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Density_2 user manual

1. e diffusion filters coeff N B the last two right knobs brown colored are general settings reverber parameters you should not move it during performance anyway values are mouse filtered their values pass only when the mouse button is up 21 Dynamic compressor is a dual band fully featured signal compressor with limiting gating side chain Upper hic Adjustable Band stop Delay SC filter SC delay Downward Expander Noise Gatel AGC Inout ng enable threshold Crossover i o i gt gt Limiter Output CS H AGC dual band orvoft Level Detector i p anaasssssnsnannsnannanannam lana for age gating response attack ch coupling nating level release age enable ri ee 5 level ratio threshold range prog rel drive smoothing O streaml_compressor on off bypass dynamic compressor on metera Punchy v Guitar_v m enable disable meters these values describe the current state of various SAN LTS internal gain levels of the threshold ratio attack release compressor compressor gain left right N O 4D noise gate gain left right uil limiter gain left right The last two right menus on the right sets limiter response mode punchy or smooth Punchy response yields extremely short attack and release times useful for transparent limiting or to create loudness However if over used intermodulation distortion may result Smooth response uses longer attack
2. md len Ne ei Hzoom pesto 50 n 1 lt tunname RI N HEHE ast di A N wre wo 23 7 md_pitch 1 2 draw 512 0 00 0 00 4 4 1 Gon Lon fon Lon Lon Lon Gon Lon Ga Gm Ost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Yaster jitter x al sH sH sH sH H sH sH sH ell 1 Sau a i f f f f f f fil 36 P P lt P q 6 6048 C 6 o KE da v D lt lt lt A i aos CUE Q C panie _ lt n Il wrap v 1UVEISAmpIe 244904 65625 a 15 45 8 00 04 04 904 13dB 45dB 29dB 65dB 12dB 61dB 62dB 4idB re 110 Tee 1i O HB 1e 116 Smo X Mi fo g minimo nmo Zio X mo Z lMb 6 0 dB SII 10 Z 583ms 343H2 2st 0 65 mona ire pra m EA E _ EE _ EE EEE_ _EE_ __ a_anBanB_ A O Dr h yE GD 250 ms dll alia 15327233 44100 347556 28 44100 512 64 disabled 47 F K 8 At the bottom of window we have the status bar showing some informations like DSP settings CPU usage on the right sound file informations and grains overlapping factor for the granular stream selected You can select one of eight granular streams clicking on the stream selection tab also you can use keyboard keys shift 1 2 8 in case of shortcuts mode enabled The Hint clue window toolbar or men bars explains Density GUI widget when the mouse is over it Density it s easy to learn thought for live performances The main fu
3. 21 30 _ main xml 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 Y E streamsnaps 28 dicembre 2010 23 49 _ streaml xml 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream2 xml 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 _ Stream3 xml 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream4 xml 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 streamS xml 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream6 xml 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream7 xml 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream8 xml 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 Y E streamsndf 28 dicembre 2010 23 49 streamlcoll txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream2coll txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream3coll txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 Stream4coll txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 streamScoll txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream6coll txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream7coll txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream8coll txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 TextNotes txt 15 gennaio 2011 18 52 v g vst 28 dicembre 2010 23 49 plugin_9 fxp 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 vst txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 windowing txt 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 In main xml are stored all general configuration and the snapshots presets for main section In globalsnaps xml are stored the gsnap global presets streamN xml contains the streams snapshots presets where N is the granular stream number streamN txt contains granular streams data collector like path of sound files loaded general information such zoom normalize length selection file sample length sampling rate time duration etc 65 windowing txt is collector file for the Windowing module path of sound files
4. MSP version 5 1 4 quanti reflect eight granular streams simultaneously loading up to 12 sound files aiff wav for each stream 96 tot dynamic wave pad scrub wrap around selection crop normalize draw etc grid quantize zero crossing bpm phase and samples multi windows resizable buffers for fine scanning explorations quick sound files exchange mouse jumping on the windows buffers envelope windowing menage up to 12 pre generated shape prototypes envelope windowing loading and menage up to 12 sound files aiff wav dynamic envelope buffer load save normalize crop resize length etc main mixer 8 channels 1 master solo mute and VST supports quick record export master channel progressive file auto name select directory and re sampling ze out file trigger mode granular streams foreground sync all DSP settings and status bar informations snapshots presets memory up to 24 for each stream and 24 for the main mixer fast buttons snapshots store recall simultaneously streams and main transition interpolation between snapshots in a given time clients menage include exclude widgets from transitions four draw table for transitions curves micro pad interpolating between four snapshots HV_pad i e hyper vectorial pad 9 snapshots pad 4 pad near and auto explorer spiral dunk s engine MIDI Input mapping learn manual rescale range and exponential curve MIDI Output sync enable disable contin
5. OSC mapping setup configurations sound files and sound files informations etc in a single project i e a folder containing everything Open allow you to browse filesystem to chose the project folder N B you need select entire folder You cannot select subfolders or any files contained in the project folder but from filesystem browser you need simply select the project folder N B Alternatively you can drag and drop project folder on the main mixer Save Save As create new project if not saved yet or save current project with name When you save a project without consolidate audio files you will not able to open project correctly on the others computers This because stored sampled files paths refers to local path Thus also if you change sampled files path on your machine you will not able read correctly project Alternatively consolidate feature follow explained solve the problem At each files exported is attached a prefix ID the ID is shape for Windowing module and stramN for granular streams where N is the slot number 12 All exported sampled files are in AIFF format so aiff extension will be attached eventually e g stream3snd2filname mp3 aiff for streams or shapesnd12filname wav aiff for windowing module Consolidate if enabled when you Save or Save AS project all sampled sound files loaded on the streams slots 12 available LIVE buffer contents and or Windowing sampled shape slots 12 available they will
6. P 2ingresso cita Sorgente clock Default Ingresso integrato 2 ingresso O uscita i m i Ingresso Uscita Uscita bilia cita E 4 o ear Milione Sorgente Default 18 ingre 18 u Built in input Aggregated Formato 44100 0 Hz 2 can 32bit INgresso 4 cit Can Volume Valore dB Mute M _ OO 1 00 0 00 O lO eG 100 000 2 que 100 0 00 2 ingresso 2 uscita Soundiiower ae 16 ingre x o Adobe Encore DVD 4 0 J ingresso cita 0 Adobe Media Encoder 4 0 uscita n O Premiere Pro 4 0 0 Ingresso uscita Soundbooth 2 0 DOES SOL USSU M Configura altoparlanti topi eae sea cite Tee e i444444z4 po ri The Audio part of the Audio MIDI Setup application shows Input settings on the left side and Output settings on the right The System Settings let you choose which audio device is used for system audio input and output while the Selected Audio Device menu allows you to control the various settings for the built in and any external hardware audio devices When using external audio devices the Input Volume and Output Volume sliders can be used to set the overall input and output volumes of the selected device they are not available when using the built in audio controller The Device Mute checkboxes allow you to mute the input and output devices if applicable Play Through is available on PowerPC Macs only Play Through checkbox just under the Input Volume sl
7. While compatibility with your hardware is almost guaranteed the poor latency values you get from an MME driver make this the least desirable option for real time media operation DirectSound drivers built on Microsoft s DirectX technology have become commonplace for most sound cards and provide much better latency and performance than MME drivers Whenever possible a DirectSound driver ad _directsound should be used in preference to an MME driver Occasionally and especially in the case of motherboard based audio systems you will find the DirectSound driver performs more poorly than the MME driver This can happen when a hardware specific DirectSound driver is not available and the system is emulating DirectSound while using the MME driver In these cases it is best to use MME directly or find an ASIO driver for your system The best performance and lowest latency will typically be achieved using ASIO drivers The ASIO standard developed by Steinberg and supported by many media oriented sound cards is optimized for very low latency and high performance As with the DirectSound driver you need to verify that performance is actually better than other options occasionally an ASIO driver will be a simple wrapper around the MME or DirectSound driver and will perform more poorly than expected Using MME and DirectSound Drivers with Density on Windows On Windows Density loads the MME driver by default If you have correctly installed e
8. and release times The result is still a fast look ahead limiter but with less intermodulation distortion and less punch the most right chose one of build presets for the dynamic processor Guitar Bass Vocal Drums and Program Material An attempt at smooth gain riding of mixed program material as well as can be done with a non multi band processor threshold sets the compressor threshold in dB below full scale This is the main compression threshold Any signal above the threshold will be reduced and any signal below the threshold will be amplified according to the range and ratio parameters ratio sets the numerator of the compressor gain reduction ratio from 1 1 to Infinite 1 attack sets the rate at which the compressor is engaged when the signal level exceeds the Threshold The value range is 0 150 on a logarithmic scale with larger values indicating faster attack release sets the rate at which the compressor releases its gain adjustment when the signal level no longer exceeds the Threshold The value range is 0 150 on a logarithmic scale with larger values indicating faster release This rate can be modified by the release gate and freeze thresholds VST slots 22 The last effect of the audio chain is a VST slot Lon e There are nine VST slots in Density for the eight granular streams and the 1 2 3 4 5 all all gli gli gli g MASTER channel Load and manage VST plugin is easy Clicking on men TH elkelkelke
9. audio hardware it should come the drivers to interface with Core Audio When these drivers are installed and the hardware is present Core Audio will include the external device as a Core Audio choice in the Driver menu in the DSP Status window 14 O DSP Settings aE vovesiorste Gz 2 Sampling Rate Driver CoreAudio Soundflower Signal Vector Size Hz Input Device erdrive in Audio Interrupt Input Source CoreAudio Soundflower 16ch Aggregated 10 Signals Used 0 0 t Destination CoreAudio Built in Input Aggregated CoreAudio Soundflower 2ch Function Calls 0 Playthrough Input CoreAudio Soundflower 16ch ion C NonRealTime ad_rewire Live mae The Sound part of the System Preferences application can be used to set basic sound settings for the system such as the Output volume left right balance and sound output device as well as the Input volume and sound input device You can also use the Audio MIDI Setup application located in Applications Utilities for more detailed control of the sound I O settings Note that modifications you make to the Sound section of the System Preferences application such as changing the output volume or balance are reflected in the audio MIDI Setup and vice versa You can open the Audio MIDI Setup application by clicking on the Open Audio Control Panel button in the lower left corner of the DSP Status Window 800 Dispositivi audio Microfono integrato Soundflower 2ch
10. be exported inside project folder e g if enabled the files will be exported on the consolidate folder inside project folder if disabled the files will be loaded from filesystem path Useful If you intend open projects everywhere N B e You cannot use or symbol in the project name folder e When you Save newly the project with consolidate flag off the originals sampled files path will be restored but files stored in consolidate folder they will not deleted 64 e project tree re n goo S_project_1 Density Data di modifica VW consolidate 28 dicembre 2010 23 49 shapesndlsinetest wav aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 streamILIVE aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 E stream1lsnd10001 2 Audio 1 aif aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 E stream2LIVE aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 E stream2snd10003 4 Audio aif aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 te stream3LIVE aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 E stream3sndlbuffer wav aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream4LIVE aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 E stream4snd lbuffer2 wav aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 streamSLIVE aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 streamSsnd 1Fibonacci_1 aif aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 El stream6LIVE aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 E stream6snd1Fm_drone_add aif aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 E stream7LIVE aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 stream7snd1Fm_drone aif aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 E stream8LIVE aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 E stream8snd1Fm_ipnotico aif aiff 29 dicembre 2010 20 44 globalsnaps xml 29 dicembre 2010
11. can load replace a sound file from men or dragging file or folder files on the WavePad The men null item it will be replaced with the file name voceloop aif load replace load replace folder soundfiles populate save buffer to file clear buffer clear all buffers trim selection undo last selection zoom out edit files infos open buffer window load replace soundfile open a file browser to load an audio file on the selected slot aiff wave mp3 supported Also you can drop a valid file on the wave pad if it s unsupported a message will be shown load replace folder soundfiles populate open a file browser to chose a folder to fill sound buffers audio files aiff wave mp3 supported Also you can drop on the WavePad a sound files folder the unsupported files will be not loaded and a message will be shown 37 save buffer to file export the contents of the buffer as Wav or Aif audio file clear buffer erases the contents of buffer clear all buffers erases the contents of all twelve buffers trim selection will trim the audio data to the current selection It resizes the buffer to the selection length copies the selected samples into it and displays the result at default settings The buffer is erased except for the selected range This is a destructive edit and cannot be undone undo last selection it causes the selection start and end points to revert t
12. devices OK Cancel Pesce Density supports the use of different input and output devices with MME and DirectSound drivers Use the DSP Status Window to choose input and output devices Input and Output Devices When using MME or Directsound drivers you may choose input and output devices from the pull down menus in the DSP Status window which will be automatically populated with the drivers for your audio hardware When using the MME and Directsound drivers it is possible to use different audio devices for input and output simultaneously However this is not recommended or supported and unless there is some external from Density provision for synchronizing the devices dropouts will likely occur over time Thread Priority and Latency Settings Both MME and Directsound drivers include settings for Thread Priority and Latency These are both set by default to settings which we hope will work on your computer in the majority of situations However you may find that when you are working with a patch that you have problems which you may be able to resolve by changing some of these settings If your audio is crackling or there are glitches in it you may want to try increasing the latency setting This has the disadvantage of making your audio feel less responsive in real time but it will allow the audio driver more time to work on the extra audio demands you have placed on it If your system is slow in other areas such as screen redr
13. image nodes the mouse can only edit the nodes position and size unlocked slider the mouse can only changes the slider location refresh highest in the image enable disable auto recall snapshots see below for more details e transitions Transitions are a linear interpolation between two snapshots with one time duration You can start a transition only from the men recall item Is important to understand that the transition occurs from the current parameters positions toward the selected snapshot 45 actual GUI widgets positions gt gt gt toward selected snapshot time duration You can change the transition time 2 00 sec in above image The transitions can occur simultaneously on the streams and or on the main If auto recall see above is enabled selecting from the menu a snapshot slot to start the transition e snapshots manage gsnap p store new snapshot using the next empty preset slot store snap number enter a number or a list separated by space to store store snap number clear clear all rename renumber recall pause resume stop defaults params defaults all save to disk load from disk clear current selected snapshot clear all snapshot a message box will ask you to confirm rename open a window list where you can name or re name your snapshots renumber sort all snapshots stored into consecutive beginning with 1 recall start a transition toward curre
14. is multichannel real number of inputs ADC Ana logic to Digital Converter and outputs DAC Digital to Ana logic Converter depending to the hardware audio device Each channel can be routed on the MASTER channel on the MONITOR channel logical or directly on a Physical hardware channel By default all streams goes in the MASTER Each stream also is routed on logical channel with predefined stereo number channels Starting from the first stream mapped on 17 18 second 19 20 eight 31 32 instead the MASTER channel send audio on 1 2 logical channels while MONITOR send audio to 3 4 logical channels Every channels bottom we have I O routing signal Encircled of blue set input audio port for LIVE granulation see LIVE granulation for explanations Output signal is routed in three different ways gt on the left address signal on MASTER channel default m routing signal on MONITOR channel explained below and labelled o routing the signal in physicals channels used by your hardware device when selected you will see lighting the below menus from where you can chose physicals hardware output ports red highlight In the above example only two channels stereo are displayed the outputs channels numbers is depending by hardware device Using Core Audio Core Audio provides audio I O to Mac applications from both the computer s built in audio hardware as well as any external audio hardware you may have If you have external
15. message see MIDI OSC I O in this manual The granulation engine is updated every new generated grain the frequency of grains scattering depending from density parameter expressed in Hz grains for seconds The vertical sliders provides a deterministic values while the dials knobs provides random values Summing the two values deterministic random will be produced a value that is passed to the granulator In the follow example the pitch value deterministic is rescaled with rnd_pitch random pitch_result pitch birnd rnd_pitch pitch 2 Where birand is bipolar random generator The random range is expressed in therefore 0 it means only deterministic value 100 pitch_result can vary in the range pitch_result pitch pitch 2 rnd_pitch 5 31 In the example rnd_ pitch green frame starting from 80 is reduced to 5 in the middle With a great rnd_pitch each grain can have an high random pitch mask range Carrying rnd_pitch toward lowest values the random pitch mask is reduced until 0 which means no random pitch grain scattering length s ider grain duration in milliseconds rnd_length dial random range deviation in of length density slider grain for seconds in Hz rnd_density dial random range deviation in of density pitch s ider detune factor value 1 original pitch value 0 5 octave down 2 octave up keyboard button small button in the middle of pitch control show a
16. mouse moves the displayed value up and down and outputs the new values continuously In the float number box dragging to the left of the decimal point changes the value in increments of 1 Dragging to the right of the decimal point changes the fractional part of the number in increments of 0 01 The numbers can be entered into a number box by clicking on it with the mouse and typing in a number on the computer keyboard Typing the Enter keys or clicking outside the number box The twelve audio buffers they can be opened also in separate buffer windows see above how to open buffer window density main current project default _ streamlsnd11 a post 0 a fF o EE Ee Ee ee ee m4 streamlsnd5 on Fast sl aa streamlsndl 640564 3 3 E E3 EY El SI i 00 00 00 822 m m M M M M M M 6 0 dB 6 0 dB 6 0 dB 6 0 dB 6 0 dB 6 0dB 6 0 dB 6 0 dB R 3797_suonho nothing _v 1i ti ti ti il ti ti ti 5 i Go 5 Ge 5 ORC Gl fo Ga fo gm sina 6008 i 10 D 850m 1000H Ost 1 00 Viren 2008 100me Ma GD GED 250 me ion oopono ea siaa sante 140208 a100 ston moo 512 ele rete Opening multiple windows you can jump with the mouse between waveforms changing dynamically audio buffer employed for the granulation Buffer window scrub mouse down button behave like scub on WavePad see above for more details N B WavePad zoom has a time zoom selection opening the buffer wi
17. new coordinates of scanning Instead in spiral you cannot interact with pad X Y time The X Y indexes scanning ratio depends by the frequency X Y axes These are controlled by the two sliders showing value in seconds i e time 1 frequency 56 You can set scanning time for the two axis 2D XY For example 3 50 sec for the X axe it means that horizontal slider scrub it take 3 50 sec to pass from left edge to right edge of the pad Y 5 00 sec X Y parameters they assumes different means according to selected scanning mode in reflects is expressed in time is the time it takes to move from X left right and Y up down in drunk is expressed in time is the deviation amount rnd X and rnd Y in spiral X is the time for each sub spiral Y is the total duration until reach all pad area The spiral mode will enable two related parameters centripetal moves from outside to inside when it reaches the limit again repeat centrifugal does the opposite palindrome is a combination of both The spiral phase deformation number box 0 25 0 no spiral 0 25 circular gt 0 25 crushed gt 0 5 clockwise rotation e miscellaneous Auto exploration is possible only when the DSP is on see DSP settings on off toggle auto exploration according to selected mode The red circled number box sets the interpolation update time in milliseconds this is a speed limit to avoid an overhead of cpu with complex interpolations
18. node size m N B The nodes are numbered progressively therefore each node on the pad must be corresponds by a stored preset snapshot If you 55 employ an empty snapshot the interpolation between them will not work properly Also you cannot disabling completely the nodes node area 0 to avoid fall in the same problem pad mouse behavior The pop up men allow you to chose mouse behavior Automatic allows the mouse to change the nodes position size and slider pad scrub eNodes the mouse can only edit the nodes position and size alt mouse scroll to change node size click and drags on the node number to move it Slider the mouse can only changes the slider location pad scrub You can automatize HV_pads scrub slider choosing a scanning mode Scanning method reflects causes a reflection when the cursor reaches the edge jitter outputting random numbers within a moving specified range around current scrub mouse position drunk will perform a drunk walk creating unpredictable paths spiral centripetal centrifugal or palindrome with phase deformation parameter The jitter step size number box 8 it will be showed only when jitter is selected This parameter sets the random amount of jittering around of the mouse position during scrub pad palindrome w Automatic exploration in reflects jitter and drunk you can interact with the pad The values of mouse and direction will be the
19. or OSC address In the example Cc 23 on first MIDI channel and OSC play stop 1 address are assigned to play stop 1 Density parameter if sync is enabled Density also is able to send MIDI OSC data It is possible change OSC path value entering a new one learn wii pry accel BY An OSC message can be a list if you want read an element of the list you can select an OSC input item from the list default first element In the example Nintendo WII device send the accelerometer values like a three list items selecting 3 to read only third incoming I O sync pop up menu set output mode for current widget see sync for better understand The most right menu toggle set the controller kind toggle switch from 1 and 0 every time MIDI OSC I O 0 button send 1 every time MIDI OSC input 0 incr and decr increment or decrement regardless of direction by one step every time MIDI OSC input 0 when values 127 or 0 are reached the next value is wrapped incr decr it counts upward until it reaches 127 then counts down until it reaches 0 then up then down and so on controller mode read raw data from MIDI OSC input raw data MIDI between 0 and 127 Cc_scale extends Cc_raw functions you can choose a certain range on which rescale the parameter for example control gain1 which is associated covers a range 70 6 76 units You know that MIDI has 7 bit resolution covering 128 steps range units 0 127 gain1 Ch
20. power of 2 that divides evenly into the I O vector size You can set the audio sampling rate with the Sampling Rate pop up men For full range audio the recommended sampling rate is 44 1 kHz Using a lower rate will reduce the number of samples that Density has to calculate thus lightening your computer s burden but it will also reduce the frequency range If your computer is struggling at 44 1 kHz you should try a lower rate N B Every Density project save current Sampling Rate value thus every project can have differents Sampling Rates The Scheduler in Overdrive option enables you to turn Density s Overdrive setting on and off from within the DSP Status window When Overdrive is enabled the Density event scheduler runs at interrupt level When overdrive is not enabled the event scheduler runs inside a lower priority event handling loop that can be interrupted by doing things like pulling down a men You can also enable and disable Overdrive using the Options men Overdrive generally improves timing accuracy but there may be exceptions and some third party software may not works properly when Overdrive is enabled The Scheduler in Audio Interrupt feature is available when Overdrive is enabled It runs the Density event scheduler immediately before processing a signal vector s worth of audio Enabling Scheduler in Audio Interrupt can greatly improve the timing of audio events that are triggered from control processes or external MIDI
21. record click on Record toggle e Master recorder have only an horizontal fader witch you can controls the signal gain post master Multichannel recorder show simply the 16 V meters for the granular streams e Sampling Rate default 44100 for the output file is taken by the current DSP setting If Density SR is different from File out SR the file output it will be resampled File Type quantization bit deep default 16 bits file is created each time on starts a recording The file name is generated by using the current date and time in the machine in order to avoid name conflicts and to reflect the order of recording The default location where the file is recorded is the Density Application folder You can change location by clicking into the choose dir button and select a file Macintosh rec _out aif folder file targets switch in folder mode default a new audio a folder Macintosh i 1 Steinberg s Virtual Studio Technology VST is an interface for integrating software audio synthesizer and effect plugins with audio editors and hard disk recording systems VST and similar technologies use Digital Signal Processing to simulate traditional recording studio hardware with software Thousands of plugins exist both commercial and freeware and VST is supported by a large number of audio applications The technology can be licensed from its creator Steinberg Wikipedia 23 specific place If o
22. requires that QuickTime be installed on your system If you are using Density on Windows we recommend that you install QuickTime and choose a complete install of all optional components 35 On the most top right circled blue toggles inverting the colors used for selected grain length waveform The default is non inverted In the image below the last right men bipolar switch to unipolar bipolar view mode unipolar mode shows values between 0 1 while in bipolar shows values between 1 1 e WavePad Snap You can set the WavePad snap mode selection range Snap causes the start and end points of the selection to automatically move to specific points in the buffer defined by the snap mode nothing disables snap to allow free selection This is the default grid specifies that the selection start and end points grain length should snap to the vertical grid lines zerocrossing instead of snapping the selection to a uniform grid this mode zerocrossing searches for zero crossings of the buffer data The seconds men from the top millisec sets the unit of time measurement used by the display emilliseconds sets the display unit to milliseconds esamples causes time values to be shown as sample positions in the target buffer The first sample is numbered 0 unless the display has been shifted by the offset samples wv millisecond phase bpm message ephase causes time to be displayed acco
23. tab1 like transition curve for density rnd_density rnd_length e tab2 like transition curve for scrubb pan pitch rnd_pitch and scann are unsubscribed from the snapshots transitions system See client window above for more explanations exponential c exponential c inverted thres 4 gt 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4 4 0 50 tab1 2 00 0 50 0 00 tab1 tab1 tab2 0 590551 648 818909 63 960632 192 9 543307 33 15 748032 0 1 141 732285 50 Snapshots sequencer improviser unit ea StPealilo shld seyueniver en current p7 a 40 0ms o 100ms s 50 r 100ms port 7200 ms transport Tink m C ai snap amp snap prob rand amp forwards w _8 17 q Fold transform interval weight an v 0 In Elli Fan 3 a 3 a Z 5 HEELE a step 5 snapshot 11 amp 127 probability 0 loop 3 7 2 die Snapshots sequencer rhythm improviser unit i e the extended name the aim of this device is to control the snapshot sequence88 by improvising with different rhythmic pulses The sequencer shown on vertical the snapshots numbers while in horizontal steps sequence e beats cycle A metronome is synced to global transport and outputs a trigger on each beat The beats are counted in what we re defining as a a cycle of lt n gt beats Cycle sub patcher Each time the cycle restarts we re choosing whether or not
24. 0 ms default write read settings a new delay time in milliseconds between the write read indexes i e the granulation secondary buffer Normalize Hzoom Vzoom 50 G T LvE 63944 44100 1450 00 23 oo E 08 LIE ILLE Er E SII 25 0 ms loop append MM MEA The synchronism between the two indexes write read can be done manually scrolling reading index on the WavePad clicking sync button or in automatic enabling sync yellow toggle 40 sync toggle correlates write read indexes Read index it will be pulled by the write The time of synchronization is expressed in BPM each item of beat menu only Ifo represents the Relative Tempo expressed in note ratios you can change BPM Beat per minute from the global transport N B you need activate the global transport master clock im lon reset from left restore write in whole WavePad zooming out view If loop is disabled it will trigger one shot buffer write fade in out 25 0 ms in milliseconds you can set a fade in out to avoid clicks every time you turn on off the capture LIVE If loop write mode is enabled when write index reaches the wavePad right limit write index wrap around of the WavePad if disabled capture will be stopped when write index reaches the end of WavePad Loop is enabled by default lf append mode is enabled every time you start LIVE capture the write index continues from where it was last stopped If disabled the captur
25. 1 Coll 2 Ma learn MIDI 97 00 47 18 35 82 range 11 36 learn wii 1 accel roll In the example the Cc 2 is scaled on a part of the entire parameter range 11 36 by the orange horizontal selection You can also change min max values for the parameter box numbers 70 and 6 current range will be reported 60 OSC assumes default values between 0 and 1 You can also change OSC input range For example we control gain1 through wii 1 accel roll OSC data incoming from OSCulator and Nintendo WII we rescale the range for controlling only a middle part of parameter Density allow 14 bit precise MIDI input controller This feature is achieved by union of two controls change on the gap by 32 For instance if midi learn finds Cc1 7 the second Cc2 it will be 39 i e 7 32 39 In other words Cc1 is the most significant byte controller number 1 127 while Cc2 is the least significant byte controller number 1 127 Activating 14 bit the Cc2 number it will be shown N B when you send 14 bit precise controller Cc1 it should not be greater than to 95 this is because the Cc2 it should be not greater than to 127 i e 95 32 127 Inv invert the I O range for the widget Most right menu I O sync off set the output mode for current widget see sync for better understand and numbox 1 00 on top right set the exponential base value default 1 linear The number is converted according to the following expression y b e a l
26. 49 pitch 0 linear 2 437552 rnd dens 0 linear 23 702206 rnd len 0 linear 21 508684 rnd pitch 0 linear 0 scann 0 linear 0 651778 volume 0 linear 6 scrub 0 linear 1 47 client window accessible from the client window men item see above shows the current subscriptions widgets list ever header name priority interpolation and data belonging to subscribed widgets A few types of interpolation can be changed off no interpolation linear Linear interpolation Presets recalled will be interpolated using a standard linear algorithm threshold Threshold Takes optional argument float which sets the threshold Presets recalled will recall data from the first preset specified when the fade amount is below the threshold and will recall data from the second preset specified when the fade amount is greater than or equal to the threshold e g threshold fade lt thresh value a fade gt thresh value b inverted threshold Inverse threshold Takes optional argument float which sets the threshold Presets recalled will recall data from the first preset specified when the fade amount is greater than or equal to the threshold and will recall data from the second preset specified when the fade amount is less than the threshold e g inverted thresh fade lt thresh value b fade gt thresh value a exponential curve Power curve Takes an additional argument float which sets the exp
27. C output ports You will have software and hardware parameters synchronized I O port selecting The two pop up menus shows a list of available ports according to hardware device detected click refresh to update list useful when hot connecting a device s Below the MIDI l o ports we have MIDI monitor where you can see raw coming MIDI data Midi monitor interpret raw MIDI data parse providing a short description about generic messages kind and MIDI monitor is able to understand if incoming message are 7 or 14 bit resolution OSC Dispatch messages through an OpenSound Control address hierarchy with pattern matching Values are serialized and sent over the network as OSC compatible UDP 3009 11974 Nipreixio 9 127 0 0 1 hwii 1 pry A Input port 3009 set input port to send messages to at host Output port 1974 set output port to send messages 1 OSC is a CNMAT Max objects can be found at htto Awww cnmat berkeley edu MAX 58 Tiny oranges buttons enable disable respective OSC I O Very important default values for I O ports 30 09 1974 is the author birthday date We need also configure host 127 0 0 1 output entering an IP address or hostname clicking on localhost to assign default ip value i e local host 127 0 0 1 Like MIDI monitor OSC monitor show OSC I O data you can select with mouse the text string address OSC path and paste it on widget controller see below You can enter a prefix ID can b
28. Density granular synthesis user manual v 2 1 9 apesoft www densitygs com 2 Starting e system requirement e installation copyright e demo limitation e purchase a license and authorizes update to v 2 e background e GUI layout e DSP settings Mixer e faders and solo mute IO mapping e monitoring on off stream trigger e native effects e VST slots e Recorder Filter Equalizer general e compilers e cutoff gain e Fibonacci COMPILER e Geometric COMPILER e Harmonic COMPILER e Scalar COMPILER transition subscribe Granular streams e parameters e settings grain envelope e WavePad e WavePad display e WavePad Snap e WavePad mouse WavePad management e WavePad scrub 3 e LIVE granulation Windowing general shape select e audio slot Snapshots e store recall e micro pad e transitions e snapshots manage e rename window e subscribe un subscribe transition clients e transition curve Snapshots sequencer improviser unit e beats cycle e time intervals e step sequencer e output global transport Hyper Vectorial Pad general explanation e pad mouse behavior e X Y time e miscellaneous MIDI OSC I O e header SYNC e widget mapping stream select e shared e pick up Overview e save load project 4 project tree e status bar e clue window float window e history e acknowledgments 5 Starting e system
29. Harmonic COMPILER creates a bands grid according to the natural series of integer numbers 1 2 3 etc starting from a fundamental frequency There are two different ways to do it e base frequency in Hz fundamental frequency for the harmonic spectrum e INHARM factor for spectral expansion compression You can stretched or compressed harmonic spectra putting the INHARM parameter at a non zero value In addition you can create stretched or compressed harmonic spectra putting the inharm parameter at a non zero value Stretched spectrum is obtained from values greater than zero while for compressed spectrum you have to select values less than zero Fn Fo n 1 exp The stretched or compressed spectra are created using the following formula where Fn n th frequency Fo fundamental frequency n index of Fn frequency exp factor of expansion compression inharm The inharm factor can vary from 0 2 0 2 When inharm 0 the generated frequency grid is pure harmonic e Scalar COMPILER 29 Scalar COMPILER method distributes linearly all bands from freq min to freq max range GEE oe ZZZ mm Mmuec rrororoe mu i uo e minimum frequency for the scalar spectrum e maximum frequency for the scalar spectrum Alternatively you can impose the gain top slider 19 dB in the example and Q below at all filter bands in the spectrum Also randomize all values EQ 38 dB An hidden function in the equalizer multi slider i
30. If toggled the most right keyboard most right key switch the keyboard will be always in foreground disabled auto exit when click on a key The lowest sections is considered improvisation unit You can experiment settings filters band with one of the COMPILERS red frame manage randomly or together gains Q purple frame and make manually an equalization for each band blu frame dry wet Son asee ran _ fE dry weet balance between filtered un filtered signal you can also set dry wet fade time in ms 25 ms default e compilers Inspired to Eugenio Giordani Stria Multilevel Interactive Sound Synthesizer They increase complexity and coherence between the filters band space You can create your pitch space by the way of four different criteria of construction by determining a pitches grid The frequency range is depending by fundamental frequency and numbers of band filters When a frequency exceed Nyquist frequency i e SR 2 the filter band generation is inhibited e Fibonacci COMPILER 1 The Nyquist frequency named after the Swedish American engineer Harry Nyquist or the Nyquist Shannon sampling theorem is half the sampling frequency of a discrete signal processing system It is sometimes known as the folding frequency of a sampling system The sampling theorem shows that aliasing can be avoided if the Nyquist frequency is greater than the bandwidth or maximum component frequency of the signal being sampled Wikip
31. LIVE granulation for more explanations When LIVE is enabled you will see active capture toggle to starting capture LIVE audio samples panic reinit granulator engine You can link on off stream trigger to capture so every stream on off cause start stop LIVE capture see LIVE granulation for more explanations grain envelope Top right the stream GUI we have windowing pop up men Selectings an item you will set the grain envelope for current stream We have 16 pre generated shapes but it s also possible load until 12 sound files wave aiff or mp3 Thus each stream can have a different envelope employed for granulation The default shape is draw When you load from disk a wave file you will see the name in the all windowing menus alias 33 0 rnd_dens 33 0 rnd_pitch Ost jitter see Windowing in this handbook e WavePad WavePad is the audio buffer used to load audio files Density can load until 12 audio files for each stream total of 96 files You can load an audio file from pop up menu load replace item or dragging a sound file 34 or folder files directly on the pad Supported audio files WAV Next Sun AIFF MP3 file informations will be displayed on status bar below the WavePad Loading a sound files the names will be showed also in the popup men replacing the null string Normalize Hzoonm Vzoom 50 Lal t i W On the right side of the WavePad you ca
32. ML_LIVE amp lang en in five ten minutes you will receive an email with your activation code e Launch the software open the about then click Authorize button Now you need enter activation code sent you from Kagi Thanks for your purchase e mail and your e mail employed for the kagi transaction Click on Authorize to register you license Update to v 2 6 You can UPDATE to Density v 2 from Density v 1 Mac Win N B you must already own a Density v 1 registration code Buy Density v 2 from Kagi by inserting UPDATE COUPON DISCOUNT sent you from apeSoft If you are a Density v 1 user but you have not Coupon update discount or you have lost it please contact apeSoft ape kagi com See purchase a license and authorizes e background The first official release of Density 2001 developed in Csound language and based on Eugenio Giordani s GSC4 Granular Synthesis for Csound GSC4 was the first patch for granular synthesis on Csound implementing Barry Truax model Density can generate thousands of grains dynamically preferred this way rather than a fixed number of voices oscillators The overlapping factor grains depends only on the actual CPU power Thus you have not limits in grains number for second density Below an easy granulation model grano interrupt ims wig segnale 4 Transfer audis gt ignal through pio b O di DensityGSC Csound version is still a
33. awing or general timing accuracy you may wish to decrease the thread priority of the audio driver This will give your other tasks more room to get done but may also result in you needing to increase latency in order to give your audio driver room to breathe at the new lower priority Timing between the control scheduler and Density is best when the I O vector size is on the order of 1ms We recommend setting the IO vector size to 128 samples Having a setting of the latency separate from the I O vector size allows this to work without audio glitches on most hardware Using ReWire with Density The ad_rewire driver allows you to use Density as a ReWire Device where Density audio will be routed into a ReWire Mixer application such as Cubase Both Density and the mixer application must be running at the same time in order to take advantage of ReWire s services The mixer application should be also compatible with ReWire 2 or later for best results When the ad_rewire driver is selected audio from Density can be routed to any of 16 inter application ReWire channels which will appear as inputs in ReWire mixer host applications The first time ad_rewire is 17 selected it will register itself with the ReWire system Subsequent launches of ReWire Mixer applications will then offer Density as a ReWire device For example after the Density ReWire Device is registered Cubase will have a Density menu item in the Devices menu When you choose it you wi
34. be careful with short times A little status bar at the bottom of HV_Pad show the currents pads enabled for auto scanning In fact passing among ten available pads we need a monitor remembering us pads at works 57 MIDI OSC I O e header Open MIDI OSC I O from application men bar CMD M Mac or CTRL M Win or from tool bar the header is divided in two parts MIDI Music Instrument Digital Interface and OSC Open Sound Control You can also browse quickly the parameters families through the below men gain mixer granular streams faders play stop mixer granular streams triggers e solo mixer solo toggles e mute mixer mute toggles parameters granular streams parameters shared common controllers e MIDI OSC 1 0 Fenaconmor DER __ rim Rioo Sfiora Sorenuo tx Control Change 2 Val 55 7 bit Ch 1 off 150ms wii 1 pry A gain play stop solo mute shared MIDI Density routing only Cc Control Change MIDI messages no Pc Program Change no Note On Off no Poly Pressure no After Touch and other MIDI messages are supported The Control Change messages generally send continuous data between 0 127 i e 7 bit steps resolution You can enable 14 bit supports to improve resolution see below For motorized devices Density can synchronize software parameters with the hardware controllers Thus when you change for example number of stream from GUI Density send value through MIDI and OS
35. board in the streams GUI if shown and or close dialogs messages box enter key to accept e WavePad select F1 loop F2 move F3 draw F4 see Granular Streams for more details e native effects Every stream channels have own native effects the four colored buttons display the window effect O streaml_rev bi _on_ 25 0 msg dry wet T60 dumping size OQ 0 0 O9 inn sL nso 7 RI LI n99 O streaml_compressor _on_ meters smooth v Guitar_w m INN XS ratio attack release 37 00 96 30 20 Topdown we have e snapshots sequencer labelled s Filter multiband Equalizer labelled f Reverberation module labelled r e Dynamic compressor labelled c audio chain is processed as follow stream signal gt gt gt sequencer gt gt gt filterEQ gt gt gt reverber gt gt gt compressor gt gt gt VST_slots See snapshots sequencer improviser unit FilterEQ and VST_s ots for more explanations Reverberation module a plate reverb in the style of Griesinger by Randy Jones predelay allpass modulated allpass modulated allpass 4453 4217 lowpass lowpass 3720 3163 A streaml rev Parameters from left to right on _ 25 0msq m e dry wet balance dry wet Teo dumping size diffusion T60 reverberation time 0 00 high frequency damping Hz A 3 room size filters coeff 100 0 7 83kHz 0 22 0 26
36. chromatic keyboard for the chromatic pitch transposition Middle C 60 MIDI note is unchanged pitch rnd_pitch dial random range deviation in semitones scanning slider playback scanning ratio value 1 original time value 0 5 half tempo time stretching 2 twice tempo time compressing 0 freezes playback at the current location negative values rate backwards play freeze button small button in the middle of scanning control switch between the value O freezes and the last control value jitter dial randomly moves the time pointer around the current value Scanning or scrubbing the value is expressed in milliseconds volume pan 6 0 dB Cc distance A Gary 1 00 Hz sino volume s ider grains amplitude in decibel pan dial left right grains distributions on the stereo front only pan manually distance slider stereo field width panningmode fab select between pan manually jittering random Ifo low frequency modulation beat Hz toggle only Ifo toggle between beat Hz sets the panning duration left right azimuth expressed in note ratios or frequency Hz Beat mode is synced with the global transport time you can change global time BPM from the global transport beat menu only Ifo each item switch represents the Relative Tempo expressed in note ratios you can change BPM Beat per minute from the global transport N B you need activate the global transport master clock pannin
37. d display WavePad Snap WavePad mouse for more details 44 Snapshots e store recall A snapshot is a photo of graphical interface GUI parameters in the current state Each snapshots module can store up to 100 snapshots In Density there are ten modules snapshots e main manage main mixer parameters streams 1 8 manage granular stream parameters gsnap below image manage all Density parameters main mixer and streams gsnap p rename IE You can make transitions between two or more snapshots in more streams and or main mixer simultaneously You can subscribe or unsubscribe determinate Density parameters N B gsnap transitions works on all Density parameters therefore no local transitions should be at works This in order to avoid more transitions controlling the same parameter When you find an Interesting sound you can store new snapshot just shift click on a button in the snap pad thus the preset button will light orange You can recall a snapshot by simply clicking on the snap pad buttons all the widgets subscribed see later will be restored at current snapshot value immediately Alternatively a snap can be stored from pop up men a message box will ask you to digit a snap number in see below for more explanations e micro pad The micro pad s goal is to obtain intermediate values between four snapshots interpolation You can configure four nodes snapshots locked lowest in the
38. diRaw MIDI OSC new MIDI OSC sync mode mouse down up downup continuous MIDI OSC MidiRaw add input data mapping incr decr incr decr modes MIDI OSC MIDI I O disabled when CC 1 default 69 MIDI OSC toggle switch now show correctly the value MIDI OSC Osc input can be selected from a list of four elements MIDI OSC new inverse mapping for MIDI OSC I O MIDI OSC OSC void string bug fixed GSNAPS defaults all turnoff DSP new Parameters rescale multiply divide 4 2 x2 x3 x4 new GUI faders relative absolute mousing mode switch panning now update correctly value when you select manual panning removed auto update knob when automatic or random WAVEPAD tools shortcuts F1 F2 F3 F4 enabled LIVE Sample button switch snap seq add global transport enable disable trigger MIXER native FILTER 24 band equalizer for each channel and Master MIXER native reverb for each channel and Master MIXER native compressor for each channel and Master MIXER rebuild solo mute system MIXER add solo mute fade in out time FILTER add filters types select FILTER add cutoff gain and Q S fine controller FILTER dry wet knob FILTER dynamic filter allocation until 24 FILTER auto generate filter bands Harmonic Geometric Scalar and Fibonacci FILTER frequency zoom in out new Record Master Multichannel now save file folder patch in project Record Master Multichannel new GUI lock New detailed user manual online WAVEPADS load files unsupported files d
39. e numbers and or text for the the OSC output address When an incoming OSC message is synced on a widget parameter this read and write values employing the same path address Some time is useful append an id prefix to differentiate path in order for instance to send message to another device N B OSCulator can be employed like MIDI OSC monitor beyond supplying advanced features N B All settings will be saved on the project See overview for more explanations e Sync Sync system allow you synchronize software parameters with hardware devices Thus Density send out through MIDI and OSC ports parameters data Default sync is disabled for all widgets then no MIDI OSC data are sent You can select enable sync out for each widget controller or superimpose a common feature at all widgets see below For example you can enable sync for all widgets controllers by selecting the item from header men Sync have five outputs mode Hi MIDI OSC out mode for all widgets eoff no MIDI OSC outs data E 50 me edown send MIDI OSC data when click down left mouse button eup send MIDI OSC data when click up left mouse button edownup send MIDI OSC data when click down and click up econtinuous send MIDI OSC data continuously N B this overwrite all settings of the widgets Every time you move a Density parameter on the GUI or when a transition sequencer HV_pad is at work sync values are sent To avoid an overhead of outputs data throu
40. e starts from beginning Append is enabled by default 41 Windowing general The windowing module generate some classics envelopes and prototypes used for smoothing the grain amplitude You can deforming some envelopes shapes like gauss curve or additive draw a new shape freehand or through draw prototype Also you can load an audio file from disk until 12 audio files Aiff Wav or Mp3 supported Almost all Windowing WavePad functions are identical to Granular Streams WavePad See WavePad WavePad display WavePad Snap WavePad mouse for more details Unlike Granular Streams WavePad the Windowing WavePad buffer management have two additional functions reset shape reset all shapes When you select from menu the first of them current envelope or shape will be restored at the original shape When you select reset all shapes all prototypes and envelopes they will be restored at the original shape resetshape and resetallshapes they work on the sixteen envelopes prototypes restoring originals shape While clear and clearall they work either on the sixteen envelopes prototypes either on the twelve sound files slots writing 0 in the all buffers Windowing have an important parameter that allow you to chose a size in samples for prototypes or envelope shape You can also resize buffer dynamically entering a new value expressed in samples 512 default Ne lize ta am N B when you resize a shape you will reset original d
41. e streams triggers on off toggles The same thing is achievable with on off toggle placed on the granular stream GUI see Granular Streams for more details On off buttons at the top of the master channel are shortcuts to turn on off all granular strems together They work regardless of the of trigger mode selected see below N B If DSP engine is off they will be disabled ignoring mouse clicks 19 There are many ways to trigger i e turn on off granular streams e mouse click on off button in the mixer or in the streams GUI e by sending a MIDI CC Control Change e pressing spacebar keyboard according to selected mode In order to use spacebar computer keyboard for triggering granular streams you must enable toolbar shortcuts toggle from the left enable disable keyboard shortcuts if enabled triggers men mode will be actived enone no spacebar trigger current trigger only selected stream subscribed streams switch button in the mixer eall on off eight streams together subscribe all When subscribe is selected all eight buttons little Lon Lon Lon Lon orange for subscription will be enabled These are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I i su sn sn an Salso close to the on off toggles Selecting one or more you will be able to trigger them with spacebar Shortcuts enable also following keys e Cmd Mac or Ctrl Win 1 2 8 to switch among granular streams escape to hide chromatic key
42. e to thanks Eugenio Giordani and Nicola Casetta a special thanks to Renato Alberti Felix Petrescu and Pasquale Ascione Density Max externals and abstractions CENTRE NATIONAL D 2006 Gmem bufGranul http www gmem org All rights reserved CREATION MUSICAL ii hha Al CNMAT OpenSoundControl OSC route http www cnmat berkeley edu MAX All rights reserved yafr2 plate reverb in the style of Griesinger Randy Jones rej 2uptech com Density was created with Max5 http www cycling74 com The Author Alessandro Petrolati apesoft All rights reserved 2010 2011 ape kagi com www densitygs com www alessandro petrolati it
43. edia 27 Fibonacci COMPILER the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers converges on the Golden Mean Ratio approximately 1 1 618 as its limit The computer music composition Stria by John Chowning was based in almost every structural aspect on this ratio Fibonacci compiler uses this sequence of numbers for compile the grid pitches You can set two parameters for the purpose to create a certain Fibonacci pitch grid You have to specify Harmonic base frequency in Hz i e fundamental frequency left slider 35 1 Hz for the Fibonacci spectrum first member of the series value of 2 in the example To complete the operation and generate the pitch grid you must press the compile button When auto is enabled changing value of one of parameters for each compilers methods grid pitch it will be automatically compiled e Geometric COMPILER Geometric COMPILER create geometric pitch space based on a ratio number For example if you specify 1 5 i e 3 2 you will create a pitch space grid based on the natural interval of 5th Since you can choose any relationship you can virtually have infinite pitch spaces Interval ratio defines a coefficient of multiplication this serves to build up the whole pitch grid while the fundamental frequency is the starting point from which grid take origin base frequency in Hz fundamental frequency for the geometric spectrum ratio for the geometric spectrum i e 1 6 also re
44. efault shape e shape select There are 16 pre generated shapes 1 rectangle 2 blackman 3 curve 4 gauss 5 hamming 6 hanning 7 draw 8 sine 9 cosine 10 triangle 11 saw 12 square 13 sigmoid 14 sin x x 15 random 42 16 additive Some of them have additional controls parameters bold Selecting one of them their additional parameters will be shown curve show three box number on the top top right 150 ms we have deformation update rate in milliseconds Since these parameters work in real time you can set a speed limit time to avoid cpu overhead The other two parameters 1 00 and 0 72 sets middle border curve deformation Linke curve gauss show on the top the speed limit update rate and only a Gaussian standard deviation parameter e draw unipolar w samples v _done_ Normalize Hzoom Vzoom 50 m s In Density the grain envelope shape default is draw bold italic wnen selected appear yellow button draw done This allows you to superimpose at the WavePad a function break points where you can track the envelope segments You can add new break points by clicking on the function superimposed pad or shift click on a specific break point to remove it unipolar Y 43 Two defaults shapes are available adsr Attack Decay Sustain Release and a trapezoid default grain envelope You can switch between unipolar bipolar automatically when you change view pers
45. eneral settings not subscribed at default values eight streams and main mixer 46 800 lobal snapshots lis drone sharp contitolo senzatitolo dedominicis s unnamed gt undefined undefined undefined lt unnamed gt lt unnamed gt undefined lt unnamed gt undefined undefined 16 undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined oon omnk WH A A a A of VIN oO SBRRESORE SSSA double clicks on the lt unnamed gt to edit text then rename it You have an additional feature scrubbing on the left column numbers you will able to switch between snapshots Thus this secondary unit can be considered important when you experiment your sound or during performance N B Density store defaults values every time you open the application in the slot 99 Slot 99 contains either default parameters value either defaults all values parameters and general settings Slot 100 is where Density store the last GUI state this occur when you save load a project e subscribe un subscribe transition clients The two windows client and storage are both non interactive MM Client Objects stream1snaps Name Priority Interp Data density 0 linear 34 324196 distance 0 linear 0 858665 jitter 0 linear 1 303557 length 0 linear 583 201843 pan 0 linear 0 pan freq 0 linear 1 0000
46. etermining transition width at 3dB 3dB from c freq Allpass center frequency gain and Q roughly determining 90 degree transition in phase on either side of center frequency 2 TN the lowpass highpass bandpass and bandstop filters take just cutoff center freq and Q The filter gain parameter will always be set to 1 if the filter is not gain enabled for all filters shift click constrains gain cmd click sets gain to unit gain 1 0 the peaknotch and shelving filters take cutoff center freq gain and O S Q damping coefficient S slope coefficient RE displaying phase response i d_ _ _ ______keeooio_c a 26 Tab numbers in the example is selected 7 select a detail filter band cutoff gain N B filters band could be not progressive in frequency therefore you could have for instance the second cut off frequency upper of the follows bands and vice versa Three sliders below sets respectively cutoff center freq in Hz of the currently selected filter gain in db of the currently selected filter Q resonance or S slope used for the shelving filters of the currently selected filter 1 filters biquad you can also set the cut off frequency opening the musical keyboard and clicking on the keys Keyboard control also the gain of selected band filter mouse clicking in different heights on each key If shortcuts is enabled pressing escape key you will hide keyboard
47. g rotate frequency slider when selected Ifo set the panning azimuth in Hz you can chose a shape sine among those available see Windowing section for more details 1 Beats per minute BPM is a unit typically used as a measure of tempo in music The BPM tempo of a piece of music is conventionally shown in its score as a metronome mark as illustrated to the right This indicates that there should be 120 crotchet beats quarter notes per minute In simple time signatures it is conventional to show the tempo in terms of the note duration on the bottom So a 4 4 would show a crotchet or quarter note as above while a 2 2 would show a minim or half note In compound time signatures the beat consists of three note durations so there are 3 quavers eighth notes per beat in a 6 8 time signature so a dotted form of the next note duration up is used The most common compound signatures 6 8 9 8 and 12 8 therefore use a dotted crotchet dotted quarter note to indicate their BPM Wikipedia 32 length density pitch scann o 5 aF 47 gt ees g mai 1 6 i x4 xi ted gt T 2 251ms 216Hz 6st 0 30 All the granular parameters have a prefixed values range Some of them have an additional feature you can divide or multiply the parameters output in order to extend range The rescaled value it will be passed to granulator engine but on display you will see old prefixed widget range settings Streams setup 6
48. gh the number box 150 ms you can change MIDI OSC output update rate in milliseconds For instance during the snapshots transitions you should limiting sync data in order to preserve a normal cpu overhead MIDI out update rate expressed in milliseconds set the speed limit MIDI output data widget mapping 1 OSCulator is a software that can be used with many different hardware devices and software For example with OSCulator your Nintendo Wiimote can talk to major MIDI sequencers or your favorite console emulator or even the Kyma sound design workstation And your iPad iPhone iPod Touch or Lemur can do just the same with great ease of use htto Awww osculator net 59 We have two widgets mapping kinds 1 Cc_raw 2 Cc scale Cc_raw is addressed to mapping Density buttons toggle parameters Cc_raw read write MIDI OSC returning integer values between 0 and 127 for MIDI Learn function waits to feel a MIDI CC or OSC address when it happens the the control is set up on the incoming CC number and MIDI channel or OSC path address Now you can controlling Density parameter via MIDI and or OSC Current MIDI Cc Channel number and raw value are shown Of course you can manually change MIDI Cc or channel N B sets Cc to 1 for disabling controller play stop 1 learn Ch 1 Cc 23 Toggle 0 1 0 00 learn play stop 1 Both MIDI and OSC have learn feature Toggle learn and send a MIDI or OSC data in order to assign incoming Cc
49. he computer will slow down trying to process them saving what you are doing and starting another task is hard work Therefore you ll typically find the smaller I O Vector Sizes consume a greater percentage of the computer s resources Optimizing the performance of any particular signal network when you are close to the limit of your CPU s capability is a trial and error process That s why Density provides you with a choice of vector sizes 10 Technical Detail Some audio interface cards do not provide a choice of I O Vector Sizes There are also some ASIO drivers whose selection of I O Vector Sizes may not conform to the multiple of a power of 2 limitation currently imposed by Density s ASIO support In some cases this limitation can be remedied by using the ASIO driver at a different sampling rate Changing the vector sizes does not affect the actual quality of the audio itself unlike changing the sampling rate which affects the high frequency response Changing the signal vector size won t have any effect on latency and will have only a slight effect on overall performance the larger the size the more performance you can expect A signal vector size of 1024 it is 23 22 milliseconds The Signal Vector size in Density can be set as low as 2 samples and in most cases can go as high as the largest available I O Vector Size for your audio driver However if the I O Vector Size is not a power of 2 the maximum signal vector size is the largest
50. ider lets you choose whether or not the input device is monitored directly through to the output When 15 playthrough is enabled the dry signal from the input source will play through to the output mixed in with any processed signal you may be sending to the output in Density Disabling playthrough will enable you to control how much if any dry signal from the audio input is routed to the output The nput Section allows you to select the Input Source for example Line or Mic input for the selected device as well as the sampling rate and bit depth in the Current Format pop up menu Similarly the Output Section also allows you to select the sampling rate and bit depth in its Current Format pop up menu The available selections will vary depending on your audio hardware You can set the volume levels for the individual audio input and output channels mute individual channels and or select them for playthrough using the controls located below the Current Format menus The lower part of the window is used to display the current input and output settings Using MME Audio and DirectSound on Windows Three types of sound card drivers are supported in Windows MME DirectSound and ASIO Your choice of driver will have a significant impact on the performance and latency you will experience with Density The MME driver ad_mme is the default used for output of Windows system sounds and are provided for almost any sound card and built in audio system
51. igher level parameters such as frequency amplitude and resonance Q or S through the mouse or selecting a filter band and using fine sliders D stream1_filters biquad __on _ peaknoten v __9 lt analog fosin mode tog freq _ tog amp phispect num disp C far m UDN SIVE NINA NE E LOSE i a Tools bar is divided in three rows Follow explanation top down and left right on __ iowpass__v 4 lt ET gain mode iog treq_ iog amp ph spect num disp C fiat m on off switch to enable bypass filter peacknotch default men sets a filter kind 0 display only 1 lowpass 2 highpass 3 bandpass 4 bandstop 5 peaknotch 6 lowshelf 7 highshelf 8 resonant see filter table at the end of this section numbox showing 4 in the above image sets the number of cascaded biquad filters displayed in the filtergraph the range is between 1 and 24 default 4 analog toggles the analog filter prototype parameter for the bandpass and peaknotch filters Unlike the standard digital versions these imitation analog filters do not have a notch at the Nyquist frequency and thus imitate the response of a analog filter The imitation analog filters are slightly more computationally expensive so this option disabled by default gain toggles the gain parameter for the lowpass highpass bandpass and bandstop filters The traditional definitions of these filters have a fixed gain of 1 0 but by gain enabling them the
52. in stream gsnap switch via MIDI OSC e pick up When sync is disabled the pickup feature Ableton Live inspired is automatically enabled If the incoming MIDI OSC value is different from Density GUI parameter value pickup system wait that MIDI OSC value reaches the widget On the status bar you will see widget and incoming MIDI OSC values until one of them does not match disabled 44100 512 512 pickup value 510 98 gt 386 44 Enabling sync mode will disable pickup system N B In order does not disable pickup system you should disable sync out when you have not a motorized MIDI controller like Behringer BCF2000 1 Ableton Live is a loop based software music sequencer and DAW for Mac OS and Windows by Ableton The latest major release of Live Version 8 was released in April 2009 In contrast to many other software sequencers Live is designed to be an instrument for live performances as well as a tool for composing and arranging It is also used for mixing of tracks by DJs as it offers a suite of controls for beatmatching crossfading and other effects used by turntablists and was one of the first music applications to automatically beat match songs It does not support traditional musical notation Wikipedia 63 Overview e save load project Max Menus Project management is maybe the most important Density feature The idea is to capture and save all Density settings like snapshots presets MIDI
53. input However the improvement in timing can be directly related to your choice of I O Vector Size since this determines the interval at which events outside the scheduler such as MIDI input and output affect Density When the Signal Vector Size is 512 the scheduler will run every 512 samples At 44 1 kHz this is every 11 61 milliseconds which is just at the outer limits of timing acceptability With smaller Signal Vector Sizes 256 128 64 the timing will sound tighter Since you can change all of these parameters as the music is playing you can experiment to find acceptable combination of precision and performance If you are not doing anything where precise synchronization between the control and audio is important leave Scheduler in Audio Interrupt unchecked You ll get a bit more overall CPU performance for signal processing The next portion of the DSP Status helps you monitor your system s performance CPU Limit 0 Signals Used 0 Overload Function Calls 0 Vector Optimization The CPU Limit option allows you to set a limit expressed in terms of a percentage of your computer s CPU to how much signal processing Density is allowed to do Density will not go above the set CPU limit for a sustained period allowing your computer to perform other tasks without Density locking them out The trade off however is that you ll hear clicks in the audio output when the CPU goes over the specified limit Setting this va
54. ir amplitude response can be scaled without the additional use of a signal multiply at the filters output log freq log amp and ph spect sets editor view range log linear frequency display log linear amplitude display e view phase spectrum pi to pi show parameters when mousing over the editor resets all filters gains 25 Eee range 4083 42 7710 30 select a region of the spectrum for frequency zoom Shift clicking to extends the range Command clicking Mac or Control double clicking Win and dragging shifts the current range up or down Option clicking Mac or Alt clicking Win and dragging up or down expands or shrinks the range Command double clicking Mac or Control double clicking Win selects the entire range Display filter coefficients only Lowpass cutoff frequency gain and Q Highpass cutoff frequency gain and Q Bandpass center frequency gain and Q determining bandwidth at 3dB from center freq Resonant bandpass with constant skitrtwidth center frequency gain and Q determining bandwidth at 3dB from center freq il Bandstop center frequency gain and Q determining bandwidth at 3dB from center freq iH lt L Peak Notch center frequency gain and Q determining bandwidth at 3dB 3dB from center freq Low Shelf center frequency shelf gain and S determining transition width at 3dB 3dB from c freq High Shelf center frequency shelf gain and S d
55. la of value 53 Hyper Vectorial Pad general explanation HV_pad i e Hyper Vector Pad is 2D parameter interpolation user interface Displays nodes in a 2 dimensional space and calculates the distance from a pointThe distance factor determine the weight between snapshots interpolation Like for snapshots module we have ten HV_Pad grouped in a unique window e main streams 1 8 e gsnap 1 See VMCI Virtual Midi Control Interface http Awww csounds com maldonado thanks Gabriel Maldonado 54 You can open HV_Pad window from application men bar cmd P on Mac or ctrl P on Windows or through the tool bar button The vectorial pads 10 are contained inside HV_Pad main streams 8 and global snapshots clicking on tab you change among them HV_Pad extends the functions of micro pad interpolating until 24 snapshots together thus you can modify hundreds of parameters with a single mouse motion according to a structure configured by the user This control method is called Hyper Vectorial Synthesis Control Normally the user interacts with these areas with the mouse or through self scanning exploration however a remote MIDI control is possible by assigning the X Y pointers see MIDI OSC 1 0 In the image below from number box red circle you can sets the number of nodes you can set a specific configuration system nodes by clicking and dragging center of node to move it or Option Key alt to change
56. lected from GUI tab will be controlled via MIDI OSC e shared Through this section you can controlling some shared parameters like windowing gauss curve deformation snapshots recall snapshots time transition and HV_pad X Y gausdeviation Ch 1 Cot learn 5 00 100 00 range 95 00 learn gausdeviation off zh no a p JC Co curvemiddle Ch D Ce 1 off ow 1 00 learn 2 00 2 00 range 4 00 ss Ce leam Icurvemiddie Cs Ce curveborder Ch ca o learn 2 00 2 00 range 4 00 learn curveborder off vh 100 Cs Ca e Cs main stream gsnaps switch leam Ch 1 Cc A Raw 0 127 0 00 learn main stream gsnaps switch snapsel learn Ch 1 Cc CI Raw 0 127 0 00 learn snapsel transtime 62 Like for the parameters section we need selects a granular stream where send MIDI OSC data also this Density parameters follows same modus operandi For example every snapshots module main streams 8 and gsnaps total 10 can be controlled by main stream gsnap switch widget Idem for HV_ Pads The first three widgets are assigned to Windowing shapes gauss and curve see Windowing module for more details they refers to gauss and curve shapes deformations The central switch tab or main stream gsnap switch widget pass the control to relative section When stream is selected you will see a number according to selected stream Like streamsel you can controlling ma
57. ll display the entire contents of the buffer 39 e LIVE granulation Normalize Hzoom Vzoom 50 a Live 88200 44100 2000 00 r eee a Eee Aes 2002 4 2000 100 m lt a I Es 25 0 ms 100p appena no z T IZ Select LIVE from the popup men sound files select or clicking LIVE Sample switch to enable Live granulation LIVE granulation involve a realtime input mono capture from ADC Analog to Digital Converter Samples are written cyclically ring buffer in the WavePad buffer All the granular parameters work also in real time for LIVE although LIVE granulation it need of a samples gap i e a delay between the writing reading indexes in order to trigger LIVE granulation The physical input channels ADC is set by the mixer I O mapping see Mixer I O mapping for explanations B M Chao 148s soa faye ve GR GB 5 0 me 009 append ITA PS From left to right we have input gain in dB you can monitoring the input level and rescale the input amplitude signal buffer length 1 45 s in milliseconds for LIVE buffer In the example we allocated a buffer that contains 1 450 milliseconds Turning on LIVE capture you will see on the WavePad two indexes red represents the write index and the normal read scrub index gray If scanning is equal to 1 the two pointers will move at constant speed The time distance that separates them is delay gap you can change delay gap from numbox 10
58. ll see a list of the audio outputs from Density They will default to the off state Click on any of the buttons to activate that channel Once the channel is activated it will show up in the Cubase Track Mixer Using ASIO on Windows Selecting an ASIO driver from the DSP Status window allows Density to talk directly to an audio interface To use ASIO soundcards your device needs to be correctly installed and connected The Density ASIO driver will find it at startup All correctly installed ASIO devices should be available to you for selection in the DSP Status window However Density does not check to see if the relevant audio interface hardware is installed correctly on your system until you explicitly switch to the ASIO driver for that interface card If an ASIO driver fails to load when you try to use it the menus in the rest of the DSP status window will blank out Switching to the MME and or DirectSound driver will re enable Density audio The Clock Source pop up menu lets you to set the clock source for your audio hardware Some ASIO drivers do not support an external clock if this is the case there will only be one option in the menu typically labeled Internal Internal AES EBU Word Clock In ADAT 9 Pin ADAT Optical The Prioritize MIDI pop up menu allows you to set the clock source for your audio hardware and whether or not to prioritize MIDI input and output over audio I O Many ASIO drivers have other settings you can edit i
59. llke double arrows loadVST item allows you to choose a VST plugin file vst ril sr r rf on Mac or dil on Windows open show the VST effect window empty be v4 cleans current VST slot which means no plug in default bypass enable or disable VST effect write read export import VST bank file the lowest item open show the path and name of VST loaded Clicking on pathname you will Da also open VST GUI as the open item All VST settings can be exported inside of Density project folder Some VST are not fully compatible with Density therefore you may not ILibrary Audio Plug ins VSTI morphfilter vst successfully export their contents e Recorder You can capture all Density audio signals in two different ways master rec and or multichannel rec From menubar toolbar or R button on the MSTER channel you can open Recorder windows O master rec O multichannels rec on folder Applications Max5 O file no file selected Ghose dir chosa file 192000 _ alaw__v master m folder Applications Max5 O file no file selected hose di hosatfie 44100 _v intt6__v TUS NN NH NN HE RHO RI GN EEE 00 00 00 000 dh d gt lt d gt 6 0 dB EE REE 00 00 00 000 Before to start recording you need toggle on ARM recorder unit You can change output file Type quantization bit deep and Sampling Rate Now you will see stereo signal through the V meters You are ready to
60. loaded general information such zoom normalize length selection file sample length sampling rate time duration etc TextNotes txt is where Density save your note In fact Density provide a text editor where for instance you can write the live set performance score or what you want When you save project also notes are included vst folder contains fxp bank files for each allocated vst slot In the example only the ninth MASTER slot hosts a VST plugin Instead vst txt contains general information about loaded plugins name and path consolidate folder contains all consolidated audio files exported when you save if consolidate is enabled your project See above for more details e Status bar Di nomad pd a a a poe z pe pai ka EIA _ Tent 130023604 00 Density status bar is subdivided in three parts from left frame blu we have main status bar where are displayed general DSP infos like sampling rate I O vector size signal vector size cpu utilization In order to show cpu utilization value you need toggle tiny orange button N B You can change from status bar only Sampling Rate see DSP Settings for explanations The current sampling rate will be saved on the Density project this because if you have consolidated sound files in the project it s important load the project with own SR i e The project Sampling Rate and exported consolidated files must have a coherent sampling rate On the right p
61. lue to either 0 or 100 will disable CPU limiting 1 The number next to Signals Used shows the number of internal buffers that were needed by Density to connect the signal objects used in the current signal network The number of Function Calls gives an approximate idea of how many calculations are being required for each sample of audio Both of these fields will update whenever you change the number of audio objects or how they are patched together Vector Optimization only applies to PowerPC computers Vector optimization allows four samples to be processed within the space of a single instruction However not all audio signal processing algorithms can be optimized in this way for example recursive filter algorithms are substantially immune from vector optimization Density itself no longer uses vector optimization but third party audio objects may still use it In other words unless you are using a vector enabled third party audio object on a PowerPC computer this setting will have no effect 12 Mixer e faders and solo mute Vertical faders 1 2 8 receive stereo granular stream audio signal Master gt channel on the mixer right sum all stereo faders and output audio data on the physical hardware audio device The mute and solo buttons labelled M and S respectively Activating the mute button mutes the channel i e the affected channel can t be heard in the final mix Activating the solo button mutes every o
62. n Release every step envelops the streams or main amplitude audio signal You can define a Attack Decay time and Sustain percentage at last Release time When Sequencer is turned off audio signals streams or main pass through normally global transport 52 The global transport it s designed to access quickly all what is needed to control the clock of timing Density objects global transport S on click tap mesure 4 4 tempo 120 bar beat unit 513 1 120 O Here is a listing of the note and tick values associated with common note durations Note value abbreviations that can be used in Density to specify time are in bold 128n One hundred twenty eighth note 15 ticks 64n Sixty fourth note 30 ticks 64nd Dotted sixty fourth note 45 ticks 32nt thirty second note triplet 40 ticks 32n thirty second note 60 ticks 32nd Dotted thirty second note 90 ticks 16nt Sixteenth note triplet 80 ticks 16n Sixteenth note 120 ticks 16nd Dotted sixteenth note 180 ticks 8nt Eighth note triplet 160 ticks 8n Eighth note 240 ticks 8nd Dotted eighth note 360 ticks 4nt Quarter note triplet 320 ticks 4n Quarter note 480 ticks 4nd Dotted quarter note 720 ticks 2nt Half note triplet 640 ticks 2n Half note 960 ticks 2nd Dotted half note 1440 ticks Ant Whole note triplet 1280 ticks 1n Whole note 1920 ticks In Density you can find also this formu
63. n a separate window Click the Open ASIO Control Panel button at the bottom of the DSP Status window to access these settings If your interface card has a control panel in its ASIO driver the documentation for the interface should cover its operation 18 e monitoring Activating the monitor button labelled m on the channel s the affected channel s can t be heard in the final mix for instance you can hear sound in headphones Lon Lon fon Gon on Gon Lon Lon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Yaster fa afi AL BE DE En LI Ga fa St Sii CHI CH SH SH SH SO SH O monitor p e r S S amp S j S B MI mi Mq mi mi Mm Mm m 26 dB 45dB 29dB 41dB 46dB 44dB 23dB 29dB 13 2i 3i 4i 5i 6i 16 LR RO imo TO co gt ef gt id 6 0 1 0 2 The MONITOR it uses 3 and 4 logical channels i e Density MONITOR channels outputs In the example only stream8 send signal to MONITOR channel clicking on the headphones icon you will open Monitor window containing gain fader and output mapping men s now you must maps physical channels 6 7 in the example When one or more channels send signal to monitor channel you will see signal in the little meters below headphone icon N B For monitoring signals you need a multichannel audio hardware device four or more outputs channels on off stream trigger Above Mixer channels we hav
64. n choose the type of action select loop move and draw The tools select from the top and loop allows you to scroll the buffer manually scrubbing and settings grain length If automatic scanning parameter is at work unfrozen ratio 0 clicking and scrubbing on the WavePad will disable temporally automatic scanning as soon as you press mouse down button The automatic playback scanning it will be resumed at the current position when you release mouse up button loop second from the top unlike to select controlling also the grain length Drag it horizontally for time scrubbing and vertically for grain length move hand allows you to select a part zoom of loaded audio file N B the selected part it will be employed for current granulation Automatic scanning will read cyclically loop wraparound the current selection draw pencil allows you to draw directly on the pad e WavePad display Clicking Normalize to scale the sample values in the WavePad buffer 0 dB so that the highest peak matches the value of 1 Clicking Hzoom to reset horizontal zoom entire time display of file Clicking on Vzoom you resets vertical amplitude zoom default 50 Mouse scrolling on right number 50 to set an amplitude zoom amount N B unlike Normalize Vzoom is not a destructive amplitude rescaling but only a graphics rescale 1 Density uses QuickTime to convert a media file including MP3 files into the sample memory of a wavePad and
65. n the example 0 no interval change occur as all intervals probability weight to 0 Change and no change led yes no shows if the random parts it s to change or not Random number generator fall every change interval time 2 in the example beat sequence is displayed on the right The most left reset button resets sequencer to first step in permutation mode reinit sequence no action in random mode an snap amp snap probi rand amp Edit mode selection is done using this set of tabs view all displays all of the available data and allows you to edit the snapshots Snap mode displays and allows editing of the snap only Amp mode allows you to edit the volume of snapshot envelope Duration mode is used to change the step size of each value while Probability mode allows you to manipulate the likelihood of a snapshot Sequencer play mode men read steps in the explained way You can chose the number of the step columns and snapshots range row then fold unfold lets you chose to display all possible snapshots or only a specific set of snapshots Some kinds of transformations are available their names are auto explicative Through the four arrow keys at the bottom up and down snap number or left and right in time you can shift the entire sequence on curent p2 a 500s p 10 0ms s 100 r 500s port 432 ms transport ink Snapshots Sequencer is an ADSR Attack Decay Sustai
66. nctions will soon be assimilated and memorized so you can close clue hint window definitively freeing the GUI from annoying hint e DSP settings The engine DSP Digital Signal Processing can be activated clicking DSP toolbar loudspeaker icon or loudspeaker icon in the MASTER channel When DSP is turned on both became orange color The audio DSP parameters are displayed in the DSP Status window You can open DSP settings from application men View DSP Cmd D Mac or Ctrl D Win or through the toolbar loudspeaker icon The DSP Status window is arranged as a group of men s and checkboxes that set all DSP parameters Status window serves as a monitor for your current audio settings as well O DSP Settings O Vector Size Sampling Rate Driver CoreAudio Soundflower Signal Vector Size Hz Input Device Soundflower 16ch Aggr Scheduler in Overdrive O in Audio Interrupt O Input Source chu Limite bo a Output Desnan ovest O ra Function Calls 0 Playthrough Input Unsupported y Vector Optimization c At the left of the DSP Status window is a pop up men for turning the audio on off and a set of pop up men s that let you select an audio driver and configure its input source and output destination The second pop up men allows you to view and select an audio driver A brief summary will suffice for now e None This setting shuts off audio processing e Core Audio This is the default audio driver for Macintosh It i
67. nd output are disabled under this driver Only one audio driver can be selected at any given time Density saves the settings for each audio driver separately and will recall the last used audio driver when you restart Density The next two pop up men s are active only when using the Core Audio driver on Macintosh or ASIO drivers When the Core Audio driver or either the MME or DirectSound drivers on Windows are selected the pop up men s allow you to change the audio input source These settings can also be changed using the Audio MIDI Setup application on Macintosh or the Sounds and Audio Devices Properties window Start gt Settings gt Control Panel gt Sounds and Audio Devices on Windows but only with these men s while Density is running When ASIO is in use the pop up men s allow you to set the clock source for your audio hardware and whether or not to prioritize MIDI input and output over audio I O The DSP Status Window lets you control the size of the blocks of samples called signal vectors that Density uses There are two vector sizes you can control e The I O Vector Size I O stands for input output controls the number of samples that are transferred to and from the audio interface at one time e The Signal Vector Size sets the number of samples that are calculated by Density objects at one time This can be less than or equal to the I O Vector Size but not more If the Signal Vector Size is less than the I O Vector Size De
68. ne wishes to set a different name and or location for each new file it is possible to use the chose file button Once a file is created each new recording will be written into it When one doesn t want to overwrite its previous content one should create a new file again You can switch anytime between folder file and you can also use pop up menus where is displayed file folder path The mode which is currently active has a red color Multichannel recorder write a multichannel audio file containing all the eight granular streams signals i e stereo channels 2 x 8 streams 16 channels Unlike the Master recorder in Multichannel you cannot rescale channels record gains N B master multichannel recorders they receive audio signals before to being sent to a physical or logical channels so even if the output is disabled off or muted M they will continue to receive and recording the signal normally N B You can recording with master and channels recorders simultaneously e Record start stop it will be not saved in the Density project e If Master or Multichannel Recorders are at work you will see R button on the Mixer Master channel to flash 24 Filter Equalizer general One of the most important and powerful Density feature is the multi band filter equalizer You can dynamically employ up to 24 two pole filters i e biquad often referred to as second order sections In the Graphical filter editor you can set h
69. nsity calculates two or more signal vectors in succession for each O vector that needs to be calculated With an I O vector size of 256 and a sampling rate of 44 1 kHz Density calculates about 5 8 milliseconds of audio data at a time IO Vector Size Sampling Rate Sigal Vector Size Hz Scheduler in Overdrive in Audio Interrupt 0 The I O Vector Size may have an effect on latency and overall performance A smaller vector size may reduce the inherent delay between audio input and audio output because Density has to perform calculations for a smaller chunk of time On the other hand there is an additional computational burden each time Density prepares to calculate another vector the next chunk of audio so it is easier over all for the processor to compute a larger vector However there is another side to this story When Density calculates a vector of audio it does so in what is known as an interrupt If Density is running on your computer whatever you happen to be doing word processing for example is interrupted and an I O vector s worth of audio is calculated and played Then the computer returns to its normally scheduled program If the vector size is large enough the computer may get a bit behind and the audio output may start to click because the processing took longer than the computer expected Reducing the I O Vector Size may solve this problem or it may not On the other hand if you try to generate too many interrupts t
70. nt snap number pause resume current transition if occur stop transition cancel current transition if occur default params resets subscribed parameters at default value only for the current streams or main defaults all resets subscribed parameters and general settings not subscribed at default value only for the current streams or main save to disk current snapshots bank load from disk current snapshots bank client window open clients list to subscribe unsubscribe setting interpolation client window type and more storage window storage window open storage window displays any stored presets open sequencer improviser unit see Snapshots Sequencer open HV_PADS Hyper Vectorial Pads see HV_Pad speedlimit set update time limit for transitions and micropad nodes interpolations open sequencer open HV_PADS Se N B all the presets are saved in the project see save load project further however you can manage individually save load snap bank for example useful for exchanging presets between the streams e rename window Opening rename window to fast renaming snapshots 1 you can enable or disable auto recall if enabled selecting a snap from the menu it will start the transition if disabled it will be only selected 2 gsnaps will restore all Density subscribed parameters at default values eight streams and main mixer 3 gsnaps will restore all Density subscribed parameters and g
71. nterfaces with the system s built in Core Audio system and can be used with the built in audio of the computer or with the proper software support a third party hardware interface such as ASIO e MME or DirectSound Windows only On Windows Density loads the MME driver by default If you have correctly installed external hardware and it also supports DirectSound it should also appear as an option on the pop up men e ad_rewire This driver supports a standard developed by Propellerhead Software that allows sound generating applications ReWire Devices to send multiple channels of audio and midi to other applications ReWire Mixers that process and output it Selecting the ad_rewire driver enables Density to function as a ReWire Device to route audio from Density into applications that support ReWire such as Live Digital Performer or Cubase e ASIO Windows only If you have a third party audio interface which supports ASIO a cross platform audio hardware standard developed by Steinberg and it is installed correctly it will be found by the Density ASIO driver You may have as many ASIO devices as you wish they will all be found by the driver and will appear in the Driver pull down men in the DSP Status Window preceded by the word ASIO e ad_nonreal This driver enables Density to work in non real time mode allowing you to synthesize and process audio without any real time processor performance limitations Real time audio input a
72. o their immediately previous values This is helpful when you are making fine editing adjustments with the mouse and accidentally click in the wrong place or otherwise cause the selection to change unintentionally Repeated undo commands will toggle between the last two selection states zoom out resets the entire Hzoom horizontal zoom time display edit files infos show a text edit with information about loaded files open buffer window opens the WavePad buffer window or brings it to the front if it is already open The windows is resizable but not editable you can scrolling the mouse over the buffer window normalize 1 00 scale the sample values in the buffer so the highest peak matches the value given by the argument This can cause either amplification or attenuation of the audio but in either case every value is scaled When a sound file is loaded default value is 0 it means original wave amplitude value greater then 0 are saved and loaded in the project N B Normalized value of 0 can be interpreted like 1 original file amplitude if you have not change it before 2 normalizing at 0 value i e 0 001 amplitude gain 60 db 38 e WavePad scrub 8569 009 66 00 00 08 569 Top left we have the fine scrub and below the elapsed time display hh mm ss ms Clicking on waveform icon you will open buffer window see men buffer management fine scrub clicking and dragging up and down on the number box with the
73. oes t overwrite path bug fixed WAVEPAD scrub normalized in the MIDI OSC params WAVEPAD new scan mode wrap mirror once WAVEPAD new out of range mode loop WAVEPAD out of range mode none now can be disabled WAVEPAD SR Size Rescale bug fixed now you can load and play correctly any sound file LIVE input dirty buffer bug fixed when change channel LIVE input channels moved into mixer SNAP SEQ step jump bug fixed SNAP SEQ add portamento transition SNAP SEQ some gui adjustments ver 2 1 9 april 2011 WINDOWING additive jump hrm amp select fixed WAVEPAD one once back read bug fixed WAVEPAD add invert color switch HV_Pad optimized auto scanning drunk HV_Pad save on the project the last pointer position clue windows show now the widgets name correctly HV_Pad drunk spiral reflect jitter cou improved performance MIDI OSC correct pan range rescale freeze now update correctly also in rescale mode FILTER improved and refined FILTER enabled for transitions GSNAPS micropad became 2D nodes 70 GSNAPS speedlimit transition update new micropad 2D nodes scrub presetsave bug fixed wavePad multibuffer jump now work properly wavePad scrub send Midi Osc output also in autoscanning mode LIVE zoom selection load bug fixed LIVE buffer init when load project bug fixed LIVE defaults all now reinit buffer correctly defaults all Zoom out all soundfiles and LIVE e acknowledgments would lik
74. og c ex log c N B sets Cc to 1 for disabling controller e stream select solo ed fos F 4 sl Ir streamsel leam Ch 14 Cc 4 Raw 0 127 0 00 team envelopesel leam Ch 1 Cc 1 Raw 0 127 0 00 off _____w buttoo___v a Having Density eight granular streams we have an huge number of parameters to be controlled Therefore it would be difficult to manage all parameters independently An simple idea could be to assign each stream on own MIDI channel for example stream1 gt MIDI channel 1 stream 2 gt MIDI channel 2 and so on but each 61 parameters of the eighth streams should have the own MIDI OSC widget To avoid this Density can be controlled following a layout strategy MIDI Cc or OSC messages controlling only selected granular stream i e stream GUI in foreground The streamsel widget first on the top is crucial because it allows to bring the stream in foreground to be controlled via MIDI OSC streamsel leam Ch 1 Cc 2 Raw 0 127 4 00 learn streamsel MIDI OSC I O works only on current selected granular stream foreground You need bring in foreground a granular streams in order to controlling via MIDI OSC their parameters Disabling auto mode manual top left toggle a men tab will be shown allow you to chose a granular stream Thus when you change granular stream from main GUI MIDI OSC controls always the same stream When auto is enabled the granular streams in foreground se
75. onent to which the fade amount will be raised Presets recalled will recall data between the two specified presets along the curve described Power curves can be used to create faster or slower attacks and decays for the fade envelope table Table specified curve Takes optional additional argument see transition curve below which specifies the name of a table to use for curve lookup tab1 tab2 tab3 or tab4 Presets recalled will recall data between the two specified presets along the curve described in the table Tables are assumed to contain values between 0 and 100 representing the new fade amount 100 If the lookup fade amount does not fall exactly onto a table specified value linear interpolation is used to determine the new fade amount In Density you have four draw functions to draw your curve see transition curve below AOO Storage Slots stream5snaps Name 4 pitch 24 24 volume 6 6 6 0002 pan 0 0 0 rnd_pitch 0 0 0 jitter 0 025974 609 611 0 060998 2 0 scann 0 042838 0 042734 0 042838 1 0 042838 distance 1 1 1 i 1 pan freq 1 0002 1 1 0002 1 1 0002 rnd dens 13 3860 13 3845 13 3860 i 13 3880 rnd len 14 9608 14 9592 14 9608 f 14 9608 density 6 987041 31 111677 699 645 173 042 length 868 072 269 918 190 387 i 206 983 scrub 18453 9 5536 54 19172 9 0 24547 6 The storage window displays any stored pre
76. pective in windowing WavePad see Granular Streams WavePad display for more explanations e additive 128 0 additive generate a composite waveform through weighted sums of sinusoids It works similarly to Csound Gen19 Each slider in the additive pad controls a specific partial amplitude You can change the total harmonics number for the spectrum top right numbox 18 clear all amplitude contributes of spectrum bringing to 0 Toggle on auto you will enable amplitude auto rescale thus the resulting shape it will be always normalized to one N B phase and offset are normalized 0 1 The two below num box of gen button sets the fine amplitude of a specific partial You need selects a partial number 1 in the example enter the amplitude value 0 5 in the example at last click on gen to apply change e audio slot In the shape select men after the sixteen envelopes prototypes you will see twelve empty slots named null You can employ them to load until tvelve audio files form disk just like Granular streams WavePad See for further details If you try to load by dragging or from the men a sound file on a shape envelope or prototype you will see a message box on shape wavepad Can t load a sound file in a shape slot you must employ one of the twelve available slots while if you drag on the Windowing WavePad a folder contains audio files the slots they will be automatically filled See WavePad WavePa
77. peed limit for curve gauss deformation add extra precision MIDI pitch bend values scrub fine control add windowing deformation shape MIDI OSC add clue windows report widgets information under the mouse LIVE integrate in stream window LIVE now save own parameters in the project LIVE some other bugs fixed now streams windowing menus shows file name windowing streams normalize bug fixed defaults _params defaults_all bug fixed improved project load save more fast and flexible un subscribe clients transitions now saved in the project removed the useless ones oscilloscope spectroscope and sonogram ver 2 0 march 2011 new GUI look new dialog box windows does not stop audio new NOTES you can save your notes in the project new tool bar quick functions access new HV_pad 2D nodes parameters interpolation add HV_pad jitter exploration add HV_pad in reflects jitter and drunk now you can interact with the pad HV_pad on off monitor bar in main HV_Pad window MIDI OSC add 14 bit precise Control Change I O MIDI removed pitch bend in favor of 14 bit MIDI I O MIDI OSC new midi monitor parse 7 and 14 bit control change and show detailed messages MIDI OSC new OSC learn function MIDI OSC you can append a prefix ID on the OSC Output address MIDI OSC now OSC I O send and receive automatically in the same address MIDI OSC improved rescale range old project are t compatible MIDI OSC now MidiRaw sends data for I O sync MIDI OSC MidiToggle integrated in Mi
78. presented by the ratio 8 5 In the below example a geometric pitch grid is based on the interval 1 6 and fundamental frequency 55 Hz The grid will consist of a total of 13 bands starting from 55 Hz up to 15 481 1279 Hz as sketched in the next table 1 Leonardo Pisano Bigollo c 1170 c 1250 also known as Leonardo of Pisa Leonardo Pisano Leonardo Bonacci Leonardo Fibonacci or most commoniy simply Fibonacci was an Italian mathematician considered by some the most talented western mathematician of the Middle Ages Wikipedia 2 John M Chowning is known for having discovered the FM synthesis algorithm in 1967 In FM frequency modulation synthesis both the carrier frequency and the modulation frequency are within the audio band In essence the amplitude and frequency of one waveform modulates the frequency of another waveform producing a resultant waveform that can be periodic or non periodic depending upon the ratio of the two frequencies Wikipedia 28 of FREQS Hz operation 13 15539 276 55 1 6 12 9675 702 55 1 6 11 6047 313 55 1 6 10 3779 571 55 1 6 9 2362 232 55 1 6 8 1476 395 55 1 6 7 922 746 55 1 6 6 576 716 55 1 6 5 360 488 55 1 6 4 225 280 55 1 6 3 140 800 55 1 6 2 88 000 55 1 6 1 55 000 55 1 6 You can obtain the same result using the next recursive formula fi f i 1 iterval_ratio where fi is the i th frequency i e f2 f1 1 6 55 00 1 6 88 00 e Harmonic COMPILER
79. q The number box 64 change the grains overlapping factor maximum numbers of simultaneous voices Default is 64 the max value allowed is 512 wrap _ v men wrap set out of range fold wrap none default is wrap When the time pointer i index scrub o auto scanning exceed the wavePad length i e wavePad length grain length the value is either wrapped or folded panie _ fold higher indexes are folded back into this range i e values greater than one are reduced by one plus the amount that they exceed one wrap higher indexes are wrapped around on the wavePad i e indexes greater than one starting from first wavePad index grater than two starting from second etc loop similar to wrap buffer position playback is wrapped This is a bufGranul method use it carefully experimental none no wrap fold out of range indexes i toggle enable disable linear interpolation for sample and envelope oscillators 33 left arrow set the granulator to read samples backward you cannot confuse it with a negative scanning ratio value This setup parameter set directions reading samples inside of the grain therefore you can have a normal time scanning with an inverse grain time oso on off granular stream works just like the on off buttons on the mixer You can either use the space bar see on off stream trigger LIVE Sample enable Live granulation you can also select LIVE from snd files men see
80. rding to phase within the buffer normalized so that the 0 refers to the first sample and 1 refers to the last N B grid values for phase must be normalized 0 1 see later ebpm specifies beats per minute as the time reference unit relative to a master tempo and number of beats per bar both of which you can set with the bpm message The numbox 0 50 specifies spacing of the grid lines for current unit of time measurement used by the display N B grid values for phase must be normalized 0 1 e WavePad mouse 36 The way that the WavePad responds to mouse clicking and mouse dragging varies according to canto wav_ grid__ 100 oso e none selection start and end values are not sent in response to mouse activity e down causes the current selection start and end values to be sent only when you click inside the WavePad e up causes selection start and end to be sent only when you release the mouse button after clicking inside the WavePad e downup causes selection start and end to be sent both when you click inside the WavePad and when the mouse button is released continuous causes selection start and end to be sent on click release and throughout the drag operation whenever the values change e WavePad management load replace The top left pop up men Canto wav select one of the twelve waveforms to display on the pad Current granular stream will granulate selected waveform You
81. requirement Macintosh Density requires a Mac PPC or Intel machine running OS X 10 4 or later and 1 GB RAM Windows Density requires a Windows XP Vista 7 machine and 1 GB RAM Density uses QuickTime in order to read correctly media files including MP3 therefore QuickTime must be installed on your system On Windows we recommend a complete installation of QuickTime choosing all optional components installation Macintosh 1 Download Density dmg from www densitygs com 2 Double click to open the disk image Windows 1 Download Density setup msi from www densitygs com 2 Double click to install copyright This program is copyright shareware and it is not freeware You can download the unregistered version of the program and give it to your friends or to any other person as long as for no charge This program cannot be distributed in shareware compilations CDs without prior written approval from the author No responsibility is taken for any damage or losses caused by this package All program trademarks belongs to its respective author e demo limitation Demo version it is fully functional but the application will quit after ten minutes One every minute Density emit a white noise Buying a license you will disable this hateful behavior purchase a license and authorizes e Download the software from the web page www densitygs com or somewhere else e Purchase the license software from Kagi http store kagi com 6FH
82. s Equalizer gain 0 56 dB Mouse scrolling up down on the value you can change filters gains This value must be considered bi polar so in the above example 38 dB it means 38 38 equalizer range e transitions subscribe You can subscribe unsubscribe the Filters for snapshots transitions The transitions on the Filters parameters work fine when you make interpolation between 4 or more stored snapshots Default is un subscribed For instance you can take a snapshot of current filters bands configuration and move them toward a second snapshot making a linear interpolation between all filters bands 30 Granular Streams e parameters In this section we will examine the Granular Synthesis parameters Please refer to web for more explanations about granular synthesis You can interact with Density parameters on the GUI Graphic User Interface in the follows ways 1 Click and drag scroll on vertical sliders or dials to change the value see mousing mode for more details 2 Holding down the Command key Macintosh or the Control key Windows while mouse scroll for precise value control 3 Select a widget clicking on the name and use keyboard up down arrows 4 Drag up down the display value the number box below each parameter 5 Click on the number box value enter a numeric value and press enter key 6 Send a MIDI CC Control Change see MIDI OSC I O chapter in this manual 7 Send an OSC Open Sound Controller
83. sets The active recalled preset is displayed in highlight green lf any client value is changed are displayed in italics Eventually both of these windows will be configurable and editable so that they can provide display and editing control for clients and storage sets N B When you open storage window a message box will be displayed 48 snapshots all GUI widgets must be stopped transitions HV_pads etc Do you want continue this is to avoid an overhead of CPU when displaying storage window e transition curve All transition by defaults are linearly interpolation You can superimpose your interpolation curve at one or more subscribed widgets Four draw functions are available from toolbar or menu bar Open one of them and draw your curve This feature is saved on Density project curve3 tab3 curve4 tab4 Draw a shape on the function window AOO tab1 In order to maps one or more subscribed clients with one of four functions draw you need open clients window and select table from pop up men over interp header Now you must digit the table name that can be tab1 tab2 tab3 or tab4 49 a 00aa 00a4 a 2 a Name backward density distance jitter length pan pitch rnd_dens rnd_len rnd_ pitch scann scrub Priority Interp aH T a threshold table linear linear table table linear linear table oo oc occcolcUlcrWmCcWOmCUcPWlUcOlUSO in the above example we employ e
84. ther channel i e only the affected channel can be heard in the final mix N B When you select one or more channels in solo all the others channels automatically became muted Gon Gen Gen Gon Gen Sen ben fa aster ell ell gli gli gli gli gli gli oll ti si fila 6 e e e o ej jld m m m lt lt 4 gt a a 4 a i S 8 S 5 5 S 8 S M M M M M M M M 26 dB 45dB 29dB 41dB 46dB 44dB 37 dB 16 dB 1i 110 11 O 114 11 4 118 11 L ETTARO 6 0 aB i Toolbar left to right The first toggle back arrow is sliders mouse mousing behave no knobs and other widgets but onli vertical sliders with the follow options relative and absolute In relative mode default keeps it relative position when you click on it Moving the mouse outputs higher or lower values in relation to that relative position In absolute mode will automatically jump directly to the clicked location N B mousing acts in the Mixer and in the granular streams parameters vertical sliders 13 With the second tool meters central you can specifies whether the faders displays and outputs the signal level pre fader or post fader Most right fade time set solo mute fade in out time in milliseconds when you activating solo un solo or mute un muted the signal amplitude is smoothed with a linear ramp I O mapping The Density mixer
85. uously or mouse up send voices selection shorts key windows float no float mode fully managing the project as a folder save save as and load ask when exit drag and drop support streams windowing wave pads audio files and project folder main mixer oscilloscope spectroscope sonogram viewers ver 1 0 6 june 2010 add LIVE buffer granulation add stereo panning rotation pan jitter Ifo shape hz add transitions elapsed time add front lock in the pitch keyboard streams add OSC I O support add HV_pad X Y MIDI OSC mapping add file multichannel rec add mixer multichannel I O mapping add pop up menu transitions now you can chose between manual or auto recall snapshot add mixer faders pre post metering show signals MIDI mapping GUI restyling improved quick record now renamed in master rec improved HV_pad pad resolution wave pad wraparound bug fixed 68 some minor change some bugs fixed ver 1 1 5 september 2010 add MP3 support add snd files LIVE buffers consolidate copy buffers in the prj folder add auto populate sound files folder add global presets menage all Density widgets together add dynamic snapshots allocation until over 100 snaps add panning time sync add project sampling rate saving add snapshots consecutive renumber list add snapshots call rename scrub window add global transport time add snapshots sequencer rhythms improviser unit add windowing draw bipolar view add windowing new resolution s
86. urple frame we have the pick up display See pick up for details Two led green circled displays the global transport beat and MIDI OSC activity You can also open their window by clicking On the right part of above image yellow framed we have granular streams information these values refer to current selected granular stream Mainly Granular stream status bar grain overlaps factor on the left and WavePad sampled file informations like current file name current file length in sample current file sampling rate current file length in milliseconds In order to enable grains overlap report you need enable tiny orange button e clue window To avoid annoying hint messages when you are working on the GUI Density sends all hints in the clue window In the clue window you can read some informations about Density GUI widget when the mouse is over it 66 The clue window CMD Mac CTRL Win is a floating window that displays documentation when you bring mouse pointer on a widget You can use it to obtain reference information for objects then close window during performance e float window Have you noticed almost all Density windows contains in a corner generally top right a tiny orange button toggle it to set float no float window When toggle float current window will be always in front This feature is saved on project like general setup 67 e history ver 1 0 0 may 2010 official release built with Max
87. vailable for free at www alessandro petrolati it densitygsc html it works on Windows XP but not in Windows Vista it seems magically resurrected with Windows7 DensityGSC is a discontinued product 7 New Density is completely rewritten in Max Msp 5 available for both Macintosh and Windows more stable flexible improved audio quality restyling GUI look Graphic User Interface with native effects Hv_pads FiltersEQ Snapshots Sequencers improviser unit etc e GUI layout The most important Density parameters are placed inside of only one window Density GUI Graphic User Interface is divided in three parts WINDOWING MODULE top left MAIN MIXER below and GRANULAR STREAMS on the right Many controls are accessible via pop up menu WINDOWING generate and edit waves prototypes shapes employed for envelope granulation the MIXER as a classical mixer host granular STREAMS eight gain faders solo mute switches headphones monitor channel native effects VST slots I O routing signals MASTER fader gt and master multichannel recorders Tools bar on the top sets all Density preferences and open many Density functions like DSP settings MIDI 1 O Master Multichannel Recorders HV_pads etc Tools bar show graphically icons the menus bar items tools bar it will be explained in the course of this handbook density mana current project IS_project_1 Density load ooga DERD ni g 2 1 soms a NE EE A length density pitch scann
88. we want to change the current time interval This is set by using a probability factor ChangeProb sub patcher If the program decides to change the time interval a trig is sent e time intervals Since eight time intervals can be selected The choice is performed with a random function according to a weight probability for each possible interval an interval with a weight of 2 will have twice as many chances to be selected by the random procedure that an interval that has a weight of 1 step sequencer When a given time interval is chosen it is used as a step rate for driving the step sequencer The step sequencer is synced to global transport so the steps are played in accordance with transport tempo The snap sequencer has many editing modes that allow for modifying the snapshots content snap amp etc e Output The snap sequencer outputs a list of data each time a step is triggered Each data type snap amp amp _rand is interpreted in order to recall a snapshot with additional possibilities such as random amplitude of envelope and snap recall probability 51 Up to eight time intervals can be selected The choice is performed with a random interval weight function according to a weight probability for each possible interval an interval with a weight of 2 will have twice as many chances to be selected by the random procedure that an interval that has a weight of 1 You can set general changes probability 75 i
89. xternal hardware it should support playback and recording with the MME driver and the Direct Sound driver in the Driver Menu of the DSP Status Window If an audio device only supports MME or DirectSound the Windows OS does an automatic mapping of one to the other Since many audio devices initially did not support DirectSound Microsoft emulated DirectSound with a layer that bridged from DirectSound to MME Currently there is greater support for native DirectSound drivers and sometimes when you use MME drivers Windows is actually running a layer to convert from MME to DirectSound Note Some devices such as the Digidesign mBox only support the ASIO driver standard In such cases you will need to select the proper ASIO driver in the DSP Status Window See the section Using ASIO Drivers on Windows for more information You can make overall changes to the basic operation of your default audio driver by accessing the Sounds and Audio Devices Properties window Start gt Settings gt Control Panel gt Sounds and Audio Devices Here you can select Audio devices and create settings for balance and output volume 16 Sounds and Audio Devices Sa al el 2 x Volume Sounds Audio Voice Hardware Sound playback O Default device di Creamware Play Rec 1 Sound recording 4 Default device 4 MIDI music playback ws Default device sie aaa Microsoft GS Wavetable SW Synth About Use only default

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