Aalborg Universitet User guide – COE Calculation Tool for
Contents
1. Mwh y o l I E Mm o o oo p 6 p b p b p b p b b p p p p POV LY OY UM M OP UP QV UM VE PLM Wave Height Hm0 m Annual Electricity Production Standard Sea States 2000 1 1000 6000 5000 T El Incident energy along 4000 main active dimension MWh y 3000 m Electricity production MWh y z E 3 0 4 0 Wave Height Hm0 m 5 0 The x axis of the graphs shows The 19 significant wave heights that represent the wave climate of the chosen location if power matrix is selected The 17 zero crossing periods that represent the wave climate of the chosen location if power matrix is selected The 5 or 6 significant wave heights that represent the sea states of the chosen location if standard sea states is selected All graphs show two sets of bars overlapping The light blue bars indicate the annual incident wave power along the main dimension of the WEC in MWh y and the dark blue bars show the WEC s annual electricity production as electrical output Gn MWh y User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 45 60 The WEC s annual electricity production takes into account the WEC s availability but does not consider WEC s own consumption or WEC s extra electricity production Graphs defined for To also show the average capture width rat2. Aalborg Universitet AALBORG UNIVERSITY DENMARK User guide COE Calculation Tool for Wave Energy Converters Chozas Julia Fernandez Kofoed Jens Peter Jensen Niels Ejner Helstrup Publication date 2014 Document Version Publisher final version usually the publisher pdf Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version APA Chozas J F Kofoed J P amp Jensen N E H 2014 User guide COE Calculation Tool for Wave Energy Converters ver 1 6 April 2014 1 ed Aalborg Department of Civil Engineering Aalborg University DCE Technical Reports No 161 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at von aub aau dk providing details and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim Downloaded from vbn aau dk
3. NIF JULIA F CHOZAS ENERGINET DK CONSULTING ENGINEER DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AALBORG UNIVER Y Content F THU OUI OM quest tr HER OPERI MA FREVIENODE R Gd 9 I EMNILUununm ss 10 2 MONONA c E 13 3 Reference MaChi C e 15 3 1 Power SCC CERERMEREDLDLTLILOILLLELILILDILULOILOIDOIDEERREOEEE m 15 3 1 1 POWEL fal IX soo cic tate center cues dede tai ape AEO 15 3 1 2 Standard sea states ineo dtd ri rer Gr p OO da ea eR aereo dE ERES Ern 15 3 2 Powermatrix refers tO eee erneut nennen nan un dwa ek v annue 16 3 3 Measurements and performance eeeeeeeeeeeee esee eene eene nnns nennen tn nnnn s 17 3 3 1 E 17 3 3 2 Mam active dimeNSION uicina A EL de O AO Eor ieie ERE bu Deere 17 3 3 3 Minimum and maximum operating values cece cece eens eeee aaa aaa wnaaea 17 3 3 4 Energy conversion efficiencies PTO and generator efficiency sessessss 18 3 3 5 Generator rated poWet szy nte piter o De P Er Repo steer siae rE ins 18 3 3 6 Annual electricity production sessi enne aa 19 3 3 7 Project DELE e 19 Rr MEE SCIMUS 20 3 4 1 WEC materials main and secondary frame ssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeennes 20 3 42 Default values On prices rer trm RE n RE REFIERE dA SS ARGE APE 20 4 E o s eC UT 23 4 1 Scatter diagrams z es
4. a 3 Payback period Gresier than project kfeirre mj ya dimensions a Discouni rate 0 4 50 pw i perfomance 8 LCOE 1 years in MWh 703 78 T 20 NPV 1 years in ki 45541 4605 3 47280 a 2 Measurements and performance Costs CAPEX and OPEX Currency GRP 2 Dela Ervor Used De au Eriw Used Engineering and Management 0 600 m Some 100 Planning and Consenting 0 bv Main active dimenmon vt 17000 m Development w2 x1000 x EJ Secondary dimension lengihivicih wo 30000 m Man maleria Concrete 600 thon a Total dry weight W00 ton Torw of Concrete 960 on 2 Mooring weight 2800 ton Other maleria Steet 66 000 0 22 thon IMervmum operative He 000 m Tons of Swel 40 ton n IMervmum operative Te 005 Access system and platform 0 t000 n Maximum operative Hs 850 m Machine housing 0 tmo n Maximum operative Tz vos Others 0 00 u Total load carrying structure 4 x1000 PTO average efficiency Waler Bx Pro 00 000 x Generator average efficiency x Generator 0 tmo Gener dio rated power 1000 kw Power Electronics 00 xY00 aM WEC s own consumption anms 00 Mwhy Conirol amp Safety system 0 600 n WEC s extra electricity production an 00 Mwhiy Others 0 6x000 WEC Availability 45 Total power take off system 4150_ x1000 D a Anruel electricity production with 100 availabiliy 3648 Mw Moonng Sunem 62 bmo thon a Pre as sermbiy arsi ransport B3 E000 t a Annual electricity production with 95 availability 307 Mwhiy
5. above 100 in the sea states defined with the significant wave height or wave period where that is happening The capture width ratio is a good indicator of the right sizing of the device User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 46 60 8 Future work and improvements on the COE Tool The following improvements could improve the functioning of the COE Calculation Tool Arrays The tool does not take into account wave farms composed by different WEC arrays It only focuses on the performance and costs of one device The tool can be improved by adding the evaluation of the COE of array configurations Parameters to take into account Device size Array size number of WECs Array area Wave farm lay out Distance between WECs Spacing factor and shadowing effect among WECs Location features depth distance to shore Electrical configuration cable costs to the common offshore substation or hub It would be interesting to carry out this analysis for an array configuration of 1 10 50 and 100 WECs and compare the output of the tool More parameters Introduce other parameters as constant values or matrices that may influence the WEC power production i e wave directionality wave spectrum influence etc Allow the user to input a varying non constant PTO and generator efficiency that is dependent on the significant wave height Currently the PTO efficiency is a constant value This could be implem
6. otherwise these values can be included later in the tool 3 1 2 Standard sea states Sea states are a simplified representation of the wave conditions happening at a particular location User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 15 60 Most small scale tests run in the laboratory of Aalborg University Denmark focus on five sometimes six sea states which if correctly scaled correspond to North See conditions Danish North Sea Point 3 The standard sea states cover waves from 1 to 5 or 6 meter significant wave heights Nielsen 1999 Meyer et al 2002 Kofoed et al 2009 The tool allows for choosing among various standard sea states A list of them as well as the assumptions for each location can be found in Annex B Standard Sea states The user must include the wave absorption efficiency of the WEC in each sea state according to the laboratory results Sea states Location DK North Sea Point 3 Sea state 1 2 3 4 5 6 total Wave abs eff 96 48 40 31 22 15 2 Harvested Power kW 170 794 1700 2494 2907 636 Pwave kW m 2 1 11 6 32 65 6 114 187 17 Hours h y 4100 1980 946 447 210 93 7776 Electri ity oducti r r r v r r ctricity production MWh y 531 8 1202 1 1230 4 8522 467 5 452 4329 The tool allows for including the performance in up to six sea states If a WEC only has performance values for some sea states but not of all of them it should set be to
7. there have been different initiatives to homogenise the COE calculations and that has also been the goal of this project to homogenise the COE Calculation in one transparent and simple spreadsheet User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 10 60 Additionally the present COE Calculation Tool allows for sensitivity analysis The current LCOE of wave energy converters is too high to be considered economic attractive with other sectors As a result there is a current and future need to decrease this value which justifies the need for an R amp D roadmap This COE Tool may give hints of the areas where R amp D is needed Ultimately investor s decisions are based on the economic performance of the technology so an understanding of the economic implications for a specified WEC is always required also at a very preliminary development level It is therefore suggested to use the COE Calculation Tool and carry out an economic assessment of the technology at all the different stages of the development especially at initial development stages where data might be available only from laboratory tests User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 11 60 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 12 60 2 General The spreadsheet is locked in order to protect the formulas and the tool structure The colour codes in the cells are as follows Editable cells Default values used if
8. 0 at the performance in the sixth sea state 3 2 Power matrix refers to This option is only available when power production is given as a power matrix The user can indicate whether the power matrix corresponds to absorbed power or electrical power Power matrix refers to Absorbed power L Absorbed power Electrical power If absorbed power is selected the tool will assume a constant efficiency for the PTO and unidirectional energy flow throughout the different sea states in which the WEC operates The worksheet includes default values for PTO and generator efficiencies The user can either use these default values or enter their own User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 16 60 3 3 Measurements and performance 3 3 Scale The default value of the reference machine scale is 1 This value is only significant in the scaling process where the relative proportion of the machines influences the calculated scaled values A scale can only be chosen for the scaled machine 3 3 2 Main active dimension The main active dimension is the hydrodynamic functional dimension of the WEC It is the WEC s dimension along which the machine absorbs the incoming wave energy The main active dimension multiplied by the wave absorption efficiency corresponds to the capture length defined by the IEC Standard IEC TS 2011 as the power captured by the hydrodynamically functional part of a WEC divided by powe
9. Annual electricity production Average annual electricity production Average wave to wire efficiency WEC development stage and uncertainty related to the data CapEx and OpEx Payback period LCOE for three different discount rates Net Present Value NPV for three different discount rates And finally some graphs 7 1 Currency The user must select two currencies although both can be the same One is used to define the cost of each component and the other one is used for the economic analysis There are four different currencies which the user can select Danish Krone DKK kr Euros EUR British Sterling GBP and US Dollars USD The exchange rates used are the following Carey Spa REG o DKK kr 7 5 EUR l USD 1 33 GBP 0 83 7 2 Capital expenditures CapEx A WEC s capital expenditures CapEx indicate the initial WEC s investment costs with units of cost per installed unit of power i e EUR MW CapEx include all the costs incurred by o Development engineering and management and planning and consenting User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 39 60 o Structure including materials and components materials access system and platform machine housing and others o Power take off system PTO PTO generator power electronics control and safety system and others o Mooring system o Installation pre assembly and transport and in
10. J and Marina D 2012 Mutriku First year review in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ocean Energy ICOE Dublin West Wave 2014 Appendix 2 Technology Readiness Levels for Supply Chain Study for West Wave Available Online www westwave ie wp content uploads downloads 201 1 12 Appendix 2 pdf Accessed January 29th 2014 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 51 60 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 52 60 Annex A Calculation steps for power matrix Matrix B Power matrix Detailed power matrix by the user Power matrix converted to absorbed power as of incoming power l Matrix F Power matrix as absorbed power at the users selected wave climate chosen to define the power matrix Ratio V 5 Scaling power matrix Scaled machine Matrix E Wave Climate where COE is calculated Adjust power Calculate electricity matrix to production selected wave climate Matrix C Matrix D Recalculated Power Electricity matrix adjusted to production wave climate matrices E C Matrix Es Wave Climate where COE of Scaled machine is calculated Matrix Fs Power matrix as absorbed power as of incoming wave l matrix adjusted to wave climate 3 Adj
11. for further information User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 48 60 10 References AMETS 2014 Online www seai ie Renewables Ocean_Energy Belmullet_Wave_Energy_Test_Site Atlantic_Marine_ Energy_Test_Site_AMETS_ html Accessed January 29 2014 Babarit A Ben Ahmed H Cl ment A and Debusschere V 2006 Simulation of electricity supply of an Atlantic island by offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters associated with a medium scale local energy storage Renewable Energy Vol 31 pp 153 169 CANDHIS 2014 Online www candhis cetmef developpement durable gouv fr Accessed January 29 2014 Commission Guidebook 2014 Renewables portfolio standard eligibility Online www energy ca gov 2010publications CEC 300 2010 007 CEC 300 2010 007 CMF PDF Accessed January 29th 2014 Fern ndez Chozas J 2013 Technical and Non technical Issues Towards the Commercialisation of Wave Energy Converters Aalborg PhD Thesis DCE Thesis no 44 Aalborg University FIT 2014 Online http www dsireusa org incentives incentive cfm Incentive_Code CA167F Accessed January 29th 2014 Fitzgerald J and Bolund B 2012 Technology Readiness for Wave Energy Projects ESB and Vattenfall classification system in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ocean Energy ICOE Dublin Frigaard P and Kofoed J P 2004 Hydraulic Response of the wave energy converter wav
12. iretallaton on tite 63 emo t u Electncal corrmclion 280 t0 thw 5 Mooring and total installation 510 x1000 Projest lifetime Others 0 tawo Total Capital Costs CAPEX P WEC Development phase 1105 phase wo 4006 1000 a WEC Technology Readiness Level TAL 110 9 m Pel e uncertainty to COE to 15 uncertainty Corlirgerces La Total CAPEX with 10 contingenci 5375 1000 5 s Operation amp Maintenance costs per year 29312 Leo 5 Site lease warranty insurance 97 7 600 54 Others 50 x1000 s Annual OPEX 395 9 x1000 M Reference Machine Scaled Machine _ Wave Clmates Sea States J pa Ready 20 jura g Front end of the COE Calculation Tool numbers shown are not inspired by any WEC User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 13 60 In order to analyse the output values from the spreadsheet and if suitable be able to compare results among WECs and locations the user must specify the assumptions behind all input data and include information about the WEC s development stage To which extent the individual parameters have to be documented depends on how far the WEC is developed User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 14 60 3 Reference machine The spreadsheet is based on a reference machine a wave energy converter which provides the core information for all calculations This reference machine can be freely set All input data such as dimensions weight minimum a
13. is calculated as WEC costs in present value divided by electricity generation in present value Wave climate on site H amp T Annual electricity WEC performance amp generator production MWh rated power Development WEC structure COE EUR MWh Power take off PTO Total CapEx EUR Installation and el cable Mooring O amp M costs Total OpEx EUR y 7 7 LCOE of different technologies Many studies have evaluated current and expected COE values of WECs and marine tidal turbines Ingram et al 2011 Previsic 2013 SI Ocean 2013 Generally it has been agreed User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 42 60 that the current LCOE of WECS ranges between 300 600 EUR MWh A learning rate of 12 15 is expected which along with a cumulative installed capacity in the large MW or small GW scale can bring down to 100 200 EUR MWh the COE of WECSs The following figure illustrates the LCOE in USD MWh 2012 values of ocean energy other renewables and conventional technologies O Flynn 2013 o o 2 Qo o Early Subsidised Maturity deployment commercialisation N ao o e e e r o e o 400 USD MWh USD MWh gt a o o o o o e 200 USD MWh mg ziom 200 P S gt h So eS eS S lt U RO A Ka A y dib a LCOE in USD MWh in 2012 values of Wave Energy Converters marine tidal t
14. on september 23 2015 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for Wave Energy Converters Version 1 6 April 2014 Julia Fernandez Chozas Jens Peter Kofoed Niels Ejner Helstrup Jensen ISSN 1901 726X DCE Technical Report No 161 JULIA F CHOZAS G CONSULTING ENGINEER ENERGINET DK DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AALBORG UNIVERSITY Contact person coe juliafchozas com Tel 45 2870 0219 ff PRIN JULIA F CHOZAS G ENERGINET DK CONSULTING ENGINEER Aalborg University Department of Civil Engineering Wave Energy Research Group DCE Technical Report No 161 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for Wave Energy Converters Version 1 6 April 2014 by Julia Fern ndez Chozas Julia F Chozas Consulting Engineer Jens Peter Kofoed Aalborg University Niels Ejner Helstrup Jensen Energinet dk April 2014 Aalborg University Contact person coe juliafchozas com Tel 45 2870 0219 Scientific Publications at the Department of Civil Engineering Technical Reports are published for timely dissemination of research results and scientific work carried out at the Department of Civil Engineering DCE at Aalborg University This medium allows publication of more detailed explanations and results than typically allowed in scientific journals Technical Memoranda are produced to enable the preliminary dissemination of scientific work by the personnel of the DCE where such release is deemed to be appropr
15. only be UK EMEC If the selected location in reference machine is User Defined gt the location of the scaled machine can only be User Defined If the selected location in reference machine is DK North Sea Point 3 DK North Sea Point 2 DK Hanstholm DanWEC or DK Horns Rev gt the user can select between all of these four as locations of the scaled machine Regarding the COE Calculation Tool the user must be aware of the fact that calculating the electricity production of a WEC for a different location than the location of the sea state may induce large errors User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 33 60 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 34 60 6 Uncertainties 6 1 Evaluation of uncertainties The user must be aware that there are uncertainties in the data handled by the COE Calculation Tool i e in the input data electricity production and in prices and therefore also in the output results The uncertainties in input data correspond to the uncertainties in the power production both from the power matrix or the performance in the standard sea states and in the scatter diagrams as well as on the design i e amount of material Then some errors are added when recalculating the power matrix to fit the chosen wave climate Finally there are also uncertainties in the costs of the different components In order to evaluate these uncertainties
16. the tool provides an estimation of the overall uncertainty related to the calculations The uncertainty depends on the development phase of the WEC and on whether power production data derives from a power matrix or from the performance in the standard sea states These numbers are calculated according to Previsic 2013 Uncertainty Uncertainty Development Phase performance as power performance as sea matrix states Phase 1 TRL 1 2 and 3 30 to 5096 30 to 8096 Phase 2 TRL 4 25 to 30 30 to 3096 Phase 3 TRL 5 and 6 20 to 2096 25 to 3096 Phase 4 TRL 7 and 8 15 to 1596 20 to 2096 Phase 5 TRL 9 10 to 10 15 to 15 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 35 60 6 2 WEC development stages The development of a wave energy converter consists of different phases or stages which cover from the initial concept to the industrial commercialisation Depending on the country the industry or the research institute of focus these development phases may differ Fern ndez Chozas 2013 The COE Calculation Tool considers two different ways of evaluating the development stage of a technology a The five development phases b The nine Technology Readiness Levels TRLs The figure below relates the five development stages with TRLs TRL 1 3 HASE Validation OPTIMISATION Accurate PTO E E 4 Pro N SCALE CONTROL wes Y EFFECTS A POWER PRODUCTION lt 20kW P
17. 7 60 The tool also offers one location in USA on the west coast Humboldt Bay Humboldt Bay 2014 in northern California has been chosen by the US Department of Energy to assess the economic feasibility of wave energy converters La Bonte et al 2013 Google earth ia Alternatively the user can enter his own scatter diagram by choosing the option user defined scatter diagram In the sheet named Wave climates the user must fill in the new scatter diagram It has to be defined in terms of Hmo and Toz 19 intervals for Hmo and 17 intervals for To2 and in hours per year of occurrence of each sea state The SOWFIA project SOWFIA 2014 provides a database of wave data worldwide According to IEC standards IEC TS 2011 a scatter diagram should be defined by the parameters Hmo and T the energy period The COE Tool is based on scatter diagrams defined in terms of Hmo and To when needed in the calculations it is assumed that H H and To 7T It is also assumed that there is a constant relationship for all locations and along the scatter diagram between Ty and Te or To and Ty defined by Too T 0 49 0 577 To T 1 5 true for a parameterised JONSWAP spectrum with y 3 3 average in the North Sea The mean wave power at each location independently on whether it corresponds to deep or shallow waters has been calculated according to Nielsen 1999 Pyave KW m 0 577 AL z To2 User guide The COE Calculation T
18. Cs Version 1 6 9 60 1 4 Background Wave energy and the Cost of Energy The potential of wave power around the globe is very large Only in Denmark it has been assessed that 15 of the electricity consumption can be provided by wave energy technologies deployed in Danish waters Kofoed 2009 There are some challenges ahead before it is possible to harness the potential of wave power in a large scale Among these challenges two of them are of special importance Firstly wave energy converters need to prove their long term survivability into the harsh sea environment as well as long term operation and secondly they need to be cost competitive This project is directly related to the latter factor At present time one of the major challenges for the wave energy sector is to reduce its cost of energy One of the sector s aims is to get lower cost of energy values that could foster wave energy as a realistic alternative of conventional electricity generation and as a complement to other renewable energy sources Calculation of the cost of energy COE is done by most device developers However these calculations are based on different assumptions and different methods which are not described or specified hence making results incomparable and non transparent The main idea behind a common accepted COE calculation tool is to make economic calculations transparent and comparable among various converters For that it is desired that the c
19. DK North Sea Point 2 12 kW m 31m 100 km 5 DK North Sea Point 3 16 kW m 39m 150 km 6 France SEM REV 16 kW m 35m 15 km 7 France Yeu Island 26 kW m 53 228 N 8 Ireland Galway Bay 2 4 kW m 21 24 m 2 5 km 9 266 W 6 5 10 5 54 N 9 Ireland Belmullet 71 kW m 50 100 m j k 129W 39 54 N 10 Portugal Pilot Zone 25 kW m 30 90 m 20 km 9906 W l 39 N 11 Portugal Offshore Lisbon 36 kW m o 12 W 12 Spain BIMEP 21 kW m 50 90 m 1 7 km 13 Spain PLOCAN 8 kW m 40 m User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 23 60 14 UK EMEC 21 kW m 12 50 m 1 2 km 53 40 30 N 15 UK Pentland Firth 7 kW m 62m 2 4 km 039164 W 16 UK Wave Hub 16 kW m 50 60 m 16 km 17 USA Humboldt Bay CA 26 kW m 70 m 5km 18 User defined ates JUK EMEC 3 DK Nissum Bredning Ireland PEC ANC Sea Point AOK North Sea Pointi3 Ireland Galway Bay 4 QUK Wave Hub A REN hrance SE MARE E Yeu Island amp Spain BIMEP Portugal uo Zone NI i Portugal Offshoreslisbon s The locations available in the COE Calculation Tool cover a wide range of sites Although some of them have the same mean wave power it is very important to note the different sea states and environmental conditions they encompass Additionally normally some sites are preferred and recommended at certain development stages than others With regard to Denmark Nissum Bredning is located on the western part of Jutland and is an inl
20. EC consumption Own WEC consumption covers the annual energy consumption of the SCADA system vital control and communication equipment etc The default value is set to 0 MWh y If own WEC consumption is included in the WEC s power matrix it should be stated WEC extra electricity production This value must be filled in when there is another power production source besides the WEC production specified as a power matrix or as standard sea states i e production coming from wind turbines The value should indicate annual electricity production The default value is set to 0 MWh y If WEC extra electricity production besides the production of the wave absorption mechanism is included in the WEC s power matrix it should be stated According to the three parameters above annual electricity production of the WEC is calculated by Yearly Production MWh y Annual Production Availability Own WEC consumption Extra WEC production 3 3 7 Project lifetime The default value is set to 20 years A project lifetime above 20 years is considered as 20 years User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 19 60 This value is taken into account to calculate the LCOE and NPV and influences the output of the payback period 3 4 Costs 3 4 1 WEC materials main and secondary frame In the cost assessment table the user can select among four materials for the WEC structure concrete ballast concre
21. Marine Energy Technology Symposium Washington D C Margheritini L 2012 Review on available information on waves in the DanWEC area Dep Civil Engineering Aalborg University Meyer N I and Rambgll 2012 Belgekraftprogram Afsluttende rapport fra Energistyrelsens R dgivende Bolgekraftudvalg NASA Technology Readiness Level Definitions 2013 Online esto nasa gov files TRL_definitions pdf Accessed January 3rd 2013 Nielsen K 1999 B lgekraft forslag til fors g og rapportering B lgekraftudvalgets secretariat Danish Energy Agency Nielsen K 2003 Development of Recommended Practices for Testing and Evaluating Ocean Energy Systems OES Ocean Energy Systems Annex II Nielsen K Krogh J Helstrup Jensen N Kofoed J P Friis Madsen E Vang Mikkelsen B and Jensen A 2012 B lgekraftteknologi strategi for forskning udvikling og demonstration 2012 Partnership of Wave Energy Aalborg University DCE Technical Report 146 Nielsen K and Pontes T 2010 Generic and Site related Wave Energy Data Annex II Task 1 1 International Energy Agency Ocean Energy Systems IEA OES O Flynn B 2013 Securing Investors and Reaching Bankability The Challenges Ahead HMRC 4th Forum Connecting Finance Environment and Project Developers for Sustainable Projects in Ocean Energy Ernst amp Young Presentation Cork Pecher A 2012 Performance evaluation of Wave Energ
22. NISH NORTH SEA POINT 3 KOFOED ET AL 2009 Sod states e d T s Ee RE Prob oo Prob CY 1 1 0 4 0 5 6 2 1 4100 46 8 2 2 0 5 0 7 0 11 6 1980 22 6 3 3 0 6 0 8 4 32 0 946 10 8 4 4 0 7 0 9 8 65 6 447 5 1 9 5 0 8 0 11 2 114 0 210 24 6 6 0 9 0 12 6 187 0 93 1 2 STANDARDISED SEA STATES DESCRIBING ENERGY IN THE DANISH NORTH SEA POINT 2 Sea stat s a E T s Es Ri Prob aaa Prob waj 1 1 0 4 0 5 6 2 1 4170 47 6 2 2 0 5 0 7 0 11 6 1875 21 4 3 30 60 8 4 32 0 841 9 6 4 40 70 9 8 65 6 360 4 1 5 5 0 8 0 11 2 114 0 114 1 3 STANDARDISED SEA STATES DESCRIBING ENERGY IN DENMARK HANSTHOLM PECHER 2012 Soa states 5 T s Ty 5 ino d Prob uL em Prob ed 1 1 01 4 93 4 26 2 49 2015 23 2 1 39 5 65 4 89 5 34 1927 22 3 1 91 6 37 5 51 11 45 1139 13 4 2 55 7 11 6 15 11 71 421 4 8 5 3 15 1 84 6 78 38 09 149 1 7 STANDARDISED SEA STATES DESCRIBING ENERGY IN DENMARK HORNS REV I SOERENSEN ET AL 2005 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 57 60 Sea st t s Ha To T s Energy flux Prob occurrence Prob occurrence m s kW m h y 1 0 5 1 8 2 8 0 3 1956 21 3 2 10 3 6 55 2 4 3000 34 2 3 15 44 6 2 6 0 1856 21 2 4 20 5 1 6 9 11 8 1126 12 9 3 25 5 7 1 6 20 2 575 6 6 6 3 0 63 8 3 31 8 285 3 3 7 3 5 69 9 0 46 9 51 0 6 Note sea state 7 of Soerensen et al 2005 is not included in the COE Calculation Tool STANDARDISED SEA STATES DESCRIBING ENERGY IN EMEC UK PECHE
23. R 2012 Sea states E To s T 5 ceo oi Prob ik Prob ABA 1 1 52 5 2 6 4 7 2 3942 45 2 1 72 6 8 8 3 11 9 1226 14 3 3 09 6 4 7 8 36 3 1226 14 4 3 66 7 7 9 4 61 4 964 11 5 5 18 8 3 10 1 133 4 350 4 6 5 69 9 6 11 7 186 88 1 7 7 43 10 1 12 3 332 88 1 Note sea state 7 of Pecher 2012 is not included in the COE Calculation Tool User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 58 60 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 59 60 ISSN 1901 726X DCE Technical Report No 161 JULIA F CHOZAS CONSULTING ENGINEER ENERGINET DK neg Sune
24. W it spent 1 5 MEUR for the electro mechanical equipment Torre Enciso et al 2012 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 20 60 Mooring system 300 EUR ton Pre assembly and transport 100000 EUR Installation 100000 EUR Electrical connection 340 EUR kW Development 3 of total CAPEX Contingencies 10 Operation amp Maintenance 6 CAPEX Site lease and insurance 2 CAPEX It has been decided to provide a unique default value for the entire PTO system although PTO system costs are very WEC dependent This default value is only provided as a reference the user must include the costs of his particular PTO system According to Nielsen 2003 and Meyer et al 2002 a unit cost of 340 EUR kW can be used for the different PTO systems mechanical air water and hydraulic if series production is considered These values are not however suitable for standalone prototypes Also these values might need an update according to inflation Re vision 2014 has developed a cost structure breakdown for tidal current devices and wave energy converters The cost structure breakdown might be useful for the COE Tool user to evaluate all costs involved in a project KNSWING Project 3 The default values for pre assembly and transport installation development contingencies operation amp maintenance and site lease and insurance have been estimated by the authors as a compromise default value KNSWING Pr
25. alculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 17 60 3 3 4 Energy conversion efficiencies PTO and generator efficiency The worksheet includes default efficiency values for the first and second energy conversion processes from hydraulic to rotating mechanical power i e PTO efficiency and from rotating mechanical power to electrical power i e generator efficiency These values are marked in light yellow and are used unless the user enters other values in the green fields The following table shows the default efficiency values for the hydraulic water air mechanical and direct drive PTO systems Nielsen 2003 PTO EFFICIENCIES NIELSEN 2003 PTO types Default PTO values Hydraulic 65 Water 83 Air 54 Mechanical 90 Direct drive 95 PTO efficiency refers to the efficiency of the PTO the power take off system without the generator If the generator efficiency is included in the PTO the generator efficiency must be set up to 100 Generator efficiency has a default value of 90 This number may also include the efficiency of power electronics i e frequency converters and filters and transformers If the WEC is based on direct drive generation the PTO efficiency must be set up to 100 and the generator efficiency must be set up to that of the linear conversion 3 3 5 Generator rated power The user must include the rated power of the generator This value serves as an upper limit of the maximum electricity produ
26. alculation tool does not only focus on the output economic parameters but on the input values and assumptions In this context the project has developed an open access tool to calculate the COE of wave energy projects It is expected that the Tool boosts the development of wave energy due to the following reasons It allows targeting the components aspects with highest impact on the cost of energy It helps to describe the strategic roadmap to reduce the cost of energy It enhances transparency of claimed power productions and allows equitable comparison of wave energy converters The Cost of Energy parameter and the creation of a COE Calculation Tool The NPV Net Present Value along with the COE are the two superior values to evaluate the economics of WECs Particularly the COE is useful when the support mechanism i e the feed in tariff is unknown or uncertain Therefore the COE has been widely used as a driving factor to select technical alternatives as well as to answer the question which WEC is the best or even which form of electricity generation is the best For example the COE has been the decision parameter to access both public and private funding i e bank loans Also in the NER300 project of the European Commission EC awards were based on the COE value of the WECs applying SI Ocean 2013b There are however many fictions around COE calculations Due to this lack of transparency in the calculations
27. aso saa rr arn rrr hebr oneroso Y FIR Pr EY Ere W RCW 23 4 2 Standard sea States icccccvcscicccecccccssvecsecssvsstecsonsssecdsvcsiecesvecneccsveccectovsssdcesvesceceevcesens 29 3 CCIE machine sssaaa enaren d aM ER ERN Eu R AREA 31 5 1 Locations for scaled machine eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eene eene nn nnns nnne nnns 33 JEEP TD dE E 35 6 1 Evaluation of uncertainties cccoccrscssororsesrororoesserossesssrsroestororseseoreveesvorersrsver 35 6 2 WEC development stages sccccccssssssssscssceeessesessseceeeessnssesssesceseeeenssnsssssaeeees 36 6 2 1 5 devel pme t Phases bas 37 6 2 2 DEDE ia 37 7 Output of the COE Tool an economic assessment eee ee eese eee eene nnn 39 yBMMEGIVOQIUAZEEEEDEEREEDEELLITELDILTLLCTLCILLLLESLLCTETLEME n 39 7 2 Capital expenditures CapEX eese esee eeeeee nennen nennen nnne netur 39 7 3 Operational expenditures OPEX eeeeeeeeeeeeee eene nennen nennen 40 V NEM UT cDuWrlsiuBiddbe EU 40 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 5 60 7 5 Payback Period o csccieicdsvsisecssecstedd eves secsonsteies custetsssvescecdavessuseanstedsescstenceseaddeceavasaede 41 7 6 Discount rate oss ced cescecsscceds coisecivsssteccogeavecesessssedscoisecdesseteveseeavecesesssseeseseseseeess 41 7 7 The levelised cost of energ
28. ationship Development Main frame amp Second Frame Access system and platform Machine housing Total load carrying structure PTO Generator Power electronics Control amp safety system Total power take off system Mooring system Pre assembly and transport Installation on site S calculated based on the weight of materials selected s s s SE SE 53 E SE s s s User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 32 60 3 5 Electrical connection S Contingencies same value as reference machine O amp M costs per year Scaled by Total el production scaled machine Total el production reference Others machine Site lease and insurance It should be noted that a reduction on the rated power of the generator diminishes the electricity production as well as the costs of the generator and of the PTO 5 1 Locations for scaled machine If the WEC s performance is inserted as a power matrix all locations included in the scatter diagram s database can be selected If the WEC s performance is inserted as standard sea states the locations the user can select among are limited This is to avoid large errors in the calculations If the selected location in reference machine is DK Paludan Flak Sams gt the location of the scaled machine can only be DK Paludan Flak Sams If the selected location in reference machine is UK EMEC gt the location of the scaled machine can
29. ction that the WEC can produce in each sea state If power known as standard sea states is selected the default value is Generator rated power default value Max absorbed power in kW PTO efficiency If power known as power matrix is selected the generator rated power is taken into account in the calculation of power matrix C based on matrix F The default value depends on whether this power matrix refers to absorbed power or electrical power If power matrix refers to absorbed power Generator rated power default value 2 Max matrix B in KW PTO efficiency If power matrix refers to electrical power Generator rated power default value 2 Max matrix B in kW Generator efficiency User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 18 60 Note that when the generator is overrated compared to the available resource the resulting average capacity factor will be low 3 3 6 Annual electricity production Annual WEC production is calculated based on the WEC performance at the selected location as well as on the WEC s availability own electricity consumption and extra production WEC availability Availability takes into account the scheduled and the unforeseen maintenance Default value for availability is 100 which means that all maintenance is carried out in periods where the WEC is out of operation due to very mild wave conditions Availability affects the annual power production linearly Own W
30. e dragon in Nissum Bredning Aalborg University Technical Report HMRC 2003 Ocean Energy Development and Evaluation Protocol Part 1 Wave Power Cork Ireland HMRC Hydraulic Maritime Research Centre Holmes B 2010 EquiMar Engineering and Technical Overview EquiMar workshop Bilbao Available Online www chrissmithonline co uk files engineering overview pdf Accessed January 10th 2013 Humboldt Bay 2014 Online en openei org community files lcoe reference resource xlsx Accessed January 29th 2014 IEC TS 2011 Marine energy Wave tidal and other water current converters Partl Terminology International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Specification IEC TS 62600 1 Ingram D Smith G Bittencourt Ferreira C and Smith H 2011 Protocols for the Equitable Assessment of Marine Energy Converters The University of Edinburgh on behalf of the EquiMar consortium Kofoed J P 2009 Ressourceopgerelse for b lgekraft i Danmark Report No 59 for the Clima Commission Kofoed J P and Frigaard P 2009 The Development of wave energy devices the Danish case The Journal of Ocean Technology Maritime and Port Security Vol 4 2 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 49 60 La Bonte A O Connor P Fitzpatrick C Hallett K and Li Y 2013 Standardized cost and performance reporting for marine and hydrokinetic technologies Proceedings of the 1st
31. e defined by the California Energy Commission Commission Guidebook 2014 Hligible technologies listed here includes ocean wave ocean thermal and tidal current The SB32 FIT program featuring the renewable market adjusting tariff ReMAT became effective July 24 2013 This allows the FIT price to adjust in real time based on market conditions RAM 2014 FIT 2014 A constant FIT is assumed along the project lifetime The FIT is used to calculate the annual revenue NPV and payback period of the WEC at the selected location 7 5 Payback period It refers to the period in time in years required for the return of the investment It should be noted that this parameter does not take into account the time value of money therefore the cash flows are not discounted The displayed output value depends on the project lifetime n o If payback period lt project lifetime gt Output payback period in years o If payback period gt project lifetime gt Output Greater than project lifetime o If payback period gt 20 years amp project lifetime gt 20 years gt Output Greater than 20 years 7 6 Discount rate The discount rate is represented by r The tool has two default discount rates 0 and 4 By using a 0 discount rate the variation of money value in time is not taken into account Denmark recommends using a 4 discount rate for this kind of projects A third discount rate can be entered by the user A co
32. ented by a pop up table in which the user can introduce the PTO efficiency versus Hmo provided absorbed power has been selected This number will directly affect the annual electricity production Include further interesting deployment locations scatter diagrams and standard sea states Establish a methodology to evaluate the uncertainties in input values costs and output results There are many uncertainties in the data handled by the COE Calculation Tool i e in the input data electricity production and in prices and therefore also in the output results The uncertainties in input data correspond to the uncertainties in the power production both from the power matrix or the performance in the standard sea states and in the scatter diagrams as well as on the design i e amount of material Then some errors are added when recalculating the power matrix to fit the chosen wave climate Finally there are also uncertainties in the costs of the different components Currently an overall uncertainty value is provided in the output table of the COE Calculation Tool However it would be beneficial to the users that there were an evaluation of the uncertainty for each parameter provided in the tool User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 47 60 9 Case studies Several case studies showing how to use the tool have been created These are available upon request Please email the corresponding author
33. ersion 1 6 30 60 5 Scaled machine The spreadsheet allows for upscaling or downscaling the reference machine to a new scaled machine This feature allows for evaluating the production of the WEC in different locations while scaling the WEC to the selected location Some of these locations might have lower average energy content than the reference location while others might have larger average energy content The user must introduce a scale factor i e scale of wave capturing mechanism This parameter indicates the relationship between the main active dimension of the reference machine and the main active dimension of the new scaled machine Note that a scale above one indicates that the scaled machine is bigger than the reference machine A scale below one indicates the scaled machine is smaller than the reference machine WEC dimensions equipment production and costs are upscaled or downscaled according to the scale introduced The scaling is done according to Froude law Up scaling of Measured Parameters from Model in Scale S S 100 in Example to Full Scale Kofoed et al 2009 Parameter Model Full scale Example 1 100 Length 1 S 100 Area 1 S 10000 Volume amp Weight 1 S 1000000 Time 1 Sus 10 Velocity 1 s 10 Force 1 S 1000000 Power 1 S 10000000 According to the table the significant wave height linearly scales the wave period scales by the square root of the scale and the power scales by the scale to the
34. es i e iie ene eia host eR Suppe O OOO CE NER eR EE RERO 57 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 6 60 Abbreviations BIMEP CAPEX COE DKK EC EMEC EUR FIT GPB HMRC TEC LCOE NPV O amp M OES OPEX PTO R amp D TRL USD WEC Biscay Marine Energy Platform Capital Expenditures Cost of Energy Danish krone European Commission European Marine Energy Centre Euro Feed in Tariff Great Britain Pound Hydraulic Maritime Research Institute International Electrotechnical Commission Levelised Cost of Energy Net Present Value Operation and Maintenance Ocean Energy Systems Operational Expenditures Power Take Off Research and Development Technology Readiness Level US Dollar Wave Energy Converter User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 7 60 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 8 60 1 Introduction Consulting Engineer Julia F Chozas contact person at coe juliafchozas com together with Aalborg University and Energinet dk have released a freely available online spreadsheet to evaluate the Levelised Cost of Energy LCOE for wave energy projects The open access tool calculates the LCOE based on the power production of a Wave Energy Converter WEC at a particular location Production data may derive from laboratory testing numerical modelling or from sea trials The scope of the COE Calculation Tool is to estimate the performance costs a
35. et area with water depths between 3 to 5 meters Frigaard et al 2004 Horns Rev also located in western Denmark at 10 meter water depths is the site of a 180 MW offshore wind farm Soerensen et al 2005 Hanstholm hosts the established Danish Wave Energy Centre DanWEC Margheritini 2012 it faces the Danish North Sea and comprises intermediate to deep waters Lastly there are two reference locations in the Danish North Sea Point 2 and Point 3 located 100 and 150 km offshore respectively Ramboll 1999 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 24 60 DINE ESMOND DanWEC DK Nissum Bredning DK Horns Rev gDk North Sea Point 3 i DK North Sea Point 2 6 87 km Image Landsat l I I J 47 SIO NOAA U S Navy NGAwGEBCO Google earth Galway Bay and Belmullet are two reference locations in the Irish Wave Energy Programme HMRC 2003 Galway Bay is an inlet sea water depths of 22 m generally conceived as a test area for small scale prototypes Nielsen et al 2010 and Belmullet represents a location with high wave potential 50 to 100 m water depths for full scale testing or commercial operation of WECs AMETS 2014 JUK EMEC OEM Belmullet ireland Galway Bay JUK Wave Hub image Landsat DEEJSIONONAWSNEW NE 3100 Google earth User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 25 60 EMEC is the European Maritime Energy Centre established on the Orkney Is
36. iate Documents of this kind may be incomplete or temporary versions of papers or part of continuing work This should be kept in mind when references are given to publications of this kind Contract Reports are produced to report scientific work carried out under contract Publications of this kind contain confidential matter and are reserved for the sponsors and the DCE Therefore Contract Reports are generally not available for public circulation Lecture Notes contain material produced by the lecturers at the DCE for educational purposes This may be scientific notes lecture books example problems or manuals for laboratory work or computer programs developed at the DCE Theses are monograms or collections of papers published to report the scientific work carried out at the DCE to obtain a degree as either PhD or Doctor of Technology The thesis is publicly available after the defence of the degree Latest News is published to enable rapid communication of information about scientific work carried out at the DCE This includes the status of research projects developments in the laboratories information about collaborative work and recent research results Published 2013 by Aalborg University Department of Civil Engineering Sohngaardsholmsvej 57 DK 9000 Aalborg Denmark Printed in Aalborg at Aalborg University ISSN 1901 726X DCE Technical Report No 161 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 4 60
37. io 7 of the WEC based on the average values of Toz The fact that the average capture width ratio is non dimensional presents the advantage that the same value can be used for different scales of the WEC which only affects the corresponding wave parameters Pecher 2012 The capture width ratio 7 has been calculated as the weighted average of the capture width ratio or non dimensional performance of all the cells with the same To against the contribution of each cell gt gt 27 Prob P wave i 1 5 X Prob P wave i There are some sea states where the dark blue bars overlap and are higher than the light blue bars Annual electricity production Power matrix lil linia yw S ww gt gt a gt gt E SPP P 2000 1800 4 Wave height Hm0 m Annual electricity production Power matrix r 12096 10096 r 8096 6096 MWh y 8 4096 j 2096 9 58 NY CY 4 Wave period TO2 s Average capture width ratio E Incident energy along main active dimension MWh y W Electricity production MWh y Incident energy MWh y mum El production MWh y Average capture width ratio 96 This means that the WEC has an average absorption efficiency capture width ratio or non dimensional performance
38. lands The scatter diagram corresponds to 50 m water depths Nielsen et al 2010 There are some discrepancies with the data from EMEC if the reader would like to learn more about it please contact the main author of the User Guide Data of EMEC is complemented by data from the Pentland Firth QWave buoy Data for Wave Hub has been downloaded from the SOWFIA database It corresponds to wave buoy data measured in the period 2012 02 10 15 00 00 2013 04 11 15 00 00 In France SEM REV is being established as test site for WECs SEM REV 2014 Yeu Island is located south of the SEM REV Wave data for the site corresponds to measurements from a wave buoy that can be freely downloaded from the CANDHIS database CANDHIS 2014 Babarit et al 2006 carried out a study on the wave and wind conditions at Yeu Island France SEM REV France Yeu Island Google earth c User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 26 60 The Pilot Zone in Portugal has been set up as a test site for WECs water depths between 30 and 90 m and the offshore location represents a more energetic wave site Nielsen et al 2010 BIMEP test site is located in the Cantabrian Sea north of Spain Data has been obtained from Nielsen et al 2010 Spain BIMEP Portugal Pilot Zone lt Portugal Offshore Lisbon Google earth Lo i mSpain gg LOCAN d User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 2
39. nd economic feasibility of the demonstrations machines that are currently being developed The tool has been developed as a transparent and simple model that evaluates the WEC s economic feasibility in a range of locations while scaling the WEC s features to the selected Site The aims of the COE calculation spreadsheet are as follows Ensure consistent and transparent calculation methods Provide a framework for performing COE analyses Provide a tool for simple scaling of a machine according to different wave climates The COE Calculation Tool has the following characteristics Itis an open access economic calculation tool It uses broadly known software Excel Tt includes default values for efficiencies and prices It is simple and transparent it promotes the understanding of calculation steps and results It focuses on power production values instead of on installed capacity It evaluates the COE in a range of locations It encounters the unique feature of scaling the WEC It focuses on input values rather on the outputs it is conceived as an exercise for WEC developers It is complemented by a user guide the present document and a quick start user guide where assumptions input and output values are detailed The user of the COE Tool must note that he needs to hand in documentation that proves all input values for the tool whenever using the COE Tool User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WE
40. nd maximum operative wave conditions WEC rated power conversion system efficiency power production and prices must be based on the same reference machine Basically the reference machine is the machine about which the user has knowledge 3 1 Power known as Power production of the reference machine can be inserted in the form of a power matrix or by providing the performance of the WEC in several standard sea states z I Power known as Power matrix Standard sea states Power matrix 3 1 1 Power matrix If power matrix is selected the user must fill in the cells of Matrix B coloured in green the intervals of Hmo and Toz in which the power matrix is defined as well as the power production in kW for each sea state 69 Power matrix 70 kW Tz s 0 0 10 20 71 B Hs m 1 0 20 3 0 72 from 1o 05 15 25 73 0 00 050 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 050 150 1 00 160 0 250 0 360 0 75 150 250 2 00 360 0 420 0 540 0 76 2 507 3 50 300 640 0 700 0 840 0 7 3 50 4 50 400 11700 1260 0 1330 0 78 4 50 5 50 5 00 1450 0 1610 0 Note the power matrix is defined in terms of Hmo and Top It is recommended to enter a detailed power matrix i e the more detailed the intervals the better The lower and upper limits of the power matrix have to be consistent with the minimum and maximum operating conditions of the WEC The power matrix might include the WEC s own electricity consumption and extra production if any
41. no other values are entered Used values Thus the green colour cells overwrite the values in the yellow cells The spreadsheet is based on a reference machine and gives the opportunity to calculate the scaled equipment and the costs associated to the reference and the scaled machines The reference machine can be freely set The values used in the calculations are shown under used Home Insert Page Layout Formulas Data Revew view Developer Y1 fx 5 3 Adjust power matrix to selected wave climate x 5 t 5 E F H 1 J K T M N 8 L2 a R 5 T u Y w x Calculation spreadsheet version 1 4 a d ET DK JULIA F CHOZAS enaermner ae cnn rmm ENERGINEY CONSULTING ENGINEER Reference machine 1 Name of project Annual Electricity Production Power Matrix Contact person KT E Ada Fams ozas a m agi 5 Power kroan as l cda owane info iuliafchazas com 5 Power manx refers la 3 SB 1 t S t vet pratucten Po pru LJ 3 Capacity factor 34 p n Arria electricity production 307 MWh Update and s PFF Show graphs SLIEPE Average electricity production 344kw Wave Height Hmo m Average w re df x v werage wave lo wire efficiency 35 cae uu n D x Currency EUR Development stage Phase 44 TRL 4 5to 15 uncertainty ec 5 FIT OK wh m 1 nt Meis cat EE H A Total CAPEX 588 MI Yearly OPE 47701 T i m7
42. nstant discount rate is assumed along the project lifetime This parameter is used to calculate the LCOE and NPV Ingram et al 2011 note that the typical discount rate values suggested for marine energy in the UK are between 8 and 15 with a higher rate applied to less developed technologies in order to represent the greater uncertainty associated with both design and cost estimation The SI Ocean project uses a discount rate of 12 in its evaluation of the cost of energy and cost reduction opportunities for arrays SI Ocean 2013a User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 41 60 7 7 The levelised cost of energy of WECs The COE shows the cost of each unit of energy produced by a WEC throughout its lifetime Its value depends on the capital expenditures CapEx the operational expenditures OpEx the energy production and the lifetime of the WEC at a certain location The COE is used to assess the WEC s economic feasibility throughout the various development stages It is defined as follows where the WEC s lifetime in years is indicated by n CapEx Yt 4 OpEx COE t 4WEC Production Often the COE is calculated as a levelised cost of energy LCOE The difference between COE and the LCOE is that the latter takes into account the variation in time of the money value which is represented by the discount rate 7 CapEx Y dert n WEC Production LCOE The LCOE
43. nt discount rate and FIT along the project lifetime are assumed 7 9 Capacity factor The capacity factor is calculated by the following formula 1000 Yearly Production MWh y Cf C ity Fact COZ P EADE PEC Rated power generator kW 24 365 25 h y 7 10 Average electricity production The average electricity production is calculated by the following formula Annual Energy Production AS Average Electricity Production 24 365 25 h y 7 11 Average wave to wire efficiency The average wave to wire efficiency is calculated by the following formula User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 44 60 Average Wave to wire ef f 1000 Yearly Production MWh y Mean Pwave kW m Main dimension m 24 365 25 h y 7 12 Graphs annual electricity production and available potential The COE Calculation Tool provides one or two graphs depending on whether standard sea states or power matrix is selected that show the annual electricity production of a WEC at the selected location and the available incoming power to the WEC in terms of Hmo and Toz To display the correct graph press the button 3000 2500 Update and Show graphs Annual Electricity Production Power Matrix 2000 B Incident energy along 1500 main active dimension Mwh y MWh y 1000 500 W Electricity production
44. oject User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 21 60 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 22 60 4 Locations Depending on whether the WEC s performance is included as a power matrix or as standard sea States the user can select among a list of locations defined by a scatter diagram or by sea states respectively A scatter diagram is a matrix that provides an approximate value of the long term wave climate of a location It is defined in terms of Hyo and To all scatter diagrams in the tool have the same resolution 19 different wave heights and 17 wave periods Each bin of the matrix indicates the hours per year that a particular sea state occurs Each sea state is defined by one Hyo and one To The standard sea states are another representation of the wave climate of a site Each sea state is defined by Hmo To the probability of occurrence of each sea state in hours per year and the energy content of each sea sate in kW m of incoming wave 4 1 Scatter diagrams The scatter diagrams are used when the WEC s performance is provided by a power matrix The following locations are available in the scatter diagrams database Water Lo cati n Mean Pav depth Distance Coordinates of the N to shore wave buoy range 1 DK Nissum Bredning 0 2 kW m 3to5m 0 2 km 55 28 909 N 2 DK Horns Rev HR I 6 kW m 10m 14 km 07 79 974 E 3 DK Hanstholm DanWEC 7 kW m 17m 1 3km AGA 2 4
45. ool for WECs Version 1 6 28 60 4 20 Standard sea states The sea states are used when the WEC s performance is known in 5 or 6 sea states The following locations are available in the sea states database Water A Location Mean Prave depth Distance Coordinates of the N to shore wave buoy range 1 DK North Sea Point 3 16 kW m 39m 150 km 2 DK North Sea Point 2 12 kW m 31m 100 km 3 DK Hanstholm DanWEC 7 kW m 17m 1 3km x a Aj 55 28 909 N 4 DK Horns Rev HR I 6 kW m 10m 14km 07 79 974 E 5 UK EMEC 21 kW m 12 50 m 1 2 km 6 User defined sea state UKE EMEC Dk North Sea Point 3 DK Hanstholm DanWEC DK Nissum Bredning DK Horns Rev DK North Sea Point 2 Gooql a The user can enter his own sea states by choosing the option user defined sea states In the sheet named Sea states the user must fill in the new sea states by including Mean wave power of each sea state Hours per year of occurrence of each sea state Ho that defines each sea state To that defines each sea state There can be up to six sea states The more sea states used the more accurately the WEC s performance can be estimated Pecher 2012 proposes a way to define sea states for different locations The calculation is based on a collection of bins having a maximum range of Hmo and Te User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 29 60 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs V
46. ower Electrical power i Pabs Pprod same as matrix B 0 577 Hino To Main Dimension Power production same as in power matrix B Matrix F Pab AS ANN OMAP 0 577 Hm02 T02 Main Active Dimension If the power matrix refers to electrical power the absorbed power is calculated by dividing the electrical power by the efficiency of the PTO multiplied by the eff of the generator Power production as in power matrix B eff PTO eff Gen Matrix F Pab So GIFT CER 0 577 Hm02 T02 x Main Active Dimension User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 54 60 where Hmo and To are the average values of each cell Adjust power matrix to selected wave climate from matrix F to matrix C To calculate WEC s annual electricity production the scatter diagram defined in terms of Hmo and Ty is multiplied by the power matrix also defined in terms of Hmo and Ty Due to computational requirements both matrices need to have the same resolution and be defined for the same intervals of Hmo and Toz The resolution of both matrices is the same 19 rows for Hmo and 17 columns for Ty but the intervals might not be the same In order to match the intervals each of the bins of the power matrix is recalculated according to the intervals of the scatter diagram The recalculation is done according to an interpolation i e a weighted average calculation between the closest upper bin values and the closest l
47. ower bin values Recalculation of power matrix Ts Original Ti I 12 I T3 I T4 Ts adjusted Hs Original Hs adjusted Matrix C delivers a power matrix defined for the same intervals as the chosen wave climate Matrix C inserts an upper and lower limit for each cell each sea state based on the minimum and maximum operating conditions defined for the WEC To avoid that the power changes its intervals while being recalculated the user shall enter the power matrix exactly in the same intervals of Hmo and To in which the chosen wave climate is defined Calculate annual electricity production Annual electricity production is calculated by multiplying the recalculated power matrix matrix C by the scatter diagram of the selected location matrix E This step is done in matrix D User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 55 60 Scaling power matrix 66499 Matrices corresponding to the scaled machine have their name followed by s The user shall include a scale for the scaled machine This number is used to upscale or downscale matrix Fs based on the values of matrix F Since matrix F and matrix Fs show WEC s non dimensional performance the cells of matrix Fs and F are the same Only the axis i e intervals of Hmo and To in which they are defined change User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 56 60 Annex B Standard sea states STANDARDISED SEA STATES DESCRIBING ENERGY IN THE DA
48. power of 3 5 Default scaled values are calculated from the reference machine but new values can be entered in the green cells Ultimately the scaled machine allows for optimizing a machine for a selected wave climate while evaluating the economic feasibility of the project Note that the scaled machine is always based on the reference machine Note also that Expenses scaled by volume Reducing the installed power reduces the production and the cost of PTO and generator User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 31 60 All measurements and performance values are scaled according to Froude scaling law and the following calculations apply Parameter Scale relationship Scale of wave capturing mechanism Main active dimension Secondary dimension length width Total dry weight Mooring weight Minimum operative Hino Minimum operative To Maximum operative Hino Maximum operative To PTO average efficiency Generator average efficiency Generator rated power WEC s own consumption annual WEC s extra electricity production annual WEC availability S S S s s S same value as reference machine S same value as reference machine same value as reference machine same value as reference machine S SE E same value as reference machine Costs CapEx and OpEx are scaled according to Froude scaling law and the following calculations apply Parameter Scale rel
49. r per metre of the incident wave field The user must indicate the main active dimension in meters of the reference machine For the different conversion mechanisms this dimension corresponds to Overtopping WEC width of the ramp Point absorber heaving WEC floater diameter o Fora multipoint absorber floater diameter number of floaters Attenuator i e Pelamis type length of the WEC OWC oscillating water column chamber width Flap WEC i e Oyster type width of the flap The secondary dimension corresponds to the other dimension of the WEC in the same plane i e length or width In the reference machine this is only an informative parameter It is only used in the calculations for the scaled machine 3 3 3 Minimum and maximum operating values The user must indicate minimum and maximum operating wave conditions for the WEC defined in terms of Hmo and Ty Minimum operative Hmo and Toz indicate the sea state where the WEC starts operation Maximum operative Hmo and To indicate the sea state where the WEC interrupts operation Below and above these two limits respectively power production is null These limits are only taken into account if power production is given as a power matrix The power matrix must be defined within these operating limits Default values for minimum and maximum Hmo and Toz are the inferior and superior limits of the power matrix entered by the user respectively User guide The COE C
50. rocess TRL 5 6 ja m SE SN ARRAYS PHASE 5 Demonstration TRL 9 POWER PRODUCTION PHASE 4 Overview of the five phase WEC development protocol and TRLs supported by the Equimar project Lambda A indicates the scale of the WEC model or WEC prototype O amp M stands for Operation and Maintenance The WEC s illustrated are clock wise direction starting from Stage 1 Wave Dragon at HMRC Ireland OE Buoy at Galway Bay Ireland Wavebob also at Galway Bay Archimedes Wave Swing at Agu adoura Portugal and Pelamis also at Agu adoura Holmes 2010 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 36 60 6 2 1 5 development phases The 5 development phases of a WEC have been agreed by the EquiMar consortium Ingram et al 2011 and long time before by the Danish Wave Energy programme Kofoed et al 2009 These are the following Phase 1 Model Validation Lab testing Phase 2 Model Design Lab testing Phase 3 Initial sea trials Sea trials at a reduced prototype scale Phase 4 Prototype Validation Medium or full scale prototype sea trials Phase 5 Prototype Demonstration Full scale or arrays sea trials The first two phases correspond to laboratory testing and the third to the fifth correspond to sea trials at a reduced prototype scale at medium or full scale and at full scale respectively The user must select the development phase of
51. stallation on site o Electrical connection o Others In Denmark Energinet dk covers the grid connection costs Decommissioning costs are not taken into account in the calculations 7 3 Operational expenditures OpEx A WEC s operational expenditures OpEx represent the annual Operation and Maintenance O amp M costs of the WEC as a cost per unit of energy produced i e EUR MWh OpEx include the following costs o Operation and Maintenance o Site lease and insurance o Others Whereas CapEx are mostly incurred at the beginning of a project OpEx are distributed throughout the project lifetime 7 4 Feed in tariff FIT The following FITs are set up as default values in the tool The user can also enter a value Country FIT Denmark 80 EUR MWh Ireland 220 EUR MWh France 150 EUR MWh Portugal 260 EUR MWh Spain 86 EUR MWh UK 367 EUR MWh USA 100 EUR MWh User 600 EUR MWh OC The Danish Partnership for Wave Energy in Denmark has proposed a FIT of 4 5 DKK kWh about 600 EUR MWh for an annual production of 7000 MWh y during a ten year period 2015 to User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 40 60 2025 to support the production of the first demonstration wave energy developments Nielsen et al 2012 UK FIT is set to 305 GBP until 2019 California has a renewable energy FIT for projects with capacity up to 3 MW Renewable energy projects that are eligible ar
52. te steel and ballast Two of these four materials can be included in the cost assessment under the categories main frame and secondary frame Default values are provided for each material Material Costs in EUR ton Nielsen 2003 Meyer et al 2002 Material Unit cost EUR ton Concrete 200 Ballast concrete 70 Steel 3400 Glass fibre 9500 3 4 2 Default values on prices The worksheet also includes default values on prices for the total PTO system mooring electrical connection and installation as well as for O amp M site lease and insurance costs Default values are shown in the yellow cells When a value is inserted in a green colour cell it overwrites the default value of the yellow cell Default values are independent of the location It is however recommended that these default values are only used on projects at a very early development stage Above a certain development stage the user must put in his costs The yellow cells on the left hand side of the costs table show the calculated default values which are based on reference machine input data as well as on the standard values indicated below also shown on the right hand side of the costs table Other Costs Total power take off system including PTO generator power electronics control amp safety system and others TU EUIS The 5000 EUR KW derives from the costs of Mutriku OWC Oscillating Water Column pilot plant Rated at 296 k
53. the reference machine 6 2 2 9 TRLs NASA s Technology Readiness Levels TRL were used in aviation space and defence to manage the development of high risk novel and complex technologies NASA 2013 Quite recently this development schedule has been re introduced to assess the development stage of a WEC Fitzgerald et al 2012 West Wave 2014 By definition a TRL indicates the commercial ability of a technology There are nine TRLs e TRLI Concept configuration description e TRL2 Professional desk studies e TRL3 Small scale laboratory verification and professional desk studies e TRL4 Large scale laboratory verification and professional desk studies e TRLS5 Sub assembly testing scaled benign site deployments e TRLG6 Full systems testing at benign test site 1 4 or larger e TRL7 Operations in the full scale environment Experimental prototype machine s 0 5 1IMW e TRLS8 First of type demonstration and performance verification certification 1 MW e TRL Initial series type machines deployed in an array 5 10 MW Completion of type certification activities User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 37 60 User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 38 60 7 Output of the COE Tool an economic assessment The output of the COE Calculation Tool is an economic evaluation of the reference and the scaled machines at the selected wave climates which includes Capacity factor
54. urbines other renewables and conventional technologies O Flynn 2013 The Danish Partnership for Wave Energy in Denmark carried out a comprehensive study on current and project the LCOE of wave energy projects Among their results they have proposed a FIT of 4 5 DKK kWh about 600 EUR MWh for an annual production of 7000 MWh y during a ten year period 2015 to 2025 to support the production of the first demonstration wave energy developments Nielsen et al 2012 The projected LCOE of wave energy up to 2050 in accordance to the Danish wave energy roadmap is as follows 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Test and demonstration Forsk VE model MT Demoi structures q Demo parks lt Large is rks Invitation to tender offshore energy parks User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 43 60 TABLE 1 TABLE STRATEGIC TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE POWER IN DENMARK Year Demonstration Production Limit per Year Tariff FIT Capacity MW MWh y EUR MWh 2015 2025 2 5 7 000 600 2020 2030 10 20 30 000 400 2025 2035 30 60 100 000 200 2030 500 1 000 1 500 000 120 7 8 Net Present Value The NPV is calculated with the following formula prd Cash Flows _ ET Annual revenue OpEx i 1 4 r f a 1 r disel o Production FIT OpEx CapEx gt ooo Oo 1 4 r f Where n is the WEC s lifetime in years A consta
55. ust power 4 Calculate matrix to selected electricity wave climate production Matrix Cs Matrix Ds Recalculated power electricity production of Scaled machine User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 53 60 Matrix F and matrix B are defined in the same intervals of Hmo and Ty i e intervals that the user has chosen to define WEC s power matrix matrix B Matrix E matrix D and matrix C are defined in the same intervals of Hmo and To i e intervals of the chosen wave climate by the user where the COE is calculated Defining matrices intervals For a given average value of Hmo or Toz the following formulas are used to calculate the interval range i e upper and lower value which defines that average value F T Average Hs m e if b a a a b a 2 2a k k e a p f M f e h g h i C g i if b c f b c b 2 2b f Power matrix matrix B converted to absorbed power matrix F Matrix F shows the non dimensional performance of the WEC i e percentage of absorbed power with respect to incoming wave power f Power production of each bin power matrix Matrix F SJ TTNNNWW__ Energy content in each bin The calculation to go from matrix B to matrix F depends on whether the power matrix has been defined as absorbed power or as electrical power If the power matrix refers to absorbed power Power matrix refers to Harvested power Harvested p
56. y Converters Aalborg PhD Thesis DCE Thesis no 38 Aalborg University Previsic M 2013 Cost reduction pathways for wave energy OES Annual Report 2012 Previsic M 2014 Reference Model 1 Cost Breakdown Structure for Tidal Current Device Available Online www re vision net documents ReferenceModel1 CBS V2 MP_10 26 12 xlsx Accessed January 29th 2014 RAM 2014 Online www dsireusa org incentives incentive cfm Incentive_Code CA244F amp re 1 amp ee 1 Accessed January 29th 2014 Ramboll 1999 Kortl gning af Belgeenergiforhold i den Danske del af Nords en Ramboll Danish Hydraulic Institute Danish Meteorological Institute Re vision 2014 Online www re vision net projects shtml Accessed January 29th 2014 SEM REV 2014 Online www semrev fr en en presentation Accessed January 29th 2014 SI Ocean 2013a Cost of Energy and Cost Reduction Opportunities SI Ocean Project SI Ocean 2013b SI Ocean Consultation Report 27 February 2013 London SI Ocean Project User guide The COE Calculation Tool for WECs Version 1 6 50 60 Soerensen H C Nielsen K Steenstrup P Friis Madsen E and Wigant L 2005 Bolgekraftanlseg ved Horns Rev Screening Wave energy deployment at Horns Rev Wind Farm Copenhagen PSO project 2004 5705 SOWFIA 2014 Online www sowfia hidromod com PivotMapViewer Accessed January 29th 2014 Torre Enciso Y Marqu s
57. y of WECS eeeoe oe oe oe oe aaa nana eene enne nennen nnn nnne 42 7 7 1 LCOE of different technologies sss enne nnns 42 7 8 Net Present Value eeeecieeeeee ioter access sdauceceed oai diwy 44 TD Capacity factory ES 44 7 10 Average electricity production cscsccscccccssscssececssececccccecccecesecececececesesesees 44 7 11 Average wave to wire efficiency eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eene nennen ennt nna 44 7 12 Graphs annual electricity production and available potential 45 8 Future work and improvements on the COE Tool eeeeeeeeeeees 47 9 MOUSE SMUGI SGGW a a eae ae d Rb aed EE 48 JE TROP CT ENCES aet oL RR i SRSMIE ER Kos 49 Annex A Calculation steps for power matrix eee e eese eene enne nne 53 Defining matrices intervals ueeeeeeeeeeeee esses eene enne nennen nnne nnns nnns aaa aa asas asas asas anas 54 Power matrix matrix B converted to absorbed power matrix F 54 Adjust power matrix to selected wave climate from matrix F to matrix C 55 Calculate annual electricity production eeeeeeee eese eese eene eene einen nennen 55 Scaling power matrix eeeeeeeeeeeee eese eene eene nnn rost nennen ttn nnns sees sese tn oz waza sais an aa oo tnnn nent 56 Annex B Standard sea stat
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