IMAG Drift Calculator v1.1 User manual
Contents
1. 1 500 4 000 Figure 9 Table of available crops and spray applications for the Refined NL scenarios with corresponding settings of distances and heights The water body list contains only one type Dutch standardized ditch With flower bulbs the last nozzle has a negative distance to the crop edge this nozzle is positioned outside the crop area i e over the edge of the crop With fruit trees a cross flow sprayer is assumed In this case the distance from nozzle to crop edge has no practical meaning is therefore is set to zero The same holds for nozzle height above the crop The table of water bodies merely lists the standardized Dutch ditch in this case of Refined NL scenarios The abbreviations used are Bnk horizontal width of a bank SrfWa width of the water surface WaLvl depth of the water surface below ground level note that this does not say anything about the depth of the water body itself Bnk Bnk bank to bank distance the distance from the top of the left bank to the top of the right bank clearly this must equal 2 Bnk SrfWa 24 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 4 4 FOCUS like scenarios The window for the FOCUS like scenarios Figure 10 is very similar to that of the Refined NL scenarios The crops from the drop down list follow the list of the FOCUS Surface Water group see Appendix B Table B 1 However the necessary drift distance curves are only available for the cro2. gt FOCUS like scenarios Figure 1 General view of the IMAG Drift Calculator main calculation units IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual A fourth second stage unit involves the calculation of crop free zone when a certain drift value is specified This unit is only accessible from the Refined NL and FOCUS like scenarios and uses the settings made in those units like crop type application water body type IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 2 Background to drift curves 2 1 Introduction The emissions of plant protection products to soil surface water and air should be reduced A general reduction in spray drift to surface water next to the sprayed field can be achieved by improvements in spray application techniques For the last 10 years an intensive measuring programme on spray drift has been performed The research programme consisted of laboratory measurements field experiments and computer modelling A system analysis approach was developed to divide the research into processes and parts important for spray drift the nozzle drop sizes spray quality driftability sprayer boom movement and boom height drop trajectory sprayer outline and additional drift reducing technology on it the crop type height density and the placement of the last nozzle to the edge of the crop the field layout and the place of the surface water The programme started with the quantification of the drift
3. e Refined NL scenarios e FOCUS like scenarios Each unit has its own window Various interactive processes by the user are performed by clicking action buttons These buttons are very similar for the three calculation units and will be explained first Section 4 1 How to use each of the three units is explained in Sections 4 2 through 4 4 Finally Section 4 5 deals with the calculation of a crop free zone 4 1 Pictogram buttons The calculator windows comprise small buttons for various actions Each button has its own pictogram which is explained in the table below The column text reference specifies the button name that will be used in this manual to refer to one of these buttons Table 2 Action buttons pictograms and explanations button text reference explanation B EXIT closes the current window and return to previous window usually main menu 7 HELP opens file with on line help on using the current 3 window saves current spray drift and settings in a data file SAVE using the corresponding scenario folder and the next run index number opens a window with a table showing possible BEE TABLE crops and their geometry and a table showing possible water bodies m opens a window to calculate the crop free zone mean given a specified value of spray drift 24 SAVEBMP saves the current window as a bitmap Some windows contain only a few of these buttons A more comprehensive description of the actio
4. Heijne B Wenneker M 2001 Spray drift reduction in orchard spraying State of the art December 2001 IMAG Report 2001 19 IMAG and PPO fruit Wageningen the Netherlands 41p in Dutch with English summary Van de Zande J C Parkin C S Gilbert A J 2002 Application techniques Chapter 3 In M F Wilson Optimising Pesticide Use Wiley amp Sons forthcoming 36 Appendix A IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Table A 1 List of available crop types and application techniques and statistical information for drift calculation oN de Last Last Crop Crop type Application Crop row to nozzle Boom free Air Wind obs var Ao A Bo B technique height height assist expl edge to edge zone 2 m m m mM m vis A IP Im 1 m Potato Conventional 0 5 0 625 0 5 0 5 0 75 3 0 110 94 114 1 74 1 29 0 139 Raised boom 0 7 0 75 2 7 83 68 3 53 2 18 Air assistance 0 5 0 75 2 8 104 88 550 3 23 0 126 0 074 Raised boom amp 07 05 26 58 83 250 223 086 0 286 air assistance RD nozzles 0 5 1 50 3 0 40 80 1 9 1 1 0 15 RD nozzles amp 0 5 150 40 20 100 22 020 0 12 AE ASSISEAN CE nn Flower bulb Conventional 0 3 0 0 0 25 0 5 1 50 4 1 43 98 84 1 79 1 30 0 153 Sugar beet Conventional 0 5 0 5 0 75 0 5 0 50 4 5 26 97 294 2 39 2 44 0 147 Cereals Conventional 0 5 0 0 0 25 0 5 0 25 4 4 40 98 39 0 90 2 28 0 147 Si Cross flow 2 5 1 5 n a n a 3 0 n a 3 0 16 48 045 27 0 091 Fruit trees Cross flow 2 5 1 5
5. Michielsen J M G P Stallinga H Van de Zande J C 2000 Effect of sprayer boom height on spray drift Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Universiteit van Gent 65 2b 2000 919 930 Michielsen J M G P Van de Zande J C 1998 Effect of coarse spray quality nozzles and air assistance on spray drift when spraying potatoes IMAG DLO Internal Note 98 58 Wageningen 22p in Dutch not published Michielsen J M G P Stallinga H Van de Zande J C 1999 Drift reduction when using low drift nozzles an end nozzle and air assistance Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering IMAG DLO Internal Note 99 111 Wageningen 31p in Dutch not published MYCPP 1991 Multi Year Crop Protection Plan Tweede Kamer Vergaderjaar 1990 1991 21677 nrs3 4 SDU Uitgeverij s Gravenhage 298pp in Dutch Porskamp H A J Michielsen J M G P Van de Zande J C 1997 Emission reducing pesticide application in flowerbulb growing Drift deposition of an air assisted field sprayer a sprayer with a shielded sprayer boom and a tunnel sprayer Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering IMAG DLO Report 97 08 Wageningen 36p in Dutch with English summary Porskamp H A J Michielsen J M G P Huijsmans J F M Van de Zande J C 1995 Emission reducing pesticide application in potato growing The effects of air assistance nozzle type and spray free zone on the drift deposition outside the field Instit
6. and downwind distance is established statistically Crop type Application technique Abbreviation _ in drop down list Potato Conventional Raised sprayer boom raised boom Conventional air assistance air assistance a raised boom amp air assist Drift reducing nozzles re ee dr red nozz amp air assist Flower bulb Conventional Sugar beet Conventional Cereals Conventional Fruit trees in leaf Conventional cross flow Fruit trees leafless Conventional cross flow Bare soil Conventional The bottom panel shows calculated drift values onto the water surface ranging from point B to C and onto the water body including the banks bank to bank drift A to D The distance ranges shown adjacent to the drift values represent distances with respect to the position of the last nozzle Drift values are width averaged i e they represent the average value for the given distance range In practice the spray deposits near the left hand side of that range will be much higher than the averaged value while near the right hand side deposits will be less than average Often the deposits on the left bank are relatively high leading to a bank to bank drift average which is higher than that for the water surface only In case of fruit trees the graphical layout is slightly adapted see Figure 8 Though this layout may seem to imply that a cross flow sprayer applies pesticides only single sided in practice this is only true for the
7. crop see Table B 2 D H crop is too high C shape of crop canopy cannot be matched A application technique cannot be matched n a not applicable 38 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Table B 2 Equivalent crops taken from Refined NL scenarios with index number and crop height Index number Crop type Crop height m 1 Potato 0 5 2 Flower bulb 0 3 3 Sugar beet 0 5 4 Cereals 0 5 B 5 Bare soil grass lt 0 05 J range in experimental drift studies 0 4 0 8 m Table B 3 Water body definitions for FOCUS like scenarios according to FOCUS 2002 Bank width m Water body type Water surface width m horizontally Ditch 0 5 1 0 Stream 1 0 1 0 Pond 3 0 30 0 39
8. downwind areas specified by external conditions These conditions mainly consist of crop type and crop free buffer zone i e a measure of the width of ground without vegetation between the crop and an adjacent water body Regression curves used in the drift calculator are available for six crops and bare soil see Table 1 For potato crops several application techniques area available The common technique for pesticide spraying in the Netherlands is an application using a conventional boom sprayer equipped with medium sized flat fan nozzles Additional techniques consist of variation in height of the sprayer boom above the crop different type of nozzles used and the use of air assistance i e using a downward air stream to guide drops towards the crop For fruit crops a cross flow sprayer is commonly used Further specification of the techniques is given in Appendix A Table 1 Crop types and application techniques available for calculation of downwind spray deposits Crop type Application type Potato Conventional boom sprayer Conv Conv with raised boom Conv with air assistance Conv with raised boom amp air assistance Conv with drift reducing nozzles Conv with drift reducing nozzles amp air assistance Flower bulb Conventional boom sprayer Sugar beet Conventional boom sprayer Cereals Conventional boom sprayer Fruit trees in leaf Cross flow sprayer for fruit crops Fruit trees leafless Cross flow
9. for the reference situation of the Multi Year Crop Protection Plan MYCPP 1991 and addressed whether the set 2 drift level was a true value for common agricultural practice in arable farming A stepwise approach was chosen to lower drift with air assistance or shielding sprayer booms on a field sprayer a tunnel sprayer sprayer boom height and nozzle type In order to apply a risk assessment the results are to be presented on a uniform basis and expressed as percentage of the application rate per surface area at a chosen evaluation range of 2 25 3 25 m from the last row of potatoes or 4 5 5 5 m from the last row of trees orchards This evaluation range is the place where ditches are commonly situated in the Netherlands Figure 2 2 25m 1 0m 4 5m a pa ra i ZA 0 75m 0 75m 7 3 0m fe ee 1 5m r gt 1 5m lg 1 0m yg 1 5m 4 0m gt Figure 2 Representation of the place of the ditch embankments and water surface and the last rows of a potato crop left hand side and a tree row in an orchard right hand side Huijsmans et al 1997 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 2 2 Spray drift measurements In a series of field experiments in a potato crop during the growing season air assisted spraying was compared to conventional spraying The effect of drift reducing nozzles on spray drift and the effect of a no spray buffer zone was quantified as well Measurements were do
10. last row with the sprayer driving between last row and ditch When the sprayer drives between the last two rows it applies pesticides to both sides see Huijsmans et al 1999 For fruit trees the distance ranges corresponding to the calculated drift values represent distances with respect to the last row of trees since the position of the last nozzle is undefined 22 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual _ IMAG Drift Calculator refined NL scenarios 5 x rcrop and application essential distances m crop type fruit trees in leaf application conventional water body ditch Dutch std e 2 u m nn spray drift to water body width averaged drift applied dosage distance from last crop row surface water B C 6 8 4 500 5 500 m bank to bank A D TO 3 000 7 000 m Figure 8 Window for the Refined NL scenarios layout for fruit trees involving a cross flow sprayer Figure 9 shows the window when the TABLE button is clicked The window has two tables The upper table lists crop types and application techniques The corresponding distances and heights are obtained from Huijsmans et al 1999 Distances are measured horizontally while heights obviously are measured vertically The following abbreviations are used e Noz Edg distance from last spray nozzle to the edge of the crop e Edg Bnk distance from the edge of the crop to the
11. showing an on screen message if successfully read 14 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual The opening window Figure 5 shows the main menu e general info provides a short introduction to the calculator e CTB drift table provides the presently used set of drift values in the Netherlands by the CTB the Board for the Authorization of Pesticides in the Netherlands e refined NL scenarios calculates spray drift to a standardized Dutch ditch for various crops for future regulatory purposes e FOCUS like scenarios calculates spray drift for various crops to three standardized water bodies according to the specifications of the FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios Working Group e exit closes the drift calculator The small button in the lower right corner showing two musical notes allows to turn on off the beeps that may occur with various messages during run time IMAG Drift Calculator SS 5 xi welcome to the IMAG Drift Calculator a calculator for spray drift to surface waters General info Refined NL scenarios EOCUS like scenarios v1 1 February 2003 release 1 1 001 2003 02 05 Exit c 2003 IMAG design and development Holsoft Al Figure 5 Opening window of the drift calculator showing the main menu 15 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 4 Using the IMAG Drift Calculator The drift calculator currently has three main calculation units or scenario sets e CTB table
12. temperature were measured at 5 s interval at 0 5 and 2 0 m height using cup anemometers and Pt100 sensors respectively Relative humidity was measured at 0 5 m height and wind direction at 2 0 m height Spray drift results were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance ANOVA 5 probability 2 3 Arable crops 2 3 1 Potato The reference situation for the MYCPP for field crop spraying was a conventional boom sprayer spraying a potato crop during the growing season with an average wind speed of 3 m s Crop height was on average 0 5 m above soil surface and sprayer boom height was 0 7 m above the crop canopy Spray volume was 300 I ha using a flat fan nozzle type BCPC class Medium Southcombe et al 1997 Effect of spray volume In a first series of experiments the effect of spray volume and air assistance on spray drift was quantified A number of drift measurements was executed in the period 1992 1994 Porskamp et al 1995 Spray volumes compared were 150 l ha and 300 I ha corresponding to a fine F and a medium M spray quality Southcombe et al 1997 Sprayer boom height was set to 0 7 m above the canopy Within this volume range the IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual spray quality did not significantly affect the drift deposition Compared to conventional spraying a field boom sprayer with air assistance achieved 50 reduction in spray drift on the soil surface at the evaluation range see Section 2 1 Eff
13. top of bank EE Figure 12 Window to calculate the crop free zone for a given value of spray drift 28 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 5 Data control 5 1 Resetting the run index system Though the run index system allows 9999 scenarios to be saved for each type of scenario CTB Refined NL FOCUS Iike in principle it is possible that the run index reaches its maximum value Besides the user may want to clean up his old and unused trials The following procedure explains how to reset the run index system for a fresh start Close the drift calculator first if it is still running If the old trials are to be saved for future reference the scenario folders idc_ctb idc_nl idc_fcs should be zipped and stored in a different place e g in the main folder IMAG Drift Calculator or in a newly named folder Then delete the scenario folders completely and delete the run index file IDCrunx dat as well When the drift calculator is restarted a fresh and new run index file is created and saved scenarios will have run index numbers starting at 1 again If only the run index file is deleted without cleaning up the scenario folders the next time a scenario is saved the user is prompted to allow an existing scenario file to be overwritten If the user chooses not to overwrite the old file the new scenario cannot be saved On the other hand if only the scenario folders are deleted or emptied and the run index file
14. top of the left bank e Row Bnk distance from the centre of the last crop row to the top of the left bank this distance is also called crop free zone e Hnozz height of the nozzle above the crop canopy e Hcrop height of the crop canopy above ground level Note that for potato crop with drift reducing nozzles the crop free zone Row Bnk is increased with 0 75 m with respect to conventional and other application types Since in this case the last row is shifted 0 75 m to the left this affects the distance between crop and water body Edg Bnk as well 23 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual _ IMAG Drift Calculator selection tables refined NL scenarios Table of crop types and applicatione a a E lo 7 potato conventional 500 500 0 500 potato raised boom 0 500 0 125 0 750 0 700 0 500 potato air assistance 0 500 0 125 0 750 0 500 0 500 potato traised boom amp air assist 0 500 0 125 0 750 0 700 0 500 potato drift reducing nozzles 0 500 0 875 1 500 0 500 0 500 potato dr red nozz amp air assist 0 500 0 875 1 500 0 500 0 500 flower bulb conventional 0 250 1 500 1 500 0 500 0 300 sugar beet conventional 0 750 0 000 0 500 0 500 0 500 cereals conventional 0 250 0 250 0 250 0 500 0 500 fruit trees in leaf conventional 0 000 1 500 3 000 0 000 2 500 fruit trees leafless conventional 0 000 1 500 3 000 0 000 2 500 Table of water zart types COT EB Fe ET EIN ditch Dutch std 1 000
15. with Refined NL scenarios this is left out of the current window Yet when saving the settings and results SAVE button the bank to bank drift value is saved too Whereas with Refined NL scenarios the distance ranges A D B C are given with respect to the last nozzle or the last crop row with fruit trees for FOCUS like scenarios the range B C is shown with respect to the edge of the crop This is the better choice since actually nozzle position as well as position of the last row are undefined in FOCUS like scenarios _ IMAG Drift Calculator selection tables FOCUS like scenarios with extended applications r x Table of crop types and applications cereals spring cereals conventional cereals winter cereals conventional 0 250 0 500 0 500 0 500 0 800 0 500 citrus no equiv fit undef undef 3 000 undef undef 3 000 undef cotton no equiv fit undef undef 0 800 undef undef 1 200 undef field beans potato conventional 0 500 0 800 1 425 0 500 0 600 0 500 field beans ext potato raised boom 0 500 0 800 1 425 0 700 0 600 0 500 field beans ext potato air assistance 0 500 0 800 1 425 0 500 0 600 0 500 field beans ext potato traised boom amp air assist 0 500 0 800 1 425 0 700 0 600 0 500 field beans ext potato drift reducing nozzles 0 500 1 550 2 178 0 500 0 600 0 500 field beans ext potato dr red nozz amp air assist 0 500 1 550 2 175 0 500 0 600 0 500 gras
16. 300 kPa producing a medium M spray quality Crop heights were 0 8 m winter wheat and 0 4 m summer wheat Additionally drift experiments on bare soil were done zero crop height Sprayer boom height was adjusted to 0 5 m above the crop canopy or soil surface Average wind speed at 2 m height was 4 4m s range 1 6 6 0 at an averaged temperature of 17 C 2 3 5 Bare soil Spray drift data on a bare field zero crop height were taken from various experiments described above where bare soil experiments were added for comparison Experiments included those using a conventional field sprayer and a band sprayer in a sugar beet or a maize crop Van de Zande et al 2000a and those cereals Stallinga et al 1999 Crop height of sugar beet 4 8 leaves stage and maize 3 5 leaves stage was 10 15 cm Spray drift was measured spraying a downwind swath of 18m in 9 repetitions The sprayer applied 300 l ha using nozzles of medium spray quality Sprayer boom height was adjusted to 0 5 m above ground surface Average wind speed at 2 m height was 4 3m s range 2 8 7 9 at an averaged temperature of 15 C 2 4 Orchard crops The reference situation for orchard spraying Figure 3 is an orchard of trees in leaf using a cross flow fan sprayer In the experiments leaf area index LAI was 1 5 2 and an average wind speed of 3 m s was measured range 1 5 4 0 Air temperature was on average 17 C Spray drift on the ground was determined at the evalu
17. IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User manual Belonging to release 1 1 001 2003 02 05 H J Holterman J C van de Zande IMAG Draft Report 7 February 2003 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Preface Some time ago the idea came up to construct a small calculator program to estimate spray drift to surface waters Especially some researchers in the FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios Working Group asked for a quantification of spray drift as an input for their models The idea was transferred into a small software application and gradually it grew bigger and more sophisticated This manual accompanies the first release of this program the IMAG Drift Calculator In its present form it is loosely connected to Alterra s pesticide fate model TOXSWA e g currently software installation is from within the TOXSWA software package yet the IMAG Drift calculator remains a software application on its own The authors would like to thank Mrs Paulien Adriaanse from Alterra for a pleasant and fruitful co operation which has yielded some clearly synergic advantages for both TOXSWA and the IMAG Drift Calculator This project is part of research programme 359 Emission emission reduction methods and environmental risk of crop protection agents granted by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture Nature Management and Fisheries LNV IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Contents Summary 1 Introduction 2 Background to drift curves 2 1 Introduct
18. ard for the Authorization of Pesticides CTB This CTB drift table roughly distinguishes spray drift from several arable and several tree crops For fruit trees a further distinction is made with respect to growth stage with or without leaves and several specific application techniques The second unit Refined NL accounts for four arable crops bare ground and fruit trees in leaf and leafless Also the effect of different non conventional application techniques is accounted for Presently the only water body onto which spray drift is estimated is a standardized Dutch ditch The third calculation unit FOCUS like is similar to the Refined NL unit However more crops can be selected following a list of crops as used by the FOCUS Working Group on Surface Water Scenarios Unfortunately for most of these crops no regression curve for drift calculation is available To overcome this problem for each FOCUS like crop an equivalent crop is determined from the list of crops with regression curves i e the crops in the Refined NL scenario set An equivalent crop is selected based on crop type crop height and global canopy shape For some crops no matching crop could be found mainly because the FOCUS like crop is too different from common crops in the Netherlands or crop height is too large Currently the IMAG Drift Calculator is limited to only four arable crops two fruit crop stages and bare grou
19. ation range 4 5 5 5 m downwind of the last tree Spray drift turned out to be 7 of the application rate per unit area of the orchard Huijsmans et al 1993 this value is used in the CTB drift table Section 4 2 Figure 3 Representation of the conventional application technique in orchard spraying using a cross flow sprayer Note the single sided application in the leftmost path Huijsmans et al 1997 Ganzelmeier et al 1995 found for an orchard with leafless trees that spray drift was 2 3 times higher than with trees in leaf This is supported by Van de Zande et al 2001 In the IMAG Drift Calculator a factor 2 5 is assumed 11 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 2 5 Discussion The main goal of these studies on spray drift can be defined as good crop protection with minimal environmental burden Choosing an optimal spray application technique is the obvious next step To classify applications accordingly it is essential to define a reference situation for comparison For potato crops a conventional boom sprayer is chosen as a reference applying a medium quality spray at 300 I ha and boom height at 0 50 m above the crop canopy Crop type and canopy structure affect spray deposition on the target Van de Zande et al 2002 and spray drift Van de Zande et al 2000b Ganzelmeier et al 1995 Arvidsson 1997 and SDTF 1997 presented drift curves on c
20. d copies them into the default folder c Program Files IMAG Drift Calculator If not present the folder will be created first The folder name can be set manually just before unzipping if necessary The unzipped files are e IDC exe the actual IMAG Drift Calculator program e IDCmanual pdf this manual as a PDF file e IDC hlp online help file The file readme_IDC txt is supplied as a separate file with latest information and instructions 3 2 Requirements To run the program no additional files are needed The calculator requires about 620kB disk space the other files less than IMB together Additional data files created while running the calculator require only few kB disk space A stored bitmap consumes about 600kB disk space Run time memory consumption is about 3MB The program is developed and tested on systems with Windows NT and Windows 2000 and it is expected to run without problems on systems with Windows 95 98 as well Fatal run time errors are expected ifthe decimal symbol is not set to a dot 3 3 Start up The drift calculator is started from the Windows Explorer by starting the program file IDC exe usually by double clicking the file It may be convenient to create a shortcut on the desktop or in the start menu At first use the program creates a small data file for storing run index numbers IDCrunx dat This action is supported by an on screen message At subsequent use of the calculator this index file is read
21. dy Width averaged drift Value of spray drift averaged over a specified width In case of water bodies the specified width is either the actual width of the water surface or the bank to bank width Since drift decreases with increasing downwind distance the actual distribution of spray onto the water surface may be very uneven Width averaged drift therefore may serve its purpose but in general does not reflect the actual distribution of pesticide onto a surface In the drift calculator all drift values are width averaged 33 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual References Arvidsson T 1997 Spray drift as influenced by meteorological and technical factors A methodological study Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae Agraria 71 144pp BBA 2000 Verfahren zur Eintragung von Pflanzenschutzger ten in de Abschnitt Abtrift des Verzeichnisses Verlustmindernde Ger te Biologische Bundesanstalt f r Forst und Landwirtschaft Braunschweig 9p Beltman W H J and Adriaanse P I 1999 Proposed standard scenarios for a surface water model in the Dutch authorization procedure of pesticides Report 161 Staring Centre SC DLO Wageningen the Netherlands CTB Website visited February 2003 home English entry http www ctb wageningen nl index_uk html tables with drift values in Dutch http www ctb wageningen nl htbB4I_A pdf FOCUS 2002 FOCUS Surface Wate
22. e actual calculation of drift still is based on the limited set of regression curves mentioned before often no exact match is found for a FOCUS like scenario Therefore a best choice is made from the available set of drift curves mainly based on crop type and crop height This best choice is referred to as equivalent crop Though the name suggests a crop only it also implies a certain application technique marked as conventional Some FOCUS like crops differed too much from crops in the available set and no equivalent crop was selected In general all relatively high FOCUS like field crops and fruit crops could not be matched and consequently no spray drift can be estimated for these crops In some cases the shape of crop canopy differed too much from those in the Refined NL set often because such crops are not grown in the Netherlands Appendix B Table B 1 gives a full list of FOCUS like crops their equivalent crops and criteria for non matching cases Though currently in the FOCUS surface water scenarios no distinction is made regarding different application techniques in the calculation unit for FOCUS like scenarios the set of scenarios can be extended with non conventional application techniques Clearly from Table 1 at the moment this only concerns crops which equivalent crop is potato IMAG Drift calculator gt CTB drift table m Refined NL scenarios Calculator for crop free zone
23. e developments Currently the IMAG Drift Calculator is limited to the regression curves for only four arable crops two fruit crop stages and bare ground Non conventional application techniques are only available for a potato crop These cases imply a total of 12 regression curves Future development will need to focus on a larger variety in crops and applications Particularly extending the calculator to non matched crops in the FOCUS like scenario set should have attention Currently the regression curves are averaged results for a specified crop and a specified application technique but with varying weather conditions e g wind speed Accounting for the effect of weather conditions may need focus as well So far only standardized water bodies are used In the Refined NL scenarios only a single ditch is available in FOCUS like scenarios the three water bodies specified by the FOCUS Working Group can be selected Selection of non standard water bodies e g with a user defined geometry is a further topic for future development of the calculator 31 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 7 Glossary Application technique Description of the method how pesticide is applied usually description of the sprayer its nozzles and possibly additional features e g air assistance In a wider context driving speed and height of the sprayer boom above the crop are part of the application technique as well A conventional application techn
24. ect of nozzle type and air assistance In 1997 and 1998 field tests on spray drift were done to quantify the effect of a drift reducing nozzle type and air assistance Michielsen amp van de Zande 1998 Michielsen et al 1999 A Hardi Twin field sprayer was used with and without air assistance Nozzle types were standard flat fan nozzles XR11004 300 kPa 300 l ha and a drift reducing nozzles DG11004 300 kPa 300 I ha Driving speed was the same in all experiments Sprayer boom height was adjusted to 0 5 m above the crop canopy Crop height was 0 5 m Using the drift reducing nozzles a reduction of about 60 in spray drift onto the evaluation range could be achieved The use of air assistance maximum air nozzles spraying vertical reduced spray drift by about 70 for both nozzle types The applications with drift reducing nozzles also involve the use of edge nozzles to avoid spraying directly over the edge of the crop and a crop free zone increased to 1 5 m conventionally 0 75 m Effect of boom height Based on the experiments with sprayer boom height at 0 7 m experiments 1992 1994 and at 0 5 m experiments 1997 1998 above a 0 5 m potato crop the spray drift is reduced by 70 for the lower boom experiments with respect to the higher boom experiments at the evaluation distance approx 2 3 m from the last nozzle having an application rate of 300 I ha conventional nozzles With the lower boom experiments additional ai
25. er than the crop free zone On the windows for Refined NL and FOCUS like scenarios the CALCZONE button is present Pressing this button opens a new window to calculate the crop free zone for a given value of spray drift to the water surface see Figure 12 Crop type water body and geometry belong to the currently selected scenario The width averaged drift value has to be entered manually default value 1 of the applied dosage The returning value is the crop free zone necessary to produce a spray drift equal to the given value The required crop free zone is calculated by iterating this distance until the calculated drift equals the entered drift value Resolution of the estimated crop free zone is better than 1 cm The result is shown in the lower edit box obviously after pressing the button marked calculate zone Specifying a low drift value results in a relatively large crop free zone On the other hand if a relatively high drift value is entered it may turn out that no crop free zone is necessary Since the regression curves have a limited reach of validity with respect to distance zones larger than about 25 m are truncated _ IMAG Drift Calculator required crop free zone a x crop free zone calculation of required crop free zone given allowable averaged drift to surface water width averaged drift applied dosage 1 0 calculate zone required crop free zone im NB crop free zone centre of last row to
26. ft also is presented as a function of distance to the last nozzle In FOCUS like scenarios drift is given as a function of distance to edge of the crop since FOCUS 2002 essentially does not consider application technique and placement of nozzles However one should notice that during the growing season the position of the edge of a crop may change In case of fruit trees distances are commonly related to the position of the last row of trees 1 e position of the stem For fruit trees the drift curve for leafless trees is derived from that for trees in leaf drift is assumed to increase drift by a factor 2 5 see Section 2 4 13 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 3 Getting started The IMAG Drift Calculator is an independent software application developed and supplied by the Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering IMAG Wageningen the Netherlands It is distributed through two channels The first channel is in combination with the distribution of the TOXSWA software package Ter Horst et al 2002 Installing the drift calculator from within the TOXSWA package is regulated by that package and is not dealt with in this report Secondly the IMAG Drift Calculator can be obtained as a separate software package supplied by IMAG Installing this package is dealt with in the next section 3 1 Installing the drift calculator Installing is kept very simple The self installing file DCinst exe unzips three files an
27. he set of scenarios currently used by the Board for the Authorization of Pesticides in the Netherlands CTB in its standard first tier exposure assessment see Table 4 _ IMAG Drift Calculator CTB drift table NL F 5 x Drift table presently used by CTB Board far the Authorization of Pesticides in the Netherlands Select crop type ISiElb Weine Spray drift of applied dosage 1 0 el Figure 6 Window for the CTB drift table Table 4 CTB drift table currently used in the Netherlands CTB website 2003 Huijsmans et al 1999 Van de Zande et al 2001 Crop type Application 1 0 2 ae In leaf Leafless Field crops 1 0 Bulb crops 1 0 Nursery trees spindles 0 8 Nursery trees transplanted 2 8 Bush and hedge shrubbery 1 0 Fruit trees conventional 7 0 17 Fruit trees tunnel sprayer 1 0 25 Fruit trees with windbreak 0 7 5 1 Fruit trees sensor equipped sprayer 3 4 14 Fruit trees outer row sprayed single sided 4 2 11 Fruit trees with emission shield 2 8 6 8 Fruit trees sprayer with reflection shields 3 2 17 Fruit trees with 6m crop free zone 2 7 6 7 assumed to be equal to drift for field crops gt derived from in leaf case using factor 2 5 see Section 2 4 19 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual The CTB table consists of only a few crop types field crops nursery trees and fruit trees Drift for bulb crops and bush and hedge shrubbery is estimated to be equal
28. how to proceed in that case Table 3 Saving data files per scenario folder names and data file names Scenario type Scenario folder name Data file name l CTB table idc_ctb CTBnnnn dat Refined NL ide_nl NLnnnn dat FOCUS like idc_fes FCSnnnn dat nnmn is based on run index number 0001 9999 4 1 4 TABLE button After clicking this button a new window pops up showing two tables 1 a table with all possible crops and corresponding spray applications in the current scenario set 2 a table with possible water bodies The TABLE button is available from the Refined NL and FOCUS like calculation units For each crop several parameters are listed distances and heights to describe the geometry The table of crop types and application techniques is different for the two scenario sets In the table for Refined NL scenarios only crops and applications are shown for which statistical drift curves exist For FOCUS like scenarios all crops defined by FOCUS 2002 see Appendix B are listed together with their equivalent crop if present see Chapter 1 page 6 The second table shows the water bodies available for the current scenario set This table has the same structure for both scenario sets though the list of available water bodies differs Further information on this window with tables is given in Sections 4 3 and 4 4 17 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 4 1 5 CALCZONE button The crop free zone is defined b
29. ion 2 2 Spray drift measurements 2 3 Arable crops 2 3 1 Potato 2 3 2 Flower bulbs 2 3 3 Sugar beet 2 3 4 Cereals 2 3 5 Bare soil 2 4 Orchard crops 2 5 Discussion 2 6 Regression curves 3 Getting started 3 1 Installing the drift calculator 3 2 Requirements 3 3 Start up 4 Using the IMAG Drift Calculator 4 1 Pictogram buttons 4 1 1 EXIT button 4 1 2 HELP button 4 1 3 SAVE button 4 1 4 TABLE button 4 1 5 CALCZONE button 4 1 6 SAVEBMP button 4 2 CTB drift table 4 3 Refined NL scenarios 4 4 FOCUS like scenarios 4 5 Crop free zone calculation 5 Data control 5 1 Resetting the run index system 5 2 The saved data file 6 Future developments 7 Glossary References Appendix A Appendix B IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Summary This user manual describes how to install and use the IMAG Drift Calculator version 1 1 release code 1 1 001 2003 02 05 The IMAG Drift Calculator is a tool to quantify spray drift to surface waters near a sprayed field or orchard The calculator uses statistically obtained regression curves to calculate spray drift Apart from practical instructions how to use the calculator this manual also provides background information on the drift experiments and regression curves with reference to papers and reports describing these experiments in detail The IMAG Drift Calculator has three major calculation units The simplest unit is the first tier assessment as used in the Netherlands by the Bo
30. ique refers to the common practice which usually differs for different crops Clearly spray equipment for field crops is very different from equipment for fruit trees Applied dosage The intended amount of pesticide or spray liquid per unit of area of the field Usually the amount of spray drift particularly downwind deposits is presented as a percentage of applied dosage Bank to bank width Usually a water body has two sloping banks on opposite sides of the water surface The distance from one top of a bank to the top of the other bank is called the bank to bank distance With a pond one may not distinguish two banks but there always is an opposite side With respect to spray drift calculations bank to bank distance always is measured perpendicular to the edge of the crop Crop free zone By definition the distance from the centre of the last crop row to the top of the first bank Since a crop row has a non zero width the distance between the actual edge of the crop and the top of the bank is less than the crop free zone Edge nozzle Type of spray nozzle placed at the tip of the sprayer boom it produces a flat fan with a reduced top angle and directed slightly sideward When used properly this nozzle only sprays in the direction of the edge of the crop it does not spray over the edge Edge of the crop The visual border of the crop canopy In practice this border hardly ever is present as a well defined edge yet for calculation p
31. is left unchanged the run index system does not notice any change and will proceed as before i e not start with index 1 but with the index provided by the run index file Therefore cleanup of the run index system should always include 1 deleting the run index file 2 deleting or emptying the scenario folders 5 2 The saved data file The text box below Table 6 shows an example of the structure of the saved data file It consists of four blocks of lines Comment lines start with data lines start with Data lines follow the structure lt key gt lt value gt The first block starts with two lines of general information followed by four lines showing the scenario set to which the data belong in this case Refined NL the drift values to surface water and bank to bank drift and the type of drift curve 50 percentile in this case The next three blocks consist of parameters to define the particular scenario The second block shows crop related parameters Added to type height and growth stage of the actual crop are type and height of the equivalent crop In case of Refined NL scenarios equivalent crop obviously is identical to actual crop In case of FOCUS like scenarios type and height may differ Finally horizontal positioning of the crop is defined by crop free zone and distance from edge to top of the bank 29 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual The third block shows sprayer related parameters application ty
32. n a n a 3 0 n a na na na 120 045 675 0 091 leafless Bare soil Conventional lt 0 05 0 0 0 25 0 5 0 25 4 3 58 94 25 1 50 1 54 0 133 D RD reduced drift nozzles height of sprayer boom above crop canopy n a not applicable d identical to distance from last row to top of first bank values given correspond to Refined NL scenarios with air assistance no air assistance n a not applicable 5 6 8 wind speed at 2 m above bare soil averaged over all trials number of observations i e experiments percentage of variance explained by regression constants in regression curve Ao A1 Bo B see Section 2 6 derived from fruit trees in leaf by using a factor 2 5 in drift enhancement see Section 2 4 37 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Appendix B Table B 1 Crop types distance to top of bank and crop heights according to FOCUS 2002 matching of equivalent crops Edge to bank Crop height Equivalent Non matching Crop type m m crop 9 criteria H from FOCUS 2002 Appendix C Table C 1 C 2 MACRO model settings from FOCUS 2002 Appendix D Table D 1 PRZM model settings 3 in MACRO no distinction between early and late application in MACRO no distinction between early and late application crop height chosen in accordance with TOXSWA early application in vines has crop height lt 0 5 m arbitrary choice of crop height index number of equivalent
33. n of each button is given in the sections below 4 1 1 EXIT button Clicking the EXIT button closes the current window and the user returns to the previous window Usually this is the main window when closing one of the three scenario 16 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual windows When closing a window showing selection tables or the window for calculating the crop free zone the corresponding scenario window will return 4 1 2 HELP button The HELP button opens the help file ZDC hIp at the page corresponding to the current window of the calculator 4 1 3 SAVE button By clicking this button the calculated drift to the water surface together with the corresponding settings of crop type geometry and water body are stored into a text file Obviously this button is available on scenario windows only CTB table refined NL FOCUS like Each scenario type has its own set of saved data files stored in separate folders or subdirectories If the folder does not exist it will be created first Each subsequent data file is named accordingly and based on a run index number see Table 3 E g the first data file from the CTB table scenarios is saved as idc_ctb ctb0001 dat After each saving the corresponding run index number in the run index file IDCrunx dat is updated Though the run index method can deal with many files 9999 per calculation unit eventually there may come an occasion when the storage is full See Section 5 1
34. nd Non conventional application techniques are only available for a potato crop These cases imply a total of 12 regression curves Future development will need to focus on a larger variety in crops and applications and possibly varying weather conditions as well Non standard water bodies e g user defined geometry is a topic for future development also IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 1 Introduction In agriculture the use of chemicals still is an essential way of protecting the crops against all kinds of harmful plagues Nevertheless the application of pesticides should be done with the greatest care to minimize unwanted side effects and to protect the environment Common application techniques involve the use of spraying equipment to transfer the chemicals to the target usually the crop to be protected Off target deposits of spray drops should be minimized Especially the occurrence of spray deposits onto surface waters adjacent to or near sprayed fields should be avoided The last decade many experiments were carried out to investigate downwind spray deposits under varying circumstances see Chapter 2 Several field crops were involved as well as fruit crops The experiments were analysed statistically and the results are available now as regression curves of spray deposits as a function of downwind distance Chapter 2 The IMAG Drift Calculator described in this report uses these curves to calculate spray deposits onto
35. ne on a bare soil surface and in a ditch downwind of the crop The fluorescent dye Brilliant Sulfo Flavine BSF was added as a tracer to the spray liquid Drift collectors were placed inside and outside the field The swath width sprayed was at least 18m i e the full width of the sprayer boom The length of the sprayed track was at least 50m Spray drift was measured in at least ten replications at different places along the edge of the field and at different times during the growing season The distance of the last downwind nozzle to the edge of the field the outer crop leaves was determined All measurements of spray drift included a reference measurement which involved a conventional field sprayer applying a volume rate of 300 I ha with a medium M spray quality In case of air assistance nozzles sprayed vertically downward and air velocity was set to the maximum capacity of the fan Ground deposits were measured on two rows of horizontal collection surfaces slightly separated placed at ground level downwind of the sprayed swath 0 16 m from the last nozzle Collectors used were synthetic cloths with dimensions of 0 50x0 08 and 1 00x0 08 m After spraying the dye was extracted from the collectors and concentration was determined by fluorimetry Results of spray drift were expressed as percentage of the application rate of the sprayer spray dose Meteorological conditions during spray drift measurements were recorded Wind speed and
36. pe and positioning of the last nozzle In case of FOCUS like scenarios position of the nozzle refers to the equivalent crop and application rather than to the actual crop The fourth block consists of parameters with respect to the selected water body The type of water body and essential parameters defining its geometry are shown Since depth of the water body itself is not essential for calculating drift this parameter is not included Table 6 Example of saved data file showing calculated drift in first block and essential parameters in next three blocks IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 c 2003 IMAG Holsoft Spray Drift Calculator for Surface Waters Sdrift case NL refined Ssurface water drift applied dosage 2 2 Sbank to bank drift applied dosage 6 4 Scurve type 50 ile crop related parameters Scrop type potato Scrop stage undefined Scrop equiv potato Sactual height 0 500 Sequiv height 0 500 Scrop fr buffer zone 0 750 Sedge of crop to top of bank 0 125 spray application related parameters Sapplication type conventional Slast nozzle to edge to crop 0 500 Snozzle height above crop canopy 0 500 water body related parameters Swater body type ditch Dutch std Sbank to bank width 4 000 Swater surface width 1 000 Ssingle bank width horiz 1 500 Swater surface below ground level 1 500 30 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 6 Futur
37. ppendix B Table B 1 Row Bnk distance from the centre of the last crop row to the top of the left bank this distance is also called crop free zone though the edge of the crop is defined in FOCUS the position of the last crop row is not but follows from the situation with the equivalent crop when an equivalent crop is not available Row Bnk distance therefore is undefined undef Hnozz height of the nozzle above the crop canopy equivalent crop only Hcrop height of the crop canopy above ground level FOCUS 2002 see Appendix B Table B 1 Hequiv height of the equivalent crop canopy above ground level this height may differ from that according to the FOCUS definitions The lower table lists available water bodies for the FOCUS like scenarios The same abbreviations are used as in the case of Refined NL scenarios see Section 4 3 page 24 The properties of the water bodies are defined by FOCUS 2002 see also Appendix B Table B 3 Note that the depth of the water surface below ground level is variable yet this does not affect width of the water surface see also layout in Figure 10 27 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 4 5 Crop free zone calculation The crop free zone is defined as the distance from the centre of the last crop row to the top of the first bank Since the crop in a row has a certain non zero width the distance between the visual edge of the crop and the top of the bank usually is small
38. ps and applications as given in the Refined NL scenarios Therefore for each FOCUS like crop an equivalent crop is selected from the available list of Dutch crops FOCUS like crop and equivalent crop may match closely e g FOCUS like potato matches Dutch potato or loosely e g similar crop shape and height Even with the loose shape height criteria some FOCUS like crops could not be matched to an equivalent crop In Appendix B Table B 1 the complete list of crop matching is shown After selecting a crop type a message appears showing which is the equivalent crop or showing that an equivalent crop was not found In the first case the crop height in the graphical layout upper right panel is that of the equivalent crop Since FOCUS does not define position of nozzles the shown distance and height of the last nozzle correspond to the equivalent crop application as well In case no equivalent crop could be found crop height shown in the graph is that of the actual FOCUS like crop and background colour is changed to yellow instead of green while position of the last nozzle and the last row are undefined and marked xxx By default the application technique always is conventional i e common practice When the selection box include non convent l applications is marked for some crops additional applications become available At present this is only the case when the equivalent crop is potato _ IMAG Drift Calc
39. r Scenarios in the EU Evaluation Process under 91 414 EEC Report of the FOCUS Working Group on Surface Water Scenarios EC Document Reference SANCO 4802 2001 rev 1 June 2002 221 pp Ganzelmeier H Rautmann D Spangenberg R Streloke M Hermann M Wenzelburger H J Walter H F 1995 Untersuchungen zur Abtrift von Pflanzenschutzmitteln Ergebnisse eines bundesweiten Versuchsprogrammes Mitteilungen aus der Biologische Bundesanstalt fiir Land und Forstwirtschaft Heft 304 Berlin 111p Huijsmans J F M Porskamp H A J Heijne B 1993 Orchard tunnel sprayers with reduced emission to the environment Results of deposition and emission of new types of orchard sprayers Proceedings A N P P B C P C Second International Symposium on Pesticides Application Strasbourg 22 24 sept 1993 BCPC Vol 1 2 p 297 304 Huijsmans J F M Porskamp H A J Van de Zande J C 1997 Drift beperking bij de toediening van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen Spray drift reduction in crop protection application technology Report 97 04 Instituut voor Milieu en Agritechniek IMAG Wageningen the Netherlands 41 pp in Dutch with summary in English 34 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Huijsmans J F M Van de Zande J C Porskamp H A J 1999 Studie driftpercentages vanaf 2000 Werkdocument Nota P 99 51 April 1999 Instituut voor Milieu en Agritechniek IMAG Wageningen the Netherlands 27 pp in Dutch Jong A de
40. r assistance further reduced drift by 70 while for the lower boom experiments an additional reduction of 50 was obtained Clearly reduction rates of different measures are interrelated 2 3 2 Flower bulbs In a series of experiments in a flower bulb crop 1993 1996 spray drift was measured on the ground next to the sprayed field Porskamp et al 1997 Sprayers were equipped with flat fan nozzles either type XR11003 or XR11004 sprayed at 300 kPa liquid pressure Sprayer boom height was set to 0 5 m above a crop canopy of on average 0 3 m Field experiments were performed in tulips lilies or a flower bulb look alike crop cut mustard No effect of crop type was found on spray drift data No effect of nozzle type was found either Average wind speed at 2 m height was 4 1m s range 1 5 8 5 at an averaged temperature of 18 C 2 3 3 Sugar beet De Jong et al 2000 describe spray drift experiments in sugar beet Application rate was 300 I ha using standard flat fan nozzles XR11004 300kPa with a medium spray quality Sprayer boom height was adjusted to 0 5 m above the crop canopy averaged height 0 5 m Average wind speed at 2 m height was 4 5m s range 1 6 6 0 at an averaged temperature of 17 C 10 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 2 3 4 Cereals In wheat spray drift experiments were done with different crop heights Stallinga et al 1999 Applied spray volume was 300 I ha using standard flat fan nozzles XR11004
41. rs 12 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual The steadily decrease of spray deposits with downwind distance also affects the distribution of deposits onto the water surface Most of the deposits take place at the side of the water surface closest to the treated field In all cases however only width averaged drift is given i e averaged over the full width of the water surface Consequently the averaged load of pesticides onto a wide water body like a pond is much lower than that onto a ditch although the spray application may be the same 2 6 Regression curves Regression analysis did not show a significant effect of wind speed on spray drift Therefore the regression curves represent the average for all experiments with a certain crop and application technique The sum of two exponential functions appeared to be a suitable regression function in most cases y Ae A et B where y is downwind spray deposit of applied dosage x is downwind distance m from last nozzle and Ao 41 Bo B are regression constants These constants depend on crop type and application technique constants are listed in Table A 1 Appendix A For a potato crop and an application with raised boom a power law function turned out to give a better result y A x Fo Note that in Table A 1 Appendix A constants 4 and B are omitted in this case Distance parameter x is related to the position of the last nozzle In Refined NL scenarios dri
42. s alfalfa bare soil conventional 0 250 0 500 0 500 0 500 0 200 0 050 xf Table of water body types Water body description Enk s twa waLs Bink Bink ditch FOCUS like oso 1000 wan 2 000 stream FOCUS like 1 000 1 000 var 3 000 pond FOCUS Iike 3 000 30 000 var 30 Biel Figure 11 Table of available crops and spray applications for FOCUS like scenarios with settings of distances and heights Non conventional application techniques are shown as well The water body list contains standardized FOCUS like water bodies only 26 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Pressing the TABLE button opens a window with two tables Figure 11 The upper table lists crop types and application techniques The following columns are shown Crop type list of crop types from FOCUS 2002 Equiv crop equivalent crop type best fitting crop from the Refined NL crop type list Appl technique spray application technique by default conventional when equivalent crop is potato extended non conventional applications are available see Table 5 page 22 for an explanation of abbreviations Noz Edg distance from last spray nozzle to the edge of the crop since nozzle positions are defined for the equivalent application only this distance is undefined undef when no equivalent crop is available Edg Bnk distance from the edge of the crop to the top of the left bank from FOCUS 2002 see A
43. sprayer for fruit crop Bare soil Conventional boom sprayer IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual The IMAG Drift Calculator has three main calculation units Figure 1 The first unit is the CTB drift table as used by the Board for the Authorization of Pesticides in the Netherlands CTB CTB website based on Huijsmans et al 1999 Van de Zande et al 2001 In fact using this table involves no calculations at all though the drift values in the table are deduced from the previously mentioned curves The CTB table merely offers a general first estimation of spray drift to an adjacent ditch downwind The second calculation unit is the Refined NL Scenarios unit In this unit a refinement with respect to crop type and application technique is made according to Table 1 It offers a better approach to drift estimation by taking into account the effects of different crop types and spraying equipment In the present set up the water body still is limited to a standardized Dutch ditch Huijsmans et al 1997 Though this unit is oriented to situations in the Netherlands it also can be applied to similar situations abroad The third calculation unit offers the possibility to calculate spray drift for situations defined by the FOCUS group on pesticide fate in surface waters FOCUS 2002 In these FOCUS like scenarios the essential parameters for crop type and water body type are copied from the FOCUS surface water scenarios Since th
44. t for this topic is disabled In all cases the water body is a standardized Dutch ditch Huijsmans et al 1997 and therefore its selection box is disabled Water depth is fixed at 0 3 m Beltman and Adriaanse 1999 and consequently the bottom of the ditch has width 0 4 m With respect to the calculation of spray drift to a surface the corresponding volume below that surface is not a relevant parameter in fact the ditch geometry below the water level does not affect spray drift results at all ditch Dutch std crop and application essential distances m crop type i 500 0125 5 1 50 500 potato RESTE u M 1 y i application 0 500 i i conventional v j water body A B D ej 2 a a spray drift to water body width averaged drift applied dosage distance from last nozzle surface water eo 2 2 2 125 3 125 m bank to bank A D 6 4 0 625 4 625 m Figure 7 Window for the Refined NL scenarios layout for field crops The drop down list of available crops corresponds to the list of available drift curves see Table 5 A detailed description of all crops and applications is given in Appendix A At the moment application techniques other than conventional are present only for a potato crop 21 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Table 5 List of crop types and application techniques for which the relation between spray drift ground deposits
45. to drift for field crops For fruit trees several application techniques are distinguished as well as growth stage early spray applications trees without leaves and late applications trees in leaf In fact using a windbreak or emission shield actually refers to the orchard layout but these situations are considered as part of the application technique in this report The sensor equipped sprayer has the ability to detect whether a crop i e tree is present or not while driving by No refinement has been made for weather conditions In all cases fruit trees correspond to Dutch orchards with trees typically 2 3 m high Disregarding small differences due to rounding off the given value of drift for field crops 1 is identical to that of a potato crop sprayed with drift reducing nozzles see Refined NL scenarios Section 4 3 Similarly fruit trees conventional application drift 7 and 17 from the CTB table correspond with those from the Refined NL scenarios 20 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 4 3 Refined NL scenarios The Refined NL scenario set offers a more versatile approach to calculate drift to surface waters It covers several crops and for some crops several application techniques Figure 7 shows the window for this scenario set In the upper left panel the crop type and application technique can be selected For most crop types however only a conventional application is available in which case the drop down lis
46. ulator FOCUS like scenarios d Ioj xj rerop and application ressential distances m crop type spring U 0 250_ _0 500 0 500 _ 1 000 _ 0 500_ application technique 0 500 conventional y j i 0 500 water body i T include non convent applications FETTE a spray drift to water body width averaged drift applied dosage distance from edge of crop surface water eo 12 1 000 2 000 m Figure 10 Window for the FOCUS like scenarios 25 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Note that the layout does not always represent the actual sprayer especially large crops e g trees will not be sprayed using a conventional boom sprayer The drop down list for water bodies covers three water bodies corresponding to ditch stream and pond from the FOCUS Surface Water criteria see Appendix B Table B 3 for settings Note that the FOCUS like ditch has other shape and size than the standardized Dutch ditch from the Refined NL scenarios Typically where the Dutch ditch is trapezium shaped though fixed in size the FOCUS like water bodies have a rectangular cross section with variable water depth Thus a varying water level does not affect the width of the water surface and consequently does not affect calculated drift The bottom panel shows calculated drift onto the water surface Since in FOCUS the bank to bank drift is not considered as
47. urposes it is convenient to define such an edge at an exact location Equivalent crop The drift calculator is based on statistical relations between spray deposits and downwind distances for various crops under specified weather conditions and application techniques In general these situations do not perfectly correspond to FOCUS like scenarios For these scenarios therefore a best choice is made from the available set of situations This best choice is named equivalent crop Though 32 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual the name suggests a crop only it also implies a certain application technique marked as conventional Reduced drift nozzle Type of nozzle that produces a spray which is courser than that of a conventional nozzle at the same liquid flow rate and pressure Used as a measure to reduce drift in the Netherlands it is often combined with the use of edge nozzles Spray drift When pesticides are applied by a spraying technique part of the droplets may float downwind and deposit off target e g on the surface of a water body Though sometimes the term spray drift is reserved for droplets remaining airborne for a long time in this calculator the term is used for all spray drops depositing downwind The term refers to the process of drift as well as to the volume of deposited spray It is clear from the context which of these is meant Top of the bank The location of the onset of the sloping bank of a water bo
48. ut grass or cereal stubble Figure 4 shows that these curves can differ by as much as one decade Apart from the effect of different crop types differences in measured spray drift can also be attributed to different weather conditions wind speed and direction the sprayer swath width nozzle types sprayer boom height and sprayer boom movements In general the effects of measures to reduce drift cannot simply be added E g drift reduction with an application involving reduced boom height air assistance and reduced drift nozzles does not match the sum of reductions by each of these measures separately See also section 2 3 1 effect of boom height with and without air assistance BBA 2000b E Ganzelmeier et al 1995 100 4 potatoes spbh 0 7m n 83 X potatoes spbh 0 5m n 110 lt flower bulbs n 43 cereals n 40 bare soil n 58 grass stubble Arvidsson 1997 SDTF 1997 drift deposition 0 01 distance from last nozzle m Figure 4 Effect of crop type and environmental circumstances on spray drift 50 percentiles based on measured data originating from different sources spbh sprayer boom height n number of experiments Since spray deposits decrease with increasing downwind distance increasing the width of an unused zone between crop and water body i e the crop free zone may be effective in reducing spray drift to surface wate
49. ute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering IMAG DLO Report 95 19 Wageningen 39p in Dutch with English summary SDTF 1997 A summary of ground application studies Spray Drift Task Force Steward Ag Res Service Macon 5pp Southcombe E S E Miller P C H Ganzelmeier H Van de Zande J C Miralles A Hewitt A J 1997 The international BCPC spray classification system including a drift potential factor Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference Weeds November 1997 Brighton UK p 371 380 Stallinga H Michielsen J M G P Van de Zande J C 1999 Effect of crop height on spray drift when spraying a cereal crop 33 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual Instituut voor Milieu en Agritechniek IMAG DLO Nota 99 71 Wageningen 23pp in Dutch not published Ter Horst M M S Adriaanse P I Beltman W H J draft 27 sep 2002 TOXSWA in FOCUS version 1 1 1 User s guide version 1 0 Alterra Report 586 Alterra Green World Research Wageningen the Netherlands Van de Zande J C Stallinga H Michielsen J M G P 2000a Spray drift when applying herbicides in sugarbeet and maize using a band sprayer Mededelingen Fac Univ Gent 65 2b 945 954 Van de Zande J C Porskamp H A J Michielsen J M G P Holterman H J Huijsmans J F M 2000b Classification of spray applications for driftability to protect surface water Aspects of Applied Biology 57 57 65 Van de Zande J C
50. y the distance from the centre of the last crop row to the top of the first bank The CALCZONE button opens a new window to calculate the crop free zone for a given value of spray drift to the water surface Crop type water body and geometry belong to the currently selected scenario The CALCZONE button is available for Refined NL and FOCUS like scenarios only In Section 4 5 the calculation of the crop free zone is explained in detail 4 1 6 SAVEBMP button This button available for Refined NL and FOCUS like scenarios allows the user to save the current window as a bitmap file in the corresponding scenario folders idc_nl and idc_fcs File names are NLrefin bmp and FCSlike bmp respectively If such a file already exists the user is prompted to overwrite the existing file or cancel the saving procedure If the user would like to save more than one bitmap e g for different scenarios within the same calculation unit the user has to rename bitmap files himself from within the file management system e g Windows Explorer 18 IMAG Drift Calculator v1 1 User Manual 4 2 CTB drift table The simplest scenario set in the IMAG Drift Calculator is the CTB table The corresponding window is shown in Figure 6 It contains a selection box for crop type including some applications and a set of radio buttons to select growth stage for fruit trees only The averaged spray drift to an adjacent ditch is returned in a small text box This is t
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