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LS User Guide 20 - University College London

1. Relationship to LS Member LSM MHU MHU MHU MHU No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 Mother Grandparents Uncle Unrelated of LSM of LSM of LSM to LSM Sister LSM Uncle of LSM of LSM Family 1 Family 2 From these examples it is evident that at each of the census points covered by the LS individuals can be allocated to an MHU and that it is possible to use MHUs to exclude categories of people who are unsuitable for a given analysis for example people who are visitors to private households or those enumerated in a communal establishment For a more detailed examination of the technical issues involved in using MHUs in LS data analyses see Wright 1995 pp 11 14 5 2 4 Intra household analyses The LS can be used to carry out a wide range of analyses relating to the type of family in which an LS member lives the overall composition of their household and the relationships that exist between family and household members For example cross sectional analyses can be carried out to investigate household and family structure at one point in time Longitudinal analyses can also be performed comparing circumstances between censuses eg marital status in 1971 compared to marital status in 1981 or between vital events and censuses eg the number of births recorded to women present at the 1991 Census Alternatively population cohorts can be identified and followed longitudinally from census to census eg children b
2. Please answer questions H1 HS about your Has your household the use of the following amenities on these household s accommodation check the gswer in premises Please tick the appropriate boxes Panel A answer questions 1 16 overl anel B i on the back e Where boxes are p A fixed bath Praos permanently connected to a water supply answer by putting a tick against the ai p s ga m YES for use only by this household applies For example if the answer to the 1 status question is Single tick box 1 thus 2 C YES for use also by another household 3C NO fixed bath or shower 1 M Single A flush toilet WC with entrance inside the building C YES for use only by this household C YES for use aiso by another household C NO inside flush toilet WC A flush toilet WC with entrance outside the building E YES for use only by this household 2 YES for use also by another household Office of Poputation Censuses and Surveys PO Box 200 Portsmouth PO2 BHH A Telephone 0329 42511 Please use ink or ballpoint pe To be completed by the Enume eww 3 NO outside flush toilet WC sence eneeeeeee seeeeeees Postcode Ha Please answer this question if box 11 in Panel A is ticked Are your rooms not counting a bathroom or WC enclosed behind your own front door inside the building Panel A To be completed by the Enumerator and amended if iflyes 20m0 nec
3. 15 15 16 17 19 19 19 20 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Contents Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 7 Conclusion 7 1 Advantages of the LS 7 2 Disadvantages of the LS 7 3 Other sources of information on families and households 7 3 1 7 3 2 7 3 3 Appendices Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G References General Household Survey since 1971 Labour Force Survey since 1973 British Household Panel Survey since 1991 1971 Census form H for private households questions relating to household accommodation amenities and facilities and relevant LS variables 1981 Census form H for private households questions relating to household accommodation amenities and facilities and relevant LS variables 1991 Census form H for private households questions relating to household accommodation amenities and facilities and relevant LS variables 2001 Census form for private households questions relating to household accommodation amenities and facilities Frequency counts for LS members from some of the household and family variables within the LS from the 1971 Census Frequency counts for LS members from some of the household and family variables within the LS from the 1981 Census Frequency coun
4. 4 3 1 1971 File Name PAABME71 Frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information MARCON7 Marital condition REVMST7 Revised marital status SPCIND7 Spouse cohabitant indicator SPINDIC7 Indicator for presence of spouse in household This is a revised marital status code based upon marital status MARCON7 date of marriage termination MTYR4 and presence absence of spouse or de facto spouse SPCIND7 This variable identifies whether a spouse or cohabitant of the LS member is present in the household If a person in the household is a spouse of the LS member i e LSRELAT7 1 or 2 then SPCIND7 1 If a person in the LS member s household is a cohabitant LSRELAT7 8 then SPCIND7 2 4 3 2 1981 File Name PAABME81 Frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information MARST8 Marital status REVMST8 Revised marital status DFACTSP8 De facto spouse indicator Codes 3 remarried and 7 remarried with no usually resident spouse on census form are not available for persons enumerated in Scotland Codes 2 and 6 appear instead Codes 6 married first marriage with no usually resident spouse on census form and 7 remarried with no usually resident spouse on census form are not available for visitors or people in communal establishments In households containing a de facto spouse of
5. Researc hing Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Appendix D 2001 Census form H1 for private households England questions relating to household accommodation amenities and facilities H1 What type of accommodation does your household occupy A whole house or bungalow that is Detached Semi detached Terraced including end terrace A flat maisonette or apartment that is In a purpose built block of flats or tenement Part of a converted or shared house includes bed sits In a commercial building for example in an office building or hotel or over a shop M obile of temporary structure A caravan or other mobile or temporary structure H2 Is Th your household s accommodation self contained is means that a the rooms including the kitchen bathroom and toilet are behind a door that only your household can use Yes all the rooms are behind a door that only our household can use No H3 How many rooms do you have for use only by your household Do not count bathrooms toilets halls or landings or rooms that can only be used for storage such as cupboards Do count all other rooms for example kitchens living rooms bedrooms utility rooms and studies If two rooms have been converted into one count them as one room Number of rooms H4 Do you have a bath shower and toilet for use only by y
6. al How do you and your household occupy your Has your household the use of the following amenities on these premises accommodation eal N ON I oo eee a A cooker or cooking stove 1 E YES for use only by this household 1 oOo As aa sumer vocu including with an oven 2 oO YES for use also by another household 2 oO By renting it from a Council or 2 O No New Town b A kitch n sink panen 4 1 C _YES for use onty by this household connected to a water supply ani Fil antan ana tei a waste pipe 2 YES for use also by another household Association i 3 7 No 4 oO As a fumished letting c A fixed ae or shovar 1 YES for use only by this household A large room divided by a sliding or fixed partition permanently connected to a s Hm ene oie Hey indians Saami i should be counted ad tie Team sae water supply and a waste pipe 2 C YES for use also by another household 3 room divided by curtains or portable screens 3 NO turishad or unfurnished ba Counted as one rooi O dA bot watar supply tet C YES for usa only by this household be ian sink or bath ag a E wi oh a m or shower rom a heating appliance 2 C YES for use slso by another household Note accommodation i supied by l or boiler wi is connected to a 3 NO originally granted for or since oxcended tx more homma calana torta E is Ped water supply O than 21 years tick owner occupier or members of your household A flush t
7. i two people of the same sex female living together as a couple with their never married children Since the 2001 Census question asked for the relationship of every person in the household to every other member except in very large households this enables the identification of concealed families second or subsequent families in a household families containing step children and the relationship between families Thus different types of families will be identifiable such as married couple families cohabiting couple families and lone parent families see definitions below Each individual within a household will be allocated to a single family or classified as an ungrouped individual One or more of these families and or one or more individual s makes up a household Instead of identifying someone as head of the family the 2001 Census output will refer to the Family Reference Person FRP The FRP will be the lone parent in a lone parent family In a couple the FRP is chosen from the two people in the couple on the basis of their economic activity in the priority order full time job part time job unemployed retired other If both people have the same economic activity the FRP is identified as the elder of the two or if they are the same age the first member of the couple on the form This is a new development Married couple family This is a husband and wife with or without their child ren It also in
8. with child ren no other s 2 029 0 4 with child ren with lone ancestor s with or without other s 180 0 0 with child ren with other s but no lone ancestor s 595 0 1 continued 41 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix E Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Household type continued Frequency Per cent Three or more families all direct descent no child ren of second or younger generation no other s 38 0 0 no child ren of second or younger generation lone ancestor s with or without other s 4 0 0 no child ren of second or younger generation with other s but no lone ancestor s 3 0 0 with child ren no other s 206 0 0 with child ren lone ancestor s with or without other s 4 0 0 with child ren with other s but no lone ancestor s 61 0 0 Three or more families not all direct descent no child ren with lone ancestor s with or without other s 1 0 0 with child ren with lone ancestor s with or without other s 16 0 0 no child no other s 3 0 0 no child with other s but no lone ancestor s 4 0 0 with child ren no other s 121 0 0 with child ren with other s but no lone ancestor s 71 0 0 No persons de jure 815 0 2 Person not in private household 13 900 2 6 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable HOTYPE7 Family status Frequency Per cent One of a married couple with dependent children 126 604 23 9 One of a married couple without de
9. within a family would constitute an MHU in its own right as an unmarried individual Therefore a family as well as a household could incorporate several different types of MHU 3 5 3 2001 As same sex couples were coded for the first time there is the possibility of extra MHU categories At the time of writing the plan is to include in the LS two parallel sets of 2001 MHUs one of which will be the same as 1991 for comparability and another expanded set to reflect this extra refinement 12 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 4 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 4 Relevant LS variables The LS data which are held on a Model 204 database and in LSLOAD a layered outputs and analysis database created using Microsoft SQL Server are divided among different files for example LS members files non members files events files etc A complete list of the files in which the data are arranged and the variables within them can be found in LS user support documentation It is perhaps worth noting at this stage that some limited information relating to families and households may be gleaned from the births and deaths events files data In the case of births registered jointly after 1986 birth data contains variables relating to duration of the parents marriage age of the parents at marriage dates of birth of the parents and parents employment status social class Deat
10. 1s not in the family 8 464 1 6 Married couple family with non dependent children and others MHU Type 3 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the family 4 690 0 9 Married couple family with dependent children plus non dependent children and no others MHU Type 4 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family 51 668 9 6 Married couple family with dependent children and others MHU Type 4 plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the same family 11 568 2 2 Married couple family with dependent children plus non dependent children and others MHU Type 4 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the same family 4 446 0 8 Households with more than one MHU Two or more families Complex households 10 482 2 0 Household with no residents 1 004 0 2 Unknown 11 0 0 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable MHUCOM8 52 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix G Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Appendix G Frequency counts for LS members from some of the household and family variables within the LS from the 1991 Census Sex Frequency Per cent Male 258 585 48 4 Female 275 814 51 6 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable SEX Whereabouts on census Frequency Per cent night This address 524 310 98 1 Elsewhere within Great Britain 5 451 1 0 Outside Great Britain 4 638 0 9 Total 53
11. 233 13 3 IV Partly Skilled 54 892 10 2 V Unskilled 19 152 3 6 Armed Forces 2 847 0 5 Inadequately described 24 509 4 6 Student permanently sick or disabled housewife 111 392 20 8 Not applicable or unknown 117 939 22 0 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable SOC8 Housing tenure Frequency Per cent Owner occupied freehold 276 493 51 6 Owner occupied leasehold 42 999 8 0 Renting from Local Authority 147 998 27 6 Renting with a job 13 351 2 5 Renting from a Housing Association 8 524 1 6 Other rented furnished 11 470 2 1 Other rented unfurnished 23 251 4 3 Communal establishment 12 064 2 3 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable TENURE8 Number of persons usually Frequency Per cent resident in household 1 42 553 79 2 124 275 23 2 3 98 817 18 4 4 139 161 26 0 5 70 494 13 1 6 29 515 5 5 7 9 905 1 8 8 4 437 0 8 9 1 957 0 4 10 944 0 2 11 490 0 1 12 245 0 0 13 102 0 0 14 81 0 0 15 42 0 0 16 23 0 0 17 17 0 0 18 13 0 0 19 2 0 0 20 4 0 0 21 2 0 0 23 1 0 0 24 2 0 0 Unknown 1 004 0 2 Communal establishment 12 064 2 3 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable DJHO8 45 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix F Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Relationship of LS member Frequency Per cent to head of household Head 193 107 36 0 Spouse 125 224 23 4 Son or daughter 173 005 32 3 Son in law or daughter in law 1 508 0 3 Mother o
12. 6 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable REVMST7 40 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix E Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Household type Frequency Per cent No family one person 32 699 6 2 No family two or more persons all related in direct descent no other s 1 394 0 3 some related in direct descent with other relative s only 69 0 0 some related in direct descent with other relative s and unrelated person s 17 0 0 some related in direct descent with unrelated person s only 162 0 0 all related but none in direct descent 6 482 1 2 some related none in direct descent with unrelated person s 525 0 1 all unrelated person s 8 078 1 5 One family married couple no child ren no other s 90 354 17 1 One family married couple no child ren with others with lone ancestor s no other s 4 290 0 8 with lone ancestor s and other relative s only 164 0 0 with lone ancestor s other relative s and unrelated person s 8 0 0 with lone ancestor s and unrelated person s only 96 0 0 with other relative s only i e no lone ancestor s 4 351 0 8 with other relative s and unrelated person s 215 0 0 with unrelated person s only 2 189 0 4 One family married couple with child ren no others 289 372 54 6 One family married couple with child ren with other s with lone ancestor s no others 12 940 2 4 with lone ancestor s and other relative s only 349 0 1
13. 9 7 Not in family other 26 888 5 0 Mother in one parent family head of family wife mother head of household 11 736 2 2 Mother in one parent family head of household 1 608 0 3 Father in one parent family head of family head of household 3 634 0 7 Father in one parent family head of family other 322 0 1 Wife in married couple wife mother head of household 2 965 0 6 Wife in married couple wife mother other 124 270 23 2 Husband in married couple head of family head of household 121 496 22 7 Husband in married couple head of family other 4 845 0 9 Child in married couple family not head of household 145 388 27 1 Child in family with lone mother not head of household 21 152 3 9 Child in family with lone father not head of household 6 114 1 1 Child in married couple family head of household 110 0 0 Child in family with lone mother head of household 543 0 1 Child in family with lone father head of household 72 0 0 Communal establishment 13 068 2 4 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable LSPRIND8 Family type of LS member s family Frequency Per cent Married couple family 399 074 74 4 Lone parent family male head 10 142 1 9 Lone parent family female head 35 036 6 5 Not applicable communal establishment LS member not in a family 91 898 17 1 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable FFHTYPE8 50 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix F Researching Households and Families using the
14. Association Housing Cooperative Charitable Trust Registered Social Landlord Private landlord or letting agency Employer of a household member Relative or friend of household member Other ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix E Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Appendix E Frequency counts for LS members from some of the household and family variables within the LS from the 1971 Census Sex Frequency Per cent Male 257 841 48 7 Female 272 061 51 3 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable SEX Resident Frequency Per cent Visitor Indicator Resident 524 763 99 0 Visitor to household 5 139 1 0 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable VISIND7 Age of LS member Frequency Per cent 0 10 years 93 653 17 7 11 20 years 74 546 14 1 21 30 years 73 876 13 9 31 40 years 62 761 11 8 41 50 years 68 010 12 8 51 60 years 63 534 12 0 61 70 years 54 557 10 3 71 80 years 29 115 5 5 81 90 years 9 093 1 7 91 100 years 745 0 1 101 years plus 12 0 0 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable AGE7 Social class Frequency Per cent l Professional 9 678 1 8 Il Intermediate 47 364 8 9 IIN Skilled Non manual 56 406 10 6 IIIM Skilled Manual 75 801 14 3 IV Partly Skilled 56 420 10 6 V Unskilled 21 798 4 1 Armed Forces 2 391 0 5 Inadequately described 32 317 6 1 Student permanently sick housewife those of independent means 106 342 20 1
15. Longitudinal Study Minimal household unit type Frequency Per cent Person in a communal establishment MHU Type 0 7 748 1 4 Unmarried individuals single widowed separated and divorced MHU Type 1 128 391 23 9 One parent families with dependent children MHU Type 2 26 352 4 9 Married couples with no dependent children MHU Type 3 132 486 24 7 Married couples with dependent children MHU Type 4 230 381 43 0 Visitor in a private household MHU Type 5 6 474 1 2 Visitor in a communal establishment MHU Type 6 4 307 0 8 Unknown 11 0 0 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable MHUTYP8 Position of LS member within minimal household unit Frequency Per cent Person in a communal establishment 7 748 1 4 Person in MHU Type 1 128 391 23 9 Lone mother in MHU Type 2 7 733 1 4 Lone father in MHU Type 2 2 360 0 4 Dependent child with lone mother in MHU Type 2 12 693 2 4 Dependent child with lone father in MHU Type 2 3 566 0 7 Husband in MHU Type 3 65 697 12 3 Wife in MHU Type 3 66 789 12 5 Husband in MHU Type 4 60 644 11 3 Wife in MHU Type 4 60 445 11 3 Dependent child in MHU Type 4 109 243 20 4 Visitor in a private household 6 474 1 2 Visitor in a communal establishment 4 307 0 8 Unknown 60 0 0 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable MHUPOS8 51 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix F Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Combination of minimal household Frequency
16. Longitudinal Study commonly known as the LS is a 1 per cent sample of the census and vital events data births cancers deaths that are routinely collected by the ONS for the population of England and Wales equating to approximately 500 000 individuals LS members at any one census point From all those enumerated in the 1971 Census in England and Wales a sample was drawn of all people born on one of four dates each year approximately a 1 per cent sample Census information for these individuals and the other members of the household in which the LS member had been enumerated formed the baseline of the dataset Since 1971 the LS has been augmented with new births occurring on one of these four dates and with immigrants born on one of the relevant dates discovered as they register with the National Health Service Over the same period there have been exits from the study as sample members die or go to live abroad Since 1971 vital events data from the NHS Central Register eg births cancer registrations deaths have been linked to the Census data for each LS member In addition samples of individuals with one of the four LS birth dates selected from both the 1981 and 1991 Censuses and their details and those of all other people in their household were added to the dataset Thus the LS dataset now includes longitudinal census data for three time points with linked ongoing vital events data for approximately 1 per cent
17. NOOTHHS8 Position of LS member in household Number of other persons in household During the processing involved in cleaning the 1981 Census Household File 1 004 records containing households consisting of an LS member only were identified as having NOOTHH8 Spaces These 1 004 records were recoded to 00 to standardise them with 52 444 records containing households consisting of LS member only where NOOTHH8 00 4 1 3 1991 File Name PAABME91 Frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information URESIND9 Usual residence indicator DJHH9 Number of usually resident persons in household MHUTYP9 Minimal household unit type MHUPOS9 Position of LS member within minimal household unit MHUCOM9 Combination of minimal household units within household 14 continued ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 4 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Less frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information DWLNUM9 Dwelling number This variable indicates the number assigned to dwellings within a building A maximum of 35 is allowed DFNDJHH9 Number of persons enumerated This variable indicates number of in household persons enumerated in LS member s household on Census night 21 04 91 where at least one person was a Visitor i e it is a de facto household not de jure hou
18. Not applicable 121 385 22 9 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable SOCS7 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix E Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Housing tenure Frequency Per cent Not stated 366 0 1 Owner occupied 265 399 50 1 Rented from a Council or New Town 156 821 29 6 Rented unfurnished from a private landlord or Housing Association 75 549 14 3 Rented furnished 17 866 3 4 Enumerated in a non private establishment 13 901 2 6 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable TENURE7 Number of persons usually resident Frequency Per cent in LS member s household 0 816 0 2 1 32 702 6 2 2 114 723 21 6 3 101 424 19 1 4 122 064 23 0 5 73 857 13 9 6 37 168 7 0 7 16 577 3 1 8 8 237 1 6 9 4 209 0 8 10 2 136 0 4 11 1 093 0 2 12 549 0 1 13 204 0 0 14 125 0 0 15 55 0 0 16 34 0 0 17 15 0 0 18 6 0 0 19 5 0 0 20 2 0 0 22 1 0 0 Person in a communal establishment 13 900 2 6 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable JURE7 38 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix E Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Relationship of LS member to head Frequency Per cent of household Head 174 569 32 9 Spouse 121 837 23 0 Child 171 902 32 4 Daughter son in law 1 992 0 4 Parent or parent in law 4 141 0 8 Sibling 5 117 1 0 Sister brother in law 242 0 0 Grandchild 4 187 0 8 Nephew Niece 268 0 1 Other
19. Per cent units within household One MHU in household Communal establishment 12 055 2 2 One person households MHU Type 1 42 751 8 0 One parent family with dependent children and no others MHU Type 2 13 155 25 Married couple with no dependent children and no others MHU Type 3 94 232 17 6 Married couple with dependent children and no others MHU Type 4 178 863 33 4 Households with more than one MHU No family households two or more MHU Type 1s 20 287 3 8 Households with more than one MHU One family One parent family with dependent children and non dependent children and no others MHU Type 2 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family 6 022 1 1 One parent family with dependent children and others MHU Type 2 plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the family 9 050 1 7 One parent family with dependent children and non dependent children and others MHU Type 2 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the family 2 521 0 5 One parent family with non dependent children only and no others two or more MHU Type 1s in the family 13 483 2 5 One parent family with non dependent children and others two or more MHU Type 1s in the same family plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the family 3 185 0 6 Married couple family with non dependent children only MHU Type 3 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the family 48 213 9 0 Married couple family with no children and others MHU Type 3 plus one or more MHU Type
20. Shelton N 1999 Looking beyond the household intergenerational perspectives on living kin and contacts with kin in Great Britain Population Trends 97 pp19 27 Haskey J 1987 One person households in Great Britain living alone in the middle years of life Population Trends 50 pp 23 31 Haskey J 1996 Families and households in Great Britain Population Review 85 pp 7 24 Haskey J 1998 One parent families and their dependent children in Great Britain Population Trends 91 pp 5 14 Hattersley L and Creeser R 1995 Longitudinal Study 1971 1991 History Organisation and Quality of Data OPCS series LS no 7 HMSO London LS User Support Team 1992 Technical issues sampling issues in the LS Update News from the LS User Group 2 pp 9 10 CLS Institute of Education London Ni Bhrolch in M 1988 Changing partners a longitudinal study of remarriage Population Trends 53 pp 27 34 Overton E and Ermisch J 1984 Minimal Household Units Population Trends 35 pp 18 22 Penhale B 1990 Households Families and Fertility LS User Guide no 1 LS Support Programme Social Statistics Research Unit City University London Rendall M S Joshi H Oh J and Verropoulou G 2001 Comparing the childrearing lifetimes of Britain s divorce revolution men and women European Journal of Population Revue Europ enne de Demographie 17 pp 365 387 Shaw C and Haskey J 1999 New estimates and projections of the population cohabiting in England a
21. a household with only two persons aged 16 plus 27 0 0 all others 793 0 1 Widowed usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident and de facto spouse 198 0 0 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident and joint head 3 0 0 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident unrelated of opposite sex to LS member aged 16 plus in a household with only two persons aged 16 plus 303 0 1 all others 38 051 7 1 Unknown 11 0 0 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable REVMST8 47 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix F Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study De facto spouse indicator Frequency Per cent No de facto spouse in household or de facto spouse is present and LS member is not household head or de facto spouse or child of household head or child of de facto spouse LS member is head of household and a lone father or LS member is the child of male head of household and de facto spouse appears as wife mother LS member is head of household male and not in a family and de facto spouse appears as wife mother and LS member appears as head of family LS member is head of household and a lone mother or LS member is the child of female head of household and the de facto spouse appears as head of family LS member is head of household female and not in a family and
22. as an from a New Town Yes for use also by owner occupier Development Corporation another household 1 For shorter leases answer or Commission or from a No flush toilet with By renting Housing Action Trust 5 outside entrance only 2 from a housing No no flush toilet association indoors or outdoors L 3 oe charitable trust C 6 c Central heating in living rooms and bedrooms including night A private landlord may be a from a private landlord storage heaters warm air or under floor heating whether person or a company or another furnished 7 actually used or not Yes all living rooms and Organisation not mentioned at from a private landlord bedrooms centrally heated 1 3 4 5 or 6 above unfurnished Oo 8 ae Yes some not all living In some other way rooms and bedrooms please give details below C centrally heated C 2 es eee E No no living rooim or bedrooms centrally heated C Please tick the appropriate box to indicate the number of cars and vans normally available for use by you or members of your household other than visitors Include any car or van provided None 0 by employers if normally One 1 available for use by you or T 2 members of your household but Th yS E 3 exclude vans used only for rec Or MOTE carrying goods 4 Please turn to the first inside page 33 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix C R
23. be the head of household which had the effect of reducing the percentage of households with access to three or more cars from 7 9 to 4 9 thus making it more representative of the local population In addition as referred to in section 3 3 because the question on marital status did not specifically address the issue of cohabitation in 1971 and 1981 a cohabiting couple with children would be classified as a lone parent family almost certainly lone father plus one unrelated adult Thus the number of lone parent families will be overestimated in these censuses However as previously mentioned this should not have a large impact on the LS data since it wasn t until later in the 1980s that cohabiting parenting on a large scale existed see section 6 3 Work by Rendall et al in 2001 used LS data among other sources to look at the difference between the number of years spent childrearing in men and women They also identified years spent in lone parenthood where false lone fathers were a concern 5 2 3 Complex families and households Figure 1 on page 24 depicts the manner in which a complex household may be broken down into its component parts of families and minimal household units MHUs for analysis In this example there are four MHUs the first of which represents a divorced lone mother and her dependent children who has returned to the parental home following a divorce from her spouse These three individuals represent a family in
24. from the ISER website at http www iser essex ac uk bhps index php 30 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix A Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Appendix A 1971 Census form H for private households questions relating to household accommodation amenities and facilities and relevant LS variables 1971 CENSUS ENGLAND H Form For Private Households p A household comprises either one person living alone or a group of persons To the Head or Acting Head of the Household who may or may not be related living at the same address with common Please complete this form and have it ready for collection on Monday 26th April housekeeping Persons staying temporarily with the household are If you need help do not hesitate to ask the enumerator included The enumerator may ask you any questions necessary to help him to complete or correct the form To be completed by enumerator E D No Ref Rees Hall staircase passage etc shared only not aniy for entry to accom modation The information you give on the form will be treated as CONFIDENTIAL and used only for compiling statistics No information about named individuals will be passed by the Census Office to any other Government Department or any other authority or person If anyone in the census organisation improperly discloses information you provide he will be liable to prosecution Similarly you must n
25. household composition can be analysed is by looking at the relationship between each individual and the LS member LSM as shown in Figure 3 below These relationships reflect the codings found in the LS variable LSRELAT7 8 9 see section 4 2 In this example the household member shown to have an LS date of birth on the census schedule is the son of the lone mother in MHU No 1 also part of Family 1 Thus the lone mother is now shown as mother to the LSM the daughter of the lone mother is shown as the LSM s sister the husband and wife in MHU No 2 are shown as the LSM s grandparents and their dependent and non dependent sons are shown as the LSM s uncles As in the previous method of describing the relationships between the household inhabitants the lodger remains coded as unrelated A point to note here is that in 1971 1981 and 1991 you would not normally be able to tell which of the three children of the head of household is the parent of the LS member In 2001 however the relationship grid solves this problem since relationships are given to every other member of the household and not just to the head of household Figure 3 Example of a complex household containing four miminal household units and two families relative to the LS member as coded in the LS variables HRC7B7 HRC8 and RELAT9
26. information on individuals in institutions and in communal establishments 7 2 Disadvantages of the LS e It does not contain any marriage registration or divorce event data however there are data on marital status and family type at each census e Apart from the case of children of cohabitees of households in 1991 it does not otherwise explicitly identify step relations e It does not hold information about family or household change between censuses except for that which can be gleaned from the event registration data 7 3 Other sources of information on families and households It should be noted that the LS can be used in conjunction with these datasets eg Rendall et al 2001 Davies et al 1998 7 3 1 General Household Survey since 1971 The General Household Survey GHS is conducted on a financial year basis by the Social Survey Division of the Office for National Statistics ONS It is a continuous survey based on a sample of the general population resident in private non institutional households constituting approximately 13 000 addresses The Archive series begins with data for the 1971 study and sweeps since then provide information on aspects of housing employment education health and social services health related behaviour transport population and social security See also the ONS website at http www statistics gov uk 7 3 2 Labour Force Survey since 1973 The Labour Force Survey LFS is a quarterly sa
27. of the population in England and Wales including information on all other people enumerated within their household at each census point Now holding information on over 800 000 LS members the LS is a complex and rich dataset ideal for the purpose of research One area where the LS is of particular value is the investigation of patterns of formation and dissolution of household and family units This guide aims to provide an introduction to the use of the LS for this field of research and will describe the information available on this topic the changes to information available over time from census to census and the strengths and limitations of the data 1 1 Access to the LS Although the ONS are keen to facilitate research using the LS unlike other British Government surveys such as the General Household Survey GHS the LS cannot be accessed via the ESRC Data Archive The main reason for this is that the LS contains confidential data covered by the Census and Population Statistics Acts As a result the study receives support from the ESRC which funds a team of researchers who work as part of the LS User Support Programme the aim of which is to enable use of the LS data among the academic community accessing and manipulating the data on their behalf LS user support is now provided by the Celsius team based at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine having taken over from the Centre for Longitudinal Studies CLS at the Univer
28. one person living alone or a group of persons not necessarily related living at the same address with common housekeeping that is sharing a living room or sitting room Persons staying temporarily with the household are included As in 1981 enumerators were instructed to treat a group of people as a household if there was a regular arrangement to share at least one meal a day including breakfast Occupants of one room accommodation or of a caravan were treated as a single household Household dependant An additional household dependant type classification was introduced for the 1991 census which defined households in terms of the presence of dependants and non dependants In this classification a dependant is either a dependent child or a person who both has a limiting long term illness and whose economic position is either permanently sick or retired A non dependant is any person who is not a dependant In 1991 the concept of a wholly absent household was introduced see sections 5 1 1 and 5 1 2 based upon the voluntary enumerations of individuals who returned a completed Census form following their return to the address after Census night This was encouraged to facilitate the imputation of certain data see also Hattersley and Creeser 1995 pp 41 42 47 and 51 3 1 4 2001 Census definition of a household In the 2001 Census a household was defined in much the same way as in 1991 except that comm
29. relationships whilst foster relationships were not Thus step sor or adopted son was treated as the equivalent of son and foster son was treated as unrelated This can result in apparent contradictions for instance a child can be recorded as older than one of its parents eg if someone marries a person 20 years older than themselves who had a child when they were 18 While this remains a theoretical possibility it is impossible to differentiate which of these occasionally recorded instances are true relationships and which are the result of coding error 3 2 2 1981 Census question 5 After 1971 it became evident that the term Head of Household was contentious where husband and wife saw themselves as joint heads of household and was not appropriate in households consisting of unrelated adults Thus in 1981 the Census was addressed to the Head or Joint Heads or members of the Household The head or joint head was instructed to complete the section concerning personal details as the 1st person on the form After questions concerning name sex date of birth and marital status the question relating to the relationships between household members was asked and had been altered slightly from that asked in 1971 to incorporate tick box options 5 Relationship in household Please tick the box which indicates the relationship of each person to the person entered in the first column Please write in
30. relative 1 647 0 3 Resident domestic servant and family 307 0 1 Other unrelated 8 731 1 6 Visitor to private household 5 139 1 0 In a communal establishment 13 901 2 6 Unknown not traced to NHSCR 15 448 2 9 Unknown 474 0 1 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable HRC7B7 By carrying out a cross tabulation of this group of people with LS variable MHUPOS it is found that 311 are visitors to a private household 4 884 are unmarried individuals 2 575 are husbands in a married couple with no dependent children 5 026 are wives in a married couple with no dependent children and 2 652 are dependent children When this group of people is cross tabulated with LS variable FAMSTAT it is found that 311 are visitors to a private household 4 255 are one of a married couple with dependent children 3 346 are one of a married couple without dependent children 350 are lone parents with dependent children 193 are lone parents without dependent children 2 709 are dependent children in a family 970 are other children in a family 1 010 are individuals not in a family in a family household 1 237 are individuals not in a family in a one person household i e thus head of household and 1 067 are individuals not in a family in other non family household Relationship of head of LS member s Frequency Per cent family to head of household Child 9 849 1 9 Grandchild 158 0 0 Parent 4 469 0 8 Grandparent 36 0
31. student The third MHU is the non dependent son of the husband and wife in MHU No 2 who for example is aged 26 in full time employment and has also never married Given the definition of a family referred to above the non dependent son in MHU No 3 together with the husband wife and dependent son in MHU No 2 make up the second family in the household The final MHU consists of a lodger who is unrelated to any of the other members of the household as a single person without resident offspring or parents he does not meet the criteria for a definition of a family in his own right and is categorised as an MHU only In the LS allocating people in a household to a family type is not only undertaken using family definition but also by the relationship of an individual to the head of household or the first person on the census schedule This means that researchers can use their own definitions of families and household structure when analysing LS data The relationships between the individuals in our example have been represented in this way in Figure 2 on page 24 where the relationships are all relative to the head of household In this example the head of household is the husband in MHU No 2 and the relationships shown reflect the codings found in the LS variable RELAT7 8 9 see section 4 2 In this instance the lone mother is now shown as the daughter of the head of household and her children are shown as his grandchildren
32. the de facto spouse appears as head of family and LS member appears as wife mother LS member is the de facto spouse and a lone father or LS member is the child of male de facto spouse and household head appears as wife mother LS member is de facto spouse male and not in a family and the de facto spouse appears as head of family and household head appears as wife mother LS member is de facto spouse and a lone mother or LS member is child of female de facto spouse and household head appears as head of family LS member is de facto spouse female and not in a family and de facto spouse appears as wife mother and household head appears as head of family LS member is in a communal establishment Total 513 597 2 356 1 557 1 477 382 42 867 858 1 946 13 068 536 150 95 8 0 4 0 3 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 4 2 4 100 0 Source LS Variable DFACTSP8 48 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix F Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Household and family type Frequency Per cent Households with no family One person 42 751 8 0 Two or more persons 20 287 3 8 Households with one family married couple only No children without others 94 232 17 6 No children with others 8 464 1 6 Households with one family married couple with children no others All dependent children and aged under 19 178 863 33 4 All non dependent children 48
33. the Longitudinal Study Family Unit of LS member continued Frequency Per cent Contain persons related to the Head who do not fall into the above family units Married Couple 33 0 0 Cohabiting Couple 3 0 0 Married Couple with Children 81 0 0 Cohabiting Couple with Children 1 0 0 Single Parent with Children 82 0 0 Contain persons who are not related to the Head but can be located into family units Married Couple 99 0 0 Cohabiting Couple 7 0 0 Married Couple with Children 95 0 0 Cohabiting Couple with Children 8 0 0 Single Parent with Children 261 0 0 Relate to households which contain no persons 16 years of age or over Household containing only one person who is under 16 years 6 0 0 Household containing MORE than one person where NO persons in the household are 16 years or over 25 0 0 Relate to households which contain visitors All visitor Household no usual residents 618 0 1 Visitors in a Household WITH usual residents 2 395 0 4 Visitor single person in Household with no other reside 124 0 0 Unknown 9 334 1 7 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable FAMUNIT9 Minimal household unit type Frequency Per cent Person in a communal establishment MHU Type 0 7 793 1 5 Non married individual MHU Type 1 129 776 24 3 Lone parent with dependent children MHU Type 2 31 627 5 9 Married couple with no dependent children MHU Type 3 142 284 26 6 Cohabiting couple with no dependent children MHU Type 4 15 480 2 9 Married coup
34. the head of household in which the LS member is the head or continued 19 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 4 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Frequently used variables continued Variable Name Variable description Extra information the de facto spouse or a child of either of these the variables referring to head of family and wife mother are filled as if the head and de facto spouse were a married couple This indicator shows who these variables apply to and their family statuses 4 3 3 1991 File Name PAABME91 Frequently used variable Variable Name Variable description Extra information MARSTAT9 Legal marital status This variable was 100 per cent coded at census processing Less frequently used variable Variable Name Variable description Extra information MARSTTT9 Legal marital status 10 per cent This variable was imputed during the 10 per cent edit stage which edits the 100 per cent hard to code items if MARSTAT9 was found to be inconsistent with other data 20 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 5 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 5 Methodological and analytical issues This section explores some of the methodological issues to be aware of when using the LS as well raising awareness of the analytical potential of t
35. unit as his or her parent s Child This is a person in the second generation of a family As before there is no age limit to the term child Dependent children This definition had again changed since the last census and in 1991 a dependent child was a person who was a under 16 years of age or b under 19 years of age never married in full time education and economically inactive Non dependent child This is any person in the second generation of a family who is not a dependent child Head of family This term is generally taken to be the head of household if the family contains the head of household otherwise a in a couple family the head of family is the first member of the couple on the form b in a lone parent family the head of family is the lone parent or c a no family person i e non dependent person can be treated as head of family Family size This is the number of residents in a family as defined above No person can belong to more than one family 3 4 4 2001 Census definitions The definition in 2001 extended that of 1991 further in recognition of the increasing numbers of same sex couples Thus four further categories were introduced f two people of the same sex male living together as a couple or g two people of the same sex female living together as a couple or h two people of the same sex male living together as a couple with their never married children or
36. with lone ancestor s other relative s and unrelated persons 20 0 0 with lone ancestor s and unrelated person s only 241 0 0 with other relative s only i e no lone ancestor s 6 817 1 3 with other relative s and unrelated persons 424 0 1 with unrelated person s only 5 427 1 0 One family lone parent with child ren no other s 24 801 47 One family lone parent with child ren with other s with lone ancestor s no other s 1 599 0 3 with lone ancestor s other relative s only 80 0 0 with lone ancestor s other relative s and unrelated person s 2 0 0 with lone ancestor s and unrelated person s only 107 0 0 with other relative s only i e no lone ancestor s 1 721 0 3 with other relative s and unrelated person s 234 0 0 with unrelated person s only 4 807 0 9 Two families direct descent no child ren of second generation no other s 2 806 0 5 no child ren of second generation lone ancestor s with or without other s 142 0 0 no child ren of second generation with other s but no lone ancestor s 248 0 0 with child ren of second generation no other s 7 535 1 4 with child ren of second generation with lone ancestor s with or without other s 177 0 0 with child ren of second generation with other s but no lone ancestor s 703 0 1 Two families not direct descent no child ren no other s 136 0 0 no child ren lone ancestor s with or without other s 18 0 0 no child ren with other s but no lone ancestor s 52 0 0
37. 0 Grand parent in law of head s descendant 9 0 0 Sibling 5 841 1 1 Other relative 1 751 0 3 Unrelated 9 897 1 9 Resident domestic servant 359 0 1 Visitor 5 463 1 0 Head 478 169 90 2 In a communal establishment 13 901 2 6 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable RELAT7 39 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix E Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Marital status Frequency Per cent Single 214 595 40 5 Married 273 121 51 5 Widowed 36 995 7 0 Divorced 5 191 1 0 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable MARCON7 Revised marital status Frequency Per cent Single MARCON7 single and SPCIND7 no spouse or cohabitant present 3 077 0 6 Single MARCON7 single 211 518 39 9 Married MARCON7 single SPCIND7 spouse present MTYR4 1001 1000 or spaces 246 598 46 5 Married MARCON7 married SPCIND7 cohabitant present MTYR4 1000 1001 or spaces 1 658 0 3 Married MARCON7 married SPCIND7 no spouse or cohabitant present MTYR4 1001 1000 or spaces 19 476 3 7 Married MARCON7 married SPCIND7 spouse present MTYR4 1872 1971 4 508 0 9 Married MARCON7 married SPCIND7 cohabitant present MTYR4 1872 1971 43 0 0 Married MARCON7 married SPCIND7 space MTYR4 1872 1971 838 0 2 Divorced MARCON7 divorced SPCIND7 cohabitant present 878 0 2 Divorced MARCON7 divorced 4 313 0 8 Widowed MARCON7 widowed SPCIND7 cohabitant present 1 763 0 3 Widowed MARCON7 widowed 35 232 6
38. 213 9 0 Dependent children aged under 19 with non dependent children 51 668 9 6 Households with one family married couple with children with others All dependent children and aged under 19 11 569 2 2 All non dependent children 4 690 0 9 Dependent children aged under 19 with non dependent children 4 446 0 8 Households with one family lone parent family without others All dependent children and aged under 19 13 155 2 5 All non dependent children 13 483 2 5 Dependent children aged under 19 with non dependent children 6 022 1 1 Households with one family lone parent family with others All dependent children and aged under 19 9 050 1 7 All non dependent children 3 185 0 6 Dependent children aged under 19 with non dependent children 2 521 0 5 Households with two or more families All dependent children and aged under 19 with or without others 5 245 1 0 All non dependent children with or without others 930 0 2 Dependent children aged under 19 with non dependent children with or without others 3 506 0 7 No children with or without others 802 0 1 Not applicable communal establishment or private household with no usually resident members 13 068 2 4 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable HOFAMTY8 49 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix F Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Position of LS member in household Frequency Per cent Not in family head of household 51 939
39. 23 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 5 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Figure 1 Example of a household composition consisting of four miminal household units and two families Household MHU MHU MHU MHU No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 Lone mother l Husband Non dependent Lodger divorced and wife son of husband TEN and wife Dependent Dependent Dependent son daughter son 1 of husband and wife Family 1 Family 2 Figure 2 Example of a complex household containing four miminal household units and two families relative to the head of household as coded in the LS variables HRC7B7 HRC8 and RELAT9 Relationship to Head of Household HOH MHU MHU MHU MHU No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 Daugher of HOH HOH and Non Unrelated lone mother wife of HOH dependent to HOH divorced son of HOH eg lodger Grand Grand Dependent son daughter son of of HOH of HOH HOH Family 1 Family 2 24 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 5 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Another way in which the
40. 4 Housing Association or Charitable Trust 12 678 2 4 Private landlord furnished 14 758 2 8 Private landlord unfurnished 15 568 2 9 Communal establishment or unknown 9 335 1 7 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable TENURE9 Number of usually resident Frequency Per cent persons in LS household 1 55 100 10 3 2 142 517 26 7 3 103 509 19 4 4 132 143 24 7 5 58 316 10 9 6 21 132 4 0 7 6 222 1 2 8 2 771 0 5 9 1 312 0 2 10 648 0 1 11 328 0 1 12 147 0 0 13 78 0 0 14 39 0 0 15 19 0 0 16 22 0 0 17 5 0 0 18 4 0 0 19 6 0 0 20 1 0 0 21 2 0 0 22 1 0 0 23 1 0 0 Household with no residents 10 076 1 9 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable DJHH9 54 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix G Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Relationship of LS member to Frequency Per cent head of household Head 212 223 39 7 Husband or Wife 119 402 22 3 Living together as a couple 11 486 2 1 Son or Daughter 158 511 29 7 Child of Cohabitee of Head of Household 982 0 2 Son in law or Daughter in law 992 0 2 Living with Son or Daughter 128 0 0 Parent 2 455 0 5 Parent in law 1 287 0 2 Brother or Sister 2 844 0 5 Brother in law or Sister in law 634 0 1 Grandchild 3 080 0 6 Nephew or Niece 611 0 1 Other related 906 0 2 Boarder Lodger 3 176 0 6 Joint Head 104 0 0 Other unrelated 6 244 1 2 Unknown or not applicable 9 334 1 7 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS
41. 4 399 100 0 Source LS Variable WERABOU9 Usual residence indicator Frequency Per cent At this address 529 721 99 1 Elsewhere within Great Britain 4 671 0 9 Elsewhere unknown 7 0 0 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable URESIND9 Age of LS member Frequency Per cent 0 10 years 75 925 14 2 11 20 years 65 857 12 3 21 30 years 81 293 15 2 31 40 years 74 993 14 0 41 50 years 71 518 13 4 51 60 years 57 501 10 8 61 70 years 54 090 10 1 71 80 years 36 578 6 8 81 90 years 15 015 2 8 91 100 years 1 584 0 3 101 years plus 45 0 0 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable AGE9 53 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix G Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Social class Frequency Per cent Professional Occupations 12 947 2 4 Il Managerial and Technical Occupations 80 814 15 1 IIN Skilled Non manual Occupations 73 395 13 7 IIIM Skilled Manual Occupations 64 965 12 2 IV Partly Skilled Occupations 53 281 10 0 V Unskilled Occupations 20 293 3 8 Armed Forces 2 169 0 4 Inadequately described 587 0 1 Not stated 2 266 0 4 Not applicable 223 682 41 9 Total 534399 100 0 Source LS Variable SCLAS9 Housing tenure Frequency Per cent Owner occupier mortgage 270 456 50 6 Owner occupier outright 104 314 19 5 With job farm shop or other business 10 834 2 0 Local Authority Council 94 514 17 7 New Town Corporation 1 942 0
42. 981 if two of three elements of their spouse s birth date were different in the two censuses and if either a marital status in 1981 was recorded as remarried or b an intercensal marriage date was given on any of the birth records linked to the LS for that person People with discrepant dates of birth but for whom neither a nor b applied i e those with uncertain marital histories were excluded from the analysis although their characteristics more closely resembled those of the continuing married than the remarried suggesting that the date of birth discrepancies were the result of erroneous census form completion A further example of research concerning changing patterns in LS members partnership status was conducted by Clarke and Joshi 1997 who looked specifically at the stability of children s family lives This study traced whether those born to married parents were still in the same family at a subsequent point in time and paid particular attention to the degree of accuracy within the LS data with which one can assume children are still in the same family see also Wright 1996 pp 8 11 which gives an overview of the work by Clarke and Joshi 26 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 6 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 6 Trends over time The following section describes some of the changing family and household circumstances that have been observed over tim
43. Daughter Son in law or Daughter in law Grandchild ren 1 785 0 3 Son or Daughter Cohabitee of child 185 0 0 Son or Daughter Cohabitee of child Grandchild 160 0 0 Non single Son or Daughter of Cohabitee 5 0 0 Son Daughter in law 27 0 0 Son Daughter in law Grandchild ren 49 0 0 Parent 1 059 0 2 Contain persons related to the Head but where the Head appears in the family unit the Head has never been married and has no partner or children Head and One Parent 1 179 0 2 Head One Parent Siblings i e heads brothers and or sisters the parents children 285 0 1 One Parent Siblings i e heads brothers and or sisters the parents children 101 0 0 Both Parents 249 0 0 Head Both Parents 251 0 0 Head Both Parents Brothers and or Sisters 134 0 0 Both Parents Brothers and or Sisters 80 0 0 Parent in law 969 0 2 Parent in law Brothers Sisters in law 33 0 0 Parents in law 164 0 0 Parents in law Brothers Sisters in law 9 0 0 Brother or Sister 2 304 0 4 Brother or Sister Nephews and or Nieces 170 0 0 Brother or Sister Brother in law or Sister in law 122 0 0 Brother or Sister Brother in law or Sister in law Nephew 244 0 0 Brother Sister in law 414 0 1 Brother Sister in law Nephews Nieces 32 0 0 Grandchild 97 0 0 Nephew Niece 348 0 1 Other Relative 664 0 1 Boarder Lodger 2 893 0 5 Joint Head 99 0 0 Unrelated 4 980 0 9 continued 57 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix G Researching Households and Families using
44. Families using the Longitudinal Study Appendix F Frequency counts for LS members from some of the household and family variables within the LS from the 1981 Census Sex Frequency Per cent Male 260 992 48 7 Female 275 158 51 3 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable SEX Whereabouts on census Frequency Per cent night At this address 520 026 97 0 Elsewhere within Great Britain 1 705 0 3 Outside Great Britain 2 355 0 4 In a communal establishment 12 064 2 3 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable WERABOU8 Usual address indicator Frequency Per cent This address 525 360 98 0 Elsewhere in Great Britain or Northern Ireland 10 781 2 0 Total 536 141 100 0 Unknown 9 0 0 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable URESIND8 Age of LS member Frequency Per cent 0 10 years 75 432 14 1 11 20 years 85 877 16 0 21 30 years 76 171 4 2 31 40 years 73 585 13 7 41 50 years 61 176 11 4 51 60 years 63 257 11 8 61 70 years 52 972 9 9 71 80 years 35 614 6 6 81 90 years 10 898 2 0 91 100 years 1 134 0 2 101 years and over 25 0 0 Unknown 9 0 0 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable AGE8 44 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix F Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Social class Frequency Per cent l Professional 10 748 2 0 Il Intermediate 61 171 11 4 IIN Skilled Non manual 62 267 11 6 IIM Skilled Manual 71
45. O 2 Re married O 3 Re married O 3 Divorced decree absolute O 4 Divorced decree absolute O 4 Widowed O 5 Widowed O 5 3 3 4 2001 Census question 4 Question 4 of each section relating to the persons entered into the relationship grid in Table 1 of the 2001 Census schedule asked about marital status Again it specified that those who were single were those who had never married and for the first time provided an option for individuals to indicate if they were separated yet still legally married The legal aspect of the question used in 1991 relating to those who were divorced was removed 4 What is your marital status on 29 April 2001 Single never married Married first marriage Re married Separated but still legally married Divorced Widowed ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 3 4 Families Persons within households can be classified into families and are based on the information supplied concerning whether or not respondents are usually resident 3 4 1 1971 Census definitions In 1971 a family was defined as a a married couple with or without their never married child ren or b a father or mother together with his or her never married child ren or c grandparents or a lone grandparent with their grandchild ren if there are no pa
46. ON 1 Husband or wife Husband or wife ABOVE Partner Partner Son or daughter Son or daughter Step child Step child Brother or sister Brother or sister Mother or father Mother or father Step mother or step father Step mother or step father Grandchild Grandchild Grandparent Grandparent Other related Other related Unrelated Unrelated For the 2001 Census the term Household Reference Person has been introduced as a result of the relationship matrix to replace the concept of head of household For a person living alone that person is clearly the Household Reference Person HRP If the household contains only one family with or without ungrouped individuals see section 3 4 4 the HRP is the same as the Family Reference Person FRP again see section 3 4 4 If there is more than one family in the household the HRP is chosen from among the FRPs using the same criteria for choosing the FRP i e on the basis of their economic activity in the priority order full time job part time job unemployed retired other If both people have the same economic activity the FRP is identified as the elder of the two or if they are the same age the first member of the couple on the form If there is no family the HRP is chosen from the individuals present using the same criteria 3 3 Marital status 3 3 1 1971 Census question B6 and B24 One of the 24 questions asked of each person in the household in Part B of the 1971 Ce
47. Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 3 Households and families census definitions and questions Although the LS is a sample of individuals it is a valuable source of information about the household in which the LS member is enumerated at census It allows us to explore the marital circumstances of an LS member the type of family in which they live and the overall household composition This section provides an overview of the census data relevant to the analysis of households and families using LS data 3 1 Households As previously stated each census form for private households in 1971 1981 1991 and 2001 includes a section concerned with the household s accommodation and facilities followed by questions about household members and sometimes visitors on census night Since the questions concerning household accommodation and amenities and the related LS variables are not the main concern of this User Guide they have been listed separately in Appendices A B C and D 3 1 1 1971 Census definition of a household It was the enumerator s responsibility to ascertain how many households were present at a given address and to obtain a completed household form from each one The definition of a household included on the Census form in 1971 stated that A household comprises either one person living alone or a group of persons who may or may not be related living at the same address with common houseke
48. Variable RELAT9 Legal marital status Frequency Per cent Single 215 371 40 3 Married first marriage 223 677 41 9 Remarried 30 038 5 6 Divorced 26 391 4 9 Widowed 38 922 7 3 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable MARSTAT9 Head of family indicator 1991 Frequency Per cent Head of family 153 010 28 6 Other family member 291 197 54 5 Person not in family or not usually resident 90 192 16 9 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable FAMHEDT9 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix G Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Family type of LS member Frequency Per cent Married couple Unconcealed With no children 51 814 9 7 With dependent child ren 49 379 9 2 With non dependent child ren only 18 657 3 5 Married couple Concealed With no children 699 0 1 With dependent child ren 582 0 1 With non dependent child ren only 68 0 0 Co habiting couple family Unconcealed With no children 7 064 1 3 With dependent child ren 3 709 0 7 With non dependent child ren only 517 0 1 Co habiting couple family Concealed With no children 116 0 0 With dependent child ren 54 0 0 With non dependent child ren only 1 0 0 Lone parent family Unconcealed With dependent child ren 10 966 2 1 With non dependent child ren only 7 730 1 4 Lone parent family Concealed With dependent child ren 1 437 0 3 With non dependent child ren only 207 0 0 P
49. age had ended When census forms were processed if the question on the date of marriage termination was left blank it was imputed that the marriage had not ended if the woman was currently married but a missing value was assigned if she was either widowed or divorced Since the question on current marital status B6 did not distinguish between those in a first or subsequent marriage remarried women who left the date of termination of their first marriage blank would have been wrongly coded as first marriage not ended Similar errors were not encountered during the 1981 and 1991 Censuses since no questions were asked relating to duration of marriage 5 3 2 Following people over time Members of the LS are traced at censuses and linked to vital event registration data over time in a way that the members of their household are not A far greater amount of information is known about the LS member which can be fed into algorithms when the samples are drawn to ensure that the LS member s data are linked through time Flags are also applied to the records of those LS members for whom there are date of birth discrepancies Since much less is known about other members of the household longitudinal analysis of these individuals is more problematic One way in which they could be identified is through their date of birth however the misreporting of date of birth which is not uncommon will affect this One way in which this can be overcome is to
50. ally resident in LS member s household HOTYPE7 Household type MHUTYP7 Minimal household unit type MHUPOS7 Position of LS member within minimal household unit MHUCOM7 Combinations of minimal household units within household Less frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information FACTO7 Number of persons enumerated in LS member s household PERNO7 Person number of LS member within the household FHIND7 Family head indicator persons in the This variable identifies the household type of family head 13 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 4 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 4 1 2 1981 File Name PAABME81 Frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information DJHO8 Number of persons usually resident in household URESIND8 Usual address indicator HOFAMTY8 Household and family type Dependent children are defined as children in families who are a under 16 years of age or b under 19 years of age never married and classified from the question on economic activity last week as a student MHUTYP8 Minimal household unit type MHUPOS8 Position of LS member within minimal household unit MHUCOM8 Combination of minimal household units within household Less frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information LSPRIND8
51. amily Other relatives are any related persons no matter how distant the relationship ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 3 4 2 1981 Census definitions In 1981 a family was defined as a a married couple with or without their never married child ren or b a father or mother together with his or her never married child ren or c grandparents or a lone grandparent with their grandchild ren if there are no parents usually resident in the household Thus a family of type a is a married couple family and a family of type b is a lone parent family Families of type c are classified as appropriate The family head is taken to be the husband in a married couple or the lone mother or father in a lone parent family Head of the family is the husband in a married couple or the lone mother or lone father in lone parent families Similarly to 1971 the 1981 Census question on marital status did not specifically address the issue of cohabitation and thus a cohabiting couple with children would be classified as a lone parent family almost certainly lone father plus one unrelated adult Again this should not incorrectly classify too many individuals included in the LS in 1981 since although there were many childless cohabiting relationships people were still generally getting married if they were planning to have children a
52. amily is the number of persons belonging to a family as defined above formed of persons given as usually resident in the household The classification of households into families is such that any one person cannot belong to more than one family Classifying persons not in families Persons not in a family are those persons in the household who could not be allocated to a family on the above definition Such persons could be further classified as being 1 in direct descent for every possible pair of persons in the group either a one was the ancestor or descendent of the other by blood marriage or adoption or b one could be linked to the other by a sequence of such ancestor descendent relationships involving the other members of the group Similarly in households consisting of more than one family any two families could be described as in direct descent if one family contained a descendent a child grandchild or great grandchild by blood adoption or marriage of a of individuals could lie on the line of descent between the two families so linked 2 a lone ancestor the ancestor of the head of household or of his her spouse or of the direct descendents of the head of household In the latter case those households are included where the lone ancestor was him herself the head of household In households with two or more families in direct descent the lone ancestor had to be an ancestor of a first generation f
53. as any regular arrangement to share at least one meal a day including breakfast However in 1981 enumerators were instructed to expand their interpretation of common housekeeping treating a group of people as a household if occupants also shared a common living or sitting room The occupants of one room accommodation caravans and other non permanent accommodation were treated as a single household The changes in instructions in 1981 may have resulted in a reduction of the number of households concentrated in the furnished rented sector between 1971 and 1981 Dale and Marsh 1993 In 1981 enumerators were also told to include in a household the following people who were not present on Census night i au pairs on long term engagements of a year or more ii children at boarding school university college etc if not married iii adopted or foster children however temporary iv merchant seamen ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study v people in institutions for less than 6 months vi regular visitors living at the address for most of the year vii shift and night workers viii spouses working away from home abroad in the forces etc 3 1 3 1991 Census definition of a household In 1991 the Census form made a more explicit reference to shared living space in its written definition of a household A household comprises either
54. cludes a husband and wife with their grandchild ren but no children in the intervening generation in the household Cohabiting couple family This is a family consisting of two people living together as a couple that is not living with their spouse with or without their child ren who are not themselves living with a spouse or partner This includes cohabiting couples with no children and cohabiting couples of the same sex Lone parent family Usually this is a lone father or mother with his or her child ren It also includes a lone grandparent with his or her grandchild ren but with no children in the intervening generation in the household Child The definition is unchanged from 1991 Once again there is no age limit on the term child ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Dependent child A dependent child is a person aged 0 15 in a household whether or not in a family or aged 16 18 in full time education and living in a family with his her parent s This is a change from the 1991 definition which stipulated that if aged 16 18 they also had to be never married and economically inactive 3 5 Minimal household units The responses arising from questions in each census on households and family members facilitate the construction of minimal household units MHUs a concept developed by Overton and Ermisch in 1984 An MHU defines the smalle
55. d 16 plus in a household with only two persons aged 16 plus 1 041 0 2 all others 210 419 39 2 Married first marriage 235 273 43 9 Separated following first marriage usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident and de facto spouse 883 0 2 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident and joint head 2 0 0 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident unrelated of opposite sex to LS member aged 16 plus in a household with only two persons aged 16 plus 291 0 1 all others 7 559 1 4 Divorced usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident and de facto spouse 1 932 0 4 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident and joint head 14 0 0 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident unrelated of opposite sex to LS member aged 16 plus in a household with only two persons aged 16 plus 668 0 1 all others 12 419 2 3 Remarried 22 946 4 3 Separated following remarriage usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident and de facto spouse 110 0 0 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident and joint head 1 0 0 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident unrelated of opposite sex to LS member aged 16 plus in
56. d age combination of dependent children age lt 19 in family NOOTLFEM8 Number of other persons in LS member s family FHIND8 Head of LS Family Indicator ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study File Name PAABNM81 Frequently used variable Variable Name Variable description Extra information LSRELAT8 Relationship of non LS member to LS member This variable is derived using information concerning the LS member s relationship to the head of household as well as the relationship of all other persons in the household to the head of household 4 2 3 1991 File Name PAABME91 Frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information RELAT9 FAMTYPT9 FANUM9 Relationship to head of household Family type Family number This variable indicates the relationship of the LS member to the first person on the census form This variable is based upon usually resident persons in the LS member s household It indicates the family type of the LS member by marital status of parents whether the family is concealed or unconcealed and the presence or absence of children showing them as dependent or non dependent An unconcealed family is one where the LS member is in the same family as the head of house hold first person on form A conceal
57. e some of which have been based on research using LS data Changes in living arrangements observed over time such as those reported here are useful for forming the background to specific analyses using the LS Alternatively the LS could be used to validate or confirm changes which have been observed over time in other datasets 6 1 Households e Although there has been an overall increase in the size of the population this century the average size of a household in Great Britain has fallen sharply this century from 4 6 persons per household in 1901 to 2 8 in 1981 Council of Europe 1984 This has been almost entirely due to the growth in the relative importance of one and two person households e There has been a virtual disappearance of domestic servants and a considerable reduction in the number of lodgers Haskey 1996 e The percentage of one person households has increased sharply from approximately 5 per cent in 1911 to approximately 24 per cent in 1985 Haskey 1987 6 2 Fertility 6 2 1 Births outside marriage e Inthe early 1970s over 90 per cent of births were within marriage Fox and Pearce 2000 e Marrying the father before the birth of the child in 1970 was the most frequent course of action for an unmarried woman who became pregnant in 1980 unmarried women were more likely to have the pregnancy terminated by abortion or give birth to the child outside of marriage Fox and Pearce 2000 During the 1980s births outside of mar
58. e 2000 e The number of divorces doubled between 1961 and 1969 and excluding the drop in the number of divorces in 1973 which was partly an effect of the Divorce Law Reform Act in 1971 continued to rise Trends in remarriage have followed the trends in divorce with an increase in the number of people remarrying from 40 000 in the early 1960s to 60 000 in the mid 1970s Fox and Pearce 2000 e 70 per cent of marriages in the early 1990s were preceded by premarital cohabitation compared to only 10 per cent in the early 1970s Fox and Pearce 2000 e Inthe early 1990s approximately 20 per cent of unmarried women were cohabiting compared to 14 per cent in the early 1970s Fox and Pearce 2000 e Cohabitation appears to postpone marriage rather than replace it so that cohabitation has probably affected the timing of individuals ceasing to live alone rather than whether or not they marry Haskey 1987 e Males are tending to stay at home as a child in a family for longer than women and are therefore marrying or cohabiting at later ages They also have higher rates of re partnering than women and are thus less likely to experience lone parenthood Clarke and Joshi 2001 6 5 Summary Recent trends thus show an overall fall in fertility an increase in extra marital fertility older ages at child bearing smaller households and family sizes an increase in lone parenthood an increase in cohabitation an increase in living alone and a declin
59. e in childlessness during early years of marriage Fox and Pearce 2000 e The total period fertility rate in 1964 was 2 9 by 1974 this had fallen to 1 9 well below replacement level Fox and Pearce 2000 6 3 Families as co resident groups e There has been a decline in extended families and multi family households multi family households formed 3 per cent of all households in 1961 yet account for less than 1 per cent in 1994 Haskey 1996 e There has been an increase in the number of one parent families which has had social economic and financial implications In 1976 approximately 10 per cent of all families with dependent children were one parent families and around one half of these had two or more dependent children Fox and Pearce 2000 e Inthe early 1970s the number of one parent families headed by a father was approximately 14 per cent but this decreased to 9 per cent in the early 1980s Fox and Pearce 2000 27 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 6 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study e Numbers of years spent in lone motherhood exceeded that spent in lone fatherhood and probably still does and was larger for those beginning their childrearing in the 1970s than for those beginning in the 1960s Rendall et al 2001 e The number of one parent families has increased from approximately 600 000 in 1971 to approximately 1 6 million in 1996 and an increasing proportion of lo
60. e in extended families and multi family households These trends are having an impact on current living arrangements and at the beginning of the twenty first century we see increased numbers of stable non marital unions including same sex couples living apart together relationships those choosing never married motherhood co parenting and reconstituted families built around remarriage or cohabitation Changing patterns of marriage divorce cohabitation and living alone have meant that family and household structures have become more diverse and also that individuals are more likely to experience living in a greater variety of families and households during their lifetime As Haskey 1996 acknowledges the trend towards a variety of norms is perhaps the most significant aspect of post war social change 28 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 7 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 7 Conclusion This LS User Guide has attempted to introduce the reader to the concepts of households and families as used by the censuses since 1971 and more specifically to the manner in which they can be researched using the ONS Longitudinal Study data It has discussed the ways in which these concepts have been defined from census to census the manner in which questions relating to these issues have changed from census to census and thus the differences between LS variables which relate to these issues
61. ed family is one where the LS member is not in the same family as the head of household first person on form Note To extract the variable both the LS member s and non mem ber s files have to be examined A derivation to output the variable irrespective of whether the LS member is head of family is available as follows DERIVE FAMTLSM9 outputs FAMT901 family type of LS member s family This variable indicates the number of the LS member s family within the LS member s household It is assigned by the household composition algorithm Families are numbered sequentially within the household If no family is continued 17 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 4 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Frequently used variables continued Variable Name Variable description Extra information identified the family unit for that household has FANUM 0 GENINFM9 Generation in family This variable identifies the placement of LS member within the generations of his her family Less frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information FAMUNIT9 Family unit HHFMTYT9 Family type of LS member usually resident in household HDHEAD9 Usually resident head of household indicator FAMHEDT9 Head of family indicator This variable applies to all persons enumerated in the LS member s household on census night A c
62. ehold s 2 A self contained flat or accommodation with 2 or more rooms having bath or shower WC and kitchen facilities all behind its own private door the buildi 7 2 or more rooms not self contained or shared house y 4 eee to move between rooms or to bathroom WC or kitchen bungalow or flat a ae into 8 facilities you have to use a hall landing or stairway Ene a Sne open to other household s O4 Sue Please turn to the back page and answer questions H3 to H5 P Please tick the box which best describes how you and your D oes your household that is you and an le who usuall household occupy your accommodation live hee with you have the paid ps y peop y If buying by stages from a As an owner occupier Council Housing Association buying the property a A bath or shower Yes for use only or Nev Town under shared through mortgage or loan _ 1 by thishousehotd 7 1 ownership co ownership rr Yes for use also by or equity sharing scheme en be mokoan g2l another houschold _ 2 answer as an owner occupier No no bath or at box 1 By renting rent free or by lease shower available _ 3 with a job farm shop or TE ER FPE acer other business C 3 b A flush toilet WC with entrance inside the building If your accommodation is Yes for use only occupied by lease originally froma local a by this household C 0 granted for or extended to more Council C 4 than 21 years answer
63. ent child with lone mother in MHU Type 2 8 123 1 5 Dependent child with lone father in MHU Type 2 1 684 0 3 Husband in MHU Type 3 68 360 12 9 Wife in MHU Type 3 70 420 13 3 Husband in MHU Type 4 60 573 11 4 Wife in MHU Type 4 59 537 11 2 Dependent child in MHU Type 4 122 210 23 1 Visitor in a private household 5 463 1 0 Visitor in a communal establishment 5 335 1 0 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable MHUPOS7 Combinations of minimal household units Frequency Per cent One MHU in household Communal establishment 13 900 2 6 One person households MHU Type 1 32 699 6 2 One parent family with dependent children and no others MHU Type 2 7 479 1 4 Married couple with no dependent children and no others MHU Type 3 90 354 17 1 Married couple with dependent children and no others MHU Type 4 189 458 35 8 Households with more than one MHU No family households two or more MHU Type 1s 16 727 3 2 Households with more than one MHU One family One parent family with dependent children and non dependent children and no others MHU Type 2 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family 4 008 0 8 One parent family with dependent children and others MHU Type 2 plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the same family 4 717 0 9 One parent family with dependent children and non dependent children and others MHU Type 2 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the same family 1 264 0 2 One parent family with non de
64. eparate file 2 4 2001 The 2001 Census form differed slightly from previous forms consisting of five main sections the first Table 1 asked for a list of all household members including anyone usually resident who is temporarily absent and school children and students who are away from home during term time the second Table 2 requested a list of visitors the third section H1 H10 consisted of questions concerning household accommodation facilities and amenities section four gathered information on relationships between household members and the final section consisted of 35 questions relating to each individual listed in Table 1 The LS sample will be drawn from those enumerated at their usual address plus proxy information for each person usually resident in the household who was away from home that night Unlike the previous two censuses the 2001 Census did not collect information on people visiting the household although respondents were asked to list basic information for visitors name and address this was mainly to help them while completing the form and was not compulsory since it will not provide usable information in terms of output However multiple enumerations will still occur in cases where an individual is enumerated as usually resident at two or more addresses eg children of separated divorced parents who are resident part time at both parental homes ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3
65. eping Persons staying temporarily with the household are included Common housekeeping was interpreted as any regular arrangement to share at least one meal a day including breakfast It is thus evident from this definition that in 1971 visitors and their families and resident domestic servants and their families are excluded from the count of persons in a household An alternative definition of household was used in some census outputs namely that of a usually resident de jure household Hattersley and Creeser 1995 pp 237 8 This would consist of all those people who were usually resident at the household whether or not they were present at the address on census night This type of household definition can be distinguished from the de facto household which relates to those persons actually present on census night Separate variables within the LS dataset can be used to identify each of these populations see sections 4 1 and 5 1 2 3 1 2 1981 Census definition of a household Again in 1981 enumerators obtained a completed household form from each household in a dwelling The written definition of a household was the same as that for 1971 A household comprises either one person living alone or a group of persons who may or may not be related living at the same address with common housekeeping Persons staying temporarily with the household are included Common housekeeping like 1971 was interpreted
66. ersons in single person families all child families and vistors to the household 381 399 71 4 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable FAMTYPT9 Generation in family Frequency Per cent Single Person Unit 80 882 15 1 Parent or Couple in Family Unit 285 299 53 4 Child in Family Unit 158 884 29 7 Unknown 9 334 1 7 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable GENINFM9 56 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix G Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Family Unit of LS member Frequency Per cent All families which include the HEAD Head of Household only 62 034 11 6 Head of Household and Sons and or Daughters 45 223 8 5 Head of Household and Grandchildren 511 0 1 Head of Household and Spouse 103 910 19 4 Head of Household Spouse Son and or Daughters 254 310 47 6 Head of Household Spouse Grandchildren 688 0 1 Head of Household Cohabitee 14 275 2 7 Head of Household Cohabitee Sons Daughters of Head 13 405 2 5 Head of Household Cohabitee Sons Daughters of Cohabitee 1 516 0 3 Head of Household Cohabitee Sons Daughters of Head Sons Daughters of Cohabitee 926 0 2 Head of Household Cohabitee Grandchildren of Head 16 0 0 Head of Household Cohabitee Single Child ren of Cohabitee 2 0 0 Contain persons related to the Head Son or Daughter 1 822 0 3 Son or Daughter Grandchild ren 2 762 0 5 Son or Daughter Son in law or Daughter in law 736 0 1 Son or
67. es in the number of dependent children This may be due to the manner in which the LS sample is selected since although the LS is based on a sample of individuals the larger the household to which the LS member belongs the more likely that information about that household will be included in the study since the chances of one of the residents having an LS birth date are greater see Hattersley and Creeser 1995 p 61 see also LS User Support Team Update 2 92 pp 9 10 As a result families with more 22 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 5 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study dependent children have a higher probability of being included in the LS than those with fewer children as are couple families who have one more adult than a lone parent family and on average have more children Thus larger families are over represented and one parent families are under represented in the LS An example will demonstrate the effects of overrepresentation of large households in the LS car availability in Cornwall in 1991 was investigated Williams 2000 using both data on individuals in the LS sample as well as census data for all Cornwall residents This showed that for all of the households in Cornwall the percentage with access to three or more cars was 4 4 compared to 7 9 in the LS sample This problem was overcome by including in the LS sample only those individuals shown on the census form to
68. es using the Longitudinal Study In 1991 in order to provide comparability with the Registrar General s estimates a separate question on the term time address of students was included Form fillers were asked to indicate whether a student or school child s address of enumeration was the term time address and if not they were asked to indicate the term time address This information was used to prepare a national matrix of ward of usual residence by ward of term time address used to redistribute students for the Registrar General s annual estimates Comparisons of the number of students in 1981 and 1991 are therefore somewhat complicated however the inclusion of a new question on the term time address of students will help to remove a major source of ambiguity about intercensal change For this reason the 2001 Census again counted students at their term time address and was carried out during term time to achieve an accurate count In 2001 however students and schoolchildren studying away from the family home were fully enumerated at their term time address as opposed to their vacation home address Basic demographic information only name sex age marital status and relation was collected at their home or vacation address This information will not allow the derivation of a separate population base and apart from one or two tables where these students and schoolchildren are specifically identified for all main outp
69. esearching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Question LS Variable Panel A H1 H2 H3 H4 H4 a H4 b H4 c H5 BLDTYPE9 Building type 1991 HHSPATY9 Household space type 1991 HTYPOCC9 Occupation type of household space 1991 MTOCCSP9 Type of household space in multi occupied building 1991 DJDWPP9 Occupancy composition of dwelling 1991 DWLSHARQ Type of dwelling 1991 BLDNUM9 Building number 1991 Number assigned to buildings containing more than one household ROOMSS9 Actual number of rooms in household 1991 DENSDJ9 Number of usually resident persons per room in household 1991 TYPACCM9 Type of accommodation 1991 MTOCCSP9 Type of household space in multi occupied building 1991 DJDWPP9 Occupancy composition of dwelling 1991 HHSPATYP9 Household space type 1991 HTYPOCC9 Occupation type of household space 1991 TENURES Tenure 1991 DJDWPP9 Occupancy composition of dwelling 1991 HTYPOCC9 Occupation type of household space 1991 AMENCOM9 Amenities in combination in household 1991 MTOCCSP9 Type of household space in multi occupied building 1991 BATHSHW9 Use of fixed bath or shower 1991 WC9 Use of WC 1991 CENHEAT9 Central heating 1991 CARS9 Cars and vans 1991 34 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix D
70. essary by the person s signing this form This household s accommodation is Myou household has orly one room not including a bathroom or e Inacaravan C20 o in any other mobile or temporary structure 30 HS Cars and vans en Please tick the appropriate box to indicate the number of cars and in a purpose built block of flats or maisonettes C12 vans normally available for use by you or members of your In any other permanent building in which the entrance 1 household lather than vistors f from outside the building is am Po maorin f normally Veiane on NOT SHARED with another household Ow 20 Two use by you or members of your SHARED with another household COn aC three or more solely for the carriage of goods PLEASE TURN OVER Question LS Variable Panel A BUTY8 Building type 1981 ACCESS8 Shared access indicator 1981 H1 ROOMSS Number of rooms in LS member s household 1981 DENSDJ8 De jure density 1981 H2 TENURES Housing tenure in 1981 H3 BATHS Bath 1981 WCIN8 Inside WC 1981 WCOUTS Outside WC 1981 H4 SHAR8 Shared accommodation indicator 1981 H5 CARS8 Number of cars and vans available 1981 32 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix C Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Appendix C 1991 Census form H for private households questions relating to household accommodation amen
71. h files data contains variables relating to age at death age of spouse at death date of birth of spouse marital status at death marital status of spouse and employment status social class of spouse parent However the variables listed below which may be most useful for analyses concerning households and families have all been taken from the LS members files with the exception of the variable LSRELAT7 8 9 see pp 16 17 and 18 They have been divided into sections on households family and relationships and marital status This has been shown for each census year for which variables are currently available i e 1971 1981 and 1991 Finally variables are classified according to whether or not they have been used frequently by researchers For each variable listed the name of the file on which it is held is shown along with the variable name and description Extra information is provided pertaining to the nature of the variable where this is not obvious from the variable name and any points to note when using it The frequency counts for some of these variables can be found in Appendices E G 4 1 Households 4 1 1 1971 File Name PAABME71 Frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information DWELL7 Dwelling type of LS member VISIND7 Resident visitor indicator This variable identifies whether a person is usually resident or a visitor to the household JURE7 Number of persons usu
72. he retail prices index trade figures and labour market data as well as the periodic census of the population and health statistics The Director of ONS is also the National Statistician and the Registrar General for England and Wales and the agency that administers the registration of births marriages and deaths there A National Statistics Publication National Statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the National Statistics Code of Practice They undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customer needs They are produced free from any political interference Navigate through this PDF by using Bookmarks Thumbnails or Links from the Contents and List of Figures Prevent the printing of Navigation tips by ensuring that Annotations is NOT selected in the Print dialog box Contents Page List of Figures v Preface vi Acknowledgements vi 1 A brief introduction to the Longitudinal Study 1 1 1 Access to the LS 1 2 The population base 2 2 1 1971 2 2 2 1981 2 2 3 1991 2 2 4 2001 2 3 Households and families census definitions and questions 3 3 1 Households 3 3 1 1 1971 Census definition of a household 3 3 1 2 1981 Census definition of a household 3 3 1 3 1991 Census definition of a household 4 3 1 4 2001 Census definition of a household 4 3 2 Relationships between household members 4 3 2 1 1971 Census question B5 4 3 2 2 1981 Census question 5 5 3 2 3 1991 Census quest
73. he under representation of people in these groups will thus also be reflected in the LS and this should be borne in mind when considering analyses of these groups 5 1 2 Present and absent persons In private households each of the Censuses in 1971 1981 and 1991 counted all persons present on Census night and all persons usually resident irrespective of whether they were present or not This information was used to define the different population bases used for census output However in 1981 the whereabouts question identified those absent residents who were elsewhere in Great Britain on Census night and those who were outside the country With the exception of the treatment of students the concept of usual resident has remained the same over the period 1971 91 In 2001 although summary information was gathered on the census schedule relating to visitors this was purely for ease of completion and no data will be made available on them The present population count in 2001 will therefore exclude visitors who should be enumerated at their address of usual residence A further difference concerns absent households where in 1981 those households wholly absent from their usual place of residence were not enumerated if no one else was present in the accommodation on Census night In 1971 the absent residents in such households were included in the Household Composition Tables to the extent that it was possible to enumerate them A sign
74. her persons present After completing information concerning their name date of birth sex and whether usually resident at the address each person was required in question B5 to state their relationship to the head of household in a blank box ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study B5 Write HEAD for the head of the household and relationship to the head for each of the other persons for example Wife Son Daughter in law Visitor Boarder Paying Guest For each absent resident a restricted set of key questions including date of birth sex marital status and relationship to head of household were to be completed in part C When the form was coded it was ensured that the head was usually resident at the address not a resident domestic servant or a member of a domestic servant s family and aged 16 or over If more than one person or none was described as head the first person on the form who met all of these criteria was assigned as the head In the last resort the first usually resident person who was not a member of a resident domestic servant s family was chosen In cases where headship was reassigned all relationships to the head were as far as possible revised accordingly In the census coding and outputs relationships which were entered as step or adopted were treated as blood
75. his dataset 5 1 Population coverage 5 1 1 Quality Since the census aims to cover the entire population a post enumeration survey is conducted to check the extent to which this has been achieved as well as check that questions have been answered accurately In 1971 a fairly limited survey was carried out however after the 1981 Census a rather more thorough post enumeration check was made This discovered that there had been a net under enumeration of 214 000 people as well as 800 000 absent residents who had not been required to return a form for that address When added to the usually resident count from the 1981 Census this was found to be consistent with the Registrar General s mid year estimates for 1981 based upon the rolled forwards 1971 Census figures In 1991 the number of absent residents was expected to be higher than in 1981 an assumption which was based upon the fact that absent residents in the 1981 Census had largely been one person households and the number of these was known to have risen and the population was becoming far more mobile This resulted in the introduction of the concept of a wholly absent household for 1991 which was imputed to be around 1 2 million individuals The census validation survey carried out in 1991 failed to trace many of the people missed by the census and by checking back to 1981 figures it was shown that this group was characterised by the under fives young adult males and elderly women T
76. identify a person at two points in time where at least two of the three parts of their date of birth match and then look for another piece of information which matches eg gender This might be useful if looking for the right child born to a sample mother Work by Ni Bhrolch in in 1988 exemplifies the problem of carrying out research that aims to follow people over time using the LS She was interested in tracing people who were married to the same spouse at two different census points noting that it is not possible to identify directly remarriages that occur between censuses since information about marriages to LS sample members are not routinely linked to the dataset She overcame this by using information supplied on marital status and date of birth She selected a sample of individuals who were present at both the 1971 and 1981 Census and who were recorded as usually resident in a private household They were also recorded as married or remarried and their spouse was recorded on the same census form Men and women were classified as married to the same spouse in 1971 and 1981 if two of the three elements of the spouse s date of birth day month year were the same This reduced the effect of inconsistencies due to errors in form completion noting that remarriages where the elements of the new spouse s date of birth are the same as the previous spouse are rare A person was classified as having remarried between 1971 and 1
77. ificant change to the 1991 Census was that data for wholly absent households was imputed While this has implications for the total population coverage of England and Wales it is important to stress that the LS does not include imputed information for members of a wholly absent household 5 1 3 Term time address of students Now that students make up the largest group of people who are away from home for a substantial part of the year it has become increasingly important in recent censuses to consider them in the final decision on when to hold a census The final timing of the census has changed over the period spanned by the LS In 1971 the Census took place in some student holidays In 1981 it fell during term time in 1991 it fell in student holidays and in 2001 it coincided largely with term time again In 1971 1981 and 1991 form fillers were advised that for students and children away from home during term time the home address should be taken as the usual address However in 1981 form fillers were not required to provide information on the term time address of students on holiday or at home at the time of the Census This presented incompatibilities with the Registrar General s annual estimates of the usually resident population of local and health authority areas where the latter takes the student s term time address as their usual one 21 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 5 Researching Households and Famili
78. ion 5 6 3 2 4 2001 Census table 1 6 3 3 Marital status 7 3 3 1 1971 Census question B6 and B24 7 3 3 2 1981 Census question 4 8 3 3 3 1991 Census question 4 8 3 3 4 2001 Census question 4 8 3 4 Families 9 3 4 1 1971 Census definitions 9 3 4 2 1981 Census definitions 10 3 4 3 1991 Census definitions 10 3 4 4 2001 Census definitions 11 3 5 Minimal household Units 12 3 5 1 1971 and 1981 12 3 5 2 1991 12 3 5 3 2001 12 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Contents Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 4 Relevant LS variables 4 1 4 2 4 3 5 1 5 2 5 3 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 Households 4 1 1 1971 4 1 2 1981 4 1 3 1991 Families and relationships 4 2 1 1971 4 2 2 1981 4 2 3 1991 Marital status 4 3 1 1971 4 3 2 1981 4 3 3 1991 Methodological and analytical issues Population coverage 5 1 1 Quality 5 1 2 Present and absent persons 5 1 3 Term time address of students Households and families 5 2 1 Household and family composition 5 2 2 Over and under representation of particular groups 5 2 3 Complex families and households 5 2 4 Intra household analyses Marital status 5 3 1 Accuracy of census information 5 3 2 Following people over time Trends over time Households Fertility 6 2 1 Births outside marriage 6 2 2 Fertility rates Families as co resident groups Marital status Summary Page 13 13 13 14 14
79. ion Extra information HHFAMS7 Number of families FMPERS7 Number of persons in LS member s family SIBIND7 Indicator for presence of sibling in household DUP7 Duplicate record indicator persons Where households contain two or in household more LS members the records of each member of the household are duplicated with recalculated relationships to the LS member LSRELAT7 This variable is used to indicate which are duplicate records File Name PAABNM71 Frequently used variable Variable Name Variable description Extra information LSRELAT7 Relationship of non LS member to LS member This variable is derived using information concerning the LS member s relationship to the head of household as well as the relationship of all other persons in the household to the head of household 4 2 2 1981 File Name PAABME81 Frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information HRC8 FFHTYPE8 FANUM8 Relationship to head of household Family type of LS member s family Family number of LS member s family within household of LS member This gives the relationship to the head of household whether or not the LS member is usually resident in the household Less frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information DEPCHNB8 Number of dependent children in the household LSFDCAC8 Number an
80. is guide covers analysis of family and household structure and the relationships between individuals within households and families using LS data Characteristics of households such as the physical accommodation geographical location or number of cars per household are not included in this volume although related census questions and LS variables are listed in Appendices A D A brief introduction to the study is given for researchers new to the LS but for a detailed analysis of the history and scope of the Longitudinal Study its methodology data quality and sampling issues see Longitudinal Study 1971 1991 History Organisation and Quality of Data Hattersley and Creeser 1995 Acknowledgements Work by Judith Wright formerly employed at the Centre for Longitudinal Studies sowed the seed for this document and I would like to thank her greatly for laying the appropriate groundwork I would also like to thank Brian Dodgeon and Professor Heather Joshi at the Centre for Longitudinal Studies Sarah Jones Kevin Lynch and Myer Glickman at the Office for National Statistics and Steve Bond at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for their very helpful comments and advice given on earlier drafts of this User Guide vi ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 1 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 1 A brief introduction to the Longitudinal Study The Office for National Statistics ONS
81. ities and facilities and relevant LS variables To be completed by the Enumerator Census District Enumeration District Form Number Con ETT 9s Please count the number of rooms your household has for its own use Do not count small kitchens under 2 metres 6 feet 6 inches wide bathrooms toilets Docount living rooms bedrooms kitchens at least 2 metres 6 feet 6 inches wide all other rooms in your accommodation The total number of rooms is Panel A To be completed by the Enumerator and amended if necessary by the person s signing this form Tick one box to show the type of accommodation which this household occupies A caravan or other mobile or temporary structure A whole house or detached bungalow that is semi detached terraced include end of terrace 000 The whole of a in a commercial building for urpose built flat example in an office building or i maisonette hotel or over a shop in a block of flats or tenement Part of a converted separate entrance into 0 0 OO H2 Accommodation If box 7 or box 8 in Pancl A is ticked tick one box below to show the type of accommodation which your houschold occupies A one roomed flatlet with private bath or shower WC and kitchen facilities L 1 One room or bedsit not self contained to move from your room to bathroom WC or kitchen facilities you have to use a hall landing or stairway open to other hous
82. le with dependent children MHU Type 5 188 510 35 3 Cohabiting couple with dependent children MHU Type 6 14 105 2 6 Visitor in private household MHU Type 7 3 134 0 6 Visitor in communal establishment MHU Type 8 1 541 0 3 Unknown 149 0 0 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable MHUTYP9 58 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix G Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Position of LS member within minimal household Frequency Per cent Person in communal establishment 7 942 1 5 Person in MHUTYP 1 129 776 24 3 Lone mother MHUTYP 2 11 258 2 1 Lone father MHUTYP 2 1 137 0 2 Dependent child with lone mother MHUTYP 2 17 597 3 3 Dependent child with lone father MHUTYP 2 1 635 0 3 Husband in MHUTYP 3 71 318 13 3 Wife in MHUTYP 3 70 966 13 3 Male partner in MHUTYP 4 7 868 1 5 Female partner in MHUTYP 4 7 612 1 4 Husband in MHUTYP 4 49 942 9 3 Wife in MHUTYP 4 49 669 9 3 Male partner in MHUTYP 6 3 761 0 7 Female partner in MHUTYP 6 3 839 0 7 Dependent child in MHUTYP 5 88 899 16 6 Dependent child in MHUTYP 6 6 505 1 2 Visitor in private household 3 134 0 6 Visitor in communal establishment 1 541 0 3 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable MHUPOS9 Combination of minimal household units within household Frequency Per cent One MHU in household Person in communal establishment 7 942 15 One person household MHUTYP 1 55 100 10 3 Lone parent famil
83. mple survey conducted for the ONS It interviews people about their personal circumstances and employment and is the largest regular household survey conducted in Britain Each year data are collected and classified using internationally standard definitions on the economic activity of some 150 000 people aged 16 or over in around 63 000 households in the UK See also the ONS website at http www statistics gov uk 29 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 7 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 7 3 3 British Household Panel Survey since 1991 The British Household Panel Survey BHPS is an annual survey of each adult aged 16 or over member of a nationally representative sample of more than 5 000 households making a total of approximately 10 000 interviews The same individuals will be re interviewed in successive waves and if they split off from original households all adult members of their new households will be interviewed The survey is carried out by the Institute for Social and Economic Research incorporating the ESRC Research Centre on Micro Social Change at the University of Essex The main object of the survey is to further our understanding of social and economic change at the individual and household level in Britain It is designed as a research resource for a wide range of social science disciplines and to support interdisciplinary research in many areas The survey is available
84. national Angela Centre for STATISTICS Brassett Grundy Longitudinal Studies Institute of Education University of London September 2003 LS User Guide 20 Researching Households and Families using the ONS Longitudinal Study London Office for National Statistics Crown copyright 2003 Published with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty s Stationery Office HMSO ISBN 1 85774 543 4 Applications for reproduction should be submitted to HMSO under HMSO s Class Licence www clickanduse hmso uk Alternatively applications can be made in writing to HMSO Licensing Division St Clement s House 2 16 Colegate Norwich NR3 1BQ Contact points For enquiries about this publication contact Jo Tomlinson Centre for Population Studies London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 49 51 Bedford Square London WC1B 3DP For general enquiries contact the National Statistics Customer Enquiry Centre on 0845 601 3034 minicom 01633 812399 E mail info statistics gov uk Fax 01633 652747 Letters Room 1 001 Government Buildings Cardiff Road Newport NP10 8XG You can also find National Statistics on the internet at www statistics gov uk About the Office for National Statistics The Office for National Statistics ONS is the government agency responsible for compiling analysing and disseminating many of the United Kingdom s economic social and demographic Statistics including t
85. nd Wales Population Trends 95 pp 7 17 Wall R 1984 The development of the European household since World War II Paper presented at the European Association for Population Studies workshop Modelling of Household Formation and Dissolution Voorburg The Netherlands 12 14 December 1984 Wall R and Penhale B 1989 Relationships within households in 1981 Population Trends 55 pp 22 25 Williams M 2000 Migration and social change in Cornwall 1971 91 in Creeser R and Gleave S eds Migration Within England and Wales Using the Longitudinal Study ONS series LS no 9 TSO London Wright J and Lynch K 1995 Using the LS for intra household analyses Update News from the LS User Group 12 pp 12 16 CLS Institute of Education London Wright J 1995 Notes on using the 1991 Census household variables Update News from the LS User Group 10 pp 11 14 CLS Institute of Education London Wright J 1996 Identifying the same individual at different time points Update News from the LS User Group 13 pp 8 11 CLS Institute of Education London 60
86. nd it was only later in the 1980s that the numbers of cohabiting parents increased see also section 5 2 2 Children There is no age limit to the term child so for example a never married 40 year old still living with his her parents would be classified as part of the same family as his her parents Dependent child Since the school leaving age had changed by the 1981 Census from 15 to 16 the definition of a dependent child also changed In addition the definition of a dependent child in 1981 depends upon which variable is being analysed In the 100 per cent processed variables a dependant is a person a under 16 years of age or b under 25 years of age never married and classified from the question on economic activity last week as a student However in the 1 per cent and 10 per cent processed variables see also Hattersley and Creeser 1995 pp 35 and 69 the definition of a dependent child refers to children in families who are a under 16 years of age or b under 19 years of age never married and classified from the question on economic activity last week as a student Caution should thus be exercised when using variables in which the concept of a dependent child occurs Non dependent children These are those children in families who have never married aged 16 years or over and not classified as a student from the question on economic activity last week Family size The size of a family is the number of person
87. ne parents are single and divorced lone mothers Haskey 1998 e There has been a growth in the number of non cohabiting lone parents with non dependent children Fox and Pearce 2000 Haskey 1996 e Lone mothers are more likely to have come from less advantaged backgrounds than mothers with partners and to come from lone parent household themselves Fox and Pearce 2000 e Almost everyone living in Britain has either a living parent or a living child or both Apart from those in their 50s approximately 75 per cent of people are members of three generational families and a large minority especially of those aged 80 or over are members of families with four living generations Grundy Murphy and Shelton 1999 e There has been a sustained growth in the proportions of men and women living by themselves since World War II Wall 1984 6 4 Marital status e Marriage was fashionable in the 1960s There was a growth in the number of marriages in the mid to late 1960s that was largely the result of three factors 1 babies born in the post war baby boom were passing through the most marriageable ages 2 people were marrying younger and 3 a higher proportion of people were getting married Fox and Pearce 2000 e Since 1972 there has been a decline in the popularity of marriage The tendency to marry at younger ages given a boost by the Family Reform Act in 1970 which lowered the age of majority to 18 also started to change Fox and Pearc
88. nsus related to marital status B6 Write SINGLE MARRIED WIDOWED or DIVORCED as appropriate If separated and not divorced write MARRIED A further question B24 was asked of ever married women married widowed or divorced under the age of 60 concerning the month and year of their first marriage and if divorced or widowed the month and year that their first marriage had ended B24 a Write the month and year of marriage the first marriage if married more than once b If the first marriage has ended by the husband s death or by divorce write the month and year when it ended If not ended write NOT ENDED a Date of first marriage Month Year b Date first marriage ended Month Year ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Thus single persons are those who have never married married persons include those who were separated but not divorced widowed persons are those who have not married since the death of their spouse and divorced persons are those who have not remarried following a divorce 3 3 2 1981 Census question 4 In 1981 the question relating to marital status had altered somewhat in that a distinction was made between a first marriage and a remarriage in a single question Thus although information on length of first marriage was no longer collected information c
89. ode is assigned to the family entity ies created in a household by the household composition algorithm to identify the type of family unit This variable identifies the family type for the LS member within the household The presence of non dependent children usually resident is also identified This variable indicates as head of household the first person on the census form usually resident in the LS member s household In addition to being usually resident this person is aged 16 or over If there is no person usually resident aged 16 or over HDHEAD9 will be assigned to the eldest person aged under 16 who is usually resident Formerly HDHEAD This variable is based upon usually resident persons The head of family will be the head of household if that person is a member of the family otherwise it is the first member of the first generation of the family on the census form Formerly FAMHEADT File Name PAABNM91 Frequently used variable Variable Name Variable description LSRELAT9 Relationship of non LS member to LS member Extra information This variable is derived using information concerning the LS member s relationship to the head of household as well as the relationship of all other persons in the household to the head of household 18 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 4 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 4 3 Marital status
90. old accommodation amenities and facilities and relevant LS variables In strict confidence 1981 Census re Please count the rooms in your household s accommodation England Do not count small kitchens that is those under 2 metres 6ft Gins wide H Form for Private Households bathrooms Wes A household comprises either one person living alone or Number of rooms 20 6 ses sees sete G a group of persons who may or may not be related living Note at the same address with common housekeeping Rooms divided by curtains or portable screens count as one those Persons staying temporarily with the household are divided by a fixed or sliding partition count as two included Rooms used solely for business professional or trade purposes should be excluded To the Head or Joint Heads or members of the Household H2 Tenure How do you and your household occupy your accommodation Please complete this census form and have it ready to be Ptease tick the appropriate box collected by the census enumerator for your area He or she wilt m call forthe form on Monday 6 Aprii 1981 or soon after If you are As an owner occupier including purchase by mortgage not sure how to complete any of the entries on the form the enumerator will be glad to help you when he calls He will also 1L ot freehold property need to check that you have filled in all the entries 2 ofteasehold property This census is being held In acco
91. oltet W C with 1 C YES for use only by this household other than visitors cece eee ee ee eee entrance inside the building 2 YES for use also by another household A2 include any provided by employers if normally 3 E NO Does your household share with anyone eisa the v iabie for use by you or members of your house use of any room or hall passage landing or fold but exclude vans used solely for the carriage f A flush tollet WC vai 1 YES for use only by this household tsi ered staircase AANE SUTEA Se eae 2 YES for use also by another household CO ves J no Mf None write NONE 3 oO NO 1 PLEASE TURN OVER TO PART 6 gt Question LS Variable Al TENURE Housing tenure in 1971 A2 DEPSHAR7 Depth of sharing 1971 HOSPACE7 Household space type of LS member s household 1971 A3 ROOMS7 Number of rooms 1971 A4 CARS7 Number of cars and vans available to household members 1971 A5 HOSPACE7 Household space type of LS member s household 1971 A5 a COOKER7 Use of cooker 1971 SINK7 Use of sink 1971 BATH7 Bath or shower 1971 HOTWTR7 Use of hot water 1971 WCIN7 Inside WC 1971 WCOUT7 Outside WC 1971 31 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix B Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Appendix B 1981 Census form H for private households questions relating to househ
92. on housekeeping was explicitly defined as shared living space or at least one shared meal per day A household is e one person living alone or e agroup of persons not necessarily related living at the same address with common housekeeping sharing either a living room or at least one meal a day A person is considered to be a household resident if they usually live at the address or have no other usual address In general the enumeration of people with more than one address is consistent with 1991 For people with more than one address eg Armed Forces personnel the usual address is where the person spends the majority of their time unless they have a spouse or partner at another address In the latter instance the usual address is where the person s family resides 3 2 Relationship between household members Each of the 1971 1981 1991 and 2001 Censuses asks questions about the relationship between the persons present in the household on Census night 3 2 1 1971 Census question B5 The 1971 Census schedule required that Part B containing 24 questions should be completed for every person who spent Census night in the household or joined the household on the following morning having not been included as present on a census form elsewhere The census was addressed to the Head or Acting Head of the Household and they were instructed to enter their details as the first person on the form followed by all ot
93. oncerning the basic status of remarriage was collected on all people regardless of age or gender 4 Marital status Please tick the box showing the present marital status If separated but not divorced please tick Married 1st marriage or Re married as appropriate Ist person 2nd person Marital status Marital status 1 O Single 1 Single 2 O Married 1st marriage 2 Married 1st marriage 3 O Re married 3 Re married 4 O Divorced 4 Divorced 5 O Widowed 5 Widowed 3 3 3 1991 Census question 4 In 1991 the question relating to marital status closely resembled the question in 1981 with the exception that to qualify as divorced the person needed to be in possession of a decree absolute thus introducing a legal aspect to the definition This legal aspect is also reflected in the clarification in brackets after the words single and married which minimised the number of divorced or widowed people who might otherwise report themselves as single 4 Marital status On 21 April what is the person s marital status If separated but not divorced please tick Married first marriage or Re married as appropriate Please tick one box Person No 1 Person No 2 Single never married O 1 Single never married O 1 Married first marriage O 2 Married first marriage
94. orn outside marriage to teenage mothers The LS can also be used to identify specific sub groups of the population to analyse according to family status or household position eg lone parents or it can be used to compare co residents at different points in time to assess changes in family and household formation eg Are dependent children still resident Have partners changed Variables relating to family type and minimum household unit can be used to facilitate these types of analyses and can thus help researchers to detect changes between censuses in 25 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 5 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study family and household living circumstances For a more detailed account of the technical issues pertaining to intra household analyses and the use of the variables LSRELAT7 8 9 see Wright and Lynch 1995 pp 12 16 5 3 Marital status 5 3 1 Accuracy of census information The post enumeration survey that followed the 1971 Census found that 5 6 of the women resurveyed who were aged between 16 and 59 and who had been married widowed or divorced had incorrectly recorded the date of their first marriage on the original census form half of these errors were differences of one month or one year In addition 21 4 had completed part b incorrectly date first marriage ended The vast majority had left this question blank when in fact their first marri
95. ot disclose information which anyone for example a visitor or boarder gives you to enable you to complete the form The legal obligation to fill in the whole form rests on YOU but each person who has to be included is required to give you the information you need However anyone who wishes can ask the enumerator or focal Census Officer for a personal form which can be returned direct to the enumerator or local Census Officer and then you need answer only questions B1 and B5 for that person PLEASE TAKE NOTE There are penalties of up to 50 for failing to comply with the requirements described above or for giving false information When you have completed the form please sign the declaration at the foot of the gma a peneeenecceescereeeeceececes C D No Form No It sharing with another household delete whichever is inapplicable Number of rooms shared seen nsec ee ee eee es eee Name and full postal addre last page MICHAEL REED Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Director and Titchfield Registrar General Fareham Hants Answer questions A1 A5 about your household s accommodation an questions B1 B24 overleaf a answer questions C1 C Boxes are provided answer by putting a tick in the box against the answer which applies For example if the answer is YES 7 YES C NO PART PLEASE WRITE IN INK OR BALLPOINT PEN
96. our household Yes No H5 What is the lowest floor level of your household s living accommodation Basement or semi basement Ground floor street level First floor floor above street level Second floor Third or fourth floor Fifth floor or higher 35 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix D Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study H6 Does your accommodation have central heating If you have central heating available v Yes whether or not you use it Central heating includes gas oil or solid fuel central heating night storage heaters warm air heating underfloor heating Yes in some or all rooms No H7 How many cars or vans are owned or available for use by one or more members of your household Include any company car or van if available for private use None One Two Three Four or more please write in number H8 Does your household own or rent the accommodation vy one box only Owns outright Go to H10 Owns with a mortgage or loan gt Go to H10 Pays part rent and part mortgage shared ownership Go to H10 Rents gt Go to H9 Lives here rent free gt Go to H9 H9 Who is your landlord 36 Council Local Authority Housing
97. over time It has referred to some of the methodological and analytical issues when using LS data and reported the household and family trends observed over time as discovered through LS and other data research Finally to end this guide some of the advantages and disadvantages of using the LS dataset are discussed followed by a brief reference to some of the other data sources which hold information on households and families this should help researchers to choose the most appropriate dataset for their investigations 7 1 Advantages of the LS e It holds information on over 800 000 individuals and approximately 1 3 million co residents so analyses can be carried out using very large sample sizes This is particularly important when wishing to study minority groups within the population and or investigating geographical variation e It contains longitudinal data collected over a period of more than 30 years It is thus a dynamic dataset with complete fertility histories for a large sample of women As with the previous point the addition of the data from the 2001 Census will only serve to augment this e It contains individual level raw data which can be aggregated up to larger packets of data to suit the researcher s purpose e Following from the above point it is census compatible and thus researcher specified derived variables can be created It is a national dataset for England and Wales without geographical bias It also includes
98. pendent children 132 286 25 0 Lone parent with dependent children 6 145 1 2 Lone parent without dependent children 7 817 1 5 Dependent child in family 133 228 25 1 Other child in family 43 838 8 3 Person not in family in family household 12 335 2 3 Person not in family in one person household 31 852 6 0 Person not in family in other non family household 16 434 3 1 Person enumerated in a communal establishment 8 565 1 6 Visitor to a private household 10 798 2 0 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable FAMSTAT7 Minimal Household Unit type Frequency Per cent Person in a communal establishment MHU Type 0 8 565 1 6 Unmarried individuals single widowed separated and divorced MHU Type 1 114 024 21 5 One parent families with dependent children MHU Type 2 15 415 2 9 Married couples with no dependent children MHU Type 3 138 780 26 2 Married couples with dependent children MHU Type 4 242 320 45 7 Visitor in a private household MHU Type 5 5 463 1 0 Visitor in a communal establishment MHU Type 6 5 335 1 0 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable MHUTYP7 42 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix E Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Position of LS member within minimal household unitFrequency Per cent Person in a communal establishment 8 565 1 6 Person in MHU Type 1 114 024 21 5 Lone mother in MHU Type 2 4 558 0 9 Lone father in MHU Type 2 1 050 0 2 Depend
99. pendent children only and no others two or more MHU Type 1s in the same family 13 314 25 One parent family with non dependent children and others two or more MHU Type 1s in the same family plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the same family 2 569 0 5 Married couple family with non dependent children only MHU Type 3 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family 48 212 9 1 Married couple family with no children and others MHU Type 3 plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the same family 11 313 2 1 Married couple family with non dependent children and others MHU Type 3 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the same family 5 208 1 0 Married couple family with dependent children plus non dependent children and no others MHU Type 4 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family 51 702 9 8 Married couple family with dependent children and others MHU Type 4 plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the same family 16 205 3 1 Married couple family with dependent children plus non dependent children and others MHU Type 4 plus one or more MHU Type 1s in the same family plus one or more MHU Type 1s not in the same family 4 805 0 9 Households with more than one MHU Two or more families Complex households 15 153 2 9 Household with no residents 815 0 2 Total 529 902 100 0 Source LS Variable MHUCOM7 43 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix F Researching Households and
100. r father 2 645 0 5 Mother in law or father in law 2 367 0 4 Brother or sister 3 761 0 7 Brother in law or sister in law 1 362 0 3 Grandchild 3 431 0 6 Nephew or niece 958 0 2 Other relative 1 393 0 3 Resident domestic servant and family 230 0 0 Boarder 1 507 0 3 De facto spouse 3 176 0 6 Joint head 49 0 0 Other unrelated 10 363 1 9 Person in communal establishment 12 064 2 3 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable HRC8 Marital status Frequency Per cent Single 214 667 40 0 Married first marriage 235 274 43 9 Remarried 22 946 4 3 Divorced 15 033 2 8 Widowed 38 555 7 2 Married first marriage with no usually resident spouse on census form 8 735 1 6 Remarried with no usually resident spouse on census form 931 0 2 Unknown 9 0 0 Total 536 150 100 0 Source LS Variable MARST8 46 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Appendix F Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Revised marital status Frequency Per cent Single usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident in household and de facto spouse of LS member 3 169 0 6 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident and joint head of opposite sex to LS member aged 16 plus in a household with only two persons aged 16 plus 37 0 0 usually resident in a private household containing another person usually resident unrelated of opposite sex to LS member age
101. rdance with a decision made by i Parliament The leaflet headed Census 1981 describes why itis By renting rent frasar By necessary and how the information will be used Completion of 3C from a local authority cou r New Town this form is compulsory under th Census Act 1920 If you refuse aes to complete it or if you give false information you may have to 4 with a job shop farm or other business pay a fine of up to 50 Your replies will be treated in STRICT CONFIDENCE They will be used to produce statistics but your name and address will NOT be fed into the census computer After the census the forms will be locked away for 100 years before they are passed to the Public Record Office If any member of the household who is age 16 or over does not wish you or other members of the household to see his or her personal information then se ask the enumerator for an extra form and an envelope The enumerator will then explain how to proceed When you have completed the form please sign the declaration in Panel C on the last page AR THATCHER Registrar General a If the accommodation is occupied by lease originally granted for or since extended to more than 21 years tick box 2 share in the property is being bought under an arrangement with local authority New Town corporation or housing association for example shared ownership equity sharing a co awnership scheme tick box 1 or 2 as appropriate H3 Amenities
102. relationship of Other relative for example father daughter in law brother in law niece uncle cousin grandchild Please write in position in household of Unrelated person for example boarder housekeeper friend flatmate foster child Relationship to Ist person 010 Husband or wife 020 Son or daughter Other relative please specify wees Unrelated please specify scceecsesessesseseseeees When forms were coded in 1981 the head of household had to be a aged 16 years or over and b usually resident at this address If one of these conditions was not met the first person aged 16 years or over to be entered on the form and recorded as usually resident at this address was classified as the head In the last resort the oldest resident under 16 years of age would be taken as head No head was identified in households consisting entirely of visitors As in 1971 step and adopted relationships when specified were not distinguished from blood relationships whilst foster children were treated as unrelated Answers that indicated co habitation such as common law spouse or cohabitee were coded as de facto spouse This code was also allocated to cases where the relationship and marital status answers were not compatible i e where the second person was recorded as spouse but at least one of the couple had recorded an answer other than married in answer to
103. rents usually resident in the household Thus a family of type a is a married couple family and a family of type b is a lone parent family Families of type c are classified as appropriate The family head is taken to be the husband in a married couple or the lone mother or father in a lone parent family An important point to note in the 1971 Census is that because the question on marital status did not specifically address the issue of cohabitation a cohabiting couple with children would be classified as a lone parent family almost certainly lone father plus one unrelated adult This should not incorrectly classify too many individuals included in the LS in 1971 since very few such families existed See section 5 2 2 of this guide for further information on this topic Children The offspring of a family head who have never married are classified as children in household classifications Grandchildren allocated to their grandparents also count as children Dependent children These are children in families who are either a under 15 years of age or b under 25 years of age never married and classified as a student that is present at address of enumeration on Census night answering Yes to question B8 on the household form or if absent having Student entered in reply to question C4 which asked for particulars of the job held in the week before census for absent persons Family size The size of a f
104. riage rose from 12 per cent to 27 per cent Fox and Pearce 2000 e In 1993 over half of the parents of children born outside of marriage were cohabiting The age at which women were first becoming mothers continued to be in the late 20s and women from manual occupational class backgrounds were two and a half times more likely to give birth outside of marriage than women from non manual backgrounds Fox and Pearce 2000 e In 1999 approximately 40 per cent of all births were outside of marriage and of these only 7 8 per cent were registered by the mother alone a statistic which had not changed in the 10 years prior to 1999 Fox and Pearce 2000 e The age at which women had a child outside of marriage fell consistently for women born from 1940 to 1952 from 23 to 18 Fox and Pearce 2000 6 2 2 Fertility rates e Over the last 25 years there has been a notable decline in women having large families This coupled with an increase in the number of childless women has contributed to the decline in annual fertility rates For example in 1999 the average family size for a woman born in 1940 was 2 36 compared to an average of 1 95 for a woman born in 1960 Fox and Pearce 2000 The percentage of women born in 1940 who remained childless was 11 per cent compared to 21 per cent for those born in 1960 e By the mid 1970s there had been a decline in live birth rates a decline in women having large families an increase in the abortion rate and an increas
105. s in a family as defined above The classification of households into families is such that one person cannot belong to more than one family Persons not in a family Persons not in a family are those household members who could not be allocated to a family based upon the above definition 3 4 3 1991 Census definitions The definition in 1991 was basically the same as in 1971 and 1981 however in recognition of the increasing numbers of people choosing to cohabit this was extended to include d two people of the opposite sex living together as a couple or e two people living together as a couple with their never married children Family Unit Type A computer algorithm was used to allocate individuals within households to a detailed family type classification The algorithm also defines the number of family units within a household the relationship of each unit to the head of the household and the generation within the family unit to which the individual belongs In any family unit within a household where there are two generations the younger generation must be single never married and have no 10 ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study obvious partner or offspring When a person in a younger generation has or can be shown to have had a relationship to a person other than their parent s that person is not placed in the same family
106. sehold 4 2 Family and relationships 4 2 1 1971 File Name PAABME71 Frequently used variables Variable Name Variable description Extra information HRC7B7 Relationship to head of household This variable only applies to those persons enumerated in a private household RELAT7 Relationship of head of family to head of household FMTYP7 Family Head Type Formerly FMTYPE FAMSTAT7 Family status This variable indicates whether or not the LS member is in a family and shows the type of family and the position of the LS member within it FMNUM7 Family number PARIND7 Indicator for presence of parent in household SONIND7 Indicator for presence of son in household DAUIND7 Indicator for presence of daughter in household HHDCH7 Number of dependent children usually Dependent children are children in resident in the household families who are either a under 15 years of age or b under 25 years of age and classified as a student Formerly HHDCH HHNDCH7 Number of non dependent children Dependent children are children in usually resident in the household families who are either a under 15 years of age or b under 25 years of age and classified as a student Formerly HHNDCH ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 4 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Less frequently used variables continued Variable Name Variable descript
107. ship to Person No 1 Husband or wife I Living together as a couple 2 Son or daughter 3 Other relative Please specify voces Unrelated Please specify voces In 1991 the Census forms were coded similarly to 1981 where the head of household was regarded as the person entered in the first column on the form provided they were a aged 16 years or over and b usually resident at the address of enumeration Again if one of these conditions was not met the first person aged 16 or over to be entered on the form and recorded as usually resident at the address of enumeration was coded as the head and in the last resort the oldest resident aged under 16 was taken as the head 3 2 4 2001 Census table 1 In the 2001 Census households were asked to list in a table Table 1 all members usually resident at the address starting with the householder or joint householders and to include anyone temporarily away from home on the night of the Census as well as schoolchildren and students usually resident elsewhere during term time Instructions also stated that babies born before Census night should be included if still in hospital as well as those with more than one address if this is the address where they live for the majority of the time Details on those staying at the household with no other usual address were also to be included A separate table Table 2 was included where the names and addre
108. sity of London Institute of Education early in 2002 The team is responsible for assisting academics to carry out analyses for their research projects using LS data More information on the services offered by the LS User Support Team and the LS itself can be found on the LS website at http www celsius lshtm ac uk ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 2 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 2 The population base 2 1 1971 The 1971 Census form for private households comprised three sections section A containing questions concerned with the household s accommodation section B containing questions to be answered for each person present on the household on Census night and section C containing a restricted set of questions to be completed by proxy for usual residents of the household who were absent on census night The LS sample was drawn from the enumerated population i e residents or visitors who were entered in Section B of the Census form Visitors whose usual address was outside England and Wales were excluded from the sample It is somewhat unclear as to whether students were generally enumerated at their term time or their home address although the timing of the 1971 Census came two weeks after Easter 2 2 1981 The 1981 Census form contained two sections the first Panel A and H1 H5 was concerned with the household s accommodation facilities and amenities
109. sses of all visitors were to be recorded In contrast to previous censuses the 2001 Census form contained a longer list of tick box options relating to relationships between the household members listed in Table 1 thus enabling a more complex relationship matrix to be constructed Because the question was slightly different to previous years and on the face of it looked a little more complex an example was included to help form fillers The wording of this question excluding the example was as follows ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study Name of Person 1 Household Members and their Relationships within the Household e Print the name of each household member in the space at the top of each column e V a box to show the relationship of each person to each of the other members of your household e Provide information here for household members who require an individual form for privacy reasons Questions on the following pages should be left blank for these people Name of Person 2 Name of Person 3 First name First name First name Surname Surname Surname Relationship of Person 2 Relationship of Person 3 to ENTER NAME to Person gt 1 Person gt 1 2 OF PERS
110. st unit whose members may be expected to share the same or similar lifestyles and are the building blocks into which a household can be broken down for research focusing on household structure The census definitions for these are shown below whilst the ways in which they can be used analytically are elucidated in sections 5 2 3 and 5 2 4 3 5 1 1971 and 1981 Four types of MHU were distinguished from the information supplied in both the 1971 and 1981 Censuses e an unmarried individual e aone parent family with dependent children e amarried couple with no dependent children and e a married couple with dependent children 3 5 2 1991 As a result of the additional category in the relationship in household question in the 1991 Census allowing people to define themselves as living together as a couple and thus reflecting the substantial increase in the number of people who were cohabiting it was possible to identify cohabiters of the opposite sex with or without dependent children as separate categories for analysis purposes Thus two further MHUs were distinguished e acohabiting couple with no dependent children and e acohabiting couple with dependent children Thus MHUs retain the idea of dependency where for the purposes of MHUs a dependent child is defined as a child in a family aged under 16 or 16 18 in full time education compared to under 15 or 15 18 in 1971 and a non dependent child
111. stinction between the definitions of a dependent child used by each approach see section 3 4 2 In the 1991 Census answers to the questions on age sex marital status and relationship in household Question 5 were used to classify households and groups of individuals into families The relationship to the first person entered on the census form question differed from that used in 1981 only in that cohabitant replaces the former de facto spouse derived from write in answers and that additional codes were introduced for child of cohabitant and cohabitant of son daughter in an attempt to identify hidden families within households In addition the Other unrelated category included domestic servants who were separately coded in 1981 One of the major attractions of using the LS data is the opportunity it provides to amend the definition of family and produce alternative sets of tables illustrative of the composition of families and households that are suited to a particular piece of research This might permit for example better comparisons with international data 5 2 2 Over and under representation of particular groups Work based on the 1981 Census data has shown that researchers should be careful when using the LS to compare family structures When comparing the distribution of family unit type in the LS to the 1981 General Household Survey the LS is shown to have a higher proportion of couple families and distinct differenc
112. the marital status question ONS Longitudinal Study User Support Programme Chapter 3 Researching Households and Families using the Longitudinal Study 3 2 3 1991 Census question 5 The 1991 Census was addressed to the Head or Joint Head or members of the Household aged 16 or over thus introducing an age limit on the person eligible to complete the form Again the head or joint head of household was asked to enter their details as Person No 1 and following questions concerning name sex date of birth and marital status the question concerning relationships between household members was asked Again subsequent persons were asked to indicate their relationship to Person No 1 i e the head of household using tick box options with an additional box to allow those present to demonstrate whether they were living together as a couple In addition the instructions made explicit reference as to how step children and adopted children should be treated 5 Relationship in household Please tick the box which indicates the relationship of each person to the person in the first column A step child or adopted child should be included as the son or daughter of the step or adoptive parent Write in relationship of Other relative for example father daughter in law niece uncle cousin Write in position in household of an Unrelated person for example boarder housekeeper friend flatmate foster child Relation
113. the second questions 1 16 contained questions about individuals In the second section a separate column of the form was to be completed for each person enumerated in the household on Census night and by proxy for each person usually resident in the household who was away from home that night The LS sample was drawn from those present including visitors whose usual address was in England and Wales and unlike 1971 included absent usual residents of the household Since some individuals may have been included in the sample twice as absent residents and as visitors to another household in England and Wales the absent usual residents are held on a separate file 2 3 1991 The 1991 Census form was very similar to the 1981 Census form and consisted of two main sections the first Panel A and H1 H5 was concerned with the household s accommodation facilities and amenities and the second questions 1 19 contained questions about individuals In the second section a separate column of the form was to be completed for each person enumerated in the household on Census night and a second form could be requested and completed by proxy for each usually resident person who was absent from the household on Census night As in 1981 the LS sample was drawn from those present including visitors whose usual address was in England and Wales and included absent usual residents of the household Again the absent usual residents are held on a s
114. their own right since the census definition of a family includes a father or mother together with his or her never married children The never married stipulation means that if children marry and leave their parental home yet subsequently return following separation divorce or widow erhood like the lone mother in MHU No 1 they will not be coded as being in the same family as their parents even if they have no children of their own If an individual had not been married and had returned to their parental home they would be coded as being in the same family as their parents as long as they had no children no matter how old they were see section 3 4 2 If they did have children they and their children would be treated as a separate family in their own right and not part of their own parents family It is worth noting here that three generation families are possible but only in the case where grandparents are taking care of their grandchildren and the grandchildren s resident aunt s uncle s constitute the middle generation One should also be aware that two individuals who are related to each other and living in the same household will also not be coded as being in the same family if one has been divorced and the other has been widowed The second MHU in the household illustrated in Figure 1 consists of a husband and wife the lone mothers parents and their dependent son who for example is aged 18 has never married and is a
115. ts for LS members from some of the household and family variables within the LS from the 1991 Census List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Example of a household composition consisting of four miminal household units and two families Example of a complex household containing four miminal household units and two families relative to the head of household as coded in LS variable RELAT7 8 9 Example of a complex household containing four miminal household units and two families relative to the LS member as coded in LS variable LSRELAT7 8 9 Page 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 35 37 44 53 60 24 24 25 Preface This User Guide contains a general introduction to the study of families and households in the ONS Longitudinal Study LS A previous LS User Guide Households Families and Fertility by Bruce Penhale in 1990 referred to an ONS computing environment that was replaced after the linking of 1991 census data into the LS The datastreams described in that guide are no longer available to researchers The new computing environment introduced at ONS in 1994 offers potentially a far wider range of data available to researchers in this area No longer restricted to specific datastreams of previously selected variables the researchers wishing to use the LS data can now specify a tailor made list of variables for their research project chosen from the whole LS database Th
116. us others 145 0 0 Married couple plus dependent children plus non dependent children no others 33 912 6 3 Cohabiting couple plus dependent children plus non dependent children no others 1 319 0 2 Married couple plus dependent children no non dependent children plus others 7 558 1 4 Cohabiting couple plus dependent children no non dependent children plus others 613 0 1 Married couple plus dependent children plus non dependent children plus others 2 190 0 4 Cohabiting couple plus dependent children plus non dependent children plus others 70 0 0 Households with more than one MHU Two or more families Complex households 11 459 2 1 Household with NO residents 2 283 0 4 Total 534 399 100 0 Source LS Variable MHUCOM9 59 References Clarke L and Joshi H 1997 Children s experience of changing family lives Update News from the LS User Group 16 pp 6 10 CLS Institute of Education London Council of Europe 1984 Changes in the composition of households and the cycle of family life Population Studies 11 Strasbourg Dale A and Marsh C 1993 The 1991 Census User s Guide HMSO London Davies H Joshi H and Peronaci R 1998 Dual and zero earner couples in Britain longitudinal evidence in polarization and persistence Discussion Papers in Economics 8 98 Birkbeck College University of London London Fox J and Pearce D 2000 25 years of Population Trends Population Trends 100 pp 6 31 Grundy E Murphy M and
117. ut they will not be counted at their vacation address The information on families household size and household composition for their vacation address will not include them and they will not be included in the all person count for their vacation address 5 2 Households and Families 5 2 1 Household and family composition Between 1971 and 1981 there were a number of changes in the definitions used in the main classification of household composition Both the definition of head of household and dependent child were affected by the raising of the school leaving age This had the effect of increasing the age limit used to describe a dependent child from under 15 years of age in 1971 to under 16 years in 1981 Also in 1981 in recognition of the changes in the household division of labour individuals were given the opportunity of indicating whether they were the joint head of household In common with the previous census the 1991 Census adopted two approaches to the analysis of household composition based on the information from the full and 10 per cent census processing see Hattersley and Creeser 1995 p 83 The first used only answers to the questions on age sex and marital status of each person in the household while the second also used information on relationship in household Both of these variables and their components are available in the LS see section 5 2 3 and Figures 1 and 2 and it is important to note that there is a di
118. y with dependent children no others MHUTYP 2 23 546 4 4 Married couple with no dependent children no others MHUTYP 3 98 829 18 5 Cohabiting couple with no dependent children no others MHUTYP 4 13 609 2 5 Married couple with dependent children no others MHUTYP 5 152 674 28 6 Cohabiting couple with dependent children no others MHUTYP 6 12 479 2 3 Households with more than one MHU No family household 2 or more MHUTYP 1s 15 297 2 9 Households with more than one MHU One family Lone parent family with dependent children plus non dependent children no others 4 629 0 9 Lone parent family with dependent children no non dependent children plus others 3 353 0 6 Lone parent family with dependent children plus non dependent children plus others 580 0 1 Lone parent family no dependent children plus non dependent children no others 15 191 2 8 Lone parent family no dependent children plus non dependent children plus others 2 299 0 4 Married couple no dependent children plus non dependent children no others 55 673 10 4 Cohabiting couple no dependent children plus non dependent children no others 1 464 0 3 Married couple no dependent children no non dependent children plus others 6 646 1 2 Cohabiting couple no dependent children no non dependent children plus others 1 169 0 2 Married couple no dependent children plus non dependent children plus others 4 370 0 8 Cohabiting couple no dependent children plus non dependent children pl

LS User Guide 20 - University College London

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