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User's manual FLIR ix series

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1. 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 500 650 20 0 52 0 59 0 27 Nickel oxide Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 0 46 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 0 72 film on Ni base 20 0 05 Ni base only Oil lubricating N Oil lubricating thick coating 0 0 82 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 and qualities Paint Paint Aluminum vari 50 100 0 27 0 67 ous ages Paint cadmium yellow 0 28 0 33 Paint chrome green 0 65 0 70 0 7 0 8 0 87 0 94 Paint cobalt blue Paint SW oo OF N MNI gt Paint oil based aver 100 age of 16 colors 2 20 O Paint SW SW SW 2 SW O m sw KM s Pape ateos m m osse jo me que fr fon o me quem fr fon fe Fe qme m 9 jom CN Paper black dull 70 w fos jo 0 84 1 oil black flat Paint oil black gloss N O Paint oil gray flat Paint O oil gray gloss Paint oil various colors Paint Paper blue dark coated with black 0 93 lacquer Paper Paper green 0 85 0 76 D a Paper N O Paper white 0 7 0 9 Paper white bond 20 0 93 white 3 different 70 0 76 0 78 glosses P
2. Figure 20 2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW cam era 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmos phere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tren 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 62 20 The measurement formula 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F dD D 29 Figure 20 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW cam era 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmos phere radiation Fixed parameters t 0 88 Tres 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 63 21 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 21 1 References 1 Mikael A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y 2 William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C 3 Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Uni versity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science 4 William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C 5 Jones Smith Prober
3. 10 10 1 General You can mark all areas above or below a set temperature level T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 18 10 Using the camera 10 10 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to select Measurement Push the left selection button Select Use the navigation pad to select one of the following NS e Detect above e Detect below 5 Push the left selection button Select 6 To change the temperature level above or below which you want to mark the areas use the navigation pad 10 11 Changing the color palette 10 11 1 General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different temperatures A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image 10 11 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to go to Color palette Push the left selection button Select This will display the Color palette submenu Use the navigation pad to select the new color palette Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the submenu Chae Ole 10 12 Changing the settings 10 12 1 General You can change a variety of settings for the camera These include the following Auto shutdown Display intensity Language Unit Time format e Set time e ime stamp e Firmware to download program updates for your camera See http support flir com for more
4. radiator range reference temperature reflection relative humidity saturation color A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image A set of values describing the circumstances under which the meas urement of an object was made and the object itself such as emis sivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object The set of colors used to displ
5. 10 18 Finding the serial number of the camera umas 22 10 18 A A O a 22 TA ala cia 23 11 1 Online field of view calCUlatoOTr ww wwwanwwanamanwwanwwnaa 23 11 2 Note about technical ala 23 MESS PHRIS rr A RS UA A D 24 URN A A 27 11 5 FURIA pM et 30 Mechanical drawings ss a adi 33 Cleaning the ee 34 13 1 Camera housing cables and other items 34 131 3 LACUS settee st nee A 34 13312 EQUIPO Es ea 34 132143 AAA ee dt SUE ar 34 A E AMA oe een 34 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US vi Table of contents 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 132 1 A AA er itus 34 13 2 2 EOUME I AA 34 19 23 PIA savoirs Dac harte he tta ea dues edidere 34 Application examples cseeeeeeseeeeee nn nennen nnne nnn 35 14 1 Moisture amp water damage cece ccc eee cece e eee esses eeeeeeaeeeeaeeeeaees 35 A o AA 35 14 2152 OL y ma AA IA kaaa KAA WA 35 14 2 Faulty oni anal BI a 35 42 1 o A a a a 35 14 2 2 Aa AA m 35 14 3 UOXIIZOd SOCKOl cioe Ai 36 14351 General ste IA 36 t43 2 FU sn s 36 14 4 Insulation deficiencieS wwwmmwnnanananans 37 14 4 1 CCEPIT 37 TAO IU AAA AU terna 37 O A cen 38 14 55 NECIIICINMMHEEP 38 A AA A A 38 About FLIR Systems au 39 15 1 More than just an infrared camera wwwwamwwwnwnnnansa 40 15 2 S
6. EAS ET LE TT ten 64 Plea A A aE 64 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US vii Legal disclaimer 11 All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction Legal disclaimer Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of two 2 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such prod ucts have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been regis tered within 60 days of original purchase Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten 10 years from the delivery date of the original purchase pro vided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in sys tems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only FLIR Systems has no
7. Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 0 28 0 064 0 81 Iron tinned sheet Ol NO co Iron cast casting Iron cast ingots 1000 0 95 Iron cast liquid 1300 0 28 800 1000 100 0 60 0 70 0 64 Iron cast machined Iron cast oxidized N O O Iron cast oxidized 0 63 0 76 0 64 0 78 0 21 Iron cast oxidized i 00 Ol C2 00 Iron cast oxidized Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 N e eo No 00 Iron Cast polished C2 00 Iron Cast polished 0 21 gt O Iron cast polished 0 21 unworked 900 1100 0 87 0 95 Flat black Iron cast Krylon Ultra flat LW 2 black 1602 Room tempera ture up to 175 Flat black MW z 0 97 no O co Krylon Ultra flat black 1602 Room tempera ture up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 on Aluminum O O gt Aluminum on rough surface Lacquer bakelite black dull Lacquer 0 83 Lacquer 40 100 0 96 0 98 Lacquer black matte 100 0 97 N O Lacquer black shiny 0 87 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 0 92 Lacquer white 100 0 92 Lacquer white 40 100 0 8 0 95 Lead Lead 0 63 0 28 oxidized at 200 C 200 oxidized gray 20 Lead oxidized gray 22 0 28 Lead shiny 250 100 0 08 Lead unoxidized 0 05 polished T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum S
8. This can cause damage to the anti reflective coating The encapsulation rating is only applicable when all the openings on the camera are sealed with their correct covers hatches or caps This includes the compartments for data storage batteries and connectors T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 4 Notice to user 3 1 User to user forums Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards 3 2 Calibration We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year Contact your lo cal sales office for instructions on where to send the camera 3 3 Accuracy For very accurate results we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature 3 4 Disposal of electronic waste As with most electronic products this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen tally friendly way and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details 3 5 Training To read about infrared training visit e hitp www infraredtraining com e hitp www irtraining com e hitp www irtraining eu 3 6 Documentation updates Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifi cations of changes on a regular basis To access t
9. decompile or disas semble the SOFTWARE except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation e SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRIC TIONS You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA If the SOFTWARE is an up grade any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE EXPORT RESTRICTIONS You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U S export jurisdiction You agree to comply with all ap plicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFT WARE including the U S Export Administration Regulations as well as end user end use and destination restrictions issued by U S and other governments For additional information see http www microsoft com exporting 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US Safety information Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery The battery contains safety and protection devi ces which if damage occurs can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion or an ignition Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries If there is a leak from the battery and you get the fluid in your eyes do not rub your eyes Flush well with water and immediately get medical care The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if y
10. isotherm visual The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m2 um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature values The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmission is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number be tween 0 and 1 An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of covering the highlighted parts of the image Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 44 17 Thermographic measurement technigues 17 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on t
11. 13 9 Connectors and storage media eseeeseeeeeee nennen 14 9 1 UU EE RE 14 9 2 E XDIAMaL m Cp nor 14 10 USING Ihe CAMELA surcar coe euo EDI I ini 15 101 Installing the ballena eee ma ov idend 15 ES dieere Dii E RE Po UE O a 15 102 Charging the Daltery are na A A A AA 15 10 2 1 About the battery charging indicator 15 1022 PFOCQUUI Bieter 15 10 3 1 SAINI Mi eignen 16 10 34 Gener le een 16 10 32 Iniage capaclly antun 16 10 3 3 Formatting memory cards esee 16 10 3 4 Naming convention ssssssssssss mnm 16 10 35 POCO Urticaria dd 16 10 4 Recalling an imagesaan ana 16 LOAM GENS C Pm 16 104 2 PoCo Usando sacle ea te sede matices edes 17 10 5 Opening the image archive smmemamamw nw www www nnn 17 T559733 r 21588 22369 en US V Table of contents 11 12 13 10 91 gc gt ii Dtm 17 10 9 2 Procedo secret tee AA teed 17 10 8 IDGIGTA Gra IMACS ws tec vedete wh eat Ya aee tete aa bean b e ec dte gas 17 10 6 1 Generali cse io Ex do 17 10 6 2 gt AlernalVerl 2er sense mean enge 17 10 03 ANENE Aen a Ets 17 10 7 Deleting all SA 18 T0 7 1 General ta cuente AA AA SALE 18 10 7 2 Procedu AA AA eius 18 10 8 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter 18 10 81 Genera lustro ito saeta 18 10 9 2 PrOCEQUTS en este 18 10 9 Measu
12. CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EULA OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE This EULA grants you the following license e You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE NOT FAULT TOLERANT THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOL ERANT FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE THE SOFTWARE is provided AS IS and with all faults THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY PERFORMANCE ACCURACY AND EFFORT INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE IS WITH YOU ALSO THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE THOSE WAR RANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM AND ARE NOT BINDING ON MS No Liability for Certain Damages EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PER FORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PUR POSE IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOL LARS U S 250 00 Limitations on Reverse Engineering Decompilation and Dis assembly You may not reverse engineer
13. a NI 101 i i A O1 C1 MNI NI O O Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 SiO2 6496 Al203 0 29 Brick SW 0 87 SW W waterproof Bronze phosphor bronze 70 0 08 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 eo Bronze polished Bronze porous rough 50 150 0 55 Bronze powder 0 76 0 80 2 eo Carbon candle soot 0 95 Carbon charcoal powder Carbon graphite powder 0 97 Carbon graphite filed 20 0 98 surface 20 400 Carbon 0 95 0 97 oO lampblack Ol Ol co N io du N Ol co 00 lt N N io O co D 2 C op gom I 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 2 O Chipboard untreated eo Chromium polished 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 0 91 Cloth Concrete black 0 98 0 92 dr 0 95 un Concrete W lt un Concrete rough W 0 97 Concrete walkway LLW 0 974 N O commercial 0 07 burnished Copper Copper electrolytic care T 0 018 fully polished electrolytic 0 006 polished Copper 1100 1300 Copper molten 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 0 6 0 7 oxidized to 0 88 blackness Copper Copper oxidized black 27 0 78 Copper oxidized heavily 20 0 78 Copper polished
14. archive You can now use the navigation pad to navigate in the archive 3 To open a selected image push the right selection button Open 10 6 Deleting an image 10 6 1 General You can delete one or more images from the miniSD memory card 10 6 2 Alternative 1 Follow this procedure Push the Archive button Push the top arrow button This will display the image archive Select the image you want to delete by using the navigation pad Push the left selection button Options Use the navigation pad to select Delete image Push the left selection button Select Push the right selection button to confirm Delete To return to live mode do one of the following e Push the Archive button e Push the right selection button Close NN 10 6 3 Alternative 2 Follow this procedure Push the Archive button Select the image you want to delete by using the navigation pad Push the left selection button Delete Push the right selection button to confirm Delete To return to live mode do one of the following e Push the Archive button e Push the right selection button Close Qv i T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 17 10 Using the camera 10 7 Deleting all images 10 7 1 General You can delete all images from the miniSD memory card 10 7 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the Archive button Push the top arrow button This will display the image archive Push the left selection button Opti
15. attendance 1 pers 2 days ITC TOL 1003 Travel and lodging expenses instructor Center and South Africa ITC TOL 1004 Travel and lodging expenses instructor various ITC TOL 1005 Travel and lodging expenses instructor other T197717 FLIR Reporter Professional DVD 1197965 FLIR Tools 1911085 Pouch for FLIR ix series T911093 Tool belt FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 10 Camera parts 7 1 Figure 7 2 Explanation 1 Infrared lens 2 Leverto open and close the lens cap 3 Trigger to save images 4 Cover to connectors and the miniSD memory card slot 5 Cover to the battery compartment 6 Attachment point for the hand strap 7 3 Figure 6 7 4 Explanation 1 Archive button Function Push to open the image archive Left arrow button on the navigation pad Function e Push to go left in menus submenus and dialog boxes e Pushto navigate in the image archive Left selection button This button is context sensitive and the current function is dis played above the button on the screen Top arrow button on the navigation pad Function e Push to go up in menus submenus and dialog boxes e Push to display the image archive after having pushed the Archive button e Pushto increase change the value Right arrow
16. battery charging indicator is an LED beside the power connector It displays the fol lowing signals e No light The power supply is not connected e Orange light The battery is being charged e Green light The charging of the battery is completed 10 2 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Connect the power supply to the power connector on the camera T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 15 10 Using the camera 1 1 Battery charging indicator 1 2 Power supply cable 2 Connect the power supply mains electricity plug to a mains socket Make sure that you use the correct AC plug 3 Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the battery charging indicator displays a green light 10 3 Saving an image 10 3 1 General You can save multiple images to the miniSD memory card 10 3 2 Image capacity We recommend that you do not save more than 5 000 images on the miniSD memory card Although a memory card may have a higher capacity than 5 000 images saving more than that number of images severely slows down file management on the memory card NOTE There is no upper limit to the memory size of the miniSD memory card 10 3 3 Formatting memory cards For best performance memory cards should be formatted to the FAT FAT 16 file system Using FAT32 formatted memory cards may result in inferior performance To format a memory card to FAT FAT16 follow this procedure Insert the memory card into a card reader tha
17. be seen by reflected light where the inter ference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 51 18 History of infrared technology L2 pa Figure 18 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major break through made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re sponded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cool ing agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low tem perature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in
18. button on the navigation pad Function e Push to go right in menus submenus and dialog boxes e Pushto navigate in the image archive Right selection button This button is context sensitive and the current function is displayed above the button on the screen T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 11 Camera parts 7 On Off button Function e Pushto turn on the camera e Push and hold down for more than 1 second to turn offthe camera 8 Bottom arrow button on navigation pad Function e Pushto go down in menus submenus and dialog boxes e Push to decrease change the value 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US Screen elements 8 1 Figure 2 O Detect above Detect below N Explanation Menu system Measurement result Power indicator Date and time Limit value for the temperature scale Temperature scale Currently set emissivity value or material properties Current function for the right selection button Current function for the left selection button OPADAALN 0 One of the following The camera is powered using the battery The battery is being charged indicated by a recharging battery animation T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 13 Connectors and storage media 9 1 Figure 9 2 Explanation 1 miniSD memory card We recommend that you do not save more than 5 000 images on the miniSD memory card Although a memory card may have a higher capacity than 5 000 ima
19. emitted from a blackbody 19 3 1 Planck s law Figure 19 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula om hc UA Qmm a x 10 Watt m um where T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 54 19 Theory of thermography Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Planck s constant 6 6 x 10 34 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength Amar and after passing it ap proaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 900 K Figure 19 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 103 um 2 Wavelength um 19 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have 2898 Annas m T um This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathem
20. kg 6 17 Ib Packaging size 380 x 170 x 320 mm 15 0 x 6 7 x 12 6 in EAN 13 4743254000179 UPC 12 845188002213 Supplies amp accessories e 910737 Memory card micro SD with adapters e 1910423 USB cable Std A lt gt Mini B e 910711 Power supply charger with EU UK US and AU plugs 197619 Hard transport case for ix e 911093 Tool belt e 198482 Car charger e T198529 Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series e 198583 FLIR Tools license only 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 26 11 Technical data 11 4 FLIR i5 P N 60101 0201 Hev 22369 General description The FLIR i5 is an easy to use point and shoot infrared camera that gives you access to the infrared world The camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel The FLIR ix series cameras are light weight compact and rugged for use in harsh environments Benefits Easy to use The FLIR i5 is fully automatic and focus free with an intuitive interface for simple measurement Compact and rugged The camera s low weight of 0 365 kg and an accessory belt pouch make it easy to bring along at all times Its rugged design and passing a 2 m drop test ensure ease of use even in harsh environments Ground breaking affordability The FLIR ix series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market Detector data Detector type Focal plane array FPA uncoole
21. of the prism being polygons each of which polygon has an even number of sides of which opposite sides are parallel a collecting refractive system having an image surface within the prism the axis of which system intersects the longitudinal axis of the prism an aperture situated substanti Pr ally on the axis of the collecting refractive system through which radiation passing through the prism can pass and a radiation responsive element behind said aperture for picking up such radiation Other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent from the following description given by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying dia grammatic drawings in which Fig 1 is a side view of a scanning prism and illustrates the deflection of rays of electro magnetic radiation by the prism and the focus sing of the rays at a fixed scanning aperture Fig 2 graphically illustrates the scanning deflection as a function of the angle of rota tion for various refractive indices of the prism Fig 3 is a view showing the paraxial image Surface for rays in two perpendicular planes for different indices of refraction of the prism The scanning mechanism of the present in vention is particularly applicable to receiving electromagnetic radiation within the optical ultra violet or infra red regions of the electro magnetic spectrum the incoming radiation being focused on a radiation responsive ele ment whic
22. responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or work manship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically dis claims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this war ranty shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm C
23. some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for in stance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negli gible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibility to modify the measure ment situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output Trefi eg 1 Figure 20 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Sur roundings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource On short distance generates a camera output signal Usource that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 ce
24. the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure communications and flying tor pedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolome ter idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the im age converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting mili tary targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy Observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped ther mal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for
25. 0 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 0 07 Iron and steel electrolytic care 175 225 0 05 0 06 fully polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 0 55 0 61 2 eo no Iron and steel heavily rusted sheet hot rolled hot rolled Iron and steel 130 eo 0 77 0 74 0 74 0 89 0 78 0 82 0 79 Iron and steel 100 100 1227 125 525 Iron and steel oxidized Iron and steel oxidized Iron and steel oxidized Iron and steel oxidized N Q O Iron and steel oxidized N O O al N O O Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 0 80 Iron and steel 50 0 88 Iron and steel 500 0 98 Iron and steel 100 0 07 Iron and steel 400 1000 0 14 0 38 Iron and steel 750 1050 0 52 0 56 Iron and steel 5 0 56 Iron and steel 20 0 24 Iron and steel 0 95 0 98 surface Iron and steel 22 Iron and steel 17 W Iron and steel 20 Iron and steel 20 0 82 sheet Iron and steel 150 T 0 16 T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 6 00 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 polished 70 SW 0 64 LW Iron galvanized heavily oxidized Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 0 85 Iron galvanized sheet 0 07 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 0 23
26. 0 69 0 67 0 89 0 78 0 76 0 70 O C NO eo co I d 0 92 no N 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 7 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued Soil saturated with 20 T 0 95 2 water Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 0 35 Cr Stainless steel rolled 0 45 BECA 045 j T 0 70 we CHE LW 0 14 EN SW Stainless steel sheet polished Stainless steel sheet polished Stainless steel sheet untreated somewhat scratched 700 Stainless steel 700 70 70 O CO eo N O N O 0 28 Stainless steel sheet untreated somewhat scratched 0 Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi dized at 800 C Ojo co a Oo er e a co mq eo e oO w O mM olaya o o e Oi olal ojojo J R N w 10 90 0 91 Tin tin plated sheet 100 iron Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 0 79 0 84 0 91 0 93 a 0 2 37 2 SW 2 0 50 0 04 0 06 Titanium 0 Titanium 0 Titanium Titanium Titanium 2 5 1000 2 5 0 0 00 00 00 0 Wallpaper slight pattern light gray Titanium Titanium Titanium LS NEM LL NN E Fringe fa T floor floor heavy frost 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spec
27. 50 100 0 02 Copper polished 100 0 03 polished 0 03 commercial Copper Copper polished 0 015 mechanical Copper pure carefully 22 0 008 prepared surface N Copper scraped 0 07 Copper dioxide powder 0 84 Copper oxide red powder 0 70 Ebonite 0 89 Emery coarse 0 85 Enamel 0 85 0 95 0 85 0 75 0 88 0 77 Enamel lacquer Fiber board Fiber board Fiber board Fiber board 20 SW SW LW W LW SW hard untreated masonite masonite N O N NIN N N al oc1 c nmji nmg j N c ojo ojo N DI N eo E ojoljoljo 0p particle board Fiber board particle board 70 0 89 Fiber board Gold Gold Gold porous untreated 20 0 85 130 polished 0 018 polished carefully 200 600 0 02 0 03 polished highly 100 0 02 T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 6 N 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued o o D D IN oO O Granite polished LLW 0 849 N LLW 0 879 SW Granite rough Granite rough 4 different 70 0 95 0 97 samples Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 samples Gypsum 0 8 0 9 Ice See Water p z Iron and steel cold rolled N N N N N Ojo eo Iron and steel cold rolled LW covered with red 20 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel Iron and steel electrolytic 10
28. 7 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method Follow this procedure 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Putthe piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera Set the emissivity to 1 0 5 Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down P WIZZ Figure 17 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 47 17 Thermographic measurement technigues 17 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure 1 Select a place to put the sample 2 Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions D eu en e Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample e Spot simpler e Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity 9 Write down the temperature 10 Move your meas
29. 8654239 8680468 8803093 D540838 D549758 D579475 D584755 D599 392 D615 113 D664 580 D664 581 D665 004 D665 440 D677298 D710 424 S DI6702302 9 DI6903617 9 DI7002221 6 DI7002891 5 DI7002892 3 DI7005799 0 DM 057692 DM 061609 EP 2115696 B1 EP2315433 SE 0700240 5 US 8340414 B2 ZL 201330267619 5 ZL01823221 3 ZL01823226 4 ZL02331553 9 ZL02331554 7 ZL200480034894 0 ZL200530120994 2 ZL200610088759 5 ZL2006301301 14 4 ZL200730151141 4 ZL200730339504 7 ZL200820105768 8 ZL200830128581 2 ZL200880105236 4 ZL200880105769 2 ZL200930190061 9 ZL201030176127 1 ZL201030176130 3 ZL201030176157 2 ZL201030595931 3 ZL201130442354 9 ZL201230471744 3 ZL201230620731 8 1 8 EULA Terms You have acquired a device INFRARED CAMERA that includes soft ware licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing GP or its affiliates MS Those installed software products of MS origin as well as associated media printed materials and online or electronic docu mentation SOFTWARE are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties The SOFTWARE is licensed not sold All rights reserved IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT EULA DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE IN STEAD PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUC TIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE S FOR A REFUND ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE WILL
30. Advanced Push the left selection button Select This will display the Advanced submenu Use the navigation pad to set the reflected apparent temperature Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the menu OUO gU ne EZ er For more information see 17 Thermographic measurement techniques page 45 10 17 Resetting the camera 10 17 1 General If you need to reset the camera there is a reset button inside the battery compartment Do not use a metal or other conductive tool to reset the camera 10 17 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Open the battery compartment cover T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 21 10 Using the camera 2 To locate the reset button see the figure below 3 Use anon conductive tool to push reset button The camera will now be reset 10 18 Finding the serial number of the camera 10 18 1 General When you communicate with our service departments you may need to state the serial number ofthe camera The serial number is printed on a label inside the battery compartment behind the battery T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 22 11 Technical data 11 1 Online field of view calculator Please visit http support flir com and click the FLIR ix series camera for field of view ta bles for all lens camera combinations in this camera series 11 2 Note about technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without pr
31. Black body 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 19 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab sorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the inte rior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as 1 0 1 7 E 1 pr When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula Ede This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 59 20 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob ject surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to
32. CH cues or with simplified notation U CW SOurce source where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance e the received radiation would conse quently be Whsource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object tWopj where e is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Tobj T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 60 20 The measurement formula 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 e TWrer where 1 e is the reflec tance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature Tref It has here been assumed that the temperature Tret is the same for all emitting surfa ces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplifica tion in order to derive a workable formula and Tre can at least theoretically be giv en a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the ob ject to be considered 3 Emission f
33. IEBOLAG formerly Svenska Aktiebolaget Gasaccumulator of Liding Sweden a Swedish Company do hereby de Clare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be performed to be par ticularly described in and by the following statement This invention relates to scanning mechan isms and in particular to such mechanisms whereby electro magnetic radiation is picked up and applied thereby to radiation responsive means from which values measured by the radiation responsive means can be studied It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved scanning mechanism of the character indicated It is a further object of the present inven tion to provide improved scanning mechan ism for continuously and automatically scan ning a field of view for ascertaining the energy levels in such field It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a scanning mechanism for tapid scanning of a field A still further object of the present in vention is to provide a scanning mechanism whereby for continuous scanning the retrace time is a relatively small value According to the present invention there is provided a scanning mechanism for receiving electromagnetic radiation within the optical infra red or ultra violet regions of the electro magnetic spectrum which includes a refracting prism adapted to be rotated about its longi tudinal axis the end faces
34. M type Super 33 Black vinyl electri cal tape Aluminum anodized black dull Aluminum anodized black dull Aluminum anodized light 7 gray dull olo Oo Ol N C1 N C2 C2 C2 oo o tO oO lt 80 100 70 70 0 00 O ol c 4 r r r O Eh 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 64 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued p z Aluminum anodized light 70 gray dull Aluminum as received plate 100 Aluminum as received 100 sheet co N Aluminum cast blast 7 0 47 cleaned Aluminum cast blast 7 W 0 46 cleaned Aluminum dipped in HNO3 1 0 05 plate 2 10 um 0 04 Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum 50 100 Aluminum 100 Aluminum 100 Aluminum 20 Aluminum 2 Aluminum 2 2 3 um 50 500 0 2 0 3 N O 0 04 0 06 0 05 0 05 0 06 0 07 0 18 0 0 00 7 7 0 50 7 10 um 7 3um 0 28 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum 20 0 04 deposited Aluminum weathered 17 SW 0 83 0 94 heavily Aluminum powder 0 28 hydroxide Aluminum oxide activated powder 0 46 Aluminum oxide pure powder 0 16 alumina 0 78 0 94 0 93 0 95 SW Asbestos 40 400 Asbestos Asbesto
35. R Jd Figure 15 4 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 41 16 absorption absorption factor atmosphere autoadjust autopalette blackbody blackbody radiator calculated at mospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature conduction continuous adjust convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment estimated at mospheric transmission external optics filter FOV FPA graybody IFOV Glossary The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re ceived radiation A number between 0 and 1 The gases between the object being measured and the camera nor mally air A function making a camera perform an internal image correction The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to cali brate IR cameras A transmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a spe cific color The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts th
36. SFLIR User s manual User s manual FLIH ix series go 9001 200 mM BEA A Jj V Mn m ey Intertek 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US Table of contents 1 Legal adisclalMer icon 1 1 1 E A O ete me eee gear ere 1 1 2 Usage statistical ot beets 1 1 3 Changes TOCINA ne 1 1 4 U S Government RegulatioONS wwwwmmwwww wawa nwa wwwwwaawwa 1 1 5 CO m 1 1 6 Qualy AS AA WA 1 1 7 MA se ee ee 1 1 8 PULA TOMS ossa E lo 1 2 Safety INIORMAUNON eee RE 2 3 NOLUCE TO USET ssec m 5 3 1 User to user Olsen iacta onion cabe nma fecto ee tie 5 3 2 CAN dada 5 3 3 ACC UA e eR ERIT ME 5 3 4 Disposal of electronic WASte ww w mmaaamwwnnananawana 5 3 5 Mangels ars ae 5 3 6 Documentation updates wwwnanaamwnwnnnnaanwanznnawawana 5 3 7 Important note about this Mmanual wwwwmmmananwnwnnnawawuna 5 4 Gustomer help au endo a aia 6 4 1 E o tecta ta ea 6 4 2 Submilling a questo sale tae oases 6 4 3 DOWIMOAOS sinarna aaa aa aa a R 7 5 Quick Start Guide cases cess bare 2 Renee 8 5 1 a e 8 6 Parts Sle iii 9 6 1 SCOPE Of GGIIVELY aa 9 6 2 List of accessories and services cesses 9 7 Camera Darts zu ne ii 11 7 1 gt m 11 7 2 A a N EEN e O 11 7 3 AA O O AA A 11 7 4 EDIAN WA poh ee aos DOES ie 11 8 S reen elements A 13 8 1 FOUR M 13 8 2 NANA D S
37. W oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltz mann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is propor tional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically Wp represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A O to Amar is only 25 of the total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 56 19 Theory of thermography Figure 19 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drasti cally from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 19 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For ex ample a certain type of white paint may appear perfectl
38. W 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued E Lead red 0 93 Lead red powder 0 93 Leather tanned E 0 75 0 80 Lime LA 0 3 0 4 Magnesium 0 07 Magnesium 0 13 Magnesium 538 0 18 Magnesium polished 0 07 Magnesium DE 0 86 powder Molybdenum 0 19 0 26 Molybdenum T 0 08 0 13 Molybdenum filament 0 1 0 3 Mortar SW 0 87 Mortar dry SW 0 94 Nextel Velvet Flat black LW 0 97 10 and 811 21 Black Nichrome rolled 700 0 25 Nichrome sandblasted 700 0 70 0 65 0 71 0 79 0 95 0 98 0 041 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 50 500 122 Nichrome wire clean Nichrome Nickel wire oxidized bright matte Nickel commercially 100 0 045 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 0 07 0 09 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 0 04 n2 c no eo Nickel N O O electrolytic 0 07 Nickel electrolytic Nickel Ol de 00 electrolytic 0 10 Nickel electroplated on 22 0 045 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 0 11 0 40 iron unpolished N O Nickel electroplated on 22 0 11 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated 2 polished Nickel Nickel Nickel Nickel Nickel 1227 0 85 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 48 0 045 oxidized N e eo oxidized N D N Q oxidized oxidized at 600 C 200 600 polished 122 Nickel Nickel oxide 200 1000 1000 1250 0 1 0 2 0 75 0 86 wire 2 Oo al
39. XX FLIR Kxx FLIR T4xx FLIR T6xx FLIR G3xx ThermaCAM FLIR amp GF3xx FLIR Ax FLIR Ax5 FLIR A3xx GasFindIR Product catalog Accessories Please right click the links below and select Save Target As to save the file Or Al QU LR US Letter 28 Mb gt Ad 27 4 Mb a E Ya o Y Important legal disclaimer dangers warnings and cautions 4 1 General For customer help visit http support flir com 4 2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user lt only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following information to hand 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US Customer help The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your device for ex ample HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Device type PC Mac iPhone iPad Android device etc e Version of any programs from FLIR Systems e Full name publication number and revision number of the manual 4 3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following e Firmware updates for your infrared camera e Program updates for your PC Mac software e Freeware and evaluation versions of PC Mac software e User documentation for current
40. aper W white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 glosses Paper Paper yellow 0 72 N Plaster SW 0 86 C1 N ir T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued Plaster plasterboard 20 untreated Plastic 70 SW un h glass fibre lami nate printed circ i co board N O N DIN oO eo Plastic glass fibre lami 0 91 nate printed circ board Plastic polyurethane iso 70 lation board Plastic polyurethane iso 70 lation board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 dull structured Platinum 0 55 D z 0 29 D z 0 94 W 0 93 1094 Platinum Platinum O 00 gt Platinum Platinum N O O Platinum Ol io 00 0 10 0 05 0 10 Platinum Platinum 200 600 Platinum 900 1100 Platinum 1400 Platinum 500 1000 Platinum 50 200 Rubber soft gray rough 20 Sand Sand Sandstone polished Silver polished 100 Silver pure polished 200 600 Slag 0 100 Slag 1400 1800 Slag 200 500 Slag 600 1200 Snow See Water Soil dry 0 12 0 17 0 18 0 10 0 16 0 06 0 07 0 92 0 70 0 75 0 95 0 95 20 LLW 0 909 LLW 0 935 0 03 0 02 0 03 0 98 0 97 0 93
41. ati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the tem perature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Amar A good approximation of the value of Amar for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wave length 0 27 um T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 55 19 Theory of thermography Figure 19 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infra red while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignif icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Figure 19 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 19 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from A 0 to A ee we obtain the total radiant emittance Wp of a blackbody
42. ay an IR image Stands for picture element One single spot in an image Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m2 sr Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an ob ject or a gas A piece of IR radiating equipment The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be com pared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the re ceived radiation A number between 0 and 1 Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water va pour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in saturation conditions The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level span settings are colored with the saturation colors The saturation colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the de tector indicating that the range should probably be changed T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 43 16 Glossary span spectral radi ant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature temperature range temperature scale thermogram transmission or transmit tance factor transparent
43. c based on input of reflected temperature Color palettes Black and white iron and rainbow Set up commands Local adaptation of units language date and time formats T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 24 11 Technical data Storage of images File formats Standard JPEG 14 bit measurement data included Data communication interfaces Battery type Rechargeable Li lon battery Battery voltage 3 6V Approx 5 hours at 25 C 77 F ambient tem perature and typical use Battery is charged inside the camera AC operation AC adapter 90 260 VAC input 5 VDC output to camera 0 C to 50 C 32 F to 122 F EMO EN 61000 6 2 2005 Immunity EN 61000 6 3 2007 Emission FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B Emission Camera housing and lens IP 43 IEC 60529 Physical data Camera weight incl battery 0 365 kg 0 80 Ib Camera size L x W x H 223 x 79 x 85 mm 8 8 x 3 1 x 3 4 in Marena Polycarbonate acrylonitrile butadiene styr ene PC ABS Thixomold magnesium Thermoplastic elastomer TPE Shipping information Packaging type Cardboard box List of contents Hard transport case Infrared camera Battery inside camera FLIR Tools download card miniSD card with SD card adapter Power supply charger with EU UK US and Australian plugs Printed documentation USB cable User documentation CD ROM 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 25 11 Technical data Shipping information Packaging weight 2 8
44. d microbolometer Spectral range 7 5 13 um Image presentation Display 2 8 in color LCD Image adjustment Automatic adjust lock image Object temperature range 20 C to 250 C 4 F to 482 F Accuracy 2 C 3 6 F or 2 of reading for ambient tem perature 10 C to 35 C 50 F to 95 F and object temperature above 0 C 32 F Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic based on input of reflected temperature Color palettes Black and white iron and rainbow Set up commands Local adaptation of units language date and time formats T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 27 11 Technical data Storage of images File formats Standard JPEG 14 bit measurement data included Data communication interfaces Battery type Rechargeable Li lon battery Battery voltage 3 6V Approx 5 hours at 25 C 77 F ambient tem perature and typical use Battery is charged inside the camera AC operation AC adapter 90 260 VAC input 5 VDC output to camera 0 C to 50 C 32 F to 122 F EMO EN 61000 6 2 2005 Immunity EN 61000 6 3 2007 Emission FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B Emission Camera housing and lens IP 43 IEC 60529 Physical data Camera weight incl battery 0 365 kg 0 80 Ib Camera size L x W x H 223 x 79 x 85 mm 8 8 x 3 1 x 3 4 in Marena Polycarbonate acrylonitrile butadiene styr ene PC ABS Thixomold magnesium Thermoplastic elastomer TPE Shipping information Packagin
45. des can lead to locally in creased resistance when the socket is loaded which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason differ ent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket or from difference in load 14 3 2 Figure The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on the contact surfaces against the fuse holder Because of the fuse holder s blank metal the temperature increase is not visible there while it is visible on the fuse s ceramic material T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 36 14 Application examples 14 4 Insulation deficiencies 14 4 1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation and or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building When you are inspecting a building the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10 C 18 F Studs water pipes concrete columns and similar components may resemb
46. dictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide varie ty of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 15 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to ther mography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certi fied training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 15 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 40 15 About FLIR Systems 15 4 Afew images from our facilities o TRA SEE FF Figure 15 3 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector OR e l EDS ce 5 e I S
47. e image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the im age content Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into mo tion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured A transmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens Focal plane array A type of IR detector An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical resolution of an IR camera T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 42 Glossary image correc tion internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlH laser pointer level manual adjust NETD noise object parameters object signal palette pixel radiance radiant power radiation
48. e short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 um and the extreme infrared 15 100 um Although the wavelengths are given in jum micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 A 1000 nm 1 u 1 pm 19 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is ex plained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 53 19 Theory of thermography Figure 19 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation charac teristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material rep resents almost exactly t
49. eft at a default value of 5096 17 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com pensate for the following parameters e Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam era and the target e External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 48 17 Thermographic measurement technigues e External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 49 18 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec trum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 Figure 18 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George Ill of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to re duce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar observations While testing different samples of colored glass which
50. eld of view many times per second A further specific object is to provide means for more accurate and efficient scanning of a field of view the dead or nonutilized scanning time being reduced to a small value Other objects and various further features of novelty and invention will be pointed out or will occur to those skilled in the art from a reading of the following specifica tion in conjunction with the accompanying drawings Said drawings show the principle of the invention FIG 1 is a side view of a scanning prism showing the deflected rays in said prism and the necessary image sur face for proper focussing at the fixed scanning aperture FIG 2 is a diagram which shows the scanning deflec tion as a function of the rotating angle of the prism for various indices of refraction of said prism FIG 3 is a view showing said paraxial image surface for rays in two mutually perpendicular planes for different indices of refraction of said prism FIG 4 is a side view showing the essential components of a complete scanning mechanism and FIG 5 is a perspective view of a particular form of a scanning prism Briefly stated our invention is in the following specifica tion characterized as an arrangement for scanning a field of view where the incoming radiation is focused on a radiation energy responsive element The main difficulty of scanning a field of view in a short time is of mechanical nature Our invention uses a rotating
51. er registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners 1 6 Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the prod ucts without prior notice 1 7 Patents One or several of the following patents and or design patents may apply to the products and or features Additional pending patents and or pending de sign patents may also apply 000279476 0001 000439161 000499579 0001 000653423 000726344 000859020 001106306 0001 001707738 001707746 001707787 001776519 001954074 002021543 002058180 002249953 002531178 0600574 8 1144833 1182246 1182620 1285345 1299699 1325808 1336775 1391114 1402918 1404291 1411581 1415075 1421497 1458284 1678485 1732314 2106017 2107799 2381417 3006596 3006597 466540 483782 484155 4889913 5177595 60122153 2 60200401 1681 5 08 6707044 68657 7034300 7110035 7154093 7157705 7237946 7312822 7332716 7336823 7544944 7667198 7809258 B2 7826736 8 153 971 8018649 B2 8212210 B2 8289372 8354639 B2 8384783 8520970 8565547 8595689 8599262
52. ere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surround ings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 61 20 The measurement formula magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is impor tant to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values e T 0 88 o Trefl 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measur ing high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stron ger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to u
53. eting of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and gov ernment applications Today FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958 the Swedish AGEMA In frared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems the three United States companies In digo Systems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip Since 2007 FLIR Systems has acquired several companies with world leading expertise in sensor technologies e Extech Instruments 2007 e Ifara Tecnolog as 2008 e Salvador Imaging 2009 e OmniTech Partners 2009 Directed Perception 2009 e Raymarine 2010 e Cx Technologies 2010 e TackTick Marine Digital Instruments 201 1 e Aerius Photonics 2011 Lorex Technology 2012 e Traficon 2012 e MARSS 2013 e DigitalOptics micro optics business 2013 1 057 624 PATENT SPECIFICATION DRAWINGS ATTACHED No 45167 63 Index at acceptance H4 F6H Int C H 04 n 3 06 10 15 20 25 30 35 Figure 15 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 350 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications Inventors PER JOHAN LINDBERG and HANS GUNNER MALMBERG 1 057 624 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Nov 15 1963 Complete Specification Published Feb 1 1967 Crown Copyright 1967 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Scanning Mechanism We AGA AKT
54. extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this peri od military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 52 19 Theory of thermography 19 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind thermography will be given 19 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the elec tromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 1 2 Bl 6 100m 1km 10nm iom Mm Tom TOD HM 1mm 10mm 100mm 1m 10m 2 um 13 um Figure 19 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At th
55. g type Cardboard box List of contents Hard transport case Infrared camera Battery inside camera FLIR Tools download card miniSD card with SD card adapter Power supply charger with EU UK US and Australian plugs Printed documentation USB cable User documentation CD ROM 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 28 11 Technical data Shipping information Packaging weight 2 8 kg 6 17 Ib Packaging size 380 x 170 x 320 mm 15 0 x 6 7 x 12 6 in EAN 13 4743254000186 UPC 12 845188002220 Supplies amp accessories e 910737 Memory card micro SD with adapters e 1910423 USB cable Std A lt gt Mini B e 910711 Power supply charger with EU UK US and AU plugs 197619 Hard transport case for ix e 911093 Tool belt e 198482 Car charger e T198529 Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series e 198583 FLIR Tools license only 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 29 11 Technical data 11 5 FLIR i7 P N 60101 0301 Hev 22369 General description The FLIR i7 is an easy to use point and shoot infrared camera that gives you access to the infrared world The camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel The FLIR ix series cameras are light weight compact and rugged for use in harsh environments Benefits Easy to use The FLIR i7 is fully automatic and focus free with an intuitive interface for simple measuremen
56. g of these parts takes place at different rates depending on the material and the time of day For this reason it is important that other methods are used as well to check for moisture or water damage 14 1 2 Figure The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge 14 2 Faulty contact in socket 14 2 1 General Depending on the type of connection a socket has an improperly connected wire can re sult in local temperature increase This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket and can result in an electrical fire A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason differ ent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket or from dif ference in load 14 2 2 Figure The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has resulted in local temperature increase T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 35 14 Application examples 14 3 Oxidized socket 14 3 1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed ox ides may occur on the socket s contact surfaces These oxi
57. gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by ac tually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensi tive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation detector he pro ceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other thermometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experi ment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maxi mum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of
58. ger proportion is being reflected while a high value indicates that a lower proportion is being reflected Polished stainless steel for example has an emissivity of 0 14 while a structured PVC floor typically has an emissivity of 0 93 10 15 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to go to Measure Push the left selection button Select This will display the Measure submenu Use the navigation pad to select Advanced Push the left selection button Select This will display the Advanced submenu Use the navigation pad to do either of the following SOL s UM e Seta value for emissivity e Select a material in the list of materials 7 Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the menu For more information see 17 Thermographic measurement techniques page 45 10 16 Changing the reflected apparent temperature 10 16 1 General This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected tem perature it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent tempera ture correctly 10 16 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to go to Measure Push the left selection button Select This will display the Measure submenu Use the navigation pad to select
59. ges saving more than that number of images severely slows down file management on the miniSD memory card There is no upper limit to the memory size of the miniSD memory card There is no upper limit to the memory size of the miniSD memory card 2 Battery charging indicator e No light The power supply is not connected e Orange light The battery is being charged e Green light The charging of the battery is completed 3 Power supply cable 4 USB cable with USB Mini B connector 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 14 10 Using the camera 10 1 Installing the battery 10 1 1 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Remove the battery compartment cover 2 Connectthe cable that is attached to the battery to the connector inside the battery compartment 3 Push the battery into place 4 Replace the cover to close the battery compartment 10 2 Charging the battery You must charge the battery inside the camera for four full hours or until the battery indicator dis plays a green light before you use the camera for the first time The first time you charge a factory new battery you must turn on and then turn off the camera after you have connected the power supply to the power connector on the camera This is needed in or der to initiate the battery measuring Do not replace the battery on a frequent basis Only replace the battery when it is worn out 10 2 1 Aboutthe battery charging indicator The
60. h may be of a kind well known in the art and as such is not shown in the drawings Hitherto the main dif culty in achieving high scanning speeds has been of a mech anical nature The present invention uses a rotating refractive prism for fast scanning in one direction scanning perpendicular to this direction is slower and can be accomplished by other means for example as by an oscil lating mirror in the collecting optics This slower scanning can also be accomplished by tilting the rotating axis of the prism This 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 United States Patent Office 1 3 253 498 SCANNING MECHANISM FOR ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIATION Per Johan Lindberg Stockholm and Hans Gunnar Malm berg Solna Sweden assignors to AGA Aktiebolaget a corporation of Sweden Filed May 14 1962 Ser No 194 622 Claims priority application Sweden May 19 1961 5 299 61 2 Claims Cl 88 1 This invention relates to an improved optical scanning mechanism for receiving electromagnetic radiation and to radiation responsive means utilizing such optical scan ning It is an object of the invention to provide improved op tical scanning means of the character indicated It is another object of the invention to provide im proved means for continuously and automatically scan ning of a field of view for ascertaining energy levels in such field It is a further object of the invention to provide means for optical scanning of said fi
61. h your camera Item 2 above Connect a computer to the camera using a USB Mini B cable 9 In Windows Explorer move the image from the card or camera using a drag and drop operation T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 8 Parts lists 6 1 Scope of delivery e Infrared camera e Battery inside camera e Calibration certificate e Downloads brochure e FLIR Tools download card e FLIR apps card e Getting started guide e Hard transport case e Important information guide e Memory card Power supply charger with EU UK US and Australian plugs e Service amp training brochure e Thank you card e USB cable e User documentation CD ROM e Warranty extension card FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice 6 2 List of accessories and services Part No Product name 1910423 USB cable Std A Mini B 19250 100 IR Window 2 in 19251 100 IR Window 3 in 19252 100 IR Window 4 in ITC CER 6109 EN473 IT Certification course Category 1 excl Certification group up to 10 pers ITC CON 1001 ITC conference fee ITC EXP 051 1 ITC Getting Started with Thermography attendance 1 pers ITC EXP 0521 ITC Getting Started with Thermography evening or weekend attendance 1 pers T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 9 Parts lists Part No Product name ITC EXP 2061 ITC Short course HVAC and plumbing
62. hamber of Commerce The place of ar bitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceed ings shall be English 1 2 Usage statistics FLIR Systems reserves the right to gather anonymous usage statistics to help maintain and improve the quality of our software and services 1 3 Changesto registry The registry entry HKEY LOCAL MACHINENSYSTEMCurrentControlSet Control Lsa LmCompatibilityLevel will be automatically changed to level 2 if the FLIR Camera Monitor service detects a FLIR camera connected to the computer with a USB cable The modification will only be executed if the camera device implements a remote network service that supports network logons 1 4 U S Government Regulations This product may be subject to U S Export Regulations Please send any in quiries to exportquestions flir com 1 5 Copyright 2014 FLIR Systems Inc All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems The documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied re produced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are eith
63. haring our knowledge sess 40 15 3 Supporting our customers esses 40 15 4 Afew images from our facilitieS 41 GlOssay Si nena es tones vase Sausons dcnaubenesawius 42 Thermographic measurement techniques 45 1721 EN cicesiciongmr ETT 45 172 EIDISSIVILViss wa a ia cae e Leto ca Mot babct cmo e Ok WA ca Ate 45 17 2 1 Finding the emissivityofasample 45 17 3 Reflected apparent temperature wwmmwmanananansa 48 Urn MEME o e EE 48 129 Relative humidity em cc DC a aa 48 17 6 Other parameter 48 History of infrared technology eeee eere eene ene 50 Theory of thermography nn 53 19 1 6 WATROGUETION ae ee E UE 53 19 2 The electromagnetic SPeECtrUM ccccceee cee e eset cease ease eeaeeeeaees 53 19 3 BlackDOdy raglallon unsere a 53 19 3 Planek WA ka rd 54 19 3 2 Wien s displacement law esee 55 19 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s Wi 56 19 3 4 Non blackbody emitters esee eese 57 19 4 Infrared semi transparent materialS a 59 The measurement formula ese eese eene nnne nnn 60 EMISSIVEV TaDlOS eee MM 64 Ziel
64. he latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http support flir com It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products 3 7 Important note about this manual FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 5 Customer help FLIR Customer Support Center Home Answers Ask a Question Product Registration Downloads My Stuff Service FLIR Customer support Get the most out of your FLIR products Get Support fof Your FLIR Products Welcome to the FLIR Customer Support Center This portal will help you as a FLIR customer to get the most out of your FLIR products The portal gives you access to e The FLIR Knowledgebase e Ask our support team requires registration Software and documentation requires registration FLIR service contacts Find Answers We store all resolved problems in our solution database Search by product category keywords or phrases Search by Keyword Search All Answers See All Popular Answers To find a datasheet for a current product click on a picture To find a datasheet for a legacy product click here FLIR Ex FLIR E
65. he properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates black body radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipi ent red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation
66. he ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows Wao Wo Ex Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength e A blackbody for which eg e 1 e A graybody for which e e constant less than 1 T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 57 Theory of thermography e A selective radiator for which e varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is EA Oy From this we obtain for an opaque material since aa pa 1 ara For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting materi al i e a perfect mirror we have p 1 For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W ec T Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of e from the graybody Figure 19 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wave length 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 58 19 Theory of thermography Figure 19 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3
67. he tempera ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the re flected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the ef fects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object e The reflected apparent temperature e The distance between the object and the camera e The relative humidity e Temperature of the atmosphere 17 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a per fect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approx imately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visi ble spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissiv ity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Con
68. information e Restore 10 12 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the left selection button Menu 2 Use the navigation pad to go to Settings 3 Push the left selection button Select This will display the Settings submenu 4 Use the navigation pad to select the setting you want to change 5 Push the left selection button Select then use the navigation pad to select a new setting 6 Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the submenu or push the right selection button Close to leave the menu 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 19 10 Using the camera 10 13 Changing the image mode 10 13 1 General The camera can operate in two different image modes Auto None In Auto mode the camera is continuously auto adjusted for best image brightness and contrast Locked al In Locked mode the camera locks the temperature span and the temperature level 10 13 2 When to use Locked mode A typical situation when you would want to use Locked mode is when looking for temper ature anomalies in two items of similar design or construction For example if you are looking at two cables where you suspect one is overheated working in Locked mode will clearly show that one is overheated The higher temperature in that cable would create a ighter color for the higher temperature If you use Auto mode instead the color for the two items will appear the same 10 13 3 Proced
69. input 5 VDC output to camera 0 C to 50 C 32 F to 122 F 40 C to 70 C 40 F to 158 F ENE EN 61000 6 2 2005 Immunity EN 61000 6 3 2007 Emission FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B Emission Camera housing and lens IP 43 IEC 60529 Physical data Camera weight incl battery 0 365 kg 0 80 Ib Camera size L x W x H 223 x 79 x 85 mm 8 8 x 3 1 x 3 4 in aterial e Polycarbonate acrylonitrile butadiene styr ene PC ABS e Thixomold magnesium e Thermoplastic elastomer TPE 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 31 11 Technical data Shipping information Packaging type Cardboard box List of contents Hard transport case Infrared camera Battery inside camera FLIR Tools download card miniSD card with SD card adapter Power supply charger with EU UK US and Australian plugs Printed documentation USB cable User documentation CD ROM Packaging weight 2 8 kg 6 17 Ib Packaging size 380 x 170 x 320 mm 15 0 x 6 7 x 12 6 in EAN 13 4743254000193 UPC 12 845188002237 Country of origin Estonia Supplies amp accessories e 910737 Memory card micro SD with adapters e 1910423 USB cable Std A lt gt Mini B e 910711 Power supply charger with EU UK US and AU plugs e 197619 Hard transport case for ix e 911093 Tool belt e 198482 Car charger e 1198529 Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series e 1198583 FLIR Tools license only 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 32 10 O
70. ior notice Please check http support flir com for latest changes T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 23 11 Technical data 11 3 FLIR i3 P N 60101 0101 Hev 22369 General description The FLIR i3 is an easy to use point and shoot infrared camera that gives you access to the infrared world The camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel The FLIR ix series cameras are light weight compact and rugged for use in harsh environments Benefits Easy to use The FLIR i3 is fully automatic and focus free with an intuitive interface for simple measurement Compact and rugged The camera s low weight of 0 365 kg and an accessory belt pouch make it easy to bring along at all times Its rugged design and passing a 2 m drop test ensure ease of use even in harsh environments Ground breaking affordability The FLIR ix series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market Detector data Detector type Focal plane array FPA uncooled microbolometer Spectral range 7 5 13 um Image presentation Display 2 8 in color LCD Image adjustment Automatic adjust lock image Object temperature range 20 C to 250 C 4 F to 482 F Accuracy 2 C 3 6 F or 2 of reading for ambient tem perature 10 C to 35 C 50 F to 95 F and object temperature above 0 C 32 F Reflected apparent temperature correction Automati
71. le an insulation deficiency in an infrared image Minor differences may also occur naturally 14 4 2 Figure In the image below insulation in the roof framing is lacking Due to the absence of insula tion air has forced its way into the roof structure which thus takes on a different charac teristic appearance in the infrared image T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 37 14 Application examples 14 5 Draft 14 5 1 General Draft can be found under baseboards around door and window casings and above ceil ing trim This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface When you are investigating draft in a house there should be sub atmospheric pressure in the house Close all doors windows and ventilation ducts and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern You can see this stream pattern clearly in the picture below Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits 14 5 2 Figure The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong draft T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 38 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and mar k
72. loth to remove excess liquid 3 Clean the part with the cloth Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage 13 2 Infrared lens 13 2 1 Liquids Use one of these liquids e Acommercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30 isopropyl alcohol e 96 ethyl alcohol C2H50H 13 2 2 Equipment Cotton wool 13 2 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soakthe cotton wool in the liquid 2 Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid 3 Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on con tainers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous e Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating e Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 34 14 Application examples 14 1 Moisture amp water damage 14 1 1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction prop erty and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the sur rounding material Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image For example heating and coolin
73. nt and this can cause more heat damage or igni tion of the battery CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat Damage to the bat tery and injury to persons can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature locations Damage to the bat tery and injury to persons can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not solder directly onto the battery Damage to the battery can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not use the battery if when you use charge or put the battery in storage there is an unusual smell from the battery the battery feels hot changes color changes shape or is in an unusual condition Speak with your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is xO C to 45 C 32 F to 113 F unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data If you charge
74. obsolete and historical products Mechanical drawings in dxf and pdf format e Cad data models in stp format e Application stories e Technical datasheets e Product catalogs 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 7 Guick Start Guide 5 1 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Remove the protective film from the LCD 2 You must charge the battery inside the camera for 4 hours or until the battery charg ing indicator displays a green light before you use the camera for the first time Charge the battery by connecting the power supply to the power connector on the camera Make sure that you use the correct AC plug The first time you charge a factory new battery you must turn on and then turn off the camera after you have connected the power supply to the power connector on the camera This is needed to en sure accurate measurement of the battery charge 2 1 Battery charging indicator 2 2 Power supply cable 3 Insert a miniSD memory card into the card slot gt Push the OrvOff button to turn on the camera 5 Open the lens cap by pushing the lens cap lever 6 Aim the camera toward your target of interest 7 Pull the Save trigger to save the image 8 To move the image to a computer do one of the following e Item 1 above Remove the miniSD memory card and insert it into a card reader connected to a computer A miniSD card adapter is included wit
75. oduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspections and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations Figure 15 2 LEFT Thermovision Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR One which was launched in January 2014 is a slide on attachment that gives iPhones thermal imaging capabilities Weight 90 g 3 2 oz FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the cam era systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system elec tronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists en sures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your in frared camera 15 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infra red camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera sys tems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera software combination Especially tailored software for pre
76. ons Use the navigation pad to select Delete all images Push the left selection button Select Push the right selection button to confirm Delete ID 10 3 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter 10 8 1 General You can measure a temperature using a spotmeter This will display the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen 10 8 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to select Measurement Push the left selection button Select Use the navigation pad to select Spot Push the left selection button Select The temperature at the position of the spotmeter will now displayed in the top left cor ner of the screen tee eS 10 9 Measuring a temperature using an area 10 9 1 General You can continuously indicate the highest or lowest temperature within an area using a continuously moving cursor 10 9 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to select Measurement Push the left selection button Select Use the navigation pad to select one of the following PD DT e Area max Area min 5 Push the left selection button Select The highest or lowest temperature within the area will now be indicated by a continu ously moving cursor The temperature will also be displayed in the top left corner of the screen 10 10 Marking all areas above or below a set temperature level
77. ou do not do this Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the specified charging time If you continue to charge the battery it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition Injury to per sons can occur Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Only use the correct equipment to remove the electrical power from the battery If you do not use the correct equipment you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery If you do not use the correct equipment an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur This can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion Injury to persons can occur Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on con tainers before you use a liquid The liquids can be dangerous Injury to persons can occur CAUTION Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at strong energy sources for example devices that cause laser radiation or the sun This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera CAUTION Do not use the camera in temperatures more than 50 C 122 F unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data High temperatures can cause damage to the camera CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more bat
78. ptical axis Sheet 1 1 Size A T127628 QFLIR 1 2 Drawing No Scale R amp D Thermography Drawn by CAHA Check WWZOg Ulg6 L Basic dimensions FLIR ix 2012 04 19 Modified Denomination 3 1in 78 8mm 3 35in 85 1mm 3 21in 81 6mm l Optical axis UUU 9p urze Camera with built in IR lens f 6 8 mm i3 12 5 Camera with built in IR lens f 6 8 mm i5 17 Camera with built in IR lens f 6 8 mm i7 25 A Q peyqiuoJd s mej SN 0 Ale luoo uolsienig suonsenb Aue uim woo y suonsanbuodx a oj 19431 esee q suonejnDes uodx3 sN 0 1 efqns eq Aew Jonpold Ajdde Aew seunpeooJd esueor suoneJepisuoo JoyJew buolba oj joalqns eq Aew sjonpold sanje jeuiuou uo paseq si ejep jeuorsueuiiq eonou Jeuunj 3nouj eBueuo oj joefqns suoeoyloads uj suiejs S y 74 WO uoissiuued UIM Jnoym asimuayjo Jo Buipjooai1 Buikdooojoud eojueyoau oruojeje sueeu Aue Aq Jo wao Aue ur peyiuusue Jo Uejs s eaaa e ur pasos peonpoJdej eq Aew Buiwejp siy jo Wed ON SpIMpjlOM pasa szyu y Du swajs s WITH 2107 O 13 Cleaning the camera 13 1 Camera housing cables and other items 13 1 1 Liguids Use one of these liquids e Warm water e A weak detergent solution 13 1 2 Equipment A soft cloth 13 1 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soakthe cloth in the liquid 2 Twist the c
79. reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mir rors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remark ably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infra red optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s Figure 18 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a break through occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermome ter of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pat tern focused upon it the thermal image could
80. refractive prism for scanning in one direction Scanning in a direction essentially perpendicular to said direction is slower than in the first mentioned direction and is accomplished by other means as by a nodding mir ror in the collecting optics Said slower scanning can also be accomplished by tilting the rotating axis of said prism The resulting scanning pattern is like the pattern of common television Said prism can be rotated very rapidly according to our invention and several thousands of scans per second can be accomplished Tn this way our invention allows com plete scanning of said field of view many times per second exceeding the frame frequency of ordinary motion pic tures Referring to the drawings the arrangement according to our invention is characterized by an image surface gen erated inside the circumscribed circle of said prism by a collecting optics 9 in FIGURE 4 Said prism is in our invention of the form of a plane parallel refractive prism which is in one case 1 shown in FIG 1 Said 3 253 498 Patented May 31 1966 10 20 40 60 70 2 prism has in our invention an even number of sides and is rotated about an axis 2 as indicated by the arrow in FIG 4 that is perpendicular to the paper in FIG 1 The said collecting optics has an optical axis 4 that in tersects said rotating axis 2 and is perpendicular thereto The image surface 5 generated by said collecting optical System is situated inside
81. ring a temperature using an area occccccccconccnconcnnnnnnnnna cnn 18 1091 General tai ls dais 18 10 92 POC COU A IN 18 10 10 Marking all areas above or below a set temperature level 18 TOTO Generales ociosa AAA SI TELS E DELE 18 10 10 2 PrOCOQUEBG notati eae ceu uq m cel VOV UE I ALME 19 10 11 Changing the color palette wwwwmmmanan 19 TO I3 T Gener le ee einen usati flos ciuis umet Lee E ri 19 10 1 1 2 PIOCCOUNC u a ed ees LLLA MIRA MALA 19 10 12 Changing the settings smemmmamwmw m 19 nox pe SA Aa ka AA TD 19 107122 PROC Ua AA ee 19 10 13 Changing the image mode wmmamamema mwanam ww www ww nenn 20 A ee ee 20 10 13 2 When to use Locked mode eese 20 10218 SIPO AA ne aa ee ae 20 10 14 Setting the surface propertieS wmmmmmwwwwwwwwwwan 20 10414 T General iudei ocen ioi cate tan ds 20 10 14 2 PrOCOQUIG es Henna il rata Sedo 20 10 15 Changing the emissivity eemaaaamem amu mwwww m 20 VOT SAA GMC al ieee CE E es 20 19 1852 ole AAA o hear een ee 21 10 16 Changing the reflected apparent temperature 21 1O Te E CISCO Ble ETERNI 21 TO T6 2 POC COU FCs tik eile ele a ee ot uL At eL E ee 21 10 17 Resetting the Caller di A 21 017 General ss conecta ect mter a i Lom eit 21 10 172 PROCE Ue taria ala ans een een 21
82. rom the atmosphere 1 T tWatm where 1 1 is the emittance of the at mosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Tatm The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wi 2 ETW s T 1 o E TW paji 2 1 Ini T W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 ees EE STU sj 2 1 n E TU sefi 3 1 T U atm Solve Equation 3 for Un Equation 4 1 1 Un U Ua U obj atm ER e ET This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Table 20 1 Voltages Uopj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Topj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Urefi Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tren according to the calibration Uatm Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation e the object emittance e e the relative humidity e Tatm e object distance Dopj e the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient tem perature Tref and e the temperature of the atmosph
83. s 2 Asphalt paving GE 4 Brass 20 350 Brass 100 Brass 70 Brass 70 Brass 200 600 0 40 0 60 Asbestos floor tile 35 0 LLW 0 967 T T SW LW T 0 22 0 61 0 04 0 09 0 03 0 07 0 59 0 61 T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 6 Ol 21 Emissivity tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued av Brass polished 200 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 0 03 rubbed with 80 grit emery Brass 20 0 20 20 20 Brass sheet rolled sheet worked with emery Brass Brick Brick Brick SW SW 0 68 0 86 0 81 0 85 alumina common Dinas silica 1100 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica 1000 refractory Brick Dinas silica un 1000 0 80 glazed rough Brick Brick SW 0 68 0 75 firebrick fireclay 1000 Brick fireclay 1200 0 59 Brick N O fireclay 0 85 3 Ol Brick Brick un masonry W 0 94 N O masonry 0 94 plastered Brick Brick NO eo C1 h N h 0 93 0 88 0 93 red common red rough Brick refractory 1000 0 46 corundum Brick refractory 1000 1300 0 38 magnesite Brick refractory 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 strongly radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 0 65 0 75 radiating DNI i inmwmi J al i _k no
84. said prism Just outside the circle 3 generated by said rotating prism and on the Optical axis 4 a scanning aperture 6 is located through Which a radiation passes to the radiation energy respon sive element 12 such as a photocell bolometer or the like depending upon the energy spectrum of interest When said prism rotates the scanning aperture 6 scans a line on said image surface 5 and when a corner of said prism passes the scanning aperture 6 there is a substan tially instantaneous return of the scan In FIGS 1 and 4 there is shown an incoming ray of radiation having a maximum deviation from the di rection of the optical axis In FIG 1 designates the angle of rotation of the prism and x y and z are the axes of a coordinate system x being along the optical axis and z parallel to the axis of rotation 2 A point on the image surface 5 is defined by these coordinates as in dicated in the case of a point x y in FIG 1 the z co ordinate of which is 0 since it is in the x y plane The deflection of rays is shown in FIG 2 in the y di rection as a function of the turning angle o and index of refraction of said prism n The axis y in FIG 3 refers to the same axis as in FIG 2 FIG 3 shows the necessary form 7 and 8 of the image surfaces of said optical system in order that said field of view shall be scanned without aberrations for various values of refractive index of said prism Refer ring to FIG 3 there are for every ro
85. se the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Utot 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uobj Utot we are actually performing extrapola tion of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into temperature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the trans mittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uop 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when consider ing that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the applica tion of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts provided the calibration algo rithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 11 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F Refl 0 6 Atm A Refl E Refl Refl
86. sequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature 17 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 17 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 45 17 Thermographic measurement technigues 17 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method Follow this procedure 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b Figure 17 1 1 Reflection source 2 Ifthe reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard a Ny Nb Figure 17 2 1 Reflection source 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 46 17 Thermographic measurement technigues 3 Measure the radiation intensity 2 apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings Emissivity 1 0 Dobj O You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods N Figure 17 3 1 Reflection source Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor tant reasons e Athermocouple does not measure radiation intensity e Athermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 1
87. t Compact and rugged The camera s low weight of 0 365 kg and an accessory belt pouch make it easy to bring along at all times Its rugged design and passing a 2 m drop test ensure ease of use even in harsh environments Ground breaking affordability The FLIR ix series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market Detector data Detector type Focal plane array FPA uncooled microbolometer Spectral range 7 5 13 um Image presentation Display 2 8 in color LCD Image adjustment Automatic adjust lock image Object temperature range 20 C to 250 C 4 F to 482 F Accuracy 2 C 3 6 F or 2 of reading for ambient tem perature 10 C to 35 C 50 F to 95 F and object temperature above 0 C 32 F Measurement analysis Spotmeter Center spot Emissivity correction Variable from 0 1 to 1 0 Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic based on input of reflected temperature T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 30 11 Technical data Color palettes Black and white iron and rainbow Set up commands Local adaptation of units language date and time formats Storage of images File formats Standard JPEG 14 bit measurement data included Data communication interfaces Battery type Rechargeable Li lon battery Approx 5 hours at 25 C 77 F ambient tem perature and typical use AC operation AC adapter 90 260 VAC
88. t External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London 6 Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 7 Mlcek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 8 Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 9 Ohman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 10 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 81 1 21 between 36 C AND 82 C 11 Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 12 ITC Technical publication 32 13 ITC Technical publication 29 The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution 21 2 Tables Table 21 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical tape several colors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri 105 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri 105 cal tape 3
89. t is connected to your computer In Windows Explorer select My Computer and right click the memory card Select Format Under File system select FAT Click Start m Ee 10 3 4 Naming convention The naming convention for images is IR_xxxx jpg where xxxx is a unique counter When you select Hestore the camera resets the counter and assigns the next highest free file name for the new file 10 3 5 Procedure Follow this procedure To save an image pull the Save trigger 10 4 Recalling an image 10 4 1 General When you save an image it is stored on the removable miniSD memory card To display the image again you can recall it from the miniSD memory card T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 16 10 Using the camera 10 4 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the Archive button 2 Do one of the following e Push the navigation pad left right to select the image you want to view Push the top arrow button use the navigation pad to select the image you want to see then push the right selection button Open 3 Toreturn to live mode do one of the following e Push the Archive button e Push the right selection button Close 10 5 Opening the image archive 10 5 1 General The image archive is a thumbnail gallery of all the images on the miniSD memory card 10 5 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the Archive button 2 Push the top arrow button on the navigation pad This will display the image
90. tating angle o and every refractive index of said prism n two values of x The larger of said two values of x corresponds to the image surface 7 that is generated by the rays in the plane of the paper i e the x y plane and forming small angles with the x axis The smaller value of x corre sponds to the image surface 8 that is generated by the rays which are parallel with the x z plane and form small angles with the x y plane It is apparent from FIG 3 that the aberrations which are caused by the prism can be neutralized to a sub stantial degree by a suitable choice of image surface In this way it is possible according to our invention to achieve very high resolution in the optical scanning lt is preferable if the refractive index of said prism has a value between 3 and 6 for the wave lengths used Said index of refraction having a value of about 4 is specially advantageous both for yielding a linear scan and for allowing a relatively plane image surface This is pointed out in FIG 2 and FIG 3 As is also shown in FIG 2 a larger index of refraction of said prism gives a greater length of scan The material of said prism must in our invention be transparent for radiation in the energy spectrum of in terest and it is preferable if the sides of said prism are coated with suitable material in order to reduce reflec tions The entry area of the rays coming from said optical System for varying turning angles o does not extend near
91. teries Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket unless FLIR Systems supplies a specific adapter to connect the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket Damage to the batteries can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object such as wire Damage to the batteries can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not get water or salt water on the battery or permit the battery to become wet Damage to the bat teries can occur 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 2 Safety information CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not make holes in the battery with objects Damage to the battery can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not hit the battery with a hammer Damage to the battery can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put your foot on the battery hit it or cause shocks to it Damage to the battery can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put the batteries in or near a fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging procedure If the battery be comes hot damage can occur to the safety equipme
92. the bat tery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to become hot or to break It can also de crease the performance or the life cycle of the battery T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 3 Safety information CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries The temperature range through which you can remove the electrical power from the battery is 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data If you operate the battery out of this temperature range it can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries When the battery is worn apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or equivalent materials before you discard it Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur if you do not do this CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this CAUTION Do not apply solvents or equivalent liquids to the camera the cables or other items Damage to the bat tery and injury to persons can occur CAUTION Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has an anti reflective coating which is easily dam aged Damage to the infrared lens can occur CAUTION Do not use too much force to clean the infrared lens
93. the corners of the prism in our invention which may therefore be rounded This improves both the air resist ance and the mechanical strength of the prism When said prism rotates and the scanning in the other direction is accomplished in said collecting optics the radiation energy responsive element 12 scans said field of view for various energy levels in such field The out put signals from said element are amplified and filtered and may be used to modulate the intensity of a moving Spot on a cathode ray tube The movement of said such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and au tomation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States Portland OH Bos ton MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn Estonia Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors support our internation al customer base T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 39 15 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We antici pate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the intr
94. the spectrum failed to lo cate this point Figure 18 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Her schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 50 18 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electromag netic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes re ferred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays Ironically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to ap pear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early contro versies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass in discriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experi ments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would prob ably be doomed to the use of
95. trum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 10 0 100 Water layer gt 0 1 mm thick Wood pine 4 different samples Wood pine 4 different samples planed oak planed oak planed oak Wood plywood untreated oxidized at 400 C 400 oxidized surface 1000 1200 0 95 0 98 0 85 0 98 0 962 0 5 0 7 SW LLW 0 67 0 75 0 81 0 89 0 8 0 9 NI N ojo N O N N O O wadi Dil lt N O 0 7 0 8 0 11 0 50 0 60 0 04 0 05 0 20 CO CO lt c eo T559733 r 21588 22369 en US 74 ALPINE COMPONENTS We ve been supplying portable test and measurement equipment to companies of all sizes and industries around the world since 1991 Our aim is to distribute easy to use reliable and effective instruments to engineering maintenance and facilities departments and to complement these products with comprehensive advice training and support Telephone 01424 858118 E mail Address info alpine components co uk Postal Address Alpine Components Ltd Innovation Centre Highfield Drive Churchfields St Leonards on Sea TN38 9UH United Kingdom Website www alpine components co uk
96. ure Follow this procedure To switch between Auto mode and Locked mode push the right selection button Auto Locked A padlock icon in indicates the Locked mode 10 14 Setting the surface properties 10 14 1 General To measure temperatures accurately the camera must know what kind of surface you are measuring The easiest way to do this is to setthe surface property on the Measure menu You can choose between the following surface properties e Matt e Semi matt e Semi glossy e Glossy 10 14 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to go to Measure Push the left selection button Select This will display the Measure submenu On the Measure menu use the navigation pad to select a surface property Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the menu Poh For more information see 17 Thermographic measurement techniques page 45 10 15 Changing the emissivity 10 15 1 General For very precise measurements you may need to set the emissivity instead of selecting a surface property You also need to understand how emissivity and reflectivity affect measurements rather than just simply selecting a surface property 1559733 r 21588 22369 en US 20 10 Using the camera Emissivity is a property that indicates how much radiation originates from an object as opposed to being reflected by it A lower value indicates that a lar
97. urement function to the sample surface 11 Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement 12 Write down the emissivity Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 17 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly 17 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts e That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and the camera e That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 17 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the cor rect value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be l
98. y white in the visible light spec trum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be re flected and a fraction T may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral dependence of their definitions Thus e The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it e The spectral reflectance pa the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob ject to that incident upon it e The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation Os Pay sper sed For opaque materials t O and the relation simplifies to E p 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as t

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