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SFRA User Guide This User Guide provides

1. combined flooding event Different types and forms of flooding present a range of different risks The associated hazards of speed of inundation depth and duration of flooding can vary greatly With climate change the frequency pattern and severity of flooding are expected to change and become more damaging with time Major causes of flooding are Coastal flooding is caused by higher sea levels than normal causing tidal water to overflow onto the land Inland flooding is caused by prolonged and or intense rainfall resulting in excess water flowing overland ponding in natural hollows and low lying areas or behind obstructions River flooding occurs when the capacity of a watercourse is exceeded or a channel is blocked and excess water spills out from the channel onto adjacent low lying areas or floodplain Flooding from artificial drainage systems occurs when flow entering a system such as an urban storm water drainage system exceeds its discharge capacity it becomes blocked or it cannot discharge due to a high water level in the receiving watercourse Groundwater flooding occurs when the level of water stored in the ground rises as a result of prolonged rainfall to ground level Estuarial flooding may occur due to a combination of tidal and fluvial flows with tidal levels being dominant in most cases and A less frequent form of flooding arises from the failure of infrastructure designed to store or carry w
2. How is flood risk at the site likely to be affected by climate change 5 Flood Risk Management Measures How will the site be protected from flooding including the potential impacts of climate change over the lifetime of the development 6 Off Site Impacts How will the proposed development and measures be implemented to protect the site from flooding and control surface water run off be designed and implemented 7 Residual Risks What flood related risks will remain after mitigation measures have been implemented How and by whom will these risks be managed over the lifetime of the development Is an emergency Flood Plan required 8 Groundwater This mechanism of flooding should be considered particularly when determining the acceptability of SuDS schemes as a way of managing surface water drainage Developers should consult with the LPA and EA at an early stage of the assessment 9 Sewer systems Where the SFRA has identified a risk of surface water flooding any water that escapes from the sewer system would tend to follow similar flow paths and pond in similar locations Developers should take account of the guidance for development in CDAs Where required liaison with United Utilities should be undertaken at an early stage in the assessment process to confirm localised sewer flooding problems that could affect the site Future development should be designed so that it does not increase existing sewer fl
3. Foul sewers and surface water drainage systems are spread extensively across the urban areas with various interconnected systems discharging to treatment works and into local watercourses Typically foul systems will comprise a network of drainage sewers sometimes with linked areas of separate and combined drainage all discharging to sewage treatment works Combined Sewer Overflows CSOs provide an overflow release from the drainage system into local watercourses or surface water systems during times of high flows Surface water systems will typically collect surface water drainage separately from the foul sewerage and discharge directly into watercourse A major cause of sewer flooding is often due to the connection of surface water drains to discharge into the combined sewer systems Sewer capacity can then become an issue in large rainfall events causing the backing up of flood waters internally within properties or discharging through manholes Insufficient capacity can also become an issue where urban areas develop over time with improved sewerage infrastructure provision not always provided to accommodate the additional flows English and Welsh water companies are required to maintain a register of flooding incidences due to hydraulic capacity problems on the sewage network This database identifies St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT iii JBA consulting properties where flooding has occurred on a frequenc
4. Area of land that borders a watercourse an estuary or the sea over which water flows in times of flood or would flow but for the presence of flood defences where they exist Flood Estimation Handbook FEH Provides current methodologies for estimation of flood flows for the UK Flood Risk Management FRM The introduction of mitigation measures or options to reduce the risk posed to property and life as a result of flooding It is not just the construction of physical flood defences Flood risk management strategy A long term approach setting out the objectives and options for managing flood risk taking into account a broad range of technical social environmental and economic issues Flood Risk Assessment FRA A study to assess the risk to an area or site from flooding now and in the future and to assess the impact that any changes or development on the site will have on flood risk to the site and elsewhere It may also identify particularly at more local levels how to manage those changes to ensure that flood risk is not increased Flood risk management measure Any measure which reduces flood risk such as flood defences Flood Zone A geographic area within which the flood risk is in a particular range as defined by EA flood mapping Fluvial Flooding caused by overtopping of rivers or stream banks Freeboard The difference between the flood defence level and the design flood level which includes a safety margin for
5. In Zone 3b only essential infrastructure Subject to Exception Testing and water compatible uses may be permitted Where sites are partially located within Flood Zone 3b it is recommended that the Council should avoid development by specifying water compatible uses or preferably public open space for these areas St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xiv D 1 JBA consulting Sustainable Drainage Systems Assessment of the Application of SuDS Sustainable Drainage Systems SuDS are management practices which enable surface water to be drained in a more sustainable manner For Greenfield developments the aim is to not increase runoff from the undeveloped situation for Brownfield re developments the aim is to reduce existing runoff rates Wherever possible this should be achieved through the implementation of a sustainable drainage or flow retention systems constructed within the boundaries of the development site There are many different SuDS techniques As a result there is no one correct drainage solution for a site In most cases a combination of techniques using the Management Train principle will be required Figure D1 shows the SuDS Management Train principle where source control is the primary aim Just as in a natural catchment drainage techniques can be used in series to change the flow and quality characteristics of the runoff in stages The management train starts with prevention for indivi
6. capacity of over 25 000 cubic metres Reservoirs are classified on a consequence of failure basis outlined below in Table A1 and it is now suggested that a better risk based approach to reservoir safety is needed focusing on those reservoirs that pose the greatest risk to the public even if they are not currently covered by the Act Table A1 Reservoir Consequence Classification Dam Category Potential Consequence of Reservoir Failure A At least 10 lives at risk and extensive property damage B Fewer than 10 lives at risk or extensive property damage C Negligible risk to human life but some property damage D Negligible risk to human life and very limited property damage The Environment Agency has produced simplified inundation maps for all reservoirs under the Reservoirs Act as required by Recommendation 57 of the Pitt Review Trial projects were run in the North West to develop the specification for these maps and the Environment Agency produced maps for all reservoirs under the Act during 2009 The Water Act 2003 which amended the Reservoirs Act 1975 requires all reservoir undertakers to prepare Flood Plans for those reservoirs where the dam failure could put people s lives at risk or lead to major damage The reservoir Flood Plans will include An inundation analysis to identify the extent and severity of flooding which could result from an uncontrolled release of water i e breaching or failure An on site plan setting
7. provided where raised defences remove storage from the floodplain Temporary or demountable defences are not acceptable flood protection for new development Developer contributions to flood defences In some cases it may be necessary for the developer to make a contribution to the improvement of flood defence provision that would benefit both the development and the local community St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xxiii E 10 E 11 E 13 E 15 JBA consulting Building design Raising of floor levels within a development avoids damage to the interior furnishings and electrics in times of flood If it has been agreed with the EA that in a particular instance the raising of floor levels is acceptable they should normally be raised to 600mm above the maximum water level during a 1 AEP event including allowance for climate change Making the ground floor of a building water compatible for example a garage or basement is an effective way of raising living space above flood levels Constructing a building on stilts is not considered an acceptable means of flood mitigation for new development However it may be allowed in special circumstances if it replaces an existing solid building as it can improve flood flow routes In these cases attention should always be paid to safe access and egress and legal protection should be given to ensure the ground floor use is not changed in the future Resistance
8. such as Yorkshire Water and the Canal and River Trust to identify known flood related site constraints and agree the scope of an FRA The Environment Agency Standing Advice should be used at this stage This can be accessed online http Awww environment agency gov uk research planning 82584 aspx The Environment Agency is a statutory consultee for specific categories of development where flood risk is an issue Table 2 1 outlines when a more detailed FRA may be required Table 2 1 FRA considerations and SFRA supporting evidence The development other than minor Flood Zone maps or Flood Map on development is situated in Flood Zone 2 and 3 Environment Agency website if updated See PPS25 Practice Guide Section 2 43 for definition of minor developments The development is situated in Flood Zone 1 Critical Drainage Area maps Level 2 SFRA but there are critical drainage problems i e the Updated Flood Map for Surface Water maps development lies within a Critical Drainage Area or the site has been identified as being at risk of flooding from other sources The requirement for an FRA in this instance is not set out in the SFRA but would need to be a local policy matter for it to be justified and should be discussed in more detail with Council planning officers The development is at risk of flooding from Updated Flood Map for Surface Water maps other sources of flooding Areas Susceptible to Ground Water Flooding map The dev
9. EA s Standing Advice Development Management officers must always consider development from a strategic view point and the accumulative effect of all proposed development taking place even though applications for developments are submitted at a site level It should not be presumed that flood risk has been understood at a strategic high level and that one application may need to fit within a flood risk management strategy for an area The Sequential Test and Exception Test Even if the proposed site is already identified as having been Sequentially Tested and having passed the Sequential Test supported by the findings of the SFRA and transparent evidence that the Sequential Test has been passed the developer must still apply the sequential approach to site layout when matching land use vulnerability However where a site has not been identified as tested then the Sequential Test will need to be applied i e the developer will need to provide evidence to the LPA that there are no other reasonable available sites where the development could be located The LPA will then use this information to apply the Sequential Test This particularly applies to Windfall Sites that have not been previously allocated Developers will need to provide evidence that the Exception Test can be passed This will be needed for allocated sites and windfall sites if required according to the vulnerability of the proposed land use areas requiring redevelopment or re
10. Planning Policy Statement 1 St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 31 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 4 1 1 4 4 2 4 2 1 1 4 2 1 2 4 2 1 3 4 3 4 3 1 1 4 3 1 2 JBA consulting Guidance for Flood Risk Management Introduction Throughout the risk based sequential approach opportunities should be taken to minimise flood risk at every stage of the planning process Mitigation measures should be seen as a last resort to address flood risk issues Mitigation measures must be designed to provide an appropriate level of protection to a site for the lifetime of the development At many sites it may be technically feasible to mitigate or manage flood risk However the potential impacts of mitigation measures on flood risk to the surrounding community must be considered Where the depth of flooding is substantial these mitigation measures may result in practical constraints to development with significant financial implications The minimum acceptable standard of protection against flooding for new property within flood risk areas is the 1 AEP flood event for fluvial flooding including allowance for climate change over the lifetime of the development Strategic Approach Mitigation measures should be considered on a strategic basis to avoid a piecemeal approach and partnership is advocated between the LPA and EA Measures should also be integrated with wider EA flood risk management works and s
11. Spatial Planners are to apply the Sequential and Exception Test within the Sustainability Appraisal of LDDs What the following guidance will do if followed appropriately is produce clear and transparent evidence that both the Sequential and Exception Test have been applied The guidance provided in this SFRA User Guide should be interpreted as a practicable approach in how the LPA should apply the Sequential and Exception Tests within the preparation of Local Plans Spatial Planning Flow Diagrams and Tables The following flow diagrams and tables provide a recommended approach for Spatial Planners in applying the two tests keeping in mind the flood risk management hierarchy of avoid substitute control and mitigate whilst identifying and allocating sustainable development sites Figure 1 2 illustrates the Sequential and Exception Tests as a process The main inputs being the evidence provided in the SFRA and the LPA Core Strategy and Sustainability Appraisal The flow diagram begins by the LPA assessing alternative development options at a strategic scale using the Sustainability Appraisal This expands to use evidence provided in the SFRA to avoid inappropriate development sites substitution within the site boundary and identifying those sites requiring Exception Testing The flow diagram concludes by revisiting and updating the Sustainability Appraisal with the allocation of development sites During this process there is a need to id
12. Systems SWMP Surface Water Management Plan UDP Unitary Development Plan uFMfSW updated Flood Map for Surface Water WCS Water Cycle Study WFD Water Framework Directive YW Yorkshire Water St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 4 Glossary Actual risk The risk posed to development situated within a defended area i e behind defences is expressed in terms of the probability that the defence will be overtopped and or the probability that the defence will suffer structural failure and the consequences should the failure occur Annual exceedence probability The estimated probability of a flood of given magnitude occurring or being exceeded in any year Expressed as for example 1 in 100 chance or 1 per cent Annual Exceedence Probability AEP Adoption of sewers The transfer of responsibility for the maintenance of a system of sewers to a sewerage undertaker Attenuation Reduction of peak flow and increased duration of a flow event usually by temporary storage of flood water Catchment Flood Management Plans CFMP A strategic planning tool through which the Environment Agency seeks to work with other key decision makers within a river catchment to identify and agree policies for sustainable flood risk management Climate change Long term variations in global temperatures and weather patterns as a consequence of both natural causes and as a result of human activity Compensation storage A floodplai
13. XV Table D1 Suitability of SUDS Techniques ccssecceseeeseseeeesneeeeeeeeseeeseseaeeneeeeeeees xvi St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT JBA consulting JBA consulting Abbreviations ABD Areas Benefiting from Defences AEP Annual Exceedance Probability CFMP Catchment Flood Management Plans AIMS Asset Information Management System CLG Communities and Local Government COW Critical Ordinary Watercourses CRR Community Risk Register CSO Combined Sewer Overflow DPDs Development Plan Documents DTM Digital Terrain Model EA Environment Agency ELA Employment Land Availability EU European Union FCERM Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management FRA Flood Risk Assessment FRM Flood Risk Management LDDs Local Development Documents LDF Local Development Framework LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging LPAs Local Planning Authorities NFCDD National Fluvial and Coastal Defence Database PPS Planning Policy Statement NPPF National Planning Policy Framework RFRA Regional Flood Risk Assessment RBMP River Basin Management Plans RPB Regional Planning Bodies RPG Regional Planning Guidance RSS Regional Spatial Strategy SA Sustainability Appraisal SAB SuDS Approval Body SCI Statement of Community Involvement SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SFRA Strategic Flood Risk Assessment SHLAA Strategic Housing Land Availability Assessment SMP Shoreline Management Plans SoP Standard of Protection SuDS Sustainable Urban Drainage
14. and offices for example Five flood risk vulnerability classifications are contained in NPPF and the PPS25 Practice Guide and these include Essential infrastructure Highly vulnerable More vulnerable Less vulnerable Water compatible development Flood Zone 1 Low Probability From a flood risk perspective all land uses are acceptable within Flood Zone 1 Flood risk is not considered to be a significant constraint to development and all land uses included in the vulnerability classifications listed above are appropriate in this zone A Screening Study will be required for development in this zone This will determine whether further assessment of flood risk is required This will take account of historical flood records of localised flooding site specific considerations and the surface water proposals for the development including mitigation However due to potential impact on local flood risk a full FRA will be required for all developments greater than 1ha in size This will include further consideration of surface water drainage and onsite mitigation measures that may be required particularly where the capacity of the surface water sewer or receiving watercourse is limited This assessment will be undertaken by the developer of the site and should be appropriate to the scale nature and location of the development The Council s Drainage Engineers and the EA will be able to advise potential developers as to their specifi
15. and resilience The 2007 document Improving the Flood Performance of New Buildings provides further details on possible resistance and resilience measures Temporary barriers Temporary barriers consist of moveable flood defences that can be fitted to doorways and windows On a smaller scale it is likely that the EA will require an unobstructed access and maintenance easement within these areas temporary snap on covers for airbricks and air vents can also be fitted to prevent the entrance of flood water Permanent barriers Permanent barriers can include built up doorsteps rendered brick walls and toughened glass barriers Wet proofing This involves designing interiors to reduce damage caused by flooding by for example Installing electrical circuitry at a higher level with power cables being carried down from the ceiling rather than up from the floor Using water resistant materials for floors walls and fixtures Resilience measures will be specific to the nature of the flood risk and as such will be informed and determined by a FRA Making development safe Safe access and egress The developer must ensure that safe access and egress can be provided to an appropriate level for the type of development As part of a FRA the developer should with the EA review the acceptability of the proposed access For the purpose of the SFRA it is considered appropriate to provide low hazard access and egress routes associated
16. drainage assets County and unitary authorities will be responsible for local flood risk assessment and lead in ensuring the production of SFRAs and SWMPs SFRAs will provide the evidence to allow LPAs to factor flood risk into their Local Plans DPDs and individual planning proposals and help to determine where SWMPs are needed 17 http www defra gov uk publications 201 2 12 14 pb13844 fmwa progress St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xxi E 5 JBA consulting County and unitary authorities will lead new local partnerships and have responsibility for adopting and maintaining sustainable drainage systems SuDS in new development where they affect more than one property County or unitary authorities the Environment Agency and IDBs will have powers to formally designate natural and man made features similar in principle to the Listed Buildings classification which help to manage flood or coastal risk they will give formal consent before anyone can change or remove the feature and use enforcement powers where needed To encourage the uptake of sustainable drainage systems by removing the automatic right to connect to sewers and providing for unitary and county councils to adopt SuDS for new developments and redevelopments Surface water connection to public sewers will be conditional on meeting new national standards for SuDS and the approval of a SuDS approving body will be needed and a certi
17. flood risk constraints such as incidents of localised flooding and other site specific considerations will need to be addressed Again detailed FRAs will be undertaken by the developer of the site and the EA will be able to advise potential developers as to their specific requirements on a site by site basis Flood Zone 3 High Probability A Sequential Flood Risk Test is used to prioritise sites in order of vulnerability to flood risk and their acceptability for development Developers should primarily focus on lower Flood Zones in preference to Flood Zone 3 Any proposals for development within Flood Zone 3 will require developers to undertake a detailed FRA It should be noted that constraints to development are likely to be significant and developers should seek advice from the Council and the EA as to the specific requirements for assessment Flood Zone 3 is subdivided into Zones 3a and 3b Flood Zone 3b is the portion of floodplain that provides natural and or managed attenuation and is considered to be functional floodplain NPPF describes Zone 3b as land where water has to flow or be stored in times of flood Flood Zone 3b should be identified as part of the SFRA Zone 3a is potentially suitable for water compatible and less vulnerable land uses The more vulnerable and essential infrastructure uses should only be permitted in this zone if the Exception Test is passed Highly vulnerable development should not be permitted in this zone
18. in flood risk areas Raising awareness of flood risks amongst vulnerable communities Constructing and maintaining appropriately designed surface water sewers and culverts Using temporary and demountable flood defences and various flood prevention systems to buildings where appropriate Constructing new flood defences where they are sustainable and improving and maintaining those already existing and Constructing weirs sluices and other flood flow control and management structures Pro active land use planning has a key role to play in flood risk management as it is one of the few activities that can result in the avoidance of flood risk as opposed to other activities that can only hope to reduce it Effective flood risk management through the planning system is achieved through a hierarchy where Avoidance of inappropriate development in high risk zones takes priority Substitution of lower vulnerability uses when avoidance is not considered possible and Mitigation if avoidance and substitution are not possible then mitigation of risks using a variety of techniques may be considered Flood risk assessment at all levels of planning and for all major developments is critical to inform decision making by planners and developers A 2 Sources of Flooding Flooding can occur from many different sources and may be experienced in isolation or as a St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT consulting
19. of high flows in feeder watercourses Reservoir failure could divert excess water into a canal Canals can intercept surface water running off from higher ground Surface water or excess water in a culverted watercourse that crosses under a canal can build up behind an embanked section of canal which then causes the canal to fail or excess water to enter a canal The clay lining of a canal could fail resulting in failure of an embanked section dependent on local geology relatively permeable materials such as sand are more prone to failure than impermeable clay In the event that a canal does fail the height that the canal is elevated above surrounding land will affect to some degree the amount of flood hazard that could be caused by deep or fast flowing debris laden water alongside the cause of failure there will be a greater volume of water from failures caused by water building up behind an embankment The amount of water that can escape depends on the pound length which is the distance between two locks because the maximum volume of water that will outflow will be contained between the two locks or time taken for an operator to react to a failure to prevent further escape The risk of flooding from canals is reduced by regular inspection by Canal and River Trust or others to identify any problems with inflow and outflow structures canal lining or embankments Defence Failure The condition of existing flood defences is an impor
20. out what the undertaker would do in an emergency to try and to contain and limit the effects of the incident A communications plan with external organisations mainly the emergency services Defra s Guide to Emergency Planning for UK Reservoirs document helps reservoir owners to create appropriate Flood Plans St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT iv JBA consulting Any allocations or applications for development immediately downstream of a reservoir should be considered carefully in liaison with the Environment Agency It should be noted that the hazard is well managed through legislation and it is unlikely that the impact zone downstream of a reservoir would be a reason to stop permitted development It is likely that the flood risk would be mitigated through emergency planning Flooding from Canals Canals are artificial navigable watercourses many of which date back to the 18th century In many places they are embanked and raised above the surrounding land Locks on canals help boat traffic to pass up and down slopes Canals are fed from reservoirs and watercourses and have overflow structures that pass water out of the canal when levels are high to lower level watercourses Many of the inflow and outflow structures on canals are over 200 years old when they were designed to a rule of thumb Flooding from canals can be caused by a variety of circumstances Excess water can enter canals during times
21. reduces the volume of floodplain storage it will be necessary to provide compensatory storage locally This could be an environmental wetland area designated washland designed to flood or a flood basin This can also be considered within urban design if areas are designated to flood in a flood event e g ground floor of a development with residential occupancy on first floor On a strategic catchment wide scale appropriately located flood storage basins and washlands can not only provide a reduction in flood risk but can also enhance and contribute to wetland restoration and habitat creation as well as potentially increasing the recreational value of many river corridors For upstream flood storage schemes to maximise benefits downstream they need to be located in suitable areas of the catchment Locating flood storage basins too high in the catchment could mean that a large proportion of a flood event is still able to travel downstream from other areas in the catchment The need for compensatory storage must be discussed at the earliest stage of planning as this will provide a major constraint on development This requirement may have significant implications for the yields achieved for individual sites due to the associated land take this may require Raised defences Construction of raised floodwalls or embankments to protect new development is not a preferred option as a residual risk of flooding will remain Compensatory storage must be
22. risk areas These are areas with complex surface water flooding problems that would benefit from a drainage strategy which is most effectively carried out through a Surface Water Management Plan SWMP The proposed CDAs recommended in the SFRA should be designated as part of a Level 2 SFRA and refined over time as more detailed information on flood risk and local flood management assets including sewered catchments becomes available In these areas a detailed FRA is required regardless of which Flood Zone that applies This should demonstrate that new development is not at risk from flooding from existing drainage systems or potential overland flow routes It should also demonstrate that the development will not adversely affect existing flooding conditions by the use of appropriate mitigation measures The FRA should define and address the constraints that will govern the design of the drainage system and layout of the development site The Environment Agency Standing Advice allows developers to screen online for the level of flood risk assessment that is appropriate for a development with regard to the NPPF Flood Zones This highlights the need for a FRA in Flood Zones 2 and 3 and in Flood Zone 1 where there are critical drainage problems The Standing Advice notes that for developments in Flood Zone 1 FRA Guidance Note 1 should be followed In areas where the Local Planning Authority has identified drainage problems through a Strat
23. risk from surface water flooding The Planning System has a key role to play in setting standards for sustainable drainage from new developments and ensuring that developments are designed to take account of risk from surface water flooding Sustainable drainage plays an important part in reducing flows in the sewer network and in meeting environmental targets alongside investment in maintenance and new capacity by United Utilities United Utilities plan their investment on a five year rolling cycle in consultation with key partners including the Environment Agency Wherever possible this should be achieved through the implementation of SUDS Source control should be considered firstly There may be opportunities to deliver SUDS though integrated solutions for collections of strategic sites The future ownership and maintenance of SuDS systems should be discussed at the planning application stage with the relevant sections of the LPA including Highways and Drainage United Utilities and the Environment Agency The developer should liaise closely with the local authority drainage engineer the Environment Agency and United Utilities to determine appropriate discharge rates The developer should prove that surface water discharges from the site will not have an adverse impact on flood risk elsewhere with reference to investment planning by United Utilities that may increase the capacity of the sewer network in the area The Council should make c
24. that avoids flooding Critical Drainage Areas Certain locations are particularly sensitive to an increase in the rate and volume of surface water runoff from new development There are generally known local flooding problems associated with these areas These areas help to define the proposed Critical Drainage Areas CDAs in the SFRA Specific drainage requirements are required in these areas to help reduce local flood risk The SFRA has designated CDAs as high flood risk areas These are areas with complex surface water flooding problems that would benefit from a drainage strategy which is most effectively done in a SWMP The proposed CDAs recommended in the SFRA should be designated as part of a Level 2 SFRA and refined over time as more detailed information on flood risk and local flood management assets including sewered catchments becomes available In these areas a detailed FRA is required regardless of which Flood Zone that This should demonstrate that new development is not at risk from flooding from existing drainage systems St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xviii consulting or potential overland flow routes It should also demonstrate that the development will not adversely affect existing flooding conditions by the use of appropriate mitigation measures The FRA should define and address the constraints that will govern the design of the drainage system and layout of the development site The E
25. urbanisation It is possible to generalise catchments into large and relatively flat or small and steep the two giving very different responses during large rainfall events The form of the floodplain either natural or urbanised can influence flooding from watercourses The location of buildings and roads can significantly influence flood depths and velocities by altering flow directions and reducing the volume of storage within the floodplain Critical structures such as bridge and culverts can also significantly reduce St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT ii consulting capacity creating pinch points within the floodplain These structures are also vulnerable to blockage by natural debris within the channel or by fly tipping and waste Surface Water Flooding Flooding of land from surface water runoff is usually caused by intense rainfall that may only last a few hours and follows natural valley lines creating flow paths along roads and through and around developments and ponding in low spots which often coincide with fluvial floodplains in low lying areas Hence any area at risk of fluvial flooding will almost certainly be at risk of surface water flooding Flooding in urban areas can also be attributed to sewers Sewers are normally designed to a maximum of a 1 in 30 year design standard and hence sewer flooding problems will often be associated with more frequent storm events when sewers can become blocked or fa
26. was supplied by The names and organisations listed in the Data Register should be the first point of contact for any update to the SFRA to make sure the most up to date datasets are used Supplying SFRA Data Whilst all data collected and produced during the SFRA process has been supplied to each LPA report maps GIS data Development Assessment Spreadsheet data register there should be controls on its use It is anticipated that the SFRA report and associated maps will be published as GeoPDFs and made available for download on the Councils websites acting as the central source of SFRA data The use of much of the SFRA data will fall under the license agreement between the LPA and the Environment Agency as it has been produced using Environment Agency data The SFRA data should not be passed on to any third parties outside of the LPA Any third party wishing to use existing Environment Agency flood risk datasets should contact the External Relations department in the Environment Agency A charge is likely to apply for the use of this data St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xii JBA consulting Flood Risk Vulnerability Classification Flood risk vulnerability classifications provide recognition that not all land uses have the same vulnerability to flooding Some land uses such as residential developments are more vulnerable to the potential loss of life and damage to personal property and possessions than shops
27. FINAL DRAFT maine Resistance Constructing a building in such a way as to prevent flood water entering the building or damaging its fabric This has the same meaning as flood proof Return period The long term average period between events of a given magnitude which have the same annual exceedence probability of occurring Risk The threat to property and life as a result of flooding expressed as a function of probability that an event will occur and consequence as a result of the event occurring Runoff The flow of water from an area caused by rainfall Section 106 Agreement Section 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 as amended allowing local planning authorities to negotiate arrangements whereby the developer makes some undertaking if he she obtains planning permission These are known interchangeably as planning agreements planning obligations or planning gain Section 106 Water Industry Act 1991 A key section of the Water Industry Act 1991 relating to the right of connection to a public sewer Standard of Protection SOP The design event or standard to which a building asset or area is protected against flooding generally expressed as an annual exceedence probability Strategic Environmental Assessment SEA European Community Directive 2001 42 EC which assesses the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment Strategic Flood Risk Assessment SFRA The assessment of fl
28. Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 23 3 3 1 7 3 3 1 8 3 3 1 9 Table 3 2 FRA considerations and SFRA supporting evidence The development other than minor development is situated in Flood Zone 2 and 3 The development is situated in Flood Zone 1 but there are critical drainage problems i e the development lies within a Critical Drainage Area or the site has been identified as being at risk of flooding from other sources The development is at risk of flooding from other sources of flooding The development is situated behind flood defences possibility of overtopping during extreme flood event or breach The development exceeds tha in size The development is within 20 m of the bank top Flood Zone maps or Flood Map on Environment Agency website if updated See PPS25 Practice Guide Section 2 43 for definition of minor developments Critical Drainage Area maps Level 2 SFRA Updated Flood Map for Surface Water maps consult appropriate LLFA Updated Flood Map for Surface Water maps Areas Susceptible to Ground Water Flooding map Flood Risk Management maps Flood Zone maps climate change maps Depth and hazard maps for both the 1 in 100 year and 1 in 1000 year flood events from FRM modelling studies Level 2 SFRA Consult Environment Agency Consult Environment Agency JBA consulting of a Main River the Environment Agency will have to consent to any work within 8 m of a Main River
29. SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xix E E 1 E 2 E 3 JBA consulting Flood Risk Mitigation Introduction Throughout the risk based sequential approach opportunities should be taken to minimise flood risk at every stage of the planning process Mitigation measures should be seen as a last resort to address flood risk issues Mitigation measures must be designed to provide an appropriate level of protection to a site for the lifetime of the development At many sites it may be technically feasible to mitigate or manage flood risk However the potential impacts of mitigation measures on flood risk to the surrounding community must be considered Where the depth of flooding is substantial these mitigation measures may result in practical constraints to development with significant financial implications The minimum acceptable standard of protection against flooding for new property within flood risk areas is the 1 AEP flood event for fluvial flooding including allowance for climate change over the lifetime of the development Strategic approach Mitigation measures should be considered on a strategic basis to avoid a piecemeal approach and partnership is advocated between the LPA and EA Measures should also be integrated with wider EA flood risk management works and strategies such as the CFMP Outline flood risk mitigation strategies should consider the wider cumulative impacts of mitigation This requires master pla
30. SFRA User Guide This User Guide provides specific guidance for the SFRA and should be used by all involved in the development planning process This Guide contains four key chapters comprising Guidance for Spatial Planners Guidance for Development Management Guidance for Developers Guidance for Flood Risk Management SFRA Mapping A suite of strategic flood risk maps have been produced for the SFRA These maps should be used to locate development away from areas at high risk of flooding Future development planning also needs to make reference to this suite of strategic flood risk maps as well as any updated information provided by the LPA and Environment Agency Use of SFRA Data Whilst all data used in the preparation of this SFRA has been supplied to the LPA including reports mapping GIS datasets and development allocation assessments there is a need to maintain controls over the data and how it is applied and modified It is anticipated that the SFRA and associated maps will be published on the Council s website as a Set of interactive GeoPDFs As the central source of SFRA data these maps should be made available for download The LPA will be able to use the flood outlines and flood risk data used in this SFRA for internal use The use of this information must consider the context within which it was produced The use of this data will fall under the license agreement between the LPA and the Environment Agency as it ha
31. ability of land for development in regard to flood risk and avoidance of flood risk to new development These tests may still be required at an individual site level Table 3 1 identifies when the Sequential and Exception Tests are required for certain types of development and who is responsible for providing the evidence and those who need to apply the tests Further information is provided in Section 4 of the PPS25 Practice Guide Table 3 1 Development types and application of Sequential and Exception Tests Allocated Sites Windfall Sites Regeneration Sites Identified Within LDD Redevelopment of Existing Single Properties Changes of Use St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT No Yes No No Yes for minor developm ents such as caravan camping chalet sites LPA should have already carried out the test during the allocation of development sites Developer provides evidence that the test can be passed to the LPA An area of search to be agreed but should be within local community boundary Developer provides evidence that the test can be passed to the LPA Dependent on land use vulnerability Dependent on land use vulnerability Dependent on land use vulnerability Dependent on land use vulnerability Dependent on land use vulnerability LPA to advise on the likelihood of test being passed But the developer must provide evidence that th
32. ailable for use in the SFRA however The council should continue to liaise with United Utilities in conjunction with the Environment Agency to explore how they can contribute to the understanding of flood risk now or in the future Canal and River Trust The Canal and River Trust provided their Asset Database including historic canal breach and overtop locations SFRA Data Management The SFRA should be viewed as a living document for use in the day to day process of planning and development It is therefore important that datasets collected for the SFRA are transparent and accessible A Data Register has been produced and supplied to the individual Councils listing all data received throughout the SFRA process St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xi B 3 JBA consulting All data was reviewed on receipt and its quality assessed through professional judgement Most data requested was of the quality expected Whilst the majority of the datasets could be mapped geographically using Geographic Information Systems GIS helping to visualise the risk of flooding others were not Historical flooding information was provided in both GIS format and through discussion with Council drainage engineers The Data Register will allow intended users of the SFRA to review the datasets used and for a central group to manage and update datasets when needed The Data Register also states the name and organisation of who the data
33. al R isk SFRA Evidence achievable Proposed development site is Will development add more buildings people to the community at risk unlikely to pass the Exception Teston flood risk grounds The site should be avoided at this stage and withdrawn from the Sustainability Appraisal Are they Acceptable Fluvial Overtopping Depth amp Is the community covered by a flood warning system Hazard Maps Can appropriate access amp egress routes be identified N Breach Depth amp Hazard Maps Is flood risk an urban design issue Canal Hazard Zones Maps Are compensation works possible Flood Risk Management Maps Are mitigation measures achievable appropriate and could they reduce risk to the surrounding community Assess alternative development optionsising Sustainability Appraisal balancing flood risk against other planning objectives 1 5 Flood Risk and other Land Use Policies 1 5 1 1 Flood risk is a material consideration in land use planning decision making and can greatly impact on the sustainability of various land uses in all locations Having applied the Sequential Test and Exception Test where necessary the resultant assessment of appropriateness and associated flood risk information will then influence the land use planning decision at whatever level it is being considered 1 5 1 2 Land use policies and wider strategic decisions involving social and economic development in the LDDs will be influenced and shap
34. al waters to reach good status or good potential status by 2015 through a catchment based system of River Basin Management Plans incorporating a programme of measures to improve the status of all natural water bodies Windfall sites Sites which become available for development unexpectedly and are therefore not included as allocated land in a planning authority s development plans St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT JBA consulting SPRING 1 Guidance for Spatial Planners The purpose of this section of the report is to provide guidance to Spatial Planners on dealing with allocations using the SFRA Scope the Sustainability Appraisal of the Local Plan o Screen development options o Produce appropriate flood risk indicators Avoid sites at high risk of flooding where no other planning objectives outweigh flood risk o Using Sustainability Appraisal and Site Assessment Spreadsheet Carry out the Sequential Test on proposed development sites o Using information provided in the SFRA and Site Assessment Spreadsheet to avoid sites at high risk Identify those sites where a greater understanding of flood risk is required o These should include key development sites at high risk of flooding Identify the likelihood of sites passing the Exception Test o Using the Sustainability Appraisal to assess development sites with regards to other planning objectives and assign weight given to flood risk as a plan
35. and are likely to object in principal to any development within these areas Any culverting operation or development which controls the flow of any Main River or stream Ordinary Watercourses are now the responsibility of LLFAs and IDBs Consult Environment Agency consult appropriate LLFA IDB The detail required for each level of FRA is highlighted in Figure 3 1 The production of a site specific FRA can be seen as an iterative process with those carrying out a Level 1 FRA before moving on to a Level 2 and finally a Level 3 It is appropriate to review the level of risk present and assess whether development is appropriate and achievable at each stage of the assessment Significant consultation with the LPA and EA may be required for complex development proposals Complex developments may need to include flood mitigation measures and compensatory storage Figure 3 1 also links the evidence provided in the SFRA which can inform the decision making process St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 24 Level 1 2 SFRA JBA consulting Figure 3 1 FRA Preparation Level 1 2 FRA Screening amp Scoping Level 3 FRA Design of compensation works Design of flow balancing y Summary Residual risks Off site i
36. arch planning 82584 aspx CIRIA Report C624 Development and Flood Risk Guidance for the Construction Industry and NPPF PPS25 Practice Guide 3 4 1 2 These documents describe when an FRA is required and the general issues that should be considered The key requirements of a FRA are provided in Section 3 of the PPS25 Practice Guide In general the FRA should address the following issues 1 Development Description and Locations What is the type of development and where will it be located What is the vulnerability classification of the current and future building use St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 25 JBA consulting Has the development site been assessed during the Level 1 and Level 2 SFRAs If so has the Sequential and Exceptions Testing been completed already 2 Definition of Flood Hazard What are the sources of flooding at the site For each source how would flooding occur referencing any historical records What existing surface water drainage infrastructure is present on the site Consult with LPA EA and United Utilities 3 Probability Confirm the FZ designation for the site refer to the Flood Zone FZ maps Determine the actual and residual risks at the site refer to the FZ maps depth and hazards maps Level2 SFRA and Flood Risk Management maps What are the discharge rates and volumes generated by the existing site and proposed development 4 Climate Change
37. art of a Main River Local authorities and where relevant Internal Drainage Boards have similar permissive powers on ordinary watercourses as the Environment Agency has on Main Rivers Permitted development rights Qualified rights to carry out certain limited forms of development without the need to make an application for planning permission as granted under the terms of the Town and Country Planning General Permitted Development Order 2010 Planning Policy Statement PPS A statement of policy issued by central Government to replace Planning Policy Guidance notes Pound length The length of a section of canal between locks is referred to as pound length Previously developed land Land which is or was occupied by a permanent structure including the curtilage of the developed land and any associated fixed surface infrastructure PPS3 Annex B often referred to as Brownfield land Reservoir large raised A reservoir that holds at least 10 000 cubic metres of water above natural ground level as defined by the Flood and Water management Act 2010 Residual risk The risk which remains after all risk avoidance reduction and mitigation measures have been implemented Resilience Constructing a building in such a way that although flood water may enter the building its impact is minimised structural integrity is maintained and repair drying amp cleaning are facilitated St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report
38. as are identified using a national approach and locally reviewed the LLFA are then required to undertake St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT XX zonsuiting flood risk hazard mapping and Flood Risk Management Plans FRMPs The FRMP will need to consider objectives for flood risk management reducing the likelihood and consequences of flooding and measures to achieve those objectives The Environment Agency have implemented one of the exceptions for creating PFRAs etc for main rivers and coastal flooding as they already have mapping i e Flood Map and plans i e CFMPs in place to deal with this The Environment Agency have therefore focused their efforts on assisting LLFAs through this process E 4 Flood amp Water Management Act 2010 The Flood and Water Management Act FWMA received Royal Assent on 8th April 2010 The Act creates unifying legislation covering all forms of flooding and shifting the emphasis from building defences to managing risk The Act creates clearer roles and responsibilities and provides for a more risk based approach Local authorities have a new lead role in managing local flood risk from surface water ground water and ordinary watercourses and a strategic overview role for all flood risk for the Environment Agency The Act aims to Reduce the likelihood and impacts of flooding Improve the ability to manage the risk of flooding by clarifying who is responsible for wha
39. ater for example the breach of a dam a leaking canal or a burst water main or to protect an area against flooding e g breach of a flood defence failure of a flap valve or pumping station or blockage of a pipe or culvert Because of the sudden onset the impacts of this form of flooding can be severe Historically the adopted approach in many SFRAs has been not to consider other sources of flooding as a spatial or strategic issue Through good design and attenuation of drainage inputs to sensitive watercourses mitigation was the accepted way forward Increases in flooding impacting on people and property due to development can be caused Upstream by restricting the capacity and conveyance function of the watercourse and floodplain system Downstream by decreasing the volume available for flood storage on the floodplain altering flow routes on the floodplain or by changes to the channel which can increase the flow discharged to downstream locations and By increasing runoff from reduced permeability surfaces such as roads roofs and car parks Fluvial Flooding Flooding from watercourses is associated with the exceedance of channel capacity during higher flows The process of flooding from watercourses depends on a number of catchment characteristics including geographical location variation in rainfall steepness of the channel and surrounding floodplain and infiltration and rate of runoff linked to land use i e degree of
40. ational standards for the application of SuDS techniques before they can connect any residual surface water drainage to a public sewer amending section 106 of the Water Industry Act 1991 As part of their new responsibility for local flood risk management local authorities will be responsible for approving SuDS for new developments and adopting and maintaining them as part of a SuDS Approval Body SAB 1 Defra 2008 Future Water 2 Defra Department for Transport HM Treasury and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 2005 Making Space for water Taking forward a new Government strategy for flood and coastal erosion risk management in England First Government response to the autumn 2004 Making space for water consultation exercise 3 The Pitt Review 2008 Learning lessons from the 2007 floods 4 Defra 2010 Flood and Water Management Act Crown Copyright St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 28 3 6 5 4 3 6 5 5 3 6 5 6 3 6 6 3 6 6 1 3 6 6 2 3 6 6 3 3 6 6 4 JBA consulting Recognising the above drainage from new developments should incorporate storage with residual discharge of surface water to the following networks in order of preference Infiltration drainage e g SuDS soakaways Discharge to a watercourse Discharge to a public sewer The choice of system will be determined by local ground conditions including groundwater levels Whilst infiltration SuDS may be the most s
41. c requirements on a site by site basis Flood Zone 2 Medium Probability Subject to the application of the Sequential Flood Risk Test suitable types of development in Flood Zone 2 include Essential infrastructure More vulnerable Less vulnerable Water compatible development Highly vulnerable uses should only be permitted in this zone if the Exception Test is passed The SFRA is unable to assess whether the site will pass parts a and b of the Exception Test However the Council must be able to demonstrate the need for development through the spatial planning process An FRA will be required for all development in this zone The FRA will need to assess the current level of flood risk as well as the level of flood risk following development Development plans for the site will need to demonstrate that flood risk can be effectively and safely managed without increasing flood risk elsewhere Proposals will also need to demonstrate that access and egress to the development can be maintained during an extreme flood event and that development is set at an appropriate level A further level of analysis such as a breach overtopping scenario assessment may be required where development is planned behind or adjacent to existing defences in order to St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xiii JBA consulting test the sustainability and robustness of the mitigation measures In keeping with Flood Zone 1 other
42. ce for Developers scccsseceeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeseeeeneeeeseaesaseeeenseeeeseesaseenenseeeees 20 3 1 INtrOdUCHION i ast Ae ol edie A ae ain 20 3 2 The Sequential Test and Exception TeSt 0 ccccecsceceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseaeeeseneeeeneees 21 3 3 Site specific Flood Risk Assessments eccceceeeeeeneeceeeeeseaeeeeaeeseeeeettaeeeeaeeeees 22 3 4 FRA GUIGANCC arris disain Mess id iain etn ait 25 3 5 Critical Drainage Ar s ccccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeecaeeeeaaeeeeeeeeeaeeesaaeeteeeeeseeeesaeeseneeee 27 3 6 Considering risk of flooding from other SOUICES cccceeeeeeeeeteteeeeeeeteneeteeeeees 27 4 Guidance for Flood Risk Management ssseccsecsseeeseeeenseeeeeseeesneeeeneeeeees 32 4 1 IMUTPOCUCHION Poa E E a nents en O 32 4 2 Strategic APProach cccceseeeceee cece eeeeaeeeeeeeceaeeeeeaeseeeeeecaeeseaaesseaeeseeeeeeaeetenaeeee 32 4 3 Potential mitigation measures ceeeeceeeeeceeeeeeeeee tenets eae eeseaaeseeeeeseaeeesaeeteneeeeaes 32 Appendices ooo as ceases cae ne eaten nc aes cunt cus xy e aa e ae a i A Flood Risk Concepts s ccecceeeeseeeseeeeneeeeeseeeseseeeenseeeseeeeseaeenseeeeeeaeseseaeenseenenees i B Stakeholder Engagement and Data Management ccssssceeseereeeeseees xi C Flood Risk Vulnerability Classification 0 ccsssssseeeseeeseeeeseeeseseeeeeeeeeeees xiii D Sustainable Drainage Systems ssssssnnesunennnnnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
43. cluding Highways and Drainage United Utilities and the Environment Agency More detail on SuDS is available in Appendix D The developer should liaise closely with the local authority drainage engineer the Environment Agency and United Utilities to determine appropriate discharge rates The developer should prove that surface water discharges from the site will not have an adverse impact on flood risk elsewhere with reference to investment planning by United Utilities that may increase the capacity of the sewer network in the area Overland flow paths Underground drainage systems have a finite capacity and regard should always be given to larger events when the capacity of the network will be exceeded Hence there is a need to design for exceedance This should be considered alongside any surface water flows likely to enter a development site from the surrounding area 5 Environment Agency Flood Risk Standing Advice for England PPS25 National Version 2 0 Can be accessed online at http www environment agency gov uk research planning 82584 aspx St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 29 3 6 6 5 3 6 6 6 3 6 7 1 3 6 7 2 3 6 7 3 3 6 7 4 3 6 7 5 3 6 7 6 zonsuiting Master planning should ensure that existing overland flow paths are retained within the development As a minimum the developer should investigate as part of a FRA the likely depths and extents of surface water flooding on a develo
44. d risk management measures such as defences Other sources of flooding must also be considered in the spatial distribution of development such as surface water flooding identified through the updated Flood Map for Surface Water UFMfSW However it can be problematic to map the spatial extent of flooding from other sources as well as matching the level of risk associated with other sources with those presented within the three Flood Zones For instance Flood Zone 3 cannot be directly related to a high susceptible area at risk of surface water flooding as the probability and consequences are significantly different 1 2 1 5 Whilst it may not be appropriate to avoid development at risk from other sources of flooding risk should be considered when taking a sequential approach to land use or the substitution of lower development vulnerability in higher risk areas within a development site 13 Exception Test 1 3 1 1 If the Sequential Test has been successfully applied and the LPA cannot allocate development in lower flood risk areas then the vulnerability of development should be considered 1 3 1 2 Only once the vulnerability of the development is defined should an assessment be made of whether or not that development is appropriate within that Flood Zone and whether the Exception Test needs to be applied 1 3 1 3 Where new development is exceptionally necessary within areas at risk of flooding Government policy aims to make it safe without inc
45. dual premises and progresses through local source controls to larger downstream site and regional controls Runoff need not pass through all the stages in the management train It could flow straight to a site control but as a general principle it is better to deal with runoff locally returning the water to the natural drainage system as near to the source as possible Only if the water cannot be managed on site should it be conveyed elsewhere This may be due to the water requiring additional treatment before disposal or the quantities of runoff generated being greater than the capacity of the natural drainage system at that point Excess flows would therefore need to be routed off site The design of SuDS will require active decisions between different options often depending on the risks associated with each course of action The risks of an area flooding have to be balanced with the costs of protecting the area from different levels of floods The management train concept promotes division of the area to be drained into sub catchments with different drainage characteristics and land uses each with its own drainage strategy Dealing with the water locally not only reduces the quantity that has to be managed at any one point but also reduces the need for conveying the water off the site Figure D1 SuDS Management Train Principle Conveyance b Conveyance Site control Regional control Discharge to watercourse or groundwat
46. e classification Flooding Impacts on Property Flooding can cause severe property damage Flood water is likely to damage internal finishes contents electrical and other services and possibly cause structural damage The physical effects can have significant long term impacts with reoccupation sometimes not being possible for over a year The costs of flooding are increasing partly due to increasing amounts of electrical and other sophisticated equipment within developments The damage flooding can cause to businesses and infrastructure such as transport or utilities like electricity and water supply can have significant detrimental impacts on local and regional economies The long term closure of businesses for example can lead to job losses and other economic impacts New development or regeneration in flood risk areas has its additional short and long term costs The need to build resistant and resilient properties could significantly increase overall costs of development whilst ongoing maintenance and insurance increase future expenditure Flooding Impacts on the Environment Environmental impacts can be significant and include soil erosion bank erosion landslips and damage to vegetation There can also be detrimental impacts on habitats flora and fauna and water quality caused by various pollutants carried by floodwater Conversely flooding can have a beneficial role in natural habitats Many wetland habitats are dependent
47. e test can be passed by providing planning justification and producing a detailed FRA Developer must provide evidence that the test can be passed by providing planning justification and producing a detailed FRA LPA to advise on the likelihood of test being passed But the developer must provide evidence that the test can be passed by providing planning justification and producing a detailed FRA Developer must provide evidence that the test can be passed by providing planning justification and producing a detailed FRA Developer must provide evidence that the test can be passed by providing planning justification and producing a detailed FRA 21 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 4 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 6 Site specific Flood Risk Assessments The principal aims of an FRA are to determine the level of flood risk to a site and to confirm that suitable flood management measures can be developed to control flooding and safeguard life and property without increasing risk to the surrounding area Once the site has been Sequentially Tested and has been identified as being likely to pass the Exception Test a site specific FRA should be undertaken The LPA and EA should be consulted in order to determine the content and scope of the FRA There are three levels of FRA Level 1 is a screening study used to identify whether there are any flooding or surface water management issues that need to be considered fu
48. ea The design construction and ongoing maintenance regime of such a scheme must be carefully defined at an early stage LPAs can designate CDAs as high flood risk areas Considering risk of flooding from other sources Flood Risk Assessments FRA must take account of flood risk from all sources The SFRA provides a more detailed analysis of actual and residual risk associated with flooding At some locations there may be hydraulic interactions between different flooding sources Where this is the case the FRA should look at the possible interactions in more detail A FRA should reference any completed Surface Water Management Plan for guidance Canals A FRA should consider the residual risk associated with canals overtopping and breaching The developer should liaise with the LPA and Canal and River Trust to determine applicable emergency planning arrangements St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT JBA consulting 27 3 6 3 3 6 3 1 3 6 4 3 6 4 1 3 6 4 2 3 6 5 3 6 5 1 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 3 zonsuiting Considering the general risk of canal flooding Developers should be aware that any site that is at or below canal water level may be subject to canal flooding However the canal water volume is finite and a FRA should be used to show in detail what residual risk could be associated with the canal In its mitigation building resilience into low level properties may apply or land may be raised Res
49. ed by the sequential approach informed by this SFRA 1 5 1 3 For instance Green Infrastructure Gl is a planned and managed network of natural environmental components and green spaces that intersperse and connect the urban centres suburbs and rural fringe consisting of Open Spaces parks woodlands nature reserves lakes Linkages River corridors and canals pathways and cycle routes and greenways Networks of urban green private gardens street trees verges and green roofs St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 15 1 5 1 4 1 5 1 5 With regards to flood risk green spaces can be used to manage storm flows and free up water storage capacity in existing infrastructure to reduce risk of damage to urban property particularly in city centres and vulnerable urban regeneration areas Gl can also improve accessibility to waterways and improve water quality supporting regeneration and improving opportunity for leisure economic activity and biodiversity GI should be incorporated into master planning and individual sites directed by the need to retain exceedence flood paths and the natural attenuation of flood flows Areas identified as functional floodplain within the SFRA can act as river corridors which would provide an excellent linkage of GI and can provide flood storage during a flood event Areas identified within the urban environment or upstream of Critical Drainage Areas CDA should be incor
50. egic Flood Risk Assessment or Surface Water Management Plan and they have indicated that a formal flood risk assessment is required FRA Guidance Note 1 requires FRAs to provide Proposals for surface water management that aims to not increase and where practicable reduce the rate of runoff from the site as a result of the development in accordance with sustainable drainage principles and the Local Planning Authority s published SFRA Proposals for development in Critical Drainage Areas should follow the guidance and standards as set out below for developments that are within any Flood Zone 6 Environment Agency Flood Risk Assessment FRA Guidance Note 1 Development Greater Than 1 Hectare ha in Flood Zone 1 and Critical Drainage areas less than 1ha Can be accessed online at http www environment agency gov uk static documents Research F RAGuidanceNote 1 padf St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 30 3 6 7 7 3 6 7 8 3 6 7 9 3 6 7 10 3 6 8 3 6 8 1 zonsuiting Allowable discharge rates Development should seek to reduce existing local flooding problems and not add to them The following guidance should be followed Development should deliver Greenfield runoff on Greenfield sites up to a 1 AEP storm event considering climate change Development should aim for a minimum reduction in surface water runoff rates of 50 for Brownfield sites with an aim of reducing runoff to Greenfie
51. elopment is situated behind flood Flood Risk Management maps Flood Zone defences possibility of overtopping during maps climate change maps Depth and extreme flood event or breach hazard maps for both the 1 in 100 year and 1 in 1000 year flood events from FRM modelling studies Level 2 SFRA The development exceeds tha in size Consult Environment Agency The development is within 20 m of the bank top Consult Environment Agency of a Main River the Environment Agency will have to consent to any work within 8 m of a Main River and are likely to object in principal to any development within these areas Any culverting operation or development which Consult Environment Agency controls the flow of any Main River or stream Ordinary Watercourses are now the responsibility of LLFAs and IDBs St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT JBA consulting JBA consulting 3 Guidance for Developers The aim of this Section is to provide guidance to Developers on using the SFRA Developers should use the Guidance in this SFRA User Guide NPPF and the PPS25 Practice Guide to e Assess whether the site is a o Windfall development allocated development within a regeneration area single property or change of use to identify if Sequential and Exception Tests are required Check whether the Sequential Test and or the Exception Test have already been applied o Request information from the LPA on whether the Sequ
52. ential Test or likelihood of the site passing the Exception Test have been assessed If not provide evidence to the LPA that the site passes the Sequential Test and will pass the Exception Test Consult with LPA Development Control the Environment Agency and the wider group of flood risk consultees where appropriate to scope an appropriate FRA it required o Guidance on FRAs provided in this SFRA User Guide o Also refer to Environment Agency Standing Advice CIRIA Report C624 NPPF PPS25 Practice Guide o Consult LPA emergency planners if required Submit FRA to Development Control and Environment Agency for approval where necessary 3 1 Introduction 3 1 1 1 The SFRA provides the evidence base for developers to assess flood risk at a strategic level and determine the requirements of an appropriate site specific FRA 3 1 1 2 Developers will need to liaise closely with the LPA in the first instance to determine if a site is suitable for development If a site is considered suitable then developers should prepare a site specific FRA 3 1 1 3 Developers should consider all sources of flood risk when assessing the suitability of a site Guidance on developing within Critical Drainage Areas CDA and areas at risk from sources other than fluvial flooding is provided in this section St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 20 3 2 1 1 The Sequential Test and Exception Test are fundamental in determining the suit
53. entify which sites should be avoided or substituted those which can go forward or once the Sequential Test has been applied how to assess if the site will remain safe during the Exception Test This is a step wise process and must be documented but a challenging one as a number of the criteria used are qualitative and based on experienced judgement Figure 1 1 provides additional guidance on using the Site Assessment Spreadsheet produced in the SFRA Figure 1 2 provides guidance on how to assess the likelihood of sites passing the Exception Test using key questions and evidence St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT maine maine Figure 1 1 First and Second Pass of Proposed Development Sites Sequential Test Appropriate to Allocate Sustainable Appraisal Flood Risk Indicator not required Avoid Or remove development area at flood risk Flood Zone 1 Flood Zone 3b Low risk from other sources amp not in CDA Sequential Test Can development be Spreadsheet located in lower risk areas within site Flood Zone 2 3a Flood Zone 2 3a No boundary Can yield be Low fluvial cover High fluvial Cover achieved in lower amp low medium surface and or within CDA risk areas water risk Are there any Strategic Planning No Objectives Yes Check with Core Strategy Yes Appropriate to y Allocate Level 2 SFRA required Flood Risk avoided Review requ
54. er Discharge to watercourse or groundwater Discharge to watercourse or groundwater 12 CIRIA 2008 Sustainable Drainage Systems promoting good practice a CIRIA initiative St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT XV JBA consulting SuDS can reduce the amount and rate of runoff by a combination of infiltration storage and conveyance through a number of SuDS techniques Their suitability however relies on site conditions such as permeability and ground water levels as summarised in Table D1 Table D1 Suitability of SuDS Techniques v v Green Roofs x Permeable Paving v x v Rainwater Harvesting x v x Swales v v v Detention Basins v v v Ponds x v v Wetlands x v v Source PPS25 Practice Guide Local Planning Authorities should Promote the use of SuDS for the management of run off Ensure their policies and decisions on development applications support and complement the Building Regulations on sustainable rainwater drainage giving priority to infiltration followed by discharge to watercourses and lastly discharge to sewers Adopt policies for incorporating SuDS requirements in the Local Plan and Local Development Documents Encourage developers to utilise SuDS wherever practicable if necessary through the use of appropriate planning conditions Develop joint strategies with sewerage undertakers and the Environment Agency to further encourage the use of SuDS D 2 SuDS Guidance For further
55. ervoirs As part of a FRA the developer should undertake a zone of search around their site to identify any reservoirs that lie on higher land The risk of flooding from reservoirs should be considered in the FRA which will be subject to the available data and national security implications of such an assessment Where this identifies smaller reservoirs the FRA should determine the owner and maintenance regime of the reservoir A more detailed investigation of the effects of the reservoir overtopping or failing should be undertaken The developer should then liaise with the LPA and reservoir owner to determine applicable emergency planning requirements or mitigation needs Where there is significant flood hazard identified to the site from such failure and especially from unmaintained reservoirs the developer should liaise closely with the LPA about the suitability of the site for development Drainage for new developments Development has the potential to cause an increase in impermeable area an associated increase in surface water runoff rates and volumes and a consequent potential increase in downstream flood risk due to overloading of sewers watercourses culverts and other drainage infrastructure The sewer network in many places across Yorkshire was designed to drain less development than that exists today Development has added flow over time and the drainage network is known to be at capacity in many places Controlling surface wate
56. f water speed of flow rate of onset duration wave action effects water quality and the vulnerability of receptors type of development nature e g age and structure of the population presence and reliability of mitigation measures etc Flood risk is then normally expressed in terms of the following relationship Flood risk Probability of flooding x Consequences of flooding Flooding Impacts on Property People amp the Environment Flooding has a wide range of social impacts which may be difficult to delineate as they are interconnected cumulative and often not quantifiable In small urban or steep upland catchments which have a very rapid response to rainfall or with flooding due to infrastructure failure flood waters can rise very quickly and put life at risk Even shallow water flowing at 2 m s can knock children and many adults off their feet and vehicles can be moved by water of 300 mm depth The risks rise if the flood water is carrying debris The impact on people as a result of the stress and trauma of being flooded or even of being under the threat of flooding can be immense This also extends to whole communities Long term impacts can arise due to chronic illnesses and stress Flood water contaminated by sewage or other pollutants e g chemicals stored in garages or commercial properties is particularly likely to cause illnesses either directly as a result of contact with the polluted flood water or indirectly as a
57. ficate issued before development can begin Increased emphasis is needed on enabling flood water to safely flow overland with green infrastructure and safe flow routes being identified as part of flood risk assessments All relevant authorities will have a duty to cooperate and share information Right to Connect Water Industry Act 1991 S106 of the act has been amended by the FWMA so that for new developments the approved sustainable drainage system must be constructed to connect to the public sewer network This will need to be approved to the new National SuDS Standards by the Lead Local Flood Authority Once constructed the LLFA will adopt the system and becomes responsible for maintaining it Reducing flood risk through site layout and design Flood risk should be considered at an early stage in deciding the layout and design of a site to provide an opportunity to reduce flood risk within the development A risk based approach should be applied to try to locate more vulnerable land use to higher ground while more flood compatible development e g vehicular parking recreational space can be located in higher risk areas Waterside areas or areas along known flow routes can be used for recreation amenity and environmental purposes allowing the preservation of flow routes and flood storage whilst at the same time providing valuable social and environmental benefits contributing to other sustainability objectives Landscapi
58. g e Groundwater Sewer Flooding The principal sources of flooding are rainfall or higher than normal sea and river levels the principal pathways are rivers drains sewers overland flow and river and coastal floodplains and their defence assets The receptors may include people their property and the environment All three elements must be present for flood risk to arise Mitigation measures have little or no effect on sources of flooding but they can block or impede pathways or remove receptors The planning process is primarily concerned with the location of receptors taking appropriate account of potential sources and pathways that might put those receptors at risk It is important to define the components of flood risk in order to apply this guidance in a consistent manner St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT viii A 4 JBA consulting Likelihood Likelihood of flooding is normally expressed as a percentage probability based on the average frequency measured or extrapolated from records over a large number of years A 1 probability indicates the flood level that is expected to be exceeded on average once in 100 years i e it has a 1 in 100 chance of occurring in any one year Considered over the lifetime of development such an apparently low frequency or rare flood has a significant probability of occurring Consequence Consequences of flooding depend on the hazards caused by flooding depth o
59. g is a natural process and can happen at any time in a wide variety of locations It constitutes a temporary covering of land not normally covered by water and presents a risk when people infrastructure and development and environmental assets are present in the area which floods Assets at risk from flooding can include housing transport and public service infrastructure commercial and industrial enterprises agricultural land and the environmental and cultural heritage Climate change predictions are that flood risk will increase due to more frequent severe storms bringing higher intensity rainfall and increasing run off from land and buildings This will cause rivers and streams to experience higher than normal flood flows and levels and sewers and drains to surcharge more frequently than at present The focus of activity in meeting these challenges in the future will be on flood risk management as opposed to simply providing flood defences It is now widely recognised that whilst we cannot always prevent flooding we can manage the risks of it happening and reduce the consequences when flooding does happen As authorities the EA and LPAs should embrace effective flood risk management issues and actions The focus should aim to reduce flood risks through a variety on measures including Through the planning process ensuring that vulnerable land uses are located away from high flood risk areas Providing flood warning and emergency planning
60. gency corporate plan Creating a Better Place the Agency has highlighted three main targets To have 80 of properties at risk in the floodplain in England and Wales receiving and appropriate flood warning service 75 of people who live in flood risk areas take appropriate action by 2011 To have major incident plans in place for high flood risk areas 9 Environment Agency 2006 Creating a Better Place Corporate Strategy 2006 2011 St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT vi JBA consulting Flood Warning Codes include Status Severe Flood Warming Severe flooding Danger to life Flood Warming Flooding is expected Immediate action required Flood Alert Flooding is possible Be prepared Warning no longer in force Flood warnings and flood alerts that have been removed in the last 24 hours The flood warnings are used to reduce the overall impact of flooding of people and property by lowering the vulnerability of the receptor This is done by providing a warning which can then be used to remove people at risk or to relocate valuable possessions to higher levels Overview Flooding in urban areas can come from a variety of sources and when flooding occurs it is often not clear where the water has come from The draft Flood and Water Management Act defines local flood risk for which local authorities will have a local leadership role as the risk of flooding from ordinary watercourses s
61. generation redevelopment of existing single properties or changes of use changes of use only apply to caravan camping chalet sites or mobile home sites Development Management will then need to review the evidence provided and decide whether a site passes the Exception Test Development in certain existing communities may find it difficult to pass both the Sequential Test and Exception Test due to the nature of flood risk and or the scale of mitigation which would be required in order to make the development safe In these instances development applications should be refused and these areas should be transformed into flood risk policies by the LPA St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT JBA consulting 2 3 2 3 1 4 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 4 2 3 1 5 Supporting the FRA Process All development applications must be supported by an appropriate site specific FRA in accordance with the guidance provided in PPS25 Practice Guide Section 3 70 to 3 89 At the earliest practical stage Develooment Management should refer developers to the SFRA including the associated flood risk mapping The developer should also be referred to the appropriate flood risk policies which could potentially influence their development proposals If a site has been identified as being at risk of flooding from any source Development Management and the developer should consult the Environment Agency and other relevant flood risk consultees
62. il In the larger events that are less frequent but have a higher consequence surface water will exceed the sewer system and flow across the surface of the land often following the same flow paths and ponding in the same areas as overland flows Both Making Space for Water and Future Water recognise the importance of integrated urban drainage and the summer flooding of 2007 highlighted that surface water flooding can cause mass distress damage and disruption The Foresight Report 2004 estimated that 80 000 properties are at very high risk from surface water flooding 1 in 10 chance of occurring in any one year Groundwater Flooding The occurrence of groundwater flooding is usually very local and unlike flooding from rivers and the sea does not generally pose a significant risk to life due to the slow rate at which the water level rises However groundwater flooding can persist for a long period and cause significant damage to property especial in urban areas if not considered in development planning In most cases groundwater flooding cannot easily be eliminated although the impact on buildings can be mitigated to some extent through various measures Flooding from Drainage Systems Flooding from artificial drainage systems occurs when flow entering a system such as an urban storm water drainage system exceeds its discharge capacity it becomes blocked or it cannot discharge due to a high water level in the receiving watercourse
63. information on the design of SuDS see CIRIA publications www ciria org St Helens National Standards for sustainable drainage systems 2011 https Avwww gov uk government uploads system uploads attachment_data file 8242 1 suds consult annexa national standards 1 11221 pdf C521 SuDS design manual for Scotland and N Ireland 2000 C522 SuDS design manual for England and Wales 2000 C523 SuDS best practice Manual 2001 C582 SuDS Source control using constructed pervious surfaces 2002 C609 SuDS hydraulic structural and water quality advice 2004 C625 Model Agreements for SuDS 2004 C697 The SuDS Manual 2007 C698 Site Handbook for the Construction of SUDS 2007 Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xvi zonsuiting D 3 Drainage for new developments Development has the potential to cause an increase in impermeable area an associated increase in surface water runoff rates and volumes and a consequent potential increase in downstream flood risk due to overloading of sewers watercourses culverts and other drainage infrastructure New development has added flow over time and drainage networks are known to be at capacity in many places Controlling surface water discharges from new development is a crucial consideration if flood risk to new and existing development is to be effectively managed Planned development can also play a role in reducing the number of properties that are directly at
64. ired using detailed flood risk reduced through information and identify likelihood of substitution passing Exception Test 1 4 2 5 Spatial Planners will need to assess the likelihood of sites passing the Exception Test This is seen as a critical part of the spatial planning process by avoiding inappropriate development being allocated The Environment Agency and or Development Control are likely to object to inappropriate development 1 4 2 6 By following the process outlined in Figure 1 1 Spatial Planners should be able to obtain a greater understanding on the level of flood risk present at each key development site that remains following the application of the Sequential Test 1 4 2 7 Spatial Planners should use the Sustainability Appraisal process to assess alternative sites against flood risk indicators and other planning considerations before producing flood risk policies and development guidance Figure 1 2 Identifying the Likelihood of Passing the Exception Test St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 14 Level 2 SFRA Detailed Flood Risk Information Actual Risk SFRA Evidence Are flood depths gt 1 5m LS He Are flood hazards dangerous for most or higher Yes Fluvial Hazard Maps Climate Change sensitive Climate Sma Sensitivity Are mitigation measures significant JBA consulting Could requirement for compensational storage impact of yields Residu
65. ld rates up to a1 AEP storm event considering climate change Development should be designed so that there is no flooding to the development in a 1 in 3 33 AEP event and so that there is no property flooding in a 1 in 100 year plus climate change event Over time it is envisaged that local authorities will commission drainage strategies see below to determine in more detail and establish the evidence base for set reductions in surface water runoff from development sites With regard to this the developer should liaise closely with the Environment Agency United Utilities and LPA as soon as possible to determine an appropriate reduction in runoff rate and volume with reference to discharge limits as laid down by any completed SWMP or Drainage Strategy for that area Wherever possible this should be achieved through the implementation of SUDS Source control should be considered firstly There may be opportunities to deliver SUDS though integrated solutions for collections of strategic sites The future ownership and maintenance of SuDS systems should be discussed at the planning application stage with the relevant sections of the LPA including Highways and Drainage United Utilities and the Environment Agency This approach should be taken unless the developer can demonstrate that this is not feasible and that there will be no adverse impact caused by the development elsewhere This is supported by Category 4 of the Code for Sustainable Home
66. lear its approach to surface water management All proposals for development must consider how surface water will be effectively controlled and also propose SuDS techniques to fully attenuate surface water generated on the development site The aim of this approach is to prevent any increase in surface water discharge to receiving watercourses or drainage infrastructure and prevent any increase in flood risk as a result of development The planning system has a key role to play in settings standards for SuDS from new developments and ensuring that developments are designed to take account of the risk from surface water flooding Sustainable drainage and the use of SuDS is supported by the policy direction in Future Water Making Space for Water the Pitt Review and the Flood and Water Management Act that provides for more sustainable management of the water cycle working in partnership across different agencies and new responsibilities for local flood risk management In particular the Flood and Water Management Act requires developers where practicable to include sustainable drainage in new developments to reduce flood risk and improve water quality It includes a requirement on developers to demonstrate that they have met national standards for the application of SuDS techniques before they can connect any residual surface water drainage to a public sewer amending section 106 of the Water 13 Defra 2008 Future Water 14 Defra Depar
67. maller watercourses that are not under the jurisdiction of the Environment Agency surface water and groundwater Prior to the major flood events in summer 2007 the understanding of non Main River flooding was based on anecdotal evidence or described within Critical Ordinary Watercourse COW investigations undertaken by the Environment Agency Little data could be abstracted from the water companies on sensitive drainage catchments where runoff impacts of new development could be significant on combined sewer systems However a significant proportion of recent flood insurance claims are due to flooding from non Main River sources so this issue will become larger with a more energised climate Historically the adopted approach in many SFRAs has been not to consider other sources of flooding as a spatial or strategic issue Summer 2007 provided a stark reminder that the significance of capacity exceedance of artificial and natural drainage systems can be severe for many communities Therefore a clear example was provided that flooding from all sources should be scoped into a SFRA and they should be taken into account through the planning system and that new methods of rapid screening of these risks are required On the back of the Pitt review the Environment Agency prepared the national map showing areas susceptible to surface water flooding This was developed by JBA from research for the Making Space for Water programme JBA has 10 http w
68. mpacts Mitigation Measures employed Review against Guidelines before proceeding Input Detailed Assessment EAFloodMap Identify i l Sources Level 1 SFRA Pathways Sources identified Receptors I H Primary amp Secondary i Level 2 SFRA i Hazards H Residual risks i Test for H Climate Change SFRA Climate Change adaptability Sensitivity Maps I H Extreme event Determine f performance of i Types of impact l measures i Scale of impact H i Potential compensation H 1 Are there any strategic MEARS i Confirm Flood Risk Mitigation 1 Mitigation measures requirements identified i are suitable for i A H l F See paso ees Critical Phase 1 flood hazard Reduce Level 2 SFRA l i The impacts of Depths amp Hazard i i mitigation maps H Simplified assessment H measures and i of consequences development i impacts of H i development i Detailed i i assessment of i current risks to development with Is the site within H I mitigation rete a i itigate Oriel Dialngas H H Potentidl Surface Aneel H H gt water runoff from Feo SUBS i i the sites Recommendations 1 i Test for robustness i i H i H i H i 1 H i H H i I H i H i I H i i H 3 4 FRA Guidance 3 4 1 1 Flood Risk Assessments should follow the approach recommended by The Environment Agency Standing Advice http Avww environment agency gov uk rese
69. n area introduced to compensate for the loss of storage as a result of land raising for development purposes Design event A historic or notional flood event of a given annual flood probability against which the suitability of a proposed development is assessed and mitigation measures if any are designed Design event exceedence Flooding resulting from an event which exceeds the magnitude for which the defences protecting a development were designed see residual risk Design flood level The maximum estimated water level during the design event DG5 register Register held by water companies on the location of properties at risk of flooding from public sewers Exceedence flow Excess flow that emerges on the surface once the conveyance capacity of a drainage system is exceeded St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT maine Extreme Flood Outline Flood zone maps released by the Environment Agency in showing anticipated undefended 0 1 AEP flood extents in a consistent manner throughout the UK Flood defence Flood defence infrastructure such as flood walls and embankments intended to protect an area against flooding to a specified standard of protection Flood Map A map produced by the Environment Agency providing an indication of the likelihood of flooding within all areas of England and Wales assuming there are no flood defences Only covers flooding from rivers and the sea Floodplain
70. nd assessing the likelihood that a site will pass the Exception Test These are The LPA is required to prioritise the allocation of land for development in ascending order from FZ 1 to FZ 3 including subdivisions of FZ 3 into FZ 3a and FZ 3b The general approach to be followed when assessing sites is included as Figure 1 1 This combined with the information provided in the Site Assessment Spreadsheet should be used to identify those sites to be avoided where risk is considered too great Identify those sites where substitution is possible due to high percentage of land within lower flood risk areas Using Figure 1 2 identify those sites that may pass the Exception Test Remove those sites where a There is little or no planning justification b Where sites are located on Greenfield land c Where development will require drastic and complicated mitigation measures to make the site safe Produce a supporting document recording all decisions made during the decision making process Each proposed development site should be referenced and the decisions made to avoid substitute or allocate the site and the evidence and or reasoning used to make the decision should be recorded 1 2 1 4 There are a number of key challenges faced by the LPA in applying the Sequential Test The Sequential Test is purely based on the Flood Zones but these zones only take account of fluvial and tidal flooding which ignore the presence of floo
71. ng new development outside areas at risk of flooding Substitution by changing from more vulnerable to less vulnerable land uses and Control amp Mitigation of residual risks by implementing suitable flood risk management measures The SFRA provides information on flood risk allowing the LPA to Produce appropriate policies for development control and site allocation Produce appropriate flood risk indicators that inform the Sustainability Appraisal Undertake the Sequential Test and with sufficient and suitable information Exceptions Testing and Allocate appropriate land use for development It is recommended that a supporting document is prepared by the LPA recording decisions made for each proposed development site This should include all evidence considered in making a decision and this record will form the evidence base that demonstrates that both the Sequential and Exception Test have been applied In granting planning permission it will be the requirement of Development Control officers to confirm that all parts of the Exception Test have been addressed During the initial spatial planning stage only the likelihood of passing the Exception Test can be assessed To pass the Exception Test a site specific FRA will be required to identify constraints and demonstrate that safe development is achievable The SFRA also provides information to allow planners to make strategic decisions that identify the amount and type
72. ng should ensure safe access to higher ground from these areas and avoid the creation of isolated islands as water levels rise The EA will have to consent any works within 8 metres of a main river It is likely that the EA will require an unobstructed access and maintenance easement within these areas St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xxii E 6 E 7 E 8 E 9 JBA consulting Modification of ground levels Modifying ground levels to raise the land above the required flood level is an effective way of reducing flood risk to the site in question However in most areas of fluvial flood risk conveyance or flood storage may be reduced by raising land within the floodplain adversely impacting on flood risk downstream Compensatory flood storage must be provided in general on a level for level volume for volume basis on land that does not currently flood but is adjacent to the floodplain In general it should be in the vicinity of the site and within the red line of the planning application boundary unless the site is strategically allocated Where a site is entirely within the floodplain it is not possible to provide onsite compensatory storage The need for compensatory storage must been discussed at the earliest stage of planning as this will be a major constraint as this requirement may have significant implications for the yields achieved for individual sites Local flood storage Where development
73. ning constraint Using information provided in the SFRA to assess the level of risk to each site and likelihood of it remaining safe If a site cannot pass all the criteria of the Exception Test it cannot be approved e Allocate appropriate development through the Sustainability Appraisal o Produce evidence that both Tests have been applied by noting the outcome and decisions made to avoid substitute or allocate the site e Draft flood risk policies and develop guidance on each allocated site within the Sustainability Appraisal o Guidance should include the need for site specific FRAs 1 1 Introduction 1 1 1 1 The SFRA provides the basis for the sequential approach The LPA should consider flood risk the mechanism of flooding as well as the spatial distributions and development vulnerability in all stages of the development planning process 1 1 1 2 The SFRA promotes positive planning to deliver strategic opportunities that reduce flood risk to communities St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 10 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 6 Vaal 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 Throughout the risk based sequential testing process opportunities to minimise flood risk at each stage of the planning process need to be considered The primary aim of these actions is to ensure that risks to people and property are effectively managed The hierarchy of management decisions and actions comprise Avoidance by locati
74. nning an area from a flood risk perspective In summary taking a strategic approach to flood risk management involves consideration of Avoidance of development in flood risk areas Implementing a sequential approach to site layout substituting higher vulnerability development in lower flood risk areas Considering flooding from all sources Wherever possible using open land or green infrastructure to reduce risk e g by providing compensatory flood storage Adopting mitigation measures that contribute to the wider community objectives for flood risk management in risk areas developers should aim to reduce risk to the wider community The design and use of SuDS and Preparing emergency flood plans EU Floods Directive amp the Flood Risk Regulations European Flood Directive 2007 sets out EU s approach to managing flood risk and aims to improve the management of the risk floods pose to human health the environment cultural heritage and economic activity The Directive was translated into English law by the Flood Risk Regulations FRR 2009 and outlines the requirement for the Environment Agency and Lead Local Flood Authorities LLFA to create Preliminary Flood Risk Assessments PFRAs with the aim of identifying significant Flood Risk Areas PFRAs should cover the entire area for local flood risk focusing on ordinary watercourses surface water and groundwater flooding Where significant Flood Risk Are
75. nnnnn nnna xv E Flood Risk Mitigation cccccccescesseeeeeeeeeeseeseseeeeneeeeeeeeeseaeeesneeeeeneseseaeenseeeeeees XX List of Figures Figure 1 1 First and Second Pass of Proposed Development Sites Sequential a a E E A E E E EET 14 Figure 1 2 Identifying the Likelihood of Passing the Exception Test 0000 14 Figure 3 1 FRA Preparation ccccssccsssecsseeeesseeseseeeeeseeeeeeeeescaeseseeeeeeeeaeseeseneeesnseaeenes 25 Figure A 2 Source Pathway Receptor model cs eccssccsseseseeeeeseeeseseeeseeeeeseeeeeeeees viii St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT N List of Tables Table 2 1 FRA considerations and SFRA supporting evidence ssscssseeeees 19 Table 3 1 Development types and application of Sequential and Exception TOSS E ster seca N bevveedbed suvedeun dvvasecd E 21 Table 3 2 FRA considerations and SFRA supporting evidence ssscesseeeeees 24 Table A1 Reservoir Consequence Classification cccsssecnesssseeeeseeceeeseseenes iv Table A2 NFCDD Condition Ratings for Flood Defences c eccseseesteeeseeeeeteees v Table A3 Flood Hazard ratingS s sssennsennenennnennnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nunne ennn nnnn anneanne nannan ix Table B1 Stakeholder INVOIVEMeN cceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeneseeeeeneseeeeeseseenenseeeeesenseeeenens xi Figure D1 SUDS Management Train Principle cccsccsseeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeneeeees
76. nvironment Agency Standing Advice allows developers to screen online for the level of flood risk assessment that is appropriate for a development with regard to the NPPF Flood Zones This highlights the need for a FRA in Flood Zones 2 and 3 and in Flood Zone 1 where there are critical drainage problems The Standing Advice notes that for developments in Flood Zone 1 FRA Guidance Note 1 should be followed In areas where the Local Planning Authority has identified drainage problems through a Strategic Flood Risk Assessment or Surface Water Management Plan and they have indicated that a formal flood risk assessment is required FRA Guidance Note 1 requires FRAs to provide Proposals for surface water management that aims to not increase and where practicable reduce the rate of runoff from the site as a result of the development in accordance with sustainable drainage principles and the Local Planning Authority s published SFRA Proposals for development in Critical Drainage Areas should follow the guidance and standards as set out below for developments that are within any Flood Zone Development should seek to reduce existing local flooding problems and not add to them The following guidance should be followed Development should deliver Greenfield runoff on Greenfield sites up to a 1 AEP storm event considering climate change Development should aim for a minimum reduction in surface water runoff rates of 50 for Brownfield si
77. of development that may be suitable in the community It also summarises potential strategic mitigation strategies that may be required for development to be feasible in the area Sequential Test When allocating or approving land for development in flood risk areas those responsible for making development decisions are expected to demonstrate that there are no suitable alternative development sites located in lower flood risk areas The Sequential Test is the key driver for the SFRA In order to carry out the Sequential Test the LPA need to know Spatial extent of flood risk within the whole LPA area Flood Zones e Flood Zone 1 Low Probability less than 0 1 AEP fluvial flood event e Flood Zone 2 Medium Probability between a 1 AEP and 0 1 AEP fluvial flood event e Flood Zone 3a High Probability with a 1 AEP or greater fluvial flood event e Flood Zone 3b Functional Floodplain land where water has to flow or be stored in times of flood This is land which would flood with an annual probability of 1 in 20 5 AEP or greater in any year or is designed to flood in an extreme 0 1 AEP flood Flooding from other sources Location of proposed development sites and the proposed vulnerability of that development in flood risk terms St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT SRRI zonsuiting 1 2 1 3 There are a number of steps that Spatial Planners may follow when Sequentially Testing sites a
78. on annual flooding for their sustainability and can contribute to the storing of flood waters to reduce flood risk elsewhere It is important to recognise the value of maintenance or restoration of natural riparian zones such as grasslands which protect the soils from erosion and natural meadows which can tolerate flood inundation The use of Green Infrastructure throughout river corridors can also play a vital role in enhancing the river environment as well as safeguarding land from future development protecting people and buildings from flooding and reducing flood risk downstream A natural floodplain can help accommodate climate change and improve the quality of rivers and associated wetlands to help achieve good ecological status or good potential ecological status by 2015 under the Water Framework Directive WFD Meeting WFD objectives involves not only ecosystems water quality drought and flood impact considerations but also physical characteristics and morphology of the river channel floodplain and associated structures St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT B B 1 B 2 JBA consulting Stakeholder Engagement and Data Management Introduction The majority of data provided in the SFRA has been obtained through consultation with those stakeholders with specific interest in or knowledge of sources of flooding within the study area There are a number of key consultees to the planning proces
79. ood risk on a catchment wide basis for proposed development in a Local Planning Authority area Should be first point of consultation in all development proposals Sustainable Drainage Systems SuDS A sequence of management practices and control structures often referred to as SuDS designed to drain water in a more sustainable manner than some conventional techniques Typically these are used to attenuate runoff from development sites and involve infiltration to groundwater wherever feasible Sustainability Appraisal SA An integral part of the plan making process which seeks to appraise the economic social and environmental effects of a plan in order to inform decision making that aligns with sustainable development principles TUFLOW TUFLOW is a software package used for 2 Dimensional river modelling It is used as an analysis tool for flood risk management Vulnerability Classes NPPF Table 3 provides a vulnerability classification to assess which uses of land maybe appropriate in each flood risk zone St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT SRRI Washland An area of the floodplain that is allowed to flood or is deliberately flooded by a river or stream for flood management purposes Water Framework Directive WFD A European Community Directive 2000 60 EC of the European Parliament and Council designed to integrate the way water bodies are managed across Europe It requires all inland and coast
80. ooding problems St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 26 3 5 3 6 3 6 1 1 3 6 2 3 6 2 1 Critical Drainage Areas In certain locations an increase in the rate of surface water runoff is known to make development susceptible to localised flooding Insufficient capacity in the surface water drainage system may exacerbate localised flood risk in areas outside of the EA Flood Zones A detailed FRA would be expected for planned development within these areas regardless of Flood Zone designation This should demonstrate that new development is not at risk of flooding from existing drainage systems will not increase risk to adjacent development or land and will include appropriate mitigation measures to safely control surface water runoff Ideally developers shall work closely with the LPA EA and United Utilities to develop strategies that manage surface water runoff Where Greenfield development is proposed the aim should be to not increase runoff rates above the existing Greenfield rates Where brownfield development is proposed then the EA actually seek a reduction in the overall runoff rate Wherever possible this should be achieved through the use of SuDS constructed within the development site The effectiveness of a flow management scheme within a single site is limited by site constraints including but not limited to topography geology soil permeability development density adoption issues and available ar
81. pment site when the national updated Flood Map for Surface Water UuFMfSW indicates that there is a risk of surface water flooding This is a precautionary but an appropriate approach to reduce the risk of flooding to new developments Green infrastructure should be used wherever possible to accommodate such flow paths Floor levels should always be set a minimum of 300mm above adjacent roads to reduce the consequences of any localised flooding The effectiveness of a flow management scheme within a single site is heavily limited by site constraints including but not limited to topography geology soil permeability development density existing drainage networks within the site and surrounding area adoption issues and available area The design construction and ongoing maintenance regime of such a scheme must be carefully defined at an early stage and a clear and comprehensive understanding of the catchment hydrological processes i e nature and capacity of the existing drainage system is essential Critical Drainage Areas Certain locations are particularly sensitive to an increase in the rate and volume of surface water runoff from new development There are generally known local flooding problems associated with these areas These areas help to define the proposed Critical Drainage Areas CDAs in the SFRA Specific drainage requirements are required in these areas to help reduce local flood risk The SFRA has designated CDAs as high flood
82. porated into GI strategies Opening up land to create flow paths or flood storage areas can help protect current and future developments St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT JBA consulting JBA consulting 2 Guidance for Development Management The aim of this Section is to provide guidance on the use of the SFRA by Development Management When reviewing individual planning applications Planners should use the Guidance in this SFRA User Guide NPPF and the PPS25 Practice Guide to e Check whether the Sequential Test and or the Exception Test have already been applied o Refer developer to Local Plan and supporting evidence to identify if the Sequential Test has been applied and development is likely to pass the Exception Test a site may have already been assessed If evidence is available the Sequential Test and likelihood of passing the Exception Test have been assessed If no evidence is available developers must carry out the Sequential and Exception Tests e Refer developer to the following in order for them to apply the Sequential and Exception Tests o SFRA to inform Sequential Test o Site Assessment Spreadsheet to compare similar sites already assessed o SFRA to inform Exception Test o SFRA maps to review scale and nature of flood risk and residual risk e Consult with Environment Agency and other relevant stakeholders to o Assess flood risk constraints identified on site using
83. r discharges from new development is a crucial consideration if flood risk to new and existing development downstream is to be effectively managed Planned development can also play a role in reducing the number of properties that are directly at risk from surface water flooding The Planning System has a key role to play in settings standards for sustainable drainage from new developments and ensuring that developments are designed to take account of the risk from surface water flooding Sustainable drainage plays an important part in reducing flows in the sewer network and in meeting environmental targets alongside investment in maintenance and new capacity by United Utilities United Utilities plan their investment on a five year rolling cycle in consultation with key partners including the Environment Agency Sustainable drainage and the use of Sustainable Drainage Systems SuDS is supported by the policy direction in Future Water Making Space for Water the Pitt Review and the Flood and Water Management Act that provides for more sustainable management of the water cycle working in partnership across different agencies and new responsibilities for local flood risk management In particular the Flood and Water Management Act requires developers where practicable to include sustainable drainage in new developments to reduce flood risk and improve water quality It includes a requirement on developers to demonstrate that they have met n
84. reasing flood risk elsewhere and where possible reducing overall flood risk 1 3 1 4 NPPF provides a good explanation as to what type of development the Exception Test needs to be applied In some situations for certain types of development it is not appropriate to use the Exception Test to justify development For example highly vulnerable development cannot be justified within the high risk zone through the use of the Exception Test St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 12 1 3 1 5 1 3 1 6 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 4 2 2 1 4 2 3 1 4 2 4 It will be the requirement of Development Management officers to make sure all parts of the Exception Test have been passed in granting planning permission At a Spatial Planning stage only the likelihood of passing the Exception Test can be assessed as actually passing the Test will require the completion of a site specific FRA to determine if the site and its occupiers will be safe during times of flood What should be done at this early stage of the planning process is to identify those sites in which the Exception Test is required and to avoid those sites in which flood risk is too great using the information provided in the SFRA or there is no overriding planning objectives for that development Applying the Sequential Test and assessing the likelihood of passing the Exception Test This section provides the following guidance on how
85. relict The condition of existing flood defences and whether they will continue to be maintained and or improved in the future is an issue that needs to be considered as part of the risk based sequential approach and in light of this whether proposed land allocations are appropriate and sustainable In addition detailed FRAs will need to explore the condition of defences thoroughly especially where these defences are informal and contain a wide variation of condition grades Defences that are not in good condition could be prone to failure during a flood event Defences that offer a low standard of protection are likely to overtop during flood events that are more extreme than the event that they were designed to protect against Flood risk associated with defence infrastructure is residual however the risks can be significant due to sudden onset and velocities reached by flood waters should a defence overtop or fail Flood Warning The Environment Agency has the lead role in providing flood warnings in England and Wales The aim of the flood warning service is to reduce risk to life distress to people and damage to property caused by flooding by providing accurate timely flood warnings to residents within the floodplain of rivers estuaries and coasts to the media and partner organisations It is crucial that people at risk receive appropriate flood warnings and take action to protect themselves and their property Within the Environment A
86. residual uncertainties Greenfield land Land that has not been previously developed ISIS ISIS is a software package used for 1 Dimensional river modelling It is used as an analysis tool for flood risk mapping flood forecasting and other aspects of flood risk management analysis St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT SRRI Local Plan Local Plans make strategic provision for the long term use of land and buildings providing a framework for local decision making and the reconciliation of competing development and conservation interests Main River A watercourse designated on a statutory map of Main Rivers maintained by Defra on which the Environment Agency has permissive powers to construct and maintain flood defences and powers to control development Major development A major development is a where the number of dwellings to be provided is ten or more or the site area is greater than 0 5 ha or b non residential development where the floor space to be provided is greater than 1 000 m or the site area is greater than 1 ha National Planning Policy Framework NPPF The National Planning Policy Framework sets out the Government s planning policies for England and how these are expected to be applied This replaces PPS25 Ordinary watercourse All rivers streams ditches drains cuts dykes sluices sewers other than public sewer and passages through which water flows which do not form p
87. result of sediments left behind The degree to which populations are at risk from flooding is therefore not solely dependent upon proximity to the source of the threat or the physical nature of the flooding Social factors also play a significant role in determining risk Although people may experience the same flood in the same area at the same time their levels of suffering are likely to differ greatly as a result of basic social differences These differences will affect vulnerability in a variety of ways including an individual s or community s response to risk communication flood warning and physical and psychological recovery in the aftermath of a flood How individuals and communities experience the impact will also vary depending on their awareness of the risk of flooding preparedness for the flood event and the existence or lack of coping strategies Flood hazard is based on a multiplier of flood depth flood velocity and a debris factor and is presented on the following scale Table A3 Flood Hazard ratings Hazard to people Hazard to people classification No Hazard 11 Defra and Environment Agency 2006 The Flood Risks to People Methodology Flood Risks to People Phase 2 FD2321 Technical Report 1 HR Wallingford et al wrote the report for Defra EA Flood and Coastal Defence R amp D Programme March 2006 St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT ix JBA consulting Hazard to people Hazard to peopl
88. ronment Agency and United Utilitiescan be brought together in a SWMP partnership to develop sustainable options to manage surface water flood risk There is the potential for groups of development sites coming forward to share a central and integrated solution for managing surface water runoff This is best investigated further through a SWMP or a Drainage Strategy Such solutions can provide great benefits besides water management including providing recreational facilities improving biodiversity and making communities a better place to live Where there are several sites that would share a communal facility such sites may be funded through developer Section 106 or Community Infrastructure Levy payments Drainage Strategies can be particularly useful for considering recommending the implementation of and long term management arrangements for SuDS and setting appropriate runoff rates from new development St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT XXV
89. rther Level 2 is a scoping study that should be undertaken if the Level 1 FRA indicates that there are flood risk issues that need further consideration and Level 3 which is a detailed study where further quantitative analysis is required to fully assess flood issues and confirm that effective mitigation measures can be implemented to control flood risk The SFRA is an assessment of flood risk at a strategic level This information can be used to provide evidence for Level 1 and Level 2 FRAs Where a more detailed FRA is required then a developer should undertake a detailed assessment of the flood risk at the site The scope of the FRA should be agreed by the developer through consultation with the LPA and EA Where a more detailed FRA is required the developer should undertake a detailed assessment of the flood risk to the site using the SFRA to appraise flood risk issues and referring to the guidance in this SFRA User Guide NPPF PPS25 Practice Guide and CIRIA Report Development and Flood Risk Developers should satisfy themselves that the data provided in this SFRA is up to date and accurate for use in their development proposals St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT JBA consulting 22 JBA consulting Table 3 2 indicates when a more detailed FRA is likely to be required The actual scope of the FRA should be agreed between the developer LPA and Environment Agency before it is undertaken St
90. ry watercourses Many of the localised flooding problems can be related to local watercourses that have been culverted as past development has taken place The condition and standard of protection of these watercourses are unknown but they can be a significant source of flood risk Flooding in the urban environment is difficult to separate into distinct sources and in reality surface water flooding will be from a combination of overland flows sewers and highways gullies backing up and surcharging at manholes local watercourses overtopping culverts surcharging and potentially high groundwater levels This is one reason why it is important for one body the local authority to take the lead in local FRM delivery Suitability of Sites for Infiltration SuDS The suitability of ground conditions including for example seasonal groundwater levels and soil permeability will need to be determined prior to development Sites assessed to be of low suitability will need to include sustainable solutions that do not depend on infiltration Several SuDS storage alternatives may be suitable for sites where permeability is poor and infiltration is not deemed appropriate These include Source control measures including rainwater recycling and drainage Filter strips and swales which are vegetated features that hold and drain water downhill mimicking natural drainage patterns Basins and ponds to hold excess water after rain and allow controlled discharge
91. s Stakeholders and their involvement within the preparation of the SFRA are discussed in Table B1 Table B1 Stakeholder Involvement ede involvement LPA St Helens Council was the main stakeholder in the preparation of the SFRA They focused the scope of the SFRA and provided the detail needed for its production An initial SFRA inception meeting was held to discuss the requirements of the SFRA and to determine the main tasks that needed to be completed There have been several progress updates outlining progress to date and further data requests Environment Agency The Environment Agency is a statutory consultee for Local Plans DPDs Sustainability Appraisals and Strategic Environmental Assessments They are also a statutory consultee for planning applications With regards to the SFRA the Environment Agency has discretionary powers under the Water Resources Act 1991 to manage flood risk and as a result hold the majority of flood risk data in the UK The External Relations Team were contacted for FRM modelling study outputs and Geostore was used to download a number of relevant datasets The Environment Agency was also one of the main consultees throughout the preparation of the SFRA and their comments and guidance have been included within report revisions United Utilities The main source of information requested from United Utilities was DG5 records and their SIRS WIRS datasets United Utilities did not make their data av
92. s which requires developers to ensure that peak run off rates and run off volumes will be no greater than the pre development conditions as a minimum However the code recommends that attenuation of the additional flows caused by development should be related to the degree of flood risk in an area In high flooding risk areas 100 of the additional volume should be attenuated Planning Policy Statement 1 allows Local Planning Authorities to stipulate high levels of the code where there are local circumstances that allow and warrant it Integrated drainage There is the potential for groups of development sites coming forward to share a central and integrated solution for managing surface water runoff This is best investigated further through a SWMP or a Drainage Strategy Such solutions can provide great benefits besides water management including providing recreational facilities improving biodiversity and making communities a better place to live Where there are several sites that would share a communal facility such sites may be funded through developer Section 106 or Community Infrastructure Levy payments Drainage Strategies can be particularly useful for considering recommending the implementation of and long term management arrangements for SuDS and setting appropriate runoff rates from new development 7 CLG 2006 Code for Sustainable Homes 8CLG 2007 Planning Policy Statement Planning and Climate Change Supplement to
93. s been produced using Environment Agency data It should be remembered that more detailed FRAs where required should seek to refine the understanding of flood risk from all sources to any particular site SFRA data should not be passed on to third parties outside of the LPA Any third party wishing to use existing Environment Agency flood risk datasets should contact Environment Agency External Relations department A charge is likely to apply for the use of this data St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT JBA consulting Contents 1 Guidance for Spatial Planners ccccsececeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeseeseseeeenseeeseneeeseeneenseeenes 10 1 1 lajike lo leie 1a MOS ee a E hideout edie 10 1 2 sequential TeSt crussi paa aa aE E AEA as 11 1 3 Exception Tests s caidigesseiiins Gain ein aii iin hei i alee ies 12 1 4 Applying the Sequential Test and assessing the likelihood of passing the Exception Testis horiririiiuorini n aaa E Aa eis aL iE Raia 13 1 5 Flood Risk and other Land Use POliCieS c ccscceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseaeeeenaeessaes 15 2 Guidance for Development Management ccsecssecesseeeeeeeeeeseeesneeneneeeees 17 2 1 WNTPOCUCTON esis eee aE eee Reece cones ktah ea lene E eet cas 18 2 2 The Sequential Test and Exception TeSt 0 ccccccsceseeeceeeeeseeeeeeeeeseneeesenaeeeneees 18 2 3 Supporting the FRA Process ccccccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeaaeeseaeeeseeeesaeeseneeee 19 3 Guidan
94. t Reduce pollution and improve water quality Give water companies better powers to conserve water during drought Reduce red tape and other burdens on water and sewerage companies Improve the overall efficiency of the industry The content and implications of the Act provide considerable opportunities for improved and integrated land use planning and flood risk management by local authorities and other key partners The integration and synergy of strategies and plans at national regional and local scales is increasingly important to protect vulnerable communities and deliver sustainable re generation and growth Key areas of the Act have particular implications for local authorities land use planning and related flood risk These include To give the Environment Agency an overview of all flood and coastal erosion risk management and unitary and county councils the lead in managing the risk of all local floods Local authorities will have an enhanced leadership role in local flood risk management which includes ensuring that flood risk from all sources including from surface run off groundwater and ordinary watercourses is identified taken account of in the spatial planning process and managed as part of locally agreed work programmes Local authorities will develop a suite of measures for managing local flood risk for example surface water mapping appropriate development planning and collating information on flood risk and
95. tant consideration for local authority planners when allocating new development NPPF considers that defended areas i e those areas that are protected to some degree against flooding by the presence of a formalised flood defence are still at risk of flooding and therefore sites within these areas must be assessed with respect to the adequacy of the defences The condition of existing defences is assessed in the form of a rating 1 to 5 and is a reflection of any signs of obvious structural problems The condition rating is determined on the basis of visual inspection focussing on obvious signs of structural defect e g slippage cracking poor maintenance designed to inform the maintenance programme The Environment Agency s National Flood and Coastal Defence Database NFCDD condition ratings are shown in Table A2 Note that NFCDD is being superseded in 2014 by the Asset Information Management System AIMS which will hold all information on all assets of interest to the Environment Agency Table A2 NFCDD Condition Ratings for Flood Defences conationatng Condition Condon Descriptor 1 Very Good Fully serviceable St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT v JBA consulting Condition Rating Condition Condition Description 2 Good Minor defects 3 Fair Some cause for concern Requires careful monitoring 4 Poor Structurally unsound now or in the future 5 Very Poor Completely failed and de
96. tes with an aim of reducing runoff to Greenfield rates up to a 1 AEP storm event considering climate change Development should be designed so that there is no flooding to the development in a 1 in 3 33 AEP event and so that there is no property flooding in a 1 in 100 year plus climate change event Over time it is envisaged that local authorities will commission drainage strategies see below to determine in more detail and establish the evidence base for set reductions in surface water runoff from development sites With regard to this the developer should liaise closely with the Environment Agency United Utilities and LPA as soon as possible to determine an appropriate reduction in runoff rate and volume with reference to discharge limits as laid down by any completed SWMP or Drainage Strategy for that area Wherever possible this should be achieved through the implementation of SuDS Source control should be considered firstly There may be opportunities to deliver SuDS though integrated solutions for collections of strategic sites The future ownership and maintenance of SuDS systems should be discussed at the planning application stage with the relevant sections of the LPA including Highways and Drainage United Utilitiesand the Environment Agency This approach should be taken unless the developer can demonstrate that this is not feasible and that there will be no adverse impact caused by the development elsewhere St Helens Council
97. the SFRA e Scope an appropriate FRA o What is the scale and nature of risk from all sources o Does the site lie within a CDA o Are there any strategic mitigation requirements identified in the SFRA or Local Plan e Consult with Environment Agency over FRA acceptance approval St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 17 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 4 2 1 1 5 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 4 Introduction The LPA are the decision makers on planning applications for new development Whilst it is the developer s responsibility to fully consider flood risk issues the LPA should be involved during any pre application discussions Following on from recommendations made in the Pitt Review Development Management must take some of the roles and responsibilities from the Environment Agency as the first point of call in Flood Risk Management and planning applications Flood risk needs to be considered at a strategic level by Development Control officers even though applications for proposed developments are submitted on a site by site basis Applications may need to fit within a wider flood risk management strategy for an area rather than on a site by site basis Consideration of flood risk within the context of an individual planning application highlights flood risk that may be taken into account using information provided within the SFRA as well as the guidance provided in NPPF and the
98. tment for Transport HM Treasury and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 2005 Making Space for water Taking forward a new Government strategy for flood and coastal erosion risk management in England First Government response to the autumn 2004 Making space for water consultation exercise 15 The Pitt Review 2008 Learning lessons from the 2007 floods 16 Defra 2010 Flood and Water Management Act Crown Copyright St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xvii D 4 D 5 consulting Industry Act 1991 As part of their new responsibility for local flood risk management local authorities will be responsible for approving SuDS for new developments and adopting and maintaining them as part of a SuDS Approval Body SAB Recognising the above drainage from new developments should incorporate storage with residual discharge of surface water to the following networks in order of preference Infiltration drainage e g SuDS soakaways Discharge to a watercourse Discharge to a public sewer The choice of system will be determined by local ground conditions including groundwater levels Whilst infiltration SuDS may be the most suitable for new development developers must consider the risk of contamination to underlying aquifers Local flood risk management will be an important responsibility for local authorities in the future which includes managing the risk of flooding from surface water groundwater and ordina
99. trategies such as the CFMP Outline flood risk mitigation strategies should consider the wider cumulative impacts of mitigation This requires master planning an area from a flood risk perspective In summary taking a strategic approach to flood risk management involves consideration of Avoidance of development in flood risk areas Implementing a sequential approach to site layout substituting higher vulnerability development in lower flood risk areas Considering flooding from all sources Wherever possible using open land or green infrastructure to reduce risk e g by providing compensatory flood storage Adopting mitigation measures that contribute to the wider community objectives for flood risk management in risk areas developers should aim to reduce risk to the wider community The design and use of SuDS and Preparing emergency flood plans Potential mitigation measures Mitigation measures should fit into the wider strategic FRM approach that is advocated for a community and ensure that there is no increase in flood risk to the surrounding community The developer should liaise closely the Environment Agency and Development Management as to what mitigation measures may be suitable A summary of mitigation measures has been produced in Appendix E St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT 32 JBA consulting Appendices A Flood Risk Concepts A 1 Introduction Floodin
100. uffer strips Developers should set back development from the landward toe of fluvial defences or top of bank where defences do not exist and this distance should be agreed with the EA This provides a buffer strip to make space for water and ensure access to defences is maintained Recommendations for surface water management LLFAs should co ordinate any future surface water management work The Defra Surface Water Management Plan Guidance 2009 supports the use of SFRAs in providing the evidence base for where SWMPs are required Surface water management needs to take a holistic approach taking into account all the sources of local flood risk including from sewers overland flow culverted and open watercourses and groundwater A suite of options are available for surface water management including source control such as the implementation of SuDS increasing the Capacity of sewers structures or watercourses storing excess water and managing exceedance flows through urban design and Green Infrastructure SWMPs should provide the opportunity to undertake detailed sewer modelling and pool together the knowledge and understanding from different organisations to help assess options to reduce surface water flood risk to new and existing development Options to reduce flood risk in one location should not increase risk upstream or downstream SWMP areas may cross one or more local authority area and several local authorities the Envi
101. uitable for new development developers must consider the risk of contamination to underlying aquifers The guidance below should be used in addition to the Environment Agency Standing Advice Development sites in the wider local authority districts Developers should use the following guidance regarding surface water runoff from new developments Allowable discharge rates Development should deliver Greenfield runoff on Greenfield sites up to a 1 in 100 year storm event considering climate change Development should aim for a reduction in surface water runoff rates of at least 30 for Brownfield sites up to a 1 in 100 year storm event considering climate change Development should be designed so that there is no flooding to the development in a 1 in 30 year event and so that there is no property flooding in a 1 in 100 year plus climate change event There may be local variations on this where outfalls are directly to larger watercourses and hence surface water discharges from development sites can pass downstream before the main peak on the watercourse Wherever possible this should be achieved through the implementation of SuDS Source control should be considered firstly There may be opportunities to deliver SuDS through integrated solutions for collections of strategic sites The future ownership and maintenance of SuDS systems should be discussed at the planning application stage with the relevant sections of the LPA in
102. with new housing developments Environment Agency guidance 18 Communities and Local Government 2007 Improving the Flood Performance of New Buildings Flood Resilient Construction St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT xxiv E 16 E 17 JBA consulting suggests that all development should have dry access and egress routes in the 1 AEP event Making Space for Water Opportunities for river restoration and enhancement All new development close to rivers should consider the opportunity to improve and enhance the river environment Developments should look at opportunities for river restoration and enhancement as part of the development Options include backwaters de silting in channel habitat enhancement and removal of structures When designed properly such measures can have benefits such as reducing the costs of maintaining hard engineering structures reducing flood risk improving water quality and increasing biodiversity Social benefits are also gained by increasing green space and access to the river Opportunities for floodplain restoration It is an objective of NPPF to safeguard land from development that may be required for current or future flood management In areas of high flood risk there may be a strong case for allowing previously developed sites to return to natural functional floodplain in urban areas where they can convey and store flood water reducing the risk of flooding to development B
103. ww environment agency gov uk homeandleisure floods 31618 aspx St Helens Council SFRA User Guide Report FINAL DRAFT vii A 3 JBA consulting since developed the 2nd generation Flood Map for Surface Water in 2010 and the most recent 3rd generation Updated Flood Map for Surface Water in 2013 Development can increase flood risk elsewhere in the following ways Upstream by restricting the capacity and conveyance function of the watercourse and floodplain system Downstream by decreasing the volume available for flood storage on the floodplain altering flow routes on the floodplain or by changes to the channel which can increase the flow discharged to downstream locations By increasing run off from reduced permeability surfaces such as roads roofs and car parks Flooding Likelihood amp Consequence Flood risk is generally accepted to be a combination of the likelihood of flooding and the potential consequences arising It is assessed using the source pathway receptor model as shown in Figure A 2 below This is a standard environmental risk model common to many hazards and should be the starting point of any FRA However it should be remembered that flood risk can come from many different sources and pathways and not simply those shown in the simplified form below Figure A 2 Source Pathway Receptor model Pathway e g defence failure Receptors People and Property Source River or Sea Overand Floodin
104. y of 1 in 5 years and 1 in 10 years The database is known as DG5 and DG10 registers A register for 1 in 20 years is also recorded which includes properties under investigation Whilst this data can give an idea of those areas with limited drainage capacity it must be acknowledged that it is a register of properties that have flooded due to the hydraulic inadequacies of the sewer systems not properties at risk of flooding Therefore it has limiting usefulness in predicting future flooding Data generated using hydraulic network models such as InfoWorks potentially provides a very useful tool with which to predict more widespread potential for sewer flooding and the use of such tools should be investigated during a Surface Water Management Plan Flooding from Reservoirs Reservoirs can be a major source of flood risk as experienced during the 2007 summer floods where 18 reservoirs were affected across England Whilst the probability of dam failure or breaching occurring is very small the consequences of such an event can be devastating thereby presenting a risk of flooding which has to be considered Flooding from reservoirs is noted as an issue within the Pitt Review Recommendations and acknowledged by Hilary Benn the Secretary of State for Environment Food and Rural Affairs 1million has been pledge to improve reservoir safety specifically to produce inundation mapping for all reservoirs falling under the Reservoirs Act i e those with a

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