid line at each major tic mark Linetype for major grid lines Major tic scale factor ratio of length of major tic to minor tic Plot a grid line at each minor tic mark Linetype for minor grid lines Minor tic scale factor in percent of entire graph Omits numbering at major tic marks Do not draw in the axis at all Axis thickness scale factor The following are supported for contour and overlay plots only INVERT No value Draw the Y axis with increasing values going down 34 9 5 Keyword CURVE Keyword CURVE Subkey ALONG_OXIDE AX AY COLOR CUT_LINE_AXIS CUT_LINE_COORD CUT_P WANE_AXIS CUT_P ANE COORD DATAFIL Ta F DATAFI 1E_DIMENS ION DATAFI E_QUANTITY DATA
90. s and certain math symbols using a subset of the TEX math syn tax Read section 10 for details on how to enter mathmode format strings e Hardcopy Enter the hardcopy submenu for creating files suitable for print ing on a variety of printers e g PostScript e Keepwin Tells Postmini to keep the current plot window on the screen and open a new window for the next plot Use the Window command from the top level menu to reactivate or delete kept windows e Exit Quit Exit the plot submenu 4 5 Overlay plots An overlay plot consists of multiple 2D contour plots in the same window Plots can overlay each other such as line contours of electron concentration over color contours of doping concentration or they can be spaced apart by scaling the x and y coordinates To use this feature select OVERLAY at the main menu You will be put into a subsystem which has these features e Add Add a contour plot to the plot list You will be prompted for the quantity to plot if the dataset contains multiple quantities You can also specify plot attributes such as contour values grid junctions etc You can also apply scaling or expressions to the x and y coordinates and the data itself A total of forty separate contour plots can be plotted at once 14 e Clear Delete all data from the plot list Useful for starting over Delete Delete a dataset from the plot list e List List all data to be plotted e Modify Modify var
91. s use XAXIS_TAG BOTTOM or TOP and YAXIS_TAG LEFT or RIGHT AXIS Y LEFT T MUN Sea MAX S sa AXIS Y RIGHT MIN e gs MAX S ka CURVE DATAFILE YAXIS_TAG LEFT CURVE DATAFILE YAXIS_TAG RIGHT Sample mode is now available in COMPARE plots Sample mode now prints the change in coordinates since the last sample point so it can be used as a measuring device Lines in an ASCII file which contain non numerical data are quietly skipped Contour plots can use log or linear interpolation to compute contours The interpolation type is selected depending on the specific data but the use can override it The Y axis on contour plots can be flipped so that contour data from external sources where positive Y is up can be plotted correctly Numeric values on the color bar in contour and surface plots are now done in scientific notation using Mathmode rather than computer E notation so plots conform to IEEE publication standards You can suppress the label legends at the bottom of comparison plots via a switch from the comparison plot menu This is useful when preparing plots for inclusion in another document or for publication It also allows more space for annotation text at the top of the graph 67 12 16 Improvements in version V7 2 5 Support for the SUPREM4 and PISCES simulators has been implemented Postmini was extended to support the triangular meshes
92. s are now dynamically allocated This greatly reduces the memory footprint of Postmini It also allows Postmini to read and process arbitrary sized files including very large ASCII files Array sizes are now limited only by the operating system and computer configuration A reader for HSPICE postprocessing waveform files ascii and binary has been added not for external distribution You can give Postmini a hint as to the number of data points in your file using the est imated_npts command line option This is useful when read ing very large files and will reduce the number of memory re allocations data copies that need to be done The GRAPES file reader now allows the variables TIME or FREQ to appear in arithmetic expressions Support for BAMBI and VLSICAP file formats has been removed Under Win95 98 it is likely that the command line used to run Ghostscript to create raster files e g PNG files will exceed 128 characters Long line lengths may cause the raster conversion to fail This has been worked around by putting Ghostscript command line options in a temporary file Win32 only 51 12 2 Improvements in version V10 0 02 The number of contours in 2D plots has been increased from 9 to 18 A new color mapping for contour and 3D plots has been implemented A red blue color spectrum is available from the Defaults menu in addition to the color spectrum gray and inverted gray scale color mappings T
93. s the type of datafile being read e g MINIMOS PISCES etc If the datafile has an extension that POSTMINI recognizes e g bin for MINIMOS pmi for POST MINI command file then the filetype is optional For a complete list of datafiles see Appendix G A 2 Command line options POSTMINI takes the following command line options on OpenVMS 73 O d THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMP W R EPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABT I LITY OpenVMS options Option batch output file inverse_gray portrait scale fac gray swap_endian Action Runs Postmini in non interactive mode Specifies output file for hardcopy Use inverted gray scale on color output devices Use portrait mode on hardcopy output devices Hardcopy reduction scale factor 0 1 lt fac lt 1 0 Uses a gray scale on color output devices Apply byte swapping to binary file SPICE3 PISCES UTPISCES MIN IMOS Medici PROMIS USEOUT Set papersize for hardcopy plots Allowed types A B C D E legal US A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 B4 B5 metric Specifies default plot or hardcopy device Plot devices X11 Hardcopy devices normally used with batch postscript color_postscript epsf color_epsf png ppm ppmraw tiff geometry xllgeometry X11 geometry specification for the initial position of plot windows e g geomet ry 700x500 500 0 papersize type device type If you are using X to displ
94. solution files are suitable for hardcopy documentation although care should be taken High resolution files e g 300 dpi may display very quickly in MS Office applications but depending on the printer they may generate very large print files and take a long time to print Postmini uses the Ghostscript program to generate the raster file formats If you do not have Ghostscript installed on your system under the command name gs you will not be able to generate these raster formats One might ask why there are two PostScript file types color and monochrome Postmini will alter the graphics appearance for the monochrome device for maxi mum legibility For example if one has an X Y plot with curves of different colors the curves might be indistinguishable when printed to a non color printer For ex ample both red and blue will appear as black Postmini will change the different line colors to different line types in order to clearly show them The expert user will of course just modify graph to use line types and not use color if s he knows that the graphic will be printed on a non color printer When you generate encapsulated PostScript for inclusion in other documents you should generate the file in portrait mode so that the graph does not appear rotated by 90 degrees Postmini automatically does this for encapsulated PostScript and all the raster formats 6 Plot annotations POSTMINI allows the user to interatively annotate any graph
95. ssible for an elliptic arc to cover another item so that the underlying item cannot be selected for deletion or re positioning To uncover the item move the elliptic arc off the item you wish to select e POSTMINIL uses the built in PostScript fonts default Helvetica Bold when plotting to the PostScript device These fonts are professional quality and are highly legible even after photo reduction The down side of using these fonts is that they are not exactly the same as the fonts used on the worksta tion Although the fonts are all scaled to the same size it is possible that text may come out slightly different in size on these two devices The difference is usually negligible The other hardcopy devices do not have this problem e You can use horizontal or vertical line annotations to measure distances For example to measure the horizontal distance from the edge of aMOSFET gate to the junction edge enter a horizontal line with one end on the gate and the other on the junction edge remember horizontal lines snap to horizontal so you enter an angled line if that s more convenient Then move the horizontal line down to the horizontal plot axis to determine its length 7 Expression Evaluator Postmini has a very general expression evaluator code This allows the user to apply arbitrary expressions to their X or Y axis data either when read in from an ASCII file or in a comparison plot Expressions use a syntax sim
96. th a MINI MOS doping file Plots junctions Plots grid Negates data before plotting Position of gate edge Position of Si SiO2 interface Contour values Keyword CONTOUR cont The following parameters are valid only for the ASCII datatype Subkey Values Description AX lt real gt Added to X axis data AY lt real gt Added to Y axis data AZ lt real gt Added to Z axis data COL_X lt int gt Column which has X axis data COL_Y lt int gt Column which has Y axis data COL_Z lt int gt Column which has Z axis data MX lt real gt Multiplies X axis data MY lt real gt Multiplies Y axis data MZ lt real gt Multiplies Z axis data SKIP_LINES lt int gt Skip n lines in file before reading The following parameters are valid only for the ANALYTICAL datatype Subkey Values Description ANALYTICAL_EXPRESSION lt string gt Analytical expression ANALYTICAL_FUNCTION_TYPE F X Analytical function type F X P F X Y ANALYTICAL_XSTART lt real gt Starting x value ANALYTICAL_XEND lt real gt Ending x value ANALYTICAL_XSTEP lt real gt X step ANALYTICAL_PSTART lt real gt Starting p value ANALYTICAL_PEND lt real gt Ending p value ANALYTICAL_PSTEP lt real gt P step ANALYTICAL_YSTART lt real gt Starting y value ANALYTICAL_YEND lt real gt Ending y value ANALYTICAL_YSTEP lt real gt Y step 40 Keyword CONTOUR cont The following paramete
97. tical or horizontal line The first lines of the file are a header which lists the 16 quantity and cut line selected This header is commented out using the CURV program convention so these files can be directly read by CURV Following the header the data is printed out in two columns the coordinate in microns and the quantity at that coordinate When you print data into a file POSTMINI creates a file in your current direc tory using the following algorithm to generate the file name 1 The stem of the binary file name is the first part of the print file Example binary file is GEN505000 BIN stem is GEN505000 2 The coordinate of the cut is appended to the file name in the format _nnnnc where nnnn is the absolute value of the cut coordinate value in 1000 ths of microns and C is the cut direction X or Y Examples cut at X 1 25 microns _1250X cut at Y 0 050 microns _0050Y 3 The file type is a mnemonic code which depends on the quantity selected See section 8dix B for the list of extensions and their meaning 4 9 The MINMAX function The MINMAX function allows you to locate the minimum and maximum of a quantity in the simulation Note that it is possible that there will be several places in the device which have the same minimum or maximum value POSTMINI will report the first one it finds as it scans the device You can limit the seach to a portion of the device this is useful if you wish to limit seaching
98. to Compaq s inter nal MINIMOS Improvements in version V9 2 000 Analytical functions can now be specified and plotted Two 1D datasets functions are supported y as a function of x y f x and y as a function of x with an additional parameter p y f x p In addition a 2D dataset function z as a function of x and y z f x y may be created The range of independent variables e g x is specified by a start stop step triad Analyt ical functions are specified by using the Read function and specifying the analytical datatype Annotations can now be attached to either the background how things used to work before or to the graph coordinates When annotations are at tached to the background their position remains fixed as the graph s mini mum or maximum X or Y plot bounds are changed In effect the annotations are overlaid on the graphics window When annotations are attached to the graph their position tracks changes in the graph s minimum or maximum X or Y plot bounds When annotations are attached to graph coordinates their angle aspect ratio etc will change according to the aspect ratio of the graph Text font size however remains fixed Please note attachment to graph coordinates is not available for 3D plots since it is impossible to map a 2D position on the plot window uniquely onto a 3D space 54 The function evaluator has been enhanced to allow implementation of cen tral difference differentiation which
99. tric field Magnitude of electric field Electron mobility Hole mobility X component of electron current density Y component of electron current density Magnitude of electron current density X component of hole current density Y component of hole current density Magnitude of hole current density X component of total current density Y component of total current density Magnitude of total current density Net doping concentration N n p N Net recombination rate X error estimate Y error estimate Total error estimate Integrated electron concentration Integrated hole concentration Integrated n p Integrated recombination Electron quasi Fermi potential Hole quasi Fermi potential 93 H 7 2DOP quantity names 2DOP quantity names Quantity DONORS ACCEPTORS NET_DOP ING UPPER_OXIDE LOWER_OXIDE Description Donor concentration Acceptor concentration Net doping Upper oxide shape Lower oxide shape 94 H 8 PISCES quantity names PISCES quantity names Quantity Description POTENTIAL Electrostatic potential NET_DOPING Net doping concentration ELECTRONS Electron concentration HOLES Hole concentration QFN Electron quasi Fermi potential QFP Hole quasi Fermi potential EX X component of electric field EY Y component of electric field JX_T X component of total current density JY_T Y component of total current density JX_N X component of electron curr
100. ues for most prompts 12 24 Improvements in version V6 0 13 POSTMINI now supports both 2D and 3D MINIMOS binary files In the 3D case users can plot data along the length width or top wafer planes A new 3D plotting algorithm has been developed which provides hidden line removal on hardcopy devices Color fill contour and 3D plots are now available Contour plots now have a position scale plotted next to the plot window Plotting of the axis tic marks and scales now uses a sliding scale technique which is better for plot bounds that are not even numbers 3D plots now zoom to the exact device coordinates specified by the user interpolating when necessary POSTMINI now supports DECWindows and the LJ250 printer For further information and support The support contact and author of POSTMINI is John Faricelli 508 841 3237 john faricelli compaq com Your comments questions bug reports and sugges tions for improvements to POSTMINI are highly valued If you would like to see anew feature in POSTMINI please contact me 14 Acknowledgments Nadim Khalil provided the 3D plot routines from his SURF program for use in POSTMINI and for the CURV parser code Marden Seavey provided the initial code used to read VLSICAP data files and Christian Schiebl provided assistance in interpreting the input and mesh files Gerd Nanz provided the code to read BAMBI files Nadim Khalil Bill McGee and Christian Schiebl provided invalua
101. used by these sim ulators 3D surface plots are not yet supported In the case of SUPREM4 Postmini reads the ASCII structure file output by SUPREM4 In the case of PISCES the binary mesh and optionally the binary solution file is read Manipulation of ASCII files containing X Y data in columns has been ratio nalized To read an ASCII datafile into Postmini the READ command is now used This change allows Postmini to treat ASCII data the same as any other source of 1D data Thus one can now perform a 1D X Y plot or integration of ASCII data 1D X Y plots can now have a logarithmic X axis The user can now specify the colormap type color gray scale inverse gray scale from the hardcopy menu The GKS V5 0A bug which causes POSTMINI to crash when linear scale X Y plots have a large range has been worked around In comparison plots the user can cause the plot labels at the bottom of the graph to be suppressed via an option from the plot menu The graph is then moved down on the page leaving room for text annotations at the top of the graph Initial plot attributes for a curve in a comparison plot are now set from a full screen menu Information required for importing an ASCII file is now gotten from a full screen menu 12 17 Improvements in version V7 2 4 The modify submenu of comparison plots has been converted to a full screen menu rather than prompting the user with several questions The user can now change the AX MX
102. y f x p or z as a function of two independent variables x and y z f x y In the first two cases 1D data is generated In the third case 2D data is generated You can specify analytical functions by using the READ function at the main menu or compare submenu and specifying an analytical file type You will be put into a menu where you can specify the function type e g f x the function to be plotted and the range of the independent variable s You can specify a start stop and step increment for each independent variable Functions can use a variety of mathematical expressions and math functions see the section on the Postmini expression evaluator for more details 3 3 MINIMOS coordinate system and terminology The following remarks are specific to using POSTMINI when examining MINI MOS output files The x coordinate goes along the length direction of the FET from source to drain X 0 occurs at the source end of the gate edge The y coor dinate goes along the depth direction of the FET with y increasing with increasing depth Y 0 is at the oxide silicon interface Thus negative y coordinates are in the oxide positive y coordinates are in the silicon For binary files from 3D MIN IMOS runs you have a third width dimension In the width z dimension the device extends from the middle of the channel width W 2 towards the field oxide positive Z 0 occurs at the thin oxide mask edge in the width direction The
103. y only to X Y comparison plots e If you do not specify the MIN MAX or MAJOR_TIC parameters on a AXIS com mand Postmini will use default values which depend on the data e You can now overlay an X or Y grid on the plot by using the MAJOR_GRID MINOR_GRID MAJOR_GRID_LINETYPE MINOR_GRID_LINETYPE parameters e You can alter the axis apperance using the COLOR OMIT NONUMBERING FORMAT THICKNESS MINOR_TIC_SCALE and MAJOR_TIC_FACTOR parameters 65 Specifying the XABS and YABS parameters on a CURVE command will make Postmini take the absolute value of the X or Y coordinate before plotting that data Specifying the SORT parameter on a CURVE command will make Postmini sort the data by X coordinate Specifying the ZSORT parameter on a CURVE command will make Postmini sort the data by a third column Z coordinate in an ASCII data file Associ ated parameters are COL_Z MZ AZ and ZABS This is equivalent to the CURV CONTOUR feature The TITLE command can be used to specify multiple titles for a plot If the main title is set from the interactive menu that title will now appear the any saved PMI file Specifying the parameter CURV_MODE in the GLOBAL command will alter the the position and size of the plot so that it is compatible with the CURV program Titles are centered over the graph PostScript output files use the Times Roman font The PS_FONT_ID key has no effect in CURV_MODE

POSTMINI User's Manual Version 11.0-00

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