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FALL3D-7.1 USER'S MANUAL - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e

1. 3 WILSON model Walker et al 1971 Wilson and Huang 1979 using the interpolation suggested by Pfeiffer et al 2005 a 2V1 Re lt 10 dal Pe a 10 Re 10 lt Re lt 103 do Re gt 103 where y b c 2a is the particle aspect ratio a gt b gt c denote the particle semi axes 4 DELLINO model Dellino et al 2005 vs 1 2605 2 Ar g1 15 where Ar gd pp pa Pa p2 is the Archimedes number g the gravity acceleration and is a particle shape factor sphericity to circularity ratio It is recommended to not extrapolate this option for particle diameters beyond the range used in the experiments by Dellino et al 2005 Since for FALL3D 7 1 the primary particle shape factor is the sphericity 4 for sake of simplicity y in 14 and in 15 are calculated by approximating particles as prolate ellipsoids the same approximation is used for estimating dn FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 29 Particle aggregation For computational reasons ash particle aggregation is assumed to occur within the eruption plume affect ing the original TGSD which is modified considering an effective aggregate class and depleting particle classes finer than the aggregate class itself A few possibilities are available in FALL3D 7 1 such as 1 NONE option that neglect aggregation 2 PERCENTAGE option that simply subtracts a constant percentage of ash from each particle class having diameter smaller than the user defined aggregate di
2. C and P D Hazard assessment of far range volcanic ash dispersal from a violent Strombolian eruption at Somma Vesuvius volcano Naples Italy Implications on civil aviation Bull Volcanol 74 2205 2218 doi 10 1007 s00445 012 0656 3 2012 Suzuki T A theoretical model for dispersion of tephra in Arc Volcanism Physics and Tectonics edited by Shimozuru D and Yokoyama I pp 93 113 Terra Scientific Publishing Company TERRAPUB Tokyo 1983 Suzuki Y and Koyaguchi T A three dimensional numerical simulation of spreading umbrella clouds J Geophys Res 114 B03 209 doi 10 1029 2007JB005369 2009 Ulke A G New turbulent parameterization for a dispersion model in atmospheric boundary layer Atmos Environ 34 1029 1042 2000 Wadell H Sphericity and roundness of rock particles J Geol 41 310 331 1933 Walker G P L Wilson L and Bowell E L G Explosive volcanic eruptions I Rate of fall of pyroclasts Geophys J Roy Astron Soc 22 377 383 1971 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 43 Westphal D L Toon O B and Carlson T N A two dimensional numerical investigation of the dynamics and microphysics of Saharan dust storms J Geophys Res 92 3027 3049 1987 Wilson L and Huang T C The influence of shape on the atmospheric settling velocity of volcanic ash particles Earth Planet Sci Lett 44 311 324 1979 Woodhouse M J Hogg A J Phillips J C and Sparks R S J Interactio
3. 0 129K 1 0 0858e 0 0617 Re 10 Re gt 10 17 18 with K veo 1 a and Re 1331 x d 56 the lower bound of the fit corresponds to particles of 10 um in size Please note that inn the relationship above pp and pa are particle and air densities expressed in g cm g is gravity in cm s d is the particle size in cm Re is the Reynolds number parameterized as a function of the particle size and uxt is given in cm s 3 Emission scheme 3 Shao et al 1993 Shao and Leslie 1997 Shao and Lu 2000 computes the emission rate as a d ds uz d where a units of m s7 is a coefficient of blasting efficiency determined experimentally Shao and Leslie 1997 and Fy is the horizontal flux units of kg m7 s of saltating particles of size ds Fy d ds Fu ds 19 0 Ug lt Unt ds 3 2 Fu ds co baits 1 _ si a ado 20 and co is an empirical dimensionless constant close to 1 The threshold friction velocity ux d is given by d uate 0 0123 2 2 21 Pa Pad where y is a parameter ranging between 1 65 x 1074 and 5 x 1074 kg s a value of 3 x 1074 kg s is assumed in FALL3D 7 1 NOTE in the current version simulation of resuspension is possible only in combination with WRF ARW meteorological data Spreading of the volcanic cloud at the NBL When the option GRAVITY_CURRENT is used an analytical model describing the spreading of the volcanic cloud at NBL as a gravity c
4. 1 1 Block TIME_UTC This block defines variables related to time such as the period covered by the meteorology file beginning and end of the eruption etc It is used by FALL3D 7 1 and by the utility programs SETDBS and SETSRC The block has the following format e YEAR Database starting year YYYY FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 7 MONTH Database starting month MM DAY Database starting day DD BEGIN_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Time in h after OOUTC of the starting day at which me teorological data start in the database file This time has to be smaller than time slice defined by the variables ERUPTION_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 TIME_STEP_METEO_DATA_ MIN Time step in min of the meteorological data in the database file The time step can be different from that of the original data e g if the time step is set at 60 min and the original data were every 6 h values would be linearly interpolated hourly END_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Time slice in h after OOUTC of the starting day at which the meteorological data end in the database file This time has to be larger than time slices defined by the variables ERUPTION_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 and RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 respectively otherwise the program will stop ERUPTION START HOURS _AFTER_00 Time slice of the eruption start in h after OOUTC of the start ing day These are nt values nt gt 1 indicating the starting times of the different eruptive phases Transient behavior o
5. In the case SOURCE_TYPE POINT only the sub block POINT_SOURCE is used e MASS_FLOW_RATE_ KGS Array of values of the mass flow rate in kg s for the nt eruptive phases Alternatively the user can choose among the options ESTIMATE MASTIN Mastin et al 2009 ESTIMATE DEGRUYTER Degruyter and Bonadonna 2012 or ESTIMATE WOODHOUSE Woodhouse et al 2013 and SETSRC automatically computes the MFR from the column heights based on empirical fits The last two options account for cross wind effects on plume height and MFR e HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M Array of column heights in m above the vent for the nt eruptive phases Note that the plume heights must be lower than the top of the computational domain specified in the variable ZLAYER_ M of the GRID block Otherwise the program will stop 2 In the case SOURCE_TYPE SUZUKI only the sub block SUZUKI_SOURCE is used e MASS _FLOW RATE _ KGS Array of values of the mass flow rate in kg s for the nt eruptive phases Alternatively the user can choose among the options ESTIMATE MASTIN Mastin et al 2009 ESTIMATE DEGRUYTER Degruyter and Bonadonna 2012 or ESTIMATE WOODHOUSE Woodhouse et al 2013 and SETSRC automatically computes the MFR from the column heights based on empirical fits The last two options account for cross wind effects on plume height and MFR e HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M Array of column heights in m above the vent for the nt eruptive phases Note that the plume heights must
6. be lower than the top of the computational domain specified in the record ZLAYER_ M of the GRID block If not the program will stop e A Array of values of the parameter A in the Suzuki distribution Pfeiffer et al 2005 for the nt eruptive phases e L Array of values of the parameter A in the Suzuki distribution Pfeiffer et al 2005 for the nt eruptive phases 3 In the case SOURCE_TYPE PLUME only the sub block PLUME_SOURCE is used e SOLVE PLUME FOR The two available options are MFR or HEIGHT In the first case SETSRC solves for the mass flow rate given the column height whereas in the second does the opposite e MFR_SEARCH_RANGE Two values n and m such that 10 and 10 specify the range of MFR values admitted in the iterative solving procedure i e it is assumed that 10 lt MFR lt 10 Only used if SOLVE_PLUME_FOR MFR e MASS FLOW _RATE_ KGS Values of the mass flow rate in kg s for the nt eruptive phases Only used if SOLVE_PLUME_FOR HEIGHT e HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M Heights of the plume in m above the vent for the nt eruptive phases Note that the plume heights must be lower than the top of the computational domain specified in the variable ZLAYER_ M of the GRID block Only used if SOLVE_PLUME_FOR MFR FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 10 EXIT VELOCIY MS Values of the magma exit velocity in m s at the vent for the nt eruptive phases EXIT TEMPERATURE XK Values of the magma exit temperature in K at the
7. compilation and installation you can remove the program binaries and object files from the source directory by typing make clean To remove the files that configure has created so you can compile the package for a different configuration type make distclean This command removes also the Scripts generated by configure in the directory SCRIPTDIR FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 23 To uninstall FALL3D 7 1 you can type make uninstall to remove the binary files in the directory exec_prefix bin It does not remove the source files and the Scripts 7 7 Model execution To run a new simulation named name simply create a new directory or a symbolic link called name in the folder Runs and create a new control input file name inp or simply copy the file Example inp located in the folder Example rename it as name inp and modify it FALL3D 7 1 and the utility programs are launched using a serie of scripts with some arguments an option is to create alias for the scripts so that these can be called directly from any folder The execution flow is as follows 1 First place the meteorological data files in the appropriate folder or create a symbolic link to data in this folder Data model grib for meteo files in grib format or Data model nc for meteo files in NetCDF format where model take one of the following names see Table 2 gfs05deg for GFS forecasts at 0 5 resolution gfsideg for GFS forecasts at 1 resolution
8. downoladed separately for pressure non pressure surface and invariant variables Required variables are i pressure Geopotential Relative humidity Temperature U component of wind V component of wind Vertical velocity ii Surface 10 metre U wind component 10 metre V wind component 2 metre temperature Boundary layer height iii Invariant Geopotential Land sea mask e NOTE 2 Downloading a domain subset with different resolutions lower than 0 25 is possible The source file name src The source file name src is an ASCII file containing the definition of the source term The source can be defined for different time phases during which source values are kept constant The number position and values i e Mass Flow Rate of the source points can vary from one time slice to another and cannot overlap There is no restriction on the number and duration of the time slices It allows in practice to discretize any kind of source term This file can be defined directly by the user or generated by the pre process utility program SETSRC The format of the file name src is described in Table 3 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following itimel Source starting time in sec after OOUTC of the eruption starting day itime2 End time in sec after OOUTC of the eruption starting day nsrc Number of source points it can vary from one interval to another depending on the column height nc Total number of particle classes as
9. file named fall3d 7 1 tar gz available at the following URLs http bsccase02 bsc es projects fall3d http datasim ov ingv it Fall3d html FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 20 After you obtained file fa113d 7 1 tar gz copy it in a directory eg your home directory and unpack the tarball with the command tar zxvf fall3d 7 1 tar gz This creates the installation directory tree with the root directory named fal13d 7 1 The directory tree is shown in Table 6 Table 6 Default structure of fal13d4 7 1 sub folders Manual Contains this manual Example Contains an example of input file name inp libMaster Master library for Fall3d and utilities Utilities Utilities root directory Utilities Grib2nc Grib2nc sources Utilities Grib2nc config Grib2nc sample configuration files Utilities SetTgsd SetTgsd sources Utilities SetDbs SetDbs sources Utilities ConfigScripts Shell script sources Utilities Fal13d2GMT Fall3d2GMT sources Utilities SetSrc SetSrc sources Scripts This is generated by configure bin This is generated by make install The package comes with a configure script for automatically configuring your installation The configure shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system dependent variables used during compilation Then uses these values to create a Makefile in each directory of the package for compiling and installing the code and the scripts The configurati
10. horizontal component Kn Kz Ky are 1 Option CONSTANT i e Kp constant where the constant value is assigned by the user 2 Option RAMS In this case a large eddy parameterization as the one used by the RAMS model Pielke et al 1992 can be used for evaluating K Ove E Ovy 6 ae 52 where Pr is the turbulent Prandtl number typically Pr 1 km 0 075A4 3 A yAzAy Ax and Ay are the horizontal grid spacings and Cs is a constant ranging from 0 135 to 0 32 dv Ovy Kn Pr max km CsA 5 Se 2 3 Option CMAQ In this case the horizontal diffusion is evaluated as in the CMAQ model Byun and Schere 2006 1 1 1 H 7 Kn Kn Km 7 where dv dv dv dv Kn a ALA e e Si E Lar ean 2 Da e 8 Ax Ay Kam Ku tav Si where the numeric constant a 0 28 and the values of Kn and Ax Ay depend on the algorithm Using this parameterization for a large grid size the effect of the transportive dispersion is minimized whereas for a small grid size the numerical diffusion term is reduced Byun and Schere 2006 Thanks to the heuristic relationship 7 the smaller of Ky and Kpn dominates In our case we set Kaf 8000 m s for Ax Ay 4km and a minimum value for K equal to km 0 075A4 3 was imposed FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 28 Settling velocity models There are several semi empirical parameterizations for the particle settling velocity vs if one assumes
11. in the UTM option X_VENT x coordinate of the vent UTM coordinates must be given in m Only used in the UTM option Y_VENT y coordinate of the vent UTM coordinates must be given in m Only used in the UTM option VENT_HEIGHT Height of the vent a s l in m NX Number of grid nodes in the x direction NY Number of grid nodes in the y direction ZLAYER_ M Array of heights in m of the vertical z layers in terrain following coordinates The vertical layers can be specified manually as an array of values or for equally spaced vertical discretization simply indicating the limits and the increment e g FROM 0 TO 10000 INCREMENT 1000 It is not necessary to specify the number of vertical layers since it is automatically calculated 5 1 3 Block GRANULOMETRY This block defines the variables needed by the SETTGSD utility program to generate the TGSD file name tgsd The block has the following structure DISTRIBUTION Type of distribution The two available TGSD are GAUSSIAN or BIGAUSSIAN where Gaussian or bi Gaussian distribution is referred to a Gaussian or bi Gaussian distribution in where log d in mm NUMBER_OF_CLASSES Number of granulometric classes in the TGSD Note that this value can be different from the number of classes in FALL3D 7 1 aggregate class and or volatiles can be added later in the granulometry file name grn created by SETSRC FI_MEAN Mode of Gaussian distribution in For Bi Gaussia
12. order to modify the original TGSD to account for ash aggregation effects It is assumed that one aggregated class is formed The block has the following format AGGREGATION_MODEL Aggregation parameterization Available options are NONE PERCENTAGE based on Sulpizio et al 2012 CORNELL based on Cornell et al 1983 or COSTA based on Costa et al 2010 to be used with the option PLUME only FI_AGGREGATES P class of aggregates i e main mode DENSITY_AGGREGATES Density of aggregates VSET_FACTOR Multiplicative correction factor for settling velocity of aggregates PERCENTAGE_ Percentage of ash aggregating for classes lt FI_AGGREGATES Only read if AGGREGATION MODEL PERCENTAGE FRACTAL EXPONENT Fractal exponent see Costa et al 2010 for details Only read if AGGREGATION_MODEL COSTA FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 11 5 1 6 Block AEROSOLS This block defines the variables needed by SETSRC program in order to add aerosol tracers This block defines whether aerosol indicated as SO2 is transported or not and in which percentage in wt In FALL3D 7 1 only passive transport is considered i e SO here is simply considered a tracer and can be used to simulate the transport of any passive volatile It is expected to add chemical reactions in future code releases The block has the following format e S02 Defines whether SO transport is switched on or off Options are YES on or NO off e PERCENTAGE_ Percentage of SO with r
13. tgsd describing Total Grain Size Distribution TGSD density and shape of particles The TGSD file is typically obtained from field data however it can also be generated by the utility program SetTgsd see Section 5 2 assuming either a Gaussian or bi Gaussian distribution in A few options are available for the utility program SetSrc to account for aggregation effects on fine ash within the eruptive column see Section 5 4 In this case an extra aggregation class is added in the name grn file 4 The source file name src specifying the discharge rates at the source points typically along the eruptive column This file is generated by the pre process utility program SetSrc see Section 5 4 5 An optional file specifying a list of points name pts where the tracking of some variables is requested e g points where to compute tephra arrival times accumulation rates etc Once a simulation is concluded FALL3D 7 1 produces the following output files 1 A log file name log containing information about the run e g summary of input data error and warning messages etc FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 6 2 The results file name res nc in NetCDF format see Appendix C This file can be processed using several open source programs e g ncview Panoply ncl etc to generate plots and animations Alternatively the post process utility program FALL3D2GMT included in the distribution can be used to generate basic GMT scripts automatica
14. the UTM coordinate system in large domains covering more than one UTM zone is not allowed The sub blocks LON_LAT or UTM are read in each case respectively LONMIN Minimum longitude in decimal degrees of the domain i e longitude corresponding to the bottom left corner Only used in the LON LAT option LONMAX Maximin longitude in decimal degrees of the domain i e longitude corresponding to top right corner Only used in the LON LAT option LATMIN Minimum latitude in decimal degrees of the domain i e latitude corresponding to bottom left corner Only used in the LON LAT option LATMAX Maximin latitude in decimal degrees of the domain i e latitude corresponding to top right corner Only used in the LON LAT option FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 8 LON_VENT Vent longitude Only used in the LON LAT option LAT_VENT Vent latitude Only used in the LON LAT option UTMZONE UTM zone code in format nnL e g 335 Only used in the UTM option XMIN minimum z coordinate of the domain bottom left corner UTM coordinates must be given in m Only used in the UTM option XMAX maximum x coordinate of the domain top right corner UTM coordinates must be given in m Only used in the UTM option YMIN minimum y coordinate of the domain bottom left corner UTM coordinates must be given in m Only used in the UTM option YMAX maximum y coordinate of the domain top right corner UTM coordinates must be given in m Only used
15. 1000 e 4 times daily e Temporal range 1 January 1979 to present e NOTE only pressure levels grib files pgb Y Y YY MM are used 5 ECMWF ERA 40 reanalysis e http apps ecmwf int datasets data era40_daily e 23 pressure levels starting at 1 mb 1 2 3 5 7 10 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 775 850 925 1000 4 times daily e Temporal range 1 September 1957 to 31 August 2002 e NOTE 1 Files are downloaded separately for pressure non pressure surface and invariant variables Required variables are i pressure Geopotential Relative humidity Tempera ture U component of wind V component of wind Vertical velocity ii Surface 10 me tre U wind component 10 metre V wind component 2 metre temperature Boundary layer height iii Invariant Geopotential Land sea mask Variable files must be named with stan dard ECMWF names i e hgt grib temp grib rhum grib omega grib uvel grib vvel grib t2sfc grib ul0sfc grib vi0sfc grib e NOTE 2 Downloading a domain subset with different resolutions lower than 0 259 is possible 6 ECMWF ERA Interim reanalysis FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 16 5 4 http apps ecmwf int datasets data interim full daily e 37 pressure levels starting at 1 mb 1 2 3 5 7 10 20 30 50 70 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 975 1000 4 times daily e Temporal range 1 January 1979 to present e NOTE 1 Files are
16. AGS 0 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 22 Table 7 Typical output of the configure script configure messages configure Configuration complete Fall3d 7 1 serial configure configure Using netCDF 4 2 1 configure Fortran 90 compiler FC gfortran configure Enable parallel version enable parallel no configure Fortran 90 PAR compiler MPIF90 not used configure Launcher of MPI programs MPIEXEC not used configure Fortran flags FCFLAGS 0 configure Fortran 77 compiler F77 gfortran configure Root directory of netcdf NETCDF usr local configure Compiler flags for netcdf NC_INC g I usr local include configure Linker flags for netcdf NC_LIB L usr local lib lnetcdff lnetcdf configure Grib files reader WGRIB wgrib configure Grib2 files reader WGRIB2 wgrib2 configure Grib2nc config directory GRIBCONFDIR Utilities Grib2nc config configure Install prefix prefix fal134 7 1 configure Executables install prefix exec_prefix prefix configure Binary directory bindir exec_prefix bin configure Run directory RUNDIR HOME Runs configure Data directory DATADIR HOME Data configure Scripts directory static SCRIPTDIR Scripts 7 5 Selecting the netCDF library The path of the netCDF include files and libraries is defined by the variable NETCDF which specifies the root directory of the netCDF installation In particular the include files eg file netcdf inc are store
17. FALL3D 7 1 USER S MANUAL Arnau Folch Antonio Costa Giovanni Macedonio 1 Barcelona Supercomputing Center BSC CNS Edifici NEXUS I 2a planta c Gran Capit 2 4 08034 Barcelona Spain Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV Via Donato Creti 12 40128 Bologna Italy Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV Via Diocleziano 328 80124 Napoli Italy Version release April 2015 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 2 FALL3D 7 1 code Copyright C 2013 Arnau Folch Antonio Costa Giovanni Macedonio This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 3 of the License or at your option any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PUR POSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program If not visit http www gnu org licenses FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL Contents 1 Introduction 2 New features in FALL3D 7 1 3 Model equations and parameterizations 4 Overview of I O files and related programs 5 Input files and pre process utility programs 5 1 The control file name inp sos dee i e i a a Sil Block TIMETUTC eh he A AA ea ei 5 1 2 Block
18. Final time in sec after the starting time pdate of validity of the meteo data contained in the following nz layers nz Number of the database vertical layers z Vertical coordinate of the layer in m a s l ux wind x velocity in m s uy wind y velocity in m s T temperature T velocity in C FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 38 Appendix E The GRD format The structure of a GRD format file is described in Table 10 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e NX Number of grid points along x direction e NY Number of grid points along y direction e X0 x coordinate UTM in m of the grid bottom left corner point e XF x coordinate UTM in m of the grid top right corner point e YO y coordinate UTM in m of the grid bottom left corner point e YF y coordinate UTM in m of the grid top right corner point e VAL Value at each grid point It consists of an array of NXxNY values stored starting from the bottom left corner and moving towards right then up towards the top right corner NX NY XO XF YO YF MAX v MIN v VAL i 1 Li co i 1 NX VAL i j di co i 1 NX VAL i NY co i 1 NX Table 10 Format of a GRD file name grd FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 39 Appendix F Further reading The following is a list of publications related to FALL3D Li 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Costa A Macedonio G Folch A 2006 A three dimensional Eulerian model for transport and depos
19. G M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 10 5 1 5 MAP_CLASS_LOAD UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 0 5 1 5 10 50 MAP_CLASS_WET yes UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 0 5 1 5 MAP _DEPOSIT_THICKNESS no DEPOSIT_DENSITY_ KG M3 1100 0 Default value 1000 UNITS MM Possibilities MM CM M CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 0 5 1 5 10 no Ground level variables MAP_CONCE_GROUND no UNITS G M3 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 001 0 01 0 1 1 MAP_PMxx GROUND no UNITS G M3 CONTOUR_LEVELS 1d 5 1d 4 1d 3 Airborne variables MAP_COLUMN MASS no UNITS G M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 1 10 100 MAP_COLUMN_PMxx no UNITS G M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 1 10 100 MAP_FLIGHT_LEVEL no UNITS G M3 CONTOUR_LEVELS MAP_AOD no UNITS NONE CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 001 0 01 0 1 0 1 0 25 0 5 0 75 1 2 100 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 35 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 36 Appendix C The NetCDF format NetCDF network Common Data Form is a set of software libraries and machine independent data formats that support the creation access and sharing of array oriented scientific data http www unidata ucar edu software netcdf FALL3D 7 1 uses the standard NetCDF format for both database input file name dbs nc and results output file name res nc There is a good number of open source codes to view analyze or manipulate NetCDF files for example e neview and ncdump http opendap org download nc client
20. GRID gt 0 8 la A sedi dee ee ee 3 153 Block GRANULOMETRY LL ta a Goins dara a Po a A ae cd EL 51 4 Block SURGE olii e bee Be ee eee ee a 5 1 5 Block AGGREGATION a a a e eaa a E aE a e E D 5160 Block AEROSOLES 00 it le EA NA 5 1 7 Block GRAVITY CURRENT 718 Block FABLSD 10 to a a go Ba dae NS 519 Block OUTPUT Uso taa tt a a ia 51 0 Block POSTPROCESS y Apoi A An aaa ES Ta The TGSD filename teed o pa a e e BE a 5 2 1 The utility program SETTGSD lt lt ee 5 3 The meteorological database file name dbDS DC o e 5 3 1 The utility program SETDBS e 5 3 2 The utility program GRIB2NC LL 5 4 The source file name STC i ci de A red ALE Le E e ln 5 4 1 The utility program SETSRC LL 5 5 The granulometry file name grn 2 ee 5 6 The tracking points file name pts aoaaa 6 Output files and post process utility programs 6 1 Thelos file name log sopra a OY Ane Gy a BEB RO ee ga 6 2 The results file name res nc L00000 6 3 The restart file name rst nc ee 7 Program installation and execution 7 1 Pre Installation requirements 2 02 T2 Installation ii aes A ee hh a eda od ey he 7 3 Multiple installations s o oo no ce e e e a e a e a E a a a a a a a e a m4 Gustomizing th einstallation y i408 Sul el dee AA e ta 7 5 Selecting the netCDF library e 7 6 Cleaning directories and uninstalling e E
21. MINAL VELOCITY MODEL Type of terminal settling velocity model The available options are ARASTOOPOUR GANSER WILSON and DELLINO e VERTICAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL Type of model for vertical diffusion The available options are CONSTANT or SIMILARITY e VERTICAL DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 8 Value of the diffusion coefficient in m s Only used if VERTICAL TURBULENCE MODEL CONSTANT e HORIZONTAL TURBULENCE MODEL Type of model for horizontal diffusion The available options are CONSTANT RAMS or CMAQ e HORIZONTAL _DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 8 Value of the diffusion coefficient in m s Only used if HORIZONTAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL CONSTANT e RAMS_CS Value of Cs in the RAMS model see eq 6 Only used if HORIZONTAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL RAMS e WET DEPOSITION Defines whether wet deposition model based on precipation rate is switched on or off Options are YES on or NO off FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 12 5 1 9 Block OUTPUT This block defines specific variables related to output strategy in the FALL3D 7 1 program The block has the following structure POSTPROCESS_TIME_INTERVAL_ HOURS Postprocess time interval in hours POSTPROCESS_3D_VARIABLES The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D 7 1 writes 3D concentration in the output file filename res nc If NO only 2D variables are written to the output file this can be desirable for very large files POSTPROCESS_CLASSES The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D 7 1
22. Model Native data format need of GRIB2NC Global model forecasts GFS at 1 resolution grib yes GFS at 0 5 resolution grib yes Global analysis and re analysis NCEP final analysis at 1 resolution grib yes NCEP re analysis 1 grib no NCEP re analysis 2 grib no ECMWF ERA 40 re analysis grib yes ECMWF ERA Interim re analysis grib yes Mesoscale models WRF ARW NetCDF no ETA grib yes ARPA SIM grib yes Others local scale options CALMET 6 2 own binary no Vertical profile ASCII no Table 2 List of different options handled by the SETDBS pre process utility program Native data in grib format needs to be converted first to NetCDF using the GRIB2NC program before running SETDBS 5 3 1 The utility program SETDBS The pre process utility program SETDBS generates the database file name dbs nc in accordance with the parameters specified in the blocks TIME _UTC and GRID of the input file name inp After running the utility GRIB2NC the program SETDBS can use meteorological data from different independent meteorological models and interpolates variables onto the FALL3D 7 1 computational grid The time duration of the database must be equal or larger than the duration of the simulation The possible options are listed in Table 2 and described below e The simplest option consists of using a horizontally uniform wind derived from a single vertical profile typically obtained from sounding measurements or from indirect reconstructions The v
23. T Model execution i los e a a Pe A ae a G Appendices Appendix A Governing equations and parameterizations o o e Appendix B Example of control input file a aa aa Appendix C The NetCDF format aaan aaa cee ee Appendix D Format of the meteo profile file mame profile Appendix E The GRD format Appendix F Further reading 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 21 21 22 22 23 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 4 1 Introduction FALL3D 7 1 is a 3 D time dependent Eulerian model for the transport and deposition of tephra The model solves a set of advection diffusion sedimentation ADS equations on a structured terrain following grid using a second order Finite Differences FD explicit scheme The model inputs are meteorological data topography vent coordinate Eruption Source Parameters ESP such as column height Mass Flow Rate MFR eruption duration and Total Grain Size Dis tribution TGSD which include particle shape and density information Outputs are tephra ground load thickness airborne ash concentration and other related variables The code written in FORTRAN 90 is available for Unix Linux Mac X Operating Systems OS and can be compiled either as serial or parallel using MPI A set of pre and post process utility programs and related scripts are also included in the FALL3D 7 1 distribution package Several parameterizations can be chosen to describe eruption source geometry and physics particle
24. T name where name is the name of the current run Note that this makes use of GMT and the convert utilities from ImageMagic not included in the distribution FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 26 Appendices Appendix A Governing equations and parameterizations In FALL3D 7 1 it is assumed that the main factors controlling atmospheric transport of ash are wind advection turbulent diffusion and gravitational settling of particles This assumption does not hold in the proximal region that can be extended for large eruptions having high eruption columns and large mass eruption rates where eruption clouds can spread at the NBL as a gravity current A simple analytical model describing this effect can be used in FALL3D 7 1 Neglecting particle particle interaction effects collisions aggregation etc the Eulerian form of the continuity equation written in a generalized coordinate system X Y Z is Byun and Schere 2006 Costa et al 2006 OC l OC l OC OC O Vi dt Vx DX Vy oy Vz Veil ag CV V C DZ x OC px OC px OC px ty Per IX OY oxy OY OZ pxKz OZ Sy where C is the transformed concentration V Vx Vy Vz is the transformed wind speed Kx Ky and Kz are the diagonal terms of the transformed eddy diffusivity tensor p is the transformed atmospheric density and S is the transformed source term FALL3D 7 1 solves Eq 1 for each particle class j using a curvilinear terrain following coordinate
25. TURE_ K 1073 EXIT_WATER_FRACTION_ 1 I RESUSPENSION_SOURCE I MAX _RESUSPENSION_SIZE_ MIC 100 DEPOSIT_THRESHOLD_ KGM2 1 MAX INJECTION HEIGHT_ M 1000 EMISSION_SCHEME WESTPHAL EMISSION_FACTOR 1 0 THRESHOLD_UST 0 3 MOISTURE_CORRECTION no I AGGREGATION I AGGREGATION_MODEL Cornell FI_AGGREGATES 2 DENSITY_AGGREGATES 350 VSET_FACTOR 1 0 PERCENTAGE_ 20 FRACTAL_EXPONENT 2 99 33 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL AEROSOLS S02 no S02_PERCENTAGE_ 1 I GRAVITY_CURRENT GRAVITY_CURRENT no C_FLOW_RATE 1d4 LAMBDA_GRAV 0 2 K_ENTRAIN 0 1 BRUNT_VAISALA 0 02 FALL3D I TERMINAL_VELOCITY_MODEL ganser VERTICAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL CONSTANT VERTICAL_DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 S 500 HORIZONTAL_TURBULENCE MODEL CONSTANT RAMS_CS 0 3 HORIZONTAL_DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 S 5000 WET_DEPOSITION yes I OUTPUT POSTPROCESS_TIME_INTERVAL_ HOURS 1 POSTPROCESS_3D_VARIABLES YES POSTPROCESS_CLASSES YES TRACK POINTS YES POSTPROCESS CROP_DOMAIN LONMIN 14 0 LONMAX 16 0 LATMIN 36 5 LATMAX 38 5 Meteo MAP_TEMPERATURE yes MAP_VELOCITY yes Z_CUTS_ M 1000 5000 Time independent variables I 34 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL MAP_TOPOGRAPHY UNITS M CONTOUR_LEVELS no Il pa Deposit variables MAP_TOTAL_LOAD no UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 10 5 1 5 10 50 MAP_WET_LOAD no UNITS K
26. UR_LEVELS line These are useful quantities to compare with satellite imagery e MAP_FLIGHT_LEVEL The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of con centration at different Flight Levels in g m as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR LEVELS line By default these are FLO50 FL100 FL150 FL200 FL250 FL300 FL350 and FL400 How ever the number and values of the different FL can be easily modified just edit the FALL3D 7 1 source file InpOut f90 modify nflevel as desired and re complie the code e MAP AOD The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours Aerosol Optical Depth as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR_LEVELS line 5 2 The TGSD file name tgsd The TGSD file is an ASCII file containing the definition of the particle classes a class is characterized by particle size density and sphericity without aggregates nor aerosol components Note that in the previous versions of the code this file was called name grn The file format is described in Table 1 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e nc Number of particle classes e diam Class diameter in mm e rho Class density in kg m3 sphe Class sphericity e fc Class mass fraction 0 1 It must verify that Y fc 1 nc diam 1 rho 1 sphe 1 fe 1 TRS rho nc sphe 1 fe nc Table 1 Format of the TGSD file name tgsd 5 2 1 The utility program SETTGSD The utility program SETTGSD
27. a A Durant G Macedonio 2010 A Model for Wet Aggregation of Ash Par ticles in Volcanic Plumes and Clouds II Model Application J Geophys Res 115 B09202 doi 10 1029 2009JB007176 Folch A Sulpizio R 2010 Evaluating long range volcanic ash hazard using supercomputing fa cilities application to Somma Vesuvius Italy and consequences for civil aviation over the Central Mediterranean Area Bull Volc 72 9 1039 1059 doi 10 1007 s00445 010 0386 3 Scollo S A Folch M Coltelli V J Realmuto 2010 Three dimensional volcanic aerosol dis persal A comparison between Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer MISR data and numerical simulations J Geophys Res 115 D24210 doi 10 1029 2009JD013162 Corradini S Merucci L Folch A 2011 Volcanic Ash Cloud Properties Comparison Between MODIS Satellite Retrievals and FALL3D Transport Model IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 8 248 252 doi 10 1109 LGRS 2010 2064156 Folch A Costa A Basart S 2012 Validation of the FALL3D ash dispersion model using obser vations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull volcanic ash cloud Atmos Environ 48 165 183 doi 10 1016 j atmosenv 2011 06 072 Scaini C Folch A Navarro M 2012 Tephra hazard assessment at Concepci n Volcano Nicaragua J Volcanol Geotherm Res Volumes 219 220 41 51 doi 10 1016 j jvolgeores 2012 01 007 Costa A Folch A Macedonio G Giaccio B Isaia R Smith V C 2012 Quantifying volcan
28. al cut off size at 1 and 100 ums are assumed FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 32 Appendix B Example of control input file This is an example not from a real case of control input file Comments begin with an exclamation symbol EXAMPLE OF FALL3D INPUT FILE VERSION 7 1 TIME_UTC YEAR 2008 MONTH 04 DAY 29 BEGIN_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 O TIME_STEP_METEO_DATA_ MIN 60 END_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 24 ERUPTION_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 0 3 5 ERUPTION_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 7 RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 10 RESTART NO I GRID COORDINATES LON LAT LON_LAT LONMIN 14 0 LONMAX 16 0 LATMIN 36 5 LATMAX 38 5 LON_VENT 15 0 LAT_VENT 37 5 VENT_HEIGHT_ M 3000 NX 51 NY 51 ZLAYER_ M FROM 0 TO 8000 INCREMENT 500 GRANULOMETRY DISTRIBUTION GAUSSIAN NUMBER_OF_CLASSES 6 FI_MEAN 2 5 FI_DISP 1 5 FI_RANGE 2 7 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL DENSITY_RANGE 1200 2300 SPHERICITY RANGE 0 9 0 9 MIXING_FACTOR 0 5 SOURCE SOURCE_TYPE options POINT SUZUKI PLUME RESUSPENSION SOURCE_TYPE plume I POINT_SOURCE HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M 3000 6000 MASS_FLOW_RATE_ KGS ESTIMATE WOODHOUSE I SUZUKI_SOURCE I HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M 3000 6000 MASS_FLOW_RATE_ KGS ESTIMATE WOODHOUSE A 4 Leds I PLUME_SOURCE I SOLVE_PLUME_FOR MFR MFR_SEARCH RANGE 3 0 7 0 HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M 6000 MASS_FLOW_RATE_ KGS 1d3 1d4 EXIT_VELOCIY_ MS 200 EXIT_TEMPERA
29. ameter with a user defined aggregate density e g Sulpizio et al 2012 3 CORNELL option that is similar to the parameterization proposed by Cornell et al 1983 as used in Costa et al 2012 4 COSTA option based on Costa et al 2010 model For computational reasons all the three options assume that ash aggregation occurs mainly within the eruption column and affect the original TGSD described by filename tgsd by creating an effective particle distribution described by filename grn Option COSTA can be used only with source model PLUME Source term FALL3D 7 1 reads the time dependent source term mass released per unit time at each grid point from an external file This file can be generated by the SETSRC utility program choosing among different options such as 1 POINT_SOURCE that emits mass from a point source only 2 SUZUKI that describe the eruptive column as a mushroom like shape Suzuki 1983 Pfeiffer et al 2005 3 PLUME that uses an eruptive column model based on the Buoyant Plume Theory based on Bursik 2001 Folch et al 2012 4 RESUSPENSION that describes resuspension of ash deposited on the ground remobilized by wind This option is described more in detail below Resuspension of ash Saltation impact represents the most effective mechanism for resuspension of smaller size particles in soils Shao et al 1993 When the intensity of wind blowing across a granular soil exceeds a certain threshold g
30. by SETDBS Possible options are 1 GFS forecasts at 1 and 0 5 resolution FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 15 e http nomad3 ncep noaa gov ncep_data index html e http www nco ncep noaa gov pmb products gfs e 26 pressure levels starting at 10 mb 10 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 925 950 975 1000 e 7 days ahead 00 cycle assumed 2 NCEP GFS final analysis FNL at 1 resolution This product is from the Global Data Assimilation System GDAS The FNLs are made with the same model which NCEP uses in the Global Forecast System GFS but the FNLs are prepared about an hour or so after the GFS is initialized e http rda ucar edu datasets ds083 2 e 26 pressure levels starting at 10 mb 10 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 925 950 975 1000 e 4 times daily e Temporal range 30 July 1999 to present 3 CDAS NCEP NCAR reanalysis 1 at 2 5 resolution e http nomad3 ncep noaa gov ncep_data index html e 17 pressure levels starting at 10 mb 10 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 850 925 1000 e 4 times daily e Temporal range 1 January 1948 to present e NOTE only pressure levels 00 cycle grib files pgb ft00 YY Y YMM are used 4 NCEP Reanalysis 2 at 2 5 resolution e http nomad3 ncep noaa gov ncep_data index html e 17 pressure levels starting at 10 mb 10 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 850 925
31. c ashes Earth Planet Sci Lett 241 634 647 2006 Costa A Folch A and Macedonio G A model for wet aggregation of ash particles in volcanic plumes and clouds I Theoretical formulation J Geophys Res 115 doi 10 1029 2009JB007175 2010 Costa A Folch A Macedonio G Giaccio B Isaia R and Smith V C Quantifying volcanic ash dispersal and impact from Campanian Ignimbrite super eruption Geophys Res Lett 39 doi 10 1029 2012GL051605 2012 Costa A Folch A and Macedonio G Density driven transport in the umbrella region of volcanic clouds Implications for tephra dispersion models Geophys Res Lett 40 1 5 doi 10 1002 gr1 50942 2013 Degruyter W and Bonadonna C Improving on mass flow rate estimates of volcanic eruptions Geophys Res Lett 39 L16308 doi 10 1029 2012GL052566 2012 Dellino P Mele D Bonasia R Braia L and La Volpe R The analysis of the influence of pumice shape on its terminal velocity Geophys Res Lett 32 doi 10 1029 2005GL023954 2005 Fecan F Marticorena B and Bergametti G Parametrization of the increase of the aeolian erosion threshold wind friction velocity due to soil moisture for arid and semi arid areas Ann Geophys 17 149 157 1999 Folch A Costa A and Macedonio G FALL3D A computational model for transport and deposition of volcanic ash Comput Geosci 35 1334 1342 doi 10 1016 j cageo 2008 08 008 2009 Folch A Co
32. can be used to generate the TGSD file name tgsd in accordance with the parameters specified in the block GRANULOMETRY of the input file name inp This program generates only Gaussian and Bi Gaussian distributions in log normal in d and assumes a linear increase of density p and sphericity y between the two extremes specified by the user For other grain size distributions the user must provide the TGSD file typically derived from field data Note that in the previous versions of the code this utility program was called SETGRN 5 3 The meteorological database file name dbs nc The file name dbs nc written in NetCDF format see Appendix C contains topography and time dependent meteorological data needed by FALL3D 7 1 wind field air temperature and density humidity etc written in terrain following coordinates The file is created by the utility program SETDBS which interpolates meteorological data from the original grid of meteorological models to the FALL3D 7 1 com putational domain In turn SETDBS requires a specific naming convention for the original NetCDF meteorological data For this reason another utility program GRIB2NC can be used in combination with wgrib wgrib2 to decode and convert original grib format meteorological data to the required NetCDF format There are a several options to generate this database file depending on the scale of application FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 14
33. d in the directory NETCDF include and the libraries eg file libnetcdf a are stored in NETCDF 1ib The configure script should automatically set the proper value of the NETCDF path This path is searched using a guess algorithm First of all configure looks for the program nc config provided with the latest versions of netCDF if it is found nc config is called and the variables NETCDF NC_INC and NC_LIB are set accordingly Otherwise the NETCDF path is defined by the location of the program ncdump usually stored in the directory NETCDF bin In case configure is not able to locate your netCDF installation or you want to select another version of netCDF you can manually set the variable NETCDF This cand be done as for the other variables either by passing them as an environmental variable or in the configure command line configure NETCDF usr local netcdf The variables NC_INC and NC_LIB represent the flags passed respectively to the fortran compiler and to the linker in order to use netCDF see Table 7 for the typical values Usually NC_INC and NC_LIB are inferred from the value of NETCDF The variable GRIBCONFDIR represents the directory where the configuration files of the utility Grib2nc are stored Just as the other variables it can be changed by passing a new value to the configure command line or by setting the corresponding environment variable 7 6 Cleaning directories and uninstalling After
34. d whenever a new restart file is printed 7 Program installation and execution IMPORTANT NOTE Please read very carefully all this section before installing and running FALL3D 7 1 7 1 Pre Installation requirements FALL3D 7 1 is written in FORTRAN 90 and requires the external library netCDF The code has been tested in UNIX Linux platforms including MacOS X The source code can be compiled to run in serial mode one processor and parallel mode multiple processor and or clusters based on MPI For compiling the serial version you will need e A Fortran 90 compiler eg ifort gfortran xlf90 etc e The Library netCDF installed on your machine versions 3 6 4 or later NetCDF library is available from http www unidata ucar edu netcdf In addition for compiling the parallel version optional you will need e MPI or OpenMPI installed on you machine with Fortran compilation enabled command mpif90 must be available on your machine To decode meteorological data in grib format see Table2 using GRIB2NC you will need e wgrib and or wgrib2 available from http www cpc ncep noaa gov products wesley wgrib html Finally if you wish to use post process results using the utility program FALL3D2GMT optional you will need e The Generic Mapping Tools GMT library available from http gmt soest hawaii edu projects gmt wiki Download 7 2 Installation Sources of FALL3D 7 1 are distributed as a gzipped tar archive in a
35. e New parameterizations for resuspension of deposited volcanic ash by wind e A parameterization to account for wet deposition e Two new parameterizations to estimate cross wind effects on Mass Flow Rate MFR e A new multi platform installation method that utilizes the configure command option The pro gram can be installed on different machines sharing the same filesystem or on a single machine that has different compilers With respect to FALL3D 7 0 the new version FALL3D 7 1 differs for e A bug in the calculation of particle densities was corrected in the subroutine setfrac f 90 used by the utility program SetTgsd e A bug in the utility program SetDbs when used with option profile was corrected e A few bugs were corrected in the subroutine costa f90 used by the utility program SetSrc e A few bugs in the Scripts for generating the meteorological database were corrected FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 5 A new variable MIXING_FACTOR specifying the relative weight of grain size sub populations was added in the block GRANULOMETRY block of the input file read by the utility SetTgsd if this param eter is not specified when BIGAUSSIAN option is specified is set to its default value 0 5 e The subroutine solveplume f90 used by the utility program SetSrc was modified to better describe the plume velocity above the Neutral Buoyancy Level e The utility Fal13d2GMT uses a new variable DEPOSIT_DENSITY_ KG M3 in the block POSTPROCESS of the in
36. e is the name of the current run This decodes the file name ncepFNL grib fi nal analysis at 1 resolution placed in the folder Data ncepFNL grib and creates the file name ncepFNL nc in the folder Data ncepFNL nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 24 e Script ncepi to nc name where name is the name of the current run This decodes the file name ncep1 grib reanalysis 1 placed in the folder Data ncepi grib and creates the file name ncep1 nc in the folder Data ncepi nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS NOTE This script can be used for ncep1 files already downloaded in grib format Currently ncepi files are available only in nc format and in this case Script ncepi cat nc name should be used e Script ncep2 to nc name where name is the name of the current run This decodes the file name ncep2 grib reanalysis 2 placed in the folder Data ncep2 grib and creates the file name ncep2 nc in the folder Data ncep2 nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS NOTE1 This script can be used for ncep2 files already downloaded in grib format Currently ncep2 files are available only in nc format and in this case Script ncep2 cat nc name should be used NOTE2 Variable files must be named with standard NCEP names i e hgt nc rhum nc omega grib uwnd nc vwnd nc etc e Script ncepi cat nc name where name is the name of the current run This merges the files variable1 nc variable2 nc etc reanalysis 1 placed in the folder Da
37. ealistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions J Volcanol Geotherm Res 186 10 21 doi 10 1016 j jvolgeores 2009 01 008 2009 Pfeiffer T Costa A and Macedonio G A model for the numerical simulation of tephra fall deposits J Volcanol Geotherm Res 140 273 294 2005 Pielke R A Cotton W R Walko R L Tremback C J Nicholls M E Moran M D Wesley D A Lee T J and Copeland J H A comprehensive meteorological modeling system RAMS Meteor Atmos Phys 49 69 91 1992 Scire J S Robe F R Fernau M E and Yamartino R J A User s Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model Tech Rep Version 5 Earth Tech Inc 196 Baker Avenue Concord MA 01742 2000 Shao Y and Leslie L M Wind erosion prediction over the Australian continent J Geophys Res 102 30 091 30 105 1997 Shao Y and Lu H A simple expression for wind erosion threshold friction velocity J Geophys Res 105 22 437 22 443 doi doi 10 1029 2000JD900304 2000 Shao Y Raupach M R and Findlater P A Effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind J Geophys Res 98 12 719 12 726 doi 10 1029 93JD00396 1993 Sparks R S J Bursik M I Carey S N Gilbert J S Glaze L S Sigurdsson H and Woods A W Volcanic Plumes John Wiley amp Sons Ltd Chichester U K 1997 Sulpizio R Folch A Costa A Scaini
38. er tical profile needs to be specified in the ASCII file name profile using the format described in the Appendix D In this case in addition to the profile name profile it is also necessary to furnish a topography file name top in GRD format see Appendix E It is recommended to use this very simplistic option homogeneous wind field only when no other meteorological data are available e The second choice CALMET option uses data derived from the output of the meteorological diagnos tic model CALMET Scire et al 2000 This option is typically used for assimilating and interpolating short term forecasts or re analysis from Mesoscale Meteorological Prognostic Models MMPM to a finer scale In this case only the UTM coordinate system can be used Note that the output of CALMET is a binary file that depends on the architecture of the machine where it was generated Moreover note that this option is compatible only with a CALMET output time step equal to an hour i e nsecdt 3600 e The third choice strongly recommended uses data from global mesoscale forecasts or analysis re analysis Global data assumed to be downloaded in grib format have to be decoded and converted to NetCDF using the utility program GRIB2NC before running SETDBS 5 3 2 The utility program GRIB2NC The utility program GRIB2NC runs in combination with wgrib wgrib2 and dedicated scripts see Section 7 7 in order to convert grib format data to a NetCDF file readable
39. espect to the total mass Note that water is however transported as an additional class when SOURCE_TYPE PLUME consistently with the water fraction specified in EXIT_WATER_FRACTION_ IN in the block SOURCE whereas for com putational simplicity the mass of the aerosol i e SO2 however typically smaller than a few is added to the total mass i e mass fraction considering SOz2 is not normalized 5 1 7 Block GRAVITY CURRENT This block defines the variables needed by FALL3D 7 1 in order to describe the effect of volcanic cloud spreading as a gravity current at the NBL The model is based on Woods and Kienle 1994 Sparks et al 1997 and parameter estimations by Suzuki and Koyaguchi 2009 The block has the following format e GRAVITY_CURRENT Defines whether the gravity current model is switched on or off The available options are YES on or NO off e C_FLOW_RATE Empirical constant for volumetric flow rate at NBL Read only if GRAVITY_CURRENT YES e LAMBDA_GRAV Empirical constant for the gravity current model Read only if GRAVITY_CURRENT YES e K_ENTRAIN Entrainment coefficient for the gravity current model Read only if GRAVITY_CURRENT YES e BRUNT_VAISALA Frequency of Brunt Vaisala due to the ambient stratification Read only if GRAVITY_CURRENT YES 5 1 8 Block FALL3D This block defines the specific variables related to physics in the FALL3D 7 1 program The block has the following format e TER
40. f the eruption column can be described by adding a sufficient number of inter vals Eruptive conditions plume height MFR etc are assumed constant during each phase The first value must be equal or larger than the value of the record BEGIN_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 ERUPTION_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Time slice of the eruption end in h after OOUTC of the starting day This is the time slice at which the source term is switched off i e the time at which the last eruptive phase ends RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Time slice of the run in h after OOUTC of the starting day This value has to be equal or smaller than the value of the variable END_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Note that in general a run should continue even after the source term is switched off i e when the eruption has stopped in order to allow the remaining airborne particles to sediment completely RESTART If YES the run starts from the restart file name rst nc generated at the end of a previous run 5 1 2 Block GRID This block defines the grid variables needed by SETDBS and FALL3D 7 1 The block has the following format COORDINATES Map projection options The two available options are LON LAT accounting for Earth s curvature or UTM It is recommended to use LON LAT from version 7 1 the option UTM is advised not to be used although still available for backwards compatibility The UTM option can only be used if the domain is within a unique UTM zone The use of
41. ic ash dispersal and impact from Campanian Ignimbrite super eruption Geophys Res Lett 39 doi 10 1029 2012GL051605 Bonasia R Costa A Folch A Capra L Macedonio G 2012 Numerical simulation of tephra transport and deposition of the 1982 El Chichon eruption J Volcanol Geotherm Res doi 10 1016 j jvolgeores 2012 04 006 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 40 17 18 19 20 21 Sulpizio R Folch A Costa A Scaini C Dellino P 2012 Civil aviation hazard assessment of far range volcanic ash dispersal from a violent Strombolian eruption scenario at Somma Vesuvius volcano Naples Italy Bull Volcanol 74 2205 2218 doi 10 1007 s00445 012 0656 3 Collini E Osores S Folch A Viramonte J G Villarosa G Salmuni G 2013 Volcanic ash forecast during the June 2011 Cord n Caulle Natural Hazards 66 2 389 412 doi 10 1007 s11069 012 0492 y Osores M S Folch A Collini E Villarosa G Durant A Pujol G Viramonte J G 2013 Validation of the FALL3D model for the 2008 Chait n eruption using field laboratory and satellite data Andean Geology 40 2 262 276 Folch A Mingari L Osores M S Collini E 2013 Modeling volcanic ash resuspension Appli cation to the 14 18 October 2011 outbreak episode in Central Patagonia Argentina Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 14 119 133 doi 10 5194 nhess 14 119 2014 Costa A Folch A Macedonio G 2013 Density driven transport in the u
42. ified as described below In this version of Fal13d the variable SCRIPTDIR cannot be changed however the directory SCRIPTDIR can be moved to another location after the installation FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 21 7 3 Multiple installations Multiple installations of FALL3D 7 1 on the same system might be needed This is usually the case when a disk is shared among different computer platforms and or when you want different versions of FALL3D 7 1 compiled for different platforms or on a single platform but with different libraries and compilers To do this just untar file fal13d 7 1 tar gz into different directories and configure each replica of FALL3D 7 1 using different configuration flags In this case the binaries may reside in different directories but can share the same data file eg the same DATADIR and RUNDIR directories The dif ferent binaries can be launched by the corresponding shell scripts located in the corresponding directory SCRIPTDIR 7 4 Customizing the installation You may choose different configuration parameters including the fortran compiler compilation flags the netCDF version if you have more than one and the location of the directories bin Scripts Data and Runs The values of the different variables and flags are printed on the screen by configure at the end of the procedure if no errors occur During the configuration you should pay attention to the information p
43. in the file name grn MFR Mass flow rate in kg s x Longitude or x coordinate of the source src y Latitude or y coordinate of the source isrc z z coordinate of the source point above ground level a g 1 in m i j k indexes of the source point in the FALL3D 7 1 mesh src Mass flow rate in kg s of each granulometric class for this point source It must be verified that Y src isre ic MFR itimel itime2 nsrc nc MFR xy z1jksrc 1 1 src 1 nc xyzijksrc nsrc l sre nsrc nc Table 3 Format of the source file name src This block is repeated for each eruption phase FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 17 5 4 1 The utility program SETSRC The utility program SETSRC is used to generate 1 the source file name src in accordance with the parameters specified in the blocks TIME_UTC and SOURCE of the input file name inp and 2 modify the preliminary TGSD file name tgsd in order to create the granulometry file name grn used by FALL3D 7 1 and consistent with the aggregation and aerosol options specified in the blocks AGGREGATION and AEROSOLS of the control file name inp Available options are i a point source column i a mushroom like shape column Suzuki option it an eruption column model based on the Buoyant Plume Theory BPT or v a diffuse emission for ash resuspension 5 5 The granulometry file name grn The granulometry file is an ASCII file containing the characterization of the particle classes and o
44. is is possible only when POSTPROCESS_CLASSES is set to YES MAP_CLASS WET The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of class wet deposition load in kg m as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR_LEVELS line Note that this is possible only when WET_DEPOSITION and POSTPROCESS_CLASSES are set to YES MAP_DEPOSIT_THICKNESS The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of total deposit thickness converted using the density value specified in the DEPOSIT_DENSITY_ KG M3 line by default set to 1000 Values can be expressed in mm cm or m in accord to the UNITS line for the contours specified in the corresponding CONTOUR_LEVELS line MAP_CONCE GROUND The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of total concentration at ground level in g m as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR_LEVELS line MAP_PMxx_GROUND The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of PMs PMio and PMay concentrations at ground level in g m as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR_LEVELS line MAP_COLUMN_MASS The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of total column mass in g m as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR_LEVELS line FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 13 e MAP_COLUMN_PMxx The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of PMs PMy 0 and P May column mass in g m as specified in the corresponding CONTO
45. ition of volcanic ashes Earth Planet Sci Lett 241 3 4 634 647 doi 10 1016 j epsl 2005 11 019 Folch A Jorba O and Viramonte J 2008 Volcanic ash forecast application to the May 2008 Chait n eruption Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 8 927 940 Scollo S A Folch A Costa 2008 A parametric and comparative study of different tephra fallout models J Volcanol Geotherm Res 176 199 211 doi 10 1016 j jvolgeores 2008 04 002 Folch A C Cavazzoni A Costa G Macedonio 2008 An automatic procedure to forecast tephra fallout J Volcanol Geotherm Res 177 767 777 doi 10 1016 j jvolgeores 2008 01 046 Macedonio G A Costa A Folch 2008 Ash fallout scenarios at Vesuvius Numerical simu lations and implications for hazard assessment J Volcanol Geotherm Res 178 366 377 doi 10 1016 j jvolgeores 2008 08 014 Folch A Costa A Macedonio G 2009 FALL3D A Computational Model for Volcanic Ash Transport and Deposition Comput Geosci 35 1334 1342 doi 10 1016 j cageo 2008 08 008 Scollo S Prestifilippo M Spata G D Agostino M Coltelli M 2009 Monitoring and forecasting Etna volcanic plumes Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9 1573 1585 Costa A A Folch G Macedonio 2010 A Model for Wet Aggregation of Ash Particles in Volcanic Plumes and Clouds I Theoretical Formulation J Geophys Res 115 B09201 doi 10 1029 2009JB007175 Folch A A Cost
46. lly 3 The tracking points files name tps containing information about evolution of the variables at the tracked points Such information is printed as a single output file for each point specified in the input file name pts 4 A restart file name rst nc in NetCDF format see Appendix C This file is used if the restart option is on A general flowchart of FALL3D 7 1 is shown in Figure 1 CO a ramas EJ named y y y a Programes Input file jj neon Cnamelog nametes nm Output file Imoges FallBd2GMT Figure 1 Execution flow of FALL3D 7 1 and related utility programs The I O file names are shown in green blue 5 Input files and pre process utility programs 5 1 The control file name inp The control input file in ASCII format consists of a set of blocks defining all the computational and physical parameters needed by FALL3D 7 1 and its related utility programs SETTGSD SETDBS SETSRC and FALL3D2GMT Appendix B shows an example of file name inp Each program reads only the necessary file blocks generating self consistent input files Parameters within a block are listed one per record in arbitrary order and optionally can be followed by one or more blank space and a comment The maximum allowed lenght is 256 characters per line including comments A detailed description of each record is given below Real numbers can be also expressed using the FORTRAN notation e g 12e7 12 x 107 5
47. mbrella region of vol canic clouds Implications for tephra dispersion models Geophys Res Lett Vol 40 1 5 doi 10 1002 gr1 50942 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 41 References Arastoopour H Wang C H and Weil S A Particle particle interaction force in a diluite gas solid system Chem Eng Sci 37 1379 1386 1982 Aschenbrenner B C A new method of expressing particle sphericity J Sediment Petrol 26 15 31 1956 Bonadonna C and Phillips J C Sedimentation from strong volcanic plumes J Geophys Res 108 2340 doi 10 1029 2002JB002034 2003 Bursik M I Effect of wind on the rise height of volcanic plumes Geophys Res Lett 18 3621 3624 2001 Byun D and Schere K L Review of the governing equations computational algorithms and other components of the Models 3 Community Multiscale Air Quality CMAQ modeling system Applied Mechanics Reviews 59 51 2006 Collins W D Rasch P J Boville B A Hack J J McCaa J R Williamson D L Kiehl J T and Briegleb B Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model CAM 3 0 Technical Report NCAR TN 464 STR National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado 2004 Cornell W Carey S and Sigurdsson H Computer simulation and transport of the Campanian Y 5 ash J Volcanol Geotherm Res 17 89 109 1983 Costa A Macedonio G and Folch A A three dimensional Eulerian model for transport and deposition of volcani
48. n between volcanic plumes and wind during the 2010 Eyjafjallaj kull eruption Iceland J Geophys Res Solid Earth 118 92 109 doi 10 1029 2012JB009592 2013 Woods A W and Kienle J The dynamics and thermodynamics of volcanic clouds Theory and observations from the April 15 and April 21 1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano Alaska J Volcanol Geotherm Res 62 273 299 1994
49. n distributions two values must be provided FI DISP Standard deviation 0 of the Gaussian distribution in For Bi Gaussian distributions two values must be provided FI_RANGE Minimum and maximum values for the range of 9 considered P nin and maz respec tively DENSITY RANGE Values of densities Pmin and pmar in kg m associated to 1 and 6 for coarse and fine pumices respectively e g Bonadonna and Phillips 2003 Linear interpolation is assumed between these two extremes and constant beyond them In particular if pmin Pmaz density will be constant for all classes FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 9 e SPHERICITY RANGE Values of sphericity Wmin and Ymar associated to Pmin and Pmax particles Linear interpolation is assumed between these two extremes and constant beyond them In partic ular if Vmin Wmax sphericity is constant for all classes e MIXING_FACTOR Only read if distribution type is BIGAUSSIAN Relative weight p of grain size sub populations i e p for the coarse sub population and 1 p for the fine sub population If this parameter is not specified is set to its default value of 0 5 5 1 4 Block SOURCE This block defines the variables needed by the SETSRC utility program to generate the source term eruptive column for each of the nt gt 1 eruptive phases The block has the following format e SOURCE TYPE Type of source distribution The available options are POINT SUZUKI PLUME or RESUSPENSION 1
50. n number critical time step elapsed time current simulation time and a mass balance for the total mass inside and ouside the computational domain and the erupted mass The results file name res nc file written in netCDF format contains the following output variables particle properties diameter density and sphericity topography ground load and if specified in the control input file class ground load wet deposition and if specified in the control input file class wet deposition deposit thickness FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 19 total and PM xx 5 10 20 concentration at ground level total and PM xx 5 10 20 column mas load vertical integration of concentration concentration at different flight levels By default these are FLO50 FL100 FL150 FL200 FL250 FL300 FL350 and FL400 However these values can be reconfigured by modifying the InpOut f90 source file and recompiling the code aerosol optical depth total and class concentration at all model layers if specified in the control input file only 6 3 The restart file name rst nc The restart file written in netCDF format can be used to start a new run from the end of a previous simulation The file is automatically created each time FALL3D 7 1 prints its results If RESTART YES in the block TIME_UTC of name inp a run is initialized with the airborne concentration specified in the restart file name rst nc Any restart file previously created is destroye
51. name the point longitude or x coordinate if UTM coordinates are used and the point latitude or y coordinate if UTM coordinates are used If available an extra column with measurements of tephra loading on the ground can be added for a sake of comparison with simulation results There is no limit on the number of points to track The file format is described in Table 5 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 18 6 6 1 location 1 x coord 1 x coord 1 measurement 1 location 2 x coord 2 x coord 2 measurement 2 location 3 x coord 3 x coord 3 measurement 3 location 4 x coord 4 x coord 4 measurement 4 location n x coord n x coord n measurement n Table 5 Format of the granulometry file name pts Output files and post process utility programs The log file name log The file name log is an ASCII file where critical information about the simulation run is stored The information written on the name log contains 6 2 This FALL3D 7 1 copyright code version number of processors starting time of the simulation input files names and paths output files names and paths time range and grid data of the meteorological database FALL3D 7 1 input data e g time range numerical parameters output options etc memory requirements source terms features particle classes atmospheric properties horizontal and vertical diffusion terminal velocities main parameters of the gravity current model updates about the simulation such as iteratio
52. ncepFNL for NCEP GFS final analysis FNL at 1 resolution ncep1 for CDAS NCEP NCAR reanalysis 1 at 2 5 resolution ncep2 for NCEP Reanalysis 2 at 2 5 resolution era40 for ECMWF ERA 40 reanalysis eraIn for ECMWF ERA Interim reanalysis wrf for WRF ARW output eta for ETA output arpa for ARPA SIM output calmet62 for CALMET version 6 2 output profile for vertical profile NOTE The scripts assume that files in folder Data model grib are named name model grib and files in folder Data model nc are named name model nc e g name wrf nc for WRF ARW output files located in folder Data wrf nc name eraIn grib for ERA Interim grib files located in folder Data eraIn grib etc 2 If necessary only for meteo files in grib format run wgrib wgrib2 and GRIB2XC For this you have to launch one of the following scripts Script gfs05deg to nc name where name is the name of the current run This decodes the file name gfs05deg grib GFS forecasts at 0 5 resolution placed in the folder Data gfs05deg grib and creates the file name gfs05deg nc in the folder Data gfs05deg nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS Script gfsideg to nc name where name is the name of the current run This decodes the file name gfsideg grib GFS forecasts at 1 resolution placed in the folder Data gfsideg grib and creates the file name gfsideg nc in the folder Data gfsideg nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS Script ncepFNL to nc name where nam
53. on script does not automatically set the compiler flags It is strongly suggested to set the compiler optimization flag O by setting the environmental variable FCFLAGS O or by setting it in the configure command line as shown below In brief to configure compile and install FALL3D 7 1 serial version it should be enough to issue the following commands cd fall3d 7 1 configure FCFLAGS 0 make make install For installing both the serial and the parallel versions the commands are cd fall3d 7 1 configure FCFLAGS 0 enable parallel make make install By default the binary files are installed in the directory bin and the shell scripts used to launch FALL3D 7 1 and all the related utility programs in the directory Scripts both under the root directory fal13d 7 1 Please note that the shell scripts located in directory Scripts are generated by configure and contain pointers to the location of the binaries The shell scripts can be moved copied to other directories but the binary files must be left in the bin directory The default location of the bin directory can be changed by providing proper flags to the configure script as described below see flag prefix or exec prefix In the default configuration the wind data are searched in the directory HOME Data and the FALL3D 7 1 runs are stored in the directory HOME Runs However these directories can be mod
54. ption ally aggregates and aerosols This file is created by the utility program SETSRC from the preliminary TGSD file name tgsd Note that this file is different from the one used in the previous versions of the code The file format is described in Table 4 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e nc Total number of particle classes differs from nc in the TGSD file in case of aggregation or aerosols e diam Class diameter in mm e rho Class density in kg m3 e sphe Class sphericity e fc Class mass fraction 0 1 It must verify that Y fc 1 e class Label denoting class particle gas typology such particle class aggregate or gas nc diam 1 rho 1 sphe 1 fc 1 class 1 e g class 01 diam nc 2 rho nc 2 sphe nc 2 fc nc 2 class nc 2 e g aggregate diam nc 1 rho nc 1 sphe nc 1 fe nc 1 class nc 2 e g H20 diam nc rho nc sphe nc fc nc class nc 2 e g SO2 Table 4 Format of the granulometry file name grn Note that when the option COSTA is selected as the aggregation model the variable fc is automatically calculated by setsrc since it can vary with time 5 6 The tracking points file name pts This file contains the names identifiers and coordinates of the points to be tracked Tt is used only when the record TRACK_POINTS in the input file name inp is set to YES The format of the file name pts consists of lines one line per point with three columns specifying the point
55. pts has not been previously set the user must run wgrib wgrib2 and GRIB2NC from the Scripts folder and provide the full path for the grib file NOTE2 For some of the scripts it may be necessary to modify some variables depending on the specific problem 3 Run the SETDBS utility program to generate the file name dbs nc in the folder Runs name e Script SetDbs name model where name is the name of the current run and model is one of the following options e gfs05deg gfsideg for global model forecasts e ncepFNL ncepi ncep2 era40 eraIn for reanalyses FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 25 e wrf eta arpa for mesoscale models e profile calmet62 for other options 4 Run the SETTGSD utility program to generate the file name tgsd in the folder Runs name e Script SetTgsd name where name is the name of the current run Alternatively the TGSD file can be created by the user directly 5 Run the SETSRC utility program to generate the files name src and name grn in the folder Runs name e Script SetSrc name where name is the name of the current run 6 Run FALL3D 7 1 in either serial or parallel versions e Script Fall3d_ser name to run FALL3D 7 1 serial where name is the name of the current run e Script Fall3d_par name ncpu ngroup to run FALL3D 7 1 parallel Note that in general this script has to be edited and modifyed depending on each particular queuing system 7 Run the FALL3D2GMT utility program to postprocess results e Script Fall3d2GM
56. put file for specifying the deposit density by default DEPOSIT_DENSITY_ KG M3 1000 e The name of the concentration and loading units was changed to g m and g m instead of gr m or gr m e The name of the folder fal13d ver Utilities Scripts was changed to fal13d ver Utilities ConfigScripts in order to avoid confusion with fall3d ver Scripts created after the compilation of the code More information and download at e http bsccase02 bsc es projects fall3d or e http datasim ov ingv it Fall3d html 3 Model equations and parameterizations The governing equations and the parameterizations used by FALL3D 7 1 are briefly described in the Appendix A Governing equations and parameterizations For further details see also Costa et al 2006 Folch et al 2009 4 Overview of I O files and related programs FALL3D 7 1 needs the following input files 1 The input file name inp specifying the control parameters and options This file is read by FALL3D 7 1 and from all utility programs An example of name inp is given in Appendix B 2 The topography and meteorology database file name dbs nc This file is in NetCDF format and is generated by the pre process utility program SetDbs see Section 5 3 3 The granulometry file name grn specifying relative fractions and properties of particle classes released from the source This file is typically generated by the pre process utility program SetSrc starting from the file name
57. rain particles begin to saltate Experiments with sand sized particles show that the impact of saltating mid size grains larger than about 50 um breaks the cohesive forces of smaller particles enhancing their suspension when falling back to ground For this reason the emission rate vertical flux of particles defined as the mass emitted per unit of area and time strongly depends on the horizontal saltation flux of larger particles FALL3D 7 1 uses different emission schemes for ash resuspension by wind see Folch et al 2014 1 Emission scheme 1 Westphal et al 1987 computes the emission rate as Do 0 Un lt Uxt S 10 5ui u gt Us La where Fy is the vertical flux in kg m s occurring only above a constant threshold friction velocity ux An important limitation of 16 is that the vertical flux does not depend on particle size or soil moisture Although very simple this parameterization can be useful when information on soil characteristics e g particle sizes and densities moisture roughness etc is not available or poorly constrained FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 30 2 Emission scheme 2 Marticorena and Bergametti 1995 Marticorena et al 1997 computes the emission rate as 0 Ux lt Uxt d Fy d K pus VQ TL a2 ub d ws gt ul where K is a soil texture coefficient equal to K 5 4 x 1074 m7 from experiments u denotes the wind friction velocity and u is the threshold friction velocity given by
58. rdinate system transformation Eddy Diffusivity Tensor In FALL3D 7 1 only the diagonal components of the Eddy Diffusivity Tensor i e the vertical K and the horizontal Kn K Ky components are considered The available choices for describing the vertical component K are 1 Option CONSTANT i e K constant where the constant value is assigned by the user FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 27 2 Option SIMILARITY In this case inside the Atmospheric Boundary Layer ABL FALL3D 7 1 evaluates K as h 1 Kaz 1 z pees h L gt 0 stable _ h Lh 2 1 1 13 a h L lt 0 unstabl KULZ o Li lt unstable where x is the von Karman constant x 0 4 u is the wind friction velocity h is the ABL height and L is the Monin Obukhov length see Costa et al 2006 The expression above comes from an extension of the Monin Obukhov similarity theory to the entire ABL Ulke 2000 On the other hand above the ABL z h gt 1 K is considered as a function of the local vertical wind gradient a characteristic length scale le and a stability function Fe which depends on the Richardson number l au K l de where U y uz For le and Fe FALL3D 7 1 adopts the relationship used by the CAM 3 0 model Collins et al 2004 1 iy tx 4 l y F Ri 1 10Ri 1 8Ri stable Ri gt 0 x V1 18Ri unstable Ri lt 0 where A is the so called asymptotic length scale A 30m The available choices for describing the
59. rinted by the command configure A typical output of the configure script is shown in Table 7 where the list of the variables that are set during the installation is shown The user settable variables are FC MPIF90 MPIEXEC FCFLAGS F77 NETCDF NC_INC NC_LIB WGRIB WGRIB2 RUNDIR DATADIR and SCRIPTDIR These variables can be changed by defining them as shell environment variables or by passing their value as a argument in the configure command line In case you specify a variable both in the environment and in the command line the value passed in the command line takes the precedence Example see Table 7 the default Fortran compiler found by configure is FC gfortran You can change the default value in the following ways Bourne shell export FC ifort export FCFLAGS 0 configure or C shell setenv FC ifort setenv FCFLAGS 0 configure or any shell configure FC ifort FCFLAGS 0 All the variables listed before can be configured in a similar way For example you can set the run directory RUNDIR and the data directory DATADIR to different values configure DATADIR home myself fal13d mydata RUNDIR home myself fal13d myruns Moreover you can specify the installation prefix root directory for the installation of the binaries with the flag prefix DIRECTORY and or choose to install also the parallel version Example configure prefix home myself fall3d enable parallel FCFL
60. s html e Panoply http www giss nasa gov tools panoply e GMT http gmt soest hawaii edu e GrADS http www iges org grads e NCL the NCAR Command Language http www ncl ucar edu e GRASS http grass osgeo org QGIS http www qgis org e R http www r project org FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 37 pcoord pdate itimel itime2 nz z 1 ux 1 uy 1 T 1 z nz ux nz uy nz T nz itime3 itime4 Table 9 Format of the meteo data file name profile dat for the PROFILE case Repeat this block for each meteo time increment Appendix D Format of the meteo profile file name profile For the profile option the utility SetDbs needs an ASCII file containing the definition of the vertical wind and temperature profile and a topography file of the domain in GRD format In this case wind velocities are assumed constant on all the domain in a terrain following coordinate system The remaining variables are assumed with the values of the Standard Atmosphere The format of the profile file name profile is described in Table 9 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following pcoord Coordinates where the profile was measured either as UTM or lon lat coordinates pdate Starting time when the profile was measured the format of the date is yyyymmdd i e year month day itimel Initial time in sec after the starting time pdate of validity of the meteo data contained in the following nz layers itime2
61. sta A and Basart S Validation of the FALL3D ash dispersion model using ob servations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull volcanic ash cloud Atmos Environ 48 165 183 doi 10 1016 j atmosenv 2011 06 072 2012 Folch A Mingari L Osores M S and Collini E Modeling volcanic ash resuspension application to the 14 18 October 2011 outbreak episode in Central Patagonia Argentina Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 14 119 133 doi 10 5194 nhess 14 119 2014 2014 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 42 Ganser G H A rational approach to drag prediction of spherical and nonspherical particles Powder Technol 77 143 152 1993 Jung E and Shao Y An intercomparison of four wet deposition schemes used in dust transport modeling Global and Planetary Change 52 248 260 2006 Marticorena B and Bergametti G Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle 1 Design of a soil derived dust emission scheme J Geophys Res 100 16415 16430 doi 10 1029 95JD00690 1995 Marticorena B Bergametti G Aumont B Callot Y N Doum C and Legrand M Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle 2 Simulation of Saharan dust sources J Geophys Res 102 4387 4404 doi 10 1029 96JD02964 1997 Mastin L G Guffanti M Servranckx R Webley P Barsotti S Dean K Durant A Ewert J W Neri A Rose W I Schneider D Siebert L Stunder B Swanson G Tupper A Volentik A and Waythomas C F A multidisciplinary effort to assign r
62. system X ma Y my z Z where m is the map scale factor and Z z h x y with h x y denoting the topographic elevation and x y z are the Cartesian coordinates The scaling factors for this particular transformation are given in Table 8 Byun and Schere 2006 The generic particle class j is defined by a triplet of values characterizing each particle dp Pp Fp that are respectively diameter density and a shape factor For d we use the equivalent diameter d which is the diameter of a sphere of equivalent volume For the shape factor Fp we choose the sphericity 4 which is the ratio of the surface area of a sphere with diameter d to the surface area of the particle In our approximation each triplet d pp Y is sufficient to define the settling velocity Effect of Earth s curvature are considered when the lat lon coordinate system is used through the Jacobian of the transformation Parameter Scaling Coordinates X mx Y my Z z h x y Horizontal Velocities Vx mvr Vy miy Vertical velocity Vz Vs J7 o Usj m ve an Uy a Diffusion Coefficients Ky K z Ky K Kz K J Concentration C cJ m Density px pJ m Source Term S SJ m Table 8 Scaling factors for a terrain following coordinate system x mX y mY z gt Z x y z are the Cartesian coordinates m the map scale factor for the UTM coordinate system m 1 and J is the determinant of the Jacobian of the coo
63. ta ncepi nc and creates the file name ncep1 nc in the folder Data ncepi nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS e Script ncep2 cat nc name where name is the name of the current run This merges the files variable1 nc variable2 nc etc reanalysis 2 placed in the folder Data ncep2 nc and creates the file name ncep2 nc in the folder Data ncep2 nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS e Script era40 to nc name where name is the name of the current run This decodes the file name era40 grib ECMWF ERA 40 placed in the folder Data era40 grib and creates the file name era40 nc in the folder Data era40 nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS e Script eraln to nc name where name is the name of the current run This decodes the file name eraIn grib ECMWF ERA Interim placed in the folder Data eraIn grib and creates the file name eraIn nc in the folder Data eraIn nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS e Script eta to nc name where name is the name of the current run This decodes the file name eta grib ETA model output placed in the folder Data eta grib and creates the file name eta nc in the folder Data eta nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS e Script arpa to nc name where name is the name of the current run This decodes the file name arpa grib ARPA SIM model output placed in the folder Data arpa grib and creates the file name arpa nc in the folder Data arpa nc for subsequent execution of SETDBS NOTE If an alias for the scri
64. ter minal settling velocity eddy diffusivity tensor and ash aggregation For the meteorological variables FALL3D 7 1 uses an off line strategy 1 e variables are furnished by independent meteorological models or datasets and interpolated to the FALL3D 7 1 grid as NetCDF files The FALL3D 7 1 model can be used to reproduce features of past eruptions as a tool for short term ash dispersal forecasting and for volcanic fallout hazard assessment 2 New features in FALL3D 7 1 Relevant changes have been introduced in FALL3D 7 1 The main new features added to FALL3D 7 1 include e A unified source code for both serial and parallel versions only the serial version was available for public distribution in previous releases e The possibility of using forecasts reanalysis meteorological data from several global meso scale meteorological models not available for public distribution in previous releases e Different parameterizations available for ash aggregation For computational reasons a preliminary Total Grain Size Distribution TGSD file furnished either by the user or generated by the pre process SETTGSD utility program is modified in order to create the final effective granulometry file filename grn which can include an aggregated class and a volatile species treated as tracers e An option describing the cloud spreading at the Neutral Buoyancy Level NBL for large eruptions using a semi analytical gravity current model
65. that particles settle down at their terminal velocity 49 Pp Pa d 3CaPa Us 10 where pa and pp denote air and particle density respectively d is the particle equivalent diameter g is the gravity acceleration and C4 is the drag coefficient Cq depends on the Reynolds number Re dus Va Va La Pa is the kinematic viscosity of air and ia the dynamic viscosity In FALL3D 7 1 different options are possible for estimating settling velocity such as 1 ARASTOOPOUR model Arastoopour et al 1982 24 pal 0 15Re 587 Re lt 988 947 C4 e 11 0 44 Re gt 988 947 valid for spherical particles only 2 GANSER model Ganser 1993 de 0 6567 _ 0 4305K2 E Bek 1140 1118 Re Ki Ke pt a da Re ki Ke where K 3 dn d 279 Ka 1018148 Logv 7 are two shape factors dp is the average between the minimum and the maximum axis d is the equal volume sphere and y is the particle sphericity y 1 for spheres For calculating the sphericity is practical to use the concepts of operational and working sphericity work introduced by Wadell 1933 Aschenbrenner 1956 which are based on the determination of the volume and of the three dimensions of a particle respectively PP 1 P 1 Q 6 1 P2 1 Q with P S I Q I L where L is the longest particle dimension J is the longest dimension perpendicular to L and S is the dimension perpendicular to both L and I Wwork 12 8 13
66. urrent e g Woods and Kienle 1994 Sparks et al 1997 is coupled to the ADS transport see Costa et al 2013 In summary this option consists of adding an effective radial velocity field to the wind field The radial wind field due to the gravitational spreading of the current is centered above the vent in the umbrella region and extended up to a radius R in accordance with 1 2 up R a for R lt Rp and Hy 4 lt z lt Hy 4 up R 0 for R gt Rp or z lt Hy or z gt Hy 4 22 where A is an empirical constant and N is the frequency of Brunt Vaisala due to the ambient stratifi cation q is the volumetric flow rate into the umbrella region Hy denotes the level NBL and h the thickness of umbrella region that is assumed to scale with up as h up AN Within this region variation of the velocity field with the radial distance r is calculated as u r F R i 23 The radial field is considered negligible at distances larger than a critical radius R Costa et al 2013 FALL3D 7 1 MANUAL 31 Wet deposition As a first approach wet deposition is assumed below the Planetary Boundary Layer PBL only Using this approximation only the total rate is necessary to describe wet deposition that is parameterized as e g Jung and Shao 2006 dC LC AP C 24 dt where P is the precipitation rate in mm h A and B are two empirical constants A 8 4 107 and B 0 79 respectively Two critic
67. vent for the nt eruptive phases EXIT WATER_FRACTION_ IN Values of the magma volatile fraction in weight percent at the vent for the nt eruptive phases the case SOURCE_TYPE RESUSPENSION only the sub block RESUSPENSION is used MAX_RESUSPENSION_SIZE_ MIC Maximum particle size in ym for which resuspension is allowed This is typically few hundreds of um DEPOSIT_THRESHOLD_ KGM2 Value of the deposit load in kg m encompassing the area where resuspension is considered This is used to prevent resuspension in areas with negligible original deposit loads MAX_INJECTION HEIGHT_ M Maximum height of resuspension in m Resuspended ash is uniformly distributed vertically from the ground level to this maximum height EMISSION_SCHEME Type of ash emission scheme see Appendix A Governing equations and pa rameterizations for further details The available options are WESTPHAL based on Westphal et al 1987 MARTICORENA based on Marticorena and Bergametti 1995 Marticorena et al 1997 or SHAO based on Shao et al 1993 Shao and Leslie 1997 Shao and Lu 2000 EMISSION_FACTOR Tuning factor of the emission scheme THRESHOLD_UST Value of the threshold friction velocity Only used if EMISSION_SCHEME WESTPHAL MOISTURE_CORRECTION If YES threshold friction velocity is corrected for soil moisture according to Fecan et al 1999 5 1 5 Block AGGREGATION This block defines the variables needed by SETSRC program in
68. writes results for all classes If NO only total results are written Take into account that the size of the FALL3D 7 1 output file is directly proportional to the number of classes TRACK_POINTS The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D 7 1 writes the tracking points files defined in the input file name pts 5 1 10 Block POSTPROCESS This block of data is read by the post process utility program FALL3D2GMT which writes a script used to post process results using GMT The block has the following format CROP_DOMAIN Values for LONMIN LONMAX LATMIN and LATMIN of the GMT domain Note than the domain in GMT domain of the plot can be smaller than the simulation domain MAP_TOPOGRAPHY The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots topography contours in m as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR_LEVELS line MAP_TOTAL_LOAD The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of total deposition load in kg m as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR_LEVELS line MAP_WET_LOAD The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of total wet deposition load in kg m as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR_LEVELS line Note that this is possible only when WET_DEPOSITION is set to YES MAP_CLASS_LOAD The available options are YES or NO If YES FALL3D2GMT plots contours of class deposition load in kg m as specified in the corresponding CONTOUR LEVELS line Note that th

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