User's manual for ZETUP, the set up program for the groundwater
Contents
1. Figure 19 Model river generated by river map object on base grid Figure 20 Model river generated by river map object on refined grid In ZETUP river maps or river splines create the model s rivers by interrogating the finite difference grid If there is only a base grid a relatively coarse model river will be created as shown in Figure 19 This model river is an approximation of the splined river as it is mapped on the base grid If the grid is subsequently refined the model river is automatically deleted and a new river created The river map object interrogates the newly refined mesh and creates a more detailed representation on the finite difference grid An example of the simultaneous refinement of both the model mesh and the river is shown in Figure 20 20 Hydraulic parameters must be defined at the river nodes which are created on the grid This process uses the values of the hydraulic parameters specified at the spline points and involves interpolation between adjacent spline points The procedure is defined by the following steps and is illustrated in Figure 21 1 After a river has been created on the finite difference grid the model river nodes are scanned The closest point on the spline to a river node is located The distance AL1 between the two spline points straddling the nearest point is calculated The distance AL2 between the point closest to the river node2. 21 Figure 22 Adding a river to the model using ZETUP eee 22 Figure 23 Format of the river data Tie riverl dat ue ert tee eet 23 Figure 24 Multiple river spline branches joining at a single spline point 25 Figure 25 Deleting a river from the model using ZETUP serene 26 Figure 26 Boundary node types deeem tire ire qi ed tS sepas eda ects acsi seid ge i du one a a bes 27 Figure 27 Format of the output file rivercheck ztp serene 28 Figure 28 Loading a model for modification in ZETUP sese 30 Figure29 Example of a cubic spline fitted through set of arbitrary points 32 Figure 30 Example river containing reversals at point 7 and 13 sss 34 Figure 31 Possible shape of cubic spline when interpolating set of points containing reversals E i Moe ddas ducendi uda od ois as salute fe edu Fe Url Gri de dan E d SO bd RR 35 Figure 32 Division of the river channel into sections for cubic spline interpolation 35 iv TABLES Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 List of all main ZOOMQ3D input files produced by ZETUP List of all other ZOOMQ3D input files produced by ZETUP as templates List of files produced by ZETUP for model visualisation and checking Format of boundary definition file boundary steps dat General format of a river map data
3. 4 Add river 5 Renove a river 6 Load an existing model for modification ZEIUP Finish nter the number of layers in the model ee co ordinates of left and right of grid separated by a space nter y co ordinates of bottom and top of grid separated by a space nter nunbor of x and y intervals separated by a space z re you entering boundary manually n or from the file Cf boundary dat ive i and j of first point relative to lower left corner 1 1 separated by a space iue direction and nunber of steps saparated by a space ser entered n 16 loved to 1 17 ive direction and number of steps separated by a space Figure 5 Construction of the base grid using ZETUP 31 DEFINING THE MODEL BOUNDARY The shape of the boundary is defined by issuing commands from the keyboard or through an input data file Manual m or keyboard data entry is selected in Figure 5 If file entry is specified f the program reads boundary information from the file boundary steps dat which must exist in the same directory as the ZETUP executable file The boundary definition procedure is simple First the column and row number i j of a starting point on the boundary are entered The origin of the i j co ordinate system is in the lower left of each grid at point 1 1 The boundary is then traced by defining steps around it The direction as the cardinal point of a compass and the number of mesh interval steps to be taken are
4. Ey Fy A 3 Differentiating this once gives dy E Yia n Yi 2S 3B 1 dx Xa Xj 6 i jJ l Yi 6 Xi xy A 4 ju By requiring that the first derivative is continuous across the boundary between intervals the values of y can be calculated A set of equations is obtained by setting the first derivative at x x evaluated using Equation A 4 in the interval xj to xj to the first derivative at x x evaluated in the interval x to xj41 For j 2 2 N 1 this gives X X Xe ook X X 2 Ae NA y J 7 jo yt 3 j E jl y 4 e j Yi Yj Yi 1 A 5 it Xj XPT XK This results in N 2 equations in N unknowns where N is the number of points on the curve Consequently two boundary conditions are required to solve for the second derivative values y In ZETUP the boundary conditions are obtained by setting the first derivative at the end of the spline equal to the gradient of the line between the boundary point and its neighbour one interval inside the region The second derivative at the boundary is then calculated using Equation A 4 After the second derivative values have been calculated at each fixed point the value of y can be calculated for any value of x using Equation A 3 Whilst the use of cubic splines is considered well suited to the description of rivers because they are often smoothly varying there are certain situations in which this algorithm fails If an insufficient number of points are defined
5. Paul Hulme British Geological Survey Dr Denis Peach Dr Andrew Hughes Dr Chris Jackson Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of A G Hughes and M M Mansour of the British Geological Survey and P J Hulme of the Environment Agency for their help in reviewing the ZETUP software Additionally the authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the following colleagues at the British Geological Survey for reviewing this document E Cullis A G Hughes and D G Kinniburgh Preface to the second edition The production of the second edition of the ZETUP manual coincides with the release of version 1 03 of the code This version of the code incorporates one only change to version 1 02 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VERSION 1 02 AND 1 03 OF ZETUP e All executables should now be placed in a suitable directory e g c Program Files ZOOM and this folder should be added to the Windows system PATH variable ZETUP can then be run from any working directory by typing the name of the executable followed by the path of the working directory e g ZETUP c myDirectory Alternatively the name of the executable can be followed by an input directory name e g where an existing model is located and an output directory name e g where the files can be written after modification for example ZETUP c myDirectory c myDirectory newFiles These strings could be placed in a batch file and the batch file run from the co
6. are constructed after the user specifies a series of points referred to as spline points along a branch River parameter information is defined at each of these spline points For example Figure 13 shows a dendritic river system each branch of which is defined by a series of spline points The user specifies in an input file the following information at each spline point 1 x and y co ordinates of the point 2 river stage 13 river bed elevation river width vertical hydraulic conductivity of the river bed under effluent conditions vertical hydraulic conductivity of the river bed under influent conditions and Sa DA dg i9 river bed thickness Catchment Map River Map Y Y River Map 4 N y Y River Branches River Branches lt NN Figure 12 Representation of real rivers as catchment map river map and river branch objects 14 Figure 13 Definition of spline points along a river and branch numbers Each river branch is defined by its associated spline points and the data at these locations In Figure 13 there are five river branches numbered as shown Branch 1 is the main river channel A numbering scheme must be adopted in which the upstream branches have a higher value Similarly for each branch spline points are specified from downstream to upstream Spline points must be defined at the ends of the branches an
7. grid dxf 6 4 GRID DXF This file enables the user to visualise the structure of the model mesh It can be viewed using ArcView ArcMap Surfer or AutoCAD for example 6 5 RIVER DXF This file enables the user to visualise the structure of the model river which are composed of a series of river nodes It can be viewed using ArcView ArcMap Surfer or AutoCAD for example 6 6 RIVERCHECK ZTP This text file is output by ZETUP so that the user can manually check that the rivers have been created correctly The file has the format shown in Figure 27 The co ordinates of each river node in the file should be the same as the co ordinates of a grid node These pairs of co ordinates are listed next to each other KKK KK K K KK K K K K K K K K K K KK K K K K K K K K K K KK K K K K K K K K K K K K K River river number River node number Branch number River node x and y co ords Grid node x and y co ords Number of upstream nodes Each upstream nodes number and x and y co ords Downstream node number and its x and y co ords except for river node 1 River stage Bed elevation Width Length Kz Effluent Kz Influent Bed thickness HOVd aod SIHAT2I HOV AOA River node number Branch number River node x and y co ords Grid node x and y co ords Number of upstream nodes Each upstream nodes number and x and y co ords Downstream node number and its x and y co ords except for river node 1 River stage Bed elevat
8. integer integer 78 z X Y River stage m River bed elevation m Channel width m Kz Effluent m d Kz Influent m d River bed thickness m 779 95 in Comment line character string no longer than one line 96 E 8 Downstream branch number Number of spline points in branch integer integer 97 X Y River stage m River bed elevation m Channel width m Kz Effluent m d Kz Influent m d River bed thickness m 98 109 24 5 3 1 Condition when more than two branches join at a single spline point A problem can occur with the creation of model rivers using ZETUP if downstream branch numbers are defined in a particular manner when more than two river spline branches join at the same spline point In this case the downstream branch of branch n must be defined as branch n 1 in the river map spline file This situation is encountered in Figure 24 Branch 2 Downstream l branch must be NS number 1 Branch 3 Downstream branch must be number 2 4 x Branch 1 q ene Figure 24 Multiple river spline branches joining at a single spline point 25 5 4 DELETING A RIVER FROM THE MODEL Rivers are easily removed from the model On selection of option 5 from the menu ZETUP requests the number of the river to delete This number is the unique identifier for the river specified on line 2 of the river map input file Figure 24 The procedure is shown in Figure 25 fes C zetup zetup exe
9. y n gt Figure 11 Deleting a refined grid using ZETUP 12 5 Constructing rivers Significant changes can be made to the structure of a ZOOMQ3D model with little effort using the local grid refinement facility Whilst the technique allows the user to focus attention on different areas within an aquifer grid refinement may affect other model features for example rivers Re designing the mesh in many conventional regional groundwater models requires the user to redefine the model s rivers and their parameters manually This can be a time consuming task A technique is implemented in ZOOMQ3D which automates much of the work involved in changing a model grid and its associated rivers This technique is based on the differentiation between model rivers and data that describes the real geometry and characteristics of rivers Objects are defined in ZETUP to represent the real structure of rivers These are considered to be maps of the river channels When the mesh is refined the river map objects examine the new grid structure and use it to reconstruct the model s rivers This process is described in this section First the representation of rivers as maps is described 5 1 APPROXIMATING REALITY RIVERS AND SPLINES This sub section illustrates how rivers are represented in ZETUP how they are translated into the form required by ZOOMQ3D and how rivers are automatically modified during grid refinement Rivers are represented within ZE
10. 5586 1619 5707 1783 6103 2045 6324 2308 6435 2582 6542 2872 6746 3135 6988 3436 7162 3685 Branch 3 2 13 5707 1783 6106 1775 6435 1562 6821 1415 7208 1420 7435 1571 7414 1868 7541 2082 TIS ES 2276 7958 2478 7866 2706 7843 3060 8155 3432 Branch 4 Arr 3056 55 2335 3263 2371 3522 2287 3753 2271 3929 2461 4292 2365 4614 2357 4768 2537 ATTI 2807 4699 3041 4698 3326 5087 3367 5468 3383 5746 3554 5913 3692 6211 3991 6371 4317 Branch 5 1 12 3481 3564 3273 3660 3051 3821 2933 4016 2939 4388 2776 4567 2564 4764 2392 4998 2421 5237 2227 5415 2048 5622 1831 5794 00 0oUPmUNHZ G 0o0 0UB5UNHDPDZA woOo o0oUB UNPOO ooooooooooo Uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuutu OOOO0oOooo0o0o0000000000000000000000000 OOOOo0ooo0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0oooooooooooooooooo OOOO0ooo0o0o0000000000000000000000000 pBPHHPHHHPHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHpBHHH OOOOoooo0oooooooooooooooooooooooooo OOOOoooo0o0o0o0000000o0o0o0oooo OOOooo0o0o0o000000000000000 Uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuluu OOooooooooooooooooooooo OOooooooooooooooooooooo OOooooooooooooooooooooo pPHHPHPHHPHHHPHHHHHHPHHHBHHH OOooooooooooooooooooooo Oooooooooooooooo oOoooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo oOoooooooooooo uuuuuuuuuuuluu oOoooooooooooo oOoooooooooooo pBHHHPHHHHHHPHHH oOoooooooooooo uUuuuuuuuuuuuuuuutu Ooooooooooooooooo Ooooooooooooooooo pBPHHHHHHHHHHHpBHpHH
11. 5880 5888 Boundaries of grid being refined area W left W right 96088 Y bottom 8 Y top 8888 mber of parent s subgrids he refined area s lower left and upper right corners are at 10086 1089 5888 5888 he parent node at the lower left corner of the refined grid is at 3 mber of x and y intervals of parent grid being refined 8 8 er the grid refinement factor in the x and y direction 2 Is this grid refinement information correct Cyn Figure 10 Local grid refinement procedure in ZETUP 11 4 1 DELETING A REFINED GRID Refined grids are removed from a model by selecting option 3 from ZETUP s menu The procedure is shown in Figure 11 The user is prompted for the co ordinates of the bottom left and top right corners of a rectangle enclosing the child grid An illustration of the grid found by ZETUP for deletion is drawn on the screen and the user is asked if this is the correct grid A grid cannot be deleted if it contains further areas of refinement In this case the areas of refinement must be deleted first e C zetup zetup exe Create the base grid Refine a grid area Remove a refined grid area Add a river Remove a river Load an existing model for modification Finish ZETUP nter the x amp y co ords of the lower left corner of the grid to be deleted nter the x amp y co ords of the upper right corner of the grid to be deleted 666 5088 he grid found to be deleted is Is this the correct grid
12. University of Birmingham NERC 2004 All rights reserved Keyworth Nottingham British Geological Survey 2004 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS Sales Desks at Nottingham Edinburgh and London see contact details below or shop online at www geologyshop com The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other publications this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Desks The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland and of the surrounding continental shelf as well as its basic research projects It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development and other agencies The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council British Geological Survey offices Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG T 0115 936 3241 Fax 0115 936 3488 e mail sales bgs ac uk www bgs ac uk Shop online at www geologyshop com Murchison House West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3LA 0131 667 1000 Fax 0131 668 2683 e mail scotsales bgs ac uk London Information Office at the Natural History Muse
13. ZOOMQ3D rivers represent the translation of a ZETUP river map onto the finite difference grid Branch a branch represents the main channel in a catchment or a tributary within the river catchment Only dendritic river catchments can be modelled and consequently each branch has one node at its upstream end and one node at its downstream end River node a river node represents a point on the river that coincides with a horizontal point of the finite difference mesh The characteristics of the river are defined at each river node A river node can have up to five upstream connections to river nodes but only one downstream connection Branches and river nodes are organised in a specific order described by a numbering scheme For river branches a numbering scheme is implemented in which the upstream branches have a higher integer value Figure 17a This numbering scheme is defined by the river map file containing the spline point data River node numbers also increase upstream and from low branch numbers to high branch numbers Figure 17b The river node at the bottom of the catchment is number 1 17 5i e o ET 1 e o E 5 e P d e oe Le e P 4 2 e Y oe JP I P e P e 1 s 2 ee ET 1 eee a 10099 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 11 10 35 72 36 17 18 75 73 74 40 37 38 39 21 20 76 41 24 22 81 TI 42 23 80 79 78 43 33 32 31 30 29 28 2
14. along a stretch of river which is either tightly curving or irregularly meandering cubic splines can oscillate wildly However this is easily rectified by defining more points along the river A more serious problem occurs when reversals occur in the river For example consider the section of river shown in Figure 30 In Figure 30 the x co ordinates of the spline points do not increase continuously with each step Instead between points 6 7 and 8 and 12 13 and 14 a reversal occurs Unfortunately the algorithm described above only performs correctly if the x co ordinate increases or decreases continuously with the spline point number In the case of Figure 30 the curve fitted through the points will be similar to that shown in Figure 31 This is obviously a poor approximation to the shape of the river To solve this problem the algorithm is modified in ZETUP Instead of attempting to spline the whole of the river reach shown in Figure 30 at once the river is divided into sections These are shown in Figure 32 Section 1 ends at point 7 and section 2 ends at point 15 Within these sections either the x or y co ordinate of the spline points increases continuously with point number In section 1 and 3 the x co ordinate of the spline points increases 33 continuously In section 2 the y co ordinate increases continuously Consequently sections 1 and 3 are splined in the x direction and section 2 is splined in the y direction That is in sectio
15. and one of the adjacent spline points is calculated The ratio AL2 ALI is used to interpolate hydraulic parameters at the river node for example channel width bed thickness or bed permeability Because AL1 and AL2 are measured along the spline this is in effect linear interpolation along the spline Vd Spline Point 2 River Node Spline Point 1 Figure 21 Interpolation of river hydraulic parameters along river spline 5 3 USING ZETUP TO ADD A RIVER TO THE MODEL This section describes the input files required to construct the representation of rivers as maps or splines and the construction of the model rivers Rivers can only be added to the model after the base grid has been constructed Thereafter they can be added both before and after the grid is refined Rivers are added by selecting option 4 from the ZETUP menu as shown in Figure 22 ZETUP requests the name of the data file that is used to create the river map The file contains data associated with only one river i e one set of connected splines An appropriate name for the river data file may be the name of the river itself 21 Command Prompt zetup Create the base grid Refine a grid area Remove a refined grid area Add a river Remove a river Load an existing model for modification Finish ZETUP nter the name of the file containing the river data iveri map dat dding River One to the model Figure 22 Adding a r
16. entered Note that the boundary must be traced in a clockwise direction To create a rectangular model four pairs of commands are entered if the starting position on the boundary is the origin To create the base grid shown in Figure 6a these are n 16 e 18 S 16 w 18 e Starting position for boundary definition 8000 m 8000 m De Y 6 De Y P 9000 m P 9000 m gt Figure 6 Example model boundaries To define the boundary using a data file the ASCII text file boundary_steps dat must be created in the same directory as zetup exe This space or tab delimited file contains the i and j co ordinates of the starting boundary position on its first line Data corresponding to each move around the boundary are written on subsequent lines For the examples shown in Figure 6 boundary_steps dat contains the lines shown in Table 4 Table4 Format of boundary definition file boundary steps dat Format of boundary steps dat for Figure 6a Format of boundary_steps dat for Figure 6b z uzuoouoogoB0ozBu OO d d OO dH dS OO HS dS OO dS IS 4 Refining the grid After the base grid has been constructed the mesh can be refined When an area of mesh is locally refined an
17. file Introduction ZETUP is the pre processor for the finite difference groundwater flow model ZOOMQ3D It is used to construct the model grid which may contain multiple areas of local grid refinement and to create rivers within these complex meshes ZETUP produces the input files required by ZOOMQ3D that define the structure of the model mesh and the structure of rivers Table 1 It also produces templates of all of the other files required by ZOOMQ3D Table 2 in the correct format These can subsequently be modified using a text editor to complete the model specification Finally it produces a set of files that enable the visualisation and checking of the model structure Table 3 If modifications to the structure of the model are required it can be reloaded into ZETUP for alteration Only the checking files listed in Table 3 are described in detail within this manual Detailed descriptions of the files listed in Table 1 and 2 which form input to ZOOMQ3D are presented in the ZOOMQ3D manual Jackson amp Spink 2004 11 TERMINOLOGY ZETUP is written using an object oriented programming language Whilst the users do not need to concern themselves with what this means the term object is used a number of times within this manual and consequently a brief explanation is required The user can think of an object in abstract terms as any distinct entity that stores data and perform tasks In ZETUP and ZOOMQ3D objects are defined to represen
18. shown in Figure 9 it is not valid It is permissible to refine across the model boundary Invalid eight refined grid intervals per coarse grid interval along interface Maximum of five allowed Figure9 Excessive decrease in cell size at the interface of two grids 10 Refining the mesh is a simple procedure As shown in Figure 10 it begins by selecting option 2 from the ZETUP menu The user is prompted for the co ordinates of the lower left and upper right corners of the rectangular region to be refined This rectangle should enclose the parent grid nodes on the edge of the new refined grid The grid refinement factors in the x and y directions are then entered These integers represent the number of intervals into which each parent mesh interval is divided They do not have to be identical but must be between 2 and 5 In the example shown in Figure 10 the mesh widths are halved The data input by the user is highlighted by the dashes on the left hand side of the figure EX czet up zetup exe Create the base grid Refine a grid area Remove a refined grid area Add a river Remove a river Load an existing model for modification Finish ZETUP NSU O00 ND ve ae ee ae ee ee ee ive the co ordinates of the region to be refined his should enclose its four corner nodes ter the x amp y co ordinates of the lower left corner of the region 1606 180808 ter the x amp y co ordinates of the upper right corner of the region
19. 6 27 87 85 86 83 84 49 48 57 47 45 46 44 89 88 56 55 71 54 70 53 69 52 68 51 67 50 66 65 58 64 59 60 61 62 63 b Figure 17 Numbering schemes in ZOOMQ3D for a river branches and b river nodes for an example model river Baseflow Interconnected baud River aquifer i EE interaction river nodes P P T e l A 2 Baseflow Upper most active finite difference node Figure 18 Schematic representation of connections between river nodes and grid nodes As stated above model rivers are represented by a series of linked river nodes which are also connected with upper most active aquifer node as illustrated in Figure 18 Each river node is located at the centre of the reach that it represents The limits of a reach are the mid points between the central river node and its adjacent river nodes River nodes are characterised by the following set of parameters e Location specified by x and y co ordinates e Width m e Reach length m Equivalent to the half the distance between the adjacent two river nodes e River stage m e River bed elevation m e River bed thickness m e Vertical hydraulic permeability under effluent conditions m day e Vertical hydraulic permeability under influent conditions m day
20. Conlayleal Survey NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL User s manual for ZETUP the set up program for the groundwater flow model ZOOMQ3D Groundwater Systems amp Water Quality Programme Internal Report IR 04 139 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS amp WATER QUALITY PROGRAMME INTERNAL REPORT IR 04 139 User s manual for ZETUP the set up program for the groundwater flow model ZOOMQ3D C R Jackson and A E F Spink The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty s Stationery Office Ordnance Survey licence number Licence No 100017897 2004 Keywords Groundwater flow ZETUP ZOOMQ3D Bibliographical reference JACKSON C R AND SPINK A E F 2004 User s manual for ZETUP the set up program for the groundwater flow model ZOOMQ3D British Geological Survey Internal Report IR 04 139 34pp Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council NERC and or the authority that commissioned the work You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section British Geological Survey Keyworth e mail ipr bgs ac uk You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract 1 British Geological Survey 2
21. Create the base grid Refine a grid area Remove a refined grid area Add a river Remove a river Load an existing model for modification Finish ZETUP nter the number of the river to delete Figure 25 Deleting a river from the model using ZETUP 26 6 Output files ZETUP produces the input files required by ZOOMQ3D that define the structure of the model mesh grids out aquifer map and boundary dat and the structure of rivers rivers out which are listed in Table 1 The files with the out extension need to be renamed with the dat extension for input into ZOOMQ3D ZETUP also produces generic templates of all of the other files required by ZOOMQ3D which need be modified using a text editor before being used as input to ZOOMQ3D Table 2 Finally ZETUP creates a set of files that enable the visualisation and checking of the model structure Table 3 Detailed descriptions of the files listed in Table 1 and 2 which form input to ZOOMQ3D are presented in the ZOOMQ3D manual Jackson and Spink 2004 and consequently not given here Each of the files listed in Table 3 which enable the visualisation and checking of the model structure are described next in individual sub sections These do not form input to ZOOMQ3D 6 1 BOUNDARY BLN ZETUP produces a Surfer Golden Software Inc 1994 blanking file boundary bln This is used to blank out the areas outside the model boundary when contouring the groundwate
22. HH Ooooooooooooooooo oOoooooooooooooo oOooooooooooooo oooooooooooo oOooooooooooo uUuuuuuuuuuuutu oOooooooooooo oOooooooooooo pBPHHpHHHHPHHHHH oOooooooooooo Figure 23 Format of the river data file river1 dat 23 Table5 General format of a river map data file File format Line River name character string no longer than one line 1 River number Number of branches integer integer 2 Comment line character string no longer than one line 3 d Downstream branch number Number of spline points in branch integer integer 4 X Y River stage m River bed elevation m Channel width m Kz Effluent m d Kz Influent m d River bed thickness m 5 37 e Comment line character string no longer than one line 38 5 Downstream branch number Number of spline points in branch integer integer 39 P X Y River stage m River bed elevation m Channel width m Kz Effluent m d Kz Influent m d River bed thickness m 40 61 e Comment line character string no longer than one line 62 5 Downstream branch number Number of spline points in branch integer integer 63 3 X Y River stage m River bed elevation m Channel width m Kz Effluent m d Kz Influent m d River bed thickness m 64 76 lt Comment line character string no longer than one line TI E 8 Downstream branch number Number of spline points in branch
23. TUP by objects that aim to represent their real structure closely Three types of objects are defined to represent real rivers These are termed catchment maps river maps and river branches Catchment maps store and manage a number of river maps which are composed of one or more river branches The hierarchy is shown in Figure 12 The objects are described as follows Catchment map A catchment map is a collection of river maps River map A river map is composed of a series of polylines that describe the geometry of the channels within a dendritic river basin i e the main river channel and all its tributaries In addition to describing the geometry of the basin river maps store data relating to the physical and hydraulic characteristics of the channels at specific points along their length A river map cannot represent two separate river basins i e all the channels within a river map must be connected River maps are referenced using a unique integer number River branch Either the main channel of a river basin or one of its tributaries A numbering scheme must be adopted in which the upstream branches have a higher value The main channel is assigned number 1 A river branch is one of the polylines forming the river map Each river branch is represented by a series of mathematically generated curves that are fitted to the real shape of the river branch These curves which are based on a mixture of cubic splines and linear interpolants
24. additional grid is created The new grid is referred to as either the refined grid the child grid or the subgrid The model mesh can be refined successively This means that child grids can be refined as can their children to produce a hierarchy of grid objects The hierarchy for the mesh shown in Figure 7 is shown in Figure 8 Grids exist on a level within the hierarchy The top level level 1 can only contain one grid the base grid Lower levels can contain multiple grids The order that grids are referenced within a level depends on their order of construction and destruction This order affects the order in which they are listed within certain output files produced by ZETUP which form input to ZOOMQ3D Figure7 Example mesh with successive areas of grid refinement and level numbers Level 1 A e I E A p Lo 7d EP 2c 13 ZZ ZA Leve Wwe 7 AEZ E Level 4 Ma Z4 Figure 8 Hierarchy of grids for example mesh shown in Figure 7 The following rules apply to the local grid refinement procedure 1 25 3 4 ZETUP can only produce rectangular areas of refinement The whole of the base grid cannot be refined The whole of a subgrid cannot be refined Refined grids on the same grid level must be separated by at least one mesh interval of their parent To maintain accuracy the mesh width cannot be reduced by more than five times at the interface between any two grids For example whilst ZETUP will allow the construction of the mesh
25. d at the confluence of two or more channels A spline point at a confluence exists on all the tributaries flowing to this point and has to be defined on each branch within the river map input file ZETUP fits curves through the spline points These curves represent the real river and are distinct from the model rivers The splined river is shown in Figure 14 It should be noted that splines approximate the true shape of a curve through a set of points and thus will not represent the river geometry exactly Where greater accuracy is required a larger number of spline points should be defined It may be beneficial to define extra points in the region of particular interest or where a river bends tightly or meanders irregularly In some instances if an insufficient number of splines points are placed along the river the fitted curve will oscillate wildly as shown in Figure 15 However ZETUP checks for irregular behaviour of the spline by comparing e the direction of the spline at each spline point with that of the straight line between its two adjacent spline points e the length of the spline between two adjacent spline points with the length of the straight line between the same two points Where either of these comparisons indicates that there is poor agreement and consequently that the spline is oscillating between two points the appropriate sections are replaced by straight lines If straight lines are inadequate the user can improve the r
26. ding a model for modification To reload a model for modification option 6 is selected from the ZETUP menu as shown in Figure 28 The files grids dat aquifer map boundary dat and rivers dat must exist in the same directory as zetup exe in addition to the river map files containing the spline point data used to create the model rivers The river map file names are contained in rivers dat The user may need to recall that when ZETUP finishes the files grids dat and rivers dat are created with the out extension i e they are named grids out and rivers out The extension of the boundary file depends on whether the model is being created for the first time in which case boundary dat is produced or whether an existing model is being reloaded into ZETUP in which case boundary out is created by ZETUP After the model has been re loaded into ZETUP it can be modified The grid can be refined further or made coarser by removing refined grids and rivers can be added or deleted After making the required modifications the user selects option 7 to finish running ZETUP ZETUP then writes a new set of all the model files required to run ZOOMQ3D Instead of overwriting grids dat boundary dat and rivers dat the files grids out boundary out and rivers out are produced If after the user has checked that the modifications have been made correctly for example by examining the dxf files the orig
27. e Siu tesi aa od e vadutedetl Sess aceon 27 6 2 boundary dxE ists ROSE RON DA ID In shui dabat pta 27 6 2 boundary I3po EPS a aee bo pese a aaa to UU Phe dn do dp Uer e aakri nas 27 Munro E 28 0 33 PIVOEQEl iotestomoiteue totu utate Rime Diet TE a LL die 28 Meise wiPPC 28 6 7 CEIVEEHUITEXI aia iiec eb ruote q eoe ter adam ed obtu sett E ede o be I Dp A EERS lends 29 m Mis inso P 29 Reloading a model for modification ecce eese eee ee eese ee eee ee eee ee sees sese es seeessss OU References escecteieeceees et ececoe Feecose spec pi oe posee ce be eL esee Pose pU eU poe pe Pee E EE PEDE Pe eL ed prp epus reset L Appendix 1 Representing rivers as cubic splines eeeee eese eese eee eere eene e eee OD iii FIGURES Figure 1 X Starting a command line window from the Windows start menu 3 Figure2 Example of changing the working directory within a console window 4 Figore3 Initial ZB PUP scree tir inest obortis ion dto ta ca vencehiates Sout te e ead 4 Figure 4 Changing the properties of the console window eee 5 Figure5 Construction of the base grid using ZETUP eene 6 Figure 6 Example model boundaries iue ete pope road ed i dpa diee 7 Figure7 Example mesh with successive ar
28. eas of grid refinement and level numbers 9 Figure 8 Hierarchy of grids for example mesh shown in Figure 7 eese 9 Figure 9 Excessive decrease in cell size at the interface of two grids essss 10 Figure 10 Local grid refinement procedure in ZETUP eee 11 Figure 11 Deleting a refined grid using ZETUP sese enne 12 Figure 12 Representation of real rivers as catchment map river map and river branch objects 14 Figure 13 Definition of spline points along a river and branch numbers 15 Figure 14 Representation of real river as a series of splines and lines in river map objects 16 Figure 15 Oscillation of splines caused by a low number of spline points 16 Figure 16 Replacement of splines by straight lines eee 17 Figure 17 Numbering schemes in ZOOMQ3D for a river branches and b river nodes for AM example Model TIVE Rr P rer ms 18 Figure 18 Schematic representation of connections between river nodes and grid nodes 19 Figure 19 Model river generated by river map object on base grid ssessss 20 Figure 20 Model river generated by river map object on refined grid 20 Figure 21 Interpolation of river hydraulic parameters along river spline
29. epresentation of the shape of the river by adding more spline points These oscillations occur in the upper reaches 15 of branch 1 in Figure 15 and are rectified using the lines shown in Figure 16 A detailed description of cubic splines and the splining process is given in Appendix 1 Figure 14 Representation of real river as a series of splines and lines in river map objects Figure 15 Oscillation of splines caused by a low number of spline points 16 Replacement of the spline between we A and B by two ae straight lines Figure 16 Replacement of splines by straight lines 5 2 TRANSLATING ZETUP S RIVER MAPS INTO ZOOMQ3D RIVERS After the river maps have been created and the real rivers approximated by splines the maps are used to generate the rivers required by the simulation model ZOOMQ3D ZOOMQ3D can simulate the baseflow within dendritic river basins Both the baseflow along the river and the interaction between the river and the aquifer are modelled The structure of the numerical model rivers within ZOOMQ3D is described using three terms rivers branches and river nodes which have the following definition Rivers a river is composed of both an interconnected series of river branches and a interconnected series of river nodes A river cannot be composed of two sets of interconnected river nodes that are not themselves connected i e a river cannot represent multiple separate catchments
30. g dat 16 recharge dat 17 recharge cod amp recharge map amp recharge rates dat 18 river inputs dat 19 sor dat 20 specstor map amp specstor cod specstor dat per layer 21 springs dat 22 syield map amp syield cod syield dat per layer 23 vcond map amp vcond cod amp vcond dat per layer 24 vkd cod amp vkd map 25 vkd dat 26 vkdkx01 map amp vkdkx01 cod amp vkdkx dat 27 vkdky0l map amp vkdky01 cod amp vkdky dat 28 vkdzpOl map amp vkdzp01 cod amp vkdzp dat 29 vkdgradOl map amp vkdgrad01 cod amp vkdgrad dat 30 wetflagfHt map per layer 3 wetheadft map amp wethead cod wethead dat 32 wetthresh Ht map amp wetthresh cod wetthresh dat 33 zbasetHt map amp zbase cod amp zbase dat per layer 34 zone balance dat 35 zoomq3d dat 36 ztop map amp ztop cod amp ztop dat per layer NB denotes the two digit model layer number starting at 01 at the top of the model Table 3 List of files produced by ZETUP for model visualisation and checking boundary bin river dxf boundary dxf river_check ztp boundary_map ztp rivernum dxf grid dxf spline dxf 2 Running ZETUP To install ZETUP on a Windows PC copy the executable zetup exe into suitable directory such as c Program FilesZOOM Then add this directory to the Windows system PATH variable Control Panel System Advanced Tab Environment Variables No installation procedure is ru
31. he user is then prompted for grid information as shown in Figure 5 The sequence of data entry is 1 The number of layers in the model 2 The co ordinates of the left and right and the bottom and top limits of the rectangular area containing the model The lower left of the model does not have to be defined at 0 0 and it could for example be a field co ordinate 3 The number of mesh intervals in the x and y co ordinate directions In the example shown in Figure 5 the base grid is 9000 m wide from left to right and 8000 m wide from bottom to top The data input by the user is highlighted by the dashes on the left hand side of the figure The base grid is composed of a 500 m square mesh because 18 and 16 intervals are specified Within each ZETUP ZOOMQ3D grid the mesh is regular in the x and y directions However the mesh width may differ between the x and y directions The model may therefore be composed of regular rectangular cells Because local grid refinement is used to increase resolution mesh grading the gradual reduction or increase in cell size is not supported Regular meshes reduce the truncation error in the finite difference equations Once the structure of the base grid has been specified the shape of the boundary must be defined C zetup zetup exe ZETUP The set up program for the xxx xxkxx groundvater flow nodel ZOONQGID 1 Create the base grid 2 Refine a grid arca 3 Remove a refined grid area
32. inal files can be deleted and the extensions of the newly created output file changed to dat so that they can be read by ZOOMQ3D Care must be taken when reloading a model into ZETUP as on completion existing ZOOMQ3D model input files could be overwritten by incomplete ZETUP output files Consequently it is strongly recommended that ZETUP and ZOOMQ3D are not run in the same directory and that their files are kept within separate folders 5 C zetup zetup exe i 101 x ZETUP The set up program for the groundwater flow model ZOOMQ3D X X X X Xx KK 1 Create the base grid 2 Refine a grid area 3 Remove a refined grid area 4 Add a river 5 Remove a river 6 Load an existing model for modification 7 Finish ZETUP Reading in grid data Reading in river data m Figure 28 Loading a model for modification in ZETUP 30 References GOLDEN SOFTWARE INC 1994 Surfer for Windows User s Guide Golden Software Inc Colorado JACKSON C R AND SPINK A E F 2004 User s manual for the groundwater flow model ZOOMQ3D British Geological Survey Internal Report IR 04 40 British Geological Survey Keyworth PRESS W H FLANNERY B P TEUKOLSKY S A AND VETTERLING W T 1988 Numerical recipes in C The art of scientific computing Cambridge University Press Cambridge 31 Appendix 1 Representing rivers as cubic splines ZETUP uses cubic spline interpolation to approximate the shape of a real river by a s
33. ion Width Length Kz Effluent Kz Influent Bed thickness KKK K KK K K KK K K K K K K K K K K KK K K K K K K K K K K KK K K K K K K K K K K KK K River river number River node number Branch number River node x and y co ords Grid node x and y co ords Number of upstream nodes Each upstream nodes number and x and y co ords Downstream node number and its x and y co ords except for river node 1 River stage Bed elevation Width Length Kz Effluent Kz Influent Bed thickness HOVd AOA WAATA HOVH AOA River node number Branch number River node x and y co ords Grid node x and y co ords Number of upstream nodes Each upstream nodes number and x and y co ords Downstream node number and its x and y co ords except for river node 1 River stage Bed elevation Width Length Kz Effluent Kz Influent Bed thickness Figure 27 Format of the output file rivercheck ztp 28 6 7 RIVERNUM DXF This file enables the user to visualise the river node numbering scheme The order in which the river nodes are numbered needs to be known when entering data into some ZOOMQ3D input files It can be viewed using ArcView ArcMap Surfer or AutoCAD for example 6 8 SPLINE DXF This file enables the user to visualise the river map or splines which are used to represent the real geometry of the rivers under consideration It can be viewed using ArcView ArcMap Surfer or AutoCAD for example 29 7 Reloa
34. iver to the model using ZETUP The input data file contains the river parameter information at the spline points specified by the user The format of the data file is shown in Figure 23 This file named riverl map dat and as shown in Figure 22 is used to create the river maps and model rivers shown in Figures 14 17 19 and 20 River map files are space or tab delimited ASCII text files The second column in Figure 23 gives the line numbers which are not contained in the data file and are used for reference purposes only The format of the data is described next The first line contains the name of the river and is a character string On line 2 the river number and the number of branches in the river are entered The first number acts as a unique identifier for the river It is used for example when a river is being deleted by the user Each river must be given a unique number After the first two lines of the input file blocks of data define each river branch The first block of data is for branch 1 the second block for branch 2 etc A numbering scheme must be adopted in which the upstream branches have a higher value The first line of each block of branch data is a character string or comment line On the second line of the block the number of its downstream branch and the number of spline points on the branch are input A downstream branch number is read from the file for branch 1 but not used by the program The data associated with each
35. mmand line ii Contents i EoreWord ieeiiiossiseccsrcresceocesosscstnesteosaosoos esteos cooo rs sse ioo coas ro esise poose ae insere sieer p Acknowledgements secscevexenn ve escasas aka ev ponia reato paren EE Eee Ya eh a ur sudeste soosse ei pe dci e oce vo revers I 1 7 i Introduction iei i pee eed reos oe ne Poe eh Co so eese e rra eae Uo ed oe do reo bo d EU eoe eoo cess ossodes soas dos eooet uso cepe ces siess IN MEN Fou Fr P me 1 2 mtconventionx ooo eee ete ve eter ettet tees t eve prete teresa eee eee 1 Creating the base Prid aoo e eI e n ONERE A Sua Ga pe ce ses Hb equipe op epu eseieedueeesneng 3 1 Defining the model boundary 45 er teer at hte dan Fase Ra seo aUe Ee te NI ERE d te 7 Refmins the BEId uoo enirn e Hr ROO Y DERE etse STR Er e rE erai ta ive rsdesedetuet etaed 4 I Deleting a refined Sri sesto qtrese s cepere Reve Coe tee e bae esso EE dava de eda tes ge A eO oU 12 Constr cting FIVeES socer oo eU Seu EAE Hebe OH restons sires honte e vd Fey ee tis trepidos LO 5 1 Approximating reality rivers and splines eseseeeeeeneen nene 13 5 2 Translating ZETUP s river maps into ZOOMQ3D rivers seseee LT 5 3 Using ZETUP to add a river to the model oe Tote pt dede ee er aie apes 21 54 Deleting a river from the model 5 atc Idee di qe Gees 26 iE C RY Osh boundary DIN accio edito dst dra eapit
36. mooth curve which is fitted through a series of user defined points along the river An example of such a curve is shown in Figure 29 The following discussion is based on the description of cubic spline interpolation presented by Press et al 1988 c Xj yi S X yj NS Xs yj Figure 29 Example of a cubic spline fitted through set of arbitrary points Suppose the set of tabulated points xi yi shown in Figure 29 have been defined As a first approximation linear interpolation can be used between two points j and j 1 The linear interpolation formula is y Ay By A 1 where X X X xX SS and B 1 A X X ji Xj yy Xj In this case the second derivative is zero between the two points but becomes undefined at x and Xj Cubic spline interpolation constructs a curve that has both a smoothly varying first derivative and a continuous second derivative at the boundaries of the interval This is achieved by first adding a cubic polynomial whose second derivative varies linearly from y on the left to y on the right to the right hand side of Equation A 1 This cubic polynomial has the form y Cy Dy Ey Fyi A 2 where y is the second derivative at point i 32 If the addition of Equation A 2 to A 1 is not to spoil the agreement with the values at the fixed points x y then C D 0 d zo P Alxa ES Bu Lp Bx xj 6 Therefore adding Equation A 2 to A 1 gives y Ay By
37. n in which ZETUP program files are added to the system registry All the input files required by ZETUP to produce a specific model must be located in a single directory The output files produced by ZETUP can be created in the same directory or a different directory It is strongly recommended that ZETUP and ZOOMQ3D are not run in the same directory and that their files are kept within separate folders ZETUP should be run from the command line in a console window and not started from Windows Explorer To start a console window select Run from the Windows start menu and type cmd in the drop down list box Figure 1 The user should then change directory to that of the working directory For help on the commands used to change directory type help cd within the console window Figure 2 To run the code type zetup followed by the path to the working directory on the command line e g zetup c inyZOOMQ23D project Alternatively the name of the executable can be followed by an input directory name e g where an existing model is located and an output directory name e g where the files can be written after modification such as ZETUP c myDirectory c myDirectory newFiles These strings could be placed in a batch file a text file with a bat extension e g runzetup bat and the name of this batch file typed on the command line omit the extension when doing this e g type runzetup SS 0x Type the name of a pr
38. ns 1 and 3 the algorithm solves for d y dx and in section 2 the algorithm solves for d x dy In effect the co ordinate system is being rotated A consequence of this technique of splitting the river channel into sections is that additional conditions must be defined at the boundaries between sections These additional conditions are based on the first derivative at the section boundary The boundary condition uses the gradient of the line joining the spline points either side of the section boundary The appropriate first derivative boundary conditions are shown in Figure 32 16 14 17 18 19 20 13 12 11 10 9 8 T 2 3 4 5 6 Figure 30 Example river containing reversals at point 7 and 13 34 v Figure 31 Possible shape of cubic spline when interpolating set of points containing reversals y A 15 D gt X 5 16 i 14 x Section 3 N 17 ig 19 20 13 i 12 i Boundary conditon defined by the gradient llc of the dashed line x A Section 2 9 i 8 Boundary conditon defined by the gradient gt X of the dashed line Section 1 7 2 a 4 5 6 Figure 32 Division of the river channel into sections for cubic spline interpolation 35
39. ogram folder document or Internet resource and Windows will open it For you Open cmd hd Cancel Browse Figure 1 Starting a command line window from the Windows start menu In the event that an error occurs messages are written to the screen If ZETUP is run from Explorer it may terminate before the user is able to read the error messages The program is menu driven and accepts direct input from the keyboard In addition to input from the keyboard some procedures read data from files The format of all the input data files is described in detail in the relevant section of this manual On execution of the program the user is presented with the menu shown in Figure 3 CA WINNT system32 cmd exe gt cd zetup project TNzetup project 5help cd isplays the name of or changes the current directory HDIR 7D drive path HDIR 1 D 7D drive path P Specifies that you want to change to the parent directory ype CD drive to display the current directory in the specified drive ype CD without parameters to display the current drive and directory se the D switch to change current drive in addition to changing current irectory for a drive If Command Extensions are enabled CHDIR changes as follous he current directory string is converted to use the same case as he on disk names So CD C TEMP would actually set the current irectory to C Temp if that is the case on disk HDIR command does not treat space
40. r heads computed by the simulation model ZOOMQ3D Information regarding the use of Surfer blanking files is presented in the Surfer User s Guide Golden Software Inc 1994 The use of this file is also discussed in the ZOOMQ3D manual in reference to the visualisation of groundwater head contours 62 BOUNDARY DXF The second output file is boundary dxf This is a standard file format used by CAD software and can be viewed using for example AutoCAD ArcView ArcMap or Surfer If these commercial products are not available to the user dxf viewers can be downloaded from the internet The file contains a single letter written at each of the nodes on the boundary of the finite difference mesh These letters represent the type of the boundary node The types are illustrated in Figure 26 a Gl LF tL T sc T T g Figure 26 Boundary node types 6 3 BOUNDARY_MAP ZTP The text file boundary map ztp contains a matrix of characters organised to correspond to the number of columns and rows in the base grid It is a map of the base grid Nodes on the boundary of the model are indicated by the letter b The letter o indicates points outside the model boundary Node objects are not created at these locations Nodes inside the model 27 boundary are specified by the letter i The file allows the user to visually check that the boundary has been defined correctly however this is done more easily by examining
41. s as delimiters so it is possible to D into a subdirectory name that contains a space vithout surrounding he name vith quotes For example cd winnt prof iles username programs start menu is the same as cd winnt profiles username programs start menu hich is what you would have to type if extensions were disabled Nzetup project Figure2 Example of changing the working directory within a console window CWINNT system32 cmd exe zetup zetup_pro ject gt zetup ZETUP The set up program for the groundwater flow model ZOOMQ3D X XX X KKK Create the base grid Refine a grid area Remove a refined grid area Add a river Remove a river Load an existing model for modification Finish ZETUP Figure3 Initial ZETUP screen The size of the console box can be adjusted by clicking on the icon in the top left hand corner of its window and selecting Properties from the menu list Suitable values for the width and height of the window and its associated screen buffer are shown in Figure 3 CVWINNT system32scmd exe Properties Options Font Layout Colors pallet r Screen Buffer Size Width 120 m Height 300 r Window Size 34 Width 120 Height 50 r Window Position Left 18 E IV Let system position window Figure4 Changing the properties of the console window 3 Creating the base grid To create the base grid option 1 is selected from the menu T
42. spline point is specified on the subsequent lines of the block Each line represents one spline point The data at each spline point is described in Table 5 where the line numbers in the third column refer to the file riverl map dat The spline point data within each block must be listed in sequence from the downstream to upstream end of the branch A spline point should be defined at the upper and lower limits of the branch and at the confluence of any channels Spline points at a river confluence will be defined more than once in the data file because they exist on more than one branch Care must be taken at these points to replicate the data associated with the point exactly If different data is defined at the same spline point on different branches ZETUP produces a warning 22 river1l map dat River One l5 Branch One 0 33 1500 0 00 1705 500 00 1897 750 26 2125 971 29 2444 1238 28 2619 1588 58 2775 1933 2968 2208 3056 2335 3157 2670 3325 2860 3503 3114 3540 3242 3522 3361 3481 3564 3499 3790 3733 3901 4016 4028 4160 4273 4153 4641 4377 4710 4610 4842 4635 5090 4569 5406 4923 5429 5251 5477 5442 5705 5454 5914 5301 6051 5335 6235 5463 6490 5523 6711 5500 7000 Branch 2 1 22 2444 21 1238 28 2698 28 1251 72 2953 01 1254 21 3312 870 89 3674 639 72 4004 833 77 4178 1184 4460 1370 4750 1186 4947 1109 5180 1134 5358 1219 5502 1335
43. t real world features For example a pumped well is represented by an object Pumped wells are described by data such as a depth and radius and have the capability to pump water out of an aquifer References are made in this manual to objects which represent finite difference grids and rivers 1 2 UNIT CONVENTION All lengths in ZETUP must be specified in metres The unit of time is specified as days ZETUP reads hydraulic conductivity data for the beds of rivers which is specified in m day Table1 List of all main ZOOMQ3D input files produced by ZETUP 1 aquifer map 3 grids out 2 boundary out 4 rivers out NB boundary out grids out and rivers out must be renamed boundary dat grids dat and rivers dat for input into ZOOMQ3D However boundary dat is produced if ZETUP is being used to construct a new model If an existing model is re loaded into ZETUP for modification boundary out will then be created Table2 List of all other ZOOMQ3D input files produced by ZETUP as templates 1 anisotropy map amp anisotropy cod amp anisotropy cod per layer 2 clock dat 3 contour_times dat 4 entry_method dat 5 fixedheads dat 6 gauging stations dat 7 hydcond map amp hydcond cod amp hydcond dat per layer 8 initialflow dat 9 initialh map amp initialh cod per layer 10 initialh dat 11 leakage dat 12 noflow map per layer 13 obsleak dat 14 obswells dat 15 pumpin
44. um Earth Galleries Exhibition Road South Kensington London SW7 2DE 020 7589 4090 020 7942 5344 45 Fax 020 7584 8270 email bgslondon bgs ac uk Forde House Park Five Business Centre Harrier Way Sowton Exeter Devon EX2 7HU T 01392 445271 Fax 01392 445371 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland 20 College Gardens Belfast BT9 6BS 4 028 9066 6595 Fax 028 9066 2835 Maclean Building Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB 01491 838800 Fax 01491 692345 Sophia House 28 Cathedral Road Cardiff CF11 9LJ T 029 2066 0147 Fax 029 2066 0159 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council Polaris House North Star Avenue Swindon Wiltshire SN2 1EU 01793 411500 Fax 01793 411501 www nerc ac uk Foreword This development of the modelling software within the ZOOM family of which ZETUP is a part has been undertaken through a continuing tripartite collaboration between the University of Birmingham the Environment Agency and the British Geological Survey The development of ZETUP and ZOOMQ3D was initially undertaken at the University of Birmingham between 1998 and 2001 but continued after this time as a collaborative project between the three partner organisations Since the inception of the collaborative project the development of the software has been directed by the ZOOM steering committee the members of which are University of Birmingham Dr Andrew Spink Environment Agency Steve Fletcher
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