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User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics

1. Burglary 28A Burglary in a dwelling 28B Attempted burglary in a dwelling 28C Distraction burglary in a dwelling 28D Attempted distraction burglary in a dwelling 29 Aggravated burglary in a dwelling Bicycle theft 44 Theft or unauthorised taking of pedal cycle Theft from person 39 Theft from the person Vandalism 56 Arson 56A Arson endangering life 56B Arson not endangering life 58A Criminal damage to a dwelling 58B Criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling 58C Criminal damage to a vehicle 58D Other criminal damage 58E Racially religiously aggravated criminal damage to a dwelling 58F Racially religiously aggravated criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling 58G Racially religiously aggravated criminal damage to a vehicle 58H _ Racially religiously aggravated other criminal damage 18 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics BCS category Recorded crime offence included Assault without injury 104 Assault without injury on a constable 105A Assault without injury 105B Racially religiously aggravated assault without injury Assault with minor injury 8A Less serious wounding and wounding 8D Racially religiously aggravated less serious wounding 8G Actual bodily harm ABH and other injury 8J Racially or religiously aggravated ABH or other injury 8K Poisoning or female genital mutilation 5 More serious wounding or other act endangering life 5A inflicting grievous bodily harm GBH with intent 5B Use of sub
2. Month of interview Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 12 month reference period Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Interview year Apr May Jun Jul Mid point for survey estimates M Time period most closely comparable with recorded crime Averaging over the moving reference period of the BCS generates estimates that are most closely comparable with annual police recorded crime figures to the end of the September six months earlier For example BCS figures from the 2010 11 survey are most closely comparable with police recorded crime statistics for the 12 months to the end of September 2010 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics The Home Office commissioned methodological work to consider the use of an alternative method of presenting the data based on crimes experienced in a particular year Tipping et al 2010 compared the trajectory of a range of crime types presenting the data based on the year the interview took place compared with the year the incident took place There was no evidence that this different basis for reporting would have produced different findings over the period of 2001 to 2009 However during this period a steady decline in crime was experienced Tipping et al also noted that moving to presenting data based on the year that the incident took place would mean that analysts at the Home Office would have to wait an additional year before a com
3. The ACORN classification is still available on the British Crime Survey BCS dataset but the National Statistics Output Area Classification see OAC below is now used in demographic tables in the annual crime statistics bulletin Basic Command Units BCUs These equate to police divisions and are also referred to as Operational Command Units in some forces As at 1 April 2010 and therefore for the reporting year 2010 11 there were 190 BCUs in England and Wales Recorded crime figures for seven key offences for each BCU are published on the Home Office website Community Safety Partnerships CSPs Set up under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 the CSPs are in nearly all cases coterminous with local authority areas They include representatives from the police health probation and other local agencies and provide strategies for reducing crime in the area As at 1 April 2010 and therefore for the reporting year 2010 11 there were 334 CSPs in England and Wales In England they were previously termed Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships CDRPs Recorded crime figures for seven key offences for each CSP are published on the Home Office website together with equivalent figures for local authority areas Regions Government Office Regions GORs were established across England in 1994 Reflecting a number of government departments they aimed to work in partnership with local people and organisations in order to maximise prosperity and
4. From 1 April 2002 only includes assaults involving no injury 105B Racially or religiously aggravated assault without injury see classification 105A SEXUAL OFFENCES Most serious sexual crime 17A 17B 19C 19D 19E 19F 19G 19H 20A 20B 21 22A 22B 70 71 72 Other 23 24 Sexual assault on a male aged 13 and over Sexual assault on a male child under 13 Rape of a female aged 16 and over Rape of a female child under 16 Rape of a female child under 13 Rape of a male aged 16 and over Rape of a male child under 16 Rape of a male child under 13 Sexual assault on a female aged 13 and over Sexual assault on a female child under 13 Sexual activity involving a child under 13 Causing sexual activity without consent Sexual activity involving a child under 16 Sexual activity etc with a person with a mental disorder Abuse of children through prostitution and pornography Trafficking for sexual exploitation sexual offences Incest or familial sexual offences Exploitation of prostitution 57 25 Abduction of a female 27 Soliciting for the purpose of prostitution 73 Abuse of position of trust of a sexual nature 88A Sexual grooming 88C Other miscellaneous sexual offences 88D Unnatural sexual offences 88E Exposure and voyeurism ROBBERY Key elements of the offence of robbery Section 8 of the Theft Act 1968 are stealing and the use or threat of force immediately before doing so and
5. Home Office Statistical Bulletins are prepared by staff in Home Office Statistics under the National Statistics Code of Practice and can be downloaded from both the UK Statistics Authority website and the Home Office website http www statistics gov uk http www homeoffice gov uk science research Crown Copyright 2011 You may re use this information not including logos free of charge in any format or medium under the terms of the Open Government Licence To view this licence visit http www nationalarchives gov uk doc o pen government licence or write to the Information Policy Team The National Archives Kew London TW9 4DU or e mail psi nationalarchives gsi gov uk ISSN 1759 7005 ISBN 978 1 84987 493 9 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics Last Updated October 2011 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics ISBN 978 1 84987 493 9 July 2011 Contents Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Page MEMEO CUO os eos secs eres cece sesciseeyceeacensysscisees scene ees soeameei tsseceee teeatedessceceeypesccaeey 1 British Crime Survey BCS c ccccessseceeenseeeeeensneeeeenseaeeeenseaeeeeennenneeenees 3 2 1 Description of the SUIVCY cccec cece ee ceeeceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeneneeees 3 2 2 BCS Method logy is iisicocscccseeevct sides beckseeeis Lideetdeceeteeedcceeebecisthevecesuerteceseteeete 4 2 9 BCS IMNE WN enaa E ee Nivea
6. 1 7 2 2 1 7 26 1 0 0 7 1 2 6 464 35 44 0 6 04 08 0 8 06 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 6 0 2 0 1 04 7 976 45 54 0 5 0 3 06 0 5 03 0 7 0 9 0 7 1 2 0 5 0 3 06 7 805 55 64 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 5 03 06 0 5 0 3 0 7 0 3 0 2 0 5 8 139 65 74 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 6 577 75 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 5 908 1 The range given for these estimates is based on a 95 per cent confidence interval see Section 8 for more information 54 Table A 05 Confidence intervals around BCS estimates of household victimisation rates prevalence risk by household reference person age and tenure Percentages England and Wales 2010 11 BCS All household crime Vandalism Burglary Estimate Range Estimate Range Estimate Range Age of household reference person 16 24 21 4 19 0 23 8 6 4 5 0 7 8 6 4 5 0 7 8 25 34 21 0 19 7 223 7 5 6 7 83 3 4 2 9 4 0 35 44 20 6 19 5 21 6 7 8 7 2 85 2 9 25 3 4 45 54 19 8 18 8 20 7 8 0 7 3 86 2 6 2 3 3 0 55 64 14 7 13 8 15 6 6 2 56 6 8 2 1 1 8 25 65 74 9 3 8 5 10 2 3 3 28 38 1 2 09 15 75 6 3 5 6 7 1 1 8 14 22 1 4 1 0 1 7 Tenure Owner occupiers 15 3 14 8 15 7 6 1 5 8 6 4 1 9 1 7 2A Social renters 17 5 16 5 18 5 6 5 5 8 7 1 3 8 3 3 44 Private renters 18 6 17 5 19 7 5 8 52 6 5 3 7 3 2 42 Table A 05 cont Confidence intervals around BCS estimates of household victimisation rates prevalence risk by household re
7. 6 2 4 Time periods covered ccccccceeeececeececeeeeeseeeaeaeceeeeesdsecsaeaeeeeeeeeeeeeneanaeess 7 25 BCS measures Of CMe 2ecciectseeeeececiee sued cneeceactedseecacteesaectenngceactensuscienees 8 Police recorded Crime sireirriinsssrrisnrssrvssnnranninntssrnssnrasrecontssnnnositasnrssarasnessansa 11 3 1 Introduction to police recorded Crime cccececeeeeseceeceeeeeeeteesecaeeeeees 11 3 2 Recording practicos iresi hi etna adaahed ae etal 11 3 9 Delections sorreran aiia a 12 3 4 Changes to detection rates assseeesssesesneessrnasernnestennaanennaetannaarenneatannaa 14 3 5 Sanction detections and offences brought to justice eee 15 Comparison between the BCS and police recorded crime 0 00 17 4 1 Comparable subset Of Crime ccccccccceeeeeeeeneeceeeeeeeseceneaeeeeeeeeeteeaees 17 Crime types and drug OffCNCES ccccscccseeeeceseeeseeeseseeeenseeeesseeseseeeenseaeees 19 5 1 Violent CLIME eee cece ee ceeeee ee eete ee ee eeneeeeeteeeeeeeseaeaeeeseeeeeeseeeaeeeeeeeaeeeseenaeees 19 5 2 Acquisitive Crime cccccecececeeeeeeececeeceeeeeeeeecaaaeceeeeeeesecsacaeeeeeeeeeeeesnaeess 25 5 3 Vandalism and criminal damage cccceceeeeeeee sence ee eeteeeeetteeeeetnneeeeees 28 54 Froudand torda essre A 28 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 5 5 Racially or religiously aggravated Offences eccceecceeeeeeeeeeetceeeeeees 30 9 6 Drug OMSNCOS eassa
8. 7 2 HOUSEHOLD Household accommodation type The BCS uses this definition of the household s accommodation based on the National Statistics harmonised classification e House or bungalow detached semi detached terraced e Flat or maisonette includes purpose built block non purpose built including bedsits and all flats and maisonettes e Other accommodation types includes caravans and mobile homes 21 http www ons gov uk about statistics qgeography products geog products area names codes soa information note super output areas soas pdf 22 http www ons gov uk about statistics harmonisation secondary concepts and questions S6 pdf 39 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics Household reference person HRP For some topics it is necessary to select one person in the household to indicate the characteristics of the household more generally Following the National Statistics harmonised classifications the BCS replaced head of household with household reference person HRP in 2001 02 The HRP is the member of the household in whose name the accommodation is owned or rented or is otherwise responsible for the accommodation Where this responsibility is joint within the household the HRP is the person with the highest income If incomes are equal then the oldest person is the HRP Household structure The classification of households in the BCS is based on the number and combination of adults and child
9. 1 676 Nottinghamshire 1 097 Tenure Black or Black British 1 006 East Midlands Region 5 117 Owner occupiers 31 421 Chinese or other 655 Social renters 7 769 Staffordshire 962 Private renters 7 371 Marital status Warwickshire 1 050 Married 21 755 West Mercia 1 000 Household reference person s employment status Cohabiting 4 176 West Midlands 1 422 In employment 27 735 Single 9 828 West Midlands Region 4 434 Unemployed 1 051 Separated 1 560 Economically inactive 17 806 Divorced 4 244 Bedfordshire 965 Student 444 Widowed 5 173 Cambridgeshire 992 Looking after family home 1 422 Essex 1 015 Long term temporarily sick ill 2 044 Respondent s employment status Hertfordshire 1 061 Retired 13 384 In employment 25 488 Norfolk 989 Other inactive 512 Unemployed 1 428 Suffolk 934 Economically inactive 19 725 East of England Region 5 956 Household reference person s occupation Student 1 110 Managerial and professional occupations 17 277 Looking after family home 2 387 Metropolitan City of London 4 146 Intermediate occupations 9 207 Long term temporarily sick ill 2 077 London Region 4 146 Routine and manual occupations 17 498 Retired 13 486 Never worked and long term unemployed 1 310 Other inactive 665 Hampshire 1 058 Full time students 771 Kent 1 029 Not classified 665 Respondent s occupation Surrey 1 035 Managerial and professional occupations 15 481 Sussex 993 Accommodation type Intermediate occupations 9 594 Thames Valley 1 175 Houses 39 722 Routine and manual oc
10. 13 21 32 33 41 42 43 44 45 50 51 52 53 55 56 57 58 60 61 62 63 64 65 Serious wounding Other wounding Common assault Attempted assault Serious wounding with sexual motive Other wounding with sexual motive Robbery Attempted robbery Snatch theft from the person Other theft from the person Attempted theft from the person Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken Burglary in a dwelling something taken Attempted burglary in a dwelling Theft in a dwelling Theft from a meter Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken Theft of car van Theft from car van Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped Theft of pedal cycle Theft from outside dwelling excl theft of milk bottles 33 Due to the small numbers of rape attempted rape and indecent assault offences identified by face to face BCS interviews results from the main BCS are too unreliable to report these data are not included within the overall count of violence except for the categories of serious wounding with sexual motive and other wounding with sexual motive which are included in the offence type of wounding 68 67 71 72 73 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Other theft Attempted theft of from car van Attempted th
11. Recorded crime covers all indictable and triable either way offences Additionally a few closely associated summary offences are included Summary offences are identified in the listing together with the reasons for their inclusion The crimes on this list are termed notifiable offences and their listing is referred to as the notifiable offences list NOL Most of the offences listed are defined in terms of legal offences i e sections of Acts A comprehensive list of these offences together with key legal definitions and explanatory notes appears on the Counting Rules for Recorded Crime pages on the Home Office website _http Awww homeoffice gov uk science research research statistics crime counting rules VIOLENCE AGAINST THE PERSON Violence against the person with injury 1 Murder 4 1 Manslaughter 4 2 Infanticide Applies to infants aged under 12 months killed by the mother while of disturbed mind Homicide Comprises murder manslaughter and infanticide 2 Attempted murder 4 3 Intentional destruction of a viable unborn child Applies to the unborn child capable of being born alive 4 4 Causing death by dangerous driving 4 6 Causing death by careless driving when under the influence of drink or drugs 4 8 Causing death by careless or inconsiderate driving 5A Inflicting grievous bodily harm GBH with intent 5B Use of substance or object to endanger life 5C Possession of items to endanger life 8F Infl
12. areas that respondents could feel uncomfortable talking about to an interviewer The use of self completion on laptops allows respondents to feel more at ease when answering questions on sensitive issues due to increased confidence in the privacy and confidentiality of the survey Respondents can complete these modules on the interviewer s laptop by themselves CASI computer assisted self interviewing and when finished their answers are hidden Children also have the option of Audio CASI which allows them to listen to questions via headphones and can help those with literacy problems 64 did not use this option at all in either the 2009 10 or 2010 11 BCS The self completion modules are at the end of the face to face interviews and for adults cover topics such as illicit drug use domestic violence and sexual assault Child respondents are asked a limited set of questions by self completion on issues such as bullying truancy and use of alcohol or cannabis Self completion modules were first included in the 1996 and 2001 BCS to improve estimates of domestic violence Mirrlees Black 1999 Walby and Allen 2004 and a similar module has been included since the 2004 05 BCS The self completion module on illicit drug use was introduced in 1996 and comparable questions have been asked since then These questions are not asked of children on the BCS 7 Stratification essentially means dividing the sampling frame into groups strata before s
13. been used For 2010 11 2008 based mid year population and household projections have been used The latest available estimates were used for 2010 11 e national population figures are 2008 based projections for the mid 2010 population aged 16 and over e regional population figures are 2008 based projections for the mid 2010 population aged 16 and over from ONS e Welsh population figures are 2008 based projections for the mid 2010 population aged 16 and over from the Welsh Assembly Government WAG e national household figures are 2008 based projections for mid 2010 household numbers e regional household figures are 2008 based projections for mid 2010 household numbers from Communities and Local Government CLG and e Welsh household figures are 2008 based projections for mid 2010 household numbers from WAG For the 2010 11 publication population and household backdata have been obtained for all years from 1981 onwards BCS estimates of numbers of crimes have therefore been revised to bring them into line with the latest population and household estimates available Changes apply to household estimates for all years and to population estimates for 1983 1987 and 2002 03 to 2009 10 This means that numbers of household crimes are different to those previously published for all years and numbers of personal crimes are different to those previously published in the years specified All population and household esti
14. change is estimated as a single percentage point decrease in detection rates although the effect varied between crime types The implementation of the NCRS in April 2002 is thought to have had an inflationary effect on recorded crime and the assumption is that it has depressed detection rates since additional recorded crimes are generally less serious and possibly harder to detect As mentioned above from April 2007 some of the methods allowed for claiming non sanction detections were discontinued This had only a very small impact on overall detection rates Youth Restorative Disposals Youth Restorative Disposals YRDs allow operational officers to dispose of low level crime and neighbourhood disorder where it is not considered to be in the public interest to prosecute The process involves a meeting between the offender and the victim an apology and may also include additional action to right the wrong caused e g a form of community payback Since 2008 09 this disposal has been offered to young people aged 10 to 17 years inclusive by eight police forces that have been taking part on a pilot basis Figures for YRDs in this pilot exercise have been submitted to the Home Office and are included as non sanction detections in figures in the detections bulletin released alongside the annual crime statistics bulletin see Taylor P and Chaplin R Ed 2011 Voluntary Restorative Justice Data Collection From April 2011 the Home Offic
15. comparisons before and after the introduction of this Act should be made with caution The group of other sexual offences recorded by the police covers unlawful sexual activity mostly involving consenting adults and is therefore particularly influenced by police activity in investigating such crime It includes among other offences exploitation of prostitution and soliciting but not prostitution itself which is not a notifiable offence The Sexual Offences Act 2003 introduced certain offences such as sexual grooming which is included in this group Offences of indecent exposure have been retrospectively reclassified to sexual offences back to 2002 03 to aid comparisons over time Due to the small numbers of sexual offences identified by face to face BCS interviews results from the main BCS are too unreliable to report these data are not included within the overall count of violence except for the categories of serious wounding with sexual motive and other wounding with sexual motive which are included in the offence type of wounding BCS respondents may not wish to disclose sensitive information face to face and so interviews since 2004 05 and prior to this in 1996 and 2001 have included self completion modules on intimate violence see below These figures have previously been published separately from the annual volume see Smith ef al 2011 Headline figures are also presented in the annual crime statistics bulletin for 2010 11
16. crimes that are not reported to or recorded by the police The primary purpose of the BCS is to provide national level estimates but some headline figures are available at regional and police force area level The BCS is also a better indicator of long term trends for the crime types and population it covers than police recorded crime because it is unaffected by changes in levels of reporting to the police or police recording practices The victimisation methodology and the crime types included in the main count of crime have remained comparable since the survey began in 1981 As a result the BCS does not capture relatively new crimes such as plastic card fraud in its main crime count However additional questions have been added to the survey to investigate the extent and trends of such issues and these are reported separately to the main BCS crime count BCS estimates for 2010 11 are based on face to face interviews with 46 754 adults aged 16 and over a further 3 849 children aged 10 to 15 took part in the children s survey The BCS has a relatively high response rate 76 to the adult survey and 65 of eligible children within households participating in the adult survey responded to the survey in 2010 11 The survey is weighted to adjust for possible non response bias to ensure the sample reflects the profile of the general population Being based on a sample survey BCS estimates are subject to a margin of error Unless otherwise specifie
17. in order to do so Any injuries resulting from this force are not recorded as additional offences of violence 34A Robbery of business property 34B Robbery of personal property BURGLARY Key elements of police recorded burglaries as defined by the Theft Act 1968 are entry or attempted entry to a building as a trespasser with intent to either a steal property from it including stealing or attempting to steal b inflict grievous bodily harm or c commit unlawful damage to property whilst inside The offence group also includes aggravated burglary Section 10 of the same Act which is defined as a burglary where the burglar is in possession of a weapon at the time The Home Office website see above contains details of the types of premises that constitute a dwelling 28A Burglary in a dwelling 28B Attempted burglary in a dwelling 28C Distraction burglary in a dwelling 28D Attempted distraction burglary in a dwelling 29 Aggravated burglary in a dwelling 30A Burglary in a building other than a dwelling 30B Attempted burglary in a building other than a dwelling 31 Aggravated burglary in a building other than a dwelling OFFENCES AGAINST VEHICLES 37 2 Aggravated vehicle taking Part of Section 1 of the Aggravated Vehicle Taking Act 1992 Applies to offences of unauthorised vehicle taking see classification 48 below with additional aggravating factors of dangerous driving or causing an accident involving injury or da
18. keeping people informed about the ASB and crime issues in their area will no longer be asked This change does not affect the figures for perceptions of confidence in the police and local council presented in the 2010 11 crime statistics bulletin 6 5 RATINGS AND PERCEPTIONS OF THE LOCAL POLICE The BCS measures perceptions of the local police both in general terms and in specific aspects of their work Since April 2003 the BCS has measured the proportion of those who believe the local police are doing a good or excellent job In addition people s perceptions of specific aspects of police work have been measured since October 2004 These questions ask how much people agree or disagree with the following statements e the police in this area can be relied on to be there when you need them e the police in this area would treat you with respect if you had contact with them for any reason e the police in this area treat everyone fairly regardless of who they are e the police in this area can be relied on to deal with minor crimes e the police in this area understand the issues that affect this community e the police in this area are dealing with the things that matter to people in this community and 33 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e taking everything into account have confidence in the police in this area From April 2011 the question about the police dealing with minor crimes will no longer be asked Th
19. offence codes used below can be found in Offence Coding Coders Manual in the Technical Report INS BMRB 2010 For household crimes the respondent is answering on behalf of the household and when an offence occurs the whole household is considered to have been victimised For personal crimes the respondent themselves have to be the victim of a personal crime for it to be inside the survey s coverage Due to the small numbers of rape attempted rape and indecent assault offences identified by face to face BCS interviews results from the main BCS are too unreliable to report and due to this are not included within the overall count of violence except for the categories of serious wounding with sexual motive and other wounding with sexual motive which are included in the offence type of wounding HOUSEHOLD CRIMES All household offences 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling 55 Theft in a dwelling 56 Theft from a meter 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken 60 Theft of car van 61 Theft from car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped 63 Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped 64 Theft of pedal cycle 65 Theft from outside dwelling excl theft of milk bottl
20. population sampling frame in England and Wales As mentioned earlier the BCS does not cover the population living in group residences or other institutions although excluding the minority of the population that lives in such establishments is thought to have little effect on BCS estimates see Pickering et al 2008 At each sampled address the interviewer is required to establish that the address is eligible ineligible addresses include vacant properties second homes non residential addresses and establishments where people are living in group residences e g care homes or halls of residence In the rare situations where one PAF address leads to two households the interviewer randomly selects which household to approach Once the household is determined to be eligible individuals aged 16 or over in the selected household are listed by alphabetical order of first name and then one is randomly selected for interview No substitutes are permitted Children aged 10 to 15 are interviewed in households that have taken part in the main survey where an eligible child was identified according to age one was selected at random to take part Again no substitutes are permitted Over the whole year the aim is to achieve 46 000 interviews with adults aged 16 or over as part of the core sample In addition the survey aims to interview a nationally representative sample of 4 000 children aged 10 to 15 8 In 2004 05 the sample was re desi
21. presented for mugging which is a popular rather than a legal term and is the total number of robbery attempted robbery and snatch theft incidents combined Snatch theft is excluded from all BCS violence since it includes no violence or minimal threat of force e g just enough to pull a bag away from someone In the BCS the previously used common assault or attempted assault category which had been inconsistent with the police recorded offence category was replaced with assault with minor injury and assault without injury categories in 2006 07 This change was made to align BCS categories more closely with those used by the police Police recorded violence against the person Violence against the person offences contain the full spectrum of assaults from pushing and shoving that result in no physical harm to murder Even within the same offence classification the severity of violence varies considerably between incidents Trends in police recorded violent crime can be difficult to interpret as they are influenced by a number of factors It is important to consider the following issues when interpreting trends Police recorded crime data are subject to changes in the levels of public reporting of incidents The proportion of violent crimes estimated to be reported to the police has increased from the first BCS results in 1981 but has been reasonably stable since 2002 03 See Table 2 11 of the annual crime statistics bulletin for the perce
22. property This includes tenants whose accommodation comes with their job even if their landlord is a housing association or local authority Level of home security This measure is based on the type of security measures fitted to the respondent s home Households are divided into the following categories e Enhanced security households with window locks and double or deadlocks on outside doors as well as additional security measures e Basic security households with window locks and double or deadlocks on outside doors 40 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e No or less than basic security households with no home security measures or households with some security devices but without both window locks and double or deadlocks on outside doors 7 3 PERSONAL Black and minority ethnic groups ethnicity BCS respondents are asked to make a choice from a card to identify their ethnic background using the standard 2001 Census classification Due to small sample sizes it is necessary to collapse this classification into either a five fold classification i e White Black Asian Mixed and Chinese or Other or to a simpler two fold White and Non White classification based on the National Statistics harmonised classification Adopting the 2001 Census definition however means analysis by ethnic group since 2001 02 is not directly comparable with results from earlier rounds of the BCS which used a different classifica
23. robberies against individuals resident in households these are included in the violent crime count 5 2 ACQUISITIVE CRIME BCS acquisitive crime covers all household and personal crime where items are stolen and can be split into household and personal acquisitive crimes Household acquisitive crime Personal acquisitive crime Burglary Snatch theft Theft from the person Attempted burglary in a dwelling Stealth theft Theft in a dwelling Attempted theft from the person Theft from outside a dwelling Other theft of personal property and Theft and attempted theft of and from omer salteinpiad Ihet pi Peresga vehicles propeny Theft of pedal cycle Robbery and attempted robbery Although acquisitive crime includes robbery due to the use of threat or force when depriving an individual of their property robbery is considered to be a violent crime see Section 5 1 Burglary The BCS covers domestic burglary only which is an unauthorised entry into the victim s dwelling but does not necessarily involve forced entry it may be through an open window or by entering the property under false pretences e g impersonating an official BCS domestic burglary does not cover theft by a person who is entitled to be in the dwelling at the time of the offence this is called theft in a dwelling and includes thefts committed inside a home by someone who is entitled to be there e g party guests workmen The police record an offence of burglary if
24. that particular category or less than 0 5 per cent this does not apply when percentages are presented to one decimal point n a indicates that the BCS question was not applicable or not asked in that particular year indicates that for recorded crime percentage changes are not reported because the base number of offences is less than 50 and for the BCS indicates that data are not reported because the unweighted base is less than 50 indicates for police recorded crime that data are not available indicates for BCS that the change is statistically significant at the five per cent level Any differences noted in the text are statistically significant Unweighted base All BCS percentages and rates presented in the tables are based on data weighted to compensate for differential non response Tables show the unweighted base which represents the number of people households interviewed in the specified group Percentages Row or column percentages may not add to 100 per cent due to rounding 31 The relative risk presented here is calculated using unrounded figures 46 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics Most BCS tables present cell percentages where the figures refer to the percentage of people households who have the attribute being discussed and the complementary percentage to add to 100 per cent is not shown A percentage may be quoted in the text for a single category that is identifiable in the tables on
25. there are now only two ways in which non sanction detections may be claimed e where the offender dies before proceedings could be initiated or completed e where the CPS decides not to prosecute by virtue of its powers under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 The use of non sanction detections is now restricted to indictable only offences those offences which must be tried at Crown Court A special arrangement has been in place since 2008 09 to allow eight forces piloting Youth Restorative Disposals YRDs to record their disposals under this category see Section 3 4 3 4 CHANGES TO DETECTION RATES There have been a number of changes to recording practices and the sanctions available that have affected the recorded detection rates Home Office Counting Rules and the National Crime Recording Standard The Home Office Counting Rules for recorded crime changed from April 1998 These brought new offences into the series with varying detection rates It is estimated that the effect of the changes was to increase the overall detection rate from 28 to 29 per cent Additional changes were implemented with effect from April 1999 Any detection recorded required sufficient evidence to charge an interview with the offender and notification to the victim In addition detections obtained by the interview of a convicted prisoner ceased to 15 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics count The overall effect of the April 1999
26. to as vandalism and is defined as the intentional and malicious damage to either the home other property or vehicles Vandalism in the BCS ranges from arson to graffiti Cases where there is nuisance only e g letting down car tyres or where the damage is accidental are not included Where vandalism occurs in combination with burglary or robbery the burglary or robbery codes take precedence over the damage codes in offence coding The BCS produces estimates both for vandalism to the home and other property and against vehicles Vandalism to the home and other property involves intentional or malicious damage to doors windows fences plants and shrubs for example Vandalism to other property also includes arson where there is any deliberate damage to property belonging to the respondent or their household including vehicles caused by fire The BCS defines vandalism of vehicles as any intentional and malicious damage to a vehicle such as scratching a coin down the side of a car or denting a car roof It does not however include causing deliberate damage to a car by fire These incidents are recorded as arson and therefore included in vandalism to other property The BCS only covers vandalism against private households that is vehicles owned by any member of the household this includes company cars Recorded crime includes all vehicle vandalism under the offence classification of criminal damage to a motor vehicle Police recorded crimi
27. victimisation is three this means the odds for becoming a victim of violence are three times higher for men compared with women However odds ratios can be hard to interpret as they do not give any indication of the actual probabilities of certain outcomes for separate groups Therefore it is sometimes useful to translate the odds that are provided by the logistic regression model into probabilities The probability of an event can then be compared between groups Within BCS analysis the ratio between two groups can be described as relative risk e g risk of burglary victimisation relative prevalence e g prevalence of illicit drug use or relative likelihood e g likelihood of worry about crime Probabilities can be calculated from the B coefficients in the Appendix 1 tables using the following formula Probability EXP Bconstant B1 B2 Bs 1 EXP Bconstant t By t Bo B3 tenes In this formula Boonstant iS the B coefficient of the Constant and B41 2 3 eto are the B coefficients of individual characteristics Where a reference category is chosen it has a B coefficient of 0 and therefore does not need to be included in the calculation Where a model contains an interaction term the values for the two characteristics in the interaction term are multiplied together to find the B coefficient to add to the formula As an example the relative risk of being a victim of violence between two individuals is expressed
28. 1 CJS fair 61 2 60 7 61 8 Unweighted base 44 972 Rating of local police 58 7 58 2 59 3 Police and local councils dealing with issues 52 3 51 8 52 9 Unweighted base 45 675 1 Risks for vandalism domestic burglary vehicle related theft bicycle theft and other household theft are based on households Risks for theft from the person snatch theft stealth theft other theft of personal property all BCS violence wounding assault with minor injury assault with no injury and robbery are based on adults 2 The range given for these estimates is based on a 95 per cent confidence interval see Section 8 Estimates based on subsamples for example age group will have larger confidence intervals see Table 8 04 3 All violence includes wounding assault with minor injury assault with no injury and robbery See Section 5 for more information 4 Unweighted base refers to high level of worry about burglary Base size for car crime will be lower as based on vehicle owning households only 5 Unweighted base refers to effectiveness of CJS Base size for fairness of CJS is similar 6 Unweighted base refers to ratings of local police Base size for police and local councils dealing with issues is similar 53 Table A 04 Confidence intervals around BCS estimates of personal victimisation rates prevalence risk by respondent sex and age Percentages England and Wales 2010 11 BCS All BCS crime All personal crime Theft from t
29. 6 BCS onwards using CALMAR a SAS based macro since 2006 07 the BCS has used g Calib within a new SPSS based data processing system the weights produced by g Calib are the same as those from CALMAR The effects of calibration weights are generally small for household crime but are more important for estimates of personal crime where young respondents generally have much higher crime victimisation rates than average but also lower response rates to the survey However crime trends since the 1996 survey did not change to any great extent with the introduction of calibration weighting 8 3 POPULATION ESTIMATES The BCS uses population estimates for two purposes in calibration weighting see above and in calculating the estimates of numbers of crimes see Section 2 Calibration weighting uses data from the Labour Force Survey LFS which is weighted according to the latest population estimates issued by ONS 24 See TNS BMRB 2010 for further details about how the weights are constructed to compensate for unequal selection probability 43 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics For the calculation of estimates of numbers of BCS crimes see Section 2 incidence rates for personal crimes are multiplied by estimates of the population aged 16 or over in England and Wales and for household crimes the number of households in England and Wales For BCS years up to and including 2009 10 mid year population and household estimates have
30. A 56B 58A 58B 58C 58D 58E 58F 58G 58H 59 Arson endangering life Arson not endangering life Not all malicious fires that the police record are included here If the owner of the property set alight is wounded then a crime of violence is recorded If a stolen vehicle is subsequently burnt out it is recorded as a vehicle theft An additional arson offence is recorded only if there is evidence that the arsonist is unconnected with the vehicle thief Criminal damage to a dwelling Criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling Criminal damage to a vehicle Other criminal damage Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage to a dwelling see classification 58A Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling see classification 58B Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage to a vehicle see classification 58C Racially or religiously aggravated other criminal damage see classification 58D Threat or possession with intent to commit criminal damage DRUG OFFENCES 92A 92C 92D 92E Trafficking in controlled drugs Other drug offences Various offences mostly under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 including permitting premises to be used for unlawful purposes failure to comply with notice requiring information relating to prescribing supply etc of drugs supply of intoxicating substance and supply etc of articles for administering or preparing
31. C 2008 British Crime Survey options for extending the coverage to children and people living in communal establishments Home Office Research Report 06 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds p dfs08 horr06c pdf Povey D and Prime J 1999 Recorded Crime Statistics England and Wales April 1998 to March 1999 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 18 99 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds p dfs hosb1899 pdf 71 Rand M and Rennison C 2005 Bigger is not Necessarily Better An Analysis of Violence Against Women Estimates from the National Crime Victimisation Survey and the National Violence Against Women Survey In Journal of Quantitative Criminology Vol 21 No 3 September 2005 pp 267 291 Scribbins M Ed Flatley J Ed Parfrement Hopkins J and Hall P 2010 Public perceptions of policing engagement with the police and victimisation Findings from the 2009 10 British Crime Survey Supplementary Volume 1 to Crime in England and Wales 2009 10 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 19 10 London Home Office http www homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics police research hosb1910 hosb1910 view Binary Simmons J Legg C and Hosking R 2003 National Crime Recording Standard NCRS an Analysis of the Impact on Recorded Crime Com
32. CS estimates are derived from interviews carried out between April 2010 and March 2011 year ending March 2011 As respondents are now interviewed on a rolling basis over the course of a year the time period covered by the data is not directly comparable with any calendar year Therefore tables and figures including trends over time refer to the year in which the crime took place for interviews prior to 2001 02 so interviews conducted in 1996 relate to victimisation in 1995 and will be labelled as 1995 in tables and figures and the year in which the survey interviews took place for interviews since 2001 02 Other questions on the BCS e g attitudes to policing confidence in the CJS ask the respondent their current views or attitudes and thus the data are referenced as the year in which the respondent was interviewed Since respondents are interviewed at different times within each month they are asked about experiences of crime in the current month plus in the 12 months prior to interview Crimes experienced in the interview month are excluded from the 12 month reference period used for analysis Hence for the 2010 11 BCS the reference period includes incidents experienced by respondents between April 2009 and February 2011 The centre point of the period for reporting crime is March 2010 the only month to be included in all respondents reference periods Figure 2 Figure 2 The reference period in one year of BCS interviews Apr Mar
33. Intimate personal violence Intimate personal violence is the collective term used to describe domestic violence sexual assault and stalking and the categories are defined as follows e Any domestic abuse non sexual emotional or financial abuse threats physical force sexual assault or stalking carried out by a current or former partner or other family member e Partner abuse non sexual non sexual emotional or financial abuse threats or physical force by a current or former partner e Family abuse non sexual non sexual emotional or financial abuse threats or physical force by a family member other than a partner father mother step father mother or other relative e Emotional or financial abuse includes being prevented from having a fair share of household money stopped from seeing friends or relatives or repeatedly belittled e Threats are classified as an affirmative response to the statement frightened you by threatening to hurt you someone close e Minor force is classified as an affirmative response to the statement pushed you held you down or slapped you e Severe force involves being kicked hit bitten choked strangled threatened with a weapon threats to kill use of a weapon or some other kind of force e Sexual assault indecent exposure sexual threats and unwanted touching less serious rape or assault by penetration including attempts serious by any person including a partner
34. Review final pdf Taylor P and Chaplin R Ed 2011 Crimes detected in England and Wales 2010 11 First Edition Home Office Statistical Bulletin 11 11 London Home Office http www homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research hosb1111 Tipping S Hussey D Wood M and Hales J 2010 British Crime Survey Methods Review 2009 London National Centre for Social Research http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs10 bcsmethods2009 pdf TNS BMRB 2010 British Crime Survey 2009 10 Technical Report London TNS BMRB http www homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research bcs0910tech1 view Binary 72 UK Statistics Authority 2010 Overcoming Barriers to Trust in Crime Statistics London UK Statistics Authority http www statisticsauthority gov uk reports correspondence reports overcoming barriers to trust in crime statistics england and wales pdf Walby S and Allen J 2004 Domestic violence sexual assault and stalking findings from the British Crime Survey Home Office Research Study 276 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds p dfs04 hors276 pdf Walker A Flatley J Kershaw C and Moon D 2009 Crime in England and Wales 2008 09 Volume 1 Findings from the British Crime Survey and polic
35. a person enters any building as a trespasser and with intent to commit an offence of theft GBH or unlawful damage Aggravated burglary 26 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics occurs when the burglar is carrying a firearm imitation firearm offensive weapon or explosive Recorded crime figures are published separately for burglaries that occur in domestic properties and those which occur in commercial or other properties e Domestic burglaries include burglaries in all inhabited dwellings including inhabited caravans houseboats and holiday homes as well as sheds and garages connected to the main dwelling for example by a connecting door e Non domestic burglaries include burglaries to businesses including hotels and similar accommodation and also some burglaries of sheds and outhouses where these are not clearly connected to the inhabited property Using the BCS it is possible to differentiate between burglaries with entry and attempted burglaries and also between burglary with loss and burglary with no loss including attempts Burglary with entry plus attempted burglary add up to total burglary Burglary with loss plus burglary with no loss including attempts also add up to total burglary These are defined below An attempted burglary is recorded by the police and in the BCS if there is clear evidence that the offender made an actual physical attempt to gain entry to a building e g damage to locks or broken door
36. a rolling 12 month basis From 2011 12 Home Office Statistics will be putting in place a new data collection system that will collect disaggregate data on crime and police personnel This will support the future collection of police recorded crime and also some new collections such as hate crime The new Home Office Data Hub is designed to align with Management Information Systems used in many police forces allowing for the creation of automated extracts from one system to the other without the need for the completion of aggregate data collection forms While there will be no immediate changes to Home Office publications as a result of this new development it should deliver long term cost reductions in data collection processes and offer new and improved ways of analysing data in the future Recorded crime figures are an important indicator of police workload They can be used for local crime pattern analysis and provide a good measure of trends in well reported crimes in particular homicide which is not covered by the British Crime Survey BCS There are also some categories of crime such as drug possession offences where the volume of offences recorded are heavily influenced by police activities and priorities in such cases recorded crime figures may not provide an accurate picture of the true extent of criminality Unlike the BCS recorded crime figures do not include crimes that have not been reported to the police or incidents that
37. a vehicle The police recorded crime category of offences against vehicles covers private and commercial vehicles although does not distinguish between the two and comprises e Aggravated vehicle taking where a vehicle once taken is known to have been driven dangerously damaged or caused an accident e Theft from a vehicle targeting property in or on the vehicle this includes attempts 27 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e Theft or unauthorised taking of motor vehicle where the vehicle is taken without the consent of the owner or other lawful authority this includes incidents where there is intent to permanently deprive the owner or where intent is not evident typically including joyriding where the car is later recovered e Interfering with a motor vehicle includes crimes where whilst damage has been caused to the vehicle as part of an attempt to steal either the vehicle or its contents or take the vehicle without consent the specific intent of the offender is not obvious For example a car door may be damaged which shows an attempt was made to open it but it cannot be determined if the intent was to steal the car or some contents within it Interfering with a motor vehicle offences as presented in the annual crime statistics bulletin are equivalent to offences formerly referred to as vehicle interference and tampering The BCS cannot separately identify this category In comparisons with the BCS i
38. ailed information as possible Respondents are asked about their experiences of crime in the 12 month reference period and up to six victim forms can be completed by each respondent Extending the BCS to encompass children s experience of crimes raised some difficult issues with regard to classifying criminal incidents e g minor incidents that are normal within the context of childhood behaviour and development can be categorised as criminal when existing legal definitions of offences are applied Millard and Flatley 2010 proposed four methods for counting crime against children Following a National Statistics consultation with users these measures have been refined and the 2010 11 annual publication presents two measures a Broad measure and a Preferred measure The Preferred measure takes into account factors identified as important in determining the severity of an incidence such as relationship to the offender level of injury value of item stolen or damaged while the Broad measure also includes minor offences between children and family members that would not normally be treated as criminal matters For more details see Appendix 1 of the 2010 11 annual crime statistics bulletin Some methodological differences between the adult and children s survey mean that direct comparisons cannot be made between the adult and child victimisation data although these estimates are presented alongside one another to provide a be
39. ampling The process reduces the risk of drawing an extreme sample unrepresentative of the population and hence improves the precision of survey estimates 8 The question set for children aged 10 to 15 was specifically designed for this age range while retaining broad comparability with the adult questionnaire in terms of the classification of offences 9 For details of illicit drug use statistics previously in the User Guide see Drug Misuse Declared publication forthcoming 28 July 2011 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics For the 2010 11 BCS an alternative set of questions were developed to measure the prevalence of domestic abuse sexual assault and stalking in the self completion module These formed part of a split sample experiment to assess the effect of question changes on estimates of prevalence of these offence types Results from this experiment have been published and form the basis of a public consultation on questions to include in the BCS self completion module in future Hall and Smith 2011 2 4 TIME PERIODS COVERED Prior to 2001 02 BCS respondents were asked about their crime related experiences in the previous calendar year but when the BCS changed to a continuous survey respondents were asked about crime in the 12 months prior to interview Since becoming a continuous survey BCS estimates are published based on interviews carried out over a 12 month period e g for the annual publication of the 2010 11 B
40. an be found on the National Statistics website see http www statistics gov uk methods quality ns_ sec default asp BCS analysis is based on the three analytic classes provided within NS SEC htto www statistics gov uk methods_ quality ns_sec downloads NS SEC User pdf but also describes full time students in a separate category usually included within the Not classified category Base sizes for the student categories differ in NS SEC from those in the economic classification see Employment status above as economically inactive students exclude those who are in employment or in other ways economically active but full time students are recognised as such within the occupational coding of NS SEC 23 http www ons gov uk about statistics classifications archived ethnic interim index html 41 8 Statistical conventions and methods 8 1 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE The main British Crime Survey BCS estimates are based on a representative sample of the population of England and Wales aged 16 or over each year A sample as used in the BCS is a small scale representation of the population from which it is drawn see Appendix 1 Table A 01 for sample sizes within the BCS Any sample survey may produce estimates that differ from the figures that would have been obtained if the whole population had been interviewed It is however possible to calculate a range of values around an estimate known as the conf
41. and Welsh and are available online at http www homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research hosb101 1 Crime statistics for Scotland and Northern Ireland are collected and published separately The latest annual police recorded crime sources for Scotland and Northern Ireland can be downloaded from Scotland http www scotland gov uk Topics Statistics Browse Crime Justice Northern Ireland http www psni police uk index updates updates_statistics htm 48 49 Appendix 1 British Crime Survey additional tables on sample sizes and confidence intervals Table A 01 BCS sample sizes for household and personal characteristics police force areas ANG Tegi Sse dovacecaedett cee hcg ent he seats ned eac ie ae Pane tee ete 50 Table A 02 Confidence intervals around BCS estimates of incidents of crime 00 00 51 Table A 03 Confidence intervals around BCS estimates of victimisation rates prevalence risk and Key perception measures eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenaeeeeettaeeeeeenaeeeeeeaees 52 Table A 04 Confidence intervals around BCS estimates of personal victimisation rates prevalence risk by respondent Sex ANd AGE ecccceceeeeeeeececeeeeeeeseesntneeeeees 53 Table A 05 Confidence intervals around BCS estimates of household victimisation rates prevalence risk by household reference person age and tenure 0 54 50 Table A 01 BCS sam
42. and or warning under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 A caution may be given by or on the instructions of a senior police officer when an offender admits guilt where there is sufficient evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction and where the offender consents to the caution being issued Guidance on administering cautions was published in 2005 and later revised in 2008 The guidance can be found at http www homeoffice gov uk about us home office circulars circulars 2008 016 2008 Had an offence taken into consideration An offence is deemed to be detected if the offender admits the crime and asks for it to be taken into consideration by the court and where there is additional verifiable information linking that offender to the crime e Received a Penalty Notice for Disorder An offence is deemed to be detected if the police issue a penalty notice for disorder PND Such a notice must be issued in accordance with any operational guidance to the police e g Police Operational Guidance on PNDs issued by the Home Office in March 2005 A detection is counted if the penalty notice is not contested is contested but the CPS proceeds with the case or in discontinued cases the dedicated decision maker reviews the case and stands by the original decision 14 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics With effect from 26 January 2009 it became possible for a PND to be given for an offence of cannabis possession For central repor
43. anii a T E A 30 PGE GE OUOINS oponis E ce ae a a ae eal 31 6 1 Perceptions of crime levels 2ccccceecec ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaes 31 6 2 Likelihood of victimisation and worry about crime 31 6 3 Anti social behaviour 20 2 2 ccceccecceceesececeeseneeceeneneeceeseceeeeeneeeeeeeneeaeeeeteeees 31 6 4 Confidence in the police and local council cccccccccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 32 6 5 Ratings and perceptions of the local police e eeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeteees 32 6 6 Confidence in the criminal justice system ceeeeeeeeeteeeeeeteeeeeeeaees 33 CRASSHI CATIONS aes ised sacesccciasctueiaxs ananin seoineaasetastaws bedevacteteicuaesstuedensininteed tudes 35 7 14 Geographical eee ceeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeneeeeeseeeaeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeseeaeeesennaeees 35 T2 Household ercan det ietat aida cie eit i 38 To POLSOMN Al escis a A a 40 Statistical conventions and MethodS s ussuseusnnrenrnurenrnnrennennrnnennnnnne nne 41 8 1 Confidence intervals and statistical significance eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 41 8 2 Weighing data sesnecssicnnrsnian in aA 42 8 3 Population estimates ccccceceeeccsceceeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeesesnenaeceeeeseneeenenaeess 42 8 4 Logistic regressi srpoysra yeuna Eaa aSa EAE EEANN 43 8 5 Conventions used in figures and tables 00 eeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeteeeeeteteeeeees 45 UK crime statistics erisssssssiisinsranrosnrssnicsnrasirosrraanionnraainioontaan taataa
44. by offence type and according to the victim offender relationship BCS offence types are as follows estimates for wounding assault with minor injury assault without injury and robbery add up to overall violence e Wounding the incident results in severe or less serious injury e g cuts severe bruising chipped teeth bruising or scratches requiring medical attention or any more serious injuries e Assault with minor injury an incident where the victim was punched kicked pushed or jostled and the incident resulted in minor injury to the victim e g scratches or bruises e Assault without injury an incident or attempt where the victim was punched kicked pushed or jostled but resulted in no injury e Robbery an incident in which force or threat of force is used in a theft or attempted theft The categories of BCS violence according to the offender victim relationship are as follows 20 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e Domestic violence comprises wounding and assaults which involve partners ex partners other relatives or household members e Stranger violence includes wounding and assaults in which the victim did not have any information about the offender s or did not know and had never seen the offender s before e Acquaintance violence comprises wounding and assaults in which the victim knew one or more of the offenders at least by sight It does not include domestic violence Figures are also
45. ch commented that The police have continued to make significant improvements in crime recording performance and now have better quality crime data than ever before Thirty eight police authorities and forces 88 of the 43 forces were assessed as good or excellent for crime data quality which demonstrates a substantial improvement from 12 in 2003 04 28 The remaining five forces were judged fair No police authorities or forces were assessed as having poor crime data quality in the 2005 06 or 2006 07 audits Despite the cessation of the full national audit programme in 2007 08 ongoing work on crime recording continues to consider data quality issues and the NCRSG acts to promote consistent recording practice between forces see e g Section 3 3 Each force has a Force Crime Registrar FCR who monitors the application of the Counting Rules and has a final arbiter role with respect to crime recording decisions A nationally agreed crime data quality audit manual DQAM has been developed for use by FCRs This DQAM is subject to regular review A national data quality working group meets regularly to consider specific issues to advise HMIC on inspection activity and to support FCRs in the development of local risk based audits In addition to the measures described above the Home Office carries out internal quality assurance of the recorded crime data Automated monthly variation checks are carried out with erro
46. complete within the first 12 months Simmons et al 2003 15 Domestic violence figures that relate to incidents reported in face to face BCS interviews should be treated with caution Prevalence rates for domestic violence derived from the self completion module are around five times higher for adults than those obtained from the face to face interviews Walby and Allen 2004 Due to the small numbers of sexual offences identified by the main BCS findings are published solely from the self completion module 21 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics Audits undertaken by the Audit Commission on behalf of the Home Office indicate substantial improvements in crime recording across forces in the two to three years following NCRS introduction which would particularly impact on violence against the person and result in increases in recorded crimes for this category Incidents of violence against the person recorded by the police include the following categories as described below e Homicide including murder manslaughter and infanticide The published figures do not separately identify between these individual offences as when a homicide is initially recorded by the police the full circumstances of the incident may not be known Furthermore the precise nature of an offence may only become clear once a suspect has been apprehended and appears at court The Home Office receives two sources of information on homicide from the police
47. controlled drugs Possession of controlled drugs excluding cannabis Possession of controlled drugs cannabis OTHER MISCELLANEOUS OFFENCES 10B 81 15 26 33 35 36 62 63 64 65 66 67 Possession of firearm Other firearms offences Concealing an infant death close to birth Bigamy Going equipped for stealing etc Blackmail Kidnapping Treason Treason felony Riot Violent disorder Other offences against the State and public order Perjury 60 68 69 75 76 78 79 80 82 83 84 85 86 87 89 90 91 94 95 99 802 Libel Offender Management Act offences Betting gaming and lotteries Aiding suicide Immigration offences Perverting the course of justice Absconding from lawful custody Customs and Revenue offences Bail offences Trade description offences Health and Safety offences Obscene publications etc and protected sexual material Protection from eviction Adulteration of food Other knives offences Public health offences Planning laws Disclosure obstruction false or misleading statements etc Other indictable or triable either way offences Dangerous driving 61 Appendix 3 British Crime Survey Offences CRIME CATEGORIES AND THE OFFENCE CODES USED IN THE BCS The list below gives a breakdown of which offence codes make up the different crime categories that are referred to in the BCS Details of how offences reported in BCS are placed into the
48. counts as a single recorded crime and a single detection but as six offences brought to justice In addition for most offences there will be a delay between the offence being recorded and it being brought to justice this may result in it being included in the recorded crime figures for one period and the OBTJ figures for a later period For the OBTJ measure the offence also reflects that for which an offender is charged rather than that for which a crime has been originally recorded e g taking into account the relevant charging standards that apply and the different evidential standards The OBTJ measure only 13 Avon amp Somerset Cumbria Greater Manchester Lancashire Metropolitan Norfolk North Wales and Nottinghamshire 16 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics makes use of the crime detection figures for crime detected as taken into consideration by the court and cannabis warnings but otherwise relies on figures collected by court systems and separate returns for PNDs and cautions These above factors should be borne in mind when the two series are being compared See Ministry of Justice 2011 for more information on offences brought to justice 17 4 Comparison between the British Crime Survey and police recorded crime 4 1 COMPARABLE SUBSET OF CRIME The British Crime Survey BCS provides a measure of the level of crime committed against the population resident in households in England and Wales whe
49. cupations 17 790 South East Region 5 290 Detached 12 202 Never worked and long term unemployed 1 678 Semi detached 14 904 Full time students 1 774 Avon and Somerset 976 Terraced 12 616 Not classified 437 Devon and Cornwall 1 036 Flats maisonettes 6 081 Dorset 1 043 Other accommodation 123 Highest qualification Gloucestershire 987 Degree or diploma 15341 Wiltshire 993 Output area classification Apprenticeship or A AS level 8 010 South West Region 5 035 Blue collar communities 7 874 O level GCSE 9 061 City living 2 227 Other 2 094 England Total 42 797 Countryside 7 117 None 12 130 Prospering suburbs 11 057 Dyfed Powys 883 Constrained by circumstances 4 697 Long standing illness or disability Gwent 1 069 Typical traits 9 728 Long standing illness or disability 13793 North Wales 1 011 Multicultural 4 028 Limits activities 9 879 South Wales 968 Does not limit activities 3 909 Wales 3 931 Area type No long standing illness or disability 32 883 Urban 35 000 Rural 11 728 Level of physical disorder High 2 218 Not high 43 758 1 Sample sizes are based on cases where a valid weight is assigned this is the household weight for household characteristics police force areas and regions and the individual weight for personal characteristics 2 Unweighted base sizes refer to the number of respondents who gave information about each characteristic 3 See Section 7 for definitions of household personal and area characteristics 51 Table A 02 Confide
50. d any changes in BCS estimates over time that are described as differences in Home Office statistical bulletins are statistically significant ones see Section 8 1 For a report on the extensive development and testing work carried out to extend the BCS to children aged 10 to 15 see Fitzpatrick et al 2010 2 It is not possible to calculate the true composite response rate for children as it is not known what proportion of non responding households contain children in the eligible age range If this was in the same proportion as in responding households the child response rate would be around 49 per cent User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics Annual BCS Technical Reports provide further information on the survey design and methodology including response rates see TNS BMRB 2010 for the latest version 2 2 BCS METHODOLOGY The BCS was first conducted in 1982 covering crime in 1981 and ran at mostly two year intervals until 2001 when it became a continuous survey Although there have been changes to the survey over time the wording of the questions that are asked to elicit victimisation experiences have been held constant throughout the life of the BCS The core sample is designed to be representative of the population of households in England and Wales and adults aged 16 or over living in those households As such it is possible to use the small users Postcode Address File PAF which is widely accepted as the best general
51. d on weighted data Appendix 1 Table A 01 shows the unweighted base which represents the number of people households interviewed in the specified group Calibration weighting A review of the BCS by survey methodology experts at the Office for National Statistics and the National Centre for Social Research recommended that the calibration weighting method be adopted in the BCS Lynn and Elliot 2000 The weighting is designed to make adjustments for known differentials in response rates between different regions and different age by sex subgroups and also households with different age and sex composition For example a household containing a man aged 24 living alone may be less likely to respond to the survey than a household containing a man aged 24 living with a partner and a child The procedure therefore gives different weights to different household types based on their age sex composition in such a way that the weighted distribution of individuals in the responding households matches the known distribution in the population as a whole and also matches the known distribution of the regional population The weights are generated using an algorithm that minimises the differences between the weights implied by sampling and the final weights subject to the weighted data meeting the population controls They are based on calibrating on population figures provided by the Labour Force Survey LFS from ONS Calibration weights were applied from the 199
52. dentify positive investigatory opportunities which will then be referred to individual forces to follow up 5 5 RACIALLY OR RELIGIOUSLY AGGRAVATED OFFENCES Used in recorded crime racially aggravated offences are legally defined under section 28 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 The Anti terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001 section 39 added the religiously aggravated aspect Racially and religiously aggravated offences are categorised together in police recorded crime and cannot be separately identified BCS respondents are asked whether they thought the incident was racially motivated and from 2005 06 whether they thought the incident was religiously motivated Figures on racially and religiously motivated crimes from the 2005 06 and 2006 07 BCS are reported in Jansson et al 2007 5 6 DRUG OFFENCES Recorded crime figures for drugs offences are published in Table 2 04 of the annual crime statistics publication With effect from April 2004 ACPO issued guidance to forces over the recording of warnings for cannabis possession these were termed formal warnings for cannabis possession prior to January 2007 These were incorporated into the Home Office Counting Rules see Section 3 for more information From January 2009 it has also been possible to issue a Penalty Notice for Disorder for cannabis possession this detection method was not separated from cannabis warnings in statistics for the period to the end of March 2009 In addi
53. e has provided that forces may voluntarily submit additional data on crimes cleared up by the application of a form of Restorative Justice RJ RJ includes formal action such as the Youth Restorative Disposal administered by trained practitioners as well as less formal community based resolutions where the offender has made an admission and the victim is satisfied that such a resolution may be used This may amount to an apology or agreement to carry out some activity such as repairing damage caused 3 5 SANCTION DETECTIONS AND OFFENCES BROUGHT TO JUSTICE Figures on offences brought to justice OBTJ are now published by the Ministry of Justice An offence is considered to have been brought to justice when an offender has been cautioned convicted or had the offence taken into consideration by the court In addition penalty notices for three notifiable disorder offences and cannabis warnings are included following their introduction nationally during 2004 see Section 3 3 for more information on cannabis warnings and PNDs Care should be taken when comparing detection data with conviction data as the latter count individual offenders where the former count crimes A single recorded crime can result in more than one conviction or caution and can therefore lead to more than one offence being counted as brought to justice For example if a crime is recorded and as a result three offenders are convicted each for two offences this
54. e or 50 per cent of their population in urban areas with a population of more than 750 000 e Large Urban districts with either 50 000 people or 50 per cent of their population in one of 17 urban areas with a population between 250 000 and 750 000 e Other Urban districts with fewer than 37 000 people or less than 26 per cent of their population in rural settlements and larger market towns A different methodology but with similar criteria is used to produce the three way classification at the police force area level Super Output Areas SOAs These are geographical areas introduced in 2004 which were designed for the collection and publication of small area statistics They are used on the Neighbourhood Statistics website and it is intended that they will eventually have wider application across National Statistics To support a range of potential requirements there are two layers of SOA e Lower Layer minimum population 1 000 mean 1 500 Built from groups of Output Areas typically five and constrained by the boundaries of the Standard Table ST wards used for 2001 Census outputs e Middle Layer minimum population 5 000 mean 7 200 Built from groups of Lower Layer SOAs and constrained by the 2003 local authority boundaries used for 2001 Census outputs The original proposal included an Upper Layer however after consultation the ONS decided that there was not enough interest to justify the creation of Upper Layer SOAs
55. e owning households victims once or more Vehicle related theft 5 4 5 1 5 6 Theft from vehicles 3 9 3 7 4 1 Theft of vehicles 0 5 0 4 0 6 Attempts of and from 1 1 1 0 1 3 Vehicle vandalism 5 7 5 4 6 0 Unweighted base vehicle crimes owners 37 248 Percentage of bicycle owning households victims once or more Bicycle theft 4 2 3 9 45 Unweighted base bicycle theft owners 20 736 Percentage of adults 16 victims once or more Theft from the person 1 1 1 0 1 3 Snatch theft from person 0 2 0 1 0 2 Stealth theft from person 1 0 0 9 g Other thefts of personal property 1 9 1 8 2 1 All violence 3 1 3 0 3 3 Wounding 0 8 0 7 0 9 Assault with minor injury 0 9 0 8 1 0 Assault without injury 1 2 1 1 1 3 Robbery 0 5 0 4 0 5 Violence with injury 1 8 1 6 1 9 Violence without injury 1 5 1 4 1 6 Domestic violence 0 4 0 4 0 5 Acquaintance 1 0 0 9 11 Stranger 1 5 1 3 1 6 Mugging robbery snatch theft 0 6 0 5 0 7 Unweighted base personal crimes 46 754 Household acquisitive crime 11 5 11 2 11 9 Personal acquisitive crime 3 4 3 2 3 6 ALL HOUSEHOLD CRIME 16 3 15 9 16 7 ALL PERSONAL CRIME 5 9 5 6 6 1 ALL BCS CRIME 21 5 21 1 22 0 Unweighted base 46 754 High level of worry about crime Burglary 10 3 9 7 11 0 Car crime 9 8 9 1 10 6 Violent crime 13 2 12 4 13 9 Unweighted base 11 627 High level of perceived anti social behaviour 13 7 13 4 14 1 Unweighted base 44 246 Criminal Justice System CJS effective 42 6 42 0 43
56. e ranges from 0 to 3 with high disorder areas being those with a score of 2 or 3 The measurement of respondents own perceptions of disorder in the local area is described under anti social behaviour see Section 6 Rural and urban areas The analysis of crime in rural and urban areas is based on the ONS recommended method for categorising the level of rurality There are two approaches the ONS Rural Urban Definition and the Local Authority LA Classification Both were developed to produce a view of rural and urban areas from Government Statistics Where data below the LA level is available the ONS Rural Urban Definition must be used to produce rural and urban totals Where LA level data is the lowest geographic data available then the LA Classification should be used More detail is given below For BCS analysis the Rural Urban Definition has been used as BCS data are collected below the Local Authority level For police recorded crime analysis the Classification has been used as police recorded crime data are not collected below the Local Authority level Rural Urban Definition England and Wales The Rural Urban Definition an official National Statistic was introduced in 2004 and defines the rurality of Output Areas Categories used to aggregate to rural or urban are as follows Rural areas are those classified as Town and fringe sparse Village sparse Hamlet and isolated dwellings sparse Town and fringe
57. e rates based on counts of incidents or victims Incidence rate The number of crimes experienced per household or adult The incidence rate takes account of the number of times respondents have been victimised Aggregating these incidents and combining with household and personal data produces a number of incidents that can be presented as a rate per 10 000 households for household crimes or as a rate per 10 000 adults for personal crimes The overall number of incidents can be estimated for England and Wales based on the incidence rate and using population estimates for the household and adult populations In 2010 11 incidence rates for household crimes were multiplied by 23 473 475 households and for personal crimes by 44 923 885 adults to provide the number of incidents for each crime type Published estimates are rounded to the nearest 1 000 incidents Prevalence rate The proportion of the population who were victims of an offence once or more Unlike incidence rates prevalence rates only take account of whether a household or person was a victim of a specific crime once or more in the reference period not the number of times victimised These figures are based on information from the victim form where respondents and their households are designated either as victims or non victims The proportion that are victims provides the prevalence rate often described as the risk of being a victim of crime this only describes an average
58. e recorded crime Home Office Statistical Bulletin 11 09 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110220105210 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs09 hosb1109vol1 pdf Wilson D Patterson A Powell G and Hembury R 2006 Fraud and technology crimes Findings from the 2003 04 British Crime Survey the 2004 Offending Crime and Justice Survey and administrative sources Home Office Online Report 09 06 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds p dfs06 rdsolr0906 pdf Copies of recent Home Office publications based on the British Crime Survey BCS including reports that report jointly on the BCS and police recorded crime can be downloaded from http www homeoffice gov uk science research research statistics 72
59. ected garage outhouse something taken 60 Theft of car van 61 Theft from car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped 63 Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped 64 Theft of pedal cycle 65 Theft from outside dwelling excluding theft of milk bottles 71 Attempted theft of from car van 72 Attempted theft of from motorcycle motorscooter or moped Vandalism 80 Arson 81 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle 20 or under 82 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle over 20 83 Criminal damage to the home 20 or under 84 Criminal damage to the home over 20 85 Other criminal damage 20 or under 86 Other criminal damage over 20 63 Vehicle vandalism 81 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle 20 or under 82 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle over 20 Other vandalism 80 Arson 83 Criminal damage to the home 20 or under 84 Criminal damage to the home over 20 85 Other criminal damage 20 or under 86 Other criminal damage over 20 All vehicle thefts 60 Theft of car van 61 Theft from car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped 63 Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped 71 Attempted theft of from car van 72 Attempted theft of from motorcycle Theft from vehicle 61 Theft from car van 63 Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped Theft of a vehicle 60 Theft of car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped Attempted theft of am
60. eft of from motorcycle Other attempted theft Arson Criminal damage to a motor vehicle 20 or under Criminal damage to a motor vehicle over 20 Criminal damage to the home 20 or under Criminal damage to the home over 20 Other criminal damage 20 or under Other criminal damage over 20 69 Bibliography Where annual updates are provided the most recent are referenced here Attorney General 2006 Fraud Review Final Report http www afmdni gov uk pubs F Cl fraudreview_finalreport pdf Audit Commission 2007 Police Data Quality 2006 07 London Audit Commission http www audit commission gov uk SiteCollectionDocuments AnnualReports 2007 policedataquality2006 07 REP pdf Chaplin R Flatley J and Smith K Eds 2011 Crime in England and Wales 2010 11 Findings from the British Crime Survey and police recorded crime Home Office Statistical Bulletin 10 11 London Home Office http www homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research hosb1011 Fitzpatrick A Grant C Bolling K Owen R and Millard B 2010 Extending the British Crime Survey to children a report on the methodological and development work London TNS BMRB and the Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110220105210 http www homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs10 bcschildren pdf Flatley J Kershaw C Smith K Chaplin R and Moon D 2010 Crime in England and Wa
61. es 71 Attempted theft of from car van 72 Attempted theft of from motorcycle 80 Arson 81 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle 20 or under 82 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle over 20 83 Criminal damage to the home 20 or under 84 Criminal damage to the home over 20 85 Other criminal damage 20 or under 86 Other criminal damage over 20 62 Comparable household crime 51 52 53 60 61 62 63 64 71 72 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken Burglary in a dwelling something taken Attempted burglary in a dwelling Theft of car van Theft from car van Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped Theft of pedal cycle Attempted theft of from car van Attempted theft of from motorcycle Arson Criminal damage to a motor vehicle 20 or under Criminal damage to a motor vehicle over 20 Criminal damage to the home 20 or under Criminal damage to the home over 20 Other criminal damage 20 or under Other criminal damage over 20 Acquisitive crime against household 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling 55 Theft in a dwelling 56 Theft from a meter 57 Burglary from non connected garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non conn
62. es where the firearm has not been used are not included in this special collection and are published in Table 2 04 of the annual crime statistics bulletin Offences involving the use of a knife or sharp instrument The Home Office has collected additional data from police forces on offences involving knives and sharp instruments referred to as knife offences in the remainder of this section since April 2007 Knives are taken to be involved in an incident if they are used to stab or cut or as a threat In 2007 08 this group of offences consisted of attempted murder grievous bodily harm GBH with intent GBH without intent and robbery In 2008 09 the offence coverage was expanded to include offences of threats to kill actual bodily harm ABH sexual assault and rape Due to the changes in coverage and issues relating to a clarification in the Counting Rules for GBH with intent comparable data for these offences are only available since 2008 09 Flatley et al 2010 reported that four forces were unable to separate unbroken bottle and glass offences from their data returns to the Home Office which are outside the scope of this collection The four forces were Surrey Sussex West Midlands and the British Transport Police From April 2010 West Midlands have improved their recording practices and now exclude these unbroken bottle and glass offences the other three forces continue to include these offences Due to this change it is not pos
63. f vehicle crime is a composite measure of vehicle owners who think they are very or fairly likely to have either a car van stolen or something stolen from a car van in the next year or both These questions are asked of all respondents irrespective of whether they have been a victim of crime in the previous 12 months The worry about crime indicator on the BCS has three components worry about burglary car crime and violent crime The measure for worry about burglary is the percentage of respondents who say they are very worried about having their home broken into and something stolen The measure for worry about car crime is based on two questions on worry about having your car stolen and having things stolen from your car It uses a scale which scores answers to the questions as follows very worried 2 fairly worried 1 not very worried and not at all worried 0 Scores for individual respondents are calculated by summing the scores across each question resulting in an overall score ranging from 0 to 4 The percentage for this component is based on respondents residing in households owning or with regular use of a car and who score 3 or 4 on this scale The measure for worry about violent crime is based on a scale constructed from questions on worry about mugging rape physical attack by a stranger and racially motivated assault The same coding system for question responses is used as for the vehic
64. ference person age and tenure Percentages England and Wales 2010 11 BCS Other household theft Vehicle related theft Bicycle theft Estimate Range Estimate Range Estimate Range Unweighted base Age of household reference person 16 24 4 8 3 5 6 0 7 7 5 6 9 7 11 3 8 2 14 3 1 631 25 34 4 9 43 56 7 9 7 0 89 5 7 47 67 5 868 35 44 5 0 45 56 6 6 5 9 7 3 4 3 3 7 49 8 458 45 54 4 3 3 8 48 6 2 5 6 69 4 3 3 7 5 0 9 111 55 64 3 9 3 4 44 4 2 3 7 48 2 1 15 2 7 8 603 65 74 3 2 2 7 3 7 2 4 2 0 29 1 4 0 8 2 1 6 703 75 2 6 2 1 3 0 1 8 13 23 1 8 06 341 6 243 Tenure Owner occupiers 4 0 3 8 43 4 8 45 51 2 7 2 3 3 0 31 421 Social renters 4 7 41 52 6 6 5 7 7 6 7 9 66 9 2 7 769 Private renters 4 0 3 5 45 7 2 6 4 8 1 7 3 6 3 8 4 7 371 1 The range given for these estimates is based on a 95 per cent confidence interval see Section 8 for more information 2 Based on vehicle owning households unweighted base will be slightly lower than that given 3 Based on bicycle owning households unweighted base will be slightly lower than that given 55 Appendix 2 Recorded crime list The classifications defined in this Appendix are those used for crime recorded by the police and notifiable to the Home Office In general attempting conspiring aiding abetting causing or permitting a crime is classified under the heading of the crime itself though in certain cases it is shown separately
65. forces of England and Wales including the British Transport Police where the incident occurred within England and Wales These are e The monthly aggregated recorded crime return see Section 3 1 e A more detailed statistical return for each recorded homicide containing additional information including victim and suspect details and the circumstances of the offence This is used to populate a Home Office database called the Homicide Index The Homicide Index contains details about homicides recorded in England and Wales since 1977 In contrast to the aggregated recorded crime return the Homicide Index is continually being updated with revised information from the police as investigations continue and as cases are heard by the courts As the Homicide Index is continually updated and provides more detailed information Home Office statisticians view the Index as a better source of data than the separate monthly aggregated recorded crime return However due to the time permitted for police forces to submit the individual returns within 30 days of recording an incident as homicide and the complexities in checking the data it is not possible to use the Homicide Index figures for the annual crime bulletin Instead figures from the monthly aggregated recorded crime return are presented as a provisional homicide estimate with full analysis published in a supplementary bulletin approximately six months later Care should therefore be taken when u
66. gned to achieve 1 000 interviews in each police force area PFA involving substantial over sampling in less populous PFAs The impact of changes in the BCS sample design over time has been examined see Tipping et al 2010 The main changes in the BCS sample design since 1996 are summarised in Table 2a 3 Prior to 2001 British Crime Surveys were carried out in 1982 1984 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 and 2000 4 The small users PAF has been the sampling frame for the BCS since 1992 it lists all postal delivery points in England and Wales almost all households have one delivery point or letterbox 5 In households with only one 10 to 15 year old in the 2009 10 BCS the child was eligible to be interviewed in 87 5 per cent of cases and in the 2010 11 BCS the child was eligible for interview in all cases see TNS BMRB 2010 6 The current sample size is designed to be able to produce reliable estimates of crimes and crime related attitudes and experiences at a national level on an annual basis to provide more detailed breakdowns would require a large expansion of the sample at substantial cost to expand the children s sample would require an even greater expansion of the core sample less than 15 of households have children in the eligible age range User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics Table 2a Main features of the BCS core sample design since 1996 Year Core target Achieved Mai
67. he person Other theft of personal All violence property Estimate Range Estimate Range Estimate Range Estimate Range Estimate Range Respondent sex Male 22 6 21 9 23 3 6 5 6 1 69 0 9 0 8 1 1 1 8 16 2 1 4 1 38 45 Female 20 5 19 9 21 1 5 3 5 0 56 1 4 1 2 15 2 0 18 2 2 2 2 2 0 24 Respondent age 16 24 31 8 30 0 33 5 14 0 12 7 15 3 2 5 19 3 1 3 8 3 1 46 8 8 77 98 25 34 26 6 25 3 27 9 8 1 7 3 89 1 5 1 1 1 8 2 5 2 0 2 9 4 4 3 8 51 35 44 24 7 23 5 25 8 5 4 48 59 0 9 0 7 1 2 2 0 17 24 2 8 24 3 3 45 54 22 1 21 0 23 2 4 3 3 8 48 0 7 0 5 1 0 1 6 12 1 9 2 2 18 25 55 64 17 3 16 3 18 3 3 1 27 36 0 7 04 0 9 1 3 10 1 6 1 3 10 1 6 65 74 11 0 10 1 11 9 2 1 17 25 0 8 0 5 1 0 0 9 0 6 1 1 0 5 0 3 07 75 7 8 6 9 86 1 4 1 1 18 0 7 0 5 1 0 0 5 0 3 0 7 0 2 0 1 0 3 Table A 04 cont Confidence intervals around BCS estimates of personal victimisation rates prevalence risk by respondent sex and age Percentages England and Wales 2010 11 BCS Domestic violence Acquaintance violence Stranger violence Mugging robbery snatch theft Estimate Range Estimate Range Estimate Range Estimate Range Unweighted base Respondent sex Male 0 3 0 2 04 1 3 11 14 2 3 2 0 2 5 0 8 0 6 0 9 21 076 Female 0 5 04 06 0 8 06 09 0 7 0 5 0 8 0 5 0 4 0 6 25 678 Respondent age 16 24 1 0 0 6 1 3 3 1 25 38 4 1 3 4 49 1 9 1 3 24 3 885 25 34 0 5 0 3 07 1 4 10
68. hild abduction Recorded crime statistics do not specifically identify offences of domestic violence since it is not a legal definition Such offences would be recorded in accordance with the intent of the offence and any injuries sustained e g GBH with intent Police recorded crime figures for violence against the person quoted in the text and charts also include assault on a constable and racially or religiously aggravated assault which are both separate categories within recorded crime Such incidents are not treated separately in the BCS and would fall within the BCS assault with minor injury or without injury categories Offences involving weapons The Home Office collects additional data from the police on offences involving the use of firearms and knives or sharp instruments These additional collections reflect the serious nature of these offences Offences involving the use of firearms The firearm offences collection covers offences recorded by the police where a firearm has been fired used as a blunt instrument or in a threat This collection covers those firearms covered by the Firearms Act 1968 e Firearms that use a controlled explosion to fire a projectile This category includes handguns shotguns and rifles These types of weapon are often used in the more serious offences and tend to account for most of the fatalities and serious injuries from such offences e Imitation firearms This category includes replica weapons a
69. ice and also introduced single points of contact within police forces for the financial institutions to report cases directly to As victims of fraud are mainly commercial organisations it is not covered in the same way 18 New offences that were introduced from 15 January 2007 were temporarily recorded as Other fraud until the new offence codes came into being on 1 April 2007 30 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics as other crimes The Government s Fraud Review see Attorney General 2006 also specifically welcomed the changes that were being put in place The 2006 Fraud Act also resulted in the creation of a National Fraud Authority NFA One of the key objectives of this new body is to support better reporting of fraud crimes and their subsequent investigation During 2009 10 the NFA opened a single national point of reporting for a wide range of frauds in particular those arising from the growing use of the internet and email This new means of reporting sits outside the police service as a call centre Action Fraud with an associated online reporting tool It is expected that over the next year much of the fraud currently reported to the police will instead be reported directly to Action Fraud At the same time the NFA and police have jointly established a national fraud intelligence bureau NFIB to receive reports from action fraud as well as those from the banks and other financial institutions and to analyse them to i
70. icting grievous bodily harm GBH without intent 8H Racially or religiously aggravated inflicting grievous bodily harm GBH without intent 37 1 Causing death by aggravated vehicle taking 47 Causing or allowing death of a child or vulnerable person 4 9 Causing death by driving unlicensed drivers etc 4 10 Corporate Manslaughter 8G Actual bodily harm ABH and other injury 8J Racially or religiously aggravated actual bodily harm ABH or other injury 8K Poisoning or female genital mutilation 56 Violence against the person without injury 3A Conspiracy to murder 3B Threats to kill 6 Endangering railway passengers 7 Endangering life at sea 10A Possession of firearms with intent 10C Possession of other weapons 10D Possession of article with blade or point 8L Harassment 9A Public fear alarm or distress 8M Racially or religiously aggravated harassment 9B Racially or religiously aggravated public fear alarm or distress 11 Cruelty to and neglect of children 12 Abandoning a child under the age of two years 13 Child abduction 14 Procuring illegal abortion 104 Assault without injury on a constable Summary offences closely associated with actual bodily harm see classification 8G 105A Assault without injury Summary offences closely associated with actual bodily harm see classification 8G Includes amongst other offences common assault and battery Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988
71. idence interval also referred to as margin of error of the estimate At the 95 per cent confidence level over many repeats of a survey under the same conditions one would expect that the confidence interval would contain the true population value 95 times out of 100 This can be thought of as a one in 20 chance that the true population value will fall outside the 95 per cent confidence interval calculated for the survey estimate Because of this variation changes in estimates between survey years or between population subgroups may occur by chance In other words the change may simply be due to which adults were randomly selected for interview We are able to measure whether this is likely to be the case using standard statistical tests and conclude whether differences are likely to be due to chance or represent a real difference Only increases or decreases that are statistically significant at the five per cent level and are therefore likely to be real are described as changes within the main bulletin and in the tables and figures these are identified by asterisks Confidence intervals on the BCS are based on complex standard errors CSEs around estimates which reflect the stratified and semi clustered design of the survey and are calculated using the SPSS Complex Sample Module www spss com Where standard errors are calculated without the complex element a design effect of 1 2 is applied to the confidence interval and significance testi
72. improve data quality For example the interviewer is unable to move on to the next question until a discrepancy or inconsistency has been resolved The main BCS questionnaire has a complex structure consisting of a core set of modules asked of the whole sample a set of modules asked only of different sub samples and self completion modules asked of all respondents aged 16 to 59 Modules include for e g victimisation performance of the criminal justice system CJS contact with and attitudes to the police and the CJS mobile phone theft anti social behaviour plastic card fraud and demographic characteristics of the respondent and household The primary objective of extending the survey to children aged 10 to 15 was to provide estimates of the levels of crime experienced by children and their risk of victimisation Like the adult survey the children s survey also gathers information on a limited number of crime related topics such as children s experience and attitudes to the police personal safety and being in public spaces First results from these supplementary topics were published in May 2011 Hoare et al 2011 Survey development is carried out on an annual basis to reflect emerging issues While the wording of victimisation questions has not changed and these are included every year the precise set of other modules asked in each survey year varies Self completion modules are used in the BCS to collect information on topic
73. in Box 3 2 of Flatley et al 2010 In this example the characteristics that are varied are age sex and marital status while all other characteristics remain constant The 45 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics characteristics that remain constant are white no long standing illness or disability in employment managerial and professional occupations degree or diploma household income of 30 000 40 000 homeowner detached house urban prospering suburbs not high level of physical disorder seven hours or longer out of the home on an average weekday visited a bar less than once a week in the last month did not visit a nightclub in the last month The risk of being a victim of violent crime for a 23 year old single man with all the above characteristics is EXP 5 79 1 32 0 58 0 61 0 18 0 24 0 17 0 25 0 07 5 4 1 EXP 5 79 1 32 0 58 0 61 0 18 0 24 0 17 0 25 0 07 The risk of being a victim of violent crime for a 55 year old married woman with all the above characteristics is EXP 5 79 2 82 0 21 5 0 58 0 18 0 24 0 17 0 25 0 07 0 4 1 EXP 5 79 2 82 0 21 5 0 58 0 18 0 24 0 17 0 25 0 07 The relative risk is Risk for a 23 year old single man 12 33 Risk for a 55 year old married woman 8 5 CONVENTIONS USED IN FIGURES AND TABLES The following conventions are used in the annual crime statistics publication and the user guide where applicable Table abbreviations indicates no response in
74. inus two times the log of the likelihood also known as the scaled deviance of each model is presented as a measure indicating how much of the outcome remains unexplained by the independent variables The fit of each model is compared using a likelihood ratio test to see if the subsequent iteration predicts the outcome significantly better this is the case when the difference of the 2 log likelinoods of both models exceeds a critical value The Nagelkerke R square statistic is presented as a measure indicating how much the independent variables predict the dependent variable The model which has the highest value is the model that is considered to have the best fit It can only be used to compare models predicting the same dependent variable in the same dataset The odds of an event e g victimisation or taking illicit drugs are calculated as the ratio of the probabilities of occurrence and non occurrence of the event Logistic regression describes the impact of independent variables by comparing the odds of a subgroup of interest with a fixed reference category set by the analyst within a variable all other categories are compared with this reference category The result is a measure describing the association between the two groups which is termed the odds ratio To explain further when the reference category within the variable sex is defined as women and the odds ratio within the model predicting risk of violence
75. ion 2006 and feasibility work Pickering et al 2008 the BCS has been extended to include 10 to 15 year olds The first results for this age group were published in June 2010 Millard and Flatley 2010 as experimental statistics Estimates of victimisation against children from the 2009 10 and 2010 11 BCS are presented within the 2010 11 annual crime volume however these figures continue to be badged as experimental statistics due to their developmental status see Appendix 1 of the 2010 11 annual crime statistics bulletin for more detail The key aim of the BCS is to provide robust trends for the crime types and population it covers the survey does not aim to provide an absolute count of crime and has notable exclusions The BCS excludes fraud see below and those crimes often termed as victimless e g possession of drugs As a survey that asks people whether they have experienced victimisation murders cannot be included The BCS does not cover the population living in group residences e g care homes or halls of residence or other institutions nor does it cover crime against commercial or public sector bodies Work has been completed to look at the scope and feasibility of a possible new survey on commercial victimisation Smith and Harvey 2010 For the crime types and population it covers the BCS provides a better reflection of the true extent of household and personal crime than police recorded statistics because the survey includes
76. ion of crime unless there was credible evidence to the contrary Simmons et al 2003 Both these changes resulted in an increase in the number of crimes recorded Certain offences such as the more minor violent crimes were more affected by these changes than 12 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics others All of these factors need to be considered when looking at the trends in recorded crime Ongoing consultation on the formulation and development of the policy on crime recording is provided through working groups of the National Crime Recording Steering Group NCRSG comprising members of the Home Office police force regional representatives and representatives of ACPO Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Constabulary HMIC and the Crown Prosecution Service CPS Police recorded crime statistics like any administrative data will be affected by the rules governing the recording of data systems in place and operational decisions in respect of the allocation of resources More proactive policing in a given area could lead to an increase in crimes recorded without any real change in underlying crime trends Therefore when examining trends in police recorded crime data presented in statistical bulletins it is important to pay attention to the commentary which will explain any caveats associated with the data The Audit Commission published its latest assessment of police data quality in September 2007 Audit Commission 2007 whi
77. ion to the first five incidents in a series has been applied since the BCS began in order to ensure that estimates are not affected by a very small number of respondents who report an extremely high number of incidents and which are highly variable between survey years In the US National Violence Against Women Survey which did not include a capping procedure 24 respondents had been victims of rape in the preceding 12 months One of these victims had been raped 24 times in this time period and when weighted to the population this victim accounted for 302 100 incidents estimated from the survey 34 of the total Rand and Rennison 2005 The inclusion of such victims could undermine the ability to measure trends consistently This sort of capping is in line with other surveys of crime and other topics Prevalence rates are not affected by this procedure see TNS BMRB 2010 for information on the measurement of series data The Home Office is currently seeking to investigate the effect that this capping procedure has on BCS estimates and results will be published in due course Based on information collected and processed from the adult and child victim forms specially trained coders determine whether what has been reported constitutes a crime and if so what offence code should be assigned to the crime The full list of BCS offence codes is shown in Appendix 3 BCS crime statistics are produced from these data and presented as incidence or prevalenc
78. is change does not affect the figures for perceptions of the local police presented in the 2010 11 crime statistics bulletin Crime maps Since January 2009 every police force has made maps available on their website giving local crime statistics and details of neighbourhood policing teams in the local area Questions were included in the 2009 10 and 2010 11 BCS to find out more about the public s awareness and use of online crime maps Results from the questions included in the 2009 10 BCS are published in Scribbins ef al 2010 and results from 2010 11 are published in the annual crime statistics bulletin 2010 11 Crime maps were extended in January 2011 to provide street level maps showing crime data in people s streets and in their local neighbourhood From April 2011 revised questions on crime maps were included in the BCS which are more relevant to the new online crime maps introduced in January 2011 Results from these questions will be available in 2012 6 6 CONFIDENCE IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Since October 2007 the BCS has included a set of questions relating to the fairness and effectiveness of the criminal justice system CJS Respondents are asked questions about their perception of the effectiveness of each aspect of the CJS and then asked e Thinking about all of the agencies within the criminal justice system the police the Crown Prosecution Service the courts prisons and the probation service how confident are
79. larified as there had previously been some confusion as to whether the degree of injury sustained rather than intent should be the sole determining factor in the recording of these offences see Section 3 e Actual Bodily Harm ABH relates to any assault with injury which is not GBH with or without intent and includes internal injury and shock when accompanied by expert psychological evidence e Threats to kill where an individual fears that the offender s threat is real and may be carried out e Possession of weapons offences include possession of firearms with intent possession of other weapons and possession of article with blade or point If a weapon is used then the police will normally record a more serious notifiable offence Possession of firearms with no intent offences are recorded under other miscellaneous offences e Harassment offences are those incidents where no other substantive notifiable offence exists but when looked at as a course of conduct are likely to cause fear alarm or distress Public fear alarm or distress offences are where a course of conduct is not present e Assault without injury offences are those where at the most a feeling of touch or passing moment of pain is experienced by the victim The other violent offences recorded by the police include attempted murder conspiracy to murder poisoning or female genital mutilation cruelty or neglect to children abandoning a child under two years and c
80. le crime questions Once results from the four questions are combined the scale for the overall score ranges from O i e all responses are either not very worried or not at all worried to 8 i e all responses are very worried The percentage for this component is based on respondents who score 4 or more on this scale 6 3 ANTI SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR The BCS measures high levels of perceived anti social behaviour ASB based on responses to seven individual questions relating to e noisy neighbours or loud parties e teenagers hanging around on the streets e rubbish or litter lying around e vandalism graffiti and other deliberate damage to property e people using or dealing drugs e people being drunk or rowdy in public places and 32 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e abandoned or burnt out cars Perceptions of ASB are measured using a scale based on answers to the seven questions as follows very big problem 3 fairly big problem 2 not a very big problem 1 and not a problem at all 0 The maximum score for the seven questions is 21 Respondents with a score of 11 or more on this scale are classified as having a high level of perceived ASB This scale can only be calculated for the 2001 BCS onwards as the question on people being drunk or rowdy was only introduced in 2001 Measures of perceptions of each of the seven types or strands of ASB for example perception
81. le to establish that the arson was committed by someone unconnected with the theft 5 4 FRAUD AND FORGERY The measurement of fraud is challenging as fraud is known to be very substantially under reported to the police Better information can be derived from other sources For example figures for plastic credit debit or bank card fraud are obtained from the UK Cards Association which is the leading trade association for the cards industry in the UK For more information on the various sources of fraud including administrative data and on the nature 29 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics extent and economic impact of fraud in the UK see Hoare 2007 Levi et al 2007 and Wilson et al 2006 Plastic card fraud among individuals resident in households in England and Wales is also covered in a module within the BCS Stolen plastic cards i e credit debit or bank cards are included in the main BCS crime count under the relevant offence such as burglary or theft from the person but incidents of fraud are not covered However the BCS has included questions on experience of plastic card fraud in a separate module of questions since 2005 06 For the most recently published data see Moon et al 2010 Offences of fraud and forgery are recorded by the police but figures from 2007 08 onwards are not comparable with previous years due to the introduction of the Fraud Act 2006 which commenced in January 2007 and saw significa
82. les 2009 10 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 12 10 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs10 hosb1210 pdf Hall P and Smith K Ed 2011 Analysis of the 2010 11 British Crime Survey intimate personal violence split sample experiment London Home Office http homeoffice gov uk science research research statistics crime crime statistics bcs methodology Hoare J 2007 Deceptive Evidence Challenges in Measuring Fraud In Surveying Crime in the 21 Century Hough M and Maxfield M Eds Crime Prevention Studies vol 22 2007 pp 263 279 Hoare J Parfrement Hopkins J Britton A Hall P Scribbins M Ed and Flatley J Ed 2011 Children s experience and attitudes towards the police personal safety and public spaces Findings from the 2009 10 British Crime Survey interviews with children aged 10 to 15 Supplementary Volume 3 to Crime in England and Wales 2009 10 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 08 11 London Home Office http www homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research hosb081 1 hosb0811 view Binary Home Office 2009 Crime in England and Wales Quarterly Update to June 2009 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 15 09 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110220105210 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs09 hosb1509 pdf Home Office 2011 Home Office Counti
83. less sparse Village less sparse Hamlet and isolated dwellings less sparse Urban areas are those classified as e Urban sparse e Urban less sparse Rural Urban Local Authority LA Classification England The revised LA Classification introduced in 2009 differentiates between rural and urban for those statistics that are only available at LA level In the Crime in England and Wales annual bulletin 2009 10 the three way classification at the similar Community Safety Partnership level and Police Force Area level has been applied At the Community Safety Partnership level the classification is as follows Predominantly Rural areas are those classified as 20 Please see http www ons gov uk about statistics geography products area classifications rural urban definition and la classification index html 38 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e Rural 80 districts with at least 80 per cent of their population in rural settlements and larger market towns e Rural 50 districts with at least 50 per cent but less than 80 per cent of their population in rural settlements and larger market towns Significant Rural areas are those classified as e Significant Rural districts with more than 37 000 people or more than 26 per cent of their population in rural settlements and larger market towns Predominantly Urban areas are those classified as e Major Urban districts with either 100 000 peopl
84. ly by summing two or more component percentages In order to avoid rounding errors the percentage has been recalculated for the single category and therefore may differ by one percentage point from the sum of the percentages derived from the tables Year labels on BCS figures and tables Prior to 2001 02 BCS respondents were asked about their experience of crime in the previous calendar year so year labels identify the year in which the crime took place Following the change to continuous interviewing in 2001 02 respondents experience of crime relates to the 12 full months prior to interview see Section 2 and year labels identify the BCS year of interview Other questions on the BCS e g attitudes to policing confidence in the criminal justice system ask the respondent their current views or attitudes and thus the data are referenced as the year in which the respondent was interviewed e g 1996 2008 09 No answers missing values All BCS analysis excludes don t know refusals unless otherwise specified Numbers of BCS incidents Estimates are rounded to the nearest 1 000 47 9 UK crime statistics 9 1 CRIME STATISTICS FOR WALES SCOTLAND AND NORTHERN IRELAND The British Crime Survey and police recorded crime data used in this publication cover crimes in England and Wales only A separate Welsh factsheet is produced which highlights the key crime statistics for Wales The factsheet is available in both English
85. mage 45 Theft from a vehicle 48 Theft or unauthorised taking of motor vehicle Unauthorised taking of motor vehicle part of Section 12 of the Theft Act 1968 also known as taking without consent or TWOC is a summary offence It is closely associated with theft of a motor vehicle because at the time of recording it may not be known whether the intention is to permanently deprive the owner 126 Interfering with a motor vehicle 58 Summary offences closely associated with theft of or from vehicles The Home Office website see above contains detailed guidance for forces on distinguishing between these offences and criminal damage where a vehicle is reported damaged Thefts of and from vehicles Comprises aggravated vehicle taking theft from a vehicle and theft or unauthorised taking of a motor vehicle OTHER THEFT OFFENCES All the offences listed here unless shown otherwise form the legal offence of theft Section 1 of the Theft Act 1968 which is defined as a person dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 49 54 Profiting from or concealing knowledge of the proceeds of crime Theft from the person Includes snatch theft but if this involves the use or threat of force e g if the victim resists then it is recorded as robbery Theft in a dwelling other than from automatic machine or meter Thef
86. mates and projections used in the BCS are unrounded Total BCS crime is a combination of household and personal crime and therefore numbers will be different to those previously published for all years due to the change in estimated numbers of household crimes in all years In years where estimated numbers of personal crimes have also changed these have a further effect on total BCS crime The effect of these changes is small with figures being revised by around one per cent Some of the recorded crime tables in the annual crime statistics publication use population figures to calculate the number of crimes per 10 000 or 100 000 population The rounded population figures used are mid 2009 population estimates supplied by ONS and mid 2009 projections for household numbers from CLG and WAG Rates per 10 000 or 100 000 population for earlier years also use the population estimates from the previous year i e 2009 10 data uses mid 2008 population estimates 8 4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION Logistic regression is a multivariate statistical technique that predicts the outcome of a dependent variable from a set of independent variables such as personal household area 25 At the time of publication mid 2010 population estimates are available from ONS However these were not available in time to be included in the production of statistics for Crime in England and Wales 2010 11 26 http www statistics gov uk statbase Product asp vInk 4611 27 http www
87. n design features Clusters sample sample size size 10 11 46 000 46 754 Disproportionate sampling by Unclustered in areas of PFAs to get a min of 1 000 per high population density PFA highly clustered in rural areas 09 10 46 000 44 638 Disproportionate sampling by Unclustered in areas of PFAs to get a min of 1 000 per high population density PFA highly clustered in rural areas 08 09 46 000 46 289 Disproportionate sampling by Unclustered in areas of PFAs to get a min of 1 000 per high population density PFA highly clustered in rural areas 07 08 46 000 46 983 Disproportionate sampling by Whole postcode sectors PFAs to get a min of 1 000 per 32 issued addresses per PFA primary sampling unit PSU 06 07 46 000 47 023 Disproportionate sampling by Whole postcode sectors PFAs to get a min of 1 000 per 32 issued per PSU PFA 16 in high density areas 05 06 46 000 47 796 Disproportionate sampling by Whole postcode sectors PFAs to get a min of 1 000 per 32 issued per PSU PFA 16 in high density areas 04 05 46 000 45 120 Disproportionate sampling by Whole postcode sectors PFAs to get a min of 1 000 per 32 issued per PSU PFA 16 in high density areas 03 04 37 000 37 931 Disproportionate sampling by Whole postcode sectors PFAs to get a min of 600 700 32 issued per PSU per PFA 16 in high density areas 02 03 37 000 39 249 Disproportionate sampling by Whole postcode sectors PFAs to get a min of 600 700 32 issued per PSU per PFA 16 in high densit
88. n ionnann 47 9 1 Crime Statistics for Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland 0 0 47 Appendix 1 BCS additional tables on sample sizes and confidence intervals 49 Appendix 2 Recorded Grime WS 2c weisas cocci cees paiccctee soos a ea gad seeaedee te ceates 55 Appendix 3 iBCS OHEMCCS sa cosgia suede ceel tame a seer seueeed sles 61 Bibliography sescciicsetcctcicccccetcsetaatesctecaad cd senawetecetaad ccsecaaesecetantescsnaad casceauevesenand cdannauesesenaateienant 69 1 Introduction The Home Office publishes figures on the levels and trends of crime in England and Wales based on two sets of crime statistics the British Crime Survey BCS and police recorded crime data Each source has different strengths and limitations but together they provide a more comprehensive picture of crime than could be obtained from either series alone These statistics inform public debate about crime and support the development and monitoring of policy Currently these crime statistics are published four times a year a main annual volume with a full set of figures and commentary and three quarterly updates which provide summary headlines Additionally a number of supplementary volumes are produced containing in depth analysis of issues such as homicide violent crime and perceptions of crime and anti social behaviour The future publication of crime statistics is being considered in the context of the National Statistician s i
89. n separate occasions to buy goods fraudulently from ten different shops there would be a requirement for one crime record for theft and ten for deception Now there is a requirement to record one theft and one fraud by false representation The result of this change means that fewer crimes of plastic card and cheque fraud were recorded by the police during 2007 08 2008 09 2009 10 and 2010 11 compared with previous years and recorded fraud and forgery figures prior to 2007 08 are not comparable with more recent figures This change was made to reduce significant bureaucracy in recording crime possibly involving several police forces and to reflect the fact that in the cases when this counting basis is used the financial loss is generally borne by the financial institution at which the account is held rather than by the merchants who process a transaction or by the account holder From April 2007 where a financial institution makes full financial recompense to an account holder the financial institution rather than the account holder can report the crime directly to a single point of contact within the police These changes have been supported by the UK Cards Association and Association of Chief Police Officers ACPO as they have resulted in significant reductions in bureaucracy in relation to the reporting of cheque and plastic card fraud This has focused police effort on reports of fraud most likely to lead to a suspect being brought to just
90. nal damage results from any person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property belonging to another intending to destroy or damage any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be destroyed or damaged Damage which is repairable without cost or which is accidental is not included in police recorded crime statistics Separate recorded crime figures exist for criminal damage to a dwelling to a building other than a dwelling to a vehicle and other criminal damage Figures are also published for racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage Arson is the act of deliberately setting fire to property including buildings and vehicles In the BCS this is any deliberate damage to property belonging to the respondent or their household caused by fire regardless of the type of property involved The only exception is where the item that is set on fire was stolen first this is coded as theft Arson is included in vandalism to other property and includes arson to vehicles For vehicle crime if a vehicle is stolen and later found deliberately burnt out by the same offender one crime of theft of a vehicle is recorded by the police and in the BCS If there is evidence that someone unconnected with the theft committed the arson then an offence of arson is recorded by the police in addition to the theft For the BCS only an offence of theft of a vehicle would be recorded as in practice it would often not be possib
91. nce intervals around BCS estimates of incidents of crime Numbers thousands England and Wales 2010 11 BCS Estimate Range PROPERTY CRIME Numbers thousands Vandalism 2 156 2 045 2 268 Vehicle vandalism 1 449 1 364 1 535 Other vandalism 707 642 772 Burglary 745 687 802 With entry 452 408 496 Attempts 293 259 326 With loss 298 265 331 No loss including attempts 446 401 492 Vehicle related theft 1 189 1 120 1 257 Theft from vehicles 858 800 916 Theft of vehicles 94 77 112 Attempts of and from 237 206 267 Bicycle theft 526 478 573 Other household theft 1 244 1 172 1 316 Unweighted base household crimes 46 728 Theft from the person 563 485 641 Snatch theft from person 73 43 102 Stealth theft from person 491 425 556 Other thefts of personal property 993 901 1 084 All violence 2 203 2 002 2 404 Wounding 520 429 611 Assault with minor injury 591 488 694 Assault without injury 844 731 958 Robbery 248 192 304 Violence with injury 1 211 1 068 1 355 Violence without injury 992 869 1 114 Domestic violence 392 316 468 Acquaintance 678 570 786 Stranger 885 774 997 Mugging robbery snatch theft 321 251 390 Unweighted base personal crimes 46 754 Household acquisitive crime 3 703 3 572 3 834 Personal acquisitive crime 1 804 1 666 1 942 ALL HOUSEHOLD CRIME 5 859 5 674 6 045 ALL PERSONAL CRIME 3 759 3 501 4 016 ALL BCS CRIME 9 618 9 175 10 061 Unweighted base 46 754 1 For household crimes vandalism domestic bu
92. ndependent review of crime statistics see National Statistician 2011 The User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics is designed to be a useful reference guide with explanatory notes regarding the issues and classifications which are key to the production and presentation of the crime statistics The dates of forthcoming crime statistics publications are pre announced and can be found via the UK National Statistics Publication Hub http www statistics gov uk hub index htm Copies of Home Office statistical bulletins are available from the Home Office Research and Statistics Internet site http homeoffice gov uk science research research statistics For further information about the BCS and police recorded crime statistics please email crimestats homeoffice gsi gov uk or write to Home Office Statistics 5 Floor Peel Building 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF 2 British Crime Survey 2 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SURVEY The British Crime Survey BCS is a face to face victimisation survey in which people resident in households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of a range of crimes in the 12 months prior to the interview Respondents to the survey are also asked about their attitudes towards different crime related issues such as the police and the criminal justice system and perceptions of crime and anti social behaviour Following crime statistics reviews carried out in 2006 Smith 2006 Statistics Commiss
93. nding with sexual motive 41 Robbery 42 Attempted robbery 66 Common assault 13 Common assault 21 Attempted assault Wounding 11 Serious wounding 12 Other wounding 32 Serious wounding with sexual motive 33 Other wounding with sexual motive Robbery 41 Robbery 42 Attempted robbery Mugging 41 Robbery 42 Attempted robbery 43 Snatch theft from the person Mugging is the only BCS violence offence code that includes snatch theft from the person Acquisitive crime against the individual 41 Robbery 42 Attempted robbery 43 Snatch theft from the person 44 Other theft from the person 45 Attempted theft from the person 67 Other theft 73 Other attempted theft Theft from the person 43 Snatch theft from the person 44 Other theft from the person 45 Attempted theft from the person Stealth theft from person 44 Other theft from the person 45 Attempted theft from the person 67 Snatch theft from person 43 Snatch theft from the person Other theft of personal property 67 Other theft 73 Other attempted theft Threats 91 Threat to kill assault made against but not necessarily to respondent 92 Sexual threat made against but not necessarily to respondent 93 Other threat or intimidation made against but not necessarily to respondent 94 Threats against others made to the respondent TOTAL BCS CRIME Total BCS crime not including rape and indecent assault 11 12
94. ng Rules for Recorded Crime London Home Office http www homeoffice gov uk science research research statistics crime counting rules 70 Jansson K Budd S Lovbakke J Moley S and Thorpe K 2007 Attitudes perceptions and risks of crime Supplementary Volume 1 to Crime in England and Wales 2006 07 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 19 07 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds p dfs07 hosb1907 pdf Levi M Burrows J Fleming M H and Hopkins M with the assistance of Matthews K 2007 The Nature Extent and Economic Impact of Fraud in the UK Report for the Association of Chief Police Officers Economic Crime Portfolio http citeseerx ist psu edu viewdoc download doi 10 1 1 108 8217 amp rep rep1 amp type pdf Lynn P and Elliot D 2000 The British Crime Survey A review of methodology London National Centre for Social Research http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds p dfs08 bcs methodology review 2000 pdf Millard B and Flatley J 2010 Experimental statistics on victimisation of children aged 10 to 15 Findings from the British Crime Survey for the year ending December 2009 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 11 10 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110220105210 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs10 hosb1110 pdf Ministry of Justice 2011 Criminal Statistics Quarterly Update t
95. ng to allow for the fact that the survey design is not a simple random sample Statistical significance for change in BCS estimates for overall crime cannot be calculated in the same way as for other BCS estimates This is because there is an extra stage of sampling used in the personal crime rate selecting the adult respondent for interview compared with the household crime rate where the respondent represents the whole household so technically these are estimates from two different though obviously highly related surveys The Office for National Statistics ONS methodology group has provided an approximation method to use to overcome this problem The approach involves producing population weighted variances associated with two approximated estimates for overall crime The first approximation is derived by apportioning household crime equally among adults within the household in other words converting households into adults and second by apportioning personal crimes to all household members converting adults into households The variances are calculated in the same way as for the standard household or personal crime rates i e taking into account the complex sample design An average is then taken of the two estimates of the population weighted variances The resulting approximated variance is then used in the calculation of confidence intervals for the estimate of all BCS crime and in the calculation of the sampling error around change
96. nt changes to offences in the fraud and forgery offence group For offences prior to January 2007 fraud is defined as dishonestly deceiving to obtain either property or a pecuniary advantage Recorded crime statistics were collected for fraud by company director false accounting cheque and credit card fraud other frauds bankruptcy and insolvency offences forgery or use of false drug prescription other forgery and vehicle driver document fraud Under the Fraud Act 2006 fraud is defined as dishonestly making a false representation to obtain property or money for themselves or another Recorded crime statistics are collected for fraud by company director false accounting other frauds failing to disclose information abuse of position obtaining services dishonestly making or supplying articles for use in fraud possession of articles for use in fraud bankruptcy and insolvency offences forgery or use of false drug prescription other forgery and vehicle driver document fraud The Counting Rules changes in January 2007 also changed recording of fraud so that in most cases cheque and plastic card fraud is counted on a per account rather than per transaction basis If an account is defrauded only one offence is recorded rather than one offence per fraudulent transaction on each account as was the practice prior to January 2007 For example previously if a person had their credit card stolen and it was subsequently used on te
97. ntage of BCS incidents reported to police Local policing activity and priorities affect the levels of reported and recorded violent crime Where the police are proactive in addressing low level violence and anti social behaviour this can lead to more of these crimes being brought to their attention and being recorded For example research by the Cardiff Violence Research Group showed an association between the introduction of CCTV surveillance and increased police detection of violence Sivarajasingam et al 2003 Police recorded crime data are subject to changes in police recording practices The 1998 changes to the Home Office Counting Rules had a very significant impact on the recording of violent and sexual crime the number of violence against the person offences recorded by the police increased by 118 per cent as a result of the 1998 changes Povey and Prime 1999 Much of this increase resulted from a widening of the offence coverage to include assaults with little or no physical injury and offences of harassment again with no injury The National Crime Recording Standard NCRS introduced in April 2002 again resulted in increased recording of violent and sexual crimes particularly for less serious offences as well as for some other offences There was an estimated NCRS effect of 23 per cent on violence against the person offences in the first 12 months of implementation although it was recognised that this effect was unlikely to be
98. o December 2010 England and Wales London Ministry of Justice http www justice gov uk downloads publications statistics and data criminal justice stats criminal stats quarterly dec10 pdf Mirrlees Black C 1999 Domestic violence findings from a new British Crime Survey self completion questionnaire Home Office Research Study 191 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds p dfs hors191 pdf Moon D Ed Flatley J Ed Hoare J Green B and Murphy R 2010 Acquisitive crime and plastic card fraud Findings from the 2008 09 British Crime Survey Supplementary volume 3 to Crime in England and Wales 2008 09 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 08 10 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs10 hosb0810 pdf Mulchandani R Hand T and Panesar L 2010 Seizures of drugs in England and Wales 2009 10 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 17 10 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs10 hosb1710 pdf National Statistician 2011 National Statistician s Review of Crime Statistics England and Wales http www statisticsauthority gov uk national statistician ns reports reviews and quidance national statistician s reviews national statistician s review of crime statistics html Pickering K Smith P Bryson C and Farmer
99. ons but the recommended size was rather larger at 125 households In total there are 175 434 OAs 165 665 in England and 9 769 Wales Output Area Classification OAC The 2001 Area Classification of OAs is used to group together geographic areas according to key characteristics common to the population in that grouping These groupings are called clusters and are derived using 2001 population census data The OAC is a classification created in collaboration between the Office for National Statistics ONS and the University of Leeds The classification is freely available from ONS and other sources for all to use and complements commercially available classifications Further information and details about OAC can be found on the ONS website at http www statistics gov uk about methodology by theme area _classification default asp 37 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics Physical disorder This term is used in the BCS to describe a measure based on the interviewer s assessment of the level of a vandalism graffiti and deliberate damage to property b rubbish and litter and c homes in poor condition in the area Using guidance the interviewer has to make an assessment as to whether each of these problems is very common fairly common not very common or not at all common For each very and fairly common is scored as 1 and not very and not at all as 0 A scale is then constructed by summing the scores for each case The scal
100. or family member e Rape is the legal category of rape introduced in legislation in 2003 It is the penetration of the vagina anus or mouth by a penis without consent 25 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e Assault by penetration is a legal offence introduced in 2003 It is the penetration of the vagina or anus with an object or other body part without consent e Stalking two or more incidents causing distress fear or alarm of obscene or threatening unwanted letters or phone calls waiting or loitering around home or workplace following or watching or interfering with or damaging personal property by any person including a partner or family member Robbery A robbery is an incident or offence in which force or the threat of force is used either during or immediately prior to a theft or attempted theft As with violence against the person police recorded robberies cover a wide range of seriousness from armed bank robberies to muggings for mobile phones or small amounts of money Recorded crime offences also distinguish between robbery of personal property personal robbery and business property business robbery Robbery of business property is a recorded crime classification where goods stolen belong to a business or other corporate body such as a bank or a shop regardless of the location of the robbery The taking of vehicles during robberies often termed car jacking are also included as robbery The BCS covers
101. p from vehicle 71 Attempted theft of from car van 72 Attempted theft of from motorcycle Burglary 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling Burglary with entry 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 64 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken Burglary attempts 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling Burglary with loss 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken Burglary with no loss including attempts 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling Theft from a dwelling 55 Theft in a dwelling Bicycle theft 64 Theft of pedal cycle Other household thefts 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse 55 Theft in a dwelling 56 Theft from a meter 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken 65 Theft from outside dwelling excl theft of milk bottles PERSONAL CRIMES All personal not including rape and indecent assault 11 Serious wounding 12 Other wounding 13 Common assault 21 Attempted assault 32 Serious wounding with sexual motive 33 Other wounding with sexual motive 41 Robbery 32 Due to the small numbers of rape attempted rape and indecent assault offences identified by face to face BCS interviews results from the main BCS are too
102. panion Volume to Crime in England and Wales 2002 2003 Home Office Online Report 31 03 London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs 2 rdsolr3103 pdf Sivarajasingam V Shepherd J P and Matthews K 2003 Effect of urban closed circuit television on assault injury and violence detection Injury Prevention 9 pp 312 316 Smith A 2006 Crime statistics An independent review Independent Report London Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds p dfs06 crime statistics independent review 06 pdf Smith K Ed Coleman K Eder S and Hall P 2011 Homicide Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2009 10 Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales 2009 10 London Home Office http www homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research hosb0111 hosb0111 view Binary Smith P and Harvey P 2010 Methodological work to consider the scope and feasibility of a new survey to measure commercial victimisation Ipsos MORI Research Report 33 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs 10 horr33c pdf Statistics Commission 2006 Crime statistics User perspectives Statistics Commission Report No 30 London Statistics Commission http www statscom org uk uploads files reports Crime_ Statistics
103. ple sizes for household and personal characteristics police force areas and regions England and Wales 2010 11 BCS Household characteristic Unweighted Personal characteristic Unweighted Police force area and region Unweighted base base base ALL HOUSEHOLDS 46 728 ALL ADULTS 46 754 ENGLAND AND WALES 46 728 Age of household reference person Men 21 076 Cleveland 1 059 16 24 1 631 16 24 1 805 Durham 1 021 25 34 5 868 25 34 2 835 Northumbria 1 058 35 44 8 458 35 44 3 599 North East Region 3 138 45 54 9 111 45 54 3 629 55 64 8 603 55 64 3 782 Cheshire 1 062 65 74 6 703 65 74 3 041 Cumbria 1 028 75 6 243 75 2 385 Greater Manchester 1 402 Lancashire 1 080 Structure of household Women 25 678 Merseyside 960 Single adult amp child ren 2 448 16 24 2 080 North West Region 5 532 Adults amp child ren 9 876 25 34 3 629 Adult s amp no children 34 404 35 44 4 377 Humberside 1 040 45 54 4 176 North Yorkshire 1 041 Total household income 55 64 4 357 South Yorkshire 943 Less than 10 000 6 654 65 74 3 536 West Yorkshire 1 125 10 000 less than 20 000 9 209 75 3 523 Yorkshire and the Humber Region 4 149 20 000 less than 30 000 6 411 30 000 less than 40 000 4 763 Ethnic group Derbyshire 1 014 40 000 less than 50 000 3 216 White 42 991 Leicestershire 996 50 000 or more 6 334 Non White 3 687 Lincolnshire 1 036 No income stated or not enough information provided 10 089 Mixed 350 Northamptonshire 974 Asian or Asian British
104. ple victimisation include those who have been a victim of more than one personal crime or have been resident in a household that was a victim of more than one household crime or have been a victim of both types of crime Repeat victimisation a subset of multiple victimisation is defined as being a victim of the same type of crime e g vandalism more than once in the last 12 months Levels of repeat victimisation account for differences between incidence rates and prevalence rates For instance high levels of repeat victimisation will be reflected in relatively lower prevalence rates compared with incidence rates 11 3 Police recorded crime 3 1 INTRODUCTION TO POLICE RECORDED CRIME The Home Office collates and publishes recorded crime data supplied by the 43 territorial police forces of England and Wales plus the British Transport Police These data are supplied on a monthly basis in an aggregated return for each crime within the notifiable offence list see Appendix 2 Notifiable offences include all offences that could possibly be tried by jury these include some less serious offences such as minor theft that would not usually be dealt with this way plus a few additional closely related offences such as assault without injury Information on recorded crimes that are detected is collected in the same way Currently annual data are published on a financial year basis and provisional recorded crime data are published each quarter on
105. plete dataset would be available to them No changes were made to the BCS as a result of this study 2 5 BCS MEASURES OF CRIME The BCS provides estimates of the levels of household and personal crimes experienced by respondents Household crimes are considered to be all vehicle and property related crimes and respondents are asked whether anyone currently residing in the household has experienced any incidents within the reference period An example of a household crime would be criminal damage to a car the owner could be anyone in the household Personal crimes relate to all crimes against the individual and only relate to the respondent s own personal experience not that of other people in the household An example of a personal crime would be an assault Published BCS data for all personal crime excludes sexual offences except for wounding with a sexual motive as the number of sexual offences picked up by the survey is too small to give reliable estimates See Section 5 for a full definition of crime types Details of experiences of crime are recorded on a victim form The first three victim forms include detailed questions relating to each incident the last three victim forms are shorter modules designed to be much quicker to complete to avoid respondent fatigue during the interview The order in which the victim forms are asked depends on the type of crime less common crimes are prioritised in order to collect as much det
106. r reports being returned to forces for correction if appropriate Prior to the publication of any crime statistics bulletin a verification exercise is carried out with all forces The data held on the Home Office database are returned to individual forces asking for confirmation that the data accords with that held on their own systems Again forces resubmit data if required Throughout the year Home Office statisticians monitor the recorded crime data and investigate any unusual trends or patterns with a view to correction if required In addition to the above from January 2011 HMIC has been conducting a review of all 43 forces in England and Wales to assess incident and crime data quality assurance and is providing advice to forces on areas for improvement 3 3 DETECTIONS Detected crimes are those that have been cleared up by the police Not every case where the police know or think they know who committed a crime can be counted as a detection and some crimes are counted as detected when the victim might view the case as far from solved For any crime to be counted as detected sufficient evidence must be available to claim a detection and all of the following conditions must be met 12 Excludes the British Transport Police 13 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e anotifiable offence has been committed and recorded e a suspect has been identified and has been made aware that they will be recorded as being respon
107. rate Analysis of the BCS shows that victimisation rates vary 10 A victim form is completed for every incident or series of incidents that the respondent or their household has been a victim of and collects details of the offence such as the severity of injury sustained and the offender characteristics 11 For the 2009 10 BCS figures are mid 2008 based projections for the 2009 adult population in England and Wales from ONS household figures are forecast from these mid 2008 based projections for the 2009 population 10 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics depending on factors associated with personal area and household characteristics see Flatley et al 2010 Since the BCS also collects additional information from households it is possible to determine prevalence rates for subgroups such as vehicle or bicycle owning households Risk among these groups is higher than for the population in general of course as the household population includes those who do not own vehicles or bicycles Multiple and repeat victimisation Multiple victimisation is defined as the experience of being a victim of more than one crime in the previous year of the same or different type This includes those who have been victims of more than one crime of the same type within the last 12 months repeat victimisation and also those who have been victims of more than one BCS crime of any type within the last 12 months People who have experienced multi
108. reas recorded crime is a measure of those crimes reported to the police estimated by the BCS to be only 41 of comparable crime in 2010 11 and then recorded by them The BCS includes crimes that are not reported to or recorded by the police but is limited to crimes against adults resident in households and also does not cover all crime types see Section 2 By adjusting each series comparisons can be made between police recorded crime and the BCS allowing a better interpretation of overall crime trends The need for this comparison has been particularly important during periods when various changes have been made to the police recording of crime In order to compare the crime rates measured by the BCS and police recorded crime a comparable subset of crimes has been created for a set of offences that are covered by both measures Various adjustments are made to the recorded crime categories to maximise comparability with the BCS but they are not adjusted to exclude victims of commercial offences and offences committed against those under 16 Over three quarters of BCS offences reported via interviews in recent years fall into categories that can be compared with crimes recorded by the police Table 4a Table 4a Comparable subset of crimes BCS category Recorded crime offence included Vehicle thefts 37 2 Aggravated vehicle taking 48 Theft and unauthorised taking of motor vehicle 45 Theft from a vehicle 126 Vehicle interference and tampering
109. ren living within a household divided into those where there is e one adult and one or more children under 16 Note this does not necessarily denote a lone parent family as the adult may be a sibling or grandparent of the child e more than one adult with one or more children under 16 and e one or more adults with no children under 16 Household income Total household income is the combined income of all members of the household It includes income from all sources including earnings from employment and self employment pensions both state and private benefits and tax credits interest from savings and investments maintenance student grants and rent payments received Due to the nature of the question over one fifth of respondents gave insufficient information to classify their household income or declined to answer the question Those cases with insufficient information may include respondents who did not know the income of other household members Tenure The following definition of tenure is used by the BCS based on the National Statistics harmonised classification e Owners households who own their homes outright or are buying with a mortgage includes shared owners who own part of the equity and pay part of the mortgage rent e Social rented sector tenants households renting from a council housing association or other social rented sector e Rented privately households privately renting unfurnished or furnished
110. rglary vehicle related theft bicycle theft and other household theft the 2010 11 numbers are derived by multiplying offence rates incidence rates by 23 473 475 households in England and Wales For personal crimes theft from the person snatch theft stealth theft other theft of personal property all BCS violence wounding assault with minor injury assault with no injury and robbery the 2010 11 numbers are derived by multiplying incidence rates by 44 923 885 adults in England and Wales 2 The range given for these estimates is based on a 95 per cent confidence interval see Section 8 for more information Estimates based on subsamples for example age group will have larger confidence intervals 52 Table A 03 Confidence intervals around BCS estimates of victimisation rates prevalence risk and key perception measures Percentages England and Wales 2010 11 BCS Estimate Range PROPERTY CRIME Percentage of households victims once or more Vandalism 6 1 5 9 6 4 Vehicle vandalism 44 42 46 Other vandalism 1 9 1 8 21 Burglary 2 6 2 4 2 7 With entry 1 6 1 4 1 7 Attempts 1 1 0 9 1 2 With loss 1 1 1 0 1 2 No loss including attempts 1 5 1 4 ET Vehicle related theft 4 2 4 0 4 4 Theft from vehicles 3 0 2 8 3 2 Theft of vehicles 0 4 0 3 0 4 Attempts of and from 0 9 0 8 1 0 Bicycle theft 1 9 1 7 2 0 Other household theft 41 3 9 4 3 Unweighted base household crimes 46 728 Percentage of vehicl
111. rivation domain The 20 per cent of areas with the highest deprivation scores are identified as the most deprived areas on the employment deprivation domain and the 20 per cent of areas with the lowest deprivation scores are identified as the least deprived An Index of Multiple Deprivation is also available which combines all seven separate domains into one index The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 are the responsibility of the Department for Communities and Local Government further information is available at www communities gov uk Further information on the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2008 is available at www wales gov uk Local Authority Areas These areas are a combination of metropolitan and non metropolitan districts unitary authorities and London boroughs As at 1 April 2010 there were 348 local authorities in England and Wales These areas provide the basis for Community Safety Partnerships although since their formation a number of partnerships have merged to cover multiple local authority areas see also Community Safety Partnerships In some cases figures are reported for local authority areas that applied in 2002 03 for the sake of continuity even where there have been amalgamations Output Areas OAs OAs are used across the UK as the base unit of census output In 2001 they were introduced in England and Wales based on postcodes at Census Day The minimum OA size is 40 resident households and 100 resident pers
112. s but was unsuccessful Burglary with entry is a term used in the BCS and comprises burglary where a building was successfully entered regardless of whether something was stolen or not Burglary with loss is a term used in the BCS and comprises burglary where a building was successfully entered and something was stolen In the BCS burglary with no loss includes attempted entry to a property and cases where a property was entered but nothing was stolen In making comparisons with police recorded crime BCS burglary with no loss including attempts is used as a proxy for attempted burglary though there will be some instances with no loss where entry has been gained The BCS includes offences against private households only but relates to vehicles owned by any member of the household company cars are included BCS offences cover cars vans motorbikes motor scooters or mopeds used for non commercial purposes published in three categories e Theft of vehicles where the vehicle is driven away illegally whether or not it is recovered e Theft from vehicles refers to both theft of parts and accessories of motor vehicles and to theft of contents e Attempted thefts of and from vehicles No distinction is made between attempted thefts of and attempted thefts from vehicles as it is often difficult to ascertain the offender s intention If parts or contents are stolen as well as the vehicle being moved the incident is classified as theft of
113. s in estimates of all BCS crime to calculate whether such differences are statistically significant This method incorporates the effect of any covariance between household and personal crime By taking an average of the two approximations it also counteracts any possible effect 42 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics on the estimates of differing response rates and therefore calibration rates by household size Tables A 02 to A 05 in Appendix 1 provide 95 per cent confidence intervals around estimates Table A 02 shows main estimates of incidents of crime Table A 03 shows main estimates of victimisation and key perception measures Table A 04 shows main estimates of personal victimisation by respondent sex and age and Table A 05 shows main estimates of household victimisation by household reference person age and tenure 8 2 WEIGHTING DATA Two types of weighting are used to ensure the representativeness of the BCS sample First the raw data are weighted to compensate for unequal probabilities of selection These include the individual s chance of participation being inversely proportional to the number of adults living in the household the over sampling of smaller police force areas and the selection of multi household addresses Second calibration weighting is used to adjust for differential non response All BCS percentages and rates presented in the figures and tables in the annual crime statistics publication are base
114. s of drunk or rowdy behaviour are based on the proportion of BCS respondents who perceive that particular strand to be a very or fairly big problem in their local area From April 2011 questions about perceptions of ASB will be asked of a reduced sample compared with previous years questions will be asked of half of the sample instead of the full sample National estimates for these questions will still be available from 2011 12 but will no longer be available at PFA level This change does not affect the figures for perceptions of ASB presented in the 2010 11 crime statistics bulletin 6 4 CONFIDENCE IN THE POLICE AND LOCAL COUNCIL A new set of questions relating to levels of confidence in the police working with local councils were added to the BCS in October 2007 specifically asking respondents how much they agree or disagree with the following statements e the police and local council seek people s views about the anti social behaviour and crime issues that matter in this area and e the police and local council are dealing with the anti social behaviour and crime issues that matter in this area In April 2008 a further question was added asking respondents how much they agree or disagree with the statement e the police and local council keep people informed about how they are dealing with anti social behaviour and crime issues that matter in this area From April 2011 the questions about the police seeking people s views and
115. s well as very low powered weapons which can fire small plastic pellets such as BB guns and soft air weapons While injuries can occur from offences involving these weapons they are less common and tend to be less serious 23 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e Air weapons The majority of offences which involve air weapons relate to criminal damage While air weapons can cause injury and sometimes fatalities by their nature they are less likely to do so than firearms that use a controlled explosion It is not always possible for the police to categorise the type of firearm that has been used in an offence For example some imitation weapons are so realistic that they are indistinguishable from a real firearm The police will record which type of weapon has been used given the evidence available and may depend on descriptions of victims or witnesses if the police do not have sufficient information about the type of firearm used in the offence or if the firearm was concealed Figures on the use of firearms in recorded offences are published provisionally in the annual crime bulletin with finalised figures being published approximately six months later As with overall police recorded crime offences involving the use of a firearm data were affected by the changes in recording practices in 1988 and 2002 Therefore it is not possible to directly compare figures across these changes in the series Firearm possession offenc
116. sible for committing that crime and what the full implications of this are and e one of the methods of detection listed below applies The police may use one of several methods to count a crime as detected They fall into two broad categories sanction and non sanction detections Once a detection has been claimed any identifiable victim must be informed that the crime has been detected or in the case of a child their parent or guardian The detection or clear up rate is the number of detections recorded in a given year as a percentage of the total number of crimes recorded in the same period See General Rules section H of Home Office Counting Rules 2011 for information on counting detections Sanction detections Sanction detections include offences that are cleared up through a formal sanction to the offender Not all sanction detections will necessarily result in a subsequent conviction In cases detected by charge summons the CPS may not take forward proceedings or the offender might be found not guilty A sanction detection can be claimed when an offender has e Been charged or summonsed An offence is deemed to be detected if a person has been charged or summonsed for the crime irrespective of any subsequent acquittal at court e Been cautioned reprimanded or given a final warning An offence is deemed to be detected if an offender has been cautioned by the police including conditional cautions or given a reprim
117. sible to compare national totals between 2009 10 and 2010 11 and this is reflected in the presentation of these figures in the crime bulletins This change has no effect on the main counts of violence against the person with injury It was previously estimated that the inclusion of unbroken bottle and glass offences by the four forces resulted in national knife and sharp instrument figures being overstated by about three per cent This estimate was produced by collecting additional information from police forces and was based on analysis of the April to June 2009 period when five forces included unbroken bottle and glass offences in their returns The overstatement of around three per cent was largely due to the inclusion of these offences within the ABH and GBH categories The use or threat of an unbroken bottle or glass was less common for other offence types Using these previously collected data it can be estimated that the overstatement from the three forces that include unbroken bottle and glass offences in their returns is around one per cent 16 See Walker et al 2009 for more information 17 See Home Office 2009 for more information 24 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics Sexual offences The police recorded crime category of most serious sexual crime encompasses rape sexual assault and sexual activity with children The Sexual Offences Act 2003 introduced in May 2004 altered the definitions of all three categories so
118. sing the provisional figures for homicide as these are subject to change e Death by driving offences includes by dangerous driving careless or inconsiderate driving driving under the influence of drink or drugs and while being an unlicensed or uninsured driver e Corporate manslaughter where an organisation is deemed responsible for a person s death e Grievous bodily harm GBH includes injury resulting in permanent disability more than minor permanent disfigurement broken bones fractured skull compound fractures substantial loss of blood lengthy treatment or serious psychiatric injury based on expert evidence GBH with intent occurs when there is clear evidence of a deliberate attempt to inflict serious bodily harm regardless of level of injury sustained GBH without intent occurs when serious bodily harm results but there is no evidence of a deliberate intent to inflict such an injury Prior to April 2008 GBH without intent was not separated out from a much broader category of less serious wounding that mostly consisted of Actual Bodily Harm ABH The definition of GBH with intent rests upon whether the actions of the offender clearly show a deliberate attempt to inflict serious bodily harm The clarification to the rules from 22 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics April 2008 makes this clear and that the gravity of the injury resulting is not necessarily the determining factor The rules were c
119. stance or object to endanger life 8F Inflicting GBH without intent 8H Racially or religiously aggravated inflicting GBH without intent Robbery 34B Robbery of personal property Note The mapping between BCS categories and police recorded offence codes are approximate and categories will not be directly equivalent in all cases Crimes excluded from comparable subset Recorded crimes The violent offences of Homicide Attempted murder Intentional destruction of an unborn child the five offences of Causing death by driving Endangering life at sea Possession of weapons Harassment Cruelty to or neglect of children Abandoning a child under the age of two years Child abduction Procuring illegal abortion Concealment of birth All sexual offences Non domestic burglary Proceeds of crime Theft in a dwelling Theft by an employee Theft of mail Abstracting electricity Theft from shops Theft from automatic machine or meter Handling stolen goods Other theft all Fraud and forgery Threat etc to commit criminal damage all Drug offences and all Other offences BCS Other household theft and Other thefts of personal property Reporting rates findings from the BCS The BCS asks a series of questions regarding whether incidents were reported or otherwise came to the attention of the police These findings reveal considerable differences in reporting rates between different types of offences and some variability in reporting rates o
120. statistics gov uk statbase Product asp vInk 997 28 http www statswales wales gov uk TableViewer tableView aspx ReportlId 10879 29http www communities gov uk housing housingresearch housingstatistics housingstatisticsby householdestimates 30 http Awww statswales wales gov uk TableViewer tableView aspx ReportlId 25028 44 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics or behavioural characteristics associated with a BCS respondent The dependent variable must have only two possible outcomes for example logistic regression can model the risk of a person becoming a victim of a crime or not The technique allows the assessment of which of the independent variables are statistically related to the dependent variable when the influence of all other variables in the model is taken into account The approach using BCS data is based on an iterative process which relies on a theoretical rationale of how the independent variables might affect the outcome This process enables evaluation of the impact of certain types of variables on the outcome for example if the risk of being a victim of crime is due to personal characteristics rather than area based factors Each of the iterations are based on logistic regressions using the Enter method the final model is also run using a Forward stepwise regression to evaluate the strength of the contribution that each variable makes to that model The 2 log likelihood statistic m
121. t by an employee Theft of mail Dishonest use of electricity Theft or unauthorised taking of a pedal cycle Includes taking a pedal cycle without consent Section 12 5 of the Theft Act 1968 Shoplifting Theft from automatic machine or meter Other theft or unauthorised taking Includes amongst other offences unauthorised taking of conveyance other than a motor vehicle or pedal cycle Handling stolen goods Section 22 of the Theft Act 1968 Dishonestly receiving etc goods knowing them to have been stolen FRAUD AND FORGERY 51 52 53A 53B 53C 53D 53E 53F 53G 53H 53J 55 60 61 Fraud by company director False accounting Cheque and credit card fraud pre Fraud Act 2006 Preserved other fraud and repealed fraud offences pre Fraud Act 2006 Fraud by false representation cheque plastic card and online bank accounts Fraud by false representation other frauds Fraud by failing to disclose information Fraud by abuse of position Obtaining services dishonestly Making or supplying articles for use in fraud Possession of articles for use in fraud Bankruptcy and insolvency offences Forgery or use of false drug prescription Other forgery 59 61A 814 Possession of false documents Vehicle driver document fraud These records comprise driving licences insurance certificates registration and licensing documents work records operators licences and test certificates CRIMINAL DAMAGE 56
122. t is included in the attempted vehicle theft category but in some instances could be viewed as criminal damage or even a nuisance The taking of vehicles during robberies often termed car jacking are included within the robbery offence group Theft Theft from the person covers theft including attempts of a handbag wallet cash etc directly from the victim but without the use of physical force against the victim or the threat of it The BCS category breaks into two components e snatch theft where there may be an element of force involved but this is just enough to snatch the property away and e stealth theft where no force is used and the victim is unaware of the incident pick pocketing Stealth theft makes up the majority share of theft from the person incidents For recorded crime theft from the person offences are those where there is no use of threat or force in the process of the theft Stealth theft is included as part of this recorded crime category and cannot be separately identified from snatch theft BCS other theft of personal property covers thefts away from the home where no force is used there was no direct contact between the offender and victim and the victim was not holding or carrying the items when they were stolen i e thefts of unattended property BCS other household theft cover a number of theft types Theft in a dwelling includes thefts that occurred in the victim s dwelling by someone who was enti
123. the police decide not to record It is estimated in 2010 11 that around 41 per cent of BCS comparable crime was reported to the police although this varies considerably for individual offence types 3 2 RECORDING PRACTICES Recorded crime statistics are affected by changes in reporting and recording practices To ensure consistency police recording practice is governed by Home Office Counting Rules and the National Crime Recording Standard NCRS These rules provide a national standard for the recording and classifying of notifiable offences by police forces in England and Wales see Home Office 2011 There have been two major changes to the recording of crimes in recent years in April 1998 the Home Office Counting Rules for Recorded Crime were expanded to include certain additional summary offences and counts became more victim based the number of victims was counted rather than the number of offences in April 2002 the NCRS was introduced across England and Wales although some forces adopted key elements of the standard earlier and compliance with the standard continued to improve in the years following its formal introduction The NCRS was devised by the Association of Chief Police Officers ACPO in collaboration with Home Office statisticians It was designed to ensure greater consistency between forces in recording crime and to take a more victim oriented approach to crime recording with the police being required to record any allegat
124. the quality of life within their area In 1996 the Government Office Regions became the primary classification for the presentation of regional statistics There are currently nine regions in England North East North West Yorkshire and the Humber East Midlands West Midlands East of England London South East South West Wales is not subdivided but listed alongside the England regions in UK 19 See http www caci co uk acorn for more information 36 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics wide statistical comparisons Government Offices were closed on 31st March 2011 and from the 1st April 2011 the areas covered by the former GORs are referred to as regions for statistical purposes Indices of Deprivation Local area deprivation is measured in this report using the English Indices of Deprivation 2010 There are seven domains of deprivation income employment health and disability education skills and training barriers to housing and services living environment and crime There are a number of indicators of deprivation in each of these domains such as level of unemployment and incapacity benefit claimants which are combined into a single deprivation score for each local area on that domain The analysis in this report uses the employment deprivation indicator In order to examine the relationship between experiences of crime and deprivation the local areas are ranked according to their scores on the employment dep
125. ting purposes any such PNDs were counted as cannabis warnings for the period January to March 2009 from April 2009 a system was put in place to correctly record them as PNDs for the relevant offence e Received a warning for cannabis possession Prior to January 2007 this detection method was known as a formal warning for cannabis possession From April 2004 information on police formal warnings for cannabis possession started to be collected centrally prior to this a pilot scheme was run in parts of London Those aged 18 and over who are caught in simple possession of cannabis can be eligible for a police cannabis warning which would not involve an arrest An offence is deemed to be cleared up if a cannabis warning has been issued in accordance with guidance from ACPO Non sanction detections Non sanction detections comprise those where the offence is counted as cleared up but no further action was taken against the offender Prior to April 2007 various reasons were allowed for claiming non sanction detections including where the e offender was too ill or mentally disturbed for proceedings to take place e complainant or an essential witness was dead e victim refused or unable to give evidence e offender under the age of criminal responsibility e police or the CPS decided that it would not be in the public interest to proceed and e time limit of six months for commencing prosecution had been exceeded From April 2007
126. tion The latest detailed results from the BCS focusing on the experiences of people from different ethnic minorities are reported in Jansson et al 2007 Employment status The BCS uses the following categories for employment status which are based on the National Statistics harmonised classification but include further breakdowns for those in the economically inactive category e In employment includes people doing paid work in the last week working on a government supported training scheme or doing unpaid work for own family business e Unemployed actively seeking work or waiting to take up work e Economically inactive those who are retired going to school or college full time looking after home family are temporarily or permanently sick or doing something else Base sizes for the student categories of employment status differ from those in the occupational classification see Occupation below Economically inactive students exclude those who are in employment or in other ways economically active Full time students are recognised as such within the occupational coding Occupation NS SEC The National Statistics Socio economic Classification NS SEC is an occupationally based classification but provides coverage of the whole adult population The NS SEC aims to differentiate positions within labour markets and production units in terms of their typical employment relations More information about NS SEC c
127. tion the Home Office produces a separate National Statistics bulletin on Drug Seizures for England and Wales covering seizures made by the police HM Revenue and Customs and the UK Border Agency For the latest figures see Mulchandani et al 2010 31 6 Perceptions 6 1 PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME LEVELS Questions on the perception of change in national and local crime have been included in the British Crime Survey BCS since 1996 Perceptions of local crime levels used to be asked of the whole sample who had lived at their address for three or more years but since April 2008 the question has been asked of one quarter of the sample irrespective of how long they have lived at their address For trend comparisons respondents who have lived at their address for less than three years have been excluded from the 2008 09 2009 10 and 2010 11 figures 6 2 LIKELIHOOD OF VICTIMISATION AND WORRY ABOUT CRIME Respondents to the BCS are asked about their perceived likelihood of being a victim of burglary vehicle crime or violent crime The perceived likelihood of being a victim of burglary is based on those who say they are very or fairly likely to have their home burgled in the next year The perceived likelihood of being a victim of violent crime is a composite measure of anyone who thinks they are very or fairly likely to be either mugged robbed or physically attacked by a stranger in the next year or both The perceived likelihood of being a victim o
128. tled to be there theft from outside a dwelling covers incidents where items are stolen from outside the victim s home and this theft category also includes burglaries to non connected buildings e g garden sheds The recorded crime offence group of other theft offences covers thefts that are not covered by other property crime offence groups i e thefts from vehicles is included in offences against vehicles Offences included are theft from a person thefts of pedal cycles shoplifting and other theft or unauthorised taking this includes metal theft Bicycle theft The BCS covers thefts of bicycles belonging to the respondent or any other member of the household Police recorded crime also includes offences where a pedal cycle is stolen or taken without authorisation within the other theft offences category This category does not include every bicycle theft as some may be stolen during the course of another offence e g burglary and are therefore classified as such by the police and in the BCS 28 User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics e Burglary if anything else was stolen or an attempt was made to steal something else from the household s dwelling e Theft from a dwelling when a bicycle is stolen from inside a house by someone who was not trespassing e Theft from a vehicle if the bicycle is one of a number of things stolen 5 3 VANDALISM AND CRIMINAL DAMAGE In the BCS criminal damage is referred
129. tter understanding of victimisation experiences among adults and children resident in households Most incidents reported are one off single occurrences but in a minority of cases respondents may have been victimised a number of times in succession In these cases respondents are asked whether they consider these incidents to be a series that is the same thing done under the same circumstances and probably by the same people Where incidents are determined to be in a series the number of incidents is recorded but with only one victim form being completed based on the most recent incident BCS estimates only include the first five incidents in this series of victimisations in the count of crime User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics Overall each adult respondent can have a maximum of 30 incidents contained in the count of crime a maximum of six victim forms with a maximum of five incidents on each victim form In practice most adult respondents have far fewer than this Each child respondent can have a maximum of four victim forms again with a maximum of five incidents on each form The maximum number of forms for children was reduced to three in 2011 12 with the re structure of the victimisation module following the first two years of survey development in practice very few child respondents to date had completed four victim forms For details on victimisation data collection see TNS BMRB 2010 The restrict
130. ulted in injury to the victim e Violence with injury includes all incidents of wounding assault with injury and BCS only robbery which resulted in injury Homicide is only included for police recorded crime Police recorded crime also includes attempts at inflicting injury although the BCS would not include these if no actual injury occurred e Violence without injury includes all incidents of assault without injury and BCS only incidents of robbery which did not result in injury Police recorded crime also includes possession of weapons offences and a number of public order offences such as harassment Police recorded crime statistics for violence especially less serious violence are particularly affected by changes in recording practice over time for the population and crime types it covers the BCS is the best measure for long term national trends in violence Police statistics are important for showing the mix of violent crimes dealt with and recorded by the police They are an important measure of activity locally and a source of operational information to help identify and address local crime problems at a lower geographical level than is possible using the BCS Police statistics also provide more reliable information on less common crimes such as robbery and are currently the only source of data on homicides and offences against those not resident in households BCS violence BCS violent crime is categorised in two other ways
131. unreliable to report these data are not included within the overall count of violence except for the categories of serious wounding with sexual motive and other wounding with sexual motive which are included in the offence type of wounding 65 42 Attempted robbery 43 Snatch theft from the person 44 Other theft from the person 45 Attempted theft from the person 67 Other theft 73 Other attempted theft Comparable personal 11 Serious wounding 12 Other wounding 32 Serious wounding with sexual motive 33 Other wounding with sexual motive 41 Robbery 42 Attempted robbery 43 Snatch theft from the person 44 Other theft from the person 45 Attempted theft from the person All BCS violence 11 Serious wounding 12 Other wounding 13 Common assault 21 Attempted assault 32 Serious wounding with sexual motive 33 Other wounding with sexual motive 41 Robbery 42 Attempted robbery Other violence categories exist beyond this list but largely depend on details of the offence such as the level of injury e g violence with injury and victim offender relationship e g domestic violence that are not reflected in different offence codes Section five contains more information on different crime categories as a result of these offence characteristics Comparable violence 13 Common assault 21 Attempted assault 11 Serious wounding 12 Other wounding 32 Serious wounding with sexual motive 33 Other wou
132. ver time For analysis of reasons given for not reporting crime to the police see Flatley et al 2010 Discrepancies between the trends in the BCS and police recorded crime may reflect trends in reporting rates However they may also reflect changes in police priorities and recording practices variation within the BCS sample and differences in the time period covered between the two sources 14 Offence codes 8F and 8H were previously included in assault with minor injury as recorded crimes were collected for ABH and GBH combined These offence categories are now recorded separately which has enabled more accurate comparisons 19 5 Crime types and drug offences 5 1 VIOLENT CRIME Violent crimes are those where the victim is intentionally stabbed punched kicked pushed jostled etc or threatened with violence whether or not there is any injury In published crime statistics violent crime both as measured by the British Crime Survey BCS and by recorded crime is grouped into two broad high level categories of violence with injury and violence without injury However these categories are not directly comparable between the BCS and recorded crime e g the BCS violence categories include robbery but the police recorded crime violence categories do not recorded robbery figures are shown separately Just over half of all BCS violent incidents and just under half of all police recorded violence against the person res
133. y areas 01 02 37 000 32 824 Moved to a continuous Whole postcode sectors fieldwork period 32 issued per PSU Disproportionate sampling by 16 in high density areas PFAs to get a min of 600 700 per PFA 2000 20 000 19 411 Disproportionate sampling by Quarter postcode sectors PFAs to get a min of 300 per 32 issued per PSU PFA 1998 15 000 14 947 Inner city areas sampled at Quarter postcode sectors twice the rate of other areas 36 issued in inner city areas 32 in other areas 1996 15 000 16 348 Inner city areas sampled at Quarter postcode sectors twice the rate of other areas 30 issued in inner city areas 27 in other areas User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics As well as stratifying disproportionately by PFA the sample is stratified by other socio demographic variables in order to ensure a representative sample The stratifiers used in 2010 11 as for previous surveys were PFA population density deprivation and household characteristics For further details of sample stratification and clustering see TNS BMRB 2010 2 3 BCS INTERVIEWING BCS estimates are produced from face to face interviews carried out using computer assisted personal interviewing CAPI where interviewers record responses to the questionnaire on laptop computers The mode of interview changed in the 1994 BCS from a paper based questionnaire to CAPI CAPI allows logic and consistency checks to be incorporated into the survey to
134. you that the criminal justice system as a whole is effective Questions are then asked about the way in which the CJS deals with people whether victims witnesses the accused or the convicted and respondents are then asked the following overall question e Thinking about all of the agencies within the criminal justice system the police the Crown Prosecution Service the courts prisons and the probation service how confident are you that the criminal justice system as a whole is fair 34 35 7 Classifications 7 1 GEOGRAPHICAL ACORN A Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods ACORN was developed by CACI Ltd and classifies households into one of 56 types according to demographic employment and housing characteristics of the surrounding neighbourhood ACORN is useful in determining the social environment in which households are located The main five group breakdowns are characterised as follows e Wealthy Achievers wealthy executives affluent older people and well off families e Urban Prosperity prosperous professionals young urban professionals and students living in town and city areas e Comfortably Off young couples secure families older couples living in the suburbs and pensioners e Moderate Means Asian communities post industrial families and skilled manual workers e Hard Pressed low income families residents in council areas people living in high rise and inner city estates

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