HP 34401A User's Guide
Contents
1. 1 Specifications are for 1 hour warm up at 6 2 digits 2 Relative to calibration standards 3 20 overrange on all ranges except 750 Vac range 4 Input gt 100 mV For 10 mV input multiply of reading error x10 5 Speeds are for 6 digits Delay 0 Display OFF and Fast AC filter 221 Chapter 8 Specifications General Information E General Information General Specifications Power Supply Power Line Frequency Power Consumption Operating Environment Storage Environment Operating Altitude Rack Dimensions HxWxD Weight Safety EMI 1 Vibration and Shock Warranty 100 V 120 V 220 V 240 V 10 45 Hz to 66 Hz and 360 Hz to 440 Hz Automatically sensed at power on 25 VA peak 10 W average Full accuracy for 0 C to 55 C Full accuracy to 80 R H at 40 C 40 C to 70 C Up to 2 000 meters 88 5 mm x 212 6 mm x 348 3 mm 3 6 kg 8 lbs Designed to CSA 231 UL 1244 Triggering and Memory Reading HOLD Sensitivity 0 01 0 1 1 or 10 of reading Samples per Trigger 1 to 50 000 Trigger Delay 0 to 3600 sec 10 us step size External Trigger Delay lt ims External Trigger Jitter lt 500 us Memory 512 readings Math Functions Null Min Max Average dB dBm Limit Test with TTL output dBm reference resistances 50 75 93 110 124 125 135 150 250 300 500 600 800 900 1000 1200 or 8000 ohms IEC 1010 1 1990 MIL 461C data o2. Specifications Chapter 8 Specifications DC Characteristics E DC Characteristics Accuracy Specifications of reading of range 1 Temperature Test Current or 24 Hour 2 90 Day 1 Year Coefficient C Function Range 3 Burden Voltage 23 C 1 C 23 C 5T 23 C 5 C 0 C 18 C 28 C 55 C DC Voltage 100 0000 mV 0 0030 0 0030 0 0040 0 0035 0 0050 0 0035 0 0005 0 0005 1 000000 V 0 0020 0 0006 0 0030 0 0007 0 0040 0 0007 0 0005 0 0001 10 00000 V 0 0015 0 0004 0 0020 0 0005 0 0035 0 0005 0 0005 0 0001 100 0000 V 0 0020 0 0006 0 0035 0 0006 0 0045 0 0006 0 0005 0 0001 1000 000 V 0 0020 0 0006 0 0035 0 0010 0 0045 0 0010 0 0005 0 0001 Resistance 100 0000 a 1mA 0 0030 0 0030 0 008 0 004 0 010 0 004 0 0006 0 0005 4 1 000000 ka 1mA 0 0020 0 0005 0 008 0 001 0 010 0 001 0 0006 0 0001 10 00000 ka 100 pA 0 0020 0 0005 0 008 0 001 0 010 0 001 0 0006 0 0001 100 0000 ka 10 pA 0 0020 0 0005 0 008 0 001 0 010 0 001 0 0006 0 0001 1 000000 MQ 5uA 0 002 0 001 0 008 0 001 0 010 0 001 0 0010 0 0002 10 00000 MQ 500 nA 0 015 0 001 0 020 0 001 0 040 0 001 0 0030 0 0004 100 0000 Mo 500 nA 10 Ma 0 300 0 010 0 800 0 010 0 800 0 010 0 1500 0 0002 DC Current 10 00000 mA lt 0 1V 0 005 0 010 0 030 0 020 0 050 0 020 0 002 0 0020 100 0000 mA lt 0 6V 0 01 0 004 0 030 0 005 0 050 0 0
3. ACI 6 7 sec reading Slow 6 1 Medium 6 1 6 10 Fast 6 10 Fast 61 50 11 Fast True RMS AC Current Measurement Method Direct coupled to the fuse and shunt AC coupled True RMS measurement measures the ac component only 0 1 Q for 1 and 3 A ranges 1 A range lt 1 V rms 3 A range lt 2 V rms Externally accessible 3A 250 V fuse Internal 7A 250 V fuse Shunt Resistor Burden Voltage Input Protection Settling Considerations Applying gt 300 V rms or gt 1 A rms will cause self heating in signal conditioning components These errors are included in the instrument specifications Internal temperature changes due to self heating may cause additional error on lower ac voltage ranges The additional error will be less than 0 02 of reading and will generally dissipate within a few minutes System Speeds 11 12 Function or Range Change 5 sec Autorange Time lt 0 8 sec ASCII readings to RS 232 50 sec ASCII readings to HP IB 50 sec Max Internal Trigger Rate 50 sec Max External Trigger Rate to Memory 50 sec Max External Trigger Rate to HP IB RS 232 50 sec 1 Specifications are for 1 hour warm up at 61 digits Slow ac filter sinewave input 2 Relative to calibration standards 3 20 overrange on all ranges except 750 Vac 3 A range 4 Specifications are for sinewave input gt 5 of range For inputs from 1 to 5 of range and lt 50 kHz add 0 1 of range additional error For 50 kHz to 100
4. Refer to Interpreting Multimeter Specifications starting on page 226 to get a better understanding of the terminology used and to help you interpret the multimeter s specifications The multimeter s accuracy specifications are expressed in the form of reading of range In addition to the reading error and range error you may need to add additional errors for certain operating conditions Check the list below to make sure you include all measurement errors for a given function Also make sure you apply the conditions as described in the footnotes on the specification pages e Ifyou are operating the multimeter outside the 23 C 5 C temperature range specified apply an additional temperature coefficient error e For dc voltage de current and resistance measurements you may need to apply an additional reading speed error or autozero OFF error e For ac voltage and ac current measurements you may need to apply an additional low frequency error or crest factor error Understanding the of reading Error The reading error compensates for inaccuracies that result from the function and range you select as well as the input signal level The reading error varies according to the input level on the selected range This error is expressed in percent of reading The following table shows the reading error applied to the multimeter s 24 hour dc voltage specification Reading Error Reading Range Input L
5. 4 wire or 2 wire ohms Current source referenced to LO input 10 of range per lead for 100 Q 1 ka ranges 1 kQ per lead on all other ranges 1000 V on all ranges DC Current Shunt Resistor Input Protection 0 19 for 1A 3A 52 for 10 mA 100 mA Externally accessible 3A 250 V fuse Internal 7A 250 V fuse Continuity Diode Test Response Time 300 samples sec with audible tone Continuity Threshold Adjustable from 1 Q to 1000 Q DC DC Ratio Measurement Method Input HI LO Reference HI LO Input HI LO 100 mV to 1000 V ranges Reference Hl Input LO Input to Reference 100 mV to 10 V ranges autoranged Reference LO to Input LO voltage lt 2 V Reference HI to Input LO voltage lt 12V Measurement Noise Rejection 60 Hz 50 Hz 5 DC CMRR Integration Time 100 PLC 1 67s 2s 10 PLC 167 ms 200 ms 1 PLC 16 7 ms 20 ms 0 2 PLC 3 ms 3 ms 0 02 PLC 400 us 400 us 140 dB Normal Mode Rejection 6 60 dB 7 60 dB 7 60 dB 7 0 dB 0 dB Teflon is a registered trademark of E I duPont deNemours and Co Operating Characteristics 8 Additional Function Digits Readings s Noise Error DCV DCI and 6 0 6 0 5 0 of range Resistance 6 6 5 0 of range 5 60 50 0 001 of range 5 300 0 001 of range 10 4 1000 0 01 of range 10 System Speeds 9 Function Change 26 sec Range Change 50 sec Autorange Time lt 30 ms ASCII readings to RS 232 55 sec ASCII readings t
6. Total Error 100uV 50 uV 150 uV 0 0030 of 5 Vdc 30 ppm of 5 Vdc 225 Chapter 8 Specifications Interpreting Multimeter Specifications Interpreting Multimeter Specifications This section is provided to give you a better understanding of the terminology used and will help you interpret the multimeter s specifications Number of Digits and Overrange The number of digits specification is the most fundamental and sometimes the most confusing characteristic of a multimeter The number of digits is equal to the maximum number of 9 s the multimeter can measure or display This indicates the number of full digits Most multimeters have the ability to overrange and add a partial or 14 digit For example the HP 34401A can measure 9 99999 Vdc on the 10 V range This represents six full digits of resolution The multimeter can also overrange on the 10 V range and measure up to a maximum of 12 00000 Vdc This corresponds to a 644 digit measurement with 20 overrange capability Sensitivity Sensitivity is the minimum level that the multimeter can detect for a given measurement Sensitivity defines the ability of the multimeter to respond to small changes in the input level For example suppose you are monitoring a 1 mVdc signal and you want to adjust the level to within 1 uV To be able to respond to an adjustment this small this measurement would require a multimeter with a sensitivity of
7. at least 1 pV You could use a 6 digit multimeter if it has a 1 Vdc or smaller range You could also use a 4 digit multimeter with a 10 mVdc range For ac voltage and ac current measurements note that the smallest value that can be measured is different from the sensitivity For the HP 34401A these functions are specified to measure down to 1 of the selected range For example the multimeter can measure down to 1 mV on the 100 mV range 226 Chapter 8 Specifications Interpreting Multimeter Specifications Resolution Resolution is the numeric ratio of the maximum displayed value divided by the minimum displayed value on a selected range Resolution is often expressed in percent parts per million ppm counts or bits For example a 612 digit multimeter with 20 overrange capability can display a measurement with up to 1 200 000 counts of resolution This corresponds to about 0 0001 1 ppm of full scale or 21 bits including the sign bit All four specifications are equivalent Accuracy Accuracy is a measure of the exactness to which the multimeter s measurement uncertainty can be determined relative to the calibration reference used Absolute accuracy includes the multimeter s relative accuracy specification plus the known error of the calibration reference relative to national standards such as the U S National Institute of Standards and Technology To be meaningful the accuracy specifications must be acc
8. kHz add 0 13 of range 5 750 Vac range limited to 100 kHz or 8x10 Volt Hz 6 Typically 30 of reading error at 1 MHz 7 For frequencies below 100 Hz slow AC filter specified for sinewave input only 8 For 1 kQ unbalance in LO lead 9 Maximum reading rates for 0 01 of ac step additional error Additional settling delay required when input dc level varies 10 For External Trigger or remote operation using default settling delay Delay Auto 11 Maximum useful limit with default settling delays defeated 12 Speeds are for 41 digits Delay 0 Display OFF and Fast AC filter 219 Chapter 8 Specifications Frequency and Period Characteristics E Frequency and Period Characteristics Accuracy Specifications of reading 1 Temperature 24 Hour 2 90 Day 1 Year Coefficient C Function Range 3 Frequency 23C 1C 23C 5C 23C 5C 0C 18C 28 C 55 C Frequency 100 mV 3 Hz 5 Hz 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 005 Period 4 to 5 Hz 10 Hz 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 005 750 V 10 Hz 40 Hz 0 03 0 03 0 03 0 001 40 Hz 300 kHz 0 006 0 01 0 01 0 001 Additional Low Frequency Errors of reading 4 Resolution Frequency 6 5 4 3 Hz 5 Hz 0 0 12 0 12 5 Hz 10 Hz 0 0 17 0 17 10 Hz 40 Hz 0 0 2 0 2 40 Hz 100 Hz 0 0 06 0 21 100 Hz 300 Hz 0 0 03 0 21 300 Hz 1 kHz 0 0 01 0 07 gt 1 kHz 0 0 0 02 Transfer Accuracy typical 0 0005 of reading Conditions Within 10 minu
9. the resolution to 6 digits e Select the slow ac filter 3 Hz to 300 kHz Frequency and Period Measurements e Set the resolution to 6 digits 229
10. 0 Hz 5 kHz 0 15 0 06 0 15 0 06 0 15 0 06 0 015 0 006 Additional Low Frequency Errors of reading Additional Crest Factor Errors non sinewave 7 AC Filter o 1 Frequency Slow Medium Fast aS oh ctor se f reading 10 Hz 20 Hz 0 0 74 2 3 0 15 20 Hz 40 Hz 0 0 22 3 4 0 30 40 Hz 100 Hz 0 0 06 0 73 4 5 0 40 100 Hz 200 Hz 0 0 01 0 22 200 Hz 1 kHz 0 0 0 18 gt 1 kHz 0 0 0 Sinewave Transfer Accuracy typical Frequency Error of range Conditions 10 Hz 50 kHz 0 002 Sinewave input 50 kHz 300 kHz 0 005 Within 10 minutes and 0 5 C Within 10 of initial voltage and 1 of initial frequency Following a 2 hour warm up Fixed range between 10 and 100 of full scale and lt 120 V Using 61 digit resolution Measurements are made using accepted metrology practices 218 Chapter 8 Specifications AC Characteristics Measuring Characteristics Measurement Noise Rejection 8 AC CMRR True RMS AC Voltage Measurement Method AC coupled True RMS measures the ac component of input with up to 400 Vdc of bias on any range Crest Factor Maximum 5 1 at full scale AC Filter Bandwidth Slow 3 Hz 300 kHz Medium 20 Hz 300 kHz Fast 200 Hz 300 kHz Input Impedance Input Protection 1 MQ 2 in parallel with 100 pF 750 V rms all ranges Operating Characteristics 9 Function Digits Reading s AC Filter ACV
11. 05 0 002 0 0005 1 000000 A lt 1V 0 05 0 006 0 080 0 010 0 100 0 010 0 005 0 0010 3 000000 A lt 2V 0 10 0 020 0 120 0 020 0 120 0 020 0 005 0 0020 Continuity 1000 0 Q 1 mA 0 002 0 010 0 008 0 020 0 010 0 020 0 001 0 002 Diode Test 1 0000 V 1 mA 0 002 0 010 0 008 0 020 0 010 0 020 0 001 0 002 DC DC Ratio 100 mV Input Accuracy Reference Accuracy to 1000 V Input Accuracy accuracy specification for the HI LO input signal Reference Accuracy accuracy specification for the HI LO reference input signal Transfer Accuracy typical 24 hour of range error 2 Conditions Within 10 minutes and 0 5 C Within 10 of initial value Following a 2 hour warm up Fixed range between 10 and 100 of full scale Using 61 digit slow resolution 100 PLC Measurements are made using accepted metrology practices 216 Chapter 8 Specifications DC Characteristics Measuring Characteristics DC Voltage Measurement Method A D Linearity Input Resistance 0 1 V 1 V 10 V ranges 100 V 1000 V ranges Input Bias Current Input Terminals Input Protection Continuously integrating multi slope III A D converter 0 0002 of reading 0 0001 of range Selectable 10 Ma or gt 10 GQ 11 10 Ma 1 lt 30 pA at 25 C Copper alloy 1000 V on all ranges Resistance Measurement Method Max Lead Resistance 4 wire ohms Input Protection Selectable
12. evel of reading Error Voltage 10 Vdc 10 Vde 0 0015 lt 150 nV 10 Vdc 1 Vdc 0 0015 lt 15uV 10 Vdc 0 1 Vde 0 0015 lt 1 5 pV 224 Error Example Chapter 8 Specifications To Calculate Total Measurement Error Understanding the of range Error The range error compensates for inaccuracies that result from the function and range you select The range error contributes a constant error expressed as a percent of range independent of the input signal level The following table shows the range error applied to the multimeter s 24 hour dc voltage specification Range Error Range Range Input Level of range Error Voltage 10 Vdc 10 Vdc 0 0004 lt 40 uV 10 Vdc 1 Vdc 0 0004 lt 40 uV 10 Vdc 0 1 Vdc 0 0004 lt 40 uV Total Measurement Error To compute the total measurement error add the reading error and range error You can then convert the total measurement error to a percent of input error or a ppm part per million of input error as shown below Total Measurement Error x 100 of input error FOR Input Signal Level Total Measurement Error ppm of input error x 1 000 000 Input Signal Level Assume that a 5 Vdc signal is input to the multimeter on the 10 Vdc range Compute the total measurement error using the 90 day accuracy specifications 0 0020 of reading 0 0005 of range Reading Error 0 0020 x 5 Vdc 100 uV Range Error 0 0005 x 10 Vdc 50 uV
13. n file C B MIL T 28800E Type Ill Class 5 data on file 3 years standard Standard Programming Languages SCPI Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments HP 3478A Language Emulation Fluke 8840A Fluke 8842A Language Emulation Accessories Included Test Lead Kit with probes alligator and grabber attachments User s Guide Service Guide test report and power cord 1 Slight accuracy degradation may result when subjected to 3 V m radiated fields Remote Interface HP IB IEEE 488 1 IEEE 488 2 and RS 232C 222 Chapter 8 Specifications Product Dimensions E Product Dimensions i lLouocuca OoOoo000ng0 eae C ae real T oo opoaaoa 99 05000000 Ho 212 6 mm M4 X 07 4 PLACES i 19 68 T A D03 M3 5 X 0 6 4 PLACES 38 10 A 1 2X 552 SQ All dimensions are shown in millimeters 223 Chapter 8 Specifications To Calculate Total Measurement Error To Calculate Total Measurement Error Each specification includes correction factors which account for errors present due to operational limitations of the multimeter This section explains these errors and shows how to apply them to your measurements
14. o HP IB 1000 sec Max Internal Trigger Rate 1000 sec Max External Trigger Rate to Memory 1000 sec Max External Trigger Rate to HP IB 900 sec Autozero OFF Operation Following instrument warm up at calibration temperature 1 C and lt 10 minutes add 0 0002 range additional error 5 uV Settling Considerations Reading settling times are affected by source impedance cable dielectric characteristics and input signal changes Measurement Considerations HP recommends the use of Teflon or other high impedance low dielectric absorption wire insulation for these measurements 1 Specifications are for 1 hour warm up at 6 digits 2 Relative to calibration standards 3 20 overrange on all ranges except 1000 Vdc 3 A range 4 Specifications are for 4 wire ohms function or 2 wire ohms using Math Null Without Math Null add 0 2 Q additional error in 2 wire ohms function 5 For 1 kQ unbalance in LO lead 6 For power line frequency 0 1 7 For power line frequency 1 subtract 20 dB For 3 subtract 30 dB 8 Readings speeds for 60 Hz and 50 Hz operation Autozero Off 9 Speeds are for 4 digits Delay 0 Autozero OFF and Display OFF Includes measurement and data transfer over HP IB Add 20 uV for dc volts 4 pA for dc current or 20 ma for resistance 10 11 For these ranges inputs beyond 17V are clamped through 100 ka typical 217 Chapter 8 Specifications AC Characteris
15. ompanied with the conditions under which they are valid These conditions should include temperature humidity and time There is no standard convention among multimeter manufacturers for the confidence limits at which specifications are set The table below shows the probability of non conformance for each specification with the given assumptions Specification Probability Criteria of Failure Mean 2 sigma 4 5 Mean 3 sigma 0 3 Mean 4 sigma 0 006 Variations in performance from reading to reading and instrument to instrument decrease for increasing number of sigma for a given specification This means that you can achieve greater actual measurement precision for a specific accuracy specification number The HP 34401A is designed and tested to meet performance better than mean 4 sigma of the published accuracy specifications 227 Chapter 8 Specifications Interpreting Multimeter Specifications Transfer Accuracy Transfer accuracy refers to the error introduced by the multimeter due to noise and short term drift This error becomes apparent when comparing two nearly equal signals for the purpose of transferring the known accuracy of one device to the other 24 Hour Accuracy The 24 hour accuracy specification indicates the multimeter s relative accuracy over its full measurement range for short time intervals and within a stable environment Short term accuracy is usually specified for a 24 hour pe
16. riod and for a 1 C temperature range 90 Day and 1 Year Accuracy These long term accuracy specifications are valid for a 23 C 5 C temperature range These specifications include the initial calibration errors plus the multimeter s long term drift errors Temperature Coefficients Accuracy is usually specified for a 23 C 5 C temperature range This is a common temperature range for many operating environments You must add additional temperature coefficient errors to the accuracy specification if you are operating the multimeter outside a 23 C 5 C temperature range the specification is per C 228 Chapter 8 Specifications Configuring for Highest Accuracy Measurements Configuring for Highest Accuracy Measurements The measurement configurations shown below assume that the multimeter is in its power on or reset state It is also assumed that manual ranging is enabled to ensure proper full scale range selection DC Voltage DC Current and Resistance Measurements e Set the resolution to 6 digits you can use the 6 digits slow mode for further noise reduction e Set the input resistance to greater than 10 GQ for the 100 mV 1 V and 10 V ranges for the best de voltage accuracy e Use 4 wire ohms for the best resistance accuracy e Use Math Null to null the test lead resistance for 2 wire ohms and to remove interconnection offset for de voltage measurements AC Voltage and AC Current Measurements e Set
17. tes and 0 5 C Within 10 of initial value Following a 2 hour warm up For inputs gt 1 kHz and gt 100 mV Using 6 digit slow resolution 1 second gate time Measurements are made using accepted metrology practices 220 Chapter 8 Specifications Frequency and Period Characteristics Measuring Characteristics Frequency and Period Measurement Method Reciprocal counting technique AC coupled input using the ac voltage measurement function Voltage Ranges 100 mV rms full scale to 750 V rms Auto or manual ranging Gate Time 10 ms 100 ms or 1 sec Operating Characteristics 5 Settling Considerations Errors will occur when attempting to measure the frequency or period of an input following a dc offset voltage change The input blocking RC time constant must be allowed to fully settle up to 1 sec before the most accurate measurements are possible Measurement Considerations All frequency counters are susceptible to error when measuring low voltage low frequency signals Shielding inputs from external noise pickup is critical for minimizing measurement errors Function Digits Reading s Frequency 6 1 Period 5 9 8 4 80 System Speeds 5 Configuration Rates 14 sec Autorange Time lt 0 6 sec ASCII readings to RS 232 55 sec ASCII readings to HP IB 80 sec Max Internal Trigger Rate 80 sec Max External Trigger Rate to Memory 80 sec Max External Trigger Rate to HP IB RS 232 80 sec
18. tics E AC Characteristics Accuracy Specifications of reading of range 1 Temperature 24 Hour 2 90 Day 1 Year Coefficient C Function Range 3 Frequency 23 C 1 C 23 C 5 C 23 C 5 C 0C 18C 28C 55 C True RMS 100 0000 mV 3Hz 5Hz 1 00 0 03 1 00 0 04 1 00 0 04 0 100 0 004 AC Voltage 5 Hz 10 Hz 0 35 0 03 0 35 0 04 0 35 0 04 0 035 0 004 4 10 Hz 20 kHz 0 04 0 03 0 05 0 04 0 06 0 04 0 005 0 004 20 kHz 50 kHz 0 10 0 05 0 11 0 05 0 12 0 05 0 011 0 005 50 kHz 100 kHz 0 55 0 08 0 60 0 08 0 60 0 08 0 060 0 008 100 kHz 300 kHz 6 4 00 0 50 4 00 0 50 4 00 0 50 0 20 0 02 1 000000 V 3 Hz 5 Hz 1 00 0 02 1 00 0 03 1 00 0 03 0 100 0 003 to 5 Hz 10 Hz 0 35 0 02 0 35 0 03 0 35 0 03 0 035 0 003 750 000 V 10 Hz 20 kHz 0 04 0 02 0 05 0 03 0 06 0 03 0 005 0 003 20 kHz 50 kHz 0 10 0 04 0 11 0 05 0 12 0 05 0 011 0 005 50 kHz 100 kHz 5 0 55 0 08 0 60 0 08 0 60 0 08 0 060 0 008 100 kHz 300 kHz 6 4 00 0 50 4 00 0 50 4 00 0 50 0 20 0 02 True RMS 1 000000 A 3 Hz 5 Hz 1 00 0 04 1 00 0 04 1 00 0 04 0 100 0 006 AC Current 5 Hz 10 Hz 0 30 0 04 0 30 0 04 0 30 0 04 0 035 0 006 4 10 Hz 5 kHz 0 10 0 04 0 10 0 04 0 10 0 04 0 015 0 006 3 00000 A 3 Hz 5 Hz 1 10 0 06 1 10 0 06 1 10 0 06 0 100 0 006 5 Hz 10 Hz 0 35 0 06 0 35 0 06 0 35 0 06 0 035 0 006 1
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