User Manual
Contents
1. output files Bugs none See also SPIKES To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT CSUB CSUB Format CSUB c1 c2 Parameters cl column to be changed c2 column which substitutes cl Function Substitutes column cl with intensity values of column c2 Such sub stitution changes the image matrix in memory To save on disk the modified image use WDIRECT or WFITS commands Bugs none Dios vers 24 1 To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT CURSOR CURSOR Format CURSOR or CURSOR Y Parameters none or flag Function Sets graphic cursor to ON Use arrows to move also along diagonals Hit numbers on the keyboard first line to change speed For max speed 20 hit ASCII 39D X and Y position pixels and the corresponding pixel value intensity continuously appear on the bottom right corner of the screen After cursor is set you can hit ASCII 45D to change actual pixel value Hit ESC to exit from the routine If flag Y is given you can move the cursor and then hit ASCII 96D to write row column and intensity into a disk file whose name is asked for The first line of this file is the image file name Bugs none but no control is made on actual screen physical limits cursor can disappear on the right side and reappear on the left one DBOX DBOX Format DBOX2. Edit a line Very very raw editor Use right arrow to set the cursor over the character to be changed Space bar writes blanks ascii 32 Use left arrow to go backward Enter terminates the editing Bugs left arrow doesn t work In practice carefully avoid the use of this key Re use edit if you are wrong END END Format END Parameters none Function Exit to DOS End does not save the actual command buffer use WRITE for that Bugs none ERASE ERASE Format ERASE Parameters none Function Clears the actual graphic screen Bugs none FITSH FITSH Format FITSH Dios vers 24 1 Parameters none Function shows the first 36 records of FITS header To see the next record hit lt RET gt to exit hit X or x lt RET gt Bugs none GBOX GBOX Format GBOX pl or GBOX Parameters pl is the number of a pre defined box asks for actual box Function Makes available to plots the area number n n 1 12 Next command SCAN or OSCAN refers to this area Bugs none See also BOX DBOX LBOX VBOX SCAN OSCAN GRAPH GRAPH Format GRAPH Parameters none Function Sets video to actual graphic mode As MODE n but doesn t enter in the command buffer It should be used to re enter graphic mode after LIST command Bugs none HARDCOPY HARDCOPY Format HARDCOPY Parameters none Function sends video memory to an Epson MX 80 printer Uses low density high speed codes so that print is quick For
3. listed in MODIVGA PLT and defined by CONFIG PLT Clears the screen This command is added to the command buffer Bugs none RFITS RFITS Format RFITS file name or RFITS Parameters file name 40 characters max string containing the disk path file name ext of image file Function Reads an integer 2 or integer 4 i e 2 or 4 bytes FITS file containing the image If file name is omitted this commans asks for it as File Box 1 in the file bores lis is inizialized to start row end row start column end column Bugs none but intepretation of fits record is a slow process here RSUB RSUB Format RSUB rl r2 Parameters rl row to be changed r2 row which substitutes r1 Function Substitutes row rl with intensity values of row r2 Such substitution changes the image matrix in memory To save the modified matrix use WDIRECT command Bugs none To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT SCAN SCAN Format SCAN pl p2 p3 or SCAN Parameters flags which control p1 scan direction row column or diagonal if p1 0 through a rectangular window if pl 1 p2 writing data of the scan on disk file p2 0 no p2 1 yes p3 plotting of scan data p3 0 no p3 1 yes No param eters is the same as pl 0 p2 0 p3 1 i e 1 px high scan no file written plot of data 17 Dios vers 24 1 Function produces one pixel high line or slit scan of the
4. of BE OUT follows Comment is taken from DIS Q G58 DEC LUCY 35IT these 7 data are the input parameters Calibration Const 000 zero point for magnitudes scale optional Background px 000 sky background Mie ences 60 Idimension of data sample Axial ratio 1 000 Iconstant axial ratio of the image Scale px 022 this value refers to HST FOC 96 Galician 1000E 10 regularization parameter y Ra 2 Istep of squares growth in pixels Output parameters Statistical Info on Output Sum of Squared Residuals 64227E 03 Stand Dev of Residuals 32718E 01 Gamma gam w 1 10730E 13 w 1 1 Vdata 1 Background arcsec 00000E 00 Chi Square 16884E 01 Bias 94192E 12 Bias due to regularization 23 Dio 24 1 External Frograms Variance 78247E 10 Two tables follow the first one has 8 columns which contain 1 Ordinal of data I 2 Mean radius in arcsec RM 3 L xx the integrated intensity over squares OBS 4 L az as computed after Eq 1 has been solved COMP It should be as similar as possible to OBS 5 Integrated luminosity L R 27 f RM MU r dr 6 Brightness profile MU in intensity arcsec 7 Like column 6 but corrected for sky background MUC 8 Standard deviation SIGMA of MUC Given by both Bias and Variance The second table has 4 columns 1 Ordinal of data I 2 Mean radius in arcsec RM 3 Brightness profi
5. of actual image in unit pixel If scale is not given it will be set to 1 unit px Function Computes and shows distance between two points selected by cursor X Y and diagonal distance are shown in both pixel and unit Bugs none MODE MODE Format MODE n Parameters decimal value of the VGA emulation code Function Sets VGA video card to one of the modes listed in the file MODI VGA PLT This file can be edited in order to add your own graphic card or mode The main VGA emulation modes are listed below Mode Rows Cols Physical Window Char h Maxcol Description 4 320 200 100 300 50 170 8 4 CGA 5 320 200 100 300 50 170 8 4 CGA 6 640 200 100 600 50 170 8 4 CGA 13 320 200 100 300 50 170 8 16 EGA 14 640 200 100 600 50 170 8 16 EGA 15 640 350 100 500 50 290 14 2 EGA MONO 16 640 350 100 600 50 290 14 16 EGA 17 640 480 100 600 130 430 16 2 VGA MONO 18 640 480 100 600 130 430 16 16 VGA default 19 320 200 100 300 50 170 8 256 VGA 64 640 400 100 600 100 350 16 2 OLIVETTI 41 800 600 100 500 100 500 8 16 VGA ET4000 13 42 640 400 46 640 480 55 1024 768 56 1024 768 100 100 100 100 Dios vers 24 1 500 100 350 500 100 430 650 100 650 650 100 650 Bugs 800x600 modes fail in text positioning MULTIPLY Format MULTIPLY pl 16 16 16 16 Parameters P1 constant to be multiplied by the image Function multiply the image matrix by p1 within the last defined box Bugs none 256 256 256 VGA ET4000 VGA ET40
6. p1 p2 p3 p4 pd or DBOX p1 Parameters p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 are box first and last row first and last column Function Defines a sub area box from the whole original frame Any sub area is characterized by a number 1 12 max and four coordinates If only area number is given limits of the area are selected by cursor RDIRECT and RFITS commands inizialize box 1 to actual image limits Bugs none See also BOX GBOX LBOX VBOX DELETE DELETE Format DELETE L1 L2 or L1 Parameters L1 L2 first and last line or the only line to delete Function Deletes from the command buffer the lines from L1 to L2 extrema included or the line L1 and re organizes the command buffer Bugs none DIVIDE DIVIDE Format DIVIDE pl Parameters P1 constant image is divided by Function Divides the image matrix by pl within the last defined box Dios vers 24 1 Bugs none To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT DOS DOS Format DOS Parameters none Function Opens a child process which allows one DOS commands a time If the first DOS command is the word COMMAND several commands can be given EXIT allows to leave child process and return to Dis Bugs none but a child process requires enough available memory to run a copy of COMMAND COM EDIT EDIT Format EDIT Line number Parameters line number the line number in the command buffer to be edited Function
7. program has a correspondence in the Dis command COSMIC which per forms in place search and substitution of the spikes without saving their position and intensity The command COSMIC should be used for quick look and to choose a proper value of XM EXTRACT An image with max dimensions 512x320 is extracted from a larger frame Input and output data may be in both Direct Access DA or Fits format The last format writes 16 bits per pixel integer data with byte swapping At run EXTRACT asks for input file name shows input rows and columns and bit pixel then waits for start row start column number of rows number of columns of the output image SR SC NR NC The output file name is then asked for followed by the format DA or Fits request If the choice is DA the file name extension will be 3 digits number of data per row Fits files will have FTS extension IMACOL Computes color index from two 512x320 max CCD images Output colors are in magnitudes and multiplied by 100 in order to partially avoid 16 bits integer truncation Given the input images shifted if necessary IM1 and IM2 the output image COLOR will be COLOR INT 2 5 x LOG10 IM1 IM 2 100 If the actual pixel of IM1 or IM2 is less than or equal to zero COLOR is set to zero At run IMACOL asks for the number of rows and columns common to both input and output images and then the names of all files involved The output file is written as two bytes integers in di
8. such a way to confirm formerly given numerical value s 18 lt return gt can be also typed of course Some more words about SVGA codes they are often listed in the VGA reference manual as a table of hexadecimal digits with related resolution colors and text char acters dimension To change actually available SVGA codes the file MODIVGA PLT should be edited referring to the above mentioned table as far as the first column and also the last one is concerned Also the file dis dishlp mode hlp should be updated in the same way A new version of CONFIG PLT is then written with the actual VGA code and both PLT files i e Config and Modivga are copied to the root of the chosen hard disk The file DSKDIS INI containg the name of the hard disk where Dis has been in stalled is also created This file must be copied to the directory Dis is called from and modified any time Dis directories are copied to another disk only when copied because Install provides by itself the creation of a correct DSKDIS INI The command DEVICE path Ansi sys should be included in Config sys file 3 OPERATIONS To start Dis from within its own directory dis type dis lt ret gt Running from another directory Dis path should be known either adding it to the PATH command in autoexec bat or by a batch file say dis bat containing the following lines COPY c dis dskdis ini c dis dis This also automatically copies dskdis ini in the working directo
9. 00 VGA ET4000 VGA ET4000 MULTIPLY To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT NOHEADER Format NOHEADER Parameters none Function Clears sets to black the area used to show image info Bugs none See also HEADER NOISE Format NOISE P1 Parameters P1 constant NOHEADER NOISE Function edge enhancement and noise filtering by local average A GAIN FAC TOR is required Use a value like 3 or 2 This gain is the ratio between the initial and final noise level Run the external program NOISE EXE to have more information and references Bugs none To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT OSCAN Format OSCAN p1 p2 p3 or OSCAN Parameters flags which control p1 scan direction row column or diagonal if pl 0 through a rectangular window if pl 1 p2 writing data of the scan on disk file p2 0 no p2 1 yes p3 plotting of scan data 14 OSCAN Dios vers 24 1 p3 0 no p3 1 yes No parameter is the same as pl 0 p2 0 p3 1 i e 1 px high scan no file written plot of data Function produces one pixel high line or slit scan of the image can write disk files with and or show OVER plots of scan data Plot limits can be defined only interactively by the cursor Screen area that will contain the graphs is defined in advance by the command GBOX n n
10. 640 280 LABEL G305AB pos 772 1 rf g305am fts tv 0 26000 RELOCATE 897 280 LABEL G305AM h pos 1 330 rf g305al fts tv 0 8000 RELOCATE 125 600 LABEL G305AL hh pos 258 330 rf g305bl fts tv 0 8000 RELOCATE 385 600 LABEL G305BL h pos 514 330 rf g305abl fts tv 0 8000 RELOCATE 640 600 LABEL G305ABL 32 Dio 24 1 hererences REFERENCES Bendinelli O and Gatti M G 1991 Numerical and parametric PSF extraction from CCD frames application to ground based and HST observations Bologna Astrophysics Preprints BAP 11 1991 039 DDA Lee J S 1980 Digital Image Enhancement and Noise Filtering by Use of Local Statistics IEEE Trans Patt Analys Mach Int PAMI 2 165 Marquardt D W 1970 Generalized inverses Ridge regression Biased linear es timation and Nonlinear estimation Technometrics 12 no 3 p 591 Rinaldi W and Zavatti F 1991 PLOTPE e ASMPLOT Dipartimento di As tronomia Bologna Internal Report November Tikhonov A and Arsenine V 1974 M thodes de r solution de problemes mal pos Editions MIR Moscow 33
11. Franco Zavatti Dipartimento di Astronomia Universita di Bologna DIS An MS DOS Image Display System Version 2 1 User Manual Technical Report October 1992 Dios vers 4 1 1 INTRODUCTION Dis is an MS DOS Display System for digital astronomical images with maximum dimension 512 rows by 320 columns It is based on PLOTPE and ASMPLOT Fortran and Assembler libraries described elsewhere Rinaldi and Zavatti 1991 The included command parser can execute commands after they have been read along with the re spective parameters from both the keyboard or already existing disk file All commands enter into an internal vector called command buffer which can be modified by ded icated commands Read Delete Insert Edit or saved on disk Command buffer can contain 250 commands as maximun Images can be read and written only as two bytes integer data in two formats Direct Access with no room for image header hereafter DA and FITS tizio e Caio 1999 with record length 2880 bytes The first format does not mantain the knowledge of the number of columns pe row so user must enter this number or confirm the default one Dis assumes that files with extension CCD and NTT have 320 columns per row but this value can be interactively changed The only true Dis problem comes out from the initial choice of keeping the whole im age in computer memory this freezes 320 KiloBytes out of the nominal total amount of 640 KB and leaves a sma
12. MAXMIN command gives 267 188 and 268 184 for central row and column of B and R frames respectively Superposition of e g B over R frame means that the row of the origin of B frame must be diminished of 1 pixel while the column must be increased of 4 pixel So the shifts will be 1 4 NOISE The local average is used to filter noise and enhance contrast at a given level of gain following the formula INPUT lt INPUT gt OUTPUT INT lt INPUT gt GAIN 0 5 3 where lt INPUT gt is the mean value of a 3x3 box centered on the pixel to be filtered If GAIN is zero OUTPUT is set to INT lt INPUT gt 0 5 The basic assumption for this algorithm is that the sample mean and variance of a pixel is equal to the local mean and variance of all pixels within a fixed range surrounding it Lee 1980 NOISE reads Fits and Direct Access DA files At run input file name and gain are asked for Filtered image is written on the output DA file OUT NNN where NNN is the number of data per row The Dis command NOISE does the same of NOISE EXE 26 Dio 24 1 External Frograms PULCCD Correction of 512x320 CCD frames from flat field and bias Output image is INPUT BIAS QUE CT SNE T ar pro x lt FF gt 0 5 2 where lt FF gt is the mean value of the flat field image At any step the same row of data bias and flat field frames is read Eq 2 computed and the resulting row written on the output file This p
13. OX DBOX GBOX VBOX LEVELS LEVELS Format LEVELS nlev Xcenter Ycenter Parameters number of levels row and column of the center If LEVEL DAT exists nlev is overwritten by the number of levels found in such file Maximum value of nlev is 50 Function Writes on the files ISO NN the coordinates of pixels whose intensity is within extrema included min and max given levels Iso levels are computed within the last defined box Any ISO nn file contains in its first 4 lines name of input image temptative position angle of the isophotes 45 degrees row and column of the centre regularization parameter useful for off line fitting of the isophotes fixed value 0 05 minimum and maximum intensity the file refers to one blank line Row and column of the selected pixels follow Bugs none but be sure you are using the right box Examples 11 Dios vers 24 1 DBOX 2 30 200 18 346 Ibox levels must be computed in MAXMIN another box will be probably defined BOX 2 Inow box 2 is again the active one LEVELS 15 85 163 115 levels center at 85 163 within box 2 LIST LIST Format LIST Parameters none Function Lists on the screen the entire command buffer Use Ctrl S or Pause key to stop the listing List doesn t return to actual graphic mode User needs give explicitely the MODE n or GRAPH command to re enter graphics Bugs none LOG LOG Format LOG pl or LOG Parameters P1 constant to be multiplied or 1 if
14. PLT MODIVGA PLT DISMAN TEX DISHLP Description Installation batch file Main program Brightness profile shell of zeroes around a matrix identifies one pixel wide spikes extract a 512x320 max matrix from a larger one color image from two monochrome images Integer matrix operations shift of an image no rebin noise filtering Writes installed Config plt Bias and flat field correction outputs DSKDIS INI for disk A outputs DSKDIS INI for disk B outputs DSKDIS INI for disk C outputs DSKDIS INI for disk D outputs DSKDIS INI for disk E outputs DSKDIS INI for disk F List of commands and parameters list of boxes coordinates list of intensity levels for Contour Starting config file changed to Config plt List of VGA graphic modes and behaviours Tex version of dis user manual this manual Directory with the command hlp help files 30 Dib 24 1 Appendices Appendix C Examples of DIS command files a 640x480x256 colors display mode Tseng Lab VGA chip MODE 46 read a 16 bits integer direct access no header image file RDIRECT focpsf 172 ALSO RD FOCPSF 172 FITS files can also be read RFITS snr2m fts ALSO RF SNR2M FTS image will be positioned at x 1 y 1 default POSITION 1 1 ALSO POS 1 1 set normal lut default LUT 0 spread colors between intensity 0 and 25000 TV 0 25000 hdefine box 2 DBOX 2 80 130 90 160 activate original dimension of the image BOX 1 compute and draw 30 isoph
15. Parameters file name 40 characters max string containing the disk path filename of image file DON T USE EXTENSION Function Writes an integer 2 2 bytes direct access no header file containing the image Due to the lack of the header number of data per row is com puted and used as file name extension It will be used by RDIRECT The area to be written depends on the last defined BOX or is the whole image Bugs none WFITS WFITS Format WFITS file name Parameters file name 40 characters max string containing the disk path filename of image file DON T USE EXTENSION it will be set to FTS by the program Function Writes a 16 bit pixel FITS file containing the image The area to be written depends on the last defined BOX or is the whole image Bugs none 20 Dios vers 24 1 WPIXEL WPIXEL Format WPIXEL pl p2 p3 p4 Parameters first and last line first and last column Function shows numerical values of actual image data within the limits defined by parameters extrema included Bugs none WRITE WRITE Format WRITE file name Parameters pathjoutput file name Function Saves on a disk file the actual command buffer If file name exists it will be overwritten Bugs none XLUT XLUT Format XLUT Parameters none Function Circularly rotate the starting color of actual LUT by means of keypad left and right arrows Hit ESC to exit from this command A CLUT n command should have been given before XL
16. T RDIRECT READ RELOCATE RESET RFITS RSUB SCAN SPIKES SQUARES STAT SUBTRACT TEXT TV VBOX WDIRECT WFITS WPIXEL WRITE XLUT ZOOM o o 0 ov o Hno_N OH Lada OWN ooN 00 ON OC Dib 2 1 Appendices execute a command list define image position X Y exit to DOS like END open and read a direct access image file open and read disk file with command list locate the current point at X Y screen coordinates reset all as defined in the file MODIVGA PLT read image file in FITS format substitution of row ri with data in row r2 plot data within the last defined GBOX average spikes Read output of COSMIC EXE compute amp write on file integrated flux within growing squares max min average 0 total flux in a given box subtract constant from matrix write string at cursor position display image according to MODE within min max define box n as image display box write file on disk in DA format write file on disk in FITS format show values within xstart zend ystart yend write on disk file actual command buffer shift starting color register of actual lut rotate lut set zoom value to n 29 DIS 24 1 Appendices Appendix B List of files in DIS installation diskette File INSTALL BAT DIS EXE BECCD EXE CORONA EXE COSMIC EXE EXTRACT EXE IMACOL EXE MATOP EXE MOVEM EXE NOISE EXE PLINST EXE PULCCD EXE DSKA EXE DSKB EXE DSKC EXE DSKD EXE DSKE EXE DSKF EXE CMDS DIS BOXES LIS LEVEL DAT CONFOG
17. The small point by point difference between the intensity distribution inte grated over a square domain or over a circular one with the same area allows to express the integrated luminosity L x of a CCD image over the square with xx 2k 1 p as L xx L rk 18 2rrI r dr arZb 1 where p is the pixel size I r the radial intensity rg 2k 1 p v7 and b a constant sky background see Bendinelli and Gatti 1991 When the brightness profile of a star or an extended object is needed the integral equation 1 must be solved for I r getting the luminosity L x within squares of growing side L xx is the output of the Dis command SQUARES i e the file DIS Q so a constrained mean squares in Tikhonov sense see e g Tikhonov and Arsenine 1977 solution of Eq 1 can be obtained by BECCD Constrained mean square solution requires a numerical parameter the regularization parameter y which dumps the numerical instabilities due to ill posed nature of Eq 1 Regularization introduces a bias which adds to variance to form the final error of the solution see Marquardt 1970 Suitable values of y should be set by trial and errors looking for the minimum residual of the first 2 or 3 data A possible starting value for y may be about 1 0E 11 BECCD outputs the file BE OUT without control on the existence of a formerly created file with the same name user should provide to change file name in order to avoid overwriting An example
18. UT Follow the same rules used for CURSOR numerical keys set the jump along color scale Vertical position of the cursor is set to 100 by default and can bechanged by vertical arrows Bugs none See also LUT CLUT ZOOM ZOOM Format ZOOM n Parameters zoom value Function Sets zoom value to n Maximum zoom value is undefined Bugs none 21 Dio 24 1 External Frograms EXTERNAL PROGRAMS Dis includes some external programs which execute less used tasks or too much computer resources requiring algorithms Some of them are also embedded in Dis also if are slightly different in both form or output products Any of external programs get a Dis produced input or outputs Dis suitable data and images Actually available programs are BECCD EXE Radial brightness profile with constant axial ratio CORONA EXE Smaller image centered in a larger one and zero filling of the area around it COSMIC EXE One pixel spikes detection and averaging EXTRACT EXE Extraction of a smaller image from a larger one IMACOL EXE Color index image in magnitudes from two given images MATOP EXE Add or subtract two images and transpose a square image MOVEM EXE Traslation of an image Integer steps NOISE EXE Edge enanchement and noise filtering at given gain PULCCD EXE Bias and Flat Field correction 22 Dio 24 1 External Frograms BECCD The radial brightness profile of an extended object is computed by solving an integral equation
19. ces the output file DIS Q containing a comment ndata cali bration constant 0 sky background 0 regularization param eter 0 002 istep This file is the input for the external program BECCD which computes brightness profile of the extended object centered at cr cc Bugs none Be sure BECCD EXE is available otherwise this is a useless command STAT STAT Format STAT n or STAT 18 Dio vers 24 1 Parameters a box number as listed after LBOX command Also no parameter Function computes and shows max min total intensity average standard devia tion of data within a pre defined box or an area defined interactively by cursor Bugs none See also DBOX LBOX Examples dbox 3 100 200 25 75 define box 3 dbox 4 160 190 104 175 define box 4 dbox 12 300 451 325 475 define box 12 stat 4 Istatistics over area 4 stat larea will be defined by cursor SUBTRACT SUBTRACT Format SUBTRACT p1 Parameters P1 constant to be subtracted Function Subtracts pl to the image matrix within the last defined box Bugs none To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT TEXT TEXT Format TEXT Parameters none Function Writes a string in alphanumeric mode at cursor position Dialog asks for input string and cursor positioning At Enter string hit lt RET gt to exit from TEXT Bugs Due to the trasformation in row and column of the cursor pos
20. command buffer Bugs none BCOLOR BCOLOR Format BCOLOR ncol Parameters ncol color code 0 15 Function Fills area with color ncol This command works only with 640x480x16 VGA standard mode 18 dec For any other VGA mode the screen is set to black Bugs none BOX BOX Format BOX pl or BOX Parameters pl is the number of a pre defined box asks for actual box Function Makes available the area number n n 1 12 Next commands like MODIFY or INTERP refer to this area Bugs none See also DBOX GBOX LBOX VBOX CHANGE CHANGE Dios vers 24 1 Format CHANGE P1 Parameters P1 constant Function Changes to pl the pixel whose intensity is between two levels extrema included The operation holds within the last defined box Levels 11 12 are asked for if 11 12 0 the whole box is set to const Bugs none To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT CLA CLA Format CLA Parameters none Function In a graphical mode clears an area defined by cursor Bugs none but it is very slow Use CLA only for small areas CLG CLG Format CLG Parameters none Function Clears actual graphic screen Like ERASE but not included in com mand buffer W oe 5 5 CLS CLS Format CLS Parameters none Function Clears actual alphanumeric screen Bugs none but be sure to be in alpha mode otherwise screen is cleared
21. ent position will be given by cursor The variables XPOS and YPOS in common block are modified Bugs none QUIT QUIT Format QUIT Parameters none Function Exit from Dis to DOS Does not save the actual command buffer use WRITE for that This command is the same as END Bugs none RDIRECT RDIRECT Format RDIRECT file name or RDIRECT Parameters file name 40 characters max string containing the disk path file name ext of image file Function Reads an integer 2 i e 2 bytes direct access no header file containing the image If file name is omitted this command asks for it as File Due to the lack of the header the user MUST know the of data per row NC This number is normally written as file name extension by DIS output routines If ext is CCD or NTT then NC is assumed to be 320 RDIRECT shows this number as default Box 1 in the file boxes lis is inizialized to start row end row start column end column Bugs none READ READ Format READ file name Parameters file name 40 characters max string containing a list of Dis commands Function Reads a list of commands from a disk file and inizializes the command buffer Bugs none RELOCATE RELOCATE Format RELOCATE row column 16 Dios vers 24 1 Parameters x and y screen coordinates Function re defines the current point position Bugs none RESET RESET Format RESET Parameters none Function Resets Dis graphics to default parameters as
22. image can write disk files with and or show plots of scan data Plot limits can be defined only interactively by the cursor Screen area that will contain the graphs is defined in advance by the command GBOX n no default exists User coordinates can be extracted by cursor by hitting X or x after the end of plot Dialog asks for drawing color The last defined color is used also to draw the box Depending on parameters pl and p2 this command outputs the disk files RECT OUT LINEX OUT LINEY OUT LINEXY OUT Bugs none See also OSCAN GBOX SPIKES SPIKES Format SPIKES Parameters none Function Reads the coordinates of one pixel spikes which deviate more than XM times from the average intensity of its 3x3 neighbourings computes again the mean values and changes any central pixel to average Spikes positions and constant XM have been formerly recorded by means of the external program COSMIC EXE or by the command CURSOR Y and saved into the disk files COSMIC OUT or CURSOR OUT respectively Anyway a file name is asked for Bugs none See also COSMIC To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT SQUARES SQUARES Format SQUARES cr cc ndata istep or SQUARES cr cc ndata Parameters cr cc central row and column ndata of squares involved max 100 istep growing step Function Computes the total intensity within istep pixels increasing squares Produ
23. ine is present but output on printers is com mitted to DOS Print Screen version 4 1 or higher or to commercial software For any problem or comments the author can be reached at the following mail and e mail addresses Franco Zavatti Dipartimento di Astronomia Via Zamboni 33 40126 BOLOGNA Italy Internet zavatti alma02 cineca it Dios vers 24 1 Decnet 3719 zavatti 2 INSTALLATION Dis can be installed by putting the distribution diskette into drive A setting the computer actual disk also to A and typing A gt INSTALL disk lt return gt to install Dis into the hard disk disk where disk may be any of C D G The batch program INSTALL BAT provides the creation of both the directory DIS containing the main program its related files and external programs see Appendix B and the subdirectory DIS DISHLP with the help files A list of actually available VGA modes is then shown and user asked to give a choice by typing the decimal code of the preferred graphical environment The code INSTALL uses as default is 18 decimal 12 Hex i e the standard VGA mode with a resolution of 640 rows by 480 columns and 16 colors Any VGA card knows this mode and the lower ones while the higher modes called Super VGA or SVGA are tipical of each manufacturer So 18D mode is the better starting mode and its choice recom mended To accept the default choice a comma can be typed followed by lt return gt Fortran allows
24. ition in pixels positioning may be difficult Try with different coordinates and screen resolution to find out the best for you Strictly speaking this is not a bug but depends on the author s choice to use alpha characters in order to improve drawing speed See also LABEL Format TV or TV min max Parameters none or minimum maximum intesity Function Displays image on the screen following the actual video mode If no parameter is given default or last defined minimum and maximum intensities within which color codes are spread will be assumed Image position and screen erasure are defined by commands POSITION and CLG or ERASE see 19 Dios vers 24 1 Bugs none VBOX VBOX Format VBOX n or VBOX Parameters n is the number of a pre defined box as appears after LBOX command Function Defines a sub area from the whole original frame Next display op erations like TV refers to this vision box After image loading it is defaulted to image dimension i e box 1 If no parameters are given limits of the area will be selected by cursor Bugs none See also BOX DBOX GBOX LBOX Examples dbox 2 120 220 100 180 now box 2 is defined and active box 1 now box 1 is active vbox 2 vision box like box 2 mode 46 640x480x256 colors tv 0 1280 display within box 2 cuts 0 1280 vbox use cursor to define vision box BOX left up corner then lt ESC gt WDIRECT WDIRECT Format WDIRECT file name
25. le in magnitudes per square arcsec normalized to the central value BLOG 4 Standard deviation ELOG of BLOG CORONA From an input smaller image this code generates a larger one the original image beeing centered on it The area around the snmaller image is set to zero The maximum allowed dimensions of input and output images are respectively 128x128 and 400x300 CORONA reads Fits files whose extension is FTS and Direct Access DA files with any other extension On output only DA files can be written At run CORONA asks for input file name small matrix output file name and its dimensions rows and columns COSMIC Search of cosmic rays referred as pixels whose intensity is greater than the average flux of its neighbourings times a given constant XM so cosmic rays are selected if Intensity gt Ave 3x3 flux XM Events which agree with the above criterium are registered on a disk file as position row and column intensity and average flux of the 3x3 box around Default output file name is COSMIC OUT but its existence is checked at any run and user asked to append new data to the old file or give new file name At run COSMIC asks for XM and input file name 24 Dio 24 1 External Frograms As input images COSMIC can read fits or Direct Access DA files The output file will be used without changes by the Dis command SPIKES which substitutes the average flux to spikes This external
26. ll place to the other Dis functions The hunger of mem ory has brought to unrespect the starting statement that Dis could run with any PC processor from 8088 to 80x86 Present Dis version requires 510 402 bytes at run time so in practice at least an 80286 2 MB memory and MS DOS 5 1 or similar operating system with its capability to allocate high memory for drivers or TSR programs are an absolute need A mathematical co processor 80x87 is also strongly recommended Any image and data vector created by Dis can be saved on disk files Dis has 72 commands a list is reported in Appendix A with the number of pa rameters 9 means alphanumeric string and one line description The commands are written into the file CMDS DIS and Dis routines check the existence of a given com mand by comparing the actual line of the command buffer to the content of this file CMDS DIS so should have hidden and read only attributes and the file should not be modified in any case in any case On line help is available for any command within the limitation that shortcuts are not allowed in the names of help files For example PL or PLAY are normally used in place of PLAYBACK while Help PL gives an error The correct command will be Help PLAYBACK The help files are also collected in the TEX file DISMAN TEX If help command is entered without any parameter a list af all available commands is displayed A very crude and dirty hardcopy rout
27. llows insertion of new command s AFTER the command defined by line number INSERT prompt is I END terminates insertion INTERP INTERP w Nn 5 Format INTERP p1 p2 Parameters pl p2 x and y number of pixels Function computes linear least squares interpolation along rows or columns or both in two steps within the last defined box Parameters give how 10 Dios vers 24 1 many pixels must be used as interpolation basis Interp does not per form interpolation for zero valued parameters This command MODI FIES THE MATRIX IN MEMORY Bugs none To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT LABEL LABEL Format LABEL string Parameters string a text of 40 characters max Function Writes string in alphanumeric mode at the last defined position of the graphic cursor See also RELOCATE Bugs Due to the trasformation in row and column of the cursor position in pixels positioning may be difficult Try RELOCATE with various coordinates to find out the best for you Strictly speaking this is not a bug but depends on the author s choice to use alpha characters in order to improve drawing speed LBOX LBOX Format LBOX or LBOX pl Parameters pl is box number in the direct access file boxes lis Function lists in the dialog window number and limits of the actual 12 boxes or show the same for box pl Bugs none See also B
28. more accurate reproductions use the GRAPHICS DOS 4 XX 5 XX command or specialized software like PIZAZZ PLUS R or HPSCREEN R Bugs the routine doesn t handle gray levels so it is valid only for plots not for pictures HEADER HEADER Format HEADER Parameters none Function Writes on the right side of the screen some data of the image file name dimension zoom max and min intensity See also NOHEADER Bugs none Dios vers 24 1 HELP HELP Format 1 HELP or 2 HELP command name Parameters none or the name of a command for detailed help Function 1 lists all commands available in Dis 2 gives the help of the specific command Use the COMPLETE name of the command no abbrevia tions Example HELP ALP is wrong Help routine cannot find help file HELP ALPHA is correct IDENT IDENT W Nn 5 Format IDENT or IDENT cc Parameters none or a 2 characters identification Function writes at the left bottom of the image actual date and time Please note that date format is dd mm yyyy If the two characters cc are given they are added to the above string INFO INFO es oe WD 5 Format INFO Parameters none Function Displays general information on Dis author address references INSERT INSERT W oe io 5 5 Format INSERT line number Parameters line number the ordinal which identifies the command in the com mand buffer Function A
29. o default exists User coordinates can be extracted by cursor by hitting X or x after the end of plot Dialog asks for drawing color The last defined color is used also to draw the box Depending on parameters pl and p2 this command outputs the disk files RECT OUT LINEX OUT LINEY OUT LINEXY OUT OVERSCAN leaves the last defined x and y scales unchanged so that different plots can be drawn on the same scale This command must be used AFTER at least one SCAN command Bugs none See also SCAN GBOX PAUSE PAUSE Format PAUSE Parameters none Function Stops the execution of the next command until a key is pressed On the dialog window DIS paused hit a key to continue appears and a beep outlines the presence of this command Bugs none PCOM PCOM Format PCOM Parameters none Function displays the values of the variables in both plot and Dis libraries This command has been written for author s use so not all may be clear nevertheless PCOM can be useful in a lot of cases Bugs none PLAYBACK PLAYBACK Format PLAYBACK Parameters none Function Executes the command buffer from the first to the last command No jump is allowed Bugs none 15 Dios vers 24 1 POSITION POSITION Format POSITION P1 P2 or POSITION Parameters P1 x position P2 y position of the upper left corner of image Function Defines the upper left corner of the image display in screen coordi nates If no parameter is pres
30. omitted Function Computes decimal logarithm of the image times pl e g 2 5 log10 Multiply the results by 100 to avoid truncation of numbers between 1 and 1 due to integer 2 data Then OUTPUT INT P1 LOG10 INPUT 100 0 5 Bugs none To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT LUT LUT Format LUT or LUT n or LUT Parameters none displays lut n sets lut n shows actual lut Function a Displays actual color Look Up Table starting from screen coordinates 1 322 Lut can be cleared by CLA command b Makes available LUT n Presently only 0 or 1 can be selected c Shows actual LUT This command refers only to default LUTs Use CLUT and XLUT for the other colors maps Bugs Lut s fixed position may conflict with multi image or zoomed displays See also CLUT XLUT MAXMIN MAXMIN 12 Dios vers 24 1 Format MAXMIN or MAXMIN box Parameters none or box number Function Computes maximum minimum and respective coordinates Asks for area definition by cursor if no parameter is given otherwise uses the area defined by the number after LBOX command Bugs none See also DBOX LBOX Examples dbox 3 100 200 25 75 define box 3 dbox 4 160 190 104 175 define box 4 dbox 12 300 451 325 475 define box 12 maxmin 4 Imaxmin over area 4 maxmin larea will be defined by cursor METRIC METRIC Format METRIC scale or METRIC Parameters scale
31. otes follow dialog CONTOUR 30 ksubtract a constant SUBTRACT 183 4 if you want to subtract the same constant from box 2 only BOX 2 SUBTRACT 183 4 try new image position x 180 y 1 with inverse color map POS 180 1 change lut use inverse These are native luts LUT 1 spread colors between 0 and 17000 TV 0 17000 compute and draw 20 isophotes follow dialog CONTOUR 20 profile along a 1 px high scan Doesn t write data into a disk file scan 0 0 1 ALSO SCAN as before plotting with the same scale and over the above graph overplot oscan 0 0 1 ALSO OSCAN save on fits file subf fts the sub frame within box 2 BOX 2 WFITS subf dont give extension ALSO WF SUBF 0r save it on the direct access file subf 071 WDIRECT subf don t give extension ALSO WD SUBF 31 Dib 24 1 Appendices b 7 256x256 images of the same object a globular cluster in M31 as observed by the Hubble Space Telecope are shown on 1024x768x256 colors screen mode 56 hi res mode on Tseng Lab chip ET4000 decimal this is the external lut 4 Random CLUT 4 pos 1 1 position of left top corner of the image rf g305a fts reads fits file tv 0 8000 display intensities between 0 and 8000 RELOCATE 125 280 position of cursor below the image LABEL G305A writes object name kh repeat for any image pos 258 1 rf g305b fts tv 0 8000 RELOCATE 385 280 LABEL G305B h pos 514 1 rf g305ab fts tv 0 8000 RELOCATE
32. outines were originally developped on a TR3000 i e on practically the same chip and there worked well of course The last bug affects only plots not pictures Some problem may also arise from the original choice of using alphanumeric char acters instead of bit mapped fonts mainly as far as correct positioning and variety of styles are concerned Alphanumeric characters were chosen because they could be displayed at higher speed by the old Intel processors without 80x87 chips 5 COMMANDS A complete description of Dis commands follows but before that three general state ments 1 Parameters may be separated by either comma or one space 2 The symbol in first column acts as a Comment i e the command parser does not interpret what follows 3 A command line is analysed by the parser up to column 40 The remaining columns can be used for comments G s Dios vers 24 1 Format n Parameters command ordinal Function Executes the command n in the command buffer Bugs none but note the blank space between and n ADD ADD Si z st gt J O se eS Parameters P1 constant to be added Function Adds p1 to the image matrix within the last defined box Bugs none To change data in memory use ADD CHANGE COSMIC CSUB DIVIDE INTERP LOG MULTIPLY NOISE RSUB SPIKES SUBTRACT ALPHA ALPHA Format ALPHA Parameters none Function Sets video to alphanumeric mode As MODE 3 but doesn t enter in the
33. rect access no header format Output file name extension will be the number of data per row IMACOL reads only I 2 direct access input files MATOP Add or subtract two matrices and transpose a matrix Only integer 2 operations 25 Dio 24 1 External Frograms At any step the same row of both matrices is read operation computed and resulting row written on the output file This procedure implies a lot of work for hard disks heads so if possible use a RAM disk where both images have been copied in as working area At run MATOP asks for input file names only one name if a matrix must be trans posed dimensions operation T and output file name give also extension All frames are read and written in Integer 2 direct access no header format MOVEM MOVE Matrix shifts an image along rows columns or both at integer steps without rebinning and or rotation At run after the input file name signed shifts in pixels are asked for New areas derived from shifts are filled with zeroes The Direct Access DA output file will be named MOVED xxx where xxx is the number of data per row NX An output row used as control shows on the screen NX the bytes per row start and end row and column of the output image I1 12 J1 J2 Example two frames of say NGC 1068 in B and R colors are available and a color index image must be computed by means of IMACOL The objects in the frames should have the same coordinates of course
34. rocedure implies a lot of work for hard disks heads so if possible use a RAM disk where all images have been copied in as working area At run PULCCD asks for data bias flat field and output file names and for the mean value lt FF gt of the flat field frame This value can be derived by DIS command STAT 1 All frames are read and written in Integer 2 direct access no header format 27 Dib 24 1 Appendices Appendix A List of DIS commands Command I ADD ALPHA BCOLOR BOX CHANGE CLA CLG CLS CLUT CLW CONTOUR COSMIC CSUB CURSOR DBOX DELETE DIVIDE DOS EDIT END ERASE FITSH GBOX GRAPH HARDCOPY HEADER HELP IDENT INFO INSERT INTERP LABEL LBOX LEVELS LIST LOG LUT MAXMIN METRIC MODE MULTIPLY NOHEADER NOISE OSCAN PAUSE PCOM Params O O WFR CO FR RK KB rs Lin owua 0 N L Oo ooo co co corr oocooliornNnaiditonIi O Ho DI Wr FY OF Description re execute command Add it to buffer add constant to matrix within box enter alphanumeric mode Like MODE 3 Not in buffer in standard VGA clear screen to color n Otherwise CLG make available the area n change pixel values to a constant within given limits clear area selected by cursor Graphic clear graphic screen Set to color 0 clear alphanumeric screen change external luts available lut codes are 1 2 3 4 clear dialog window last bottom 5 lines compute amp draw a given number of isophotes in the last def box select pixel
35. ry After starting Dis clears the screen no welcome or copywrite message appears shows the prompt gt and waits for a command Dios vers 24 1 Dis sessions may be interactive batch and mixed in the first case any command is executed just after lt ret gt In the other situation i e when a command file has been already created the command READ file name loads the existing list of com mands and PL ayback execute it During mixed sessions a command file is loaded and interactive commands are given Commands can be entered with the minimum number of characters needed to distin guish them one from another An ambiguous command will be interpreted with the first matching occurrence in the file CMDS DIS Appendix A For example IN 1 which should mean INSERT 1 in user s mind will be traslated as INFO 4 BUGS Some bugs affect Dis when known they have been reported in the respective help files Two of them appear more intriguing and actually do not have an explanation the first one reported in MODE help file refers to the failure in text positioning with the 800 x 600 modes No particular software has been written for these modes any setting beeing referred to the only one assembler subroutine which provides calls to BIOS interrupts The other bug not reported in help files concerns the incapacity of correctly drawing lines at higher resolutions with some SVGA card e g with the Trident TR4000 but the drawing r
36. s with intensity larger than c1 ave substitution of column cl with data of column c set cursor on ESC to set it off Yes writes coords define a picture box by corners coordinates Write boxes lis delete rows N to n2 extrema included in command buffer divide matrix by constant open a DOS child process spawn Need enaugh memory edit a line in the command buffer end of insertion or exit to DOS erase graphic screen show first 32 lines of FITS header make available the area n to graphics enter actual graphic mode Like MODE n but not in c buffer send video to Epson printer Very dirty routine show some info about the image display list of commands or a command help file write date and user code 2 chars if any show some info about Dis allow insertion after the row n in command buffer linear interpolation for rows and columns write text at cursor position display all boxes or given box coordinates write on disk file row amp column of n levels centered at XC YC list all commands in the buffer decimal log image const 100 show LUT n 0 1 or write LUT maximun and minimum within box n or cursor defined give measures on image if scale 1 select graphic mode n decimal multiply matrix by constant clear image header noise filtering with given gain draw data in existing frame and scale See SCAN pause execution Hit a key to restart print variables in common blocks 28 PLAYBACK POSITION QUI
37. to white CLUT CLUT Format CLUT n Parameters color set n n 1 2 3 4 Function Loads on color registers of VGA card the R G B codes for 256 colors Of course colors immediately appear on the screen Look Up Tables LUT actually available are 1 Gray levels 2 Rainbow 3 Sixteen 16x16 4 Vax random Default 16 and 256 colors LUTs are not directly accessed by this command use MODE n LUT 0 or 1 and TV commands to redraw image with a default lut CLUT command should be given before XLUT to circularly rotate actual LUT Bugs none Dios vers 24 1 See also LUT XLUT CLW CLW Format CLW Parameters none Function Clears the last 5 lines of any graphic mode These lines are the dialog window Bugs none CONTOUR CONTOUR Format CONTOUR nlev or CONTOUR Parameters number of levels to be drawn If nlev is 0 1 or doesn t appear levels must be supplied by user following the dialog Maximum value of nlev is 50 Function Computes and draws isophotes User can select the area to be analysed and the area where isophotes will be traced they may be the same area Bugs none COSMIC COSMIC Format COSMIC P1 Parameters P1 constant Function Selects and averages pixels whose value is P1 times the mean of the 8 pixels around Suitable values for P1 may be 1 8 2 0 Like SPIKES but slower because it computes spikes coordinates It uses the same algorithm as the external program COSMIC EXE but does not write
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