CCTV USER GUIDE/bichro./GB
Contents
1. SONY DC12V Colour Video Monitor d power supply Closed Circuit Television CCTV is a television system which operates on a closed loop basis Unlike broadcast television which is available to anyone with a suitable receiver CCTV pictures are only available to those directly connected to the loop CCTV was first used in the 1950s and has since become an essential element in any profes sional security system In most installations the loop is a physical link a cable which carries the picture from the cam era to the viewer With very few exceptions the pictures are transmitted as a composite video signal at 750hms 1 volt peak to peak Where very high resolution gt 400TV lines is required some equipment offers a Y C facility where the lumi nance signal Y and the chromi nance C is divided O ver long distances for example in Town C entre systems fibre optic transmission has become popu 6 What is CCTV AC outlet lar Where this option is too expensive ISDN offers a cost effective alternative for event driven surveillance systems As well as the full range of prop erty protection and control applications CCTV offers bene fits in many other areas for example e Assisting police authorities in the monitoring of traffic flow and the implementation of prompt act2. E 28 Sony CCTV Products COLOUR CCD CAMERAS SSC DC50 54 58AP ExwaveHAD half inch 470 TVL 0 8Lux SSC DC330 334 338P ExwaveHAD third inch 480 TVL 0 8lux SSC DC10 14 18P Third inch 470 TVL 1 7Lux SSC C104 108P Third inch 330 TVL 1 2Lux SSC CX34P Third inch 470 TVL c w 12x motorised zoom lens MONOCHROME CCD CAMERAS SSC M370CE Half inch 570 TVL 0 3Lux SPFM304 308CE Third inch 570 TVL 0 25Lux SPFM320 324 328CE ExwaveHAD third inch 570 TVL 0 07lux SPFM122 124 128CE Third inch 380 TVL 0 1Lux Sony CCTV Products The sony guide to CCTV COLOUR VIDEO MONITORS SSM 14N5E Trinitron 14 inch 600 TVL Y C and audio SSM 20N5E Trinitron 20 inch 600 TVL Y C and audio SSM 9040P Trinitron 9 inch 250 TVL MONOCHROME VIDEO MONITORS SSM 930CE 9 inch 750 TVL DC clamp SSM 125CE 12 inch 750 TVL DC clamp and dual inputs SSM 175CE 175 ACE 17 inch 850 TVL DC clamp and dual inputs MONOCHROME QUAD MONITORS SSM Q177CE 17 inch monitor with built in quad switcher 850 TVL Sony CCTV Products i 29 e e TIME LAPSE VIDEO RECORDERS SVT 124P 24 hour compact VHS SVT 1000P 72 hour VHS RS 232C option SVT L230P 72 96 hour VHS RealAction RS232C option SVT 5050P 960 hour VHS RS232C option SVT S3050P 168 hour Super VHS RS 232C option SVT RS1A RS 232C Interface Board SVT RM10 Wired Remote C ontrol TPK Series 10 000 hour ser
3. These devices facilitate a flexible range of applications and are increasingly being manufactured to intemational standard H 320 ITU T recommendation Video Camera 1 Video Camera 16 These systems do not provide live video images because of bandwidth constraints but some systems like the Sony PM S 500 Codec can transmit up to 15 frames per second The PMS 500 can also transmit and receive full duplex audio together with data signals for control of telemetry and other remote devices via the RS232 and RS485 communication ports Video OUT coaxial cable Video OUT coaxial cable 22 Transmission of Video signal Video The sony guide to CCTV Switching and Multiplexing If a system consists of a single camera and monitor then a switching device will not be required It would not of course be practical or desir able in a multi camera system to have a monitor for every camera In these cases a switcher will enable the video Signal from several cameras to be viewed on just one monitor Switchers M anual switchers are the most basic form Here the operator selects the camera they wish to view Automatic switchers are the most popular versions These run a sequence of displays in the order that the operator selects The operator can also hold one particular camera if he wishes to o
4. Comparisons based on the lux levels given by different manufacturers do not usually lead to a valid determination A more valid comparison can be made where the F stop of the lens is also quoted together with the video level although the best solution is to make a live visual evaluation of the Cameras under consideration 1 Lux level at the face plate This measures how the cam era performs when all light falls directly on the chip face plate Whilst technically valid this never actually happens You cannot get a picture unless you use a lens and the lens cuts down the available light 2 At the lens This is closer to the speci fication we are looking for because it goes some way to describing the specification in real life Mc Which lens The lower the F number of the lens used the better the result For example e Camera one quotes 0 8 lux full video with an F1 0 lens e Camera two quotes 0 8 lux full video with an F1 2 lens Camera two is the more sensi tive camera as it quotes 1 lux with a slower F1 2 lens With the faster F 1 0 lens it would probably give a full video signal at only 0 6lux The sony guide to CCTV Colour Camera Rendition Resolution Any assessment of a camera s The higher the resolution the operating capabilities should sharper the picture The best include how accurately it can resolution available at present reproduce colour If for exam for CCD camer
5. 485 Serial Interface commonly used to communicate between differ ent control equipment SEQUENCE SWITCHER A switcher that displays camera pictures in a set order and dwell time predetermined by the user SMART CONTROL Developed by Sony in 1994 this digital technology allows Sony cameras to automatically adjust iris gain white balance and flick er to extemal lighting conditions SPECTRAL RESPONSE This is the response of the light sensing charge coupled device to different wavelengths of light Typically between the ultra violet and infra red spectrum SUPER VHS VCR recording system that enables recording of 400 TV lines horizontal resolution as compared with ordinary VHS of 240 TV lines in colour SYNC GENERATOR Device that produces a synchro nisation signal TELEMETRY Electronic method of controlling functions such as pan tilt Zoom focus generally via coaxial cable or a twisted pair of fibre optic TIME LAPSE Video cassette recorder which allows the compression of real time recordings onto tape using time lapse mode Can be up to 960 hours onto a single hour tape The sony guide to CCTV TRINITRON CRT C athode Ray Tube which is com pletely flat in the vertical plane to enable better monitor image geometry TRIPLE MULTIPLEX A transmission of video sync and DC power over a single coaxial cable VERTICAL PHASE Feature on some AC cameras to adjust line lock and synchronise mul
6. Mavica digital camera The camera is being used in the pre vention of doorstep fraud to build up a database of employ ees for the production of ID cards The new colour video monitors nine SSM 20N5E and two SSM 14N5E were chosen for their clarity and sharpness of picture particularly suited to surveil lance monitoring 2 Case Study gives Newham a clearer picture The Trinitron C RT C athode Ray Tube which has upgraded reso lution from a typical 250 to 600 lines gives a markedly crisper and more stable image The face of the Trinitron is based on the shape of a cylinder rather than a sphere ensuring that not only is the geometry of the image more accurate but operator eye fatigue is reduced O perations Manager Bob Lack explains The Council has a policy of making the best use of the technology currently avail able and with the help of opti mum funding obtained through the CCTV Challenge scheme and support from local busi nesses we have invested 2 million in the last four years We already had 54 Sony SSM 20 and eight SSM 14 monitors in the system some of which were installed when the control room was first set up five years ago As the control room monitors are never switched off durability has also been an important factor A Safe At Night High Sensitivity Cameras Installed In the Entertainment District of the Dutch city of Ede Whether it s raining snowing sun
7. electromagnetic or electrostatic couplings from nearby conductors or external sources It can also refer to interference between two or more signals in close proximity within a bandpass CRT C athode Ray Tube Means by which the picture is displayed on a monitor CS MOUNT Same thread as C mount DARK CURRENT Leakage signal from a CCD sensor in the absence of incident light DARK NOISE Noise caused by the random nature of the dark current dB Decibel a ration of input power It is also a measurement of sound levels DEPTH OF FIELD The distance between the furthest and nearest points at the same level of definition within a certain view DIGITAL VIDEO A video storage media using 5 1 compression method DWELL TIME Amount of time that a sequential switcher allows between the view ing of the different cameras con nected to it ELECTRONIC SHUTTER CCD iris which eliminates the need for an auto iris lens The CCD iris auto matically controls the light intensity by adjusting the electronic shutter speed The sony guide to CCTV ExwaveHAD Trademark of latest Sony Hole Accumulated Diode charge cou pled device F STOP Figure given of the ratio between a lens aperture and its length FOCAL LENGTH Distance froAm the optical centre of a lens to the focal plane Generally referred to in millimetres FOCAL POINT Point at which light passing through a lens is concentrated FRAME A single
8. electron ic telemetry one uses a twisted pair where long distances are involved the second uses coaxi al cable in fact the same cable that carries the video sig nal The basic form of telemetry control system uses digital tech Niques to produce a pulse code modulated PC M signal This is a signal which has a series of 16 pulses and depending upon the function required pan tilt or zoom sends the appropriate pulses to a receiver which inter prets them and carries out the function Housings and Enclosures These protect the CCTV cam era lens assembly Used in both internal and external applications housings also protect against dust vandalism and extreme weather conditions M any different housings are available with accessories such as thermostatically controlled viewing windows sunshields blowers for hot environments and heaters for use in extreme cold Domes Domes operate in much the same way as a conventional pan tilt and zoom camera except that they are generally more compact and have the added advantage of being dis creet both aesthetically and for the purpose of surveillance It is not usually possible to see in which direction the camera within the dome is directed Conventional housings score over domes in terms of robust ness and there is less chance of the optical distortion created by the spherical dome cover CCTV Systems Control 25 Recording While a proportion of surveil lance
9. looped through the monitor to another piece of equipment for example another monitor or video recorder it is important to ensure that the system is cor rectly terminated Some monitors will do this automatically but others have a switch located at the rear 18 Which monitor Which Monitor This should be set according to whether the signal is being looped out of the monitor High Impedance or is terminating in which case it should set to 75 ohns The last item of equipment in the system should be set to 75 ohms if it does not auto terminate Video signals usually travel over coaxial cable which has impe dance of 75 ohms The best and most efficient transfer of the video signal from camera to monitor is when the camera cable and monitor all have all the same impedance values Contrast levels can be improved where a DC clamp facility is incorporated into the monitor This can usually be selected via a switch at the rear of the unit Monitor sizes Monitor size is designated by the length of a diagonal line measured from one comer of the viewing screen to the oppo site comer Thus a 9 inch moni tor refers to a 9 inch diagonal picture tube Sizes typically used in CCTV include 9 12 14 17 21 and 27 inches with different manufacturers offering different variants The choice of size depends in part on the distance between the viewer and monitor CCTV monitors may be free stan ding suspended from a
10. of cover age produces a picture very similar to that seen by the human eye A lens giving this angle is called a normal lens The focal length of a normal lens is approximately equal to the diagonal of the picture area For example for a 2 3 inch ca mera the normal lens would have a focal length of 16mm A 1 2 inch camera would have a normal lens of 12 5mm and a 1 3 inch camera an 8mm normal lens A focal length shorter than a normal focal length produces a wide angle view A longer focal length produces a telephoto image Some lenses have variable focal lengths and are called zoom lenses Selecting the correct lens 15 Aperture range The aperture is the clear open ing in the centre of the lens that allows light to pass to the pick up device The aperture size is described in relation to the focal length F Thus the aperture is specified by an F number If the lens has a focal length of 50mm and if the diameter of the clear open ing of the lens is 25mm then the lens is said to have an aperture of F 2 50mm divided by 25mm 2 A 50mm lens with an aperture of F 2 has the same light gather ing ability as a 150mm F 2 lens but the glass components will be more complex in order to achieve the telephoto effect Most CCTV lenses have a built in mechanism called an iris This allows the aperture to be changed to accommodate varying light levels The largest aperture setting is often used to define the max
11. shadow mask C RT reveals how the ima ge is constructed from dots or ellipsoids whereas the Trinitron images consist of continuous stripes resulting in a cleaner and more stable image Monitor Size Typical Viewing Distance 9 12 17 21 5 10 15 CCTV monitors may be free standing suspended from a wall or ceiling or rack mounted Wall and ceiling mounts allow the monitor to be rotated and tilted for viewing from different angles Which monitor 19 Transmission of Video Signals A CCTV signal contains a wide range of frequencies from around 30 hertz to around 10 Megahertz As a result special circuits are required to cope with the wide band width if signal quality is to be maintained during transmission Because signals from CCTV cameras often have to travel long distances to reach the con trol centre the choice of trans mission medium depends upon the particular installation and its requirements Coaxial Cables The most widely used cable is the coaxial type It should have characteristic impedance of 75 ohms and be of a high quality The cable consists of an inner solid copper conductor or twist ed copper wires surrounded by a flexible insulating material such as polythene It is recommended that for CC TV a solid polythene type coaxial should be used to give maximum high frequency performance The outer con ductor consists of a copper braid wound around the insula tion
12. systems are continuously monitored these are in the minority The majority of sys tems are not actively moni tored and even when they are in most cases the images are still recorded The underlying principle to be considered in relation to the recording of images is that they may ultimately be required as evidence in criminal proceed ings Despite sometimes poor quality recordings many spec tacular successes have recently been achieved in the detection and conviction of serious offen ders thanks to the existence of recording material Analogue Recording The preferred medium for recording and storing activity has been and still is VHS videotape usually recorded on a time lapse video cassette recorder VC R These machines are very similar to domestic video recorders but have extended record and playback facilities time and date enco ding and alarm inputs The extended recording facility is achieved by reducing the fre quency of fields that are record ed thereby extending the recor ding period of the tape The number of fields is further reduced when the VCR is recor ding multiple cameras from for example a multiplexer VHS VCRs record around 300 TV lines horizontal resolution in monochrome and 240 TV lines in colour The requirement to record higher resolution images has led to an increase in the use of Super VHS VCRs which record about 400 TV lines These are recommended where it is intended t
13. Selecting the correct lens The sony guide to CCTV Cameras with Built in Lens Some cameras are now avai lable with a built in lens Sony manufactures a 1 3 inch colour camera with an integral 5 4mm 64 8mm zoom lens SSC C X34P which can be used in place of the conventional camera and motorised lens set up This saves installation time and the resultant set up is lighter allowing the use of more com pact camera housing and pan and tilt head Focus set to 20m 17 Selecting the correct lens A control room operator may be required to view images on a bank of monitors for prolon ged periods As the effecti veness of the surveillance system is crucially dependent upon the degree to which the operator can remain alert and avoid fatigue correct monitor selection is vital The monitor converts the video signal generated by the camera back into a visual image It con sists of a cathode ray tube CRT and a number of signal processing circuits These circuits separate the luminance part of the signal from the sync signals The luminance signal is routed to an amplifier which boosts the signal to a level that can be used by the CRT The sync Signals are split onto horizontal H pulses and vertical V pulses These in turn are amplified and modified so that they can con trol the vertical and horizontal deflection of the final picture Where the video signal is being
14. To protect the cable from moisture and damage it is co vered with a tough PVC sheath Sony CC TV cameras can be powered via the Triple M ultiplex transmission system to ensure maximum ease of installation With this system the video sig nal from the camera the sync signal and the DC power are all supplied via a single coaxial cable The Sony system also allows for cable lengths of more than 600 metres without any loss of image quality Twisted Pair An alternative to the use of coaxial cable is the twisted pair cable A twisted pair cable is known as a balanced cable and can be similar to telephone wires Most of the same consid erations apply to twisted pair as apply to the coaxial but there are some expectations The twisted pair system will accept the standard 75 ohns 1 volt composite video signal and con vert it to a balanced video signal of 2 volts with an output impedance of 50 to 150 ohms to suit the particular twisted pair being used The approach is relatively inex pensive and can transmit over longer distances than conven tional coaxial cable The major disadvantage is that transmitter and receiver units are required for every video signal source This is because units such as 20 Transmission of Video signal monitors which process base band video signals will not accept the balanced twisted pair type of transmission 1 P V C Outer Protective Sheath 2 Braided Copper Outer Scree
15. as is approach ple a target subject is dressed ing 750 horizontal lines TV lines in a brown jacket and blue 3 C CD DXC 950P and 500 trousers it will not be helpful for vertical lines the police if they are looking at Resolution is not necessarily the a CC TV image of a person key decision point Low resolution apparently wearing an orange CCTV which is usually lower jacket and turquoise trousers cost is often perfectly adequate This will also have severe limita and the final choice depends on tions on the evidential value of the combination of camera fea such an image C ameras offer tures and build quality together ing better colour rendition will with site conditions and avail have both auto and selectable able funds As a general rule white balance to handle varying a high resolution is preferable in lighting conditions low light levels and when identi fication of points of fine detail are required Sony ExwaveHAD Technology A key question to consider is whether colour or black and white cameras should be selected Not many people now watch black and white television in their homes a colour picture is easier to interpret provides more information and is more natural than a monochrome one In surveillance applications the split currently between colour and monochrome is about 50 50 pe In recent years the price differ ence between the two has diminished The principal limiting factor against th
16. bjective is to improve the quality of life for the inhabitants by reducing actual and per ceived crime To be an effective deterrent a system must provide actual as well as theoretical results and be introduced as one part of an overall crime prevention initiative Where this system credibility has been estab lished the greatest benefits have been derived Included in this Guide are some examples of highly credible surveillance schemes where the users have achieved the maximum benefit from their systems together with detailed background information on the selection and operation of CCTV We have also included information about how new technology is offering higher levels of performance in video surveil lance than ever before Sony Broadcast amp Professional Europe Introduction ve SONY Newham District Council has the largest local authority CCTV control room in the UK monitoring over 200 cameras in the heart of London s East End Recently it has installed addi tional Sony Trinitron colour video monitors bringing the total in the system to 73 screens As well as fighting crime the system is used for traffic surveillance including monitoring a new bus lane sys tem controlling vandalism gen eral council activity and ensuring local authority response to main tenance problems The Newham C ontrol Room is also the first in the country to use facial recognition technolo gy and has recently acquired a Sony
17. bserve some relevant activity can skip channels if they do not at that time require monitoring and adjust the dwell time for each camera Automatic switchers also normally have an alarm programming option which can override any manual settings Video OUT Video INPUT eee pale E e Video IN E gt ex SVT L230P SWOUT BREE PB AlarmIN og OUT IN lt si Colour Video Monitor l Alarm OUT ex SSM 20N5E YS DX316P n ci DX216CE Mon10UT Colour Video Monitor ex SSM 20N5E Mon 2 OUT Video Switching and Multiplexing 23 24 Multiplexers Multiplexers are a more func tionally useful way of handling a multi camera system Like a switcher several cameras usu ally up to 16 can be connected to the multiplexer A single field or frame from each camera is successively output via the multiplexer onto a video record ing Playback would take place again via the multiplexer which would decode the recording to the monitor So for example if four cameras were connected to the multi plexer on playback the particu lar camera to be reviewed would be selected and an updated image produced every 0 87 seconds Sony YS DX316P and SVT 5050P The more cameras that are recorded onto one tape the fewer images per camera ar
18. e Registration Board to record its video pictures The pictures are kept for 24 hours and because of privacy regulations the man agement of the tapes is in the hands of the town council itself VCS has assisted Ede town council in coming to agreements with the Registration Board TV PMS Monitoring Codec Remote Surveillance by ISDN The New Wave in preventative crime surveillance Security is essential to all organi sations but none more than banks With cash dispensers throughout the world needing sur veillance around the clock securi ty requirements are pushed to the limits That s why German bank giant The Norddeutsche Landesbank has installed moni toring Codecs in several of its branches It s a system developed by Sony that gives multi site two way surveillance from a single central location And by using the latest ISDN technology it s possi ble to prevent crimes as and when they happen 4 Case Study The decisive plus point for the Sony Picture Monitoring System PMS is the fact that it provides fast efficient two monitoring The system can be self activated by movement or alarm which means surveillance only when there is activity at the locations no time is wasted watching empty spaces And it is possible to operate each individual camera pan tilt and zoom and intervene directly to prevent crime happen ing from a central control room Rainer Hannich responsible for central
19. e captured if eight cameras were connected that refresh rate would extend to one image every 1 73 seconds In the majority of cases these types of refresh rates provide sufficient information to enable incidents to be reviewed effec tively Problems may arise if the video recorder is a time lapse machine recording many cameras over long periods For example if 16 cameras were recorded over 72 hours you would have to wait 9 87 seconds for the image from each camera to be updat ed It is therefore important to ensure that an acceptable ratio of cameras to multiplexers VC Rs is utilised Duplex multiplexers can display in multi picture mode at the same time as recording as above Simplex multiplexers can either record or display but cannot do both simultaneously Video Switching and Multiplexing The sony guide to CCTV CCTV Systems Control While the majority of cameras are installed in a fixed posi tion in order for the operator to be able to follow an inci dent it can be very useful to have the facility to pan tilt and zoom the camera This is achieved by the use of a mechanical pan and tilt head on which the camera is mounted and a zoom lens which are con trolled remotely by telemetry signals As in most instances the camera will be fitted outdoors and therefore it will be neces sary to use a housing which will protect it from the elements or to use a dome camera Telemetry There are two types of
20. e use of colour cameras has been the ability of colour cameras to operate effectively in poorly lit areas To meet this demand for colour images in low light manufac turers have developed a range of solutions the most popular of which include hybrid cameras that operate in colour when lighting is adequate switching to monochrome as darkness falls Some cameras operate in low light by reducing the number of frames captured to produce a brighter picture although this causes problems when there is movement within the image Sony has developed a more radical approach by improving the sensitivity of the CCD chip On Chip Lens technology OCL increases the surface area and sensitivity of the CCD by locating a microlens on each pixel which results in more light being collected on the photo sensitive layer This technology has been developed most recently with the introduction of the ExwaveHAD CCD which has a highly advanced OCL structure The result of these developments is a degree of sensitivity that can handle twi light light levels while still pro ducing accurate colour images even with rapidly moving objects Smear is caused by the leakage of light onto the vertical shift register creating a vertical bar across the image which can E render it useless and is a com mon problem with cameras in low light or where there are bright spots in the picture With ExwaveHAD this leakage is reduced because the impro v
21. ed Services Digital Network Digital phone line with transmission speeds of up to 128Kb per second Used with PMS video transmission systems LINE FED CAMERA See Triple M ultiplex LINE LOCK Method of synchronising AC pow ered cameras 34 Basic CCTV Terminology LUX Metric unit of measurement of light MECHANICAL FOCUS Focusing of a camera lens or pick up device by mechanical means MEGASTREAM A network normally fibre optic allowing the transmission of data at 1M bits per second or faster MONOCHROME Black and white picture comprising of a number of levels of grey scales MULTIPLEX Method of transmitting or recor ding many video signals at the same time ND Neutral Density Filter which is positioned on the rear of the lens enabling the camera to operate in difficult lighting conditions by widening its operating parameters PEAK TO PEAK Value between the maximum posi tive and negative points on a waveform PIXEL A word derived from Picture Element This is the smallest unique point of digital video image In digi tal video a picture is divided up into thousands of Pixels each specified by luminance chromi nance and position information REAL ACTION RECORDING High density VC R recording which provides three times as many fields as conventional time lapse VC Rs RESOLUTION The definition of a TV picture in terms of the finest detail that can be recorded and played back RS232
22. ement in the structure of the CCD minimises the undesirable reflection of light onto its surface As a result smear is reduced to a minimal level of 120dB com parable to the frame interline transfer CC Ds commonly used in broadcast cameras Sony now produces both colour and monochrome cameras which benefit from the advanced tech nology of ExwaveHAD technology Ineffective area Transfer register Hole accumulated layer PRETE lett lad The sony guide to CCTV Selecting the Correct Lens v c C Qa n v Li Basic Lens F Focal Length d Lens Diameter or Aperture f Lens Stop Expressed as a ratio of Focal Length to Aperture f F d The quality of the lens is vital in determining the quality of the final image The basic optical characteristics of a lens are the focal length in zoom lenses the focal length range or angle of coverage and the aperture range We ll look at these two characteristics together with a third important characteristic the format Focal Length F The focal length represents the distance from the optical centre of the lens to the point at which the image is in sharpest focus and where the pick up device in the CCTV camera is located The focal length determines the angle of coverage of the lens The longer the focal length the narrower the angle of coverage and the shorter the focal length the wider the angle of coverage One particular angle
23. imum light gathe ring capability of the lens the lens speed A lens with a maxi mum aperture of F 1 6 is referred to as an F 1 6 lens and is said to be faster than Say an F 4 2 or F 8 lens The iris setting of the lens is numbered from the largest F stop down to the smallest F stop CCTV systems are rarely installed in situations where light levels are constant so lenses with automatic iris adjustment are important components of most systems Another characteristic of lenses is the depth of field see illus tration If a lens is focused on an object there will be a certain area of sharp focus in front of and behind the object The depth of this area of sharp focus is controlled by three factors the focal length of the lens the distance from the lens to the object and the F stop Lens Format The lens format relates to the camera format 1 3 inch 1 2 inch 2 3 inch There are two lens mounting systems Most CCTV cameras have a C mount although many now use a CS mount C mount cameras are not able to use CS lenses however adaptors are available To avoid the complexities of lenses with automatic irises manufacturers have developed electronic shutters These achieve the same light adjustment with simpler fixed iris lenses The CCD iris common to most Sony CCTV cameras automati cally controls image exposure by electronically adjusting the incoming light levels 16
24. ion in case of accidents and other emergen cies e Supporting process industry managers as they control the flow of work identify produc tion bottlenecks and take cor rective action e Monitoring of hostile environ ments that are not accessible to man i e nuclear reactors furnaces etc Security and surveillance are the most accepted applica tions for CCTV systems With the use of CCTV managers and supervisors can control risks and minimise costs efficiently and with the minimum of disrup tion Security applications As well as acting as an effective deterrent CCTV helps man agers to monitor e Access to secure areas e Unauthorised activities e Theft or criminal damage e Personal safety Surveillance applications CCTV has many applications in public safety e Traffic control e Alarm Verification e Crowd control e Insurance claim assessment e Public access e Staff control e Car park security e Shopping precinct security e Industrial process control should it E ion Benefits CCTV offers increased efficiency and the faster detection of prob lems As a result its benefits include e Reduced secunity running costs e Faster response to problems e Increased peace of mind e Simplicity and reliability e Improved quality of environ ment for owners operators and the public e Easier identification of suspects e Increased management control When and where 7 LIGHT The h
25. its specialist C C TV dealers in Portugal as well as an expert sys tems integrator Sony installed a network of 43 high performance Surveillance cameras all with pan amp tilt capabil ities suited to outdoor operation The monitoring centre had at its heart a control and switching sys tem based on the new Sony CSP 5000 matrix and a total of 24 Sony CCTV colour monitors In addition to the new equipment the system also incorporated 14 existing mon itors and two large screen dis plays As well as the feeds from the 43 cameras there were an additional eight camera feeds from a Surveillance system in one of the private pavilions The network of cameras was con nected to the control room using more than 60km of copper wire and 10km of optical fibre All the images entering the control room were fed in to three Sony matrix keyboards These pictures were relayed to another control room where the security department s controller could watch all the pub lic areas on six Sony monitors As well as watching all the pictures the controller selected which images were sent to four colour monitors sited at the local Police station The entire network was installed by Sony in less than three months Despite daily temperatures of up to 43 degrees C elsius the system never failed during the four month period of Expo 98 Case Study 5 What is Closed Circuit Television Video Out Coaxial cable
26. m vas i The TR Guide to Monitor Prevent this is not a rehearsal SONY The sony guide to CCTV peeceeee N recent years there has been no shortage of innovations in the C C TV industry as public and industry acceptance increase demand Most visibly more surveillance cameras have appeared in more public areas than ever before proving their effectiveness and generating interest in Maximising the benefits of operating a surveillance system The bewildering choice of different equipment and the desire for practical knowledge in this area demonstrates that as with most disciplines a little research into the subject will yield higher quality decisions and an impro ved cost benefit ratio It is intended that this Guide should assist you to ask the right questions and direct you towards the best possible solution The generalised use of crime statistics of which there are many varieties conceal the fact that every situation is different and requires a tailored approach Most businesses for example take an economic approach to the use of security measures how much will a system cost and how much loss will it prevent An often quoted but nevertheless true precept is that businesses particularly retail often underestimate the true extent of losses The importance of conducting a detailed audit and survey before even considering technology cannot be over emphasised Where CC TV is used in town centre schemes the principal o
27. n 3 Polythene Insulation 4 Inner Copper C onductor The sony guide to CCTV Fibre Optics Fibre optic transmission of video signals is now widely used with in the CCTV industry most par ticularly on large projects such as town centres O ptical fibres are fine strands of glass witha high quality of optical trans parency which act as wave guides for light beams They have lower transmission losses than conventional cables and are virtually immune to electrical interference Developments in laser technolo gy have made optical fibre a useful means of video transmis sion The video signal modulates the laser beam which is then transmitted through the fibre Picture quality remains excellent over distances greater than 50km ISDN Transmission An increasingly popular method of transmitting video signals is to use ISDN This is a digital phone line which transmits video signals at 128 kilo bits per second Transmission of Video signal 21 The signals are encoded at site transmitted across the tele phone network and then decoded at the monitoring cen tre These systems are event dri ven which means that they only transmit video when an event has occurred for example a break in at a property activates a PIR which then causes the transmitter to dial the monitor ing centre which can then take appropriate action Personal Computer RS232C PM S 400P 500P
28. ng 50 Passageway Outside working area 15 Good main road lighting 10 Sunset 5 Typical side road lighting 2 Minimum security risk lighting Twilight 0 3 Clear full moon 0 1 Typical moonlight cloudy sky 0 001 Typical starlight 0 0001 Poor starlight a Were yW x TIE rise ai i _ ln oe tt at id SI x hs a N dd Metric unit of measurement of light Light 9 Backlight Compensation It is also important to consider whether there are bright spots in the picture such as car headlights which can make identification of the vehicle registration or model impos sible This can also be a major problem where it is necessary to identify persons who are moving from bright daylight into artificial light Very often this will result in the subject becoming an unidentifiable silhouette The problem is exacerbated where bright spots in the images cause vertical smearing The answer is to specify a camera which has effective backlight compensation This can be operated auto matically by Smart C ontrol within the camera or where the position of the subject is pre determined can be pre selected It is helpful to be able to see how effective the backlight compensation is before making final camera selection OOSING a Camera The camera is the eye of a CCTV system and at its core lies CCD charge coupled device technology The CCD is comprised
29. ny day or night a surveil lance camera must always pro duce a perfect picture That s why Ede s entertainment district has been equipped with Sony CCTV surveillance equipment But you need more than just technical quality to make a good security circuit Local councils and police are doing their utmost especially at night to improve safety in town and city centres Glass fibre Ede has Sony SSC DC 58AP ExwaveHAD video cameras installed together with Sony SSM 14N5E monitors Sony has huge experience in the broad casting world Any system inte grator can tell that for Sony the best is still not good enough You can clearly see that the pic ture quality of the Sony cameras is always excellent even in the worst conditions That s why it didn t take us long to decide on Sony said General Manager of integrator VCS International Wim van Deijzen Dre Case Study 3 The sony guide tog As far as Ede is concemed the police feel it is vital to have access to top quality pictures all the time Head of Surveillance Henny Brunekreef has been supervising the security project on behalf of Ede town council We have to supply the material so that means we are responsi ble for its quality That s why we placed high demands on our supplier After all modern prob lems need to be tackled with modern techniques Privacy Ede is the first town in the Netherlands which has been given permission from th
30. o record vehicle registration numbers or other fine points of detail VC Rs have many moving parts which require regular service to maintain performance For this reason it is recommended that VC Rs are serviced once a year Digital Recording Increasing demand for higher quality more flexibility and lower maintenance has encouraged manufacturers to develop recor ding equipment which more closely matches the needs of surveillance systems This new technology is based on digital processing and storage and in most cases produces higher quality images than analogue systems Greatly increased stor age Capacity also allows higher picture refresh rates and selec table resolution modes Camera inputs are multiplexed stored on a hard disk and periodically archived to Digital Video DV tape Resolution modes of up to 500 TV lines can be accessed which are simply not possible on conventional analogue VC Rs O ESE The sony guide to CCTV The evidential value of digital recording has been considered in the UK by the distinguished committee of Law Lords who have concluded that the same procedural requirements which apply to analogue recording are also applicable to this more recent technology Video Printers A useful part of larger systems a printer can produce hard copy images either from live or recorded cameras DYE BY a Y DV Signal Transfer LIL Musa Hard Disk Drive HSR 1P Recording Process
31. of about 500 000 light sensitive cells called picture elements pixels which convert the light falling onto its surface into an electrical signal The performance of the camera and ultimately the surveillance system is more dependent upon the quality of the CCD than any of the other camera components Currently the popular formats are e Half inch High performance for high sensitivity and low noise ni Third inch Most popular and ideal for e a wide range of applications Quarterinch A more recent development Benefits of CCD Technology Long Life Produced with a design life of up to 10 years Sy Shock Resistant Much more rugged than older tube technology esi Size and Weight Have enabled the miniaturisation of cameras Gi Spectral Response Responsive in the near infra red area Pixels Picture Elements Bs Total Pixels This is the total number of pixels on the CCD faceplate They are not all usable Lo Active Pixels This is the real figure giving the num ber of pixels that are actually in use SS o lt e Sensitivity C olour cameras generally per form less well in low light than monochrome cameras all other things being equal Sensitivity is usually measured by reference to the lux level at which a cam era can produce an image see page 9 The lux valuation although usually referred to as a metric unit of measurement of light is very often applied sub jectively to the ability of a ca mera to produce images
32. security at The Norddeutsche Landesbank explains how the PMS works in practice A hidden camera transmits live pictures from each cash dispenser foyer via an ISDN cable link to a central control point which is continually manned If undesirable activities are observed at a certain loca tion the operator at the central control point is alerted to it and can address the persons con cemed directly via an intercom If there is no reaction the local police are called All the events related to the crime are subse quently recorded for evidence In this way for the first time ever there is a surveillance system that can do more to prevent crime than simply being a visible deterrent The sony guide to CCTV Sony provides CCTV Facilities for Expo 98 in Lisbon Expo 98 in Lisbon Portugal a truly global event the organisers started with a near abandoned site in Lisbon s port district and rejuve nated the whole area building an exhibition site of some two million square metres In four months a total of 10 million people visited the exhibition a figure that is larger than the entire population of Portugal The highest attendance was achieved on Expo s last day when over 380 000 visitors passed through the site In this environment surveillance and security are critical issues Sony proposed installed and maintained a turnkey solution To assist in the day to day operation the manufacturer called in one of
33. television or film image In European television 25 frames per second is used to give an illu sion of continuous movement Each frame in TV is normally two fields GAMMA Unit of measurement for one amount of contrast in an image GENLOCK A means of locking a video source to a second video source or refer ence signal GROUNDLOOP A condition that occurs when two or more grounded points in an electrical system develop a conductive loop between them HAD SENSOR An improved type of semi conduc tor sensor which gives cameras a better smear and noise perfor mance HDR Hard Disk Recorder A device which captures images to hard disk Basic CCTV Terminology 33 HSR Hybrid Surveillance Recording A combination of hard disk and Digital Video in one recording machine which greatly increase the storage capacity over HDR HyperHAD An improved version of the Sony HAD sensor using on chip lens technology to provide increased sensitivity IMAGE INTENSIFIER Device which uses photo multiplier technology to amplify the available light to increase the sensitivity of a camera INFRA RED A range of frequencies just below the visible spectrum Can be used for the transmission of information or for providing additional illumi nation for cameras INTERLACE 2 1 Scanning process for reducing the image flicker consisting of succes sively scanned lines which adjacent lines belong to different fields ISDN Integrat
34. ti camera system VHS Video Home System Domestic video recorder format giving 240 TV lines horizontal resolution WATERMARKING Technical method of ensuring the integrity of images recorded digitally WHITE BALANCE Term which only applies to colour cameras Where white is the ref erence to determine all other colours in the visible spectrum Y C Method of separating and trans mitting video signals divided into C hrominance C colour and Luminance Y brightness for higher resolution and quality Usually employed between multi plexer recorder monitor ZOOM RATIO Term where the lens has move able elements For example it is generally defined as 6 1 or 10 1 i e 12 5 75mm or 10 100mm Basic CCTV Terminology 35 Notes Sony Trinitron Mavica HyperHAD Smart Control ExwaveHAD and Triple M ultiplex are regis tered trademarks of the Sony Corporation J apan CA CCTVGUIDE GB 19 11 99 SONY
35. to varying light levels thus providing a constant picture BALANCING LINE A circuit for transmission of video signals which are equal in voltage but of opposite polarity BANDWIDTH A value which expresses the differ ence between the upper and lower limits through a range of frequen cies BLACK LEVEL A measurement of a video signal that matches a specified maximum limit for black peaks in the picture 32 Basic CCTV Terminology e e e Basic CCTV Terminology BNC Commonly used video connector for composite video C MOUNT The industry standard type of screw threaded lens mount CCD Charge Coupled Device The latest technology for imaging devices There are two main types Interline transfer and Interframe transfer CCTV A Closed Circuit Television System which is for private purposes only and not for public or general broadcasting CODEC Short for coder decoder An ISDN transmission system designed to the intemational teleconferencing standard H 320 COMPOSITE VIDEO 1 A video signal in which the lumi nance and chrominance compo nents have been combined encoded as in NTSC PAL or SECAM 2 A video signal obtained by com bining parts of at least two video signals for example by keying or matting CONTINUOUS STRIPE PHOSPHORS Method employed within Trinitron monitors to increase brightness and resolution over conventional dot pattem CRTs CROSS TALK Electrical interference caused by
36. uman eye and the cam era lens operate on complete ly different lines Although the human eye adjusts automati Cally to various light condi tions the camera is inherently less flexible Ina CCTV system lighting has to be designed in from the beginning if the best results are to be obtained The type of lighting used and the correct positioning are vital to maximum security Everyday white light is actually a mixture of colours of different frequencies CCTV is more recep tive to certain colour combina tions than others The best results are uSually obtained by match ing the spectral response of the camera to the light illuminating the scene The amount of light reflected from an object deter mines how bright it appears Some typical reflective figures are shown below These figures relate to the mini mum level of lighting required for security purposes to every day light It can easily be seen that today s C CTV technology will give good results under very low light levels Sony Exwave cameras can operate in colour as low as 0 8Lux F1 2 without switching to monochrome or reducing frame rate Asphalt Li 5 Foliage e ceo 10 20 Concrete 00000 25 30 Red Brick eeee00 35 Snow 0 o o e o e e e e 95 8 Light The sony guide to CCTV Lux DESCRIPTION BE 50 000 Summer sunshine 5 000 Overcast sky ra 500 Well lit office 300 Minimum for easy readi
37. vice kits for all VC Rs ISDN TRANSMISSION PMS 500P Transmitter receiver codec PMS 400P Transmitter codec PMS CENTRAL Remote monitoring Control Software 30 mu Sony CCTV Products The sony guide to CCTV e e DIGITAL SURVEILLANCE RECORDER HSR 1P DV based up to 6 480 000 image storage Capacity built in 4 channel multiplexer HSRA 11 O ptional 4 channel input board MULTIPLEXERS YS SX210CE Mono simplex 10 channel YS SX310P Colour simplex 10 channel YS DX216C E Mono duplex 16 channel YS DX316P Colour duplex 16 channel QUAD YS Q440P Colour 4 channel SEQUENTIAL SWITCHER YS S6 6 channel Sony CCTV Products AGC Automatic Gain control Usually a switchable circuit that allows the camera to provide a useable pic ture during low light levels You can generally tell when the circuit is operating because the picture appears to be grainy AMBIENT LIGHT Lighting level that is normal for a certain area It generally does not alter It also can mean the back ground light level of a certain area APC Adaptive Picture C ontrol VCR function which automatically detects the condition of the recording head and the video tape and then sets the optimum record head current to prevent over modu lation APERTURE CORRECTION Switchable correction circuit which sharpens the image of a picture electronically AUTO IRIS C auses the aperture of a lens to automatically adjust
38. wall or ceiling or rack mounted Wall and ceiling mounts allow the monitor to be rotated and tilted for viewing from different angles Monitor costs Why does a 17 inch black and white C CTV monitor cost more than the equivalent black and white TV The answer is that the C CTV monitor has specialist features and characteristics For example the average TV set has around 300 lines of resolution while the C CTV monitor would normally have over 700 lines The CCTV monitor also has regulated power supply to main tain performance during power fluctuations an isolation trans former and a fast acting auto matic frequency control AFC loop to reduce radio frequency interference Colour monitors Colour monitors are also avai lable in a similar range of sizes These monitors usually accept only composite colour signals although where very high quality images are required monitors with a Y C luminance and chro minance input should be used Two principal types of colour CRTs are currently in use the shadow mask CRT and the Trinitron The face of the sha dow mask type is based on the shape of a sphere whereas the The sony guide to CCTV Trinitron is based on the shape of a cylinder This means that the Trinitron is curved only in the horizontal plane providing an image which is more geometri cally accurate and which redu ces operator eye fatigue caused by reflected light from above Close examination of the
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