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A User's Guide to EnergyPLAN

1. _ E aja File Edit Help Ga cS Calculation Time 00 00 00 Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Output Settings ElectricityDemand DistrictHeating RenewableEneray Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport Waste Electricity Demand and Fixed Import Export Electricity demand 2359 Twh year Change distibution iteland_demand_hour_2007 twt Electric heating IF included a TWh year Subtract electric heating using distribution from individual window Import Electric cooling IF included TwWh year Subtract electric cooling using distribution from cooling window Pee al d Sum Demand excl elec heating 2359 TWh year variable Electric heating individual 4 03 TWh year Electric cooling cooling 000 TWh year Flexible demand 1 day 0 TWhivesr Max effect 1000 MW Flexible demand 1 week fo Twh year Mawetfect 100 mw mendoi A TWh year Maxetiect 000 MW Fixed Import Export jos Twh year Change distribution jrelanc_import_minus txt Total electricity demand 28 42 TWh year energyplan_ x is not a valid Floating point value energyplan_ f Figure 24 Error that occurs with the wrong number of data points in a distribution University of Limerick Common Error Screens Lae D A ONN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 6 2 Distribution File Location If the distribution file that you have used is not located in the Distributions folder that you downloade
2. European Communities 2006 http re jrc ec europa eu pvgis Yearly sum of global irradiation incident on optimally inclined south oriented Global irradiation kWh m photovoltaic modules lt 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 gt O DS Yearly sum of solar electricity generated by 1 kWp system with optimally inclined lt 450 600 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 gt modules and performance ratio 0 75 Solar electricity k Figure 7 Yearly global irradiation data in Europe 25 Table 3 3 Global solar radiation in Denmark and Ireland for 2007 26 27 Country Number of Stations That Provided Data Average Annual Global Solar Radiation kWh m Denmark 4 976 Ireland 7 989 Tidal Tidal power is developing rapidly at present It is very similar to most renewable energy as it must be used at the time of generation However the unique characteristic of tidal power is the fact that it can be predicted in on a minute resolution at least three years in advance if not more In order to simulate tidal power sourced two studies completed in Ireland one by SEAI the Irish Energy Authority titled Tidal and Current Energy Resources in Ireland 28 and one by the Department of Communications Energy and Natural Resources called the All Island Grid Study Renewable Energy Resource Assessment Workstream 1 29 The first study 28 identified viable tidal energy resource available in Ireland from tidal power 0 92 TWh
3. D m 8 Appendix Ireland s Energy Balance 2007 8 1 2007 Units TWh Indigenous Production Imports Exports Mar Bunkers Stock Change Primary Energy Supply ind non energy Primary Energ quirement excl non energ Transformation Input PublicThermal Power Plants Combined Heat and Power Plants Pumped Storage Consumption Briquetting Plants Oil Refineries amp other energy sector Transformation Output PublicThermal Power Plants Combined Heat and Power Plants Electricity Combined Heat and Power Plants Heat Pumped Storage Generation Briquetting Plants Oil Refineries Exchanges and transfers Electrici Heat Other Own Use and Distribution Losses Available Final Energy Consumption Non Energy Consumption Final non Energy Consumption Feedstocks Total Final Energy Consumption Non Energy Mining Food beverages and tobacco Textiles and textile products Wood and wood products Pulp paper publishing and printing Chemicals amp man made fibres Rubber and plastic products Other non metallic mineral products Basic metals and fabricated metal products Machinery and equipment n e c Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment manufacture Other manufacturing Road Freight Road Private Car Public Passenger Services Rail Domestic Aviation International Aviation Fuel Tourism Unspecified Commercial Services Public Services tatistical Difference Industry sub sectoral break
4. 18 60 0 08 0 65 0 01 66 05 36 56 28 85 186 06 19 54 166 52 42 80 37 64 13 April 2010 13 40 Figure 27 Sample of the WARNING for excess electricity production on the results printout of EnergyPLAN Common Error Screens University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipycve vener lan lezen 7 Conclusions The EnergyPLAN model is extremely useful because it is simple to use However this simplicity creates a responsibility on the user to ensure that the data inputted is as accurate and relevant as possible The time required to build the reference model is cumbersome as there is a lot of false paths along the way However the wave of possibilities that present themselves upon completion of the reference model ensure that the time spent searching for data becomes a worthy experience Once the reference model is completed it is possible to build and analyse energy systems with endless quantities of renewable energy conventional plant energy storage and transport technologies in a relatively short period of time Finally the level of detail discussed in this report is not necessary for every study completed using EnergyPLAN especially in relation to the distributions used Therefore before spending a large period of time gathering data ensure that the data is required for the accuracy of the results University of Limerick Conclusions fe A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN O O N O San E T
5. A User s Guide to EnergyPLAN David Connolly University of Limerick david connolly ul ie www cpi ul ie 10 December 2010 Version 4 1 I would like to thank Prof Henrik Lund and Assistant Prof Brian Vad Mathiesen for all their help during my time at Aalborg University 6 UN ee L a T di O pe Enum Pp Print Double Sided A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipycye venler lan lezen Table of Contents Section Title Page Table OF CONTENTS ssi socecacectiineedesecetacnceanbicsecasisswuaienesesbcabasiedenebesiuecasavauaiuns aa 1 1 BEVUE CUCL OUR aoe ccc cn sce ices swe sccm nencecenaeessantacsee cen agens car weebe see coesacenacesecenseencceanecteneevenesecexeqnrccet 2 NOMOTA someceensenatans 2 2 Why EnereyPLAN sensseccticcece stoseeie snanaca ce nceses ahoece tee noeconscnocece te owseteeaccec NOI SESTE NO DINDU E EENS 3 3 Collecting the Required Dat aecccicaiccccucincsccscsiccsevenscdecsesicacevenncsecscnntesciericdcedeentheerevncaeesesreeeees 4 3 1 TS MCN Vek ea R GUE oe seereate yc aati EE casea raat acne aber atieawae cee EE A 6 3 1 1 PTI Ue TAD EA A ere aa eee O A pane E O O T E E scour 6 3 2 Economic Dala Requie Uescuernoesar onnen n EEN RTEA iiia 26 3 2 1 POOTI a A A T A E anaes 26 3 2 2 OPen T aaee E A E A E EE 28 3 2 3 Memen TID eria a A E E R EAE E 29 3 2 4 Additonal TaD rsrsrsrs nnn ETAS TA A 31 4 Areas of Difficulty sacccnnncccancteiecscacevecnsnaceswnecisecensansoweupadeteansnus
6. For the PHES parameters simply contacted the plant control rooms and they provided information of pump turbine and storage capacities However plant w Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN MA o efficiencies could not be revealed as it was commercially sensitive Therefore from the Energy Balance calculated the overall PHES efficiency using _ Eout NTH 3 IN where Eour was the total electricity produced from Turlough Hill in 2007 0 349 TWh and Ej is the total electricity consumed by Turlough Hill in 2007 0 546 TWh The resulting round trip efficiency nr was 63 9 Therefore inserted the a pump efficiency of 79 9 and a turbine efficiency of 79 9 so that the round trip efficiency was 0 799 0 799 0 639 Note that the same efficiency was used for the pump and turbine as this is typically the situation within a PHES facility 37 3 1 1 5 Cooling EE lcx File Edit Help E Al S Peeareneeeecsesseres Frontpage input Cost Regulation Output Settings ElectricityD emand DistrictHeating RenewableEnergy Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport Waste Cooling systems Electric airconditioning and District heating for cooling Distribution of cooling demand Change Hour_distr heat txt TWh year Electricity Heat COP Cooling Consumption Consumption Demand Electricity for cooling fo 2 Distric heating for colling D
7. Taxes DKK GJ ANO TEOD Taxes on electricity for energy conversion Industry fo fo fo fo fo Boilers at CHP and DH plants fo fo fo fo oO DKK MWh m systems j houses CHP units fo fo fo fo fo Electric heating fo Heat Pumps fo fo Compressed Air Energy Storage CAES Electrolysers fo fo CO2 content in th fuels fo fo fo fo fka GJ Fleeces fo fo CO2 Price included in marginal production prices fo DKK t C02 E ee Fuel price alternative Basic 3 2 1 1 Fuel and CO Costs The purchasing costs for each fuel were obtained for the year 2007 2010 2015 and 2020 which were recommended by the International Energy Agency 47 and the Danish Energy Authority 48 and are displayed in Table 3 4 Also if required the current market price for different fuels can be obtained from the links below e Crude Oil http www oil price net e Coal http www eia doe gov cneaf coal page coalnews coalmar html e Natural Gas http www bloomberg com markets commodities energyprices html ae Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipyveztenor vanlenplenle Table 3 4 Fuel prices used for 2007 2010 2015 and 2020 47 48 G J Crude Oil Crude Oil Fuel Gas Oil Petrol JP Coal Natural Biomass S bbl Oil Diesel Gas 2007 69 33 9 43 6 66 11 79 12 48 1 94 5 07 6 30 2010 2015 100 13 60 9 60 17 00 18 00 3 19 8 16 7 01 2020 110 14 96 10 56 18 70 19 80 3 11 9 16 7 45 Th
8. This chapter is divided into two primary sections 1 Technical Data 2 Economic Data The order is used as this is a typical modelling sequence that can be used when simulating an energy system Firstly a reference model is created to ensure that EnergyPLAN can simulate the energy system correctly The reference model does not require economic inputs as it is usually only the technical performance that is compared After creating the reference model using the technical inputs then the fuel investment and O amp M costs can be added to carry out a socio economic analysis of the energy system Therefore alternatives can now be created and compared in relation to their technical performance and annual operating costs Finally the external electricity market costs can be added so a market optimisation can be completed in EnergyPLAN this enables you to identify the optimum performance of the energy system from a business economic perspective rather than a technical perspective However typically the aim when creating future alternatives is to identify how the optimum business economic scenario can be altered to represent the optimum socio economic scenario i e by adjusting taxes as this is the most beneficial for society Finally before discussing the data that was collected it is important to be aware of the type of data that EnergyPLAN typical requires Usually the EnergyPLAN model requires two primary parameters 1 The total annual produ
9. 2008 Available from http www iea org Textbase publications free new Desc asp PUBS ID 1078 16 Sustainable Energy Ireland Energy Balance 2007 Sustainable Energy Ireland 2008 Available from http www seil ie Publications Statistics Publications 2007 Energy Balance 17 Meteotest METEONORM Available from http www meteonorm com pages en meteonorm php accessed 30th March 2009 18 ENTSO E We are the European TSOs Available from http www entsoe eu accessed 17th May 2010 19 ENTSO E Statistical Database Available from http www entsoe eu index php id 67 accessed 17th May 2010 20 Howley M O Gallachoir B Dennehy E Energy in Ireland 1990 2007 Sustainable Energy Ireland 2008 Available from http www sei ie Publications Statistics Publications EPSSU Publications 21 Sustainable Energy Ireland Wind Speed Mapping Available from http esb2 net weblink ie SEI MapPage asp accessed 23rd February 2009 22 Marine Institute Irish Marine Weather Buoy Network Available from http www marine ie home publicationsdata data buoys accessed 23rd February 2009 23 Vestas V90 3 0 MW Vestas 2007 Available from http www vestas com en wind power solutions wind turbines 3 0 mw aspx 24 Hannevig D Oriel Windfarm Limited Grid Connection Presentation EirGrid 2007 Available from http www eirgrid com media 7 200ffshore 20Wind 20 20Dan 20Hannevig 20 20Sure 20Engineering pdf 25 Euro
10. and the second study 29 created a power output curve for tidal devices as seen in Figure 8 Using these two inputs it was possible to simulate tidal energy in EnergyPLAN It is worth noting that these figures were based on first generation tidal devices so the area investigated came under the following restrictions a Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN iby reztenot tanlenplenle Water depth between 20m and 40m Sites outside major shipping lanes Sites outside military zones and restricted areas Sites which do not interfere with existing pipelines and cables 12 nautical mile limit offshore Peak tidal velocity greater than 1 5 m s et eo i Second generation tidal devices are expected to be developed that can be placed in areas without some of these restrictions see Figure 9 However these devices are not expected until 2015 29 Il i Ii i z Q O D gt O A DAV nO n gt MPBLIM IMSL ror Hour in January Figure 8 Tidal power output expected in Ireland for the month of January from a 122 MW Tidal Farm 29 1st Generation Technology 2nd Generation Technology Piled Jacket Floating Figure 9 First and Second generation tidal technology 30 Wave Power consulted with Jens Peter Kofoed from Aalborg University in order to generate the expected wave power data for my model During our discussion it became apparent
11. have not found the variable operation and maintenance cost for the individual units 3 2 3 Investment Tab 1 GE CT e SEI File Edit Help al eS S Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Dutput Settings Investment and Fixed Operation and Maintenance Costs Interest J Percent pro anno CHP systems Investment Period O andM _ Total Inv Costs Annual Costs MDKK year Unit MDKK pr Unit MDKK Investment Fixed Opr and M 0 0 Investment Solar thermal 0 TWhyear 0 0 Small CHP units 1000 Mwe 7 0 0 0 Sum Annual Costs Heat Pump gr 2 O MWe 0 0 0 0 0 MDKK year Heat Storage CHP 20 Gwh 0 0 0 0 Large CHP units 1500 MW e 0 0 0 0 Heat Pump gr 3 100 M e 0 0 0 0 n Heat Storage Solar 0 Gwh 0 0 0 0 Fixed Oper and M Boilers gr 2and3 10000 MW th D 0 0 0 Sum Annual Costs Large Power Plants 2500 M Vy e 0 0 0 0 0 MDKK year Wind 1000 M W e 0 0 0 0 Wind offshore OMW e 0 0 0 0 Photo Yoltaic 500 M W e 0 0 0 0 Show All Wawe power OMW e 0 0 0 0 River of hydro D Mwe 0 0 0 0 Hydro Power OMW e 0 0 0 0 Hydro Storage 0 GWh 0 0 0 0 Hydro Pump D Mwe 0 0 0 0 Nuclear OMW e 0 0 0 0 Geothermal OMW e 0 0 0 0 Electrolyser 0 M W e 0 0 0 0 Hydrogen Storage OGWh 0 0 0 0 Pump OM W e 0 0 0 0 Turbine OMW e 0 0 0 0 Pump Storage OGWh 0 0 0 0 Indv boilers OMW th 0 0 0 0 Indy CHP OM W e 0 0 0 0 Indy Heat Pump 0 MWe 0 0 0 0 Indv Electric heat OMW e 0 0 0 0 Indy Solar thermal 0 TWh year 0 0 0 0 0 0 Additonal various investment costs see
12. of Group 2 under the Input gt ElecStorage tab ELT3 elec The electricity consumed by the Electrolyser in Group 3 under the Input gt ElecStorage tab H2stor elt 3 Energy stored in the form of fuel in the Hydrogen Storage of Group 3 under the Input gt ElecStorage tab V2G Demand This is the electricity required by the smart V2G electric vehicles for transport purposes only i e not the demand used when acting as a grid storage facility and it is obtained by multiplying the Electricity Smart Charge input by the Efficiency grid to battery input under the Input gt Transport tab Note that the Electricity Dump Charge input is treated separately in the flexible eldemand results V2G Charge V2G Discha V2G Storage This is the electricity demand taken from the grid for the smart V2G electric vehicles and is from the Electricity Smart Charge input under the Input gt Transport tab Note that this could be higher if the V2G is used as a storage facility for the grid i e energy is passed in and out of the cars Note also that the Electricity Dump Charge input is treated separately in the flexible eldemand results already discussed This is the amount of electricity supplied from the smart V2G cars to the grid Its maximum value is obtained by multiplying the Capacity of battery to grid connection input by the Share of parked cars gri
13. wanted to simulate coal power plants being replaced by natural gas power plants as illustrated in Table 3 2 Table 3 2 How individual power plant efficiencies alter the overall Condensing power plant efficiency Coal PP Natural Gas Coal PP Natural Gas Total Capacity Overall MW PP MW Efficiency PP Efficiency MW Efficiency Reference 1000 2000 0 4 0 5 3000 0 466 Alternative 1 500 2500 0 4 0 5 3000 0 484 Alternative 2 0 3000 0 4 0 5 3000 0 500 Wind 3 3 Landfill gas biomass E l amp other biogas 0 7 Electricity Transformation Loss 50 5 of inputs Electricity Imports 2 3 Hydro 1 1 ir fa Oo an TN r 2 Natural Gas 54 2 Natural Gas 52 9 Coal 22 3 Fuel Oil 7 2 Peat 8 7 as Gas oil amp refinery gas 0 2 Landfill gas biomass Nal Coal 18 8 amp other biogas 0 5 Peat 7 4 g er Oil 6 8 Hydro 2 3 Electricity imports 4 6 Note Some statistical differences and rounding errors exist between inputs and outputs Wind 6 7 Percentages of inputs on the left refer to percentages of total inputs Percentages of output with the exception of electricity transformation loss refer to Renewables as of gross electri city consumpti on 9 4 percentages of gross electricity generated ae 7 CHP as of total electricity generation 6 2 Figure 5 Breakdown of fuel consumption and electricity generated in Irish electricity system 20 oo
14. 0 00 0 00 P 03 0 000 000 2 03 0 64 aa S o3 0 00 24 08 0 00 0 00 0 00 000 o 0 DHP CHP2 CHP3 Boiler2 B Beo th Hydro Elely s s i al aV iiaa Transp househ Jpg Ef M Toa NoE Netto Total Netto Coal 5 88 1 72 a 25 69 8 14 8 14 Oil 65 80 19 51 14 83 f i 104 42 25 94 25 94 N Gas t 10 82 10 35 50 30 9 23 9 23 Biomass 25 0 35 1 95 N 2 83 0 00 0 00 Renewable A j i 0 01 F Eo 2 68 0 00 0 00 H2 etc Eha t Hl 0 00 0 00 0 00 Geothermal i Hi 0 00 0 00 0 00 Total i i 0 01 66 05 36 56 43 31 43 31 f Figure 23 Verifying the EnergyPLAN model is functioning accurately ra Verifying Reference Model Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN EAA O 6 Common Error Screens These are some of the common error screens that saw during the time that used EnergyPLAN with a brief explanation of their cause 6 1 Wrong Number of Data Points If you do not have 8784 data points within a distribution in your model you will get an error that says is not a valid floating point value as shown in Figure 24 You need to have 8784 data points so that there is a data point for each hour of the year 366 hours 24 days FenerayPLan 7 20 ireland_energyplan_model
15. 130 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 896 925 953 958 962 941 919 870 820 742 663 1375 1433 1491 1509 1527 1502 1477 1404 1332 1209 1086 1853 1941 1939 1844 1677 1509 Significant Wave Height m Figure 11 Wave Dragon power matrix optimised for high average wave conditions output in kW 31 Wave Period Toow s 10 5 110 115 120 125 0 135 140 145 150 Significant Wave Height Hsig m Figure 12 Archimedes Wave Swing power matrix unrestricted output in kW 31 When multiple power matrices are available the suitability of the device for a particular site can be evaluated by completing a scatter diagram The wave height and wave period recorded at the site in question should be plotted against one another as illustrated in Figure 13 If the power matrix and recorded data from the site in question overlap each other significantly on the scatter diagram then the wave energy generator being 16 Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN MA O investigated is a good choice for that particular location As seen in Figure 13 the Pelamis is a very good match for the sample site analysed M4 Scatter Diagram Wave Period s 0123 45 67 8 9 101112131415 1617 Pelamis Power Matrix oO CON DW WU BP WY FF O Significant Wave Height m e he e N e O Figure 13 Scatter diagram for M4 data buoy off the coast of Ireland Once the most suitable wave power device has been chosen and the powe
16. Although a large degree of EnergyPLAN is intuitive there were some areas which found difficult to understand at first Therefore a few aspects of the model are discussed in more detail here 4 1 Thermal Energy System As there are very little CHP plants or no significant district heating networks in Ireland heat is usually generated at the point of demand so did not fully understand how a thermal energy system worked As EnergyPLAN can model this type of energy system a brief outline is provided To illustrate the flexibility induced by thermal energy storage on such a system a snapshot of the power production during different scenarios is presented below The system in question contains a CHP plant wind turbines a thermal storage a hot water demand and an electrical demand as illustrated in Figure 18 During times of low wind power a lot of electricity must be generated by the CHP plants to accommodate for the shortfall in power production As a result a lot of heat is also being produced from the CHP plant as seen in Figure 18a The high production of heat means that production is now greater than demand and consequently heat is sent to the thermal storage Conversely at times of high wind power the CHP plants produce very little electricity and heat Therefore there is now a shortage of heat so the thermal storage is used to ensure that demand is met as seen in Figure 18b Note This system can be simulated by choosing the Tec
17. Biomass 19 kW Natural Gas 26 kW Solid Fuel 21 kW Electric Boiler 12 kW Electric Heaters 20 kw Solar Thermal 2400 kWh year 14750 19500 14750 15300 15500 6000 5900 15 15 15 15 15 20 35 years year 110 110 110 110 0 0 55 Does not account for electric transmission upgrades that may be necessary for widespread installations gt This does not include the balancing costs associated with wind power 30 Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN iby rezten ol anlenplenle 3 2 4 Additional Tab FdenergyPLan 7 20 Startdata File Edit Help co Kad eS Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Output Settings Saeeeeenenenenseeeessneenned Specification of Various Additonal Investment Costs Period O andM _ Total Inv Costs Annual Costs MDKK year Years of Inv MDKK Investment Fixed Opr and M Various 1 fo fo fo g g Various 2 fo fo fo g g Various 3 fo fo fo o 0 Various 4 fo fo fo a Various 5 fo fo fo g g Various 6 fo fo fo g g Various 7 fo fo fo g j Various 8 fo fo fo g Q Various 9 fo fo fo g Q Various 10 fo fo fo g Q This can be used if there are any additional costs which have not been accounted for For example the cost of insulating houses to reduce energy demands may be accounted for here University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data CO D AAN No A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 4 Areas of Difficulty
18. Data After choosing any energy tool for a study it is crucial that you ensure that the tool is capable of accurately modelling your particular application Therefore the first step is to create a reference model of an historical year In my first study chose the 2007 Irish energy system as my reference and hence this report is primarily based on this application However as was making the reference model felt that a lot of questions could have been answered if simply knew where to begin looking for the data required Therefore this document simply discusses where found the information needed to complete my reference model of the 2007 Irish energy system hope that this will enable future EnergyPLAN users to collect their data more effectively Important There are important points below that need to be considered when reading the following chapters 1 have discussed a number of inputs in great detail and others only briefly This reflects the effort required and the assumptions made in order to get the data and not the importance of the data 2 When you download the EnergyPLAN model a number of distributions are included with it In a lot of studies these distributions will suffice as the results from the EnergyPLAN model may not be greatly improved by a more accurate distribution Therefore it is worth analysing the effects of various distributions on your results before allocating large periods of time to creating distributions
19. EH3 heat ELT3 heat Heat produced from the electric boiler in Group 3 of district heating This occurs if CEEP regulation number 5 is used under the Regulation tab Heat produced from the Electrolyser in Group 3 under the Input gt ElecStorage tab storage CHP gr3 Energy available in Heat storage gr 2 for CHP under the Input gt DistrictHeating tab heat3 balance The balance between the heat produced i e from Industrial CHP Waste Geothermal CHP HP Boilers Electric Boilers and Electrolysers and the heat demand i e Demand input under Group 3 in the Input gt DistrictHeating tab flexible eldemand Sum of Flexible demand 1 day Flexible demand 1 week and Flexible demand 4 weeks inputs under the Input gt ElectricityDemand tab PLUS the electricity demand for Electricity Dump Charge under the Input gt Transport tab hp elec The electricity required to power the heat pumps in Group 2 and Group 3 under the Input gt DistrictHeating tab e eee Areas of Difficulty University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipy ve venler tanleppzenne Abbreviation Input Sum of Electricity production in the first DH Gr 1 DH Gr 2 and DH Gr 3 rows cshp elec in the Waste section only under the Input gt Waste tab PLUS sum of Electricity prod for DH Gr 1 DH Gr 2 and D
20. Wind Farm MW Fraction Decimal Wind Farm 1 20 20 100 0 2 0 2 400 80 2 30 30 100 0 3 0 3 400 120 3 60 60 100 0 6 0 6 400 240 4 100 100 100 1 0 1 0 400 400 5 80 80 100 0 8 0 8 400 320 6 40 40 100 0 4 0 4 400 160 Q 2 Sen O 5 D m Figure 1 Distribution of Irish electricity demand for January 2007 12 E 1 5 TWh Demand m1TWh Demand E 0 5 TWh Demand Demand MW Figure 2 Distribution modified by the total Irish electricity demand required for January 2007 12 University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data eS Da aao A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 3 1 Technical Data Required EnergyPLAN simulates a single year in hourly time steps To create an initial model picked the year 2007 as it was the most recent when I started gathering my data To explain where got my data will discuss each tab within the EnergyPLAN model separately The Frontpage tab displayed in Figure 3 illustrates a flow diagram of the EnergyPLAN model indicating how all the various components of the energy system interact with one another The Input tab is used to describe the parameters of the energy system in question The Cost tab is used to input the costs associated with the energy system being investigated and the Output tab is used to analyse the results of your investigation Finally the Settings tab enables the user to change the scale of the units in the program B
21. ae Ther ae Boiler 0 0 90 Minimum CHP gr 3 load 500 MW Tone i District heating TWh year Group 3 faeces ae ae hip Hydro Turbine 292 0 80 District heating demand CHP 500 549 046 0 50 Minum inootiinart 220 MW Electrol Gr 2 0 o 0 80 0 10 Solar Thermal Heat Pump o oO me Electrol Gr 3 0 0 080 0 10 ndustrial r istr Name ireland_ E _hourly ectrol trans Industrial CHP CSHP Boiler o 0 90 Distr N ireland_SEMO_2008_hourly txt El 0 0 080 Demand after solar and CSHP Condensing 6445 i Addition factor 12 00 EUR MWh Ely MicroCHP 0 Oo 0 80 Multiplication factor 0 32 CAES fuel ratio 0 000 Wind 6986 MW TWhiyear Grid Heatstorage gr 2 0 GWh gr 3 0 GWh Dependency factor 0 00 EUR MWh pr MW O Non ora Offshore Wind 25 MW TWhiyear stabili Fixed Boiler gr 2 0 0 Percent gr 3 0 0 Percent Average Market Price 37 EUR MWh C e O e R River Hydro 216 MW TWhiyear sation Electricity prod from CSHP Waste TWhiyear Transport 0 00 0 25 Photo Voltaic 0 MW share Gr 1 0 00 9 00 Household 53 10 82 0 35 Hydro Power 0M Gr2 0 00 90 00 Industry 10 35 1 95 Geothermal vam cr 093 0 00 Various I 0 00 0 00 Output WARNING 1 Critical Excess DO Aistrigh galin aaa Electricity Elec Flexi Elec Hydro Tur Hy Geo HP ELT Boiler EH HP trolyser EH Pump bine RES dro thermal CEEP EEP MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW Million EUR Payment Imp Exp January February March April May June July August September October November Dec
22. amount of electricity that was exported which did exceed the Maximum CEEP gt imp exp Cap defined under the Regulation tab EEEP This is the amount of electricity that was exported without exceeding the Maximum Nordpool prices imp exp Cap defined under the Regulation tab This is the Price Distribution in the External Electricity Market Definition section under the Regulation tab AFTER it has been manipulated by the Addition factor and the Multiplication Factor Nordpool prod This is the Price Distribution in the External Electricity Market Definition section under the Regulation tab AFTER it has been manipulated by the Addition factor and the Multiplication Factor Also for a market optimisation the price elasticity is also considered It is used to determine the units which can afford to buy electricity i e heat pumps electrolysers energy storage etc pag Areas of Difficulty University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN PA OO Abbreviation System prices Input The system price is the resulting price after the NordPool price has been influenced by the import export of electricity as defined by the price electricity input in the Regulation tab The system price is lower than the NordPool price when there is export and higher when there is import DKmarket prices This is the market price for the energy system being s
23. distribution is placed in the wrong folder ag Common Error Screens University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN MA o 6 3 Warnings A WARNING sign will be activated on the results screen see Figure 26 and on the results printout see Figure 27 if any of the three following incident happens 1 Excess electricity production 2 Grid stabilisation is below requested level 3 The specified electricity demand e g for BEV cannot be met by the capacity of power plants in combination with import on the transmission line capacity For example Figure 26 below illustrates the warning displayed on the results screen of the EnergyPLAN tool when excess electricity production occurs while Figure 27 illustrates the same warning on the results printout of EnergyPLAN File Edit Help EENE Close Window Calculation Time 00 00 00 WARNINGII 1 Critical Excess EnergyPLAN model 8 1 13 pril 2010 13 40 RESULT Data set ireland_REF RH Technical regulation no 1 Critical Excess Regulation Strategy 00000 gt Total Calculation Time 00 00 00 Loading of Data 00 00 00 Calculating Strategy 1 00 00 00 Calculating Strategy 2 00 00 00 Calculating Heatstorage 00 00 00 Calc economy and Fuel 00 00 00 ANNUAL CO2 EMISSIONS Mt a CO2 enission total 42 799 CO2 emnission corrected 37 640 SHARE OF RES fincl Biomass RES share of PES RES share of elec prod RES electricity prod 11
24. each hour of the simulation Storage Content This is the amount of gas in the gas storage facility Sum This is the difference between demand and supply for gas Import If the Sum results indicate that there is a shortage in gas then it is imported Export If the Sum results indicate that there is excess gas then it is exported University of Limerick Areas of Difficulty 45 D AAN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 5 Verifying Reference Model Data Once all the data has been inputted into EnergyPLAN the final step is to verify that the model created is operating the same as the energy system that you are trying to simulate The first step is to ensure that all the capacities and distributions are correct including interconnection Capacity that is placed under the Regulation tab Afterwards the energy outputs from the model must be compared with those of the actual energy system There are five guidelines listed below that may be useful for completing this task see Figure 23 also 1 Ensure the electricity demand is correct including demand heating cooling and interconnection 2 Confirm the consumption is also correct at point 2 3 Check that the production units other than the power plants are producing the required amount of energy 4 Are the power plants generating the correct amount of energy for each fuel type If steps 3 and 4 are correct but the power plants are not generating the
25. energy storage Power Plant Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland Transmission System Operator Terawatt hour Value added tax Watt hour Barrel metre second mE Introduction University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipycve vener lan lezen 2 Why EnergyPLAN It is difficult to choose a suitable energy tool at the beginning of a study due to the wide range of different energy tools available which are diverse in terms of the regions they analyse the technologies they consider and the objectives they fulfil In addition it can be very difficult to define what exactly the primary focus of any research will become Therefore the first step which would advise is defining an overall objective for any modelling work which you intend to do For example the underlying objective in my work was To identify how Ireland could integrate the most renewable energy into its energy system After establishing a core objective it is then possible to rate various different energy tools against one another based on their capabilities of fulfilling this objective To aid this comparison an overview of all the energy tools considered as well as many others can be found in 2 3 Hence these will not be discussed in detail here but instead the only reasons chose EnergyPLAN are outlined below 1 EnergyPLAN is a user friendly tool designed in a series of tab sheets and hence the training period required usually va
26. indicates the energy consumed within each sector of the energy system as displayed Figure 4 and Appendix 8 1 The International Energy Agency IEA completed two reports on energy balances in 2008 one with the Energy Balances for each of the OECD countries 14 and one with the Energy Balances for a number of non OECD countries 15 These documents must be purchased so have not obtained a copy However this is one possible source for an energy balance of your energy system Irelands Provisional Energy Balamce 2007 TWh coe aS Le E L t UCOCEEEE bah it id Hiei PEEL ECEEBEECEBEE ECOCEEGCECECECECEE ee cecccats 2 TIE r J rom ares roe oof ores som ores arai gt aces som onze omo f roa asco aoa fises aces f 10m fasen f nosa faros LILLJ IS TO oie 4 La ef AE L OEE ef ee eee oe EAEE ee eee LLCS L3 k Rete cr faces rome aces 33 iar ones uom asos omo ama arm ume sam fares wom anes rom azos as fuen fom asea foam fasea foam fases omo f l kiaad LLLA RADY LLLA RAA LLLA LA LLA LU 4 St i i i al elelel el ete m ia 1 a a tadas me Updated i 24 Sep 2008 Double Click to Open if Using MS Word Version t Ses Figure 4 Irish energy balance for 2007 see Appendix 8 1 and reference 16 The Energy Balance document proved to be the most useful source of information for my investigation However it is important to check the accuracy of the data in this document as
27. next page Under this tab you must enter the investment lifetime and fixed operation and maintenance costs These costs are used for to calculate the annual costs of each component based on a fixed rate repayment loan the governing equations for these calculations are discussed in detail in the EnergyPLAN user manual 1 The investment and operation costs for condensing power plants were obtained from 51 and are displayed in Table 3 8 University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data C D A OPN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN Table 3 8 Investment fixed O amp M and variable O amp M costs for Irish condensing power plants 51 Plant Type Investment Fixed VELEL 2007 Irish Capacity Costs O amp M Costs O amp M Costs Fuel Type ME MW MW year MWh Steam turbine coal fired advanced 1 100 16000 1 800 852 5 MW Coal steam process 2004 806 MW Oil Steam turbine coal fired advanced 1 200 22000 3 000 345 6 MW Peat steam process 20 co firing of biomass 2004 Gas turbine single cycle 40 125 0 485 7350 2 500 719 MW Gas MW 2004 Gas turbine combined cycle 100 0 525 14000 1 500 2806 MW Gas 400 MW 2004 Gas turbine combined cycle 10 0 700 10000 2 750 208 MW Gas 100 MW 2004 The onshore wind and offshore wind costs were obtained from 53 investment costs for onshore wind are 1 2 M MW and offshore wind is 1 6 M MW while the fixed O amp M costs are 6 MWh fo
28. of UK Marine Resources Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford 2005 Available from http www carbontrust co uk NR rdonlyres EC293061 611D 4BC8 A75C 9F84138184D3 0 variability uk marine energy resources pdf MathWorks MATLAB The Language Of Technical Computing Available from http www mathworks com products matlab accessed 4 November 2010 Marine Institute Marine Institute Available from http www marine ie Home accessed 10th January 2009 NDBC National Data Buoy Center Stations Available from http www ndbc noaa gov to_ station shtml accessed 17th February 2009 EirGrid Welcome to EirGrid Available from http www eirgrid com accessed 9th January 2009 SEMO The Single Electricity Market Operator Available from http www sem o com accessed 18th January 2010 Task Committee on Pumped Storage of the Committee on Hydropower of the Energy Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers Hydroelectric Pumped Storage Technology International Experience American Society of Civil Engineers 1996 Available from http cedb asce org cgi WWWdisplay cgi 9601277 Met Eireann Degree Days Available from http www met ie climate degree day asp accessed 10th January 2009 The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Degree days theory and application The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers 2006 Available from http www cibse org index cfm go publications view
29. offshore wind calculated this in two different ways For the first method began by obtaining the average annual wind speed at the location of the offshore wind farm 8 75 m s using the Irish wind atlas 21 Then got an annual offshore wind distribution from a data buoy located close to the offshore wind farm data buoy M2 from 22 This data had an average annual wind speed of 7 82 m s over the year 2007 Therefore scaled up this distribution curve until the average annual wind speed was 8 75 m s the same as the average wind speed at the offshore wind farm Finally got the power curve for a Vestas V90 wind turbine as seen in Figure 6 and calculated the expected output for a single year from the offshore wind farm did not want to use the power curve for the GE Energy wind turbines which were installed at the offshore wind farm as these are still at the testing stage At this point had calculated an expected offshore wind production of 0 11 TWh using the power curve and wind speed distribution with average annual wind speed of 8 75 m s Using the onshore wind distribution the annual electricity generated from the 25 2 MW offshore wind farm was 0 07 TWh However from my calculations the total electricity that should have been generated was 0 11 TWh Consequently adjusted the Correction Factor to 0 65 until the total offshore wind output was 0 11 TWh This accounted for the higher capacity factor of the offshore wind turb
30. production in the storage during this hour 2 As the total production during this hour is now 1200 MW of wind there is no grid stabilising power operating The regulation used states that 30 of all production must be grid stabilising However if the turbine starts producing power it too will be adding to the production and hence the amount of grid stabilisation required will increase For example if the turbine provides 30 of the wind production which is 360 MW i e 0 3 1200 then the total production is now 1560 MW but 360 1560 is only 23 which is less than 30 Therefore the total power that must come from the turbine must account for its own production also and is calculated from see section 8 3 of the EnergyPLAN user manual for full details on grid stabilisation calculations 1 Turbine 0 3 Wind Turbine 0 3 1200 Turbine gt O 7Turbine 360 gt Turbine 514 MW As the turbine needs to produce 514 MW it means that 643 MWh 514 0 8 must be removed from the storage facility so the balance in the storage facility during this hour is 4351 649 643 4357 MWh 3 Now that EnergyPLAN has evaluated that the maximum electricity it can store is 812 MW and the total electricity it needs for stabilisation is 514 MW it can equate how much electricity is left for export which is 1200 514 812 442 460 MW Note that this has a tolerance of 1 MW as the decimal place may be greater or less than 0 5 An important issue
31. sum of the Solar Thermal Output which was built in conjunction with the H2 micro CHP Ngas micro CHP Biomass micro CHP Heat Pump and Electric Heating under the Input gt Individual tab HH heat Storage The operation of the Heat Storage which was built in conjunction with the H2 micro CHP Ngas micro CHP Biomass micro CHP and Heat Pump under the Input gt Individual tab HH heat Balance This is the balace between supply and demand for the H2 micro CHP Ngas micro CHP Biomass micro CHP Heat Pump Electric Heating Heat Storage and Solar Thermal under the Input gt Individual tab Note at least one full row needs to be complete for the heat balance to be activated This needs to be 100 to ensure that the Minimum grid stabilisation production stab load share under the Regulation tab is met It is explained in detail in the User s Guide to EnergyPLAN This is the amount of electricity that needed to be imported due to a shortage in import supply or to ensure grid constraints were met Note that this can exceed the Maximum imp exp Cap defined under the Regulation tab This is the amount of electricity that needed to be exported due to an oversupply or export to ensure grid constraints were met Note that this can exceed the Maximum imp exp Cap defined under the Regulation tab This is the
32. to provide the energy necessary In a socio economic study the aim is to identify the costs associated with the Technical Optimisation This way you can optimise the performance of the energy system without the restrictions imposed by economic infrastructures Therefore the following steps can be followed 1 Complete a Technical Optimisation identifying the optimum technical operation of the energy system for example the system with minimum Critical Excess Electricity Production CEEP or minimum CO 2 Complete a socio economic study to identify the costs associated with the technical optimisation The business economic studies show what can be done while being profitable for a business or person Once the socio economic study is completed the market economic study should be done to identify how the existing market infrastructure obstructs the optimal technical solution Therefore after completing steps 1 and 2 above 3 Carry out a business economic market optimisation to identify how the existing system prevents the introduction of the optimal technical solution 4 Make changes to the existing tax system to outline how the existing market could be adjusted to promote the optimal technical solution Sometimes socio economic costs can include the following aspects also 1 Job Creation 2 Balance of Payment 3 Public Finances The electric grid needs to be maintained at a certain frequency and voltage Power plants usually provide a
33. to notice here is the value recorded for the storage facility at the end of the hour Even though the value recorded was 4357 MWh the storage capacity was full during the calculations i e after the pump demand was added 4351 649 5000 MWh Therefore when analysing the results for a double penstock the Maximum Storage for the PHES facility may not register as the storage capacity even though it has been full during the analysis For clarity purposes let s look at another example hour 5 from Table 4 1 1 There is 1000 MW and 5000 MWh of pump and storage capacity available respectively 2 There is 750 MW of wind and O MW of grid stabilising power Therefore the turbine capacity required is Turbine 0 3 Wind Turbine gt Turbine 321 MW 3 Now that the total production is 1071 MW 750 321 but the demand is only 331 MW 740 MW is sent to the storage as there is sufficient pump and storage capacity available Therefore the balance for the storage is 592 MWh 740 0 8 in and 401 MWh out 321 0 8 which means the value at the end of the hour is 40 592 401 231 MWh 4 Finally all the excess power was sent to the storage and all of the grid stabilising power was provided by the turbine so no export or import occurred 38 Areas of Difficulty University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN PAO O Finally the single penstock is evaluated in the same way except if excess power and grid stabilisation must be
34. 0 H2 Produced by Electrolysers fo Change Hour_transport tst 3 0 Electricity Dump Charge fo Change Hour_transport tst 5 0 Electricity Smart Charge fo Change Hour_transport txt 5 0 Max share of cars during peak demand jo2 Q Capacity of grid to battery connection o o Mw EV smart dotais Share of parked cars grid connected joz Efficiency grid to battery jas Battery storage capacity fo Gwh 2G details Capacity of battery to grid connection fo Mw Efficiency battery to grid jas The amount of fuel used for transport is available by fuel type including electricity from the Energy Balance 16 E Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN MA A 3 1 1 9 Waste eneroytan7 20 startdate TE File Edit Help os S Frontpage f input Cost Regulation Output Settings Fesssesesssssssessed ElectricityDemand DistrictHeating RenewableEnergy Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport Waste Waste Heat electricity and biofuel from energy conversion of waste Waste is defined geograhical on the three district heating groups Only one hour distribution can be defined and storage of waste is not considered an option Heat production is utilised and given priority in the respective district heating groups Electricity production is fed into the grid Biofuel production for transportation is transfered to the transportation window And biofuels for C
35. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 3 ced Figure 22 Stab Load results displayed in EnergyPLAN In section 8 3 of the EnergyPLAN user manual it states that the percentage of electricity production from grid stabilising units GridStab is found from P e GridStab x 100 4 dStab Where estaa is the total electricity production from grid stabilising units and doa is the minimum grid stabilisation production share that was specified in EnergyPLAN as shown in Figure 21 Using this value the stab load is then calculated from GridStab stab load 5 MGSPS To make this clear let s look at hour 1 for a double penstock system in Table 4 1 In hour 1 of Table 4 1 all of the production units are highlighted in red and all of the demand units are highlighted in green Therefore for hour 1 the total production is 397 MW with 203 MW produced by the turbine and 194 MW produced by wind power However only the PHES turbine provides grid stabilising power and as a result the GridStab value for this hour is 203 397 100 51 However the MGSPS required is 30 see Table 4 2 and Figure 21 Therefore the stab load is 51 30 170 as displayed in Table 4 1 Let s calculate the stab load for hour 3 of the double penstock system in Table 4 1 also It is clear from Table 4 1 that during this hour the total production is 572 MW with 400 MW from wind power 38 MW from power plants and 134 MW from th
36. 0 000 oo 0 000 000 0 000 o0 0000 0000 ooo 0 000 00 0 000 o0 0 000 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 r 0000 0000 0000 00 0000 F 00 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 0 000 9 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 061 0 000 0 027 0 000 0 000 0 006 Fa000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0000 0 000 ick Imer iversity of Li ix Un Append A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipycve venler tanleppzenne 9 References 1 Aalborg University EnergyPLAN Advanced Energy System Analysis Computer Model Available from http www energyplan eu accessed 14th September 2010 2 Connolly D Lund H Mathiesen BV Leahy M A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems Applied Energy 2010 87 4 1059 1082 3 University of Limerick David Connolly Available from http dconnolly net accessed 27 October 2010 4 The Danish Society of Engineers The IDA Climate Plan 2050 Aalborg University 2009 Available from http vbn aau dk research the ida climate plan 2050 19166498 5 Mathiesen BV Lund H Karlsson K 100 Renewable Energy Systems Climate Mitigation and Economic Growth Applied Energy 2009 Article in Review 6 Lund H Mathiesen BV Ingenigrforeningens Energiplan 2030 Tekniske energisystemanalyser samfundsgkonomisk konsekvensvurdering og kvantificering af erhvervspotentialer Ba
37. 2 1 4 CO2 Price There is no carbon tax in Ireland at the moment However Ireland participates in the European carbon trading scheme and therefore there is a cost associated with carbon even though it is not an internal government tax For information on carbon costs visit http www pointcarbon com 3 2 2 Operation Tab FlEnergyPLAN 7 20 Startdata x File Edit Help ad Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Output Settings Variable Operation and Maintenance Cost District Heating and CHP systems Marginal Costs of producing 1 MWh electrcity Boiler 0 DKK M wh th DistricHeating ner CHP2 decr HP2 0 DKK MWh CHP 0 DKK MWh e Incr CHP3 decr HP3 D DKK MWh Heat Pump 0 DKK MWh e Incr CHP2 decr B2 D DKK MWh Electric heating D DKK MWh e Incr CHP3 decr B3 0 DKKe MWh Incr B2 decr HP2 0 DKK MWh Power Plants Incr B3 decr HP3 0 DKK MWh Incr B2 decr EB2 0 DKK MWh n ae INE Incr B3 decr EB3 0 DKK MWh Geothermal F DKK MWh e incr CHP2 decr ELT2 D DKK MWh GTL M1 3 DKK MWh fuelinput incr CHP3 decr ELT3 D DKK MWh GTL M2 7 DKK MWh fuelinput incr B2 decr ELT2 0 DKK MWh incr B3 decr ELT3 D DKK MWh incr GTL decr B3 0 DKK MWh Storage incr GTL decr CHP3 0 DKK MWh ea siege Power Plants Condensing Power 0 DKK MWh ree D DKK MWh Turbine 0 DKK MWh e 2G Discharge DKK MWh e pe Power ee ketehals S 0 Geothermal 0 DKK MWh Hydro Power Pump 0 DKK MWh e Individual Incr Ngas CHP decr B 0 DKK MWh Individua
38. 397 194 0 0 203 136 170 O 0 O 2 374 266 1 6 113 O 100 O O O 3 362 400 38 209 134 O 100 O O O 4 346 522 O 400 224 40 100 O 0 O 5 331 750 0 740 321 230 100 0 0 0 6 323 616 O 557 264 346 100 O O O 7 326 618 O 557 265 460 100 O O O 8 335 860 O 893 369 714 100 0 O 0 9 346 772 O 757 331 906 100 O O 0 10 354 672 O 606 288 1031 100 O 0 O Single Penstock System NO 1 397 194 0 O 203 4747 170 O O 0 2 374 266 114 6 O 4752 100 O 0 3 362 400 171 209 O 4919 100 O O O 4 346 522 224 101 O 5000 100 O 298 O 5 331 750 0 0 321 4598 100 0 740 0 6 323 616 264 502 O 5000 100 O 55 O 7 326 618 0 O 265 4669 100 O 557 O 8 335 860 369 414 O 5000 100 O 479 O 9 346 772 O O 331 4586 100 O 757 O 10 354 672 288 517 O 5000 100 O 89 0 Values highlighted in red and green relate to section 4 7 of this report Table 4 2 Parameters used in EnergyPLAN for the sample calculations on the two PHES operation strategies Parameter Capacity Electricity demand 4 TWh Condensing power plants 500 MW Wind energy 2000 MW Pump capacity 1000 MW Turbine capacity 1000 MW Pump efficiency 0 8 Turbine efficiency 0 8 Storage capacity 5 GWh Regulation Minimum grid stabilisation share 0 3 i e 30 All values were entered using the default distributions provided when opening EnergyPLAN 4 6 1 Storage capacity for the double penstock system strategy It should be noted that when using a double penstock system the storage capacity may never be recorded as full
39. 9 percent 79 4 percent 19 42 TWh year ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTIONS TWh year 186 06 Fuel Consumption total CAES Fuel Consumption 0 00 Fuelfincl Biomass excl RES 166 72 Fuel Consumption incl H2 186 06 Fuel Consumption corrected 166 52 Coal Consumption 19 92 Oil Consumption 103 06 Ngas Consumption 41 00 2G Pre Load Hous ANNUAL COSTS Total Fuel Coal FuelOil Gasoil Diesel Petrol JP Ngas Bionas Waste 6298 Million EUR 144 Million EUR 528 Million EUR 2705 Million EUR 1912 Million EUR 919 Million EUR 89 Million EUR 0 Million EUR iunuw io wo T O i E Maginal operation costs 23 Million EUR Total Electricity exchange 64 Million EUR 1 be mrm 4 1 j Figure 26 Sample of the WARNING for excess electricity production on the results screen of EnergyPLAN University of Limerick Common Error Screens 4g D A ONN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN Input ireland_REF RH The EnergyPLAN model 8 1 A Electricity demand TWh year Flexible demand 0 00 Capacities Efficiencies Regulation Strategy Technical regulation no 1 Fuel Price level 50 Fixed demand 24 45 Fixed imp exp 1 31 Group 2 MW e MyJ s elec Ther COP KEOL regulation 00000 7 ae Electric heating 4 03 Transportation 0 00 CHP 0 0 040 0 50 Minimum Stabilisation share 0 30 Capacities Storage Efficiencies Electric cooling 0 00 Total 27 17 Heat Pump 0 0 3 00 Stabilisation share of CHP 0 00 eae wee ia
40. EnergyPLAN was a key attraction Below are a few examples of the titles recorded before contacting Prof Henrik Lund about EnergyPLAN a Energy system analysis of 100 renewable energy systems The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050 7 b The effectiveness of storage and relocation options in renewable energy systems 9 c Large scale integration of optimal combinations of PV wind and wave power into electricity supply 10 d Large scale integration of wind power into different energy systems 11 After reading these journal papers and observing the contribution that the results made to the Danish energy system it was evident that similar research would benefit the Irish energy system 7 Finally and possibly the most important reason for using EnergyPLAN was Prof Henrik Lund s Supportive attitude when approached him about using EnergyPLAN My progress has been accelerated beyond expectation due to the support and guidance from both Prof Henrik Lund and Associate Prof Brian Vad Mathiesen This is an essential aid when embarking on research especially when learning new skills and meeting deadlines at the same time These are only some of reasons for using the EnergyPLAN tool A more detailed overview of EnergyPLAN can be found in 1 while a more thorough comparison with other energy tools can be found here 2 3 University of Limerick Why EnergyPLAN as D AAN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 3 Collecting the Required
41. Fuel Consumption and Efficiency of Boilers The fuel consumed for residential heating can be obtained from the Energy Balance For the boiler efficiencies consulted the Building Energy Rating documentation provided by the Irish energy agency SEAI 41 This documentation is used by assessors to complete energy ratings for homes in Ireland Therefore the documentation gave the typical type and efficiency of different domestic boilers used in Ireland This could be available in other countries also or if not the efficiencies within this documentation could be applied to other applications Electric Heating Electric heating demand can also be difficult to quantify as it is usually documented in conjunction with the heating demand and not as a separate entity From a report completed by the Irish energy agency SEAI it was found that 14 of all domestic electricity is used for space heating and 23 for hot water 42 In a separate report by SEAI it was found that 12 of commercial electricity was used for heating purposes 43 Therefore used these figures to calculate the electric heating demand in Ireland i e 37 of domestic electricity plus 12 of commercial electricity Solar Distribution There are two types of solar thermal in the EnergyPLAN model solar thermal that contributes to district heating and solar thermal for individual households At present only individual solar thermal energy is used in lreland and hence it is discussed he
42. H Gr 3 under the Input gt Industry tab The electricity produced by the CHP units in Group 2 and Group 3 under the chp elec a Input gt DistrictHeating tab alee The electricity produced by the Condensing power plant units in Group 3 under PP the Input gt DistrictHeating tab paeet The electricity produced by the PP2 power plant units in Group 3 under the Input gt DistrictHeating tab geother Elec The electricity produced by Geothermal Power and Nuclear Power under the Input gt RenewableEnergy tab pump elec The electricity demand required to power the Pump Compressor in the Electricity Storage section under the Input gt ElecStorage tab turbine elec The electricity produced by the Turbine in the Electricity Storage section under the Input gt ElecStorage tab pump storage The energy contained in the Storage Capacity which is in the Electricity Storage section under the Input gt ElecStorage tab The total energy put into the storage is equal to the pump elec multiplied by the Pump Compressor efficiency and the total energy removed is equal to the turbine elec divided by the Turbine efficiency ELT2 elec The electricity consumed by the Electrolyser in Group 2 under the Input gt ElecStorage tab H2stor elt 2 Energy stored in the form of fuel in the Hydrogen Storage
43. H gr 1 o 2 0 00 Distric heating for colling DH ar 2 fo 2 0 00 2 Distric heating for colling DH gr 3 fo 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 There is currently no cooling load in Ireland so no data was required for the Irish reference model Note that the heat demand under the cooling tab is for absorption cooling University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data 190 D A OPN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 3 1 1 6 Individual FdenergyPLan 7 20 Startdata File Edit Help ca Kd eS Frontpage input Cost Regulation Output Settings ElectricityDemand DistrictHeating RenewableEnergy Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport Waste Heat supply and distributed generation from households Distribution of heat demand Change Hour_distr heat txt Distribution of solar thermal Change Hour_solarl_prod txt TWh year Fuel Consumption Efficiency Heat Efficiency Capacity Electricity Heat Solar Thermal Input Output Thermal Demand Electric Limit Production Storage Share Input Output Coal boiler fo 000 0 7 0 00 fo fi fo 0 00 Dil boiler fo 0 00 o s 0 00 fo fi jo 0 00 Ngas boiler fo 0 00 o s 0 00 fo fi jo 0 00 Biomas boiler fo 0 00 0 7 0 00 fo fi fo 0 00 H2 micro CHP 0 00 jos fo 0 3 fi 0 00 fo fi fo 0 00 Nagas micro CHP 0 00 0 5 fo 0 3 fi 0 00 fo fi jo 0 00 Biomas CHF 0 00 0 5 fo o3 fi 0 00 fo fi fo 0 00 Heat Pump fo 3 fi 0 00 fo fi fo 0 00 Electric heating jo 0 00
44. HP and boliers is substracted from the fuels in the respective district heating group Various represent non energy products such as food The economic value is substrated from the cost of the waste energy recource Distribution of Waste Change distribution const txt Waste input DH production Electricity production Biofuel transportation Biofuel CHP Boiler Various Food etc Strategy CHP Boiler TWh pear Efficiency TWh pear Efficiency TWh year Efficiency TWh year Efficiency TWh pear Efficiency TWh year MDKK TWh DH Gr 12 o s 0 00 fo 0 00 g 0 00 pooo 0 00 fp 0 00 i 0 00 DH Gr 2 fo o s 0 00 booo 0 00 0 00 fo 0 00 fp 0 00 i 0 00 DH Gr fo jos 0 00 o ooo To 0 00 Doo 0 00 To 0 00 i 0 00 1 Coal 2 Biomass Total 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 MDKK fuel substitution 1U TW GTL Gasification To Liquid transportation fuels Waste coal and Biomass to BioPetrol and CHP Fuel input Output Module 1 Module 2 TWh year TWh year Efficiency TWh year Efficiency TWh year Waste fo BioPetrol 0 6 oOo j0 2 0 00 Coal fo Electricity fo Boe 40 2 0 00 Biomass fo Heat Gr 3 a2 ooo fos 0 00 sil Total 0 00 0 00 0 00 There is currently no waste used for energy production in Ireland so no data was required for the Irish reference model However Munster carried out a detailed energy system analysis of waste to energy options in 46 which could be useful if data is required University of Limerick Collecting the Required Dat
45. P heat Demand from district heating units under the input Demand of the Group 1 section in the Input gt DistrictHeating tab cshp2 heat DH prod for the DH Gr 2 row under the Input gt Industry tab waste2 heat DH production in the first DH Gr 2 row under the Input gt Waste tab Geoth2 heat Geoth2 steam This is the DH production produced by the Geothermal operated by absorption hear pump on steam from waste CHP plants for the DH Gr 2 under the Input gt Waste tab This is the Steam for Heat Pump produced by the Geothermal operated by absorption hear pump on steam from waste CHP plants for the DH Gr 2 under the Input gt Waste tab Geoth2 storage This is the Steam Storage produced by the Geothermal operated by absorption hear pump on steam from waste CHP plants for the DH Gr 2 under the Input gt Waste tab chp2 heat The amount of heat produced from the CHP units in Group 2 of the Input gt DistrictHeating tab The capacity and thermal efficiency of CHP units available to produce this heat are defined in the CHP amp Therm inputs respectively which are also under the Group 2 section University of Limerick Areas of Difficulty a DI AAN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN Abbreviation Input The amount of heat produced from the Heat Pump units in Group 2 of the Inp
46. a C D AAN No A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 3 2 Economic Data Required EnergyPLAN simulates the costs of an energy system in four primary categories 1 Fuel costs purchasing handling and taxes in relation to each fuel as well as their CO costs 2 Investment costs capital required the lifetime of each unit and the interest rate on repayments 3 Operation costs the variable and fixed operation and maintenance costs for each production unit 4 Additional costs any extra costs not accounted for in the program by default e g the cost of insulating houses for increased energy efficiency These costs are used by EnergyPLAN to perform socio economic and business economic studies as well as a market optimisation for the energy system 3 2 1 Fuel Tab File Edit Help ad eS S Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Output Settings Fuel Taxes and CO2 costs Coal FuelOil eee Petrol4JP Naas Waste Biomass Fuel Price world market prices DKK GJ fo fo fo fo fo Ho fo Business economic operation All costs fuel handling and taxes are included Fuel handling costs distribution and refinery DKK GJ in the marginal costs when optimal operation To cantal CHP eel nour stasis fo jo fo fo fo strategies for the individual plants are decided To dec CHP DH and Industry jo fo fo fo fo R F To Individual house holds fo fo fo fo agin Se ee icine To transportation road and train fo fo fo fo ee a eae To transportation air fo
47. able from http www sei ie Grants Renewable Energy RD D Projects funded to date Wind Study of Elec Storage Technologies their Potential to Address Wind Energy Intermittency in_Irl 53 Danish Energy Agency Basisfremskrivning af Danmarks energiforbrug frem til 2025 Forecast of the Danish Energy Supply until 2025 Danish Energy Agency 2008 Available from http www ens dk graphics Publikationer Energipolitik Basisfremskrivning 2007 170108 index htm 54 Salmond N 2008 Personal communication at the British Hydropower Association Personal Communication Received 23rd December http www british hydro org 55 Lund H Moller B Mathiesen BV Dyrelund A The role of district heating in future renewable energy systems Energy 2010 35 3 1381 1390 56 Central Statistics Office Ireland Household Budget Survey 2004 2005 Final Results Central Statistics Office Ireland 2007 Available from http www cso ie releasespublications pr hseholds htm 57 Lund H A Green Energy Plan for Denmark Environmental and Resource Economics 1998 14 3 431 439 58 Connolly D Leahy M A Review of Energy Storage Technologies For the integration of fluctuating renewable energy University of Limerick 2009 Available from http www dconnolly net publications html University of Limerick References 55
48. alternatives will most likely simulate large scale offshore wind capacities used the second method for my model Photovoltaic As could not obtain PV output from Ireland used the results obtained from a Danish project called Sol300 as the solar radiation in Denmark is very similar to the solar radiation in Ireland which is displayed in Figure 7 To ensure the Danish solar resource was similar to the Irish solar resource global solar radiation data was compared between Denmark and Ireland as seen in Table 3 3 It clearly verifies the similarity and therefore it was considered reasonable to assume that the solar thermal output would be very similar for both Denmark and Ireland This Sol300 project involved the installation of grid connected PV panels on 300 homes in Denmark and the corresponding output was recorded This output is discussed in 10 and is available in the Distributions folder that comes with the EnergyPLAN model The name of the distribution is hour_PV_eltra2001 and hour_PV_eltra2002 for the years 2001 and 2002 respectively Work is currently underway to find a relationship between PV output and global solar radiation as global solar radiation is the most common form of measuring solar radiation at meteorological stations This section will be updated when this work is completed University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data Bo Da aaao A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ARS Eg TSR comson Joint Research Centre
49. amp item 356 Department for Business Enterprise amp Regulatory Reform United Kingdom Energy Trends September 2008 Department for Business Enterprise amp Regulatory Reform United Kingdom 2008 Available from http www berr gov uk whatwedo energy statistics publications trends index html Sustainable Energy Ireland Dwellings Energy Assessment Procedure Version 3 Sustainable Energy Ireland 2008 Available from http www sei ie Your Building BER BER Assessors Technical DEAP O Leary F Howley M O Gallachdir B Sustainable Energy Ireland Energy in the Residential Sector Sustainable Energy Ireland 2008 Available from http www sei ie Publications Statistics Publications EPSSU Publications Department of Communications Marine and Natural Resources Bioenergy Action Plan for Ireland Department of Communications Marine and Natural Resources 2006 Available from http www dcenr gov ie NR rdonlyres 6D4AFO7E 874D 4DB5 A2C5 63E10F9753EB 27345 BioenergyActionPlan pdf PlanEnergi The Danish Society of Engineers Energy Plan 2030 Solar Distribution PlanEnergi 2006 Available from http www planenergi dk Central Statistics Office Ireland Census 2006 Housing Central Statistics Office Ireland 2007 Available from http www cso ie census Munster M Energy System Analysis of Waste to Energy technologies PhD Thesis Department of Development and Planning Aalborg Unviersity Aalborg Denmark 2009 Available from htt
50. ation 38 A full explanation about the calculation and application of degree data can be obtained from 38 39 For the heat demand an annual distribution with a resolution of 1 day is required but the Degree Day data obtained from various weather stations around Ireland is only recorded on a daily basis as seen in Figure 15 Therefore this 1 day data had to be converted into hourly readings To do this took a daily cycle from a similar study completed on Denmark in 7 and applied it to the Irish distribution with a program developed in MATLAB 32 which is displayed in Figure 16 As district heating is common in Denmark hourly data could be easily obtained over a 24 hour period and it was assumed that Ireland would have a similar daily distribution in its heat demands as Denmark E Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN MA A m O N N gt m w w pa eTo 5 O Maa y a W 4 WW a AN A e AAT o W Ad We I Wy N A DD Ww Figure 15 Degree Day data from Belmullet meteorological station in Mayo Ireland 26 No Daily Cycle With Daily Cycle hb h eeh ea W N h ATE h TTA DAT AAA 1 of y DAV OnO p gt FSP PENEI NIN SVV ASAA Hour in January Figure 16 Individual heat distribution for January 2007 in Ireland Hourly Finally by obtaining the HDD data the level of heat required each day within a building can be estimated However this onl
51. ation share oY Ea i The correction factor Parameters 1 3 are reasonably intuitive and have been discussed in detail in at the start of section 3 Therefore will only recap on the stabilisation share and the correction factor here So just to repeat from the EnergyPLAN user manual 1 the stabilisation share is the percentage between 0 and 1 of the installed Capacity of the renewable resource that can contribute to grid stability i e provide ancillary services such as voltage and frequency regulation on the electric grid At present renewable energy technologies with the exception of hydro plants with storage cannot help regulate the grid Therefore the stabilisation share will be set to 0 unless this changes in the future Also from the EnergyPLAN user manual 1 the correction factor adjusts the hourly distribution inputted for the renewable resource It does not change the power output at full load hours or hours of zero output However it does increase the output at all other times This can be used for a number of different reasons For example future wind turbines may have higher capacity factors and thus the same installed wind capacity will produce more power Onshore Wind obtained the installed wind capacity and the hourly wind output for 2007 from the Irish TSO The stabilisation factor was inputted as 0 because wind power does not contribute to grid stabilisation Also the correction University of Limeric
52. ature Symbols CFw Average capacity factor for an offshore wind farm Enl Annual output from a wind farm EouT Total electricity produced from a generating facility EN Total electricity consumed by a PHES Gridstab Percentage of electricity production from grid stabilising units Fin Total fuel input Wh MGSPS Minimum Grid Stabilisation Production Share Pw Installed wind capacity d Minimum grid stabilisation production share in i EnergyPLAN Cstab Total electricity production from grid stabilising units stab Percentage of grid stabilisation criteria which have load been met during each hour Nconp Efficiency of all the condensing plant NTH Round trip efficiency of a PHES Abbreviations BEV CDD CEEP CHP CSO DH EEEP ENTSO E Battery Electric Vehicle Cooling degree days Critical excess electricity production Combined Heat and Power Central Statistics Office Ireland District heating Exportable Excess Electricity Production European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity GJ GE HDD IEA kW kWh kg M M2 M4 MW OECD PES PHES PP SEAI TSO TWh VAT Wh bbl Gigajoule The General Electric Company Heat degree days International Energy Agency Kilowatt Kilowatt hour Kilogram Million Euro Data buoy number 2 around the Irish coast Data buoy number 4 around the Irish coast Megawatt Organisation for Economic Co Operation and Development Primary Energy Supply Pumped hydroelectric
53. correct amount of energy then the power plant efficiency under the Input gt DistrictHeating tab needs to be adjusted 5 Is the total amount of fuel being used within the energy system correct The EnergyPLAN model 7 20 Electricity demand TWh yeary Flexible demand 0 00 Capacities Efficiencies R i i z pipiens egulation Strategy Technical regulation no 2 Fuel Price level Basic Fixed demand a Tl Fixed imp exp 0 80 Group 2 MW e MJis elec Ther COP KEOL regulation bol Electric heating 4 Transportation 0 00 CHP 0 0 040 0 50 Minimum Stabilisation share 0 30 Electric cooling 0 00 Total 27 68 Heat Pump 0 0 3 00 Stabilisation share of CHP 0 00 a E Gh 4 0 0 90 Minimum CHP gr 3 load 300 MW iar j roup 3 H d District heating demand 0 00 0 00 0 00 cpp 0 a Bk a a y Electrol Gr 2 0 0 080 0 10 0 Electrol Gr 3 0 080 0 10 0 Solar Thermal 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 Heat Pump 0 Industrial CHP CSHP 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 Boiler 0 90 Distr Name Hour_nordpool txt Electrol trans 0 0 80 Demand after solar and CSHP 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 Condensing 6445 0 47 Addition factor 0 00 EUR MWh Ely MicroCHP 0 0 0 80 Multiplication factor 2 00 CAES fuel ratio 0 000 TWh year 0 00 Heatstorage gr 2 0 GWh gr 3 0 GWh Dependency factor 0 00 EUR MWh pr MW Offshore Wind 11 TWhiyear 0 00 Fixed Boiler gr 2 0 0 Percent gr 3 0 0 Percent Average Market Price 227 EUR MWh TWhiyaar i 5 Wave Power TWh year 0 00 Electricity prod from CSHP Wast
54. ct Heating FdenergyPLan 7 20 Startdata File Edit Help ca ad S ElectricityDemand DistrictHeating RenewableEneray Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport waste In common for all three district heating groups CHP Heat Pumps and Boilers at District Heating Systems Distribution of demand Change Hour_distr heat txt Group District heating gr is meant to represent DH systems without CHP p Bichtawiercok salatama Change Hour solar_prodt tet remand jo TWh year Production Storage Loss Share Result lt TWh year Gwh Percent TWh year Sum of district heating demand 20 00 TWh year TWh pear AEREN jog SN loader Solar thermal fo fo fo fi 0 00 TWh pear Sum of solar thermal 0 00 TWh pear Group ll District heating gr Il is meant to represent DH systems based on small CHP plants Demand fi j TwWh year Solar thermal fo bo o i 0 00 Capacities Efficiencies Miw e MJ s elec Therm COP Heat storage gr 2 CHP Rote ye fos i0 gw Heat Pump fo 3 Fixed Boiler share Boiler 5000 fos fo Per cent Group Ill District heating ar Ill is meant to represent DH systems based on large CHP extraction plants Demand fi K TWh year Solar thermal fo E p ie 0 00 etwas Distribution of fuel Coal Oil Naas Biomass we i elec ayer COP Heat storage gr 3 TWh year Variable _Natiable_ Variable _Vatiable_ Heat Pump fi o0 ssi 3 Fixed Boiler share CHP2 jo jo jo fo Boile
55. ction demand 2 The hourly distribution of the total annual production demand which have the following criteria a There must be 8784 data points one for each hour b The data points are usually between 0 and 1 representing 0 100 of production demand as shown in Figure 1 However if a distribution is entered with values greater than 1 EnergyPLAN will index the distribution This is done by dividing each entry in the distribution by the maximum value in the distribution This means that historical hourly data can be used in EnergyPLAN for a distribution An example displaying how an index is created and also how an index is used is shown in Table 3 1 c The distribution is inputted as a text file and stored in the Distributions folder t This does not apply to the price distributions For the price distribution the actual values provided in the distribution are used po oal Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipy reztenot tanlenplenle The distribution is simply adjusted to reflect the total annual production demand For example in Figure 2 the distributions for three separate demands are shown which show how the distribution in Figure 1 is manipulated to model the total demand Table 3 1 How a distribution is indexed and subsequently used in EnergyPLAN Note 8784 hours in total are required Time Output from a 100 MW WEIDE Using Indexed Data to Simulate a 400 MW W
56. d connected When comparing this value to other hourly values the Efficiency battery to grid will also need to be considered This is the amount of energy in the Battery storage capacity under the Input gt Transport tab Energy can be removed at 100 efficiency from this storage for transport i e for the V2G Demand However the total energy put into the storage is equal to the V2G Charge multiplied by the Efficiency grid to battery and the total energy removed is equal to the V2G Discha divided by the Efficiency battery to grid transH2 electr The electricity consumed by the electrolyser which creates hydrogen for the transport sector The value depends on the capacity and efficiency defined for Transport under the Input gt ElecStorage tab as well as the H2 Produced by Electrolysers under the Input gt Transport tab University of Limerick Areas of Difficulty E D AAN N A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN Abbreviation transH2 storage Input This is the Hydrogen Storage capacity for Transport contained in the Input gt ElecStorage tab The Estimated Electricity Production from the H2 micro CHP Ngas micro CHP HH elec CHP ivi ea and the Biomass micro CHP under the Input gt Individual tab The Estimated Electricity Production from the Heat Pump under the Input HH elec HP gt Individual tab This w
57. d with the EnergyPLAN model you will receive an error that says File not found location distribution_name txt as shown in Figure 25 FdenerayPLan 7 20 ireland_energyplan_model File Edit Help B a x esa RN Calculation Time 00 00 00 Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Output Settings ElectricityD emand DistrictHeating RenewableEnergy Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport Waste Electricity Demand and Fixed Import Export Electricity demand 2353 TWh year Change distribution ireland_demand_hour_2007 txt Electric heating IF included 0 TwWh year Subtract electric heating using distribution from individual window Electric cooling IF included fo TWh year Subtract electric cooling using distribution from cooling window fied and Sum Demand excl elec heating 23 59 TWh year variable Electric heating individual 4 03 TWh vear Electric cooling coolingl 0 00 TWh year Flexible demand 1 day fo Twh year Max effect fioo Mw Flexible demand 1 week jo TWh year Max effect 1o00 Mw Flexible demand 4 weeks jo Twh year Max effect fi ooo MW Fixed Import Export jas TWh vear Change distribution export tat Total electricity demand 28 42 TWh year energyplan_v File not found C Users David Desktop Projects Energy Models Energy Models EnergyPLAN EnergyPLAN Distributions export txt energyplan f Figure 25 Error that occurs when the
58. do not operate according to the heat demand but instead they operate according to the Triple Tariff The Triple Tariff was introduced in Denmark to encourage CHP units to produce electricity during peak hours Therefore CHP plants got paid 3 times more for producing electricity during peak hours times than any other time of the day As a result thermal storage became very common with CHP plants so they could store the excess heat created while output was high during peak electricity hours This regulation option is used to simulate the Triple Tariff The market optimisation is designed to match supply and demand at the least cost rather than on the minimum fuel consumption For this optimisation two primary steps are completed 1 The short term marginal cost of producing electricity and or heat is calculated for each power producing unit 2 The least cost combination of production units is chosen to supply the demand For a detailed explanation of the calculations completed in both the technical optimisation and the market optimisation read chapter 6 and 7 respectively in the EnergyPLAN user manual 1 4 3 1 Business economic vs Socio economic calculations Economic results from EnergyPLAN can be divided into two types of studies 1 Socio economic costs Taxes are not included 2 Business economic costs Taxes are included The socio economic studies are designed to minimise the costs to society i e the cost for the region country
59. down is based on the CIP 2004 Last Updated 24 Sep 2008 Key 8 sjejej e S 8 S S Bituminous Coal JERE o e Anthracite a 4 Manufactured 79 Slovoids ojo 2 2 Lignite oo a3 0 3 0 000 0 3 0 13 071 0 000 0 000 0 000 13071 0 000 0000 0000 0000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 0 er Epe EEEL ojo p S S S S ojos oje 8 8 3 8 ojo S oj0 o EE S S S Sjj 99 9 ojoje 8 8 38 es ii ca 0 000 0 0 a124 0317 ooo 0000 0 000 0 000 0000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0000 0 000 ona 0317 oo 0000 0 009 0 000 00 O 000 3 881 0 706 0 000 0 076 0 000 0 000 _ 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 3 568 0 709 0 000 0 076 0000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0160 0 000 0000 0000 0075 0 000 000 0000 0000 0 000 0000 0000 Foner 000 000 0000 0000 0o00 000 0000 0000 0 000 0000 0000 1391 0000 0000 0 000 0000 0 000 0000 0000 ooo 0 000 0 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 oo 000 000 0000 0000 000 000 0000 0 000 0 000 0000 0000 0 000 0 000 0000 0000 0 000 0 000 000 0000 0 000 0 000 0000 0000 0 000 0 000 0000 0000 0o00 0o00 000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0 000 0 000 0000 0000 0285 0 010 0 000 0008 0000 0 000 _ 0000 0 000 Peat S S Milled Peat gt a oe 0 000 slo
60. duced by the Geothermal operated by absorption hear pump on steam from waste CHP plants for the DH Gr 3 under the Input gt Waste tab This is the Steam for Heat Pump produced by the Geothermal operated by absorption hear pump on steam from waste CHP plants for the DH Gr 3 under the Input gt Waste tab Geoth3 storage This is the Steam Storage produced by the Geothermal operated by absorption hear pump on steam from waste CHP plants for the DH Gr 3 under the Input gt Waste tab chp3 heat The amount of heat produced from the CHP units in Group 3 of the Input gt DistrictHeating tab The capacity of CHP units available to produce this heat is defined in the CHP input which is also under the Group 3 section hp3 heat The amount of heat produced from the Heat Pump units in Group 3 of the Input gt DistrictHeating tab The capacity and coefficient of performance for the heat pump units available to produce this heat are defined in the Heat Pump amp COP inputs respectively which are also under the Group 3 section boiler heat r The amount of heat produced from the boiler units in Group 3 of the Input gt DistrictHeating tab The capacity and efficiency for the boiler units available to produce this heat are defined in the Boiler amp Therm inputs respectively which are also under the Group 3 section
61. during the hourly values This is due to the calculation procedure in EnergyPLAN As stated previously a double penstock system can charge using excess electricity while also discharging to provide grid stabilisation Therefore at the beginning of each hour EnergyPLAN must decide how much energy will be stored due to excess electricity and how much will be discharged to provide grid stabilisation To do this the following sequence is used by EnergyPLAN University of Limerick Areas of Difficulty am D AAN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 1 The amount of excess wind power can be stored is calculated i e is there enough pump capacity and storage capacity available to send the excess electricity 2 It calculates the electricity that needs to be discharged to meet the grid stabilisation requirements Based on these figures the electricity that must be imported or exported is evaluated Once again by looking at an example this should become clear Let s take the values from hour 887 in Table 4 3 At the beginning of this hour there was a demand of 442 MW and a wind production of 1200 MW Therefore by following the steps outlined above EnergyPLAN did the following 1 The storage capacity from the hour before was 4351 MWh while the total capacity was 5000 MWh Therefore the total capacity available for the next hour was 649 MWh which equates to a pump demand of 812 MW i e 649 0 8 Hence there is only room for 812 MW of excess electricity
62. e TWh year Transport 0 00 65 80 0 00 0 25 Tidal TWh year 0 00 Gr 1 0 93 0 00 Household 5 88 19 53 10 82 0 35 Hydro Power TWh year Gr2 0 00 0 00 Industry 1 72 14 83 10 35 1 95 Geothermal TWhi year Gr 3 0 00 0 00 Various 0 00 0 00 0 00 9 00 Capacities Storage Efficiencies MW e GWh elec Ther Hydro Pump 272 2 0 75 Hydro Turbine 292 0 85 0 0 0 Coal Oil Ngas Biomass i Elect Consumption Production Balance Elec Flexi Hy Geo Waste HP ELT Boiler EH lance demand ble dro thermal CSHP CHP Imp Exp CEEP EEP MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW Million EUR 92 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 Payment imp Exp January February March August September October November December _ ecococooooqcjeoso 3 oooooctooooo9o o joooooooco0ceco Oo 8 3 eol joooocoocoocooc cdceao oo ooococoocococ cjeo Average price EUR MWh Average Maximum Ja oW o 3 Secolcococaooeooscooeoceo i to i o oo ecool occooccacocco cscoolocooocococ ocd Secocol ecooecacoc coco ce oco locoocoocoocoooooo0oo0o cocleoooeoeccoococeca ccoolsaccoaocoeoccooccosd Seocl cononeocococccso coscoleooeocoosccococc do Or cicococoeococococcocca cool coococcececcococse ooo oooocoooooooo0oo cocoolooooooo0oo0oo0oo0o0o0 oooco ooocooo0oo0oo0o0oo0o0o0o0 cocoolcooccoecoccoscs Minimum 231 192 Total for the whole year v E Million EUR TWhiyear 0 00 0 00 0 00
63. e PHES turbine As specified in the EnergyPLAN user manual both power plants and the PHES turbine can provide grid stabilising power Therefore the total grid stabilising power production for hour 3 is 172 MW 38 134 This means that GridStab 172 572 100 30 and stab load 30 30 100 40 Areas of Difficulty University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN PA OO 4 8 Abbreviations for the Results window In the results window there are a number of columns which represent various technologies within the EnergyPLAN simulation Table 4 4 Abbreviations displayed in the results window of the EnergyPLAN model Abbreviation elec demand Input Sum Demand excl elec Heating under the Input gt ElectricityDemand tab elec dem cooling Electricity Consumption under the Input gt Cooling tab Fixed Exp Imp Fixed Import Export under the Input gt ElectricityDemand tab district heating Sum of Demand under Groups Il and 3 of Input gt DistrictHeating tab wind power Estimated Post Correction Production for the renewable energy selected on the first row of Renewable Energy Source under the Input gt RenewableEnergy tab PV Estimated Post Correction Production for the renewable energy selected on the second row of Renewable Energy Source under the Input gt RenewableEnergy tab Wave power Estimated Post Correction Production
64. e crude oil price was used to identify the cost of Fuel Oil Diesel and Petrol Jet Fuel As these fuels are refined from crude oil their prices are proportional to the crude oil price and hence the price ratio between each of these and crude oil typically remains constant Therefore the following ratios recommended by the Danish Energy Authority was used to calculate these prices 48 ratio of crude oil to fuel oil was 1 to 0 70 crude oil to diesel was 1 to 1 25 and crude oil to petrol jet fuel was 1 to 1 33 Also the fuel handling costs were obtained from the Danish Energy Agency 48 and are displayed in Table 3 5 Table 3 5 Fuel handling costs 48 Fuel Oil Gas oil Diesel Petrol JP Coal NEL mers Biomass Power Stations central 0 228 0 228 0 067 0 428 1 160 NA aa N A 1 914 1 807 1 165 1 120 Individual households 2 905 2 945 6 118 Road transport 3 159 4 257 11 500 49 Airplanes 0 696 3 2 1 2 Taxes rang the Irish revenue office to find out if there were any taxes on specific fuels or technologies and found that there was none Note that Value Added Tax VAT is not included here 3 2 1 3 CO2 Content In the EnergyPLAN model three CO emission factors are required one for coal oil and natural gas However in this study coal and oil do not just account for a single fuel but instead they account for a group of fuels The coal category represents peat and coal as these we
65. elow will discuss in detail where got the information for the Input tab and the Cost tab as these account for the majority of data required C lt me File Edit Help ca ad EENE Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Output Settings Version of EnergyPLAN EnergyPLAN Energy System Analysis Model Version 8 3 30 Sept 2010 l and date it was released Hydro water RES electricity a ae i r lt ye r 4 fa ler SSSS Na l RES heat mhf 7 T x Figure 3 Frontpage of the EnergyPLAN tool 3 1 1 Input Tab Below is a brief description of the data used under the Input tab in my model It is worth noting that the data required for EnergyPLAN is usually generic data that can be obtained in most OECD countries Therefore if was able to obtain the data for the Irish energy system it is likely to be available in other countries also Also note that each sub heading in this section represents data required for a different tab in EnergyPLAN The first piece of information that you should try to source is the Energy Balance for your country or region The Irish Energy Balance was completed by the Irish energy agency called the Sustainable Energy Authority of i Organisation for Economic Co Operation and Development http www oecd org i 6 Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN MYA O Ireland SEAI 13 The Energy Balance
66. ember o ooo ooo 9200 08 Average Maximum Minimum Average price EUR MWh 40 17 ooo ooo0oo0 go 00 00000 ooo o0o0oo0 co 0 coo cf ooo o0oc cc ccc Cc CoC of OoOooo oo ooo oo O00 00 ooo oo0o 00 oO 00 00000 ooo o0oo0oo0o0n coo co coo cfd ooo o0ooo0oc0c 0c coc cco 0c o 0 Ooo 1 oo ono go 00 00000 oeooo nouo ono coco cco ocnd ooo oo o0 OO 0 00000 OoOoo oo onoooon oo 000 2 Ooo oo ono ogo o0 O00 00 ooo o0ocococ 0c cco CCC of ooo ooo0ococ0c ccc Cc Cc oO 9 Total for the whole year Million EUR TWh year 0 00 000 0 00 000 483 0 00 000 0 00 O00 4 83 24 45 i 0 00 0 00 i d 19 33 0 00 0 00 0 93 439 11 65 0 00 8 89 0 147 FUEL BALANCE TWhi year Imp Exp Corrected CO2 emission Mt DHP CHP2 CHP3 Boiler2 Boiler3 PP Geo th Hydro Elcly s Waste CAES Wind Offsh Hydro PV Solar Th Transp househ Industry Various Total Imp Exp Netto Total Netto Coal 3 37 8 95 5 88 1 72 19 92 7 21 4 74 Oil 0 80 2 12 65 80 1951 14 83 103 06 27 16 26 73 N Gas 5 43 14 40 10 82 10 35 41 00 8 43 6 17 Biomass 0 05 0 14 0 25 0 35 1 95 2 74 0 00 0 00 Renewable 18 60 0 08 0 65 0 01 19 34 0 00 0 00 H2 etc 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 Geothermal 0 00 0 00 0 00 Total 9 65 25 60
67. esteennsenansausaweucadeveensaceasensneneee 32 4 1 Thermal Energy System waecasdte nan cansyrsieeatennesacnsaredvenocguvsrtmmaaduarodesuvavalvorsdesayenooasdastacosusare iieis 32 4 2 Disiet Reang GOUD S serenon E E E A 33 4 3 Technical Optimisation vs Market OptiMiSation ccssecccccccccsessseeeccecesaaeeseeeceeeeseneeeees 33 4 3 1 Business economic vs Socio economic calculations s sssesssssseeresssssssseereessssreeene 34 4 4 Optimisation criteria for an Energy System ssseeesssseeessssrereesssrerosserersssrreesssreresessreress 35 4 5 External Electricity Market Price c ccsssccccccsssecceccceeseccccsesseceesaueeceeesseaseceessuaaeeeeesaaneses 35 4 6 Operation Strategy for Electricity Storage ccescccccssssecccecceeseececseeeccesseeseeeesssaeaeeeesseees 35 4 6 1 Storage capacity for the double penstock system Strategy cccscccccessseceeeeeeeeeeeeees 37 4 7 Description of stab load from EnergyPLAN results WINGOW ccc ssseccecsesseceeeeeeeeeeeeees 39 4 8 Abbreviations for the Results WINGOW sssssseeccceccsanseeseeececesseeesseecceessseeaeaseeeeeeeesaaeess 41 5 Verifying Reference Model Data csccscsscsccsccsccccsccsceccsccsceccnccscecceccscescncscescnsescescnees 46 6 COMMON Emor SCKEONS sissiscnseswinacsanenscteescescasisntsaneeseisaceveesscaaeseas eabesanscavenwinecetsensotsesmanaenens 47 6 1 Wrong Number of Data Points cccccccsssseccccs
68. for the renewable energy selected on the third row of Renewable Energy Source under the Input gt RenewableEnergy tab River hydro Estimated Post Correction Production for the renewable energy selected on the fourth row of Renewable Energy Source under the Input gt RenewableEnergy tab Hydro power Estimated annual production in the Hydro Power section under the Input gt RenewableEnergy tab Hydro pump Operation of the hydro pump The capacity is defined in Pump Capacity in the Hydro Power section under the Input gt RenewableEnergy tab Hydro storage Energy in the hydro storage The capacity is defined in Storage in the Hydro Power section under the Input RenewableEnergy tab Hydro Wat Sup Hydro Wat Loss Incoming water to the hydro storage It is defined in Annual Water supply in the Hydro Power section under the Input gt RenewableEnergy tab Sometimes the water flowing into the hydro plant exceeds the demand required and hence water has to go through the spillway and it is lost solar thermal Sum of all the Result TWh year at the end of all the Solar thermal inputs under Groups l Il and 3 of Input gt DistrictHeating tab cshp1 heat DH prod for the DH Gr 1 row under the Input gt Industry tab wastel heat DH production in the first DH Gr 1 row under the Input gt Waste tab DH
69. ggrundsrapport Danish Society of Engineers Energy Plan 2030 2006 Available from http ida dk omida laesesalen Documents analyse og rapporter energiplan baggrundsrapportsam let pdf 7 Lund H Mathiesen BV Energy system analysis of 100 renewable energy systems The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050 Energy 2009 34 5 524 531 8 The Danish Society of Engineers The Danish Society of Engineers Energy Plan 2030 The Danish Society of Engineers 2006 Available from http ida dk sites climate introduction Documents Energyplan2030 pdf 9 Blarke MB Lund H The effectiveness of storage and relocation options in renewable energy systems Renewable Energy 2008 33 7 1499 1507 10 Lund H Large scale integration of optimal combinations of PV wind and wave power into the electricity supply Renewable Energy 2006 31 4 503 515 11 Lund H Large scale integration of wind power into different energy systems Energy 2005 30 13 2402 2412 12 EirGrid Welcome to EirGrid Available from http www eirgrid com accessed 8th November 2010 13 SEI Sustainable Energy Ireland Available from http www sei ie accessed 9th January 2009 14 International Energy Agency Energy Balances of OECD Countries International Energy Agency 2008 Available from http www iea org Textbase publications free new Desc asp PUBS ID 2033 15 International Energy Agency Energy Balances of Non OECD Countries International Energy Agency
70. he same time To simulate this scenario in EnergyPLAN select NO for Allow for simultaneous operation of turbine and pump However if energy storage devices are designed especially to integrate fluctuating renewable energy there may be additional benefits when using PHES that can charge and discharge at the same time This can be achieved in a single PHES facility by installing two penstocks as displayed in Figure 20 or also by installing multiple single penstock system PHES facilities on the same energy system i e one can charge while the other is discharging at the same time By using a double penstock system the PHES introduces more flexibility onto the energy system and hence it can aid the integration of more renewable energy As a result this operating strategy is also possible in EnergyPLAN by selecting YES when asked Allow for simultaneous operation of turbine and pump Electricity Out Upper Reservoir Upper Reservoir During Discharging Electricity Out During Discharging Generator Double gt Motor Generator Electricity In Lower Reservoir Lower Reservoir Electricity In Figure 20 One PHES facility with A a single penstock system and B a double penstock system So how do these operating strategies affect the hourly operation of the system in EnergyPLAN To illustrate this an example is presented in Table 4 1 using the parameters defined in Table 4 2 As seen in Table 4 1 the primary adva
71. hnical Optimisation 2 Balancing Heat and Electricity Demands under the Regulation tab in EnergyPLAN _ gt Wind Power Wind Power Electricity Electricity Demand CHP Plant OES CHP Plant Demand J Demand Thermal Storage Thermal Storage a b Figure 18 Energy system with district heating and thermal energy storage during a a low wind scenario and b a high wind scenario This system has been put into practice in Denmark which has the highest wind penetration in the world Also Lund and Mathiesen have created a roadmap for Denmark towards achieving a 100 renewable energy system using a thermal energy system 4 8 E Areas of Difficulty University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipycve vener lan lezen 4 2 District Heating Groups After learning about the operation of the thermal storage energy system the next question that comes to mind relates to the CHP inputs under the Input gt DistrictHeating tab Under this tab there are three district heating DH categories 1 DH without CHP These are systems that use boilers waste heat or some other form of heat supply but do not use CHP 2 DH with small CHP plants This category represents CHP plants which cannot operate without a heat load 3 DH with large CHP plants This category specifies the amount of centralised CHP capacity The primary difference between these and group 2 is the fact that these plants do not need to create heat during the p
72. icity that had to be exported from the energy system BUT COULD NOT be exported because the required transmission was not available How important each of these parameters is depends on the objective of your study Exercise four in the EnergyPLAN training which is available from the EnergyPLAN website 1 provides a good example of how these parameters are used to compare alternative energy systems Finally other parameters may also be used to compare energy systems but these are the most common 4 5 External Electricity Market Price Under the regulation tab an external electricity market price can be defined The distribution is NOT indexed like other distributions in EnergyPLAN instead the actual values in the distribution are used The distribution can be manipulated by an Addition Factor and a Multiplication Factor The addition factor is used to represent the cost of CO because when a CO cost is increased or introduced it usually increases the cost of electricity by a constant amount for each hour The multiplication factor is usually used to model an increase in fuel prices as these usually increase the cost of electricity proportionally during each hour 4 6 Operation Strategy for Electricity Storage In EnergyPLAN electricity storage is described in the form of pumped hydroelectric energy storage PHES as this is the largest and most common form of electricity storage in use today 58 However this can be used to defi
73. ill increase as the Capacity Limit is reduced as an electric boiler will supply the shortfall in heat supply at peak times The Estimated Electricity Production from the Electric heating under the Input HH elec EB as gt Individual tab BE nn h s HH H2 Electr The electricity consumed by the Micro CHP electrolyser under the Input gt ElecStorage tab HH H2 storage The Hydrogen Storage capacity for Micro CHP under the Input gt ElecStorage tab HH H2 prices The H2 micro CHP will only operate if it is cheaper than using a conventional boiler Therefore EnergyPLAN calculates the price of purchasing hydrogen and compares it to the price of operating a conventional boiler HH heat Demand Sum of Heat Demand for the H2 micro CHP Ngas micro CHP Biomass micro CHP Heat Pump and Electric Heating under the Input gt Individual tab HH heat CHP HP Sum of Heat Demand for the H2 micro CHP Ngas micro CHP Biomass micro CHP and Heat Pump under the Input gt Individual tab HH heat Boiler This is the total amount of heat supplied by the boiler component only in the H2 micro CHP Ngas micro CHP and Biomass micro CHP This is dependent on the Heat Demand and the Capacity Limit of these technologies which are defined under the Input gt Individual tab HH heat Solar The
74. imulated which is calculated based on the units operating their capacities and their corresponding costs from the Cost gt Fuel and the Cost gt Operation tabs Btl neck prices This is the price difference between the external market price System Price and the market being simulated DKmarket prices import payments This is the cost of importing electricity and it is obtained by multiplying the import by the System Price The value displayed needs to be multiplied by 1000 to obtain the true figure and it is a monetary value export payments This is the revenue from exporting electricity and it is obtained by multiplying the export by the System Price The value displayed needs to be multiplied by 1000 to obtain the true figure and it is a monetary value blt neck payment These are the costs that occur due to bottlenecks that occur when import export reaches its maximum capacity It is calculated by multiplying the Btl neck prices by the import export capacity Note that this is then divided by 2 as the revenue from bottlenecks is normally split between the 2 operators on each side of the interconnector addexport payment The is the cost revenue that occurs due to the Fixed Import Export which was defined under the Input gt ElectricityDemand tab It is the Fixed Exp Imp in the results window multiplied by the DKmarket prices DHP and Boilers This i
75. ines in comparison to the onshore wind turbines However if 25 2 MW of wind power produced an annual output of 0 11 TWh this would give the wind farm a capacity factor of 49 8 which is very high and hence used a second method also Sen D gt O 10 15 Wind Speed m s Figure 6 Power curve for a Vestas V90 wind turbine 23 Oo m Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipycve vener lan lezen For the second method simply found the average capacity factor for an offshore wind farm in Ireland which was 40 24 then calculated the annual output from the wind farm Eannua using the installed wind capacity PW and the average capacity factor for an offshore wind farm CFw as displayed below Eannuai 8760PyChy 2 The result was 0 088 TWh from an installed wind capacity of 25 2 MW with a capacity factor of 40 Therefore after the offshore wind capacity and onshore wind distribution were inputted into EnergyPLAN and the correction factor was adjusted to 0 36 until the annual output was 0 088 GWh In my opinion this method is better when simulating alternatives which introduce new large scale wind capacities as it uses the average Capacity factor In comparison the first method is better if you are simulating a specific wind farm as it takes into account the specific wind speeds at that site As Ireland has very little offshore wind at the moment but my future
76. it took four months to obtain this data so long waiting periods may need to be accounted for When modelling future alternatives for Ireland will use the Hydro Power option in EnergyPLAN as this will enable EnergyPLAN to optimise the dispatch of hydro itself which is desirable in the future Hydro Power found that hydro data was quite difficult to gather i e power capacity and storage capacity As indicated in Figure 5 hydro only provides 2 3 of Ireland s electricity demands and therefore there is not a lot of detailed information which is easily accessible for the hydro plants As a result found that the most productive approach was to contact the hydro plants directly and request the data required from the operator in the control room For the distribution of the hydro production used annual output data for the hydro plants which was recorded by the Irish TSO s EirGrid 35 and SEMO 36 As stated previously hydro power was only simulated using this option when modelling future alternatives for Ireland and not when modelling the reference model in 2007 Geothermal Nuclear There is currently no geothermal or nuclear power plants installed in Ireland so no data has been gathered for them 3 1 1 4 Electricity Storage Al r iy p Ad r VPLS 7 artde File Edit Help ol Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Output Settings ElectricityDemand DistrictHeating RenewableEnergy ElecStorage Cooli
77. jo fi fo 0 00 Total 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 The capacity of the heat storage is given in days of average heat demand The capcity limit of the CHP and HP is given in share between 0 and 1 of maximum heat demand Share of heat consumers with solar thermal j y C D yN F i Ei p i J Heat Distribution It was very difficult to predict the annual heat distribution for the entire population of Ireland In order to estimate it used Degree Day data from Met ireann the Irish meteorological service 26 There are Heating Degree Days HDD and Cooling Degree Days CDD As their title suggest the HDD indicate the level of heating required on a given day and the CDD indicate the level of cooling required on a given day In Ireland cooling is not usually necessary due to the climate and therefore the HDD was used to estimate the amount of heat required Heating Degree Days work as follows The temperature within a building is usually 2 3 C more than outside so when the outside temperature is 15 5 C the inside of a building is usually 17 5 C to 18 5 C Therefore once the temperature drops below this 15 5 C outside temperature setpoint the inside temperature drops below 17 5 18 5 C and the space heating within a building is usually turned on Note that this 15 5 C setpoint is specifically for Ireland and it can change depending on a number of factors such as the climate and the typical level of house insul
78. k Collecting the Required Data fa D AAND A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN factor was inputted as 0 because the installed wind capacity and the distribution used generated the expected annual wind energy Otherwise the correction factor would need to be adjusted until the wind production calculated by the model was the same as the actual annual production Offshore Wind There was very little historical data available for offshore wind in Ireland There is currently only one offshore wind farm constructed which is located at Arklow Banks near County Wicklow This wind farm is using a new wind turbine developed by GE Energy The General Electric Company hence they will not release any information in relation to the power generated from the turbines The only information had was the installed Capacity of the wind turbines which was 25 2 MW 7 x 3 6 MW turbines As a result used the onshore wind distribution that had obtained from the Irish TSO combined with the correction factor in EnergyPLAN The reason the onshore wind distribution is a good source of data is because it accounts for the variations in wind speed over the island of Ireland The only difference between onshore and offshore wind distributions is the higher capacity factor for offshore This is accounted for by the correction factor in EnergyPLAN However after deciding to use the onshore wind distribution then had to identify the annual wind energy produced by the 25 2 MW of
79. l Incr Bio CHP decr B D DKK MWh Boiler 0 DKK MWh th Incr HP decrease EH 0 DKK MWh a Pons Silas Marginal Costs of storing 1 M Yvh electrcity Electric heating 0 DKK M Wh e DKK MWh Multiplication Factor Individual Incr H2 CHP decr Boiler 0 1 85 Total cost of storing defined pr MWh of electricity production Storage KORE seya ashe oe Minimum selling price devided by maximum buying price PR de calcd ace ge Hydro Pump Storage 0 3 37 Under this tab you must enter the variable operation and maintenance costs These are the costs that occur if the technology in question is used For example an annual service has to be done every year regardless of how often the generating plant operates Therefore this is a fixed operation and maintenance charge However if the generating plant generates 1 GWh it must get a second service costing 1500 Therefore the generating plant has a variable operation and maintenance cost of 1500 GWh or 1 50 MWh as this second service will only be necessary if the plant actually operates Do l Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN MA A For the condensing plant found the variable operation and maintenance costs for each type of power plants from 51 and calculated an overall variable O amp M cost of 1 84 MWh as displayed in Table 3 8 For the PHES facilities obtained the variable operation and maintenance costs from 52 and to date
80. lojelele 2 2 eee EAEL DOO 0 258 2 163 0 992 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 2 167 0 992 0 000 0 000 0 000 000 0000 0000 0000 0o00 0000 0 003 0 000 0 000 0 000 0000 0000 0000 000 0 0 000 0000 0 000 000 000 0 000 0000 0000 0000 0 000 0000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 Ireland s Provisional Energy Balance 2007 TWh Ga soil Diesel DERV ojo ko Ezd PABER Lubricants i o gt 5 N gees 6 000 1540 5355 13 476 Sane EEE 20 263 0 093 0 000 0 000 0 000 4 233 0 003 fame anon oono oao aaoo faze onon am CALALALAL oo 0 000 0000 0000 0 0 000 20 263 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 9 000 0 000 1 085 6 108 2 459 0 oo 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 co 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 e000 aoon foao onoo To 000 0000 0000 0 000 T 0000 T 0 00 000 0 000 0 000 L 0 000 000 SiS oje S S ojo n So o 0 000 Coe ACAENA AECE AA 0 000 0 000 22 325 10 620 12 134 4295 1 853 45 168 3637 0 012 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 015 0 000 0 060 0 001 0416 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000_ 0 000 0 000 0 188 0 000 0 731 0 051 0488 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 eo agno f aoon paom om 0 018 0 000 0 070 0 000 0 058 00 LE t onor tooo ooe tonr ona
81. m Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN PAO 3 1 1 3 Renewable Energy 4S 720 startdata E Fie Edit Help ca ad S ElectricityD emand DistrictHeating FenewableEnergy Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport Waste Electricity production from Renewable Energy and Nuclear Renewable Capacity Stabilisation Distribution profile Production Correction Post Correction Energy Source Mw share TWh year factor production Change Wind f1000 Change Hour_wind tet 2 07 2 07 Change 1 04 Wave Power jo River Hydro fo Change fo jf Photo Voltaic 500 fo Change Hour_wind_1 txt 1 04 fo fo Change Hour_solar_prod 0 00 fo 0 00 fo fo Change 0 00 Hour_solar_prod 0 00 Hydro Power Capacity fo M W e Annual Water supply fo TWh pear Efficiency 0 33 Distribution of water Change Hour_wind_1 txt Storage fo Gwh Estimated anuual production 0 00 TWh year Pump Capacity fo Mw e Storage difference 0 Gwh Pump Efficiensy fos Geothermal Power Capacity fo MiWw e Distribution Change Hour_wind_1 t Efficiency fo Annual production 0 00 TWh year In order to define the energy available from a renewable energy resource in your energy system you need to define five major features 1 The type of renewable energy in question The installed capacity of the renewable resource The distribution profile hourly for one year The stabilis
82. ncillary services that ensure this frequency and voltage are maintained If the frequency or voltage is not maintained the electric grid will stop working i Marginal Cost Is the cost at which there is enough supply to meet demand http en wikipedia org wiki Balance of payments aes Areas of Difficulty University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipycve venler lan lezen 4 Environmental Costs However these calculations are not made by the EnergyPLAN model Instead these benefits must be calculated externally by the user based on the investments made in the different energy system sectors These calculations are discussed further in 57 4 4 Optimisation criteria for an Energy System It is very important to know how EnergyPLAN identifies that one energy system is better than an alternative energy system There five primary variables that are recorded when doing this are 1 PES Primary Energy Supply This is the total energy required within the energy system 2 CQ This is the amount of CO produced within the energy system 3 Annual costs The annual costs required to supply the required energy demand 4 EEEP Exportable Excess Electricity Production This is the amount of electricity that had to be exported from the energy system AND it was possible to export because the required transmission out of the energy system was available 5 CEEP Critical Excess Electricity Production This is the amount of electr
83. ne any type of electricity storage which has a charging capacity i e pump compressor discharge capacity i e turbine and a storage capacity When defining the electricity storage capacities available it is also possible to define an electricity storage operation strategy Once again as EnergyPLAN uses PHES as a reference the question asked in EnergyPLAN when defining an operation strategy is Allow for simultaneous operation of turbine and pump YES NO which is displayed in Figure 19 Fuel ratio fuel input electric output for CAES technologies or similar Electricity Storage Capacities Efficiencies Fuel Ratio Storage Capacity Pump Compressor U 0 8 0 GWh Turbine 0 0 9 fo Electricity Allow for simultaneous operation of turbine and pump No storage system Figure 19 Electricity storage parameters and operation strategy in EnergyPLAN Historically PHES and other large scale electricity storage facilities have typically been constructed with a single penstock system as they were designed to maximise electricity generation from baseload power plants i e by charging during the night when electricity prices were low due to a high percentage of baseload power and discharging during the day when electricity prices were high due to a high demand Therefore they could University of Limerick Areas of Difficulty 35 0 D AAN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN not or never needed to charge and discharge at t
84. neesecccceeeseceeeaensecessseaeeceesseaaeceessaaaeceeseaeees 47 6 2 DISEHROUEION Fle LOCATION essan onee E EDE EEE 48 6 3 VEEARTS E E E E E 49 7 CONCIS IONS girar S 51 8 PROD GIGI orar ueicseubiueedsnoraeseusnuccecdsucesecssunsdevenneies 52 8 1 ireland s Energy Balance OO Toa acetic sau trne ap saresecaueagusan cee sasiaeeanvuat a ssainastaue eeaniiesa ae d 52 9 RETERENCCS E N E T ates E E E E E E A A 53 University of Limerick Table of Contents C D AAN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 1 Introduction This is a brief description of my experience when learned how to use the energy tool EnergyPLAN 1 It is a short description of why chose EnergyPLAN for my particular study followed by a brief account of the sources used to gather the data for the model When I was carrying out my work using EnergyPLAN I did not know where to begin looking for a lot of the data needed As a result the primary aim of this document is to share with others where and how found the required data for my model hope that this brief overview of my experience will enable the reader to use EnergyPLAN quicker and more effectively Finally welcome any contributions that could be made to improve the content of this document such as new sources of data or suggestions for new content If you have any further questions or contributions regarding any of the material in this document you can contact me at david connolly ul ie Nomencl
85. ng Individual Industry Transport Waste Biomass Electrolysers and electricity storage systems Electrolyser Capacities Efficiencies Miw e MJs fuel Therm Hydrogen Storage Group 2 o foe jo fo Gwh Group 3 o foe fo fo Gwh o s fo Gwh l fo 8 fo GWh Fuel ratio fuel input electric output for CAES technologies or similar Transport Micro CHP Electricity Storage Capacities Efficiencies Fuel Ratio Storage Capacity Pump Compressor fo 0 Gwh Turbine jo os o Electricity Allow for simultaneous operation of turbine and pump No storage system t Advanced Labs Calculate Strategy 6 Optimal strategy Compressor variable operation costs DKK M w h 0 a00 0 Compressor taxes DKK MWh ee ee Turbine variable operation cost DKK M Wh 0 Income electricity MDKK price Natural Gas price DKK MWh Ei eee land aga Cost compressor operation MDKK price Fieri Market average price DKK MWh 227 Cost compressor Taxes price Cost turbine operation MDKK price Turbine Market volumen Limits Change dstbution const txt Cost natural gas MDKK price Value of storage diff MDKK price Compressor Market volumen Limits Change dstbution const txt Neti MDKK i s A a isal Pore Allow for simultaneous operation of turbine and pump Yes Only pumped hydroelectric energy storage PHES is in use in Ireland so did not have to gather any data on electrolysers or compressed air energy storage CAES
86. nsumption needs to be in the PP row of the grid However if you put some plants in PP and some other plants in PP2 then the fuel will need to be split across these rows in a way that reflects this divide Finally you will also need the efficiency of the power plants As mentioned the total fuel consumption for each type of power plant can be obtained from the energy balance Using the energy balance document could calculate the efficiency of all the condensing plant Nconp using the total fuel input Fin Wh and total electricity generated Egy Wh _ EoutT 1 NCOND Fin 1 It was difficult to obtain the efficiencies of the individual condensing plant as it was commercially sensitive information However obtained a breakdown of fuel inputted into the Irish condensing plants see Figure 5 once again from the Irish energy agency SEAI and used this to calculate the efficiencies for the condensing University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data C D A ONN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN plant of different fuel type using formula 1 For the reference model you will not need to know this instead all you need to find out is the total fuel consumed by all the power plants and the total electricity generated by all the power plants then you can calculate the condensing efficiency However the efficiency of the power plants under each fuel type will be necessary when simulating future alternatives for example if you
87. ntage of a double penstock PHES facility relates to grid stabilisation to see how the grid stabilisation percentage is calculated see section 8 3 of the EnergyPLAN user manual As the pump and turbine can operate together a double penstock system can store excess wind production using the pump while also producing grid stabilising power using the turbine In contrast the single penstock system has to prioritise one of these as the pump and turbine cannot operate together From Table 4 1 it is clear that the single penstock system prioritises the pump and therefore the excess electricity is sent to the PHES while the power plants PP must now provide the grid stabilising power As a result a system with single penstock PHES facility typically requires more fuel i e more PP production than a system with a double penstock PHES Also as a double penstock can charge and discharge at the same time the storage capacity does not fill up as quickly as a single penstock system Therefore double penstock system can achieve higher fluctuating renewable energy penetrations at lower storage capacities than a single penstock system 36 Areas of Difficulty University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipy veztenol tanlenplenle Table 4 1 Results for hours 1 10 when using a single and a double penstock PHES operation strategy in EnergyPLAN hour E d PA pp pump turbine storage nae import CEEP EEEP Double Penstock System YES 1
88. om individual window Electric cooling IF included Al TWh year Subtract electric cooling using distribution from cooling window Sum Demand excl elec heating 20 00 TWh year Electric heating individual 0 00 TWh year Electric cooling coolingl 0 00 TWh pear Flexible demand 1 day 0 TWwh year Maxeffect 1000 Mw Flexible demand 1 week fo Twh year Maxeffect 1000 Mw Flexible demand 4 weeks 0 TWwh year Maxeffect 1000 Mw Fixed Import Export fo TWh year Change dstibution Hour_Tysklandsexport txt Total electricity demand 20 00 TWh pear Total electricity demand was obtained from the Irish transmission system operator TSO EirGrid 13 and the Energy Balance document Imported and Exported electricity was also obtained from the TSO in Ireland Twenty four European countries are involved in the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity ENTSO E which provides a lot of detailed data about the production and consumption of electricity A list of the countries in the ENTSO E is available from 18 and the data can be obtained from 19 The data includes the following e Statistics e Production Data e Consumption Data e Exchange Data e Miscellaneous Data e Country Data Packages Therefore this is a useful source of information if you are modelling a European region og Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN EY o 3 1 1 2 Distri
89. our of the simulation EnergyPLAN calculates the stab load as shown in Figure 22 This illustrates the percentage of the MGSPS that was satisfied during each hour This section illustrates how the stab load is calculated University of Limerick Areas of Difficulty 300 D AAN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN f EnergyPLAN 7 22 Turbine Capacity Limited by PP fon File Edit Help Close Window Calculation Time 00 00 01 stab CEEP load 2G transH2 transH2 HH elec HH elec HH elec HH H2 HH H2 HH H2 torage electr storage CHP HP EB Electr storage price pmpor t export Oo Oo Oo oOo m m m m 0 00 0 00 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 165 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 137 Lay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 176 176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1506 1506 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
90. p vbn aau dk files 19177001 MM PhD Thesis to VBN 100112 1 pdf International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook 2008 International Energy Agency 2008 Available from http www worldenergyoutlook org 2008 asp aes References University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN ipy ve tenler tanlenzenne 48 Danish Energy Agency Foruds tninger for samfundsgkonomiske analyser pa energiomr det Prerequisites for socio economic analysis of energy Danish Energy Agency 2009 Available from http www ens dk sw80140 asp 49 Hamelinck C van den Broek R Rice B Gilbert A Ragwitz M Toro F Liquid Biofuels Strategy Study for lreland Sustainable Energy Ireland 2004 Available from http www sei ie uploadedfiles InfoCentre LiquidbiofuelFull pdf 50 Sustainable Energy Ireland A Study on Renewable Energy in the New Irish Electricity Market Sustainable Energy Ireland 2004 Available from http www sei ie Publications Renewables Publications 51 Danish Energy Agency Ekraft System Eltra Technology Data for Electricity and Heat Generating Plants Danish Energy Agency Ekraft System Eltra 2005 Available from http www energinet dk NR rdonlyres 4F6480DC 207B 41CF 8E54 BFOBA82926D7 0 Teknologikatalog050311 pdf 52 Gonzalez A O Gallach ir B McKeogh E Lynch K Study of Electricity Storage Technologies and Their Potential to Address Wind Energy Intermittency in Ireland Sustainable Energy Ireland 2004 Avail
91. pean Communities Solar radiation and photovoltaic electricity potential country and regional maps for Europe Available from http sunbird jrc it pvgis cmaps eur htm accessed 13th November 2010 University of Limerick References 530 D AAN No A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Met Eireann The Irish Meteorological Service Online Available from http www met ie accessed Ath September 2009 Klima og Energiministeriet Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut Available from http www dmi dk accessed 13th November 2010 Sustainable Energy Ireland Tidal and Current Energy Resources in Ireland Sustainable Energy Ireland 2004 Available from http www sei ie Publications Renewables Publications Electricity Supply Board ESB International All lsland Grid Study Renewable Energy Resource Assessment Workstream 1 Electricity Supply Board ESB International 2008 Available from http www dcenr gov ie Energy North South Co operationt in the Energy Sector All Island Electricity Grid Study htm Whittaker T Fraenkel PL Bell A Lugg L The potential for the use of marine current energy in Northern Ireland 2003 Available from http www detini gov uk cgi bin moreutil utilid 41 amp site 99 amp util 2 Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Variability
92. provided at the same time the excess power is prioritised i e pump operates and the power plants PP provide the grid stabilisation i e as the turbine cannot operate when the pump is operating Table 4 3 Calculating the hour pump and turbine demand for a double penstock PHES PP Pump Turbine Storage 885 500 1230 O 1000 527 4220 100 0 257 0 886 472 1212 0 975 519 4351 100 0 284 0 887 442 1200 0 812 514 4357 100 0 461 0 888 403 1008 O 804 432 4460 100 0 233 0 889 383 982 0 675 421 4474 100 0 345 0 890 363 1116 0 658 478 4402 100 0 574 0 4 7 Description of stab load from EnergyPLAN results window As displayed in Figure 21 there are a number of grid stabilisation regulations that can be specified under the Regulation tab This includes that Minimum grid stabilisation production share MGSPS which specifies the percentage of production that must be from grid stabilising units i e power plants hydro etc It is important to remember that this is a percentage of total production and not total demand which is outlined in detail in section 8 3 of the EnergyPLAN user manual 1 Electric grid stabilisation requierments blinimum grid stabilisation production share D3 Stabilisation share of CHF Minimunn CHF in gr 3 Heat Pump Maxinum load U5 Stabilisation share of Waste CHP TT Figure 21 Grid stabilisation criteria in the EnergyPLAN model To measure if the system provided the MGSPS during each h
93. r 5000 fos fo Per cent CHP3 fo fo fo fo Condensing s000 o5 Boiler2 fo fo fo fo PP2 co oss Boies fO fo fo fo CHP extraction plants are modelled as a combination of CHP counterpresure and condensing plants PP fo fo jo fo Loss in percent of storage content pp jf fo fo jf Share of district heating demand with solar thermal For my initial energy model did not have to include any district heating or CHP as there are currently no large scale installations in Ireland For power plants the first parameter required is the total capacity installed which got from the Irish TSO 13 If necessary it is possible to divide the power plants into two categories condensing and PP2 The PP2 category is usually used if there is a highly contrasting plant mix on the system i e if there is one group of plants with a low efficiency and are expensive but another group of plants which have a high efficiency and are cheap Therefore the PP2 can be suitable for some energy systems In addition to the PP capacity you also need to find the total fuel consumed by the power plants which is usually available in the energy balance For example in the Irish energy balance you can see that there is a category titled Public thermal power plants which can be broken down by coal oil gas and biomass These values are entered into the Distribution of Fuel grid If you put all of the PP capacity into the condensing section then all of the fuel co
94. r matrix obtained the wave height and wave period data recorded at the site must be converted into power output To do this created a program in MATLAB 32 and used wave height and wave period data from four different sites around the coast of Ireland The data was gathered by the Marine Institute in Ireland using data buoys see Figure 14 distributed around the Irish coast 33 Obtaining data from four different locations spread around the island ensured that wave energy fluctuations were minimised A list of data buoys can be seen at 34 Figure 14 A Data Buoy River Hydro River hydro refers to hydroelectric dams with no storage facility i e they must operate as water passes through them Although there is no river hydro in Ireland at the moment it was used to simulate the Irish reference model found that if hydro power was simulated under the Hydro option which is discussed after University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data a D AA ONO A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN this section EnergyPLAN would optimise the dispatch of hydro itself However the optimal dispatch of hydro according to EnergyPLAN was different to the actual dispatch of hydro power in Ireland in the year 2007 In contrast the river hydro power did not optimise the dispatch of hydro but instead it replicated the historical hourly values that were inputted as the distribution These hourly outputs were obtained from the Irish TSO but note that
95. r onshore wind and 8 70 MWh for offshore wind The investment costs for hydro power in Ireland were obtained from the British Hydropower Association 54 the investment cost for hydro stations below 100 MW is 1 765 M MW the fixed O amp M costs are approximately 2 7 of the investment and the variable O amp M costs are approximately 1 3 of the investment The costs for PHES in Ireland were found from Gonzalez et al 52 as 0 476 M MW and 7 89 M GWh for the initial investment 0 6 of the investment for the fixed O amp M cost and 3 MWh for the variable O amp M cost For the individual heating units such as boilers electric heaters solar found the investment and fixed O amp M costs by contacting the suppliers as displayed in Table 3 9 Remember to include the installation costs for boilers and solar systems such as the installation of the central heating system which can be obtained from 55 The type of individual heating systems in Ireland by fuel type was got from a report carried out by the Irish Central Statistics Office CSO 56 Finally just to note that taxes should not be included in the costs inputted here Therefore if a supplier is contacted to obtain the costs ensure the price quoted is without tax Table 3 9 Costs excluding taxes of individual heating systems for the reference model of the Irish energy system Fuel Type Size Cost Including Installation Lifetime O amp M Costs Oil 26 kW
96. r tantooo tonat ootan 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 023 0 000 0 090 0 011 0 074 0 000 0 012 0 000 0 000 0 000 EE 0 000 a 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 13 798 0 000 C 0 000 CACI Fanos 000 2121 0000 f 0000 f 0000 noo 5243 o000 0000 fonoa O00 faco 0000 0 000 0 820 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 3 948 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 011 0 098 4 069 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000_ 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 103 0 034 2 090 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 Natural Gas Renewables 2 bd fad 3 3 3 S Landfill Gas S S S S oo SS S S 2 Geothermal o s gt w y gt ojo JBEBE s ojo ojojo S sisis s 5 Sj a 00 ked ked ked s 5 Sisisio S So 5 5 TT Pano 000 A000 0 000 0 000 o000 o000 O00 0 000 0 000 2097 0 000 0 044 0 250 0 015 0 012 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 o0 0 000 a0 0 000 0 000 0 000 0000 0 000 0000 0000 2156 0 000 0 044 0 249 0015 0012 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 ca 0 000 coe 0 000 0000 0 000 ooo oo 0o00 _0 000 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 O 0o00 0249 ooo 0 000 0000 0000 0 0 _0 000 oo 0 0 000 0000 0000 0 000 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 Q 0 0 000 000 0 00 0 000 000
97. re modelled as a single fuel this is a method which has been carried out in previous models of the Irish energy system 50 due to the similar power plant efficiencies and CO emissions of the two fuels The oil category represents a number of different types of oil including kerosene diesel and coke Therefore the CO emission factors for coal and oil were calculated based on fuel consumptions from the Irish Energy Balance 16 and CO emission factors recommended by SEAI 20 for the various fuels they represent In conclusion the CO emission factor used for coal peat was 100 63 kg GJ see Table 3 6 for oil was 73 19 kg GJ see Table 3 7 and for natural gas was 57 1 kg GJ 20 Table 3 6 CO emission factors for coal and peat Consumption Consumption CO Emission Factor TWh 16 of Total kg GJ 20 Coal 17 425 65 09 94 60 Milled Peat 6 186 23 11 116 70 Sod Peat 2 167 8 09 104 00 Briquetted Peat 0 992 3 71 98 90 Total 26 770 100 00 100 63 University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data a DE AA ONO A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN Table 3 7 CO emission factor for oil Consumption Consumption CO Emission Factor TWh 16 of Total kg GJ 20 Gasoil 45 230 43 35 73 3 Gasoline 17 425 21 40 70 0 Jet Kerosene 12 134 11 63 71 4 Kerosene 10 620 10 18 71 4 Fuel Oil Residual Oil 8 528 8 17 76 0 Coke 3 637 3 49 100 8 LPG 1 856 1 78 63 7 Naphtha 0 012 0 01 73 3 Total 104 342 100 00 73 2 3
98. re under the individual s heating demands The inputs required for the EnergyPLAN model are the 1 The total annual solar thermal production 2 Hourly distribution of the solar thermal production over the year 3 Solar thermal share The total solar production in Ireland for 2007 was got from the 2007 Energy Balance 16 For the distribution an attempt was made to obtain the hourly power output from a solar panel for an existing installation in Ireland but this could not be obtained As discussed previously the solar radiation available in Ireland and Denmark is very similar see Table 3 3 and hence a solar thermal output curve which was constructed for Denmark was used This solar thermal distribution was created by a Danish energy consultancy firm Solar thermal output can be found by measuring the inlet and outlet temperatures of the collector and also the flow rate Mo Collecting the Required Data University of Limerick A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN PAO O PlanEnergi 44 for the 2030 Danish Energy Plan 7 8 The distribution gives the production from an individual solar thermal installation of 4 4 m during a typical Danish year The energy produced from the solar panel is based on a daily consumption demand of 150 litres which needs to be heated from 10 C to 55 C in combination with a 200 litre storage tank The 4 4 m represents a solar thermal installation designed for hot water and some contribution to space hea
99. ries from a few days up to a month depending on the level of complexity required Also in relation to this point there is online training available from the EnergyPLAN website so it is relatively straight forward to experience a typical application of the software 1 2 The EnergyPLAN software is free to download 1 EnergyPLAN considers the three primary sectors of any national energy system which includes that electricity heat and transport sectors As fluctuating renewable energy such as wind power becomes more prominent within energy systems flexibility will become a vital consideration One of the most accessible methods of creating flexibility is the integration of the electricity heat and transport sectors using technologies such as combined heat and power CHP plants heat pumps electric vehicles and hydrogen Therefore for certain objectives this can be an essential issue for a study 4 EnergyPLAN was previously used to simulate a 100 renewable energy system for Denmark 4 8 5 The results developed using EnergyPLAN are constantly being published within academic journals A number of energy tool developers publish their results in private reports for those who fund their investigations However in order to obtain my PhD qualification needed to publish my work in academic journals Therefore it was fortunate and important that EnergyPLAN was being used for this purpose 6 The quality of journal papers being produced using
100. roduction of electricity They can remove the heat from their system using water usually from a river or the sea 4 3 Technical Optimisation vs Market Optimisation There are two kinds of studies that can be carried out in EnergyPLAN 1 Technical Optimisation tries to minimise fossil fuel consumption and can be carried out without any cost inputs 2 Market Optimisation tries to minimise the operation costs of the system The technical optimisation is based on the technical abilities of the components within the energy system The difference between demand and supply is met as long as the power producing units are capable of completing the task Only in situations where the power producing units are not able to meet demand is power imported from the external market and where excess energy is produced i e during high wind speeds energy is exported to the external market There are four types of technical optimisation 1 Balancing Heat Demands This option performs a technical optimisation where heat producing plants must operate according to the heat demand The units chosen to supply the heat demand are chosen in the following order i Solar Thermal ii Industrial CHP iii Heat Production from Waste iv CHP Heat v Heat Pumps vi Peak Load Boilers This also affects electricity production Under this regulation the amount of heat that CHP units produce and hence the amount of electricity they produce is dependent on the hea
101. s the amount of gas consumed for DH systems without CHP which is Group 1 plus the gas consumed by the boilers in Group 2 and Group 3 under the Input gt DistrictHeating tab This is the amount of gas consumed for CHP plants in Group 2 and Group 3 under HP2 CHP i ENA the Input gt DistrictHeating tab This is the amount of gas consumed for the Condensing and PP2 units in Group PP CAES 3 under the Input gt DistrictHeating tab as well as for CAES energy storage facilities under the Input gt ElecStorage tab i This is the amount of gas consumed for the Ngas boiler and the Ngas micro CHP Individual nae under the Input gt Individual tab Transp This is the amount of Ngas consumed under the Input gt Transport tab Indust Various This is the amount of Ngas consumed by Industry and Various under the Input gt Industry tab Demand Sum The is the total gas demand DHP and Boilers CHP2 CHP3 PP CAES Individual Transp Indust Various This is the Input to Gas Grid from the Biogas Plant under the Input gt Biomass Anpe Conversion tab Syngas This is the Input to Gas Grid from the Gasification Plant under the Input gt Biomass Conversion tab Storage This is the amount of gas consumed from positive or sent to negative the gas storage facility during
102. t demand at that time 2 Balancing Both Heat and Electricity Demands This option performs a technical optimisation where the export of electricity is minimised primarily by replacing CHP production with boilers or heat pumps when there is excess electricity By doing this the electricity consumption is increased i e more electric boilers or heat pumps and the electricity produced is decreased i e less CHP production Also for this operating strategy if there is condensing power plant production on the grid and there is CHP capacity available then the CHP replaces it and the excess heat produced is sent to a thermal storage A graphical illustration of this option is displayed in Figure 18 This ensures that the energy system operates with the largest efficiency possible Heat pumps are powered by electricity to transfer heat from one heat source i e ground or water into another heat source i e a district heating network University of Limerick Areas of Difficulty 3300 D AAN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 3 Option 2 but Reducing CHP also when partly needed for grid stabilisation As stated this is largely the same as option 2 In option 2 CHP is reduced when there is a large output from renewable energy sources However in option 3 CHP is also reduced if it is required for grid stabilisation 4 Option 1 using the Triple Tariff As stated this is largely the same as option 1 However in this option CHP plants
103. t is only used when a consumption cannot be specified anywhere else or may need to be analysed on its own i e gas consumption for offshore drilling University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data 230 D A OPN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN Industrial CHP Energy Production In order to quantify the capacity of industrial CHP had to contact the statistics department within the Irish energy agency SEAI who had the breakdown of CHP plants at their disposal They could identify from their records how much CHP in Ireland was industrial and how much was dispatchable From this they could also provide the amount of electricity and heat that was produced from both industrial and dispatchable CHP Industrial CHP Distribution Since the industrial CHP in Ireland was not controlled by the TSO used the const txt distribution for Industrial CHP which means the output was simply constant It is considered the best proxy for modelling a production that cannot be controlled 3 1 1 8 Transport FdenergyPLan 7 20 initalize File Edit Help tales a S Loading Time 00 00 00 Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Output Settings ElectricityDemand DistrictHeating RenewableE nergy Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport Waste Transport TWh year 2 JP Jet Fuel fo Diesel fo 13 0 Petrol fo f s 0 Naas fo fi 5 0 Biofuels from waste 0 00 Defined in the Waste window f 5 0 Biomass fo f 5
104. that the future of wave power is very unclear Unlike wind power where the three bladed turbine has become the primary technology there will be no standard design for future wave generators This is due to the fact that wave power depends on two parameters wave height and wave period Different wave generators will be used depending on the specific University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data Da a ao A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN wave height and period characteristics at a site and hence it is unlikely that any single wave generator will be the most efficient at all sites The most convincing way to predict the wave power contribution for an energy system in the future is to use the output from a wave generator device that is publicly providing a power matrix such as the Pelamis in Figure 10 the Wave Dragon in Figure 11 and the Archimedes in Figure 12 These power matrices are available to the public and hence can be used in conjunction with wave height and wave period data to predict future wave power Power Papo s 0 55 60 65 7 0 8 0 90 95 10 0 10 5 11 0 11 5 12 0 12 5 13 0 o ee iae Tian an Tan i iae as as Tias iae iae ae T ae se aaa Bon cocoa m 03 o2 3 0 nE ESEA E gt ERENER Significant wave height Hsis EA EA ee We m 1 i a b Figure 10 Pelamis wave generator a and power matrix output in kW b Wave Period Tz S 8 0 8 5 9 0 95 100 105 110 115 120 125
105. the figures can sometimes be based on estimates Secondly meteorological data also proved very important when predicting renewable energy production Meteorological data can usually be obtained from a national meteorological association However another option is to use a program called Meteonorm 17 This program has gathered data from a number of meteorological stations around the world which can be accessed using a very intuitive user interface However the program is not free so you will need to decide how important meteorological data will be before purchasing it Even if you use this program it could also be useful to compare the data in the software to actual measurements from a weather station to ensure that the program is providing accurate data Data from meteorological stations may or may not be free so it is worth enquiring about this also University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data po D A OPN A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN 3 1 1 1 Electricity Demand FdenergyPLan 7 20 Startdata 101 x File Edit Help fad Frontpage Input Cost Regulation Output Settings ElectricityDemand DistictHeating RenewableEneray Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport Waste Electricity Demand and Fixed Import Export Electricity demand 20 TWh year Change dstbution Hour_electricity txt Electric heating IF included 4 TWh year Subtract electric heating using distribution fr
106. ting Solar Share The solar share is the percentage of houses that have a solar panel installed To estimate this in Ireland contacted the Irish energy agency SEAI 13 who told me that there was 33 600 m of solar thermal panels installed in Ireland A typical solar installation in Ireland uses 5 m therefore it was assumed that there are approximately 6 720 solar installations in Ireland From the 2006 census in Ireland it was stated that there are 1 469 521 homes in Ireland 45 Therefore it was concluded that there is a solar thermal installation in 0 45 6720 1469521 of Irish houses Solar Input As stated above found the total solar energy utilised from the Irish Energy Balance 16 The solar input and solar share can be adjusted if necessary to match the solar production with the value stated in the Energy Balance 3 1 1 7 Industry FdenergyPLan 7 20 Startdata l loj x Fie Edit Help zacna en DistrictHeating RenewableEnergy Storage Cooling Individual Industry Transport Waste Industry Fuel consumption and Heat and power production Coal Dil Nagas Biomass Industry jo jo fo jo Various fo fo fo fo Industrial CHP CSHP Change distribution Hour_cshpel txt TWh pyear DH prod Electreity prod DH Gr 1 DHG2 f fo DHG fo Total 0 00 0 00 Fuel Consumption The quantity of each fuel type consumed within industry can be found in the Energy Balance 16 The Various inpu
107. ut gt DistrictHeating tab The capacity and coefficient of performance for the heat pump penea units available to produce this heat are defined in the Heat Pump amp COP inputs respectively which are also under the Group 2 section The amount of heat produced from the boiler units in Group 2 of the Input boiler heat gt DistrictHeating tab The capacity and efficiency for the boiler units available to produce this heat are defined in the Boiler amp Therm inputs respectively which are also under the Group 2 section EHS heat Heat produced from the electric boiler in group 2 of district heating This occurs if CEEP regulation number 4 is used under the Regulation tab ELT2 heat Heat produced from the Electrolyser in Group 2 under the Input gt ElecStorage tab storage CHP gr2 Energy available in Heat storage gr 2 for CHP under the Input gt DistrictHeating tab heat2 balance The balance between the heat produced i e from Industrial CHP Waste Geothermal CHP HP Boilers Electric Boilers and Electrolysers and the heat demand i e Demand input under Group 2 in the Input gt DistrictHeating tab cshp3 heat DH prod for the DH Gr 3 row under the Input gt Industry tab waste3 heat DH production in the first DH Gr 3 row under the Input gt Waste tab Geoth3 heat Geoth3 steam This is the DH production pro
108. y considered the space heating distribution and not the hot water distribution Therefore a heat distribution which accounted for both space heating and hot water demand had to be constructed For the summer months it was assumed that space heating would not be required it was assumed that the heat absorbed by the building during warm temperatures and also the building s occupants would keep the building warm during colder temperatures Therefore during the summer hot water is the only heating demand It was also assumed that hot water is a constant demand each day for the entire year as people tend to use a consistent amount of water regardless of temperature or time of year The BERR in the UK completed a report in relation to domestic hot water and space heating which indicated that the ratio of space heating to hot water heating in the home is 7 3 40 Therefore as seen in Figure 17 for the heat distribution a 30 constant bandwidth was placed at the base representing hot water demand and a 70 demand was placed on top based on Degree Day data representing the space heating requirements Figure 17 represents the heat distribution constructed for modelling the heat demand within the Irish energy system University of Limerick Collecting the Required Data CE DE AA OPNO A USER S GUIDE TO ENERGYPLAN E Space Heating Mm Hot Water S ge f am J m J Figure 17 Individual heat distribution for Ireland

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