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The LyX User's Guide

1. math mode x tables spellchecking e RICH FIELDS Primary contributor to Reference 1lyx 95 7 Credits Documentation of the basic LyX interface in UserGuide lyx e PAUL EVANS Former maintainer of the FAQ and the old HowDol 1yx now defunct Documentation of LinuxDoc in UserGuide lyx e PAUL RUSSEL Documentation of figures and imported graphics in UserGuide lyx e JOHN RAITHEL Documentation of internationalization features in UserGuide lyx e ROBIN SOCHA Documentation of footnotes margin notes table of contents cross references e AMIR KARGER Primary contributor to Tutorial lyx e MATTHIAS ZENKER Documentation of manual fine tuning x using BTEX from within LyX e JOHN WEISS General organization and format of the documents Documentation of LyX setup paragraph environments document layout nesting typography notes fonts Also responsible for Introduction in Tutorial lyx Editor of the documents from 6 96 fall 1997 After fall of 1997 the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the documen tation 96 Bibliography 1 The LyX Team CREDITS 2 Leslie Lamport W4TgX A Document Preparation System Addison Wesley second edition 1994 3 Michel Goossens Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin The PTRX Compan ion Addison Wesley 1994 4 Kopka and Daly A Guide to BTRX 2 5 Donald E Knuth T
2. You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears at the top of a page This is of course the wrong way to do it LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables appear at the top of a page or the bottom or on their own page without having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table See sections 4 3 and 4 4 and read about Floats to learn more 87 6 More Tools 6 6 5 Blanks Spaces A blank is a blank Not in good typography While you might be used to press the space key anytime you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors LyX offers you more spaces Spaces of different width and spaces which can or cannot be broken at the end of a line The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are useful 6 6 5 1 Inter word Space Some languages e g English have the typographical convention to add extra space after an end of sentence punctuation mark and LyX honors those conventions see section 3 7 2 1 Sometimes you want a normal space nevertheless In this case insert one with Insert Special Formatting gt Inter word Space or with C M Space 6 6 5 2 Protected Space The protected space It is used to tell LyX and IXT X not to break the line at that point This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks like in A good documentation should weight no more than 1 kg Obviously it would be a good thing to put a protect
3. is the innermost possible depth Here s an example to display what we mean 1 level 1 outermost a level 2 i level 3 A level 4 e level 5 level 6 Once again LyX has a maximum of 6 levels regardless of which specific paragraph environments yow re using at a given level That means that you can perform a six fold nesting of a Description list or a Verse environment and so on You can also mix environments as we shall see later There are two exceptions to the six fold nesting limit and you can see both of them in the example Unlike the other fully nestable environments you can only perform a four fold nesting with the Enumerate and Itemize environments For example if we tried to nest another Enumerate list inside of item A we d get errors 3 4 5 Some Examples The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration We have several examples of nested environments In them we explain how we created the example so that you can reproduce them Unfortunately LyX doesn t enforce this limitation If you try to exceed it however ATEX will return errors when you go to produce output for your document Once again LyX doesn t enforce this limitation If you try to exceed it however ATEX will return errors when you go to produce output for your document 40 3 4 Nesting Environments 3 4 5 1 Example 1 The Six fold Way and Mixed Nesting 1 a This is the outermost
4. 11 You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center whereas the left column is aligned to the left and the other columns are aligned to the right Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed If you want your column to have a fixed width then you can insert a width in the Width input field of the Table dialog This will then allow the cell to have multiple paragraphs of text If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout you can select the Rotate 90 button and the table will appear sideways this means landscape in a portrait document style You might also like to rotate single table cells to give them more horizontal space The example below demonstrates why it is useful to rotate single cells Note This Rotate 90 option will not display on screen and works only for PostScript output So if you want to preview them use View Postscript as View DVI will not show the table properly me N m lt Q 10O No Ke 00 O oo op eo op eo ao e oo oo 3 S 3 3 3 Si Si 3 sis Description e e mikelele m th Total Desc 1 x x x x x x x 7 Desc 2 EA E ee a 9 Desc 3 saa Ms T T di 8 Desc 4 ES li E 6 Total 30 4 4 2 What can be placed inside a table cell Many objects can be placed inside a table cell Any single line of text an equation not a
5. 30 3 3 Paragraph Environments 3 3 6 5 The LyX List The List environment is a LyX extension to ETRX Now if you jumped here without reading sections 3 3 6 2 3 3 6 4 you ve goofed The List environment does not create numbered lists That s what Enumerate does and it s documented in section 3 3 6 3 Like the Description environment the List environment has user defined labels for each list item There are some key differences between this list environment and the other three item labels LyX uses the first word of each line as the item label The first Space after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label If you need to use more than one word in an item label use a protected blank as described above margins As you can see LyX uses different margins for the item label and the body of the item text The body of the text has a larger left margin which is equal to the default label width plus a little extra space label width LyX uses one of two things for the label width the actual width of the label or the default width whichever is larger If the actual width is larger then the label extends into the first line In other words the text of the first line isn t aligned with the left margin of the rest of the item text default width You can very easily set this default width It s quite painless actually So you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a List environme
6. Color You can adjust the color of the text with this control Of course you need to have a color printer to exploit this but you also need to have the color TeX package installed Notice that xdvi is not able to display these colors Besides No color which is the standard color you can choose between Black White Red Green Blue Cyan Magenta and Yellow text Language This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from the language of the document Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change You have a huge number of combinations to choose from Once you ve chosen a new character style via the Edit gt Text Style dialog you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled Font or select Apply The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even when the dialog isn t visible As we stated earlier to completely reset the character style to the default use M c Space If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed suppose you just sent the shape to slanted and the series to bold set the Toggle on all these switch and press Apply We conclude with the same warning we ve been spewing Don t overuse the fonts They are more often than not a kludge and a horrible substitute for good writing Your writing should speak for itself and will 3 6 Printing and Previewing 3 6 1 Overview Now that we
7. The Address environment formats text in the style of an address which is also used for the opening and signature in some countries Similarly the Right Address environment formats text in the style of a right justified address which is used for the sender s address and today s date in some countries Here s an example of each Right Address WhoAml WhereAml When is it What is today 32 3 3 Paragraph Environments That was Right Address Notice that the lines all have the same left margin which IyX sets to fit the largest block of text on a single line Here s an example of the Address environment WhoAreYou Where do I send this Your post office and country As you can see both Address and Right Address add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph Speaking of which if you hit Return in either of these environments LyX resets the nesting depth and sets the environment to Standard This makes sense however since Return is the break paragraph function and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs Thus you d use break line C Return or Special Formatting gt Linebreak from the Insert menu to start a new line in an Address or Right Address environment 3 3 8 Academic Writing Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography or list of references LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these 3 3 8 1 Abstract The Abstract environment is used for the abstract o
8. You can use as many configuration files as you like one for each of your printers SIn particular this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of a file named ps 13 2 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications The default printer for LyX can be specified from the Preferences dialog or with the PRINTER environment variable You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX as described in a later section Once you ve done all that you can print to either a PostScript printer or file from LyX If your printer doesn t understand PostScript you ll need to use ghostscript as a filter for your print spooler That s covered in numerous HOWTO s and manuals We also have a section that covers a little bit of this Some people don t seem to like using the dvips plus ghostscript combination As alternative you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly into your printer language You can specify this program in the Preferences dialog too There is a major disadvantage to this method You can t include any PostScript files such as graphics in your documents since the printer specific conversion programs don t understand PostScript For that reason the LyX team highly recommends using dvips and ghostscript for printing 2 5 3 Ghostscript Xdvi and Ghostview Xdvi and ghostview are viewers The former handles dvi files while the later interfaces with ghostscript to allow you to view PostScript files
9. 2 5 1 What You Needa a le n 12 Haze DVIPS 0 a aE E A A AA A 13 2 5 3 Ghostscript Xdvi and Ghostview 14 NN A A ee he Me he Bens et a es 14 LyX Basics 17 2l D c ment Types x a Bi tees A A I th 17 SL Introduction oie ody oa shod ae chee aa E oe rt a 17 3 1 2 The Various Document Classes 17 iii Contents 3 2 3 3 3 4 I2 O o A E Be Se et 17 3 1 2 2 Selecting a Class ia td 18 a Properties ca gui gag ie th ate e oi Se ky 18 3 1 3 Fine tuning the Defaults 19 3 1 4 Paper Size Orientation and Margins 20 Olea Important Notere e onne nd A ee os 21 Paragraph Indentation and Separation 21 B20 APROUMCHION e a sg bee a iO Rae oe Se Sees 21 3 2 2 Global Indentation Method oaoa ata a ath a 22 o Pine TNs A E ee ee es 22 3 2 4 Changing Line Spacing 5 4 26 24 ea aa ea 22 Paragraph Environments 0 as aa ata a a BEM 22 Gio Overview AE ee a et a eee a 22 3 3 2 Standarda tas Sy cogs e hy a ee Be als ae ee ae A ea da 23 339 Doc ment Lules a pa sena ba Va oe se 23 3 3 4 Headings Au e DA AA AA A 24 3 3 4 1 Numbered Headings alias daa Ar 24 3 3 4 2 Unnumbered Headings 25 33 43 Changing the Numbering ae 25 3 3 4 4 Special Information ar ts Sane sd 26 3 3 4 5 Creating an Appendix aos a a o 4 26 3 3 5 Quotes and Poetry E a des Ge oS 26 3 3 5 1 Quote and Quotation Lu a a 27 a o O ty de vee Ge ee 27 o
10. A quick note on both of these programs Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file changes You can also force an update So once you ve opened one of these two viewers there s no reason to close it Also both programs are functionally the same providing all of the same features The LyX team recommends using xdvi for fine tuning documents Why It s faster there s one less layer of processing you need to do before you can view the changes Here s an example 1 Use xdvi to preview a document from LyX and leave it running 2 Make changes to the document using LyX 3 To view those changes just choose View Update DVI When XTRX s all done click on the xdvi window and voila xdvi will update itself Now this doesn t mean ghostview is useless ghostview is better suited to those occasions where you must view the PostScript version of the document For repeated changes that aren t PostScript dependent you re better off previewing with xdvi There is an alternative to ghostview which sports a much better interface gv LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostview if it is available 2 6 The Printer Anyone working on a large system shouldn t have any problems here Your sysadmin or you if you are the sysadmin should already have the printers set up for your That means the dvi or ps file not the files used to make these 14 2 6 The Printer system All you need to do is find out the name o
11. styles used in math mode which are auto matically chosen in most situations These are called textstyle displaystyle script style and scriptscriptstyle For most characters textstyle and displaystyle are actually the same size but fractions superscripts and subscripts and certain other effects are set larger or placed differently in displaystyle Except for some operators which re size themselves to accommodate various situations all text will be set in these various sizes as E TfX thinks is appropriate These choices can be over ridden by using the math size function in the minibuffer For example you can set i normally textstyle or you can make it larger which also changes the line spacing by entering math size displaystyle in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math inset 5 Careful though if the cursor is on the denominator of that frac tion only the numerator will be enlarged e g This reflects a PTFX unintended feature not a LyX one These font size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output Here are some text in the various styles displaystyle textstyle scriptstyle scriptscriptstyle All these math mode font sizes are relative that is if the whole math inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size all these sizes will be adjusted Simi larly if the base font size of the document is changed all fonts will be adjusted to correspond Here is a p
12. the expression sint will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects like lim the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed depending on whether the math inset is inlined or displayed lim _ 9 f a L versus lim f x L x gt 0 These two expressions were typed the same way but using the macro lim alters the appearance actually it is the inlined version that is altered to improve linespacing 5 1 10 Accents In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text mode This may depend on your keyboard or the bindings file you use You can also use TEX macro equivalents as macros That is you can enter a to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled This is entered by typing hat a in Mathed These are the equivalences between the text names and the macro names for the various accents 74 text math example circumflex hat a grave grave acute acute umlaut ddot a tilde tilde a dot dot a breve breve a caron check macron bar a vec a 5 1 Basic Math Editing Finally you can choose one of these accents by selecting an item from the Decora tions symbol set in the math panel this will apply to any selection you have made within a formula too 5 1 11 The math editor for ATEX users Editing mathematical expressions in LyX
13. the maximum sectioning level This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you have the fancyhdr package installed At the moment support in LyX is limited to this set ting To use the full power of this package you have to resort to magic codes in your preamble Check the documentation for the fancyhdr package for more details MAT X does this part 19 3 LyX Basics Sides Columns Extra Options Separation No LyX can t make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper However it can use a different format for odd numbered pages than even numbered pages This way if you do have a printer that duplexes your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page and the left margin will have extra room for a binding There are two radio buttons here One for single sided documents Two for double sided documents Yes this does control how many columns each page has You can choose using the toggle buttons One or Two for the number of columns Note that LyX won t show two columns on screen That s impractical often unreadable and not part of the WYSIWYM concept However there will be two columns in the generated output The 2YTRX command documentclass takes several options LyX sets some of these automatically for you This text box allows you to enter in others Just type in a comma separated list of options See a good BTFX book to find out what kinds of additio
14. ve covered some of the basic features of document preparation using LyX you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece Before we tell you that however we want to give you a quickie explanation of what goes on behind the scenes We cover this information in much greater detail in the Extended Features manual as well 49 3 LyX Basics LyX uses a program called XIX as its backend Actually MTEX is just a macro package for the TEX typesetting system but to prevent confusion we ll just refer to the whole magilla as I XT X Think of it this way LyX is what you use to do your actual writing Then LyX calls TEX to turn your writing into printable output This happens in a couple of stages 1 First LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for TEX generating a file with the extension tex 2 Next BTFX uses the commands in the tex file to produce printable output It doesn t know anything about your printer however Instead ATX produces what s known as a device independent file or DVI for short The actual output is in a file with the extension dvi DVI files are completely portable you can move them from one machine to another without needing to do any sort of conversion NOTE The DVI file only contains what was in the IXTpX file itself If you have included PostScript pictures in your document there will only be a link to these files So don t forget these files i
15. Inter word Space after lowercase abbreviations see section 6 6 5 1 2 Use a Thin Space between two tokens of an abbreviation see section 6 6 5 3 3 Use an End of sentence period found under the Insert gt Special Character menu to force the use of inter sentence spacing This function is also bound to C period for easy access With the corrections our earlier examples look like this 53 3 LyX Basics e e g this is too much space e This is I It s okay Some languages don t use extra spacing between sentences If your language is such a language you don t need to worry about all of this For those that do need to bother there is help to catch those sneaky errors check out the Tools gt Check TEX feature described in Extended Editing 3 7 2 2 Quotes LyX usually sets quotes correctly Specifically it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text and use a closing quote at the end For example open close The keyboard character generates this automatically New in version 1 4 To get single quotation marks you have to press C This produces quotation marks like this You can also select quotes for different languages via the Type option There are six choices Text Use quotes like this double or single Text Use quotes like this or this Text Use quotes like this or this Text Use quotes like this or this Text Use quotes li
16. c m M m m or C m CUA binding only If you simply need to type a single Greek letter such as a there is a special shortcut Just type M m g a to get a M m g b to get 8 etc Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the Insert gt Math gt Math Panel dialog by Edit Math or by clicking the right mouse button on the formula The math panel is very useful so you may want to open it and leave it somewhere on the screen If you re not already in a formula selecting anything from the math panel will insert a formula for you 5 1 1 Navigating a Formula The best control over cursor position within an existing formula is achieved with the arrow keys Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula Pressing Space will leave a fraction or other formula construct a square root V2 or 1 parentheses f or a matrix Pressing Escape will leave the formula placing 3 4 the cursor after the formula Tab can be used to move horizontally in a formula for example through the cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi line equation Space seems to do nothing in Mathed since it does not in fact add a space between characters but it does exit a nested structure For this reason you have to be careful about using Space For example if you want y2x 1 type sqrt then Space then 2x 1 not sqrt Space 2x Space Space 1 since i
17. dat Sorry for the inconvenience If for whatever reason BTEX still can t break a word correctly e g a compound word you can set hyphenation points manually This is done with the menu item Hyphenation Point under Special Formatting in the Insert menu Note that these ex tra hyphenation points are only recommendations to TX If no hyphenation is necessary AT RX will totally ignore them 3 7 2 Punctuation Marks 3 7 2 1 Abbreviations and End of Sentence When LyX calls TEX to generate the final version of your document IX au tomatically distinguishes between words sentences and abbreviations TeX then adds the appropriate amount of space sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next word Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses Unfortunately the algorithm for figuring out what s an abbreviation and what s the end of a sentence is really quite brain dead If a is at the end of a lowercase letter it s the end of a sentence if it s at the end of a capitalized letter it s an abbreviation Here are some examples of correct abbreviations and the end of a sentence e M Butterfly e Don t worry Be happy and here s an example of the algorithm going wrong e e g this is too much space e This is I It s okay You won t see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document To fix this problem use one of the following 1 Use an
18. displayed or multilined equation though or a figure can be in a cell in fact all three kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell Font sizes and shapes can be altered and the table will adjust to display them properly However you can t put a special environment in a cell like Section etc nor set spacing options etc for the cell s paragraph 66 4 4 Tables 4 4 3 Cut amp Paste in Tables Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well You can cut and paste even more than one row Selection with the mouse or with Shift plus the arrow keys works as usual The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first using the mouse to select and paste 1 213 41516 7 8 9 1 213 41516 T Note that you can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting the selection from outside the table 4 4 4 Multiple lines in cells It is possible to have multi line entries in tables but not in a completely WYSIWYM manner Define a fixed length for the column in the Table dialog After this your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed length An example 1 2 3 4 This is a multi 5 line entry in a table 6 This is longer 7 now 8 This is a multi 9 line entry in a table This is longer now Text within a cell will not no
19. empty and LyX will use the contents of the first cell will be used for export and drawing automatically Now to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TEX mode in this case macro and it will be automatically expanded c a b As you can verify the cursor can t go inside the macro the whole macro is like a single character and the TFX generated code of this expression is c macro However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros those that have argu ments In a macro definition box an argument looks like a followed by the argument number Once expanded this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate that you can insert there whatever you want macrowarg 2 y Example b 2 vyz 2 When exported to BTFX a macro definition will produce the command newcommand macrowarg 1 2 sqrt 1 5 6 1 How to create macros To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer math macro lt macro name gt number of arguments For example macro was created with math macro macro and macrowarg was created with math macro macrowarg 1 To insert an argument mark only inside a macro definition box simply type lt number gt or use math macro arg lt number gt The argument mark in macrowarg was introduced with math macro arg 1 You can use no more than 9 arguments numbered from 1 to 9 An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box but of cour
20. fonts available to them providing you with the power of a printing press Unfortunately there is a tendency to overuse that power The phrase Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly comes to mind And as the old saying implies documents that overuse different fonts and sizes tend to look like someone s knocked huge holes in them Enough complaining Note from JOHN WEISS There is in fact such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation since manuals need a certain amount of consistency 46 3 5 Fonts and Text Styles To use custom fonts open the Edit Text Style dialog There are seven buttons on this dialog each corresponding to a different font property which you can choose You can choose an option for one of these seven properties or select No change which keeps the current state of that property The item Reset will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph environment You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph environments in a snap The seven font properties and their options in addition to No change and Reset are Family Series Shape Size The overall look of the font The possible options are Roman Sans Serif Typewriter This is the Roman font family It s also the default family keybinding M c r This is the Sans Serif font family keybinding M c s This is the Typewriter font family keybinding M c p Th
21. fourth is to send a message to your package maintainer or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question and ask him to solve your problem 6 7 1 2 Personal dictionary If you want to use a different file from the spellchecker s default choice as your personal dictionary you can set this in the dialog Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error message on stderr which you can ignore ispel1 will create the file when you finish checking your spelling 6 7 1 3 Further Options The Spellchecker Options dialog has some additional options which are self explanatory e Accept compound words Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like passthrough e Escape characters Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spellchecker considers words e g German umlauts This should not normally be needed 6 7 2 Limitations Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling of a par ticular word rather than having to change the spelling separately for each occurrence 90 6 8 International Support of the word Per document word lists would also be useful Neither of these features are present as of this writing Unless you re using the pspell spellchecker LyX cannot correctly spellcheck doc uments containing multiple languages This does however work with pspell as suming you have marked the different languages appropriatel
22. in the examples LyX left justifies the item labels by default You can use additional HFills to change how LyX justifies the item label We ll document HFills later in section 6 6 1 Here are some examples Left The default for List item labels Right One HFill at the beginning of the label right justifies it Center One HFill at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it Don t worry if you have no idea what HFills are yet Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the List environment That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists Oh did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in section 3 4 if you want to use any of these list environments 3 3 7 Letters 3 3 7 1 Address and Right Address An Overview Although LyX has document classes for letters we ve also created two paragraph environments called Address and Right Address To use the letter class you need to use specific paragraph environments in a specific order otherwise TX gags on the document In contrast you can use the Address and Right Address paragraph environ ments anywhere with no problem You can even nest them inside other environments though you can t nest anything in them Of course you re not limited to using Address and Right Address for letters only Right Address in particular is useful for creating article titles like those used in some European academic papers 3 3 7 2 Usage
23. left margin Items can be any length b C Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth d Allows up to a four fold nesting Unlike the ltemize environment Enumerate does show the different labels for each item Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an Enumerate 1 The first level of an Enumerate uses Arabic numerals followed by a period a The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses i The third level uses lower case Roman numerals followed by a period 29 3 LyX Basics A The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period B Again notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth increases ii Back to the third level b Back to the second level 2 Back to the outermost level Once again you can customize the type of numbering used in the Enumerate environ ment It involves adding commands to the BTFX preamble see the Extended Features manual however As stated earlier such customization only shows up in the printed version not on the LyX screen There is more to nesting Enumerate environments than we ve stated here You really should read section 3 4 to learn more about nesting 3 3 6 4 Description Unlike the previous two environments the Description list has no fixed label Instead LyX uses the first word of the first line as the label Her
24. or a Table Float See sections 4 3 and 4 4 for more information on Figure Floats and Table Floats 3 3 9 2 LyX Code The LyX Code environment is another LyX extension It type sets text in a typewriter style font It also treats the Space key as a fixed whitespace this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX If you need to insert blank lines you ll still need to use C Return the break line function Return breaks paragraphs Note however that Return does not reset the paragraph environment So when you finish using the LyX Code environment you ll need to change the paragraph environment yourself Also you can nest the LyX Code environment inside of others There are a few quirks with this environment e You cannot use C Return at the beginning of a new paragraph i e you can t follow Return with a C Return e You can t follow a C Return with a Space Use a Return to begin a new paragraph then you can use a Space Or use C Space instead e You can t have an empty paragraph or an empty line You must put at least one Space in any line you want blank Otherwise TFX generates errors e You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing since that will insert real quotes You get the typewriter double quotes with C or C q if you use Emacs like key bindings Here s an example include lt stdio h gt int main void printf Hello World n return 0 This is ju
25. png or jpeg format LyX will handle the necessary conversions behind the scenes 4 3 2 Figure Floats 4 3 2 1 Using Figure Floats The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes you might find it preferable to use Figure Floats which LyX actually TEX is free to move about your document as it deems necessary for a good fit In return LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to place a caption on them using the Caption environment explained in Section 3 3 9 1 To place a Figure Float simply select Insert gt Float gt Figure from the menu bar You will get a float without a figure in it use the toolbar icon described above to insert the actual figure Figure 4 1 M C Escher on acid It seems simple but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the caption If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure then you must press return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption and insert the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption or you can delete the caption and recreate it by selecting the Caption environment after the figure has been inserted This is what we did for figure 4 2 If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the Figure then it will be inserted after the caption as was the case for 4 1 It is preferred to us
26. re not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you can do with the mouse Instead we re going to cover the most basic mouse operations 1 Motion e Click the left mouse button once anywhere in the edit window The cursor moves to the text under the mouse 2 Selecting Text Hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions Use Edit gt Copy to create a copy of the text in LyX s buffer e Re position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using Edit gt Paste 3 Footnotes Margin Notes Figure and Table Floats etc Single click the left mouse button to open or close any of these Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details 4 Tables Single click the right mouse button to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table 1 3 5 Basic Key Bindings Again we re not going to cover all of the keybindings Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps CUA and Emacs I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control d to delete a character and it starts up a DVI previewer instead or vice versa Some keys like Page Up Page Down Left Right Up and Down do exactly what you expect them to do Other keys don t Tab There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX If you don t understand this go read Sections 3 2 1 a
27. scope of this manual You can not only alter the keyboard layout you can also change the names of the menus buttons etc to reflect your language If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX to your native tongue please see the Customization manual for details 6 8 1 Language Options The Documento Settings dialog lets you set the language and character encoding for your language Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in the Language combobox of the Document Settings dialog The default is U S English Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice The language name appears in the window In ATFX terms selecting a language other than default adds Babel support If you do not have Babel installed refer to the different ATEX distributions for it 91 6 More Tools The Encoding box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use The default is the Latin1 encoding which includes the characters required by the various Western European languages 6 8 2 Keyboard mapping configuration The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings This allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U S style keyboard You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select which one you want to use 6 8 3 Character Tables Table 6 1 shows the Latin1 character set You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight c
28. should read section 5 3 if you need to alter this 5 1 4 Fractions Create a fraction with either frac in Mathed or using the fraction icon in the Math Panel dialog or the Math menu item Fraction You will be presented with an empty fraction with two Mathed insertion squares top and bottom The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction To move to the bottom simply press Down To move back up press Up Any math structure can be placed in a fraction as this example shows Lv 4 5 Sum gt gt and integral f signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of limits These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter a superscript or subscript directly after the symbol Sum will automatically place its limits over and under the symbol in display style but will move them to the side 5 1 5 Sums and Integrals when inlined such as Xp o 4 versus 00 rl 1 gt In n EE n 1 72 5 1 Basic Math Editing Integral signs however will not by default move the limits to directly over and under the integral sign in display style as in fe f t dt F x versus i dx 142 Both symbols will be automatically re sized when placed in display mode In display mode the placement of the limits directly above and below or offset to the right from the sign can be changed by placing the cursor in front of the sign and hitting M m Exactly what change occurs depends on t
29. to place a figure or table on a page in a consistent sensible fashion The rules BT X uses are rather arcane refer to the BT EX documentation for the exact details You can use check boxes in the float dialog to set placement for a particular float By default each float uses the document s default placement rules You can change these if you wish in the Documento Settings dialog The Float placement box takes a XTfX style placement specification You can place any combination of four letters in the Float placement box in any order e h for here e t for top e b for bottom e p for page The letters correspond to the following behaviour Here LyX tries to put the Float at the same point in the text where you put it If there isn t enough room LyX tries one of the other three location types Top LyX tries to put the Float at the top of the current page If the figure won t fit on the current page it goes to the next page Bottom LyX tries to put the Float at the bottom of the current page If there isn t room it goes to the next page Page LyX tries to put the Float or a number of Floats on a page of its own 62 4 3 Figures and Imported Graphics There is some subtlety to how this all works The order specifies what location LyX should try first If that one fails it tries the next one and so on though h will always take precedence if it appears in the list The default placement list is tbp try
30. want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments The next set of paragraphs is a quoted letter We ll nest both the Address and Right Address environments inside of this one then use another nested Quotation for the letter body We ll use M Return to preserve the depth Remember that you need to use C Return to create multiple lines inside the Address and Right Address environments Here it goes 1234 Nowhere Rd Moosegroin MT 00100 9 6 96 Dear Mr Fizlewitz We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control Unfortunately several of our cows have mysteriously exploded creating a backlog in our orders for methane We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order as soon as possible In the meantime we thank you for your patience We do however now have a special on beef If you are inter ested please return the enclosed pricing and order form with your order along with payment We thank you again for your patience Sincerely Bill Hick That ends that example As you can see nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with just a few keystrokes We could have easily nested an Itemize list inside of a Quotation or Quote or put a Quote inside of an Itemize list You have a huge variety of options at your disposal 44 3 5 Fonts and Text Styles 3 5 Fonts and Text Styles 3 5 1 Over
31. will probably be different of course so just look under the main T X directory for a subdirectory called dvips It ll be there somewhere Typically there will be at least one config file config ps This file is the default configuration file which is always read by dvips Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particular printer Then create a file config foo containing only the relevant lines There s at least one thing you need to do to the config file There may exist a line that looks like o lpr without the quotes of course Change it to o lpr Pfoo so that the output is sent by default to printer foo However you should probably investigate the entries M and D which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the printer If you do not know what a Metafont mode is you can see it as a printer driver it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the best possible result on your printer Be warned however that if you define different Metafont modes for different printers dvips will generate several copies of your TFX fonts on disk and these take valuable space Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured you should tell LyX to make use of this configuration To do this you should launch the Preferences dialog Tools gt Preferences select the Printer tab and set the entries Adapt output and Spool command
32. with other variants You ll have to examine this for yourself As for the Font Size option there are three possible values 10 11 and 12 Re member this is the base font size LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes such as those used in footnotes superscripts and subscripts by this value You can always fine tune the font size from within the document if you need to It s also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size as this typically renders your document unreadable Note that once you choose a new value for Fonts or Font Size LyX does not change the screen You ll only see a difference once you generate the final output This is part of the WYSIWYM concept Besides you have certainly noticed that Roman text on the LyX screen corresponds to the default font 3 5 3 Using Different Character Styles As we ve already seen LyX automatically changes the character style for certain paragraph environments We also mentioned two other character styles Emphasized and Noun You can activate both of these styles via keybindings the menus and the toolbar To activate the Noun style do one of the following 45 3 LyX Basics e click on the toolbar button with the person shaped icon e use the keybinding M c c These commands are all toggles That is if Noun style is already active they deac tivate it One typically uses the Noun style for proper names For example MATTHIAS ETTRICH i
33. LyX Looks Like most applications LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of its window Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons There is of course a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing documents Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line of text This is the minibuffer a term which we ve swiped lock stock and barrel from GNU Emacs which really 1 Introduction means command buffer Type M x when you need to type a command in the minibuffer Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar This is not a bug or an oversight but intentional When you read a book you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the next line Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion hence the need for only a vertical scrollbar There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar The first case is large figures displayed WYSIWYG This however is due to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a WYSIWYG fashion it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window just as you d need to rescale graphics to fit on a page The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than the LyX window You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table but this doesn t work for equations yet 1 2 3 HELP First the bad news the help system is not as thorough as that in many commercial applications P
34. LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading That s part of the advantage of paragraph environments But what about widows and orphans where the page breaks leave one line of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page There are rules built into IX governing page breaks and some of those rules are there to specifically prevent widows and orphans This is the advantage LyX has in using TEX as its backend There s no way we can go into how TFX and TEX decide to break a page or how you can tweak that behavior Some ETEX books listed in the bibliography such as 3 or 4 may have more information You will almost never need to worry about this however 59 3 LyX Basics 56 4 Floats Tables Figures Footnotes and Margin Notes 4 1 Footnotes Unlike other typesetting programs LyX uses foldable boxes instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen or somewhere else in your text When you insert a footnote with Insert gt Footnote you ll first see a grey box with a red label foot appearing within your text This box is LyX s representation of your footnote You can enter your text into this box If you click the foot label the box will fold Clicking on the button again will unfold the footnote You will not see any numbers within LyX You don t need to worry about those anyhow because LyX does the numbering for you as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the
35. M Moreover if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a Compose key then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your keyboard This compose key can be used either as a modifier like Shift or Control or as a prefix key Here are some examples of what you can do with a Compose key e Compose e gt e Compose O R 0 e Compose 1 2 gt e Compose lt lt This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters only from time to time It works by default for latinl characters but other input methods will be used if you setup your locale correctly 2 3 3 Helpful Hints and Tips First open up two xterminals Use one to edit a new Xmodmap file and run xkeycaps from the other Using xkeycaps remap your keyboard the way you want it There s a button in xkeycaps to output the new keymap Once you hit it xkeycaps will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from Just copy and paste all of that into your Xmodmap file and you re done Also there are some things you can do to help you get oriented Try executing the command xmodmap v pm This will show you all of the currently active modifiers Also try xmodmap v pke more to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the Xmodmap file There s one thing you ll need to check Make sure that your Delete and BackSpace keys are not defi
36. Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish editing an inset Previews of an already loaded document are not generated just by selecting the Instant preview check box LyX will generate previews of math insets It will also generate previews of include insets or child documents if you select the Show preview check box in the inset s dialog This latter is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a XTX figure for example Coming in version 1 4 are previews of the external inset also To get previews working you ll need some additional software First you ll need the preview sty ETRX package Find it on your local CTAN mirror at CTAN support preview latex Thereafter you ll need the usual tools latex dvips and gs Finally you ll obtain prettier results if you install pnmcropfrom the 85 6 More Tools netpbm package 6 6 Spacing pagination and line breaks 6 6 1 Extra Horizontal Space HFills are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion An HFill is actually a variable length space whose length always equals the remaining space between the left and right margins If there is more than one HFill on a line they divide the available space equally between themselves Note if an HFill is at the beginning of a line and it s not the first line in a paragraph LyX ignores it This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line HFills can be inserted w
37. S eS 82 6 More Tools 83 6 1 Cross References 20 00 2d De Rae Bae ee ee 83 6 2 URLs Uniform Resource Locators 249 20 ra ara 84 6 3 Short AAA a aa aa adn a Bae eA 84 0A Branches esa erig i a Ghee bon A poe oon AN pot oa 85 6 5 Previewing snippets of your document 85 6 6 Spacing pagination and line breaks e osa Go e is e Se So 86 6 6 1 Extra Horizontal Space me Sie ae eee a bs Be ee ee 86 6 6 2 Extra Vertical Space wo 2 is ed ad a 86 6 6 3 Changing Paragraph Alignment 87 6 6 4 Forcing Page Breaks aoaaa oad 87 0 60 57 Blanks Spaces s bere ed OG a a Boe a 88 6 6 5 1 Inter word Space also aided a ali ARA 88 6 6 5 2 Protected Space ake e i bau ew oe ow bak 88 6 6 5 3 Thin Space laa ee tk oe Be a de Be pee 88 vi 6 6 5 4 More Spaces 6 6 6 Line breaking 6 7 Spellchecking e Wa Grete is EE 6 7 1 Spellchecker Options 6 7 1 1 Dictionary o e ls 6 7 1 2 Personal dictionary 6 7 1 3 Further Options 6 7 2 LAMA LO S Laos a ia amp KE 6 8 International Support 4 emelec 6 8 1 Language Options Les avs a a 6 8 2 Keyboard mapping configuration 6 8 3 Character Tables sita ay eS 7 Credits Bibliography Contents vil 1 Introduction 1 1 What is LyX LyX is a document preparation system It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts publishable books business letters and proposals and even poetry I
38. The LyX User s Guide by the LyX Team July 17 2006 If you have comments or error corrections please send them to the LyX Documentation mailing list lyx docs lists lyx org Contents 1 Introduction 1 TL Wbhbatis Ly rs eeue dy ee LA A A os 1 12 Getting Started 4 3 ae Awe oo te e oe Bones e ted a a 1 KZT a 2k say tes eae sere eed I Headey ee ee key se oe He ey oe 1 1 2 2 How LyX Looks ao AS a 1 E23 HELP cine O ahn ag ee he O sey ase 2 Los The yx Interface ir a a Beg eh da 3 1 3 1 Basic File Operations els 2 e a e BA oe aa 3 1 3 2 Basic Editing Features gt lt 4 die Y amp hoe a a 4 1 3 3 Undo and Aedo na ee dR eo Rc 4 1 3 4 Basic Mouse Bindings sa bee ee Sa 5 1 3 5 Basic Key Bindings sa a ee Se aes Reo Gp ak 5 1 4 Using LyX with Other Programs 4 7 1 4 1 Importing ASCII files Sy he Se ee he NN A Sat ea ot 7 1 4 2 Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs 7 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications 9 21 Tntrod ction oe io do A Bg a 9 A E Setup s avast an Sets aha me toe BA tee Bae eh ee 9 2 3 Setting Up the X Keyboard obsolescent 10 2 3 1 xmodmap and xkeycaps hesinonto Ae ede Be SSE eee de S 10 Zocalo AMOS E Se ars 10 23 12 RCV CAS a reruns dd a 10 2 3 2 Modifiers and Mode_switch 11 2 3 3 Helpful Hints and Tips 4 2 0310 10 E ati at 11 DA IES rs EL A RS A O A A 12 2 0 Dvipsand Ghostscript s s epeo ane A Got AR A ee 12
39. agraph environments for lists differ from the other environments in several ways First LyX treats each paragraph as a list item Hitting Return does not reset the environment to Standard but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item The nesting depth is typically reset however If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment you should use M Return to break paragraphs You can nest lists of any type inside one another In fact LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its nested If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments we suggest you read all of section 3 4 3 3 6 2 Itemize The first type of list we ll describe in detail is the Itemize paragraph environment It has the following properties e Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line e The items can be any length LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item The offset is always relative to whatever environment the Itemize list may be in e If you nest an ltemize environment inside another ltemize environment the label changes to a new symbol There are four different symbols for up to a four fold nesting LyX always shows the same symbol an asterisk on screen See section 3 4 for a full explanation of nesting Of cours
40. ain a BTFX distribution and anything and everything related to TFX and TEX from a Comprehensive TFX Archive Network CTAN mirror A complete list of mirrors may be found at http www ctan org 2 5 Dvips and Ghostscript 2 5 1 What You Need There s one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents Obviously you ll need to make sure your printer is configured see next section You ll also need to install these programs or compatibles if you don t have them already e dvips e ghostscript e xdvi e ghostview The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScriptO format If you don t know what a DVI file is you ve probably also never worked with BTFX and should read the Tutorial document before proceeding further dvips converts DVI files into PostScript which is the format most printers use nowadays For those of you using dot matrix and inkjet printers you ll want to filter the PostScript through ghostscript which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers The 4A note about pronunciation TFX originated from the Greek letters Tey which rhymes with blech That s how you pronounce TX and ATEX If you re American just pronounce the X as a k and you ve got it 5PostScriptO is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated and is the main page description language in the UN X world 12 2 5 Dvips and Ghostscript following sect
41. ar symbol like g you can find it in the dialogs 5 2 Brackets and decorations There are several brackets available through LyX For most purposes using just the keys O IN lt gt should suffice but the effect especially if you want to surround a large structure such as a matrix or a fraction or if you have several layers of brackets is better using the math panel s Delimiter dialog see sec 5 1 6 For example that s how you would construct the brackets around a standard matrix such as Ei and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination such as 1 ats f g h k l x The parentheses and other brackets from that menu will automatically re size to accommodate the size of what is inside This is done in straight IX by left blah right It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button the right side with the right button and place them in the document by clicking on the button If you want one side to not have a bracket use the blank button It will appear in LyX with a dotted line but nothing will print If you decide after the fact to place parentheses or other math structure like a square root or other decoration around some math structure you can do that by highlighting selecting the structure that is to go inside the parentheses that is done by holding the Shift key down and moving the cu
42. aragraph in largest font with symbols q This applies to math fonts in titles etc as well 2Moreover math text mode outputs its contents inside a textrm whereas and mbox or AMS IATRX s text might have been a better choice 3That is a bug 81 5 Mathematical Formulae 5 8 AMS BT X The American Mathematical Society AMS provide a TX packages that are in common use LyX includes some support for these packages 5 8 1 Enabling AMS Support In the Document gt Settings dialog there is a checkbox Use AMS Math If selected this will include the AMS package in the document and make the facilities available 5 8 2 AMS Symbols The AMS FTRX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are not accessible from plain TEX or LyX but are fairly common in mathematical typeset ting such as the old German Fraktur font and the stylized blackboard bold fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers or the integers Once ac tivated all AMS TRX symbols and environments are available You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its own The AMS layouts include these packages automatically 5 8 3 AMS Formula Types AMS ETRxX provides a selection of different formula types LyX allows you to choose between align alignat flalign gather and multline Refer to the AMS documentation for the d
43. atience We re working on it Now the good news the help system consists of the LyX manuals You can read all of the manuals from inside LyX Just select the manual you want read from the Help menu While we re at it we d like to make a comment about the manuals They re not idiot proof not in the least Here s what one of our authors JOHN WEISS once said about manuals I hate manuals Yes we ve all dealt with the terse poorly translated or cryptic man uals They are aggravating I find however that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating First they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user how to operate a mouse what a menu is et cetera ad nauseum Please if someone doesn t know how to use their own computer or a GUI then they should sit down and learn before they start up a major piece of software Second what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is stupid Utter nonsense Most users in my experience are some combination of clueless and intimidated not stupid Besides if someone is truly slow on the uptake they need help that a manual for a piece of computer software can t give Editor s Note With this in mind I ve instructed all of the other authors to avoid patronizing you the reader and to be more pedagogical than pedantic As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals well as we say here in America there s no suc
44. ble rows The others will then be defined as empty In this context first means first in this order Footer Last footer Header First header See the TableExamples lyx example file to see how this works The check box in the long table options can be used to specify specific rows to break the page on as well 3 A table can also be placed in a float as described below which will allow TEX to place it as well as it can within the page 4 4 5 Table Floats Outside of a float the table will be positioned exactly where it is placed in the document Using a Table Float from the Insert gt Float menu will enable BTFX to place the table where it fits best rather than exactly where you insert it Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats 4 3 2 1 and is described in section 4 3 2 2 Captions also work the same way as with figure floats as described in section 4 3 2 1 Table 4 2 is an example of a table float Table 4 2 A table float 1 2 3 Joe Mary Ted 2 a b fdz 7 1 1 2 68 4 5 Table of Contents and other Listings 4 5 Table of Contents and other Listings One of the really nice features of BTFX is the ease with which it lets you create various Lists such as a Table of Contents All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference at the place where you want the list to appear 4 5 1 The Table of Contents In order to get a Table of Contents
45. can be done in one of two ways You can use the native LyX support for rendering the formulae in a WYSIWYM fashion IX users might like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like alpha this gets in ordinary TEX an a in the final document believing that it is faster than chasing around menus for a symbol Here s a testimonial of one of those old PT X users DAVID JOHNSON I was finally convinced that the math editor was the way to go when I found that with a few modifications I could use it the same way I was accustomed to writing TFX As an example I created this a by typing the following keys First type M c m to enter math mode then type alpha then Space and Esc As soon as I typed that Space the a was right there on the screen The M c m sequence inserts a formula you may also use C m or M m m the alpha is of course the standard TFX command for a Greek alpha letter and the Esc leaves the formula Some of the advantages of this approach are You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TRX was correct You have the real mathematical expression on the screen correctly displayed to make sure your mathematics is correct correctly written at least All the new ETRX fuss with special environments and such are taken care of by LyX not you You won t have to chase through the code trying to find that missing or extra 75 5 Mathematical Formulae e If you don t remember the TEX name of a particul
46. case Usu ally starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment and the nesting depth more on nesting in section 3 4 At the moment all this is context specific you re better off expecting Return to reset the paragraph environment and depth If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth use M Return instead 3 3 2 Standard The default paragraph environment is Standard for most classes It creates a plain paragraph If LyX resets the paragraph environment this is the one it chooses In fact the paragraph you re reading right now and most of the ones in this manual are in the Standard environment You can nest a paragraph using the Standard environment in just about anything else but you can t really nest anything in a Standard environment 3 3 3 Document Titles A EXTRX title page has three parts the title itself the name s of the author s and a footnote for thanks or contact information For certain types of documents TEX places all of this on a separate page along with today s date For other types of documents the title page goes at the top of the first page of the document LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph en vironments Title Author and Date Here s how you use them e Put the title of your document in the Title environment e Put the author name in the Author environment e If you want the date to have a certain appearance wa
47. correct page when it processes your file If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote simply mark it and click on the footnote button a picture of text with an arrow pointing to stuff in the bottom margin What LyX cannot do yet is take care of special needs like setting the footnote numbering back to 1 after each section in the article document class or changing the counter style You ll need to insert TEX commands like those described in the Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars section of Extended Features NOTE A float in TEX and LyX isn t a simple paragraph as with usual word proces sors It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats That means you can use all the layouts inside a float even figures and tables You may not need this too often but if you do occasionally need it it s a neat feature 4 2 Margin Notes Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX When you insert a margin note via Insert gt Margin Note or the toolbar button which contains a picture of text in a margin with an arrow pointing to it you ll see a grey box with a red label margin appearing within your text This box is LyX s representation of your margin note You can enter your text into this box If you click the margin label the box will fold You can access it at a later time by clicking on the label again thereby unfolding the margin note To close th
48. ct View gt DVI Then wait a while When all of the behind the scenes action is done LyX calls the program xdvi You can now look at the results If you want more info on the xdvi program see the man pages Helpful Tip Keep the xdvi window open maybe moving it to another desktop Then after you make changes to your document just use View gt Update gt DVI Now click on the xdvi window The xdvi program will automatically reread the dvi file and give you an updated view 3 6 3 Viewing the PostScript Version with ghostview In general using xdvi to view your document is the easiest and fastest way There may be times however when you want to look at the PostScript version One reason is fonts You can use PostScript fonts in a TX document but xdvi won t show this You ll need to use ghostview or some other PostScript file viewer to see the actual results To view the PostScript version of your document select PostScript from the View menu When all of the magic behind the scenes is done LyX calls the program ghostview You can now look at the results You ve guessed what the Update Postscript command from the View menu does haven t you Remember to click once in the ghostview window after this command to update the view 3 6 4 Printing the File To print a file select Print from the File menu or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it This opens the Print dialog You can choose to only print even numbere
49. d information about what has been found under Help gt LaTeX Configuration The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the document level setting that you can change via the Document gt Settings dialog To do this open a scrap document set all these options according to your taste and save them with the Save as Document Defaults button in the Document dialog This will create a This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running LyX including what other programs you ll need to make LyX useful 2 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications template named default lyx which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template such that the settings are automatically set up as you defined them There are many other user configurable options that you can feed to LyX Upon startup LyX reads a global options file called lyxrc defaults It will then attempt to read a file called preferences The Tools Preferences dialog can be used to change these options the document Customization contains more information about the preferences dialog and these con figuration files 2 3 Setting Up the X Keyboard obsolescent To use LyX properly X must be set up correctly This is especially vital if you re using the international support features of LyX and want to use non English keyboard mappings On modern distributions this likely has been taken care of but if not you mus
50. d keys list Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key An example of the Bibliography appears at the end of this document See 4 or 3 Chapter 3 is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it In the second one we used the Text after field of the citation dialog to add the text Chapter 3 The texts latexguide and latexcompanion that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label of the bibliography entry The more advanced ETRX bibliography package BibT FX is also supported by LyX For a description of how to use it please refer to the Extended LyX Features document 3 3 9 Special Purpose There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don t fit any category as they are very specialized for a particular purpose We ll point out the highlights and uses of each 3 3 9 1 Caption The Caption environment is the default paragraph environment for Figure Floats and Table Floats On the LyX screen you ll see either the label Figure or Table depending on which type of Float it s in The actual reference number is substituted in this label in the printed output You can t really nest things into a Caption environment Additionally hitting Return resets the paragraph environment to Standard so a Caption can only be a single paragraph 34 3 3 Paragraph Environments You cannot use a Caption environment outside of a Figure Float
51. d or odd numbered pages this is useful for printing on two sides you can re insert the pages after printing one set of pages to print on the other side Some printers spit out pages face up others face down By choosing a particular order to print in you can take the entire stack of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them You can set the parameters in the Destination box as follows Printer This is the name of the printer to print to The printer should understand PostScript files Note from JOHN WEISS Another reason is paranoia I always like to look at the PostScript file before I print it just so I see exactly what went to the printer 13Note that this printer name isn t for the lpr command but for dvips That means dvips has to be configured for this printer name See the section 2 5 2 or the dvips documentation for details The default printer can also be set in lyxrc 5l 3 LyX Basics File The name of a file to print to The output will be in PostScript format The file will generally be written in the current directory unless you specify the full path Note that printing may need little time since BTFX dvips and if you don t have a PostScript printer ghostscript have to process your document 3 7 A Few Words about Typography 3 7 1 Hyphens and Hyphenation In LyX the character comes in three lengths often called the hyphen the en dash and the em dash 1 hyphen made wit
52. e that explanation was also an example of an Itemize list The Itemize environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn t matter We said that different levels use different symbols as their label Here s an example of all four possible symbols Note that those of you reading this manual online won t see any difference 28 3 3 Paragraph Environments e The label for the first level Itemize is a large black dot or bullet The label for the second level is a dash x The label for the third is an asterisk The label for the fourth is a centered dot x Back out to the third level Back to the second level e Back to the outermost level These are the default labels for an Itemize list You can customize these labels in the Document gt Settings dialog in the Bullets tab Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth We ll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths in section 3 4 Be sure to read it 3 3 6 3 Enumerate The Enumerate environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines It has these properties 1 Each item has a numeral as its label a The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth 2 LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropri ate 3 Each new Enumerate environment resets the counter to one 4 Like the ltemize environment the Enumerate environment a Offsets the items relative to the
53. e one Figure per Float This allows LyX actually 1XT X to best position each figure Right clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement options that TX uses for positioning the float see 4 3 2 2 Span columns is only useful for 60 4 3 Figures and Imported Graphics Figure 4 2 A severely distorted platypus in a float 61 4 Tables Figures and Notes two column documents if you select it the float will span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just one This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross reference to it as you would expect from reading section 6 1 you can simply insert a Label in the caption and refer to it using a Cross Reference as normal It is especially important to use these with figure floats rather than using vague references to the above figure as BTEX will reposition your floats for you in the final document it might not be above at all If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the text which refers to it the figures will be placed on a separate page by themselves Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice Note that the caption is used in a List of Figures as described in Section 4 5 2 automatically should you choose to include one in your document 4 3 2 2 Float Placement Now the whole idea behind Figure Floats as well as Table Floats which we introduce later is to allow LyX
54. e s an example Example This is an example of the Description environment LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the rest of the line Now you re probably wondering what we mean by uses the first word The Space key does not add a whitespace character but separates words from one another Inside of a Description environment the Space key tells LyX to end the label if we re at the beginning of the first line of an item However what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label of a Description environment Simple use a Protected Blank Use either C Space or Special Formatting gt Protected Space from the Insert menu See sec 6 6 1 for more info Here s an example Second Example This one shows how to use a Protected Blank in the label of a Description list item Usage You should use the Description environment for things like definitions and theorems Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text that describes it It s not a good idea to use a Description environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe You re better off using ltemize or Enumerate and nesting several Standard paragraphs into them Nesting You can of course nest Description environments inside one another nest them in other types of lists and so on Notice that after the first line LyX indents subsequent lines offsetting them from the first line
55. e with box You can click to search again to skip the current word Hit Replace All to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically The Case sensitive toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search word If the toggle is set searching for Match will not match the word match The Match Word toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words l e searching for match will not match matches matchbox etc 7 g y 1 3 3 Undo and Redo If you make a mistake you can easily recover from it LyX has a large capacity undo redo buffer Select Edit Undo to undo some mistake If you accidently undo too much use Edit Redo to undo the undo The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory overhead Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as it was last saved the changed status of the document is unfortunately not reset This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit above The Undo and Redo work on almost everything in LyX They have some quirks too They won t Undo or Redo text character by character but by blocks of text 1 3 The LyX Interface That can take some getting used to you ll have to play with Undo and Redo to get a feel for just how much they ll undo redo and after time you ll hopefully appreciate how it works 1 3 4 Basic Mouse Bindings We
56. e yes or no can you or can t you There s also the question of how Can you nest this environment into anything else Can you nest another environment into it A yes to one of these doesn t guarantee a yes to the other The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes to nesting First an environment may be completely unnestable Second there are environments that are fully nestable You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside of them There is one last type of environment You can nest them into other environments but that s it You can t nest anything into them Here s a list of the three types of nesting behavior and which paragraph environ ments have them Unnestable Can t nest them Can t nest into them e Bibliography e Title e Author e Date Fully Nestable You can nest them You can nest other things into them e Abstract e Verse e Quote e Quotation e temize e Enumerate e Description e List e LyX Code Nestable Inside You can nest them inside of other things You can t nest anything into them 8For some odd reason LyX allows you to fully nest both Bibliography and Abstract Also LyX allows you to nest Title Author and Date into other environments We urge you not to BTEX may barf if you try it Then again it may not We don t know for certain However it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these environm
57. ed space between 1 and kg A protected space is set with Insert Special Formatting gt Protected Space or with C Space 6 6 5 3 Thin Space A thin space is a blank which has half the size of a normal space and it is also protected The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide for instance inside abbreviations D E Knuth has developped our beloved typesetting program i e TEX You can insert a thin space with Insert gt Special Formatting gt Thin Space or with C S Space 6 6 5 4 More Spaces Apart from the ones described there are still some more spaces Although LyX supports them natively they can only be reached via the minibuffer To get them just type space insert lt command gt into the minibuffer where lt command gt is one of the following 88 6 7 Spellchecking command width protected normal 1 3 em no protected 1 3 em yes thin 1 6 em yes enspace 0 5 em yes enskip 0 5 em no quad lem no qquad 2em no negthinspace 1 6 em yes 6 6 6 Line breaking You can force line breaks within a paragraph by selecting Insert Special Formatting gt Linebreak or with C Return You should however not use this to correct EXTpX s linebreaking as TEX is very good at linebreaking see section 6 6 4 There are however a number of situations where it is necessary t
58. ents so why would you ever want to 37 3 LyX Basics e Part e Chapter e Section e Subsection e Subsubsection e Paragraph e Subparagraph e Part e Chapter e Section e Subsection e Subsubsection e Standard e Right Address e Address e Caption 3 4 3 Nesting Other Things Tables Math Floats etc There are several things that aren t paragraph environments but which are affected by nesting anyhow They are e equations e tables e figures Note if you put a figure or a table in a Float this is no longer true See below or look in sections 4 3 or 4 4 for more info LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph Well you can t inline a table but you can inline math and figures If a figure or an equation is inlined it goes wherever the paragraph it s in goes On the other hand if you have an equation figure or table in a paragraph of its own it behaves just like a nestable inside paragraph environment You can nest it into any environment but you obviously can t nest anything into it Here s an example with a table 1 Item One 38 3 4 Nesting Environments a This is a and it s nested b This is b The table is actually nested inside a 2 Back out again If we hadn t nested the table at all the list would look like this 1 Item One a This is a and it s nested 1 This is b The table i
59. er book Headings Two One Chapter letter Plain One One none linuxdoc Plain One One Section aapaper Plain Two Two Section amsart Headings One One Section dinbrief Plain One One none paper Headings One One Section There is no default value of Extra Options for any of these classes You re probably also wondering what Max sectioning level means There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings Different document classes allow different types of section headings Only two use the Chapter heading the rest do not and begin instead with the Section heading Some document classes such as the three for letters don t use any section headings In addition to Chapter and Section headings there are also Subsection headings Subsubsection headings and so on We ll describe these headings fully in section 3 3 4 3 1 3 Fine tuning the Defaults Okay we know we never told you what most of these default options set by the Class button do That s what this section is for Pagestyle This is another list containing five options It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page Default Empty Plain Headings Fancy Use default pagestyle of current class No page numbers or headings Page numbers only Page numbers and either the current chapter or sec tion title and number Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on which is
60. es a a a a des q tdo 28 3 3 6 1 General Features Ue ada a a o de de 28 9 39 02 itemize a para Ee Pay A eet 2 A es 28 A AI koe ee OS key Gh a 29 3 3 0 4 gt Des tiption Eras hes Ss See 30 A The LyX Tist be x no ghee eek A oi ea amp ih eine ae A 31 A Letters ohne amp Beh dee epee cir eV eee Gee ee eB ee 32 3 3 7 1 Address and Right Address An Overview 32 prod UBALDO yr A a oe A ne hale on eed 32 3 3 8 Academic Writing cz bd cae Ro WR ee a 33 IIB DSH ACE owe die sow Hate wos eee we anat 33 3 3 8 2 Bibliography hu Ai e ad 34 3 3 9 Special PULPO SO otra AD ee E 48 34 Sal Captor s O24 a AAA al 34 3 39 22 A A 35 Nesting Environments Nepas id e a a a dra 36 Sal The Big Deal yery altas le ar tc ad 36 3 4 2 What You Can and Can t Nest o 37 3 4 3 Nesting Other Things Tables Math Floats etc 38 3 4 4 Usage and General Features 008 40 Contents 3 4 5 Some Examples a seg eke o E Ge end BE 40 3 4 5 1 Example 1 The Six fold Way and Mixed Nesting 41 3 4 5 2 Example 2 Inheritance exercise 42 3 4 5 3 Example 3 Labels Levels and other list environments 42 3 4 5 4 Example 4 Going Bonkers 43 3 5 Fonts anid Text StyleSt Lia eG cords ra COM Ge Bde em ly Les amp 45 Gadel COMERVIEW ra a ti e TA e a ee A 45 3 0 2 Global Options Ae 1 A A A A de 45 3 5 3 Using Different Character Styles lt 2 45 3 5 4 Fine Tuning with the Character Lay
61. et bored That was our other example As the example notes Quote is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs They should put quotes in the Quote environ ment Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the Quotation paragraph environment for quoted text 3 3 5 2 Verse Verse is a paragraph environment for poetry rhymes verses and so on Here s an example This is in Verse Which I did not rehearse It could be much worse This line could be long very long oh so long so very long that it wraps around It looks okay on screen but in the printed version the extra lines are indented a bit more than the first Okay so it s turned to prose and doesn t rhyme anymore So sue me To break a line And make things look fine Use C Return As you can see Verse does not indent both margins Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph To separate the individual lines of a stanza use the break line function C Return 27 3 LyX Basics 3 3 6 Lists LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds of lists In the Itemize and Enumerate environments LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers respectively In the Description and List environments LyX lets you provide your own label We ll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing some general features of all four of them 3 3 6 1 General Features The four par
62. f an article Technically you could use this environment anywhere but you really should only use it at the beginning of the document after the title The Abstract environment is only useful in the article and report document classes as well as amsart which is just a specialized version of article The book document class ignores the Abstract completely and it s utterly silly to use Abstract in the letter document class The Abstract environment does several things for you First it puts the centered label Abstract above the text The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical space Second it typesets everything in a smaller font just as you d expect Lastly it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and the subsequent text Well that s how it will appear on the LyX screen If your document is in the report class the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed version of the file Starting a new paragraph by hitting Return does not reset the paragraph environ ment The new paragraph will still be in the Abstract environment So you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you finish entering the abstract of your document We d love to give you an example of the Abstract environment but we can t since this document is in the book class If you ve never heard of an abstract before you can safely ign
63. f the printer you want to use and configure your setup as described in the last section Those of you using Linux however may have a bit more work to do Many people now install Linux from an ISO image of one of the popular distributions They follow the install instructions get Linux up and running but never realize that they need to set up their printer The more desktop friendly distributions may do this for you automatically However if you find that you need to do this by hand we ve written a little something to help you out with that check out the A Printer Tutorial chapter in the Customization manual for help 15 2 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications 16 3 LyX Basics 3 1 Document Types 3 1 1 Introduction Before you do anything else before you ever start writing a document you need to decide what type of document you want to edit Different types of documents use different types of spacing headings numbering schemes and so on Additionally different documents use different paragraph environments and format the title of your document differently A document class describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents By setting the document class you automagically select these properties making it easier to create the type of document you want If you don t choose a document class LyX picks one for you by default So it behooves you to change the class of your document Read on for in
64. f you move your dvi file to another computer 3 Consider the dvi file to be the final output Once you have it you can view it print it or convert it to other formats a You can view dvi files using a program called xdvi b Some printers and Unix systems understand DVI and can print your dvi file directly c Nowadays most printers understand the PostScript format LyX auto matically converts the dvi file to a PostScript file for you when you go to print out your document LyX will also let you preview a PostScript version of your document using the program ghostview One advantage of using PostScript is that the converter program called dvips takes any PostScript graphics you may have included in your doc ument and puts it into the resulting PostScript version of your document It also includes any special fonts you may have used That makes the PostScript version much much more portable than the DVI version LyX does all of these steps automagically for you As you have seen a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a preview of your document So don t worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word processors The printed result is worth the wait Quality always has its price 50 3 6 Printing and Previewing 3 6 2 Quick Viewing with xdvi To get a look at the final version of your document with all of the pagebreaks in place the footnotes correctly numbered and so on sele
65. fo about the document classes you can choose from LyX and how to fine tune some of their properties 3 1 2 The Various Document Classes 3 1 2 1 Overview There are five standard document classes in LyX They are Article for basic articles Report for basic reports Book for writing a book Letter for US style letters Slides is used to make transparencies There are also some non standard classes which LyX only uses if you have a TEX setup that supports them Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy amp Astrophysics 17 3 LyX Basics Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS American Math ematical Society There are three amsart layouts available The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc that prepends the section number to the number of the result All result type statements propositions corollaries and so on are sequenced together but definitions examples and the like have their own sequence The sequential numbering scheme does not place the section number with each result but numbers them throughout the article in a single sequence Each type of result gets its own sequence There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS Only the standard num bering scheme is provided under the assumption that you would not want to number results consecutively through
66. gh IAT X and printed 93 6 More Tools font encoding and have the package umlaute sty with the definition file iso def installed 94 7 Credits The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people and we would encourage people to contribute First we need to give due credit to those who came before us They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built and some continue to provide information e MATTHIAS ETTRICH wrote the original documentation from which this manual is built as well as the introduction to this manual or the LyX Manifesto as some of us call it e LARS GULLIK BJ NNES wrote several minidocs including some of the infor mation about international support in LyX e IVAN SCHRETER also wrote a minidoc about international support specifically about international keyboard maps and customization e PASCAL ANDR originally documented the LinuxDoc SGML interface e ALEJANDRO AGUILAR SIERRA originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions in Reference 1lyx e Special thanks to the LyX Team 1 for help and answers to questions Next it s time to give credit to the LyX Documentation Team all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form it had after LyX version 0 10 e DAVID JOHNSON Contributor to the FAQ and the old HowDol 1yx now defunct General editing assistance Documentation of
67. h 2 en dash made with 3 em dash made with 4 minus sign a in math mode u_ You generate these by using the character multiple times in a row LyX auto matically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final output The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign which appears in math mode and has a length of its own Here are some examples of the in use 1 line and page breaks hyphen 2 From A Z en dash 3 Oh there s a dash em dash AS minus sign Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference though there is one in the printed version One more note about hyphenation LyX automatically breaks up words and inserts hyphens in English text The words won t be hyphenated until you generate the final output Actually it s BTFX that does this and it will also hyphenate words in some other languages To know whether PDF L T X hyphenates for your language look at any log file produced by a TEX run it will say Babel lt v3 7h gt and hyphenation patterns for american french german ngerman nohyphenation loaded 92 3 7 A Few Words about Typography This tells you that e g if you write in Finnish you re out of luck Study for the teT X distribution of TEX the utilities texconfig and fmtutil in order to switch hyphenation on for your language by uncommenting the relevant line in a file typically named language
68. h thing as a free lunch jw 1 3 The LyX Interface 1 3 The LyX Interface 1 3 1 Basic File Operations Under the File menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some more advanced operations e New e New from Template e Open e Close e Save e Save As e Revert e Print e Exit They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors with a few minor differences The File gt New from_Template command not only prompts you for a name for the new file but also prompts you for a template to use Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for the document features you would otherwise need to change manually They can be of use for certain classes especially those for writing letters see sec 3 1 2 Note There is no default file or document named Untitled or scratch Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one that big blank space is just that a big blank space The Revert command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same time It will simply reload the document from disk You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document and want to restore it to the last save The second matter of note concerns the commands File gt Close and File Exit They both feature a nag box to save us all from our own stupidity That is if you try to close a file with changes or exit LyX you ll be i
69. have both keys you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which one actually performs the Meta function This key does many different things but it also activates the menu accelerator keys If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a menu or menu item it selects that menu item For example the sequence M e s brings up the Text Style menu Typing M f opens the File menu There are also other things bound to the Meta key but you ll have to check in the Reference manual for more info Hopefully you ll learn more and more keybindings and short cut keys as you use LyX because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in the minibuffer which describe the name of the action you ve just triggered and any existing keybindings for that action The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation 1 4 Using LyX with Other Programs used in this documentation so you should not have any problems understanding it However notice that Shift modifiers are explicitly mentioned so M p S A means Meta p followed by a capital A S C S means Shift Control s 1 4 Using LyX with Other Programs 1 4 1 Importing ASCII files You can import text from an ASCII file using the File gt Import Ascii text as lines or File gt Import gt Ascii text as paragraphs options File gt Import gt Ascii text as_lines puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph This
70. he TpXbook 97
71. he sign Certain other mathematical expressions have this moving limits feature as addi tion such as lim f x which will place the oo underneath the lim in display mode but not in inlined mode lim f x Note that the lim was entered as a function you get it in LyX by typing lim in math mode or choosing from the functions menu in the math panel see 5 1 9 5 1 6 The Math Panel The Math Panel dialog accessible via Insert gt Math has a more extensive list of sym bols and structures As stated earlier you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics The use of the panel should be fairly obvious we ll describe some of the details in later sections Note that right clicking on a formula opens the panel as well 5 1 7 Other Math Symbols Most math symbols can be found in the math panel under one of several categories including Greek Ipeer operators x relations lt arrows lt large operators X f and the dreaded miscellaneous There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical Society AMS If you know the standard TEX macro for a particular symbol you which to use you do not have to use these dialogs but they will help for those symbols whose TX name you do not know Note that the AMS symbols will not be displayed as symbols in LyX unless you install the right fonts as described in the relevant manual It is possible to get an nth root symbol In the minib
72. ifferences between these formula types 82 6 More Tools 6 1 Cross References Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in it right before the beginning of this sentence This is a Label Properly speaking it is one half of a cross reference The other half is the Reference proper and it looks like this 6 1 Again those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with text in it Those reading printed versions however will see a number in this case the number of this section There are also other varieties of cross reference for example 83 This is the page number containing the location of the label That s what cross references do they let you reference other parts of your document You don t need to remember which section number was what anymore LyX will do that for you All you need to do is use a Label to mark a section figure table formula etc and then refer to it via a Reference To insert a label use Insert Label A box will appear where you can enter your label You can change the name of the label at a later time by simply clicking on the gray box and reopening the label dialog To insert a reference select Insert Cross Reference The Insert Cross Reference dialog appears with a list of labels Selecting a list item then clicking OK inserts a reference into the text changing the Reference type allows you to insert a page number or other reference variant instead Note
73. includegraphics MIX command to insert the figure in the final document To view the figure on the LyX screen however some additional work is required because neither the XForms nor the Qt GUI libraries can load PostScript figures themselves The XForms library can load figures in the following widely used graphics formats bmp gif jpeg pbm pgm ppm tif and xbm whilst the Qt library can also handle mng png and xpm format figures Thus LyX must initiate a conversion from Encapsulated PostScript to a loadable graphics format It does this using the powerful configurable converters mechanism exposed in the Converters section of the Edit gt Preferences dialog If LyX cannot create a conversion path which might have many steps from Encapsulated PostScript to one of the loadable formats listed above then it defaults to the use of ImageMagick s convert utility If after all that LyX still cannot load the figure then it ll tell you so with a message Error converting to loadable format in place of an on screen view of your figure If you re presented with such a message then you ll need to augment the list of known converters This strategy is used both to generate on screen views of your image and when generating the final document In the latter case the HTX compiler must be supplied with graphics files in PostScript format Similarly the PDFETRX compiler requires 59 4 Tables Figures and Notes files in pdf
74. ing M s 8 Huge This is the Huge font size keybinding M s h or M s 9 Hugr This is the Huger font size keybinding M s H or M s 0 We ll warn you yet again don t go crazy with this feature You should almost never need to change the font size LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments use that instead This is here for fine tuning only Here you can change a few other things at the character level Options are Emph This is text with emphasize on This might seem like the same as talic but it is actually a bit different If you use emphasize on italicized text it will make it upright In future versions of LyX we hope to let you customize the exact behavior of this logical property Underbar This is text with Underbar on keybinding M c u 3 6 Printing and Previewing Noun THIS IS TEXT WITH NOUN ON Like Emph this is a logical attribute For the moment it is equivalent to Small Caps but that is bound to change some day Avoid using underbar if you can It s a holdover from the typewriter days when you couldn t change fonts We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with an underscore character It s only included in LyX because it s also in TEX and because some people may need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions and in fact we use it in these manuals to indicate keyboard shortcuts for menu items
75. ingle document file with corresponding pieces of text adjacent in the file and on screen This can be achieved with branches First you have to define the branches available within a particular document This is done in the Documento Settings Branches tab You can also associate a background colour with each branch e g red for the English language blue for the German language branch Then you create a branch inset from the Insert Branch menu item The inset will contain the text that you want to be output when this branch is activated Activation or deactivation of a branch is done from the document settings menu All insets belonging to deactivated branches will be automatically closed those belonging to activated branches automatically opened Other possible applications of the Branches paradigm include a teacher s version of a textbook containing the answers to questions etc 6 5 Previewing snippets of your document LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the fly so you can see how they ll look in the final document without having to break your train of thought with Viewe DVI If you d like to see your math formulae typeset by BTFX then install the necessary software see below and select the Instant preview On pulldown item in the Tools Preferences dialog It can be found in the Look and feel gt Graphics pane in the Qt frontend and the Look amp Feel gt Misc tab in the XForms frontend
76. ion on printer setup describes how to do this automatically every time you print For now we ll concentrate on dvips 2 5 2 Dvips Whether you ll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home you should configure dvips dvips will either print into a file or send output directly to the printer depending on how it s configured If it is set up to print to a file and if no filename is specified it will simply turn foo dvi into foo ps Most systems have dvips set up to send output to the default printer For LyX you ll want the flexibility to do both If you are not a mood to configure dvips to adapt its output to your printer you can safely skip this section Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could expect from your printer At least it will print If you are using teT X a TX distribution which is particularly popular on Linux you should run the program texconfig To make the name of a new printer recog nized by dvips you should then select menu entry Dvips then add Enter the required parameters and before exiting remember to select the function Rehash Let s turn now to manual configuration in order to inform dvips how to automag ically convert a dvi file into a ps file adapted to printer foo you need to have a config file config foo lying around somewhere Typically the config files for dvips will be in usr lib texmf dvips in most T X distributions Your system
77. ipt fonts which is OK The figure can be manipulated like any other EPS figure as described above The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript text except by hand If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure the next way is recommended 2 Export the figure as BIEX This is just as easy to include into LyX with the advantage that you may use all MIX commands within the text inside XFig Therefore you have to set the special flag for text in XFig This is automatic if you invoke XFig with xfig specialtext If this is done and you have also 63 4 Tables Figures and Notes chosen a TEX font you may simply write H_2 in XFig If you export this figure as TEX and include it in LyX with Inserto Child Document see description in Extended Features this text will appear as Ha The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of 4T X isn t as strong as PostScript You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and more annoyingly not all slopes This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures 3 Export the figure as M X PostScript combined Then XFig transfig really will generate two files a the PostScript part foo pstex that contains all painting b the PTEX part foo pstex_t that contains all text and a link to the PostScript part Then you just have to include the BT E X part as described above This will auto matically include the P
78. is corresponds to the print weight Options are Medium Bold This is the Medium font series It s also the default series This is the Bold font series You can toggle this series on or off with the keybinding M c b As the name implies Options are Upright Italic Slanted Small Caps This is the Upright font shape It s also the default shape This is the Italic font shape This is the Slanted font shape although it might not be visible on screen this is different from italic THIS IS THE SMALL CAPS FONT SHAPE Alters the size of the font You ll find no numerical values here all possible sizes are actually proportional to the default font size Once again you don t feed LyX the details but a general description of what you want to do The options and their keybindings are 47 3 LyX Basics Misc 48 Tiny This is the Tiny font size keybinding M s t or M s 1 Smallest This is the Smallest font size keybinding M s 2 Smaller This is the Smaller font size keybinding M s S or M s 3 Small This is the Small font size keybinding M s s or M s 4 Normal This is the Normal font size It s also the default size keybinding M s n or M s 5 Large This is the Large font size keybinding M s or M s 6 Larger This is the Larger font size keybinding M s S L or M s 7 Largest This is the Largest font size keybind
79. is footnote click on the red box at the top left 97 This is a mar gin note 4 Tables Figures and Notes As a default LyX uses 1 9 cm 0 75 inches as the margin width to allow room for margin notes This might not be what you re looking for but as with footnotes LyX cannot yet do everything BTEX has to offer You might want to consult your BTEX handbook for additional commands 4 3 Figures and Imported Graphics No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import graphics from other utilities into the document In LyX these are referred to as figures whether they are actually figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image Note that figures referred to here are do not have captions and sit wherever in the document you place them If you need one of these features see sec 4 3 2 1 below To place a figure in your document click on the second right most icon on the toolbar or select Insert gt Graphics from the menu A dialog will appear for you to choose the file to load You can also change any settings you need to in this dialog This dialog has numerous parameters though most should be self explanatory The File tab allows you to choose your image file note that a wide variety of image formats are supported automatically The figure can be transformed by setting a rotation angle using a bounding box and scaling Table 4 1 describes all available units It is pos
80. is useful if you re importing a text file with a simple list in it However if your text file contains paragraphs in it LyX will mangle the paragraphs if you use this form of import File gt Import Ascii text as paragraphs preserves paragraphs in text files Often in a text file you didn t put the contents of an entire paragraph on one line You used Return to break up the paragraph into separate lines Using the as paragraphs LyX won t mangle such paragraphs Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph Remember you must make sure there is a completely blank line between each and every paragraph in your text file If not LyX might end up merging two paragraphs 1 4 2 Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs The Cut Copy and Paste operations will transfer text to and from LyX You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way Select the text that you want to copy then go to the destination window and paste the text with the middle mouse button Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X Select the text with the mouse in another X window Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button 1 Introduction 2 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications 2 1 Introduction If you re using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you then you can safely skip this chapter It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files distributed
81. ith Insert Special Formattingt Horizontal Fill Here a few examples what you can do with them This is on the left side This is on the right Left Middle Right Left 1 3 Left Right That was an example in the Quote environment Here is one in a standard paragraph It may or may not be apparent in the printed text but it is sitting in between the two Remember that we said that an HFill always fills the remaining space between the margins There may be more than one set of margins on a line Here s an example with the List environment one two three four five six The marks the beginning of the item There is actually a hidden HFill inside of the label of the List environment it s put at the end of the label automatically HFills work similarly in other multi margin situations like two column mode 6 6 2 Extra Vertical Space To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph use Edit gt Paragraph Settings to open the Paragraph Settings dialog We will not provide an example of a VFill as it would waste paper They work the same as any other type of filler including HFills they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space If there are several VFills on a page they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves You can therefore use VFills to center text on a page or even place text 2 3 down a page or 1 4 and so on Note that for paragraphs at the top botto
82. ke this or this Text Use quotes like this or gt this lt Again this affects what character the key produces On the other hand if you want to produce a bona fide quote character type M This produces 3 7 3 Ligatures It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and print them as single characters These groups are known as ligatures Since BTFX knows about ligatures your LyX documents will contain them too Here are the possible ligatures e ff e fi e fl e ffi 54 3 7 A Few Words about Typography ffl Once in a while though you don t want a ligature in a word While a ligature may be okay in the word graffiti it looks really weird in compound words such as cuf flink or the German Dorffest To break a ligature use Insert gt Special Formatting gt Ligature Break This changes cufflinks to cufflinks and Dorffest to Dorffest 3 7 4 Widows and Orphans In the early days of word processors page breaks went wherever the page happened to end There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text You may remember once printing out a document only to find the heading for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page the first line of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page or the last line of a paragraph at the top of a new page These dangly bits of text became known as widows and orphans Clearly
83. l generate automatically TEX code adapted to available fonts and packages 92 6 8 International Support Table 6 1 The latin1 character set 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 AO BO CO DO EO FO 00 0 P p cTATDI ala 01 rT1I A Q a q l lIN l 02 BR bea ec 1410 alo 03 3 C S C S O a 04 4 D T d t Xx AJO a 05 5 E UJelu Yluy lAJO l 06 amp 6 F V f V 4 H O e 6 07 i T7TIGIW giw Clxie elsF 08 8 H xX h x T JeEloOlelo 09 Me eed Lil et ete eae O P Bw e a oA ale ae ae ale lEl Je 4 oB K k E Os e ia oc E l u 1 UTE AL 0D M m gt Y i y 0E g SAN AESA n co O 4 I B 1I pb OF PO 1 18 Sd Igli y AEIOUadi n grave acute A Oa tilde 6 cedilla 7 macron e From 1508859 2 through 4 HJ hjC GSces circumflex SZsR CNAc acute Ut tilde SsTHRLGrigN uk cedilla EsAIOUaio macron US hungarian umlaut All the characters above are actively supported by T X fonts In addition T X allows diacritical marks on almost all characters Also make sure you re using the T1 SThe dead macron in usually not needed as you will use a non dead key for this instead For example S M minus or if Xmodmap is correct S M macron These characters might not look very nice on screen but they will be just fine when run throu
84. level It s a List environment 2 a This is level 2 We created it by using M Return followed by M p Right 3 a This is level 3 This time we just hit Return then used M p Right twice in a row We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level by hitting M Return followed by M p Right This is actually a Standard environment nested inside of 3 a So it s at level 4 We did this by hitting M Return then M p Right then changing the paragraph environment to Standard Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph it also works for the Description Enumerate and Itemize environments Here s another Standard paragraph also at level 4 made with just a M Return 4 a This is level 4 We hit M Return and changed the paragraph environment back to List Remember we can t nest anything inside of a Standard environment which is why we re still at level 4 However we can keep nesting things inside of 3 a 5 a This is level 5 6 a and this is level 6 By now you should know how we made these two 5 b Back to level 5 Just hit M Return followed by a M p Left 4 b After another M Return followed by a M p Left we re back at level 4 3 b Back to level 3 By now it should be obvious how we did this 2 b Back to level 2 1 b And last back to the outermost level 1 After this sentence we ll hit Return and change the paragraph environment back to S
85. log which you open using Insert gt Cross Reference For numbered or labelled multi line formulas the default is that all lines are numbered separately Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered all subsequent lines receive a label of That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line like 5 4 below 1 3 2 5 3 2 4 2 5 4 lt 7 5 5 You can turn off numbering of a specific line with Edit gt Math gt Toggle numbering of line while the cursor is on that line of a multi line numbered equation This also toggles For example 78 5 6 User defined macros in math mode ie part 16 2 mod 7 5 8 Note that the first equation in this set 5 6 is labelled the next is numbered but unlabelled the third is unnumbered and the last 5 8 is again labelled 5 6 User defined macros in math mode LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode A macro definition box appears on screen as purple box with the name of the macro in blue math color It contains two cells initially marked empty by blue rectangles that can be edited as if it were ordinary math Just try it The contents of the first cell will be used when the macro definition is written during export as BTFX The contents of the second cell however will be used for drawing the macro s expansion on screen In the common case where both export and drawing use the same representation the second cell can be left
86. m of a page the extra space is only added if you have also checked the option Edit gt Paragraph Settings gt Spacing gt Keep space 86 6 6 Spacing pagination and line breaks 6 6 3 Changing Paragraph Alignment You can also change the paragraph alignment with the Edit gt Paragraph Settings dialog There are four possibilities e Justified e Left e Right e Center The default in most cases is justified alignment in which the inter word spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between the left and right margins The other three alignments should be self explanatory and look like this This paragraph is right aligned this one is centered this one is left aligned In some paragraph environments the default is something other than justified alignment 6 6 4 Forcing Page Breaks If you don t like the way TEX does the page breaks in your document you can force a pagebreak where you want one In general this will not be necessary because XT RX is good at pagebreaking as was already mentioned in section 3 7 4 So in general there is no need to use the option described below and we recommend not using it until the text is finished and until you have checked in the preview to see if you really have to change the pagebreaking You can force a pagebreak above or below a paragraph in the Edit gt Paragraph Settings dialog by selecting the checkboxes to add a pagebreak above or below the paragraph
87. ments to Standard and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph Just click on them and you ll get a message dialog that tells you about the conversion and why it failed 3 2 Paragraph Indentation and Separation 3 2 1 Introduction Before describing all of the various paragraph environments we d like to say a word or two about paragraph indentation Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph Others don t indent but put extra space between the paragraphs LyX uses the same convention you find among typog raphers The first paragraph of a section or after a figure an equation a table a list etc is not indented Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented Some people don t like this convention but if you want to use indented paragraphs you ll have to live with it The space between paragraphs like the line spacing the space between headings and text in fact all of the spacings for just about everything are pre coded into LyX As we said you don t worry about how much space to add between what LyX takes care of that In fact these pre coded vertical spacings aren t a single number but a range That way LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure figures fit on a page with text so that sections don t start at the bottom of a page and so on However pre coded doesn t mean you can t change
88. n a particular font make sure there is a protected space to the right of the cursor Also entering a protected space will revert subsequent text to standard font The font styles are nestable as BIEX does This can be a little confusing as selecting a different font on a selection will not change the selection but insert a new nested level with the new typeface It is possible in AMS 1T X to embolden not italicize numbers and special symbols However LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM manner It will print correctly though To get emboldened symbols for example a bold a enter boldsymbol alpha in Mathed The closing brace appears in red automatically when you type the opening brace This works for all symbols as well as numbers A number of other options are available as well via Insert gt Math Font Change 80 5 7 Fine Tuning 5 7 2 Math Text Mode Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font but certainly not for anything else and in particular not text For typing longer pieces of text use math text mode which is obtained by typing M m m while already in math mode The same command will get out of math text mode too Math text mode appears on the screen in black instead of blue You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text but it works for simple text Here s an example x iflsay so x otherwise fu 5 7 3 Font Sizes There are four relative font sizes or
89. n the latter case only the 2x will be under the square root sign 2x 1 For those who learned to space out expressions in this way it takes a little unlearning You can leave many parts of a formula like this matrix partially filled in such as A 71 5 Mathematical Formulae If you leave a fraction only partially filled in or a subscript with nothing in it the results will be unpredictable but most constructs don t mind 5 1 2 Selecting Text You can select text within a formula in two different ways Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want and press Shift and a cursor movement key to select text It will be highlighted as with regular text selection Alternatively you can select text with the mouse in the usual way That text can then be cut or copied and then pasted within any formula not in a plain text region in LyX though 5 1 3 Exponents and Subscripts You can use the math panel to add superscripts or subscripts but the much easier way is to use the standard TFX method To get x type in Mathed x72 then Space The final Space puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression instead of in the superscript If you type x72y you will get x to get x y type x72 then Space then y Subscripts are similar to get a type in Mathed a_1 then Space Note that by default the superscript or subscript is only for the single symbol to the left which changes the spacing and alignment you
90. nal options you can use This has its own section See sec 3 2 1 for a description of what this does 3 1 4 Paper Size Orientation and Margins There are several other options to set in the Document Settings dialog All of them are global options but they have special purposes and only affect certain features We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the features they affect There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document so we ll describe them here You ll find them in the Paper dialog under the Layout menu Orientation Papersize Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as Landscape or as Portrait What size paper to print on The choices are e Default A3 A4 A5 B3 B4 B5 e US Letter i e prints on both sides of a sheet of paper 20 3 2 Paragraph Indentation and Separation e US legal e US executive e Custom Some of these settings require you to have the geometry package installed This package will also allow you to set the margins in the Paper dialog 3 1 5 Important Note If you change a document s class LyX has to convert everything into the new class That includes the paragraph environments Some paragraph environments are stan dard all of the document classes have them Some classes have special paragraph environments however If this is the case and you change document classes LyX sets the missing paragraph environ
91. nd 3 3 especially Section 3 3 6 right now Yes right now If you re still confused look in the Tutorial 1 Introduction Esc This is the cancel key It s used generically to cancel operations Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this Home and End These move the cursor respectively to the beginning and end of a line unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning or end of the file Backspace and Delete If you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Win dows System Backspace works as expected and Delete deletes the char acter under the cursor if no text is selected If you haven t set up your keyboard under X or have no idea what we mean by that go read section 2 3 immediately You ll save yourself a lot of headaches Then there are the modifier keys Control This has a couple of different uses depending on which keys it s used in combination with e With Backspace or Delete it deletes an entire word instead of a single character e With Left and Right it moves by words instead of characters e With Home and End it moves to the beginning and the end of the document respectively Shift Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old and new cursor positions Meta This is the Alt key on many keyboards unless your keyboard has a distinct Meta key Unfortunately X sometimes has their functionality swapped so if you
92. ned as the same key symbol by X Note that giving these two keys unique symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs Some programs bind Delete and BackSpace to the same operation Emacs is one Other programs however use Delete and BackSpace for different operations LyX is one of these programs and if you have Delete and BackSpace labeled with the same key symbol name you ll have trouble using LyX 3You could also save yourself some typing by executing xkeycaps gt Xmodmap This will create a usable map file 11 2 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications 2 4 BTpX If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out tex files you ll need TEX In case you were wondering BTFX is a markup language front end for TRX a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth TFX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a device independent format or Dvi for short The Dvi file can then be sent to printers TX is programmable and TEX is nothing but a really huge set of TEX macros TEX will typically come as part of a T X distribution so all you need is a TEX package Note that on some old systems you may find that only TEX 2 09 is installed as opposed to the more current MIX 22 LyX cannot be used with TEX 2 09 If you re using Linux XT X 2 should have come with your distribution For other systems you might need to install BTFX yourself You can obt
93. nformed that there are unsaved files Tf you plan to do this you should check out the Version Control feature in LyX also Read Extended Features 1 Introduction 1 3 2 Basic Editing Features Like most modern word processors LyX can perform cut and paste operations on blocks of text can move by character word or screenful of text and can delete whole words as well as individual characters The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to access them We ll start with cut and paste As you might expect the Edit menu has the cut and paste commands along with various other editing features Some of these are special and covered in later sections The basic ones are e Cut e Copy e Paste e Find amp Replace The first three are self explanatory One thing to note whenever you delete a block of text that you ve selected it s automatically placed in the clipboard That is the Delete and Backspace keys also functions as the Cut command Also if you ve selected text be careful If you hit a key LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace it with what you just typed You ll have to do an Undo to get back the lost text The Edit gt Find amp Replace item opens the Find amp Replace dialog The text you want to find goes in the Find box Once you ve found a word or expression LyX selects it Hitting the Replace button replaces the selected text with the contents of the Replac
94. ns e Subsections are divided into Subsubsections e Subsubsections are divided into Paragraphs e Paragraphs are divided into Subparagraphs Note not all document types use the Chapter heading as the maximum sectioning level In that case the Section is the top level heading So if you use the Subsubsection environment to label a new sub subsection LyX labels it with its number along with the number of the subsection section and if applicable chapter that it s in For example the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the label 2 5 24 3 3 Paragraph Environments 3 3 4 2 Unnumbered Headings There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings They are 1 Section 2 Subsection 3 Subsubsection The after each name means that these headings are not numbered They work the same as their numbered counterparts 3 3 4 3 Changing the Numbering You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear in the Table of Contents Now this doesn t remove any of the levels that s preset in the document class Certain classes start with Chapter and go down to the Subpara graph level Others start at Section Similarly not all document classes number all sectioning levels Most don t number Paragraph or Subparagraph This is something you can change Open the Document gt Settings dialog You should see a counter labelled Section num ber depth under the Extra tab This counte
95. nt have the same left margin uses You should use the List environment the same way you d use as De scription list when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes it The List environment gives you another way to do this using a different overall layout nesting You can nest List environments inside one another nest them in other types of lists and so on They work just like the other list paragraph environments Read section 3 4 to learn about nesting As you can see this is a feature packed paragraph environment To change the default width of the label select the items in the list to change You can also simply move the cursor into a List item if you want to change only its label width Now open the Edito Paragraph Settings dialog and find the Label width text box The text in the Label width box determines the default label width If you really really want to you can use the text of your largest label here but you don t need to We recommend using the letter M multiple times It s the widest character and is a standard unit of width in TX The default label width in the example List is 6 31 3 LyX Basics M s wide Using M as your unit of width in the Label Width box has one more advantage you don t need to keep changing the contents of Label Width every time you alter a label in a List environment There s yet another feature of the List environment we need to tell you about As you can see
96. nt to use a fixed date or want other text to appear in place of today s date put that text in the Date environment Note that using this environment is optional If you don t provide any ATFX will automatically insert today s date Be sure to do this at the top of the document You can use footnotes to insert thanks or contact information 5If you are in one of these environments e Quote e Verse Enumerate e List e Quotation e ltemize e Description LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit Return rather than resetting it to Standard LyX will still reset the nesting depth however 23 3 LyX Basics 3 3 4 Headings There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings LyX takes care of the numbering for you All you need to do is decide what you re going to call section 3 of chapter 9 3 3 4 1 Numbered Headings There are 6 numbered types of section headings They are 1 Chapter 2 Section 3 Subsection 4 Subsubsection 5 Paragraph 6 Subparagraph LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers separated by periods The numbers describe where in the document you are These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text For example suppose you re writing a book You group the book into chapters LyX does similar grouping e Either Chapter or Section is the maximum sectioning level e Chapters are divided into Sections e Sections are divided into Subsectio
97. o you can type in that poem and merrily hit Return without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you Of course that means that once you re done typing in that poem you have to change back to the Standard environment yourself 26 3 3 Paragraph Environments 3 3 5 1 Quote and Quotation Now that we ve described the similarities of these three environments it s time for the differences Quote and Quotation are identical except for one difference Quote uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line Quotation always indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout Here s an example of the Quote environment This is in the Quote environment I can keep writing extending this line out further and further until it wraps See no indentation Here s the second paragraph of this quote Again there s no indentation but there is extra space between me and the other paragraph That ends that example Here s another example this time in the Quotation environ ment This is in the Quotation environment If I keep writing you ll see the indentation If your country uses a writing style that shows off new para graphs by indenting the first line then Quotation is the environment for you Well you d use it if you were quoting other text Here s a new paragraph I could ramble on and on like a politician at election time If I did that though you d g
98. o actively set a linebreak e g in a poem or for an Address see sections 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 2 and 3 3 7 2 6 7 Spellchecking LyX itself has no built in spellchecker Rather it uses the external ispell program as a backend or the newer and generally better aspell This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these programs The spellchecker can be started with the menu entry Tools gt Spellchecker Checking will start just after the current cursor position A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect or unknown word found allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line Whenever an unknown word is found the word is highlighted and the view in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible In the Spellchecker dialog there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction if any could be found Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace input field double click to invoke replace 6 7 1 Spellchecker Options The following options can be set in the Tools Preferences dialog 6 7 1 1 Dictionary By default the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of the text you re checking which is set in the Document Settings dialog If you do not have a dic tionary for the document language the spellchecker will not work In this case you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by specifying a different alternative language 89 6 More Tool
99. olumns directly from the keyboard There are a few things you need to know about this table This manual is set up by hand mind you to print all of these characters That ain t the default Nowhere near in fact Here are some of the details you ll need to bear in mind when using characters from the Latin1 character set e The characters at entries A2 A4 A5 A6 and AD the cent the yen the generic currency symbol the broken vertical bar and the short dash are just plain missing in the default encodings We don t know where they are or why this is the case e Even if you ve selected latin1 in the Document gt Settings dialog users who have only the T1 fonts for TEX or who have the T1 fonts but aren t using them will still miss a few characters DO FO DE FE AB and BB the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn and the french quotes won t show up e Users of T1 fonts can however get the french quotes characters AB and BB if they include the either the package umlaute sty or german sty in their documents The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display directly It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table but also the characters from IS08859 2 through 4 e From IS08859 1 AETOU Ai OF diaeresis AEITOUA TO4 circumflex gt This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself The automatic quote feature described in Section 3 7 2 2 wil
100. ore this environment 33 3 LyX Basics 3 3 8 2 Bibliography The Bibliography environment is used to list references Technically you could use this environment anywhere but you really should only use it at the end of the document Also don t bother trying to nest Bibliography in anything else or vice versa It won t work When you first open a Bibliography environment LyX add a large vertical space followed by the heading Bibliography or References depending on the document class The heading is in a large boldface font Each paragraph of the Bibliography en vironment is a bibliography entry Thus hitting Return does not reset the paragraph environment Each new paragraph is still in the Bibliography environment At the beginning of the first line of each paragraph you will see a gray button showing a number If you click on it you will get a dialog in which you can set a key and a label The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography entry For example suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about TEX We could choose the key latexguide for that entry You can also give a label which will be displayed in the gray inset box The key field isn t useless You can refer to your bibliography entries using the Insert gt Citation command Just choose the key inside in the available keys list then add a reference by clicking on the left arrow which will add it to the selecte
101. ostScript part too This way you have the full PostScript and BTFX power combined except for the possibility to scale the figure after creating So if you want scalable pictures the PostScript format is your only choice Another little advantage of letting MTX typeset the font is that the same font will appear in your figures as in your text which looks a little nicer 4 4 Tables LyX has powerful table support but TEX can do many more things with tables than LyX is currently capable of so you might want to look at a good TEX book if the features described here should turn out to be inadequate You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or Insert Table A dialog will appear asking you for the number of rows and columns The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell a line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the lowest row forming a box around the table Additionally the topmost row also has a line at the bottom which causes this row to appear separated from the rest of the table Here s an example If you get an error like unknown graphics extension pstex you have to declare these graphic extensions I think this is a transfig bug that occurs with ATEX 2e Simply add a line like namedef Gin rule ps_tex 1 feps ps_tex 1 in the file usr lib texmf tex latex graphics dvips def Then add pstex to the exten sion def Gin extensions eps ps pstex e
102. other How to nest an environment is quite simple Select Increase Environment Depth or Decrease Environment Depth from the Edit menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph the status bar will tell you how far you are nested You can also use the convenient key bindings S M Left and S M Right to change the nesting level The change will work on the current selection if you have made one allowing you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once or the current paragraph Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can If it s invalid to do so nothing happens if you try to change the depth Additionally if you change the depth of one paragraph it affects the depth of every paragraph nested inside of it It s hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case That depends specifically on what your text looks like Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see what happens Nesting isn t just limited to lists In LyX you can nest just about anything inside anything else as you re about to find out This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments TM p Left and M p Right are alternatives if you prefer those bindings 36 3 4 Nesting Environments 3 4 2 What You Can and Can t Nest Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you we need to tell you a little bit more about how nesting works The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simpl
103. out a book and that you would need to number results Dinbrief fiir Briefe nach deutscher Art Foils is used to make transparencies but is better than slides Linuxdoc Used with the SGML tools package formerly known as LinuxDoc It allows LyX to produce SGML output SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML The SGML tools package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by man pages Paper for use with the paper TEX document class not in all TEX distributions Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical Society APS American Institute of Physics AIP and Optical Society of America OSA This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features We won t go into any detail about how to use these different document classes here You can find all the details about the non standard classes in the Extended Editing manual Here we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all of the document classes 3 1 2 2 Selecting a Class You can select a class using the Document gt Settings dialog Select the class you want to use and make any fine tunings of the options you may need 3 1 2 3 Properties Each class has a default set of options Here s a quick table describing them 18 3 1 Document Types Pagestyle Sides Columns Max sectioning level article Plain One One Section report Plain One One Chapt
104. out dialog 46 3 6 Printing and Previewing o oo A A ee eS A A 49 3 0 1 OVERVIEW e x aos O 49 3 6 2 Quick Viewing with xdvi 02 4 51 3 6 3 Viewing the PostScript Version with ghostview 51 3 64 Printinge the File a 22 224 ar a A E A aida 51 3 7 A Few Words about Typography 52 3 7 1 Hyphens and Hyphenation a oia ci 52 3 7 2 Punctuation Marks aspen lg A yt eke 26 53 3 7 2 1 Abbreviations and End of Sentence 53 Bio MOLES eaa a al as iS 54 Ikos A rs II II II aa ah eS o f 54 3 7 4 Widows and Orphans aoaaa atado dee S 55 Tables Figures and Notes 57 A Footnotes 0 o id e ODIA A alee eS ad 57 4 2 Margin Notes A A dk ong eR ee de Bde eh A ook 57 4 3 Figures and Imported Graphics sora vis ia a 58 Ads HOWIE WOTKS dis a Pa LS A OS AA TA ae te tada 58 1242 Fig re Floats Wir da A a 60 4 3 2 1 Using Figure Floats aseos ole doe ew a aS 60 4 3 2 2 Float Placement ae ee ide a epee 6 62 43 3 En oe eh ek aod uh ay Reon Re A eo Ree eS 63 Aa Fables A a ee el ee Re a oes a A 64 14 1 Ehe Tablesdialos pese sioi Sua aca ees ded A 65 4 42 What can be placed inside a table cell 66 4 4 3 Cut amp Paste in Tables 5 Sag he MM A do 67 4 4 4 Multiple lines in cells o naaa 67 Ador Fable PIONS es 2 0er o pt 68 4 5 Table of Contents and other Listings 69 4 5 1 The Table of Contents 16 00 RAI E ed da da 69 4 5 2 List of Figures Tables and Algori
105. p into three parts but places everything in the left side of the line To change the alignment points of the equation place the cursor where you want to start the middle part of the line and hit C Tab It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region of the equation which by the way is not typeset by BTFX in display math size so you should not put large expressions like fractions there Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin and hit C Tab again The extra insertion points in the line will disappear 5 5 Equation Numbering and Labels Equation numbering is very easy in LyX All it takes to change a displayed equation like 14 2 3 into the numbered equation 14 2 3 5 1 is to go to the Insert menu and select the Label option This opens a dialog in which you must enter some string as the label There is no need to call it by a spe cific number since TEX will take care of re numbering the equation Labels will not appear as such on the final output BT X will insert appropriate numbers for the equations The labels are used internally for cross referencing You can turn on num bering without a specific label with the menu option Edit gt Math gt Toggle Numbering while the cursor is in the equation such as 14 1 2 5 2 You can toggle it on or off with this menu item You can reference a labelled not just numbered equation cf 5 1 by using the Cross Reference dia
106. ps gz ps gz eps 2EZ This should fix the whole thing Alternatively you may export the postscript part as foo eps and change the AT X part foo pstex_t manually But this is annoying 64 4 4 Tables 12 45 98 multi Q W gt 4 4 1 The Table dialog You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button which brings up a settings dialog Among these options are e Adding removing border lines from a row or column If you remove the top line from one of the rows you ll get a dotted line in LyX but no line will appear in the printout If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below then the rows are separated by a small space as you can see with the top row in the example above You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and the left line of the column to the right e Text alignment in a column e Appending rows and columns e Deleting rows columns or the entire table e Multicolumn e Setting a fixed width for a column e Longtable options this is useful if your table is higher than the paper Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the next one instead of running of the end of the page e Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways by 90 degrees You can also use the menu to perform these operations Try Edit Table or Edit gt Rows amp Cols when the cursor is inside a table Most of the
107. r controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section heading Unfortunately the number you choose with the slider is really goofy so here s a table of values and what they do Sec Num Depth LyX numbers these value section headings 2 no numbering of any kind 1 add Parts 0 and 0 add Chapters 1 add Sections 2 add Subsections 3 add Subsubsections 4 add Paragraphs 5 add Subparagraphs The increasing numbers are cumulative a setting of 0 will number parts and chapters while 2 will number parts chapters sections and subsections Of course if you re using a document class that doesn t use part or chapter headings e g the default article class then the numbering begins at the Section heading and 0 also corresponds to no numbering There s another counter in the dialog called Table of contents depth It works the same way as Section numbering depth only it controls which sectioning levels appear 25 3 LyX Basics in you guessed it the Table of Contents This is a great control to have Suppose you wanted to number all sectioning heading but you only wanted Chapters Sections and Subsections in the Table of Contents You d just set Section numbering depth to 5 and Table of contents depth to 2 and voila You re all set 3 3 4 4 Special Information The following information applies to Chapter Section Subsection S
108. respond to the various beginfenvironment end enuironment command sequences in an ordinary BTFX file If you don t know XTRX or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally alien to you we urge you to read the Tutorial The Tutorial also contains many more examples than this section does A paragraph environment is simply a container for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties This can include a particular style of font different margins a numbering scheme labels and so on Additionally you can nest the different environments inside one another allowing one environment to inherit some of the properties of another The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy tab stops on the fly margin adjustment and other hold overs from the days of typewriters There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular document type We ll only be covering the most common ones here To choose a new paragraph environment use the pull down box on the left end of the toolbar LyX will change the environment of the entire paragraph in which the cursor sits You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if you select them before choosing the new environment 22 3 3 Paragraph Environments Note that hitting Return will typically create a new paragraph using the Standard paragraph environment We say typically because this isn t always the
109. rmally wrap to fit the page so if a line of text in a table is too long the table will extend beyond the right margin of the page Similarly tables will not split themselves at the bottom of a page and so might extend below the bottom margin You have these options to resolve this problem 1 Split it into two tables 2 Select the Longtable button in the Table dialog This automatically splits the table over more pages if it is too tall After doing this the list of Longtable buttons activate themselves and you may now define 67 4 Tables Figures and Notes a First header The current row and all rows above that don t have any special options defined are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable b Header The current row and all rows above that don t have any special op tions defined are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable except for the first page if First header is defined c Footer The current row and all rows below that don t have any special op tions defined are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable except for the last page if Last footer is defined d Last footer The current row and all rows below that don t have any special options defined are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable If you set more than one option in the same table row you should be aware of the fact that only the first flag is used in the given ta
110. rsion of the title This shorter version is used in the header and in the actual Table of Contents avoiding the problem mentioned LyX allows you to specify this optional argument by selecting Insert gt Short Title This will insert a box Well you can but only if you use the Page number reference The regular Reference the one that refers to a section table figure number won t work because there s no numbered thingy to refer to You could also use bare Labels as page markers then refer back to them using the Page number reference Once again the regular Reference won t work very well It will refer to something but that something will typically be the number of the previous numbered section heading Important note When you use the following characters 4 you have to write them with a backslash before e g URLs mustn t end with a backslash 3For those who don t know MTX commands look like this command optionalargument the content 84 6 4 Branches labelled opt which stands for optional which you can use to enter the short title text This also works for captions inside floats The title of this section is a good example of using this feature 6 4 Branches Sometimes you wish to be able to output to paper multiple versions of the same document The most extreme version of this is when you want to prepare a single document in two or more different languages but as a s
111. rsor with the arrow keys or selecting with the mouse Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on Apply The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure If you re trying to enter a TEX Y for grouping you should read 5 3 or 5 3 Grouping You may need to group a set of symbols In BIFX for example the typesetting of x y z is different from x7 y z Zz z x differs from gz 76 5 4 Arrays and Multi line Equations However trying to type the in LyX gives an actual closing brace in the output To create this grouping you need to use the key sequence then type space Inside LyX you will see red braces indicating the grouping The example directly above shows how this works 5 4 Arrays and Multi line Equations Arrays such as matrices are easily entered in LyX In the Math Panel there is a matrix button which will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows columns Here is an example 1 2 3 4 5 6 789 The parentheses aren t automatic but you can add them as usual Remember that you can add this after the fact by highlighting the matrix inside Mathed Position the mouse on one side of the matrix hold the Shift key down and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the matrix You can when you construct the matrix decide whether the columns or some of them will be left right or center justified The specification is ccc by defa
112. s If you re using ispell you may need to make a link from say deutsch aff hash to german aff hash or whatever applies for your language This is because these ispell files normally have the native language name deutsch whereas ispell when started from LyX searches for the English version of the name used with the TEX babel package german You may also have problems the font encoding is not correct for that dictionary If you use a language with latin1 encoding and set the Encoding option in the Document gt Settings dialog to latin1 or other than default you must have this option in your language dictionary as well If your dictionary doesn t support the Encoding you chose you ll have an error like this on stderr ispell unrecognized formatter type latin1l The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn t start the ispell process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file There are four solutions to this problem The easiest is to try the Use Input Encoding option If that does not help you can set Encoding to default when calling the spellchecker which is probably annoying The third is to add the latin1 option to your dictionary lt language gt aff file and recompile the dictionary which probably isn t easy if you installed the whole stuff with some distribution and don t have the language directory of the ispell sources Read the ispell documentation for this task The
113. s not nested inside a In fact it s not nested at all 2 Back out again Notice how item b is not only no longer nested but is also the first item of a new ist en another trap you can fall into nesting the table but not going deep enough LyX turns anything after the table into a new sub list 1 Item One a This is a and it s nested oy a This is b The table is actually nested inside Item One but not inside a 2 Back out again 39 3 LyX Basics As you can see item b turned into the first item of a new list but a new list inside item 1 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation So if you nest tables figures or equations make sure you go to the right depth Then there are the so called Floats A Float is a block of text associated with some sort of label but which doesn t have a fixed location It can float forward or backward a page or two to wherever it fits best Footnotes and Margin Notes are floats as are Table Floats and Figure Floats When you re editing a document in LyX a closed Float looks like a gray button with a red label and goes wherever the paragraph it s in goes However because a Float has no fixed location in the final text nesting has no effect on its actual location after you feed your document to TFX 3 4 4 Usage and General Features Speaking of levels LyX can perform up to a six fold nesting In other words level 6
114. s the original author of LyX A more widely used character style is the Emphasized style You can activate or deactivate it s also a toggle the Emphasized style by 1 e clicking on the toolbar button with the character on it e using the keybindings M c e At the moment the Emphasized style is equivalent to an italicized font We have plans to make that association more user configurable in the future We ve been using the Emphasized style all over the place in this document Here s one more example Don t overuse character styles It s also a warning in addition to an example One s writing should parallel ordinary conversation Since we don t all constantly scream at each other we should also avoid the common tendency to overuse character style Oh one last note You can always reset to the default font using the keybinding M c Space 3 5 4 Fine Tuning with the Character Layout dialog There are always occasions when you ll need to do some fine tuning so LyX gives you a way to create custom character style For example an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet requiring a sans serif font be used in certain situ ations Also writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character s thoughts from ordinary dialogue Before we document how to use custom character style we want to issue a warning yet again Don t overuse character styles Many modern word processors have a vast array of
115. se can be edited only once Macro names mustn t contain numbers 79 5 Mathematical Formulae 5 6 2 How to navigate in macros With the arrow keys Opening a macro from the left side will put the cursor in the first argument to move to the second argument use the TAB key Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the right side of the macro With the mouse As usual click on the desired argument box Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small Currently it is only possible to define command macros but not environment macros 5 7 Fine Tuning 5 7 1 Typefaces You can use various typefaces in a formula The standard font for text is italic text but for numbers the standard is Roman To set a font in a formula choose it from the math panel or by entering the BTFX command for it directly as follows Font BTEX Command Roman mathrm Bold mathbf Italic mathit Typewriter mathtt BLACKBOARD mathbb Srattur mathfrak CALLIGRAPHIC mathcal SansSerif mathsf I4TRX s math mode does not support all characters in all fonts and only letters will be supported with these font styles some only support capital letters For any of these fonts you have to be careful how you enter the text If there is text to the right of the entry point the font reverts to that style after one character To be able to type a string i
116. se options also work on selections This means that if you select more cells columns or rows the action is done on all of your selection Note that there is a difference between selecting the contents of the cell and the cell itself If you can see a red border inside a cell then a selection will select the contents If you press Escape or click outside of the box then the selection will select cells whether you use the mouse or the normal cursor movement keys When you append a row it is added below the row containing the cursor Similarly columns are appended to the right of the cursor This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without a lot of cutting and pasting Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor The multicolumn option merges two or more adjacent cells on a given row For example in the above table row B has had multicolumn applied to the columns 65 4 Tables Figures and Notes labelled 45 and 98 To use it you must first select the cells then choose Multicol umn from the menu This will not work vertically see the Table Examples document for how to do this You can also use Multicolumn if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell s top and bottom border lines and text alignment Here an example of this special handling of a cell x x y point a amp b 103 9 point b amp a 599 340 point abc 1009 52 point abcd 96
117. sible to set a bounding box automatically for some image formats see the Bounding Box tab Note that it is possible to control the display of the figure in LyX and the display in the final document separately which can be very useful for large figures ETRX wizards can specify additional TEX options in the Extras tab You can also set the Subfigure option here for use in figure floats see Section 4 3 2 1 4 3 1 How it works LyX has the ability to handle literally any graphics format in the known universe so long as a conversion path from this graphics format to the target output format can be created If that sounds a little obtuse consider how LyX handles Encapsulated PostScript figures TEX provides native support for this format so LyX needs do 58 4 3 Figures and Imported Graphics Table 4 1 Units for setting the image size unit name description mm millimetre cm centimetre in inch pt point 72 27 pt 1 in pc pica 1 pc 12 pt sp scaled point 65536 sp 1 pt bp big point 72 bp 1 in dd didot 72 dd 37 6mm cc cicero lec 12 dd Scale of original image width text of text width col of column width page of paper width line of line width theight of text height pheight of paper height ex height of letter x in current font em width of letter M in current font mu math unit 1 mu 1 18 em nothing other than use the
118. st the standard Hello world program LyX Code has one purpose to typeset code such as program source shell scripts rc files and so on Use it only in those very very special cases where you need to generate text as if you used a typewriter SIn the LyX Code environment the Space key is treated as a Protected Blank instead of an end of word marker 35 3 LyX Basics 3 4 Nesting Environments 3 4 1 The Big Deal Throughout the previous sections we ve been nagging you to go read Section 3 4 So you re probably wondering what the big deal is The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional wordprocessor as overglorified typewriter concept With a typewriter text is merely ink on a page Most word processors aren t much better treating text as pixels on the screen and bytes in memory In contrast LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific properties However what if you wanted one block to inherit some of the properties of another block Here s a more specific example outlines You have three main points in your outline but point 2 also has two subpoints In other words you have a list inside of another list with the inner list attached to item 2 1 one 2 two a sublist item 1 b sublist item 2 3 three How do you put a list inside of a list By now the answer should be obvious you nest one list inside the
119. t do this yourself Administrators of large systems often neglect this so don t assume that you re safe if you re using a large system Also ordinary users can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard 2 3 1 xmodmap and xkeycaps First of all read the man pages for these two programs They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping correctly If you don t have them install them 2 3 1 1 xmodmap This document contains no information on how to use xmodmap There is a sam ple Xmodmap file in Customization To load the new X keyboard mappings place the command xmodmap Xmodmap somewhere in your startup scripts e g cshrc profile login or xinitrc are possible 2 3 1 2 xkeycaps This program brings up a graphical version of your keyboard allows you to make modifications and then spits those modifications out to the standard output in a form readable by xmodmap It is very useful when you re trying to design a new Xmodmap file though it will require you to do a bit of cut and pasting 2The preferences file is found in different directories on different systems This directory is called LyX s user directory To find out where it is use Help gt About LyX You may set up an alternative user directory from the command line using the switch userdir 10 2 3 Setting Up the X Keyboard obsolescent 2 3 2 Modifiers and Mode_switch LyX supports three modifiers Shift S Control C and Meta
120. t is unlike most other word processors in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core editing style That means that when you type a section header you mark it as a Section not Bold 17 pt type left justified 5 mm space below LyX takes care of the typesetting for you so you deal only with concepts not the mechanics This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the Introduction If you haven t read it yet you need to Yes we mean now The Introduction describes several things in addition to LyX s philosophy most importantly the format of all of the manuals If you don t read it you ll have a bear of a time navigating this manual You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead of this one Introduction describes that too 1 2 Getting Started 1 2 1 Invoking LyX Similar to other Linux and other brands of Unix programs you start LyX by simply typing lyx at the command line You can of course include several command line options including file names We re not going to repeat all of the command line options here since we ve already done that in the man page for LyX Check there for more info There are one or two things we d like to comment on Please note that if you include more than one file name on the command line LyX will load them all though it won t display them all simultaneously More on that in a bit 1 2 2 How
121. t type of labelling LyX uses for the Enumerate and Itemize environments The number of other Enumerate environments surrounding it deter mines what kind of label LyX uses for an Enumerate item The same rule applies for the Itemize environment as well 3 4 5 4 Example 4 Going Bonkers 1 We re going to go totally nuts now We won t nest as deep as in the other examples nor will we go into the same detail with how we did it level 1 Enumerate Return M p Right Standard level 2 We ll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the example in brackets someplace For example the two keybindings are how we changed the depth The environment name is obvi ously the name of the current environment Either before or after this we ll put in the level 2 Return Enumerate level 1 This is the next item in the list Now we ll add verse It will get much worse Return M p Right Verse level 2 Fiddle dee Fiddle doo Bippitey boppitey boo M Return Here comes a table for you one fish two fish red fish blue fish M Return Table M p Right 3 times M Return Verse M p Left 43 3 LyX Basics 3 Return Enumerate level 1 This is another item Note that selecting a Table resets the nesting depth to level 1 so we increased the nesting depth 3 times to put the table inside the Verse environment We re now ending the Enumerate list and changing to Quotation We re still at level 41 We
122. tandard to end the list There you have it Oh we could have also used the Description Quote Quotation or even the Verse environment in place of the List environment The example would have worked exactly the same 41 3 LyX Basics 3 4 5 2 Example 2 Inheritance This is the LyX Code environment at level 1 the outermost level Now we 11 hit Return then M p Right after which we 11 change to the Enumer ate environment 1 This is the Enumerate environment at level 2 2 Notice how the nested Enumerate not only inherits its margins from its parent environment LyX Code but also inherits its font and spacing We ended this example by hitting Return After that we needed to reset the para graph environment to Standard and resetting the nesting depth by using M p Left once 3 4 5 3 Example 3 Labels Levels and the Enumerate and Itemize Environments 1 This is level 1 in an Enumerate paragraph environment We re actually going to nest a bunch of these a This is level 2 We used M Return followed by M p Right Now what happens if we nest an Itemize environment inside of this one It will be at level 3 but what will its label be An asterisk e No It s a bullet This is the first ltemize environment even though it s at level 3 So its label is a bullet Note we got here by using M Return then M p Right then changing the environment to Itemize Here s level 4 produced using M Return
123. that if you cut amp paste text from another document that contains a Label or Reference or if you delete a label in your text TEX will complain LaTeX Warning Reference X on page Y undefined on input line Z LaTeX Warning There were undefined references You ll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference There are a few more comments we need to make about the Labels They always print the number of the section heading closest to them So if you want to put a label on a Chapter but a Section heading immediately follows it you need to put the Label into the Chapter environment It doesn t matter where and it will look weird on the LyX screen However you need to do this if you want to label the Chapter separately from the Section The same goes for all other section headings Also a Label only makes sense in numbered section headings and table and figure floats Bare figures and tables aren t numbered so like unnumbered section headings 83 6 More Tools you can t really use a Label on it See sections 4 3 2 1 4 4 5 and 5 5 for details on using a Label with figures tables and equations respectively 6 2 URLs Uniform Resource Locators It is often desirable to include long verbatim items in a document such as Web site URLs e mail addresses etc these things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset properly Such items will often fall on a line boundar
124. the top of a text page first then the bottom of a text page then on a page by itself If you want LyX to try really hard to place the figure where you command it precede the list with an exclamation point for example htbp Here are some example entries and what they do 1 hbp Try putting the figure table at its actual position in the text If that doesn t work put it on the bottom of the page If that fails put it on a separate page 2 hbp Try really hard to put the figure table at its actual position in the text Then the bottom of the page then on a separate page 3 tp Put the figure table at the top of each page If it s too long put it on a separate page 4 p Always put figures and tables on their own page 4 3 3 XFig and LyX One obvious question is how would I create the figures Fortunately the answer is included in most Linux and or TEX distributions XFig is a powerful though slightly awkward drawing tool If you want to include figures that you have created with XFig there are several ways We recommend the following 1 Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous sections The great advantage of this way is that you have the full power of PostScript available That means Bezier curves colors all line thicknesses and many more If you have inserted text into your fig document this will be printed with PostScr
125. them LyX gives you the ability to globally change all of these pre coded spacings We ll explain more later 3There is a way to force IATFX to indent all paragraphs LyX won t show this of course but ATEX will print it that way You ll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command in the preamble Actually ATEX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file 21 3 LyX Basics 3 2 2 Global Indentation Method To select the default method of separating paragraphs select Indent or Skip to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs respectively 3 2 3 Fine Tuning You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph Open the Edit gt Paragraph Settings dialog and toggle the No Indent button to change the state of the current paragraph If paragraphs indent by default this button will be inactive at first Ifparagraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation this button will be completely ignored you can t indent a single paragraph by toggling this You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph if you need to do some fine tuning Typically you ll select Indent or Skip for the entire document and edit away 3 2 4 Changing Line Spacing In the Document gt Settings dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the setspace package installed 3 3 Paragraph Environments 3 3 1 Overview The paragraph environments cor
126. then M p Right We ll do that again i to get to level 5 This time however we also changed the paragraph environment back to Enumerate Notice the type of numbering It s lowercase Roman because we re the thirdfold Enumerate environment i e we re an Enumerate inside an Enu merate inside an Enumerate ii What happens if we don t change the paragraph environment but decrease the nesting depth What type of numbering does LyX use iii Oh as if you couldn t guess by now we re just using M Return to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item iv Let s use M p Left to decrease the depth after the next M Return i This is level 4 Look what type of label LyX is using 42 3 4 Nesting Environments i This is level 3 Even though we ve changed levels LyX is still using a lowercase Roman numeral as the label Why ii Because even though the nesting depth has changed the paragraph is still a thirdfold Enumerate environment Notice however that LyX did reset the counter for the label b Another M Return M p Left sequence and we re back to level 2 This time we not only changed the nesting depth but we also moved back into the twofold nested Enumerate environment 2 The same thing happens if we do another M Return M p Left sequence and return to level 1 the outermost level Lastly we reset the environment to Standard As you can see the level number doesn t correspond to wha
127. thms 69 Contents 5 Mathematical Formulae 71 5 1 Basic Math Editing dia ao Be A ae oe oe eed 71 5 1 1 Navigating a Formula 2 a ea Ben edt Bee 6 a 71 512 Selectie Leve da ote do ete He ae a ys 72 5 1 3 Exponents and Subscripts ses ar a a eA 72 dell Beaches as to e Vase a ania E de o i a Ent 72 5 1 5 Sums and Integrals oaa a eo 72 5 1 6 The Math Panel ce dejara dr piro Y to a 73 5 1 7 Other Math Symbols mia 2 2 6 A AA 73 5 1 8 Altering SPACE ERA SEAS AA 73 5 1 9 Math functions ea a Bhs Bee ae Me ee ad 74 SALTO Accents A A eG 74 5 1 11 The math editor for BT X Users lt lt 75 5 2 Brackets and decorations 4 ok O BOR Ba Re Be 76 Geo AGROUpIIR wt a i dh fa gina We se date ie a Bee te CE Seer ee Wee lt 76 5 4 Arrays and Multi line Equations 21 6406 dia 4 Gee a es TI 5 5 Equation Numbering and Labels o a a aa a 78 5 6 User defined macros in math mode 79 5 6 1 How to create macros ad oe ES 79 5 6 2 How to navigate in macros aooo a a 80 ST CRIME LU s e arts be HS ds a ua ioen a a Sek A 80 Bole Typefaces nie da e a ye a baca lo da ee em 80 5 7 2 Math Text Mode 4 tas ss A PA 81 Bolus HP ONT INES are fxg sec soc Us tong ar a Bea ee Bn nae BS Brea ta 81 de AMS kb Score Mh ds IS ce Bh oo a eee hae Be lada 82 5 8 1 Enabling AMS Support oia aire E de 82 5 8 2 AMS Symbols ara ac a A oo ee AS 82 5 8 3 AMS Formula Types a DAA RAE A e
128. ubsubsection Para graph Subparagraph as well as Section Subsection and Subsubsection e You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments e You can only use inlined math in these environments e You cannot nest other environments into these environments e You can use labels and cross references to refer to their numbers As for examples of these paragraph environments look around you We re using them everywhere in the manuals 3 3 4 5 Creating an Appendix To create an appendix simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select Document gt Start Appendix Here A red brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate there is something special about it and the numerical chapter or section label s will be changed to a letter 3 3 5 Quotes and Poetry LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations They are Quote Quotation and Verse Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins These three paragraph environments already have those changes built in They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below the text they contain They also allow nesting so you can put a Verse in a Quotation as well as in some other paragraph environments There is another feature of these three paragraph environments they do not reset to Standard when you start a new paragraph S
129. uffer type math insert root This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign Use Up and Down to move between the two boxes You can also use the key binding M m r 5 1 8 Altering spacing You may want to create blank spaces that differs from the standard spacing that ET X provides We don t recommend this as a matter of course since the whole 73 5 Mathematical Formulae idea of WYSIWYM is that you don t think about the typesetting but the content However there are situations where you will want to add spaces The first thing to do is to type C Space This generates a small space and shows a small marker on the screen within LyX ab The next trick is to change that space to different sizes Before you move the cursor after typing C Space if you hit Space again you will change the size of the space through a number of variable sizes The last ones in the list are red and are a negative space For example a b or ab You can also insert these spaces via the math panel 5 1 9 Math functions The math panel contains a number of functions such as sin lim etc you can type them in a formula by typing sin etc Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names like sin should not be italicized Entering just the letters sin within Mathed will give italics of course so these special macros are available They do more to the final output than just change the typeface however For example
130. ult Each letter corresponds to the relevant column For example 1cr means that the first column will be left justified the second will be centered and the third column will be right justified It will look like this this this column this column column has hasright hasleftalignment center alignment alignment You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting C Enter while in the matrix and you can add columns or delete either via the Edit Math and Edit gt Rows amp Cols menus There are numerous other arrays used in BIFX math mode particularly with the AMS FETRX packages included such as cases and commutative diagrams Not all of these are supported in LyX but some are see Insert gt Math Multi line equations are very easy to construct in LyX A formula will automatically switch to an eqnarray format BT X s multi line displayed equation format if you hit C Enter The best way to do this if you decide you want a multi line displayed equation is to insert a new line with C Enter immediately Each line then has three regions left center and right which you can move through using either the arrow keys the mouse or the Tab key Here is an example 3 1 2 4 5 9 You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi line formula by hitting C Enter while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula However LyX will not TT 5 Mathematical Formulae try to decide where to break the formula u
131. view Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards spec ifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font For example instead of changing to an italicized version of the current font to emphasize text you use an emphasized style instead This concept fits in perfectly with LyX In LyX you do things based on contexts rather than focusing on typesetting details Right now LyX allows you to specify a global default font and has two character styles Emphasized and Noun The Emphasized style corresponds to an italics font The Noun style corresponds to a font in smallcaps which some languages and writing styles use to typeset proper names The LyX Team has at last as of LyX version 1 4 introduced true character styles but currently these must be defined explicitly in the document layout file There s currently no GUI support to define new or tweak existing character styles to allow you the user to customize which font changes correspond to what styles 3 5 2 Global Options You can set the default font from the Document Settings dialog There are two options of interest here Fonts and Font Size The possible options under Fonts include default and a list of fonts available on your system The option default uses the standard TEX fonts known as computer modern cm or European modern ec Most systems will typically have some version of a Times and Helvetica font
132. with it If you re installing LyX on your system you should read the README s that came with the LyX distribution and then Help LaTeX Configuration Do that first This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary Well not every thing It does describe all of the things you ll need to use LyX to its fullest 2 2 Basic LyX Setup There are two ways to run LyX The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system Of course you need root administrator privileges to do that The second way to run LyX doesn t require root access letting you install LyX somewhere in your own account LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories are put in the correct places There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX without resorting to configuration files First LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs BIFX document classes and BTFX packages are available It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several preferences variables Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed on your system you might have some items that you installed locally and which are not seen by LyX To force LyX to re inspect your system you should use Tools gt Reconfigure You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account As far as TX classes and packages are concerned you will fin
133. y 6 8 International Support This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language on a U S style keyboard with a standard U S paper size and the spellchecker set to U S English You can change any or all of these settings as desired and you can make the changes apply to the current session only or use them as your new default configuration If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using for example a German keyboard for writing in German and you have correctly configured your X environ ment all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language the character encoding and desired paper size Refer to 6 8 1 for more information If however you have a U S style keyboard and want to write in a different language than English you can use an alternate keymap For example if you have a U S style keyboard but want to write in Italian you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap Refer to 6 8 2 for details Finally you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely different keymap for Vulcan for instance You may for example normally write in Italian on a U S keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German In such a case you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing one to support the characters you want The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are way beyond the
134. y if they cannot be split resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances You can use Insert gt URL within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully if necessary along automatically determined boundaries At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL or other address like entity simply select Insert gt URL a dialog will appear where you can enter the full URL in the Url field In its simplest usage that s all you need to do Click on the following gray box to see how LyX s homepage would be entered http waw lyx org If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL enter it into the Name field of the dialog it will be typeset as plain text immediately before the URL For example I might say that you can find all things related to ETRX at CTAN http ctan tug org On the printed page the last sentence ends as all things related to HTX at CTAN http ctan tug org Author s Note somebody needs to document the HTML Type button 6 3 Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments Some section or chapter titles such as this one can get quite long This can cause over runs when there is limited horizontal space For example if the header of the page is set to show the current section title a long title will over run past the edges and look awful TEX allows you to specify an optional argument to the section commands that specifies a shorter ve
135. you need to do four things 1 Use a document class that includes support all but letter 2 Set paragraph environments appropriately Chapter Sub Section Sub Paragraph Note that styles with a like Section will not appear in the Table of Contents 3 Make sure you set the Section number depth and Table of contents depth in the Document Layout dialog to the appropriate value as described in 3 3 4 3 4 Insert the ToC command at some place in the document You ll find it under Insert List TOC Table of Contents You can also bring up a dialog for navigating through your document with Document gt Table of Contents 4 5 2 List of Figures Tables and Algorithms Table figure and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents You can insert them from the Insert List TOC submenu If you want figures tables or algorithms to appear in the list you must place them inside a float of the relevant type and add a caption 69 4 Tables Figures and Notes 70 5 Mathematical Formulae 5 1 Basic Math Editing To create a math formula you can just click on the toolbar icon with att on it That will open a little blue square with purple markers around it on the corners That blue square is the formula itself the purple markers indicate what level of nesting within the formula you are at You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the Insert Math menu or you can use a keyboard macro M

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