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Analyst User Manual

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2. 00nnna0nnnnnannnennnenennnn 15 Analyst User Manual Table of Contents 3 1 Introduction Analyst is a Windows based program designed to allow you to view edit and analyse luminescence data collected using a Ris automated TL OSL reader It offers a range of facilities including equivalent dose determination Additionally since it is impossible for any analytical program to cater for every possibility it allows you to export the data in a variety of formats so that it can be transferred to other programs including spreadsheets The basic file structure used by Analyst is the BINX file This program has been designed to operate in conjunction with the Sequence Editor programme supplied by Risg for running the latest generation of automated TL OSL readers Older version of this software created BIN files and these are compatible for this version of Analyst but not all of the features described here are available with BIN files A detailed description of the format of this file type is given in Appendix A The important point to note at this stage is that by using this data format each luminescence measurement is stored in a record that contains not only the numerical data from the luminescence measurement itself but a wide range of additional information as well This information can be grouped into three categories sample characteristics measurement conditions and analytical data Some of this information is automatically plac
3. HI Single Aliquot Analysis SAR 1 binx Function Curve Fitting Options Summary Statistics Num Values C Mean 15D C Mean 15E O Wt Mean C Common Age Central Age Ze No display Overdisp Overdisp s MSWD 4 5 6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 40 2 3 Time 3 Dose s SAR Cycle Current Grain Lx Tx Data Summary Data Reader ID 356 0 084 Gy s Disc number K Natural 1811304 10523 9 406327 13233 7 4 581 0 098 Parameters Use prev BG for test dose Use recycled points for fitting 1559781 15994 5 369416 17637 7 4389 0 093 Force growth curve through origin 902828 12702 3 392850 15010 5 2 356 0 050 Integration Limits 75 2021864 18365 3 341983 194164 6 211 0 132 Signal 1 E Error Calculations 18311 14156 4 338584 16026 1 0 013 0 001 BG 200 250 aj Measurement error 25 756205 14199 9 326316 159574 2391 0 051 E Monte Carlo repeats Maximum Number of Discs 48 Iw Incorporate error on curve fitting Acceptance Criteria Iw Use errors when applying criteria Curve Fitting Linear Results ED s 52 22 1 59 Iw Max test dose error a 1 29E 002 5 14E 004 Ree DEE b 8 75E 002 1 08E 003 2 Mi 1 01 0 03 R 5 A 1 03 0 0 R4 N Ee 0 0 Max Recup ZofN e Sr E Y teca EIS Average error in fit 0 0988 Y Tn signal more than 3 sigma above BG X Reject Reduced Chi 2 17 17 C o A TOES e Figure 6 2 1 a Initial display in the Single Aliquot re
4. 50 400 150 200 250 300 350 400 Temperature C Figure 6 1 1 b Additive dose growth curve using the same data as above but with normalisation Norm3 The other type of normalisation data that is included with this file Norm2 was obtained by making a short OSL measurement of each aliquot prior to any dosing or bleaching You will also need to select which type of equation you want to fit to the growth curve data You can select from Linear Quadratic Cubic Exponential Exponential plus linear and the sum of two exponentials under the Curve Fitting menu at the top of the screen The individual data points are plotted on the growth curve in the upper right of the screen When the mouse is clicked on a data point the TL glow curve or OSL decay curve if appropriate is displayed in the bottom left of the screen The equation that is currently being fitted to the growth curve is shown in the upper left of the screen As well as the numerical values for the different parameters the average error in the fit is given as well This is the average deviation of the data points away from the fitted growth curve and is incorporated into the error calculation for the De As with all graphs in Analyst it is possible to alter the appearance of graphs copy data from graphs to other packages or copy an image of the graph to the clipboard If your BIN file has had the dose rate entries filled out then a menu Options will be shown and
5. Ratio to single point When the SAR page is first opened the curve fitting is Linear Eu by default The first six options for curve fitting are mathematical functions to fit to the entire dose response data set The last two options Interpolate and Ratio to single point do not involve any mathematical fitting The equations fitted are listed below A Levenberg Marquardt method is used to fit the selected equation to the dose response curve data and the fitted parameters are given in the box entitled Curve fitting at the bottom of the page Note that if you select Force growth curve through origin in the Parameters listed on the right hand side of the SA screen then the constants are removed from the equations below Linear Fit y at bx Quadratic y a bx ex Cubic NV SO bx cre A dy Exponential Sie y a 1 e b Exponential plus linear xtc y a 1 e b ox Sum of two exponentials y a 1 e c 1 e 4 g An example of a dose response curve fitted with the sum of two exponentials is given in Figure 6 2 1 3 b along with the numercial parameters for the fit in Figure 6 2 1 3 c The reduced chi squared value given at the bottom of the fitted parameters Figure 6 2 1 3 c may be used to help decide which type of curve fitting is appropriate for the current data Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 3 Curve Fitting menu 38 EN E 12 gt Hr 11 10 g S EP Ai 6 5 H J 2 1 f ok o
6. The options in this menu are Copy Paste Copy Selection amp Data Copy Selection amp Data transposed 4 1 Copy For any numeric variable in the records that are displayed within Analyst you can copy and paste from one set of records to another For instance suppose that you want to use the results of one set of OSL measurements as normalising factors for a second set of measurements on the same discs later in the sequence To do this you would ensure that the normalisation factor that you want to place the results in is visible on the screen click on the Display Information list to make sure it is there and then integrate the OSL signal in the first set of measurements say records 6 10 using the Integral option from the Display Information list in the bottom right of the screen This will create a column of data so that you can then it select using the mouse or keyboard and then do Copy Selection You can now select the area of the normalisation column where you want to paste the data to say records 26 30 and use Paste Selection If the two data sets are compatible then the data will be pasted into the appropriate records and the display updated If the data is not compatible then no change will be made to the BINX file eg Analyst SAR Lbink e i Records Analysis Export View Window Options About Ctrl C Ctrl V Copy Selection amp Data Copy selection amp Data transposed Natura TL Nat
7. 002 b 7 56E 001 1 62E 000 CG AUDE 001 2 426 001 Average error in fit 1853 Leni 5 SS E es de E eg ai A o 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 O0 Dose Record 1 ba bo Oo wh D OH cn a TL cts per 1 580 C a 50 400 150 200 250 300 350 400 Temperature C oom in Using left mouse button move left to right Return to full screen using left mouse button move right to left Hold and drag right mouse buttorn to scroll Clic Figure 6 1 1 a Additive dose growth curve for file Additive 1 BIN The display shown above has not had any normalisation applied and hence there is a large scatter between data points In the sequence two sets of normalisation factors were obtained one prior to irradiation and the second after measurement of the additive dose data set After selecting to apply the Norm3 normalisation value on the front page of Analyst see Section 2 3 Front Panel Controls the scatter in the data is decreased as shown below Analyst User Manual 6 1 1 Integral De 2 LE Growth Curve Analysis Additive Dose Function Curve Fitting Curve Fitting Low Integral channels 40 Integral ED 153 1 2 High Integral channels Y a 1 expl x c b a 6 416 004 5 126 002 b 6 94E 001 1 286 000 c 2 65E 001 3 90E 001 140 230 OSL ch kA CH CH Average error in t 483 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 O0 Dose Record 1
8. AS well as showing the record number in the column on the far left of the display headed Rec the second column headed Selected shows whether a given record is selected for analysis or not When a BINX file is created all the records are selected by default and thus will appear as True However in many types of analysis it will be necessary to select only those records that are relevant Analyst uses two ways of selecting which data to manipulate Selecting Data and Highlighting Data Understanding these two terms and being familiar with how to highlight or select data is essential to maximise the use of Analyst Analyst User Manual 2 2 Selecting and Highlighting Records Ta Analyst SAR Lbinx File Edit Records Analysis Export View Window Options About D i x BCC Le selected Current File Display Information File DAD 1 bin Records 120 Selected 120 O Highlighted Subtract Background Allow data to be shifted E Normalization Hone Current Mouse Position Temperature Time Temperature op 30 an 2 Coordinate cts per 0 51 3 Snead ua L L Z o 5 Luminescence Signal Time 00 50 04 Apr 15 Figure 2 2 a Initial display in Analyst when a file is opened Highlighting Data Within the list of records in the main part of the display you can highlight one or more records This is done using the mouse and the key pad in a standard Windows manner You can select a single record by clicking in
9. Automatic Inverted Log Base 10 le Figure 2 5 b The Edit Graph option on the popup menu associated with graphs brings up a dialogue box containing a very wide range of options for controlling the appearance of the graph There are a huge range of other parameters than can be altered e g font size for labels text to be used for axis labels whether to show a grid on the graph to give a title to the graph etc etc Note that unless you tick the option to Save graph settings after exit any changes that you make will disappear when you close Analyst Additionally some parameters such as the labels for the axes e g OSL cts per 0 16 s are automatically set by Analyst every time it displays a new record and thus changes that you make to that parameter will not be preserved However aspects such as the font size and colour will be preserved Save graph settings after exit Any changes that you make to the appearance of a graph in Analyst will normally be lost when you exit the Window However if you wish to retain the settings for use next time you open Analyst then you can tick the option Save graph settings after exit This will save the settings and will automatically apply them next time you open Analyst If you uncheck this menu option then the graph settings will not be saved and when you next restart Analyst the default graph settings will be applied Copy Image to clipboard Copy data to clipboard Edit image vd
10. Gy s Irradiation dose rate error Gy s Time since last irradiation s Time unit time tick for pulse parameters s On time for pulsed stimulation in time ticks Stimulation period on off time in time ticks PMT signal gating enabled Start of gating in time ticks from start of on pulse End of gating in time ticks from start of on pulse Photon Timer enabled PMT dead time correction enabled PMT dead time s Stimulation power corresponding to 100 mW cm XRF acquisition time s XRF X ray high voltage V XRF X ray current uA XRF dead time fraction Detector ID Lower filter ID Upper filter ID Norm2 Norm3 BG Shift Tag LType LightSource LightPower Low High Rate Temperature MeasTemp An_Temp An_Time Delay On Off IRR_Time IRR_Type IRR_DoseRate DoseRateErr TimeSincelrr TimeTick OnTime StimPeriod GateEnabled GateStart GateEnd PTenabled DTenabled DeadTime MaxLPower XrfAcqTime XrfHV XrfCurr XrfDeadTimeF Analyst User Manual 13 1 Appendix A BINX file format Single Single Single Small Integer Byte Byte Byte Single Single Single Single Small Integer Small Integer Single Single Small Integer Small Integer Small Integer Single Byte Single Single Long Integer Single Long Integer Long Integer Byte Long Integer Long Integer Byte Byte Single Single Single Single Long Integer Single Byte Small Integer Small Integer
11. This menu offers a range of tools that allow you to manipulate whole records with a BINX file Each TL OSL POSL etc measurement is a single record within a BINX file You may wish to edit the parameters describing each record or to copy records from one BINX file to another one The options in this menu are Select Unselect Edit Current Record Block Edit Highlight All Records Copy Highlighted Records Paste Records Delete Highlighted Records Move Highlighted Records New Record 5 1 Select Selecting and unselecting records is a vital part of processing your data Using Select All and Unselect All you can choose which records you want selected and which not There are three sub menu options a You can choose to select all the highlighted records b every record in the current BINX file or c just those records of a certain type This last option is the most flexible and is particularly useful if you want to undertake analysis of a complex data file You can use any of the parameters listed in the BINX file see Appendix A to filter which records you wish to select Select Records Choose which part of the data stored within each record you want to use in order to decide whether to select or unselect the record Criteria for zelecting unselecting records Select records tf ba les dE ba les dE IJ x Cancel Figure 5 1 a Selecting records based on
12. Ty graph on the right hand side of the screen and the Convert to Gy menu item will be available If the dose rate has not been set then then menu item is greyed Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 4 Options menu 39 If the Convert to Gy option is selected then the Dose Rate is used to convert all the regeneration doses from seconds to Gray The x axis of the dose response curve is then plotted in Gy and the equivalent dose is expressed in Gy Show error limits Checking this option will show the uncertainties on the L T ratio and interpolate these onto the dose response curve and the dose axis Show asymmetric errors Analyst normally expresses the uncertainty on each equivalent dose as a symmetric value but as samples approach saturation this approximation becomes less appropriate Figure 6 2 1 4 b Selecting this option will yield asymmetric uncertainties with the symmetric positive and negative uncertainty on the L T ratio extrapolated to yield asymmetric uncertainties in De Lal oO 2 MA Du P hm JO 00 o 50 3100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Dose Gy Figure 6 2 1 4 b Dose response curve showing the best estimate of the Dg solid red line and the calculated uncertainties dashed red lines In this case the error limits are asymmetric because of the curvature of the dose response curve Note that these asymmetric errors are shown on the screen but the symmetrical errors are used when combining De values Show Tx Tn graph
13. box is unchecked or if the TL component should be removed from the OSL measurements box is checked The signal subtracted during optical stimulation is based on the TL signals measured in the channel prior to optical stimulation and the channel after optical stimulation If more than one channel of optical stimulation is used then the estimated TL intensity is interpolated 2 500 2 500 2 000 2 000 50 DC 4 500 4 500 1 000 3 000 TOL cts per 0 50 C TOL cts per O 500 500 a a D 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 D 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Temperature CC Temperature CC Figure 2 3 b TOL data for an aliquot of quartz without any TL subtraction left and with TL subtraction right The OSL signal shown in brown decreases monotonically after subtraction Normalisation If you are attempting to compare two or more aliquots of a sample you will often want to normalise the results in order to compensate for differences that are inherent to the sub samples For instance you may have made 4 aliquots of a sample but the mass of sample on each aliquot is very different 1 0 1 5 1 2 2 0 mg In this case you would not expect the OSL or TL signal from each aliquot to be the same In fact you would expect that all other things being equal you would get twice as much signal from the fourth aliquot as you would from the first Since the mass is twice as much To compensate for such differences you can ent
14. 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 Dose 31 Figure 6 2 1 3 b Example of a dose response curve fitted with the sum of two exponentials The parameters of the equation fitted to the dose response curve are saved as part of the Summary Data table when the Accept button is pressed in the bottom left hand side of the screen Further information about the data saved in the Summary Data table is given in Appendix B Curve Fitting Sum of two exponentials Y a3 1 espl b e 1 espl d g a 3 66E 000 2 16E 000 b 3 446 002 1 26E 002 c 9 96E 000 1 76E 000 d 1 57E 003 4 51E 002 g 3 r3E 002 2 22E 003 Average eror in fit 0 0150 Reduced Ch 23 0 31 Figure 6 2 1 3 c Parameters for the dose response curve shown in Figure 6 2 1 3 b 6 2 1 4 Options menu The options menu provides the following facilities Convert to Gy v Show error limits Show asymmetric errors Show Tx Tn graph Figure 6 2 1 4 a Options menu in the single aliquot regeneration function Convert to Gy The BINX file header has an entry for the Dose Rate of the radiation source used to irradiate aliquots In more recent versions of the Sequence Editor the user can set the dose rate of the beta source so that it is automatically inserted into BINX files wnen measurements are made Alternatively the user can set the Dose Rate using the Block Edit command If the current BINX file has had the Dose Rate set then this will appear immediately below the T
15. Cancel Figure 2 2 c Using multiple criteria to select records in the BINX file In this case because the term AND has been used between each criteria all three criteria have to be met for a record to be selected Alternatively the term OR can be used if either criteria can be Analyst User Manual 2 2 Selecting and Highlighting Records 9 met for a record to be selected If a larger number of criteria are needed then any number can be added by clicking on the symbol Criteria can be removed by clicking the symbol You can also select records when looking at your file using Sequence View which shows the sequence used to collected the BINX file 2 3 Front Panel Controls The front display of Analyst gives you a range of controls on how the data in the current BINX file is analysed These are all displayed in the bottom left of the screen and include the ability to subtract a background value of each record individually to shift the data describing a record along the X axis either to shift the temperature or time axes and the ability to apply one of three normalisation values Current File File 54 A 1 Dim Records 120 Selected 60 Highlighted Subtract Background Allow data to be shifted E Subtract TL in TOL data Mormalizatior Mone Current Mouse Position Time Temperature Luminescence Signal Figure 2 3 a Front panel controls visible in Analyst Background Subtraction In almost
16. Checking this option forces the Tx Tn graph to be shown on the right hand side of the screen Figure 6 2 1 4 c This can be useful if a Summary Diagram is currently being shown Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 4 Options menu 40 DU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 9J 10 11 SAR Cycle Figure 6 2 1 4 c Tx Tn graph showing the change in apparent sensitivity of the aliqot or grain through the SAR sequence 6 2 1 5 Displaying the change in sensitivity Tx Tn The change in sensitivity of the aliquot through the SAR sequence is defined by changes in the response to the test dose e g Armitage et al 2000 A graph of this variation is shown on the upper right hand side of the screen This space is also used to display a summary plot if multiple De values have been calculated The plot of the change in sensitivity can always be restored using the Show Tx Tn graph from the options menu 0 9 D OS e E A 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 Tan SAR Cycle Figure 6 2 1 5 a Change in the ratio of T T for a single aliquot during a SAR sequence The graph plots the test dose for each cycle in the SAR sequence normalised to the signal from the first natural cycle see figure 6 2 1 5 a and thus starts from unity by definition A horizontal dotted red line marks the value of 1 00 which would indicate no sensitivity change 6 2 1 6 Calculation of uncertainty in De The default option for Analyst to use to calculate the uncertainty on an equivalent dos
17. Integer 2 Length of previous record Previous Small Integer 2 Number of data points NPoints Small Integer 2 Luminescence type LType Byte 1 Low temperature time wavelength Low Single 4 High temperature time wavelength High Single 4 Rate heating rate scan rate Rate Single 4 Sample temperature Temperature Small Integer 2 X position of a single grain XCoord Small Integer 2 Y position of a single grain YCoord Small Integer 2 TOL delay channels Delay Small Integer 2 TOL on channels On Small Integer 2 TOL off channels Off Small Integer 2 Carousel position Position Byte 1 Run number Run Byte 1 Data collection time hh mm ss Time String 7 Data collection date dd mm yy Date String 7 Sequence name Sequence String 9 User name User String 9 Data type Dtype Byte 1 Irradiation time IRR_Time Single 4 Irradiation type alpha beta or gamma IRR_Type Byte 1 Irradiation unit Gy Rads secs mins hrs IRR_UNIT Byte 1 Bleaching time BI Time Single 4 Bleaching unit mJ J secs mins hrs BI Unit Byte 1 Annealing temperature An_Temp Single 4 Annealing time An_Time Single 4 Normalisation factor 1 Norm1 Single 4 Normalisation factor 2 Norm2 Single 4 Normalisation factor 3 Norm3 Single 4 Background level BG Single 4 Number of channels to shift data Shift Small Integer 2 Sample name Sample String 21 Comment Comment String 81 Light Source LightSource Byte 1 Set Number Set Byte 1 Tag Tag Byte 1 Grain Number G
18. Save graph settings after exit Figure 2 5 c Popup menu associated with graphs in Analyst illustrating how it is possible to select to Save graph settings after exit Note that this option is not available on all graphs in Analyst Analyst User Manual 2 5 Graphs in Analyst 16 3 File Menu The File menu allows the user to create open and save BINX or BIN data files for Analyst Keyboard shortcuts and speed buttons are available for the most commonly used actions New Open Save and Exit Note that most of the main menu items e g Edit Records etc are not available until a BINX file is opened T Analyst Edit Records Analysis Export View Window Options About TN New cCtrl N u AAA A lar Open Ctrl O Save Save As Alt X Current File Current Record Display Information File F d Grain number Gr Aun Number one j Set Number Highlighted Data Type Subtract Background de ie Allow data to be shifted D um Fonts Lumin Type Normalisation Mone we Low Current Mouse Position Temperature Time Temperature 4 Coordinate Luminescence Signal Selected 01 04 04 Apr 15 User Default Figure 3 a File menu in Analyst 3 1 New It is unlikely that you will need to create a new BINX file since you will normally be working on data collected from the reader However sometimes you may wish to create a new BINX file so that you can copy records into it from other BINX files The
19. Tx values obtained after administering the same regeneration dose but with the period of time between irradiation and measurement being varied The critical piece of information used to calculate the fading rate is the period of time between irradiation and measurement This is stored in the BINX header in the parameter called Time since irr and is the period of time between the start of an irradiation command and the start of the measurement command This is set by Sequence Editor when the irradiation and the luminescence measurement are made in the same sequence For calculating the g value the approach outlined in Auclair et al 2003 is used The value t is used to denote the time since irradiation and takes into account the fact that irradiation takes a finite period of time The value of t is calculated using the equation below with the values of t1 and t2 defined as shown in the diagram below taken from Auclair et al 2003 The diagram fits the change in Lx Tx as a function of t to obtain the slope and hence the g value The g value is normalised to a t of 2 days Huntley and Lamothe 2001 IRSL IRSL prompt delayed IRRADIATION TIME t Lal Figure 6 4 a Illustration of time relationships relevant for calculating t from Auclair et al 2003 Analyst User Manual 6 4 Fading Test 49 In order to obtain the most accurate g values it is useful to collect data spanning as many decades of time as possible Thus a series of
20. all luminescence measurements there is some background component to the signal This may be a dark count from the photomultiplier tube breakthrough of the optical stimulation source or some other source of background One of the items of data stored as part of each data record in the BINX file is a background value This is set to a value of zero by the Sequence Editor when it generates a BINX file but you can input any value that you want see Edit Current Record This value may be the same for a whole suite of measurements if you are simply subtracting the dark count of the photomultiplier tube or it may be a different value for each record The value that is entered into the data structure for record is the numerical value to subtract per channel By default Analyst does not take account of the background value If you want this to be subtracted from the data then you must tick the box on the bottom left of the front display screen Shifting data A second parameter that is included in the BINX file for each record is called Shift By default this is set to zero by the Sequence Editor This is the number of channels that you want to translate the data along the X axis during analysis If the value is positive then the data are shifted to higher temperatures or times along the X axis The main use for this type of editing of the data is if you are making TL measurements and they have been affected by thermal lag between the hotplat
21. alter the initial values of any of the parameters simply by typing new values into the boxes on the right hand side of the screen Then press Fit to see whether the LM method can find an appropriate mathematical solution Fixing parameter values To the left of each of the parameters is a check box with the label Fix at the top of the column By default these boxes are unchecked meaning that the value for that parameter will not be fixed and Analyst User Manual 6 3 Component Fitting 48 that it will be optimised by the Levenberg Marquardt method when the user presses the Fit button However there may be times when you want to fix an individual parameter Perhaps you want to fix the values of b1 and b2 for a set of OSL data so that you can compare the n1 n2 etc values Once you check the Fix box then the value for that parameter will not be altered by the LM fitting method Note a If the CW OSL data was collected with a number of channels collected BEFORE optical stimulation was switched on and then some channels collected AFTER optical stimulation was switched off then the fitting will be applied only to the data collected whilst optical stimulation was active b At present it is not possible to undertake component fitting on LM OSL data 6 4 Fading Test The measurement of anomalous fading outlined by Huntley and Lamothe 2001 is well suited to a single aliquot method Analyst provides the opportunity to analyse a series of Lx
22. aspects of a record in the main display by selecting each item in the list in the bottom right hand panel of Analyst You can also alter some parameters of the BINX header in this main display those which are simple numeric values can be changed in the main display e g irradiation time However more complex parameters e g Luminescence Type can only be changed using Edit Current Record to edit an individual record or the block edit command for many records at the same time The simplest way is using the Edit Current Record command This can be accessed either from the Records menu or by pressing F2 This will display a summary of all the information held in the BIN file about the record that is currently highlighted Figure 5 3 a Record number 6 Info Sample Name Samplel Sequence Name 5AR 1 User Name Edward Carousel pos DN Grain Number oo Curve Number oo Comment disks U340 quartz calibration Datapoints 250 System ID 356 Date 26031 5 Time 1 00620 Version no 6 Length 1447 Figure 5 3 a Display of record information obtained by pressing F2 on the main display or clicking Edit Current Record from the Records menu Analyst User Manual 5 2 Unselect 22 Record number 6 Treatment ff or Data type Natural si Lum Type osL y x a IRR Time ME Type beta Ce Dose rate 0 0840 Dose rate error 0 0000 e Time since last radiation PO Bleach Time 0 00 Unit Se
23. curve say the first 2 seconds and the last 2 seconds and then use FLEXI to plot these two integrals against each other Analyst User Manual 6 5 3 Flexi Plot 57 7 Export Menu Two items under this menu heading allow you to take data out of Analyst for further analysis or graphing These are Current Data Display to export data as it is displayed on the main Analyst page and Group Averages allowing you to calculate the mean and standard deviation of groups of records as defined by the Group Definitions 7 1 Current Data Display The most flexible method for exporting data is provided by the Current Data Display option Essentially this allows you to export whatever you are currently displaying on the main screen Select whatever part of the BINX file records you want to export using the list of Display Information Once you are happy that you have the correct data displayed select the Export Current Data Display menu item This will give you a number of options as shown below Export data for Onentation e All records e Horizontally as shown C Rotat id th h OU C Selected records Ge Separator Include e Comma i Record Numbers t Space i Column Titles C TAB Selected Unselectec Every data channel Figure 7 1 a Export Current Data is the most flexible method of exporting data 7 2 Group Averages Using the Group definition option in the Options menu you can make Analyst a
24. file This can be useful if one wishes to make changes to all the records in a file using the Block Edit command Alternative ways of highlighting records are described in the section on Selecting and Highlighting records 5 6 Copy Highlighted Records You may often want to move records from one file to another For instance you may have made an initial set of measurements in one run on the TL OSL reader and a second set of measurements later You can combine the data into a single BINX file by moving records from one data file to another using the Copy and Paste commands In order to copy one or more records you should have opened both the BINX file from which you want to copy records and the BINX file to which you want to copy them Once this is done highlight the records and then select Copy Highlighted Records Analyst will then copy these records to the clipboard Note that the records are just copied and not deleted from the source file You can now switch to the BINX file that you want to copy the records to using the Window menu and then select Paste Records This will add the records on to the end of this BINX data file 5 7 Paste Records See Copy Highlighted Records 5 8 Delete Highlighted Records Analyst User Manual 5 5 Highlight All Records 24 You may at times want to remove a set of records from a BINX file In order to do this simply highlight the records and select Delete Highlighted Records Note that o
25. included are replicate measurements of the prompt and 1 hour measurement Including data for this longer storage time has reduced the uncertainty on the g value that was seen when using only the shorter storage times Figure 6 4 c Analyst User Manual 6 4 Fading Test 52 Single Aliquot Fading 7 Function Options Record 2 13 000 12 000 11 000 10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 IRSL cts per 0 40 s O 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1 Time 3 SAR Cycle Delay t hrs Current Grain Lx Tx Data Summary Data Disc number Reader ID 356 Unrecognised RO 125711 8 233 123753 8 011 Aol teil Use prev BG for test dose 123442 7 862 Integration Limits 128981 8 089 Signal fi 20 ees e Error Calculations BG 400 lt am si Seen Se Measurement error 1 5 BEE Monte Carlo repeats 100 Maximum Number of R 126296 Discs 48 129231 8 285 7 779 Iw Incorporate error on curve fitting Rejection Criteria Iw Use errors when applying criteria Curve Fitting Linear Results gt Recycling ratio limit 2 a bx sch Y Accent Y ee E q value 2 25 0 83 Fo Max teat does erior Xt b 1 73E 001 6 35E 002 X Reject x Reduced Chi 2 0 41 Iw Signal more than 3 sigma above BG Zoom in using left mouse button move left to right Return to full screen using left mouse button move right to left Hold and drag right mouse buttom t
26. is to set the time since irradiation and irradiation time for the measurements made in the second BINX file after the external storage Set 1 Run 4 and Run 5 Because these were measured in a separate sequence the Sequence Editor had no way of knowing what previous irradiation had been administered or when Thus the user has to add this information into the BINX file The irradiation time is 460 seconds so setting this value is straightforward The time since irradiation has to be calculated by the user and users will presumably maintain their own records Information about the time of the last irradiation in the first sequence can be gained from the TL measurements made for preheating in Set 7 in the example here the last TL measurement for aliquot 1 record number 141 occurred at 11 42 of 14th May 2014 The first IRSL measurement in the second BINX file was recorded at 15 25 on 18th May 2014 The time between those two measurements is 4 days 3 hours and 43 minutes Analyst User Manual 6 4 Fading Test 51 358 980 seconds or 100 hours The time since irradiation that should be entered in Analyst should also include the period of irradiation 460 seconds making a total of 359 440 seconds to make it comparable with the value automatically set by Sequence Editor see start of this section The time since irradiation and irradiation time parameters can be set either using Edit Record or by typing directly into the main screen of Analyst as
27. measurements with short storage times are made for instance the prompt measurement shown above and then longer periods of storage are used to increase the magnitude of the change in signal that is seen Prompt measurements and measurements with delay times of tens of hours are easily done within a single sequence of measurements However making measurements for longer storage as part of an automated sequence on the Ris reader becomes wasteful of instrument time Thus it is common to make the short measurements with a single sequence and then irradiate aliquots before taking them out of the reader and storing them externally for days weeks or months After storage the IRSL delayed signal is read out in a second sequence thus generating a second BINX file To generate g values using the combined data sets both prompt and long storage the two BINX files or more if you make multiple long storage times can be combined in Analyst to create a single BINX file The Time Since Irr entry in the second BINX file and the irradiation time will not be set automatically since the instrument has no way of knowing this information Thus the user has to enter this data manually An example of this is shown below using data sets included with Analyst Example of fading analysis In the example data sets included with Analyst are three data files demonstrating the use of the fading calculation Fading_Prompt 1hr 10hr_delay BINX and Fading_100hr Prompt 1hr BI
28. new BINX file will be given the default name NoName01 BINX You can have a maximum of 4 BINX files open at a time and can transfer records from one file to another using the Copy Highlighted Records command in the Records menu 3 2 Open Open an existing BINX or BIN file and display it You can have a maximum of 4 BINX files open at any time and can switch between them using the Window menu Analyst User Manual 3 File Menu 17 3 3 Save Save the current BINX file with its existing name incorporating any changes that have been 3 4 Save As Save the current BINX file to a different file name or directory 3 5 Close Close the current BINX file If the file has been edited since it was opened or since it was last saved then you will be asked whether you want to save the file before closing it If you choose not to save the file then any changes are lost 3 6 Exit Close Analyst If any BINX files are open then each is closed in turn and if they have been modified then you will be asked whether you want to save them Analyst User Manual 3 3 Save 18 4 Edit Menu The Edit menu contains a range of commands that allow you to copy and paste numerical data from the main display of Analyst either to another part of the Analyst display screen or to another package within Windows for instance a spreadsheet package This facility makes it possible to undertake a range simple operations including normalisation
29. shown below for record 146 Rec Selected Position Run Number Get Number Irrad Time Lumin Type Temperature Time since Irr 139 False 9 9 6 50 00 IRSL 225 504 140 False 9 10 6 50 00 IRSL 290 802 141 False 1 2 H 460 00 TL 250 538 142 False 3 2 E 460 00 TL 250 538 143 False 5 2 H 460 00 TL 250 538 144 False 7 2 H 460 00 TL 250 538 145 False 9 2 H 460 00 TL 250 538 146 True 1 4 1 460 IRSL 50 359440 147 True 1 5 1 0 00 IRSL 225 1 148 True 1 D 1 50 00 TL 250 128 149 True 1 8 1 50 00 IRSL 50 239 150 True 1 9 1 50 00 IRSL 225 503 151 True 1 10 1 50 00 IRSL 290 802 152 True 3 4 1 0 00 IRSL 50 1 153 True 3 5 1 0 00 IRSL 225 1 154 True 3 H 1 50 00 TL 250 128 155 True 3 8 1 50 00 IRSL 50 240 156 True 3 9 1 50 00 IRSL 225 504 Figure 6 4 d Setting the Irradiation Time and Time Since Irradition values for record 146 directly on the main Analyst screen The same process would need to be done for the post IR IRSL995 measurement for aliquot 1 in record 147 and then the other 4 aliquots that were measured records 152 and 153 158 and 159 164 and 165 and 170 and 171 In the BINX file supplied with Analyst that combined these two data sets the time since irradiation has been set the same for all five aliquots This is a rough approximation and users may prefer to be more precise about these calculations After combining the two BINX files the data for aliquot 1 with the longer storage time 100 hrs is shown below Figure 6 4 e Also
30. the bottom of the screen in the Curve Fitting section and the fitted values for the various parameters are also displayed here Also shown in this section is the average error in the fit This is a measure of the average deviation of the growth curve data from the equation that has been fitted In the box entitled Error calculations on the right hand side of the screen one of these Incorporate error on curve fitting is an option as to whether you want to incorporate this error term into your overall calculation of the error in De This is described in the paper by Duller 2007 in Ancient TL Numerical summary display and automated analysis A summary of the numerical data extracted from the set of OSL measurements for the current aliquot is displayed in the centre of the screen This displays the measurements for each regeneration dose on a separate line The first line shows the data for the Natural signal and the test dose measurement The data are used to calculate a normalised OSL value using the equation Norm OSL Signal BG for the first OSL measurement Signal BG for the test dose measurement This value is displayed in the column marked Ly Ty and the uncertainty in this ratio is displayed in the next column to the right The uncertainty is calculated using the approach described in Galbraith 2002 You can export the data for the current aliquot that is being analysed by usi
31. the main display area Whichever record you select is highlighted by Windows and a graph of the data is displayed at the bottom of the screen You can also select a group of records by holding the Shift key down and using the cursor keys to move up or down Highlighting a set of records is useful if you want to undertake a Block Edit of all those records or if you want to copy move or delete a group of records from the current BINX file The number of highlighted records is constantly displayed in the bottom left hand panel of Analyst Selecting Data The main display of what records are present in a BINX file always displays whether each record has been selected or not this is shown as True or False in the second column of the main display This is stored permanently in the BINX file structure You can select or unselect records in a number of ways The first is using keystrokes Pressing the Insert key will select the record that is currently highlighted and automatically move on to the next record Pressing the Delete key will unselect the record that is currently highlighted and move on to the next record As you Analyst User Manual 2 2 Selecting and Highlighting Records 8 select or unselect records the number of records in the current BINX file that have been selected is displayed in the bottom left hand panel of Analyst The second way of selecting and unselecting data is from the main menu If you choose Re
32. the title of the Analyst window SAR 1 SEC in the example shown below If Analyst cannot find the SEC file then this option is greyed out and unavailable The sequence view is designed to look very like the view in Sequence Editor with sets running down the left hand side of the screen and the run number along the top of the screen AS A A Ha Analyst SAR Lbinx SAR L sec File Edit Records Analysis Export View Window Options About Beta 755 TL 220 C 5 00 Cfs 270Pts PH 220 C TL 220 C 5 00 Cf s 270Pts Beta 105 Beta 105 TL 160 C 5 00 C s 160Pts PH 0 C fo TL 160 C 5 00 C s 160Pts Current File Current Record Display Information File 54A 1 binx Records 120 Selected EH Highlighted 1 e Allow data to be shifted Normalization Hone Current Mouse Position Time Temperature TL cts per 1 00 C 3 3 2 aanjesad we Luminescence Signal Temperature CC 11 19 13 Apr 15 User default Figure 8 2 a Analyst main display when the user switches to Sequence View When a cell is selected which did not collect any data in the sequence then the graph at the bottom of the screen and the box beside it are blank This is shown above where the selected cell is the list of samples for set number 1 When a cell is clicked on that collected some data e g Set 7 Run 1 then the display changes as shown below In the box in the lower right hand side of the screen is a list of all the data c
33. the value of a specific variable within each record In this case those records where the luminescence type is OSL will be selected A simple case is shown above where one wants to restrict analysis to the OSL data collected in the sequence Another situation where this facility is useful is if you have undertaken a sequence with lots of regeneration doses but you want to look at the dose response curve from a subset of these measurements Aother example is where you have used the post IR IRSL method and have mutliple IRSL measurements Using the Select Records option you can select only those records that were IRSL measurements made at an elevated temperature This can be done by Analyst User Manual 5 Records Menu 21 using the Light Source or the Lumin Type attributes of the records and the Set Number or perhaps the Sample Temp attribute that records the temperature of the aliquot when the luminescence measurement was made Note that you can also use the Insert key in the main display to select individual records Simply move the cursor to the record that you want to select and then press the Insert key on the keyboard 5 2 Unselect You can choose whether to unselect every record in the current BINX file the records you have currently highlighted or those of a specific type See section on Select All for details You can also use the Delete key in the main display 5 3 Edit Current Record You can display all
34. value indicating the Curve Fitting used to calculate this equivalent dose 1 Linear 2 Quadratic 3 Cubic 4 Exponential 5 Exponential plus linear 6 Sum of two exponentials 7 Interpolated 8 Ratio to single point 35 Options This numeric value encodes a variety of options for the curve fitting The values given below are added if the option is true 1 Use previous BG for test dose 2 Use recycled points for fitting 4 Force growth curve through origin 8 Not currently used 6 Incorporate error on curve fitting 32 Use Monte Carlo method for error estimation Additional options may be incorporated in the future MCarlo_Cycles The number of cycles selected for Monte Carlo calculation of uncertainty 37 R Ch Gg Reduced chi squared for the dose response curve used to calculate the equivalent dose 38 The value of the first parameter in the equation used for the dose response curve S KS Q Q zech o o 3 N Dose_Rate The dose rate for the irradiation source used during the single aliquot measurements DR_ Error Uncertainty on the dose rate of the irradiation source ED_in_Gy True if the ED was given in Gy False if the value is in seconds Analyst User Manual 13 2 Appendix B Summary Data from single 76 aliquot and single grain analysis Not Used Not currently used in this version of Analyst Analyst User Manual 13 2 Appendix B Summary Data from single 17 aliquot and single grain analysis
35. 25 210 NOW ROCO ai rai 25 OANA SIS MONU EE 26 6 1 Multiple Aliquot RE 26 AE TRU EE 26 SR ER GEI a ga EEC e 28 ES o eee eee ae ee eee eee 29 6 2 1 Single Aliquot Regeneration ooocccccocccncococcncconcnnconnnnnnnoncnnnnnnnnconnncnnnnnrnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnrnrnnannnnonnnos 29 6 2 1 1 FUNCION MOMO a ad ola genesis 33 6 2 1 2 Summary Display MON aiii a 35 6 2 1 3 Curve Fitting Menu mecanica ls Mund ai alain isa Sven 37 6 2 1 4 Options Menu EE 39 6 2 1 5 Displaying the change in sensitivity lvifn 41 6 2 1 6 Calculation of uncertainty in De 41 6 2 1 7 Analysis of multiple equivalent dose values 43 6 2 1 8 Summary e Eder 45 6 2 2 Single Grain Regeneration cccccccccsssccccsscecceseecceueeecseuseecsusececseueecseuseeesgeeesseneeessaseeessagees 47 6 3 KEIER 47 S Alle 49 0 Ee 53 6 5 1 Individual Curve Data EE 53 6 5 2 Plot Multiple Data ios 54 A Te EE 57 la EXPO qe A A oA a 58 TA Cu rrent Data Display EE 58 1 2 Group AVES ee ee eee a ee eo a A ee ne eee eee eee ee 58 e e PUE e nn a 60 8 1 Classic TE 60 8 2 Seguen e EE 60 Analyst User Manual Table of Contents 2 9 WNdOWw MEME EE a EE 64 TOL OPTIONS En E 64 TOT SIDISDIAY ROM EE 64 192 CMAN GS US tii iii 64 10 3 Group DennitionS a ii di 64 Me o A suse sence a S eeabeow sx eoust deeb EA 66 KN E le 66 e EEN 67 19 eeler 68 131 Appendix A BINX fle forma EE 68 13 2 Appendix B Summary Data from single aliquot and single grain analysis
36. 27765 7 True 2 3 0 00 OSL 959894 959894 8 True 3 3 0 00 OSL 1139737 1139737 g True 4 3 0 00 OSL 861526 861526 10 True 5 3 0 00 OSL 797959 797959 11 False 1 6 10 00 TL 0 137 12 False 2 6 10 00 TL 0 795 13 False 3 6 10 00 TL 0 561 14 False 4 6 10 00 TL 0 765 15 False 5 6 10 00 TL 0 691 16 True 1 7 10 00 OSL 0 164678 17 True 2 7 10 00 OSL 0 222318 18 True 3 7 10 00 OSL 0 272037 Figure 2 4 d Paste the data into one of the columns for Normalisation values in this case Norm You then ensure that this normalisation value will be used by selecting Norm1 for Normalisation in the bottom left hand panel of Analyst Analyst User Manual 2 4 Calculating Integrals 13 Current File File 54 A 1 Dim Records 120 Selected 60 Highlighted 1 Subtract Background Allow data to be shifted E Mormalizatior Homm Current Mouse Position Time Temperature Luminescence Signal Figure 2 4 e Front panel display bottom left hand fo screen showing 60 records selected from a total of 120 records You can then plot the normalised OSL decay curves for all five aliquots using Plot Multiple Data Figure 2 4 f The initial channel of all five aliquots will be identical after this normalisation and you can then visually compare the shape of the rest of the decay curve OSL cts per 0 16 Use Import from menu to select which records to display SA spb eine A E R E Alternatively you can drag and a a a ii A E A Fon dr
37. 93 Force growth curve through origin E i Integration Limits S SS 75 2021864 18365 3 341983 194164 6 211 0 132 Signal 1 zj 5 3 18311 14156 4 338584 16026 1 0 013 0 001 ele BG 200 250 Sa su Measurement error 1 5 ES 756205 141999 326316 159574 2391 0 051 E Monte Carlo repeats 1000 2 aximum Number of Fitted 100 Discs 4g 2 Ke Acceptance Criteria Iw Use errors when applying criteria Curve Fitting Exponential Results Iw Recycling ratio limit 1 at e 000 ED fs 52 34 1 45 IV Max test dose error X 100 A leo Recycling Recuperation A b 1 90E 002 4 79E 001 Max palaeodose error Tt 100 e 1 29E 001 6 78E 003 1 01 0 03 R 5 R 1 0 3 0 0 DANI Max Recup of N y 50 E MEA A Y Tn signal more than 3 sigma above BG Average error in fit 0 0045 9 9 X Reject Reduced Chi 2 0 00 U A AA gt Figure 6 2 1 6 a Single aliquot regeneration using a Monte Carlo method for estimating the error in the Dg Calculating the uncertainty when calculating De from a ratio or by interpolating between two points Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 6 Calculation of uncertainty in De 42 As well as fitting a mathematical function to the growth curve data you can also calculate a De by taking the ratio of Ly Ty Ry to Lz T Rx for the regeneration dose D that most closely matches the natural In this case the error in De excluding systematic errors is given by the following equation
38. Analyst v4 31 7 User Manual April 2015 Z Geoff A T Duller Aberystwyth Luminescence Research Laboratory di arar MA A E IA i ti in ae a SSeS se ee ee eee M sp F j F fs Z if fi Fi f ef V dem Kan 7 et d o er ep ep ep er ep ep er e Sp er e s s e eege gg e a e a F ri f aiff d AE q diy d i A ee ee EES BS A L L a At 8 dd d d A4 ZA He AE aris 1 u Aberystwyth University Table of Contents ias UO A erate avg ve cso etl ells barca Oh Oo A 4 ale Ee 4 1 2 Installation and Getting Started 00nnnannnneannnnennnsnnenrnnnrrrnnsrnrrrnrrrsrnrrnsrrrsnnrrnsnrrnrnrrnrnrtrnnrrnsnnnrnnn renne 5 2 Mal Anal SE ln e Wa 6 2 1 Altering what information is displayed in the Main WINdOW oocccccocccnconnncnccnncnncnnncnnononennnnnnoncnnanenononens 6 2 2 Selecting and Highlighting Hecorde nne T 2 3 Front Panel CON Si tc uc 10 2 4 Calculating Integrals ibi 12 A e 14 A A AA E nn 17 TEE 17 TZ is 17 AP A 18 34 AO Agen eo 18 E EE nC oS A II eae 18 A nn A en 18 Ae ele TE DEE 19 il Kee 19 e GE ZU 4 3 Copy Selection amp Dalai ias 20 4 4 Copy Selection amp Data iransposed 20 9 Records IVS NM ic ite cists obs 21 E EE ne E E NN A een 21 SPEE E Ee E A ai 22 O e e e ME 22 A o 23 5 5 Aighlight All EE 24 5 6 Copy Highlighted RecordS acosta A a 24 SN e e oi E O E 24 5 8 Delete Highlighted Records AER ENEE ENEE 24 5 9 Move Highlighted Records
39. Another alternative is to calculate the De by interpolating between the two regeneration points whose L T ratios straddle that obtained during measurements of the natural In this case the De and error are given by the expressions from Thomsen et al 2005 D gt lo D D l i fot 3 R Ry R Sa Ry R Ss A summary of these various options for calculating Da and the uncertainty on the De are given in Duller 2007 6 2 1 7 Analysis of multiple equivalent dose values It is normal to make measurements on a number of different single aliquots and hence make replicate measurements of equivalent dose There are two methods for undertaking this either by hand or automatically To analyse a set of single aliquot results by hand set the Disc Number on the left hand side of the screen to the first aliquot normally 1 This will display the growth curve and palaeodose for this aliquot If you accept this result then press the Accept button at the bottom of the screen This will save the analytical results for that aliquot display a summary diagram either in the form of a histogram a weighted histogram or a radial plot of all the current analyses in the upper middle part of the screen and automatically move on to the next aliquot position Continue either pressing the Accept or Reject buttons As you do so the histogram in the middle of the screen will build up and the average palaeodose
40. Font The colour size and font used to display information in the main part of Analyst can be altered using the Display Font option in the Options menu The default font is System Bold font size 10 10 2 Change User You can change to a different user name during a session This allows you to change the display format in a controlled manner For instance you may set up one user name so that the main display in Analyst shows the irradiation time data type and luminescence type while another user name displays the position on the carousel the time when data were collected and a series of other system parameters Analyst v4 3 7 Enter username default w OK Figure 10 2 a Window showing current user and allowing a choice of a different user 10 3 Group Definitions An important facility within Analyst is the ability to assign records to a number of different groups This is useful because often you will have made more than one measurement of a particular treatment etc For instance you may be undertaking a bleaching experiment where you want to expose samples to a particular light source for different periods of time In this case you would use the Edit Record or Block Edit commands in order to set up the Bleaching Time parameter in the different records in the BINX file to whatever values you have used 0 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 s for instance Normally you will have measured more than one aliquot with each treatment The
41. For instance you may want to compare the shape of a set of OSL decay curves that have different intensities One approach would be to normalise each OSL curve Analyst User Manual 2 4 Calculating Integrals 12 to the intensity of the first channel To achieve this you would use Integral 1 to calculate the signal in channel 1 Lower integration limit 1 Upper integration limit 1 You would then highlight the data for the records you want to normalise select to copy the data and paste these values into one of the Normalisation columns Rec Selected Position Set Number Irrad Time Lumin Type Normal 1 Integral 1 1 False 1 d 0 00 TL 0 6 d False d d 0 00 TL 0 12 3 False 3 d 0 00 TL 0 4 False 4 d 0 00 TL 0 5 False 5 2 0 00 TL 0 6 True 1 3 0 00 OSL 0 fi True 2 3 0 00 OSL 0 H True 3 3 0 00 OSL 0 4 True 4 3 0 00 OSL 0 10 True 5 3 0 00 OSL 0 11 False 1 bh 10 00 TL 0 12 False 2 6 10 00 TL 0 795 13 False 3 6 10 00 TL 0 561 14 False 4 6 10 00 TL 0 765 15 False 5 6 10 00 TL 0 691 16 True 1 H 10 00 OSL 0 164678 1 True d H 10 00 OSL 0 222310 18 True 3 H 10 00 OSL 0 2fe203 Figure 2 4 c Highlight the data that you want to use for mormalisation and Copy this to the clipboard Rec Selected Position Set Number Irrad Time Lumin Type Normal 1 Integral 1 1 False 1 2 0 00 TL 0 6 2 False 2 2 0 00 TL 0 12 3 False 3 2 0 00 TL 0 6 4 False 4 2 0 00 TL 0 8 5 False 5 2 0 00 TL 0 1 G True 1 3 0 00 OSL 727765 7
42. G for test dose Use recycled points for fitting Force growth curve through origin Error Calculations Measurement error 2 Monte Carlo repeats Iw Incorporate error on curve fitting Acceptance Criteria Iw Use errors when applying criteria Iw Recycling ratio limit Iw Max test dose error Max palaeodose error IST r Iw Tn signal more than 3 sigma above BG Max Recup ZofN e Figure 6 2 1 7 a Summary data display having acce pted 23 aliquots Clicking on the ED for aliquot 3 212 9 seconds has prompted Analyst to display that growth curve 6 2 1 8 Summary Statistics If a number of Dg values have been calculated then summary statistics of those De values is shown in the upper right hand side of the screen Selecting one of the radio buttons next to some of these values allows the summary value to be shown on the summary display e g histogram or weighted histogram Summary Statistics Mum Values 25 b9 3103 65 3 47 5 SEAEER b4540 5 SEENEN Mean 50 Mean 5E Wit blean Common Age Central Age Mo display 126 04 SEHR 10 43 Overdisp Lat Uverdisp a MSW Figure 6 2 1 8 a Panel showing the summary statistics routinely displayed when multiple De estimates are available Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 8 Summary Statistics 45 The mean x bar and standard deviation 0 of the data are calculated from the individual De estimates x and their associ
43. NX along with their associated SEC files The sequence file has been set up to run one at a time so that the period between irradiation and measurement can be as short as possible for the prompt measurements The sequence is to measure the IRSLs and the post IR IRSL995 signals In the first instance we may wish to look at records in the data file Fading_Prompt 1hr 10hr_delay BINX for the post IR IRSL5g signal We could select which records to use for analysis a number of ways but a convenient way is to use the Temperature parameter in the BINX files to select only those records that were measured at 50 C After opening the datafile using Unselect all Every record to set all the records to false Then use Select all Records of type and select Temperature 50 Current File select Records AFleng_Prompt 1 hr 1 Ohr_ delay Biris Choose which part of the data stored within each record you want to use in order Pecords 145 to decide whether to select or unselect the record Selected A Criteria for selectingunselecting records en Highlighted Select records If Subtract Background Temperature 50 l LC ES Allow data to be shifted E AND z None E EJE Subtract TL in TOL data E ano Je O Jk Al _ Normalisation None gt Curent Mouse Position Sr Times Temperature 70 45 Luminescence Signal 50801 97 Figure 6 4 b Left Selecting records which were measured whilst holding the sam
44. Natural Natural tL Natural TL Natural TL Natural TL Natural OSL Natural OSL Natural OSL Natural OSL Natural OSL Natural TL Natural TL Natural TL Natural TL Natural TL Natural OSL Natural OSL Natural OSL Current File Current Record Display Informatior File DO 1 Biri Position 120 45 000 Grain number 40 000 Aun Number 35 000 Set Number 30 000 Data Ty d 25 000 Irad Time Num Points 20 000 Lumin Type 15 000 Low Normalisation None 1 Gees GE Current Mouse Position 0 Temperature Time Temperature nu 20 40 em 80 100 120 140 160 Coordinate wor Y Coordinate Luminescence Signal Temperature C Chn Delay Records Selected 60 Highlighted 1 Subtract Background A Allow data to be shifted E TL cts per 1 00 C 11 11 13 Apr 15 User default Figure 8 1 a Main display shown in Analyst in Classic View 8 2 Sequence View It is sometimes clearer to visualise the BINX file that has been collected and the data in it but looking at the sequence used to collect the data When the Sequence Editor is used to collect data it creates a copy of the sequence file with a file ending SEC Sequence Copy To use Sequence View you must have the SEC file and the BINX file for your data in the same directory If Analyst is Analyst User Manual 8 View Menu 60 able to find the SEC file then the Sequence View option is available When it is selected the name of the sequence file is shown in
45. User Manual 5 9 Move Highlighted Records 25 6 Analysis Menu 6 1 Multiple Aliquot De Analyst can calculate an equivalent dose De from multiple aliquot luminescence data using either regeneration or additive dose procedures In each case it is important that you set up the BINX file with the information that Analyst requires before attempting to calculate an De The most critical information is the treatment that each aliquot has been given prior to measurement You must specify the data type Data Type For Da determination the important data types are e Natural the natural signal with no dose added and not bleached e Natural Dose an aliquot that retains its natural signal and has had laboratory radiation added e Bleach an aliquot that has been bleached in the laboratory to define the residual luminescence level e Bleach Dose an aliquot that has been bleached in the laboratory and then irradiated in order to increase its luminescence signal To calculate a regeneration De you need to have one set of measurements that define the Natural signal level and at least two Bleach Dose sets with different irradiation times These Bleach Dose sets are used to define the luminescence growth curve and the Da is calculated by the intersection of the growth curve with the natural signal level To calculate an additive dose De you need to have at least two sets defining the growth curve These may include one se
46. and Analyse All Grains will start automatic analysis from this point in the datafile Maximum Number of Discs ES Grains 100 ll Figure 6 2 1 1 c Parameters setting up the maximum number of discs This is set to 48 by default but can be set to a lower value if one wants to restrict Analyse All Grains to analysis of a smaller number of aliquots The results from an aliquot or a grain will be accepted if the luminescence data pass all of the Acceptance Criteria selected In the example shown below Figure 6 2 1 1 d data will only be accepted if the recycling ratio is within 10 of unity within uncertainties calculated for the recycling ratios and if the uncertainty on the measurement of the signal resulting from the test dose following the natural is between 0 and 10 Acceptance Criteria Use errors when applying criteria LE 5 co o 4h 4h AF 4k w W Recycling ratio mt 7 w Max test dase error St Mae palaeodose error e e Max Recup of M FU Tn signal more than 3 sigma above BG Figure 6 2 1 1 d Box containing the acceptance criteria that can be used to automatically filter single aliquot or single grain data Stop Analysis The automated analysis can be stopped by selecting Stop Analysis at any time Clear Summary The automated analysis described above stores results in the Summary Data table This menu option will clear all the data from that Summary Data
47. ange for which data are available then the integrals will be set to zero You can copy the data to the clipboard by highlighting the part of the display that you want to copy using the left mouse button and dragging the cursor and then clicking on the right mouse button This will copy the data to the clipboard and you can then paste the data directly into any Windows program such as a word processor or a spreadsheet Analyst User Manual 7 2 Group Averages 59 8 View Menu There are two ways in which it is possible to display luminescence data in Analyst Classic View and Sequence View 8 1 Classic View The normal display of data in Analyst is as a simple list with each row of the display corresponding to a record in the BINX data file The records are numbered sequentially and shown in the column on the furthest left of the display As described earlier Section 2 1 Altering what information is displayed the choice of which details about each record e g the carousel position the type of luminescence etc is made by selecting from list in the bottom right hand corner of the screen Whether a record has been selected for analysis or not is shown in the second column and the data for the current record is shown in a graph at the bottom of the page HS Analyst SARS Dina gt 4 4 bm g File Edit gestan Analysis Export View Window Options About De i x kel GC L Rec Selected Position Data Type Lumin Type
48. ated uncertainties 0 as The standard error on the mean is calculated using the equation o Standard error KS The weighted mean and the uncertainty on the weighted mean are calculated as The Common Age model of Galbraith et al 1999 is calculated following the method outlined in that paper Note that since this calculation works with the natural log of the De values any zero or negative De values will be ignored In Common Age The Central Age Model of Galbraith et al 1999 is calculated using the iterative method described on page 359 of that article to find a solution for the CAM and the overdispersion of the data set As with the Common Age Model the calculation uses the natural log of the De values so any zero or negative De values are ignored The MSWD Mean Square of Weighted Deviates is calculated using the equation Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 8 Summary Statistics 46 8 1 x EIS MSWD ra o Further details about measures of central tendency are given in Bevington and Robinson 1992 6 2 2 Single Grain Regeneration Analysis of single grain data uses procedures that are almost identical to those used for multiple grain single aliquot regenerative dose SAR measurements A number of additional controls become visible when undertaking single grain measurements These are 1 a control allowing the grain number to be selected below the disc number on the left hand side of th
49. ce sensitivity that may occur during a set of measurements In short the procedure Analyst User Manual 6 2 SA Regeneration 29 involves repeated OSL measurement of an aliquot initially to determine its natural OSL signal and then subsequently to characterise its response to laboratory radiation The OSL measurements evict the majority of the trapped charge within the sample so the procedure is a regenerative one However the key element of the SAR described by Murray and Wintle is that after each OSL measurement either of the natural signal or a regenerated dose the aliquot is given a small radiation dose The response of the aliquot to this test dose is then measured The test dose remains constant through the analysis of a given aliquot and hence if no sensitivity changes occur the OSL response to the test dose should remain constant In practice the response may vary and this can be used to correct for sensitivity changes affecting the main regeneration measurements In practice this means that for each aliquot there are a series of pairs of OSL measurements The first measurement is the Natural signal Ly while the second is the response of the aliquot Ty to the test dose that is administered The third measurement is the response Ly of the aliquot to a regeneration dose while the fourth is the response to the test dose once again Tx Analyst can automatically process this data and generate growth curves The pro
50. cked The second option is whether to use the recycled regeneration data points as part of the data set that is fitted by Analyst The third option allows you to force the growth curve through the origin When you select this option you will see that the form of the equation that is fitted with alter accordingly this is shown in the box near the bottom of the screen entitled Curve Fitting 6 2 1 1 Function menu Analyse All Grains stop Analysis Clear Summary Save summary Import Summary Exit Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 1 Function menu 33 Figure 6 2 1 1 a Options available in the Function menu Analyse All Grains This menu provides options that allow you to automatically calculate De values see Section 6 2 1 7 for a large number of aliquots or single grains The function Analyse All Grains will step through the BINX data file starting from the current position marked by the entries in the boxes on the left hand side of the screen Figure 6 2 1 1 b and running until it reaches the maximum number of aliquots allowed marked in the box below In the example shown below the data for disc number 8 grain number 1 is being viewed on screen If Analyse All Grains is selected now then Analyst will step through all the grains for discs 8 9 10 11 36 Current Grain Disc number an Grain Number 1 Figure 6 2 1 1 b Current disc number and grain number being viewed These values can be changed manually
51. conds Anneal Temp 0 00 Anneal Time 5 00 Sample Temp 1125 Background 0 High 40 00 Rate 5 00 Figure 5 3 b Record display while editing the irradiation time This display is split into up to five sections labelled Info Treatment Settings Pulsing and XRF NB if you open older BINX files in Analyst then some of these pages may not be visible You can switch between these different displays using the tabs at the bottom of the box Most of the parameters may be edited though there are some such as the length of the record and the number of data points which cannot be altered for obvious reasons If you alter any of the parameters the background to that entry will turn red indicating that a change has been made see above You can make as many changes as you like before pressing OK to accept those changes If you change your mind and do not want to save these changes then press Cancel 5 4 Block Edit It is possible to edit the information associated with an individual record using Edit Current Record However you will often want to alter a particular parameter in many records It is tedious to change each record in turn so an alternative method is to use the Block Edit facility This operates in the same way as the Edit Current Record command except that whatever changes you make will be applied to all of the records that are currently highlighted For instance using the SAR 1 BINX file
52. cords from the main menu and then Select All you can choose to select Every record in the current BINX file to select just those records that you have currently got highlighted or you can use Records of type to choose to select records depending upon a number of parameters For instance you may want to select all the IRSL data in your file To do this select Luminescence type from the first selection box Figure 2 2 b and then type IRSL into the last box Unselect All works in the same manner Select Records Choose which part of the data stored within each record you want to use in order to decide whether to select or unselect the record Criteria for zelecting unselecting records Select records tf and Nore RA ba les RA x Cancel Figure 2 2 b Selecting all records in the BINX file which were IRSL measurements You can undertake more complex decisions about which records you want to select by using multiple conditions For instance you may wish to select all the OSL records that were measured for samples in positions 2 to 4 This could be achieved using the combination of multiple criteria shown in Figure 2 2 c Select Records Choose which part of the data stored within each record you want to use in order to decide whether to select or unselect the record Criteria for selecting unselecting records Select records tf Lumin Type MM ei osL EE x
53. e De when fitting any of the mathematical equations selected from the Curve Fitting menu is to use a combination of the counting statistics and the quoted measurement error see Section 6 2 1 to derive the uncertainty on the Ly Ty ratio and if selected to combine this in quadrature with the average deviation from the curve Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 5 Displaying the change in sensitivity Tx 41 Tn An alternative approach to estimating the uncertainty on the Dg is to use a Monte Carlo method with the widths of the Gaussians for each point being defined by the error in the ratios of L T as defined above To use the Monte Carlo approach for estimating the error tick the check box and select the number of repeat fits that are required Suitable values would typically by 1000 When this option is selected a histogram is superimposed on the SAR growth curve showing the distribution of De values determined The final error quoted at the bottom of the screen 1 45 seconds in the example shown in Figure 6 2 1 6 a is the standard deviation of this distribution whilst the De value given 52 34 seconds in the example below is the best fit to the data and is not derived from the Monte Carlo results Note that since the Monte Carlo approach is based on a stochastic sampling of the L T ratios the error vary slightly each time the Monte Carlo routine is run For most samples there is relatively little difference in the uncertai
54. e N bp e aA A A A HF FP eae e A Bb BP A AA A HF FP RP FPN NY NY HF ANNA A A A FP Pp N N 69 A H Excess Noise factor Reserved for internal use Length of header Data Data array of NPOINTS Long Integers Notes DPoints Single 4 Byte 15 24 447 Long Integer 4x NPoints H These parameters are only stored in V 7 and not in V 6 The header size is unchanged from V 6 to V 7 and therefor the bytes reserved for internal use are different from V 7 to V 6 t The records are of a variable length since the number of data points recorded NPOINTS may vary from one to 9 999 this may be expanded in the future A record with a single data point in it will be 423 1x4 427 bytes long while one with 2000 data points will be 423 2000x4 8423 bytes long Thus there is a considerable saving of disc space by having semi variable length records However once created the length of the record is fixed it does not make sense to be able to delete or add single data points and is recorded in the variable LENGTH This allows the program to be able to step through from one record to another without having to search for specific end of record markers In order to be able to move UP through a file the length of each previous record is also stored in a record this will be zero in the first record Strings are stored in Pascal format That is with an additional byte used to define the length of the string Thus the number of bytes
55. e and the sample This may occur if you have poor thermal conductivity between the heater plate and the sample disc or between the sample disc and the grains of sample In this case you may want to shift the data in order to align certain TL peaks Analyst User Manual 2 3 Front Panel Controls 10 By default Analyst will not shift your data along the X axis even if you have entered a value for the shift see Edit Current Record If you want Analyst to shift your data then you must tick the box marked Allow data to be shifted Please note that this is a procedure that is controversial Some practitioners are very adamant that data should never be shifted along the x axis Just because it is possible to do it in this program does not mean that it is necessarily endorsed Subtract TL in TOL data One type of measurement possible with the Ris TL OSL reader is TOL thermo optical luminescence shown in Duller and Wintle 1991 Fig 1 This is where a sample is heated at a continuous rate as would normally occur in TL measurements and an optical stimulation source is periodically switched on for a short period of time This provides a means of rapidly assessing the way in which the magnitude of an OSL signal varies with sample temperature The signal measured whilst the optical stimulation is active will be a sum of the TL signal and any OSL signal This option on the front page selects whether the graphs in Analyst should show the raw data the
56. e clipboard by pressing the Copy button This makes it straightforward to then paste the results into Excel or some other package In addition to giving the values for the parameters there are two columns to the right of the parameters labelled Ratio and The values in the column marked Ratio give the ratio of the b values to one another Thus in the example shown above the detrapping probability of the second component b2 is 0 30 times the value of b1 and the detrapping probability of the third component b3 is 0 02 times b1 The values in the column marked looks at the values of signal intensity associated with each of the components and the constant Thus in the example above 97 0 of the initial signal originates from the first component 2 6 of the signal from the second component and only 0 1 from the third component and 0 3 from the constant Altering the initial parameter estimates When the Component Fitting window is shown Analyst makes initial estimates of all of the parameters a b1 n1 b2 n2 etc based on the data for that OSL decay curve these estimates are simply made as a starting point for the fitting procedure When the data are fitted the Levenberg Marquardt method optimises all of the parameters to best characterise the data However there will be sometimes when the LM method is unable to find a good fit starting from the initial value estimates determined by Analyst In these circumstances you can
57. e list of records displayed on the left hand side of the screen Highlight a record or many records and press the Delete key to remove these records from the display Saving and Recalling Chart Formats Like other graphs in Analyst the format of individual graphs can be altered For instance you may want to display the luminescence data on a log scale Figure 6 5 2 e If this is a format that you may want to use frequently then you can save this chart format to a file using the File Save Chart Format menu option When you create another graph at a later date and want to use the same format you can then use the File Open chart format option to read the chart format back again 10 000 4 000 TL cts per 1 00 11 o 10 20 30 40 50 60 FO so OO 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Temperature C Figure 6 5 2 e Many options are available for altering the way in which the graph displays data In this case a logarithmic Y axis has been used 6 5 3 Flexi Plot This is the most flexible form of display It allows you to plot a combination of any four parameters that are stored in the BINX file as a histogram if you only select a variable to display on the X axis and leave the Y axis variable as None or as a scatter plot if you select a variable for both the X axis and the Y axis You can also select whether you want to plot all the data or just that from certain records For instance you can integrate data from two parts of a decay
58. e screen and 2 an additional entry in the Options menu entitled Sum all grains When this is selected Analyst mathematically combines the OSL signals from all 100 grains from each disc and thus treats the single grain disc as a multiple grain aliquot containing 100 grains This allows the analysis of synthetic aliquots 6 3 Component Fitting Quartz OSL decay curves are thought to consist of a number of different components each of which decays exponentially Bailey et al 1997 This option provides the opportunity to fit up to a maximum of three exponentially decaying components to a CW OSL decay curve The equation is of the form y a In be n bs8e7 Mn bae where a is a constant that will include the dark count and any very slow components and for each of the three components n is the number of trapped charges and bx is the detrapping probability The detrapping probability is the product of the photoionisation cross section o and the stimulation light intensity lp The Component Fitting menu option will only be available when the cursor on the front window of Analyst is on a CW OSL record When the option is selected the data for that OSL decay curve is shown both numerically on the left hand side of the screen and graphically The user then selects how many components to fit and presses the Fit button The example shown below is for record 6 of the SAR 1 BINX example file provided with Analyst A
59. e use of early backround methods have been proposed Cunningham and Wallinga 2010 The background value that is subtracted from the signals is calculated in the following way The average signal within the range of channels defining the background integration is calculated and this value is multiplied by the number of channels used to define the signal This means that if you alter the number of channels used to calculate the background value you should see little change in the value but as you increase the number of channels used to define the signal component the background value will also alter In some circumstances you may want to use the background value from the Ly OSL measurement as the background for the test dose response as well this is discussed in Murray and Wintle 2000 and this can be achieved by ticking the Use Prev BG for test dose option in the upper right of the screen Curve fitting options The dose response curve data can be fitted using a variety of options selected from the Curve Fitting menu see Section 6 2 1 3 The default setting is for a linear fit but commonly one would want to use an exponential fit The type of curve fitting is selected from the menu at the top of the screen but additionally you can choose whether to force the growth curve through the origin using the check box on the right hand side of the screen Force growth curve through origin The equation being fitted to the data is shown at
60. ed OSL value for both sets of measurements should be similar Setting the threshold recycling value allows you to automatically reject an aliquot if the recycled point is not the same as the first measurement of that dose within the specified percentage e Max Test Dose Error the uncertainty in the test dose is a good measure of how bright an aliquot is since the same dose Is given to all samples The error is calculated using the approach of Banerjee ef al 2000 You can select a threshold value which an aliquot must exceed to be accepted Note that any aliquots where the test dose error is zero or negative i e the background of the test dose signal is equalt to or greater than the test dose signal are rejected e Max palaeodose error if the percentage error on the palaeodose exceeds the threshold specified on the right hand side of the screen then the aliquot is rejected e Max Recuperation if the response to a zero regeneration dose has been made then this will be used to calculate an estimate of the recuperation If this recuperation value exceeds the threshold then the aliquot is rejected The recuperation can be calculated in one of three ways The default method Max Recup of N is by expressing the Lx Tx ratio measured from the zero dose point as a percentage of the Lx Tx for the natural signal The second method Max Rec of largest R is to express the Lx Tx ratio from the zero dose as a percentage of the Lx Tx obtai
61. ed into the record when it is recorded by the TL OSL system some is set only if the user chooses to set it by using the Run Information box in the Sequence Editor while other parameters can only be set during processing Analyst allows you to view edit and use all of these parameters 1 1 What s new A number of new features have been added to version 4 31 of Analyst a Online help A manual and online help system have now been implemented for Analyst While running Analyst context sensitive help can be obtained by pressing F1 at any time b Ability to alter the appearance of graphs All graphs in Analyst now offer the option to be able to change their appearance This may include changing the scales of any axes the font size of captions whether to plot data on linear or logarithmic axes etc In addition there are now more options available for exporting data from graphs to other packages for further analysis c Analysis of fading data Measurement of g values to characterise the anomalous fading of luminescence signals is now supported by Analyst This is supported by the Sequence Editor that now automatically stores the time between irradiation and luminescence measurement d Display of multiple luminescence data on the same graph Analyst routinely shows data for an individual luminescence measurement but sometimes it is useful to be able to plot the data from a series of measurements on the same graph This has al
62. ed on a radial line from the origin have the same central value in this case the same De Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 2 Summary Display menu 36 LA E reif oe gn i je Pira i E Figure 6 2 1 2 c Radial plot from the Summary Diagram on the single aliquot regeneration page of the same data as for the histogram above The reference value for the radial plot shown above is 64 7 but this can be set to any value simply by editing the value in the box on the diagram The quality of these diagrams is not sufficient for publication but is only meant as a tool for data exploration If a summary statistic is selected from the display on the right hand side of the screen then this is shown on the summary displays Figure 6 2 1 2 d shows the mean and standard deviation plotted on the weighted histogram Prob Density Ar zm o 10 20 30 40 50 60 FO 80 20 100 110 120 Dose Figure 6 2 1 2 d Weighted histogram showing the mean solid vertical red line and standard deviation dashed vertical red lines for a suite of De values 6 2 1 3 Curve Fitting menu Analyst offers a range of options for how to fit the single aliquot regenerative dose SAR data to generate a dose response curve and calculate an equivalent dose De Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 3 Curve Fitting menu 37 Figure 6 2 1 3 a Curve fitting menu Linear Fit Quadratic Cubic Exponential Fit Exp Linear Fit Sum of two exponentials Interpolate
63. er OO O00 800 000 o 700 000 oO 600 000 Z 500 000 400 000 300 000 O 200 000 100 000 Copy data to clipboard o 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time 3 Save graph settings after exit Copy image to clipboard Edit image Figure 2 5 a A typical graph in Analyst along with the popup menu that appears when you click on the right mouse button whilst over the graph Copy Image to Clipboard This option will copy the graph as it currently appears to the Windows clipboard This image is then available to be pasted into other documents Copy Data to clipboard This option will copy the data used to draw the current graph to the clipboard The data is then available to be pasted into Excel or any other package capable of accepting numerical data in columns Edit Image This option opens a new dialogue box that provides a very wide range of options for controlling the appearance of the graph Figure 2 5 b A common change that users may wish to make is the way in which the axes are plotted Each axis has a wide number of aspects which can be altered In the figure below have set the left hand axis y axis to be logarithmic Analyst User Manual 2 5 Graphs in Analyst 15 3 Edit Graph Parameters Chart Series Data Tools Export Print Series General Axis Titles Legend Panel Paging wals Ja V Visible Scales ride Labels Ticks Grid Position Items Ta Options Minimum Maximum Increment
64. er a normalisation value for each aliquot In this case we may enter the weights of the aliquots When you display the data for these aliquots you will want to compensate for these differences You can store up to three normalisation values for a given record you may derive one normalisation value from the mass of the sample one from a short initial OSL measurement prior to any other measurements and one from the response of the aliquot to a standard irradiation in the parameters Nom Norm2 and Norms These can all be set using the Edit Record or Block Edit commands By default Analyst does not perform any normalisation on your data and the display box on the bottom left of the main panel is set to Normalisation None To use one of the three normalisation values change this display to Normalisation Norm2 or whichever set Analyst User Manual 2 3 Front Panel Controls 11 of normalisation values you want to use Analyst performs the normalisation by calculating the average value of the normalisation figures for every record in the current BINX file that has been selected for analysis The data for any specific record is then scaled by the ratio of this average normalisation value divided by the normalisation value for the current record NB If you have not selected any records for analysis then no average normalisation figure will be calculated and the data for each record will be set to zero 2 4 Calculating Integrals In
65. es to use or after using the Analyse all grains option in the Function menu see Section 6 2 1 1 Function Menu and also Section 6 2 1 7 Analysis of multiple equivalent dose values In addition to the visual display of De data a statistical summary is given in the upper right hand corner of the Single Aliquot Regeneration analysis page A brief comment is made below on the different types of visual display possible in Analyst A very thorough review of the analysis and display of multiple Dg determinations is given by Galbraith and Roberts 2012 Histogram Histograms are a convenient and easily understood means of displaying data so that the distribution of the data can be seen There are some drawbacks with histograms including the fact that their visual appearance can radically change depending upon the class interval that is used and that they weight all data points equally regardless of their relative precision In Analyst the class interval bin width is set as the mean of the uncertainties of the Dg values being plotted Frequency Ja Pi o 10 20 30 40 50 BO ZU St Dose Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 2 Summary Display menu 35 Figure 6 2 1 2 a Histogram from the Summary Diagram on the single aliquot regeneration page Weighted Histogram Probability Density Function A weighted histogram represents each data point as a Gaussian curve whose mid point is the value being plotted and whose width is
66. generation analysis option The single aliquot display presents a range of data about the OSL measurements for the current aliquot In the upper left of the screen is the natural OSL decay curve for the sample shown in blue If an equivalent dose Da has been calculated then a second decay curve is shown in orange This is the OSL decay curve of the laboratory regeneration dose that is closest to the De 50 seconds of beta irradiation in the example shown above and can be useful to visually inspect whether the OSL signal originating from natural and laboratory irradiation have a similar shape If you want to display other OSL decay curves for the same aliquot then click on whichever cell in the main summary table in the middle of the display refers to the measurement For instance to display the OSL decay curve that was measured for the test dose response following the natural signal click on the column marked Test Signal or Test BG in the first row of data corresponding to the Natural measurement You can also display multiple OSL decay curves by selecting a single cell in the table of Lx Tx data and then holding the Shift key down while using the cursor keys to move up or down A brief summary of the analytical results for the current aliquot is displayed at the bottom of the screen in the middle If the SAR sequence contains two regeneration doses that are the same then the recycling ratio will be calculated I
67. gram assumes that all the OSL records for a given aliquot will have the same Position value this is the position of the aliquot on the carousel The position data is automatically put into the BINX file when the data file is written You can check the position data by selecting this for display on the main Analyst screen Additionally Analyst assumes that the first record of a given aliquot within the BINX file will be the Natural signal and the next measurement is the response to the test dose After this each pair of measurements is the OSL after a regeneration dose and a test dose The file SAR 1 BINX that is supplied with Analyst is an example of a data file taken from the Ris reader that is in a format suitable for SAR analysis In order to use the Single Aliquot Regeneration tool ensure that 1 All the records in the BIN file that you want to be used for the analysis have been selected 2 That the regeneration doses given to the aliquots have been correctly entered into the Irradiation Time entry in each data record This may be done automatically by the Sequence Editor if you have selected this in the Sequence Options You may also enter this at the time the data is collected by altering the Run Info section of each OSL measurement in the Sequence Editor Alternatively you can use the Edit Record or Block Edit commands to set the irradiation times Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 Single Aliquot Regeneration 30
68. ht Source Set Number Tag Grain Number Optical Stimulation Power System ID Reserved for internal use Curve number for multible curve operations Time unit for pulse parameters On time for pulsed stimulation in time ticks Stimulation period on off time in time ticks PMT signal gating enabled Start of gating in time ticks from start of on pulse End of gating in time ticks from start of on pulse Photon Timer enabled Reserved Length of header Data array of NPOINTS Long Integers V 3 file extension bin Time Date Sequence User Dtype IRR_Time IRR_Type IRR_UNIT Bl_Time Bl Unit An_Temp An_Time Norm1 Norm2 Norm3 BG Shift Sample Comment LightSource Set Tag Grain LightPower SystemID CurveNo TimeTick OnTime StimPeriod GateEnabled GateStart Gateend PTenabled DPoints Analyst User Manual 13 1 Appendix A BINX file format String String String String Byte Single Byte Byte Single Byte Single Single Single Single Single Single Small Integer String String Byte Byte Byte Small Integer Single Small Integer Small Integer Single Long Integer Long Integer Byte Long Integer Long Integer Byte Long Integer N N N pop O bb bb P BR BN Ha O 272 4x NPOINTS 12 The file format us used by Sequence editor V 3 xx Description Name Type Length bytes Data format version number Version Small Integer 2 Length of this record t Length Small
69. ially suggest that you select one of the BINX files provided with Analyst as an example e g SAR_1 BINX A Luminescence Analyst Ia e File Edit Records Analysis Export View Window Options Help Za 7 GG Current File Display Information File Records Selected Highlighted Subtract Background Allow data to be shifted Subtract TL in TOL data Normalization None Curent Mouse Position Temperature Time Temperature A Coordinate Luminescence Signal Mum Points Lumin Type 2220 25 Apr 15 User default cti Figure 2 a Analyst display when started 2 1 Altering what information is displayed in the main window When Analyst is first displayed the only information that is displayed about each record is the record number and whether it has been selected for data analysis or not However you can elect to display any aspect of the BINX file that you choose In the bottom left hand panel of Analyst is a list of all the different data stored in each record of the BINX file You can select which data to display by clicking on this list The full list of information in the BINX file is described in Appendix A As an example of the type of data that you can display scroll down through the list of Display Information and select Position Data Type and Lumin Type As you select each item a new Analyst User Manual 2 Main Analyst Window 6 column of data is added to the main display Figu
70. ick on the Import menu at the top of the screen and select to import records that have a Set number of 6 and are from Position 1 Import Records Choose which part of the data stored within each record you want to use in order to decide whether to select or unselect the record Criteria for selecting unselecting records Import records it x Cancel Figure 6 5 2 c Selecting which records to import from the current BINX file This will import 6 records They will all have the same position number so the legend will not be very useful A more useful legend may to display the Run Number Change this using the drop down menu in the upper left hand of the screen File Import Graph Run Number C CH a Ke ou a al iz E Use Import from menu to select which records to display Alternatively you can drag and drop records from the main display of Analyst NB You can t mix data of different luminescence types AU 30 40 50 DU FO 0 30 100 110 120 130 140 150 W Highlight data nearest to mouse Temperature CH List of record numbers and the selected parameter Use Import from menu to bring in new records Use Delete key to remove individual record Analyst User Manual 6 5 2 Plot Multiple Data 56 Figure 6 5 2 d The graph produced from importing data using the criteria shown in the previous figure Deleting Data Individual data records can be deleted from the graph using th
71. ional graph to the display see Figure 6 1 2 a showing the De calculated as a function of temperature or time By default the Da is calculated between the intervals that you have set for the integral De and calculating a De for every 5 data channels If you alter the ranges used for the plateau test then a button marked Recalculate Plateau will become visible allowing you to recalculate the data once you are happy with the new parameters Analyst will automatically calculate the average De from a specific part of the plateau The range of channels over which this average is calculated is specified at the bottom left of the display screen Low Limit and High Limit The result of this calculation is displayed at the top of the lowermost graph The value derived by this calculation is likely to be different from that derived by the integral De method since in one case the data from each channel is weighted evenly while in the integral De method it is weighted according to the signal intensity 6 2 SA Regeneration 6 2 1 Single Aliquot Regeneration Analyst has been set up to enable you to easily analyse data collected using the Single Aliquot Regeneration SAR protocol described by Murray and Wintle 2000 and reviewed by Wintle and Murray 2006 This is a very powerful procedure for determining the absorbed dose of a sample The protocol that was outlined by Murray and Wintle is designed to compensate for changes in luminescen
72. is uncoloured e g Set 6 Run 1 then none of the records are selected for Analysis You can alter whether data are selected for analysis or not in two different ways using the Sequence view To select or unselect individual records you can check or uncheck the boxes in the lower right hand side of the screen e g discs 3 and 5 are selected below Analyst User Manual 8 2 Sequence View 62 E L Set 6 Aur 1 Isc 1 Isc d Dic 3 lec 4 A Figure 8 2 c Using the box in the lower right hand side of the screen to select individual data records shown with a tick in this figure To select or unselect all of the records that were produced by a command in the sequence highlight the cell in the Sequence display and press the Insert key on your keyboard to select all the records or the Del key to unselect them all Note that you need to return to Classic View in order to activate most of the menu options in Analyst Analyst User Manual 8 2 Sequence View 63 9 Window Menu You can open a maximum of 4 BINX files at any one time in Analyst The files that are currently open are displayed if you select the Window menu You can switch between the different files that are currently open by clicking on the appropriate filename 10 Options Menu This menu is always available to allow the user to alter a number of options for Analyst The options are Display Font Change User and Group Definitions 10 1 Display
73. lable in a BINX file see Appendix A and which can be used to build groups You are given a list of all of the parameters that are stored in each record of a BINX file Initially all these boxes will not be selected In order to define the groups according to the bleaching time check the box marked Bleach Time and press OK Note that a record is only included in a group if the record has been selected for analysis You can use the group definitions in a number of the analytical tools within Analyst including displaying the mean and standard deviation of an integral of a group Analyst User Manual 10 3 Group Definitions 65 11 Help Menu 11 1 About You can check the version number and the build date in this menu Please include this information if you make any enquiries about this programme Analyst User Manual 11 Help Menu 66 12 References This page contains a set of references that have been used in this manual Armitage S J Duller G A T and Wintle A G 2000 Quartz from southern Africa sensitivity changes as a result of thermal pretreatment Radiation Measurements 32 5 6 571 577 Auclair M Lamothe M and Huot S 2003 Measurement of anomalous fading for feldspar IRSL using SAR Radiation Measurements 37 487 492 Bailey R M Smith B W and Rhodes E J 1997 Partial bleaching and the decay form characteristics of quartz OSL Radiation Measurements 27 123 136 Bevington a
74. laser single grain N On UW A W N e O IR laser single grain V 4 file extension bin The file format us used by Sequence editor V 4 00 to V 4 12 Description Name Type Length bytes Data format version number Version Small Integer 2 Length of this record t Length Small Integer 2 Length of previous record Previous Small Integer 2 Number of data points NPoints Small Integer 2 Luminescence type LType Byte 1 Low temperature time wavelength Low Single 4 High temperature time wavelength High Single 4 Rate heating rate scan rate Rate Single 4 Sample temperature Temperature Small Integer 2 X position of a single grain XCoord Small Integer 2 Y position of a single grain YCoord Small Integer 2 TOL delay channels Delay Small Integer 2 TOL on channels On Small Integer 2 TOL off channels Off Small Integer 2 Carousel position Position Byte 1 Run number Run Byte 1 Analyst User Manual 13 1 Appendix A BINX file format 71 Data collection time hh mm ss Data collection date dd mm yy Sequence name User name Data type oi Irradiation time Irradiation type alpha beta or gamma Irradiation unit Gy Rads secs mins hrs Bleaching time Bleaching unit mJ J secs mins hrs Annealing temperature Annealing time Normalisation factor 1 Normalisation factor 2 Normalisation factor 3 Background level Number of channels to shift data Sample name Comment Lig
75. ll screen using left mouse button move right to left Hold and dra Figure 6 5 2 a Plot option showing a single TL record Additional TL records can be added In the example below TL data from five different aliquots have been added The defail display is to show a legend displaying the carousel Position However any parameter from the BINX file can be selected using the drop down menu in the upper left of the screen Om Plot File Import Graph Position tt o CH a Leg L md ei Val iz E Use Import from menu to select which records to display Alternatively you can drag and drop records from the main display of Analyst NB You can t mix data of different luminescence types 10 20 30 40 s 60 FO s 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 h Highlight data nearest to mouse Temperature CH Zoom in using left mouse button move left to right Return to full screen using left mouse button move right to left Hold and dra Analyst User Manual 6 5 2 Plot Multiple Data 55 Figure 6 5 2 b The plot page showing five TL glow curves for different aliquots B Import Records Sometimes it may be easier to get Analyst to import records that match certain criteria For instance in the SAR 1 BINX example file it may be useful to look at the TL measurements made on a disc after each of the test doses These are in set number 6 as can be seen using the Sequence View Starting with a new graph cl
76. n the example shown above the 25 s dose was given twice once as the first regeneration cycle R1 and again in the fifth regeneration cycle R5 Integration limits You must fix two sets of integration limits as part of the Single Aliquot regeneration analysis The section headed Signal under Integration Limits is used to fix the part of the decay curve that is used to define the range of channels that contain the dose dependent part of the signal This is shown as two red lines on the decay curve in the top left of the screen As you adjust the range of channels used the data displayed in the main table in the centre of the screen will be updated The same integration limits are used both for the first the Natural and Regeneration doses marked as Signal on the table and second the test dose marked as Test Signal on the table OSL measurements This is normally the first part of the OSL decay curve and in general the best Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 Single Aliquot Regeneration 31 results are normally obtained by using a narrow integration range possibly as little as one or two channels wide The second set of integration limits are used to define the BG Background Integration Limits This integral is the part of the OSL curve that is used to define the background signal level essentially the non dose dependent part of the signal This will normally be the last section of the OSL decay curve though th
77. nalyst User Manual 6 2 2 Single Grain Regeneration 47 H Curve Data l 5 s Time T Si Component Fitting aa sit a Record 6 i Fix Ratio x 727765 M a 2 06E 003 0 3 nl 2 45E 005 bi 2 90E 000 1 00 97 0 n2 1219E 004 b2 868 001 030 26 n3 9 17E 003 b3 7 02E 002 902 0 1 469840 298741 191973 122985 81285 54400 37120 26208 19129 14402 OSL cts per 0 16 5 Y a n1 b1 exp b1 t n2 b2 exp b2 t n3 b3 exp b3 t Reduced Chi Squared 1 64 11095 5 0007 9067 7454 e 0 IAN Number of components z C 1 component 6502 C 2 components Residual 20 S Rent Time s 3 components Weighting Fit r To Copy Figure 6 3 a Example of using the component fitting tool to analyse a CW OSL decay curve Each individual component is shown on the main graph as a red line these are straight in the example shown above since the y axis is logarithmic by default and the sum of these three individual components is shown as a green line this is often difficult to see because it tracks the raw data closely and this is shown in black The residuals the difference between the fitted data and the measured data are shown in the graph panel at the bottom of the page The numerical values of the fitted parameters are given in the panel on the right hand side of the screen at present Analyst does not provide uncertainties on these parameters You can copy these parameters to th
78. nce you have deleted records you cannot undo the operation 5 9 Move Highlighted Records Because some analyses within Analyst depend upon the order in which records appear in a BINX file you may want to move a block of records from one position in a BINX file to another Highlight the records that you wish to move and then select this option You will then be asked for the record number where you wish to place the records The records will be put into the BINX file after the record number that you specify For example if you specify record number 10 then the first record will be pasted in as record number 11 the second as record number 12 etc The other records in the BINX file will be moved to make space for these records 5 10 New Record You can create a new record within your BINX file using this option You will be asked how many data channels you want in the record N B you will not be able to change this value after you create the record and you will then be shown the record header information see Edit Current Record allowing you to specify the type of data that this will be and the various other parameters After that you will be shown the numerical data for each channel see below allowing you to type in the data Curve Data Chae ie a 12 18 6 22 14 25 120 Recon 337 0 4 Temperature IL E Copy to clipboard ES Save bo file Figure 5 10 a Typing in data for a new record within a BINX file Analyst
79. nd Robinson 1992 Data reduction and error analysis for the physical sciences pe edition McGraw Hill Cunningham A C and Wallinga J 2010 Selection of integration time intervals for quartz OSL decay curves Quaternary Geochronology 5 657 666 Duller G A T 2007 Assessing the error on equivalent dose estimates derived from single aliquot regenerative dose measurements Ancient TL 25 15 24 Duller G A T and Wintle A G 1991 On infrared stimulated luminescence at elevated temperatures Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 18 379 384 Galbraith R F 1990 The radial plot graphical assessment of spread in ages Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 17 207 214 Galbraith R F 1998 The trouble with probability density plots of fission track ages Radiation Measurements 29 125 131 Galbraith R F 2002 A note on the variance of a background corrected OSL count Ancient TL 20 2 49 51 Galbraith R F and Roberts R G 2012 Statistical aspects of equivalent dose and error calculation and display in OSL dating An overview and some recommendations Quaternary Geochronology 11 1 27 Galbraith R F Roberts R G Laslett G M Yoshida H and Olley J M 1999 Optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz from Jinmium rock shelter northern Australia Part l Experimental design and statistical models Archaeometry 41 339 364 Huntley D J and Lamothe M 2001 Ubiquity of anomalo
80. ned from the largest regeneration dose in the current data set The third method Max Recup seconds uses the dose response curve fitted to the current data set extrapolates this to determine the intercept with the x axis and uses this as the apparent recuperated dose e Tn Signal more than 3 sigma above BG if the net signal from the natural minus the BG level is less than three times the standard deviation of the background signal then the aliquot is rejected If an aliquot fails one of these criteria then the check box is highlighted in red Before starting an automatic analysis you will have to clear the summary display using the menu entry Function Clear Summary Reviewing and editing the summary data Once you have compiled a list of equivalent doses in the Summary Data grid using either the manual or automated approaches described above you can review this data Ensure that the Summary Data grid is visible by clicking on the tab in the middle of the screen Then use the mouse or the arrow keys to move from the results of one aliquot to another As you highlight the results from each aliquot the growth curve will be shown on the display If you decide that you want to remove an equivalent dose from the Summary Data grid and from the summary display simply highlight that result and press the Delete key on your keyboard In the example shown in the figure below the data is displayed as a weighted hist
81. ng data for one aliquot from the example data set provided with Analyst Better estimates of the fading rate could be made by extending the duration of storage and the second BINX file Fading _100hr Prompt 1hr BINX has such data At the end of the first sequence Fading Prompt 1hr 10hr_delay SEC the last operation was to irradiate the five aliquots for 460 seconds and preheat them Set 7 The aliquots were then taken out of the reader and stored externally They were replaced into the reader 4 days later and the second sequence run Fading 100hr Promptt 1hr SEC The first step in the analysis is to combine the two BINX files using the Copy Highlighted Records and Paste Records commands Open the two BINX files that you wish to combine then highlight all the records in the second BINX files Fading_100hr Prompt 1hr BINX and selected to Copy Highlighted Records Using the Window menu switch to the first BINX file Fading _Prompt 1hr 10hr_delay BINX and then use the Paste Records command to add the data to this file would recommend that you then save this combined BINX data file with a different filename with the Save As command so that you have your original data sets intact After combining the two data sets you need to select only those records that you wish to analyse in this example the IRSL signal measured at 50 C The way of doing this was described above The second step in combining these two BINX data files
82. ng the Save button Alternatively you can use the mouse to highlight a block of data and then click on the right mouse button to copy the highlighted data to the clipboard This data can then be pasted into another Windows application such as a spreadsheet Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 Single Aliquot Regeneration 32 Normally you will have made more than one measurement of the palaeodose of a sample by running more than one aliquot If this is the case then you can run through a data set to look at multiple values of equivalent dose using either an automatic analytical procedure or by hand Removing data points from the dose response curve Prior to using the Single Aliquot Regeneration analysis you will normally have carefully selected which data from the BINX file you want to use for analysis see first section on this page and Section 2 2 Selecting and Highlighting Records However there may be times when you are interested to see what would happen to a dose response curve if you removed one or more of the data points You can do this by double clicking on the entries Hi R2 R3 etc in the panel showing the Lx Tx data Double clicking again will restore those data points Parameters and Error Calculations On the right hand side of the screen there are a number of options regarding the way in which Analyst deals with the data in your BINX file The first value that you can set under Error Calculations is entitled Measurement er
83. nty in Da determined using the two methods described above The paper by Duller 2007 describes comparisons of these two approaches on a limited number of example data sets The Monte Carlo method is probably the most rigorous Additionally at high doses the Monte Carlo approach will correctly give an asymmetric distribution of calculated De values Analyst will still take the standard deviation of such asymmetric distributions but if users wish to undertake their own analysis of these distributions then result of each iteration of the Monte Carlo approach can be obtained by clicking on the right hand mouse button while pointing at the histogram of De values and selecting to Copy data to clipboard HI Single Aliquot Analysis SAR 1 binx Function Curve Fitting Options 4 a Summary Statistics 6 EN S 09 D Num Values 5 08 a A Mean SD DER C Mean 5E 4 C Wt Mean s 35 C Common Age 3 3 C Central Age 25 di gt Ce No display 15 Overdisp ET b Overdisp s 05 MSWD 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2 Time s Dose s SAR Cycle Curent Grain Lafe Data Summary Data Reader ID 556 0 064 Gus Disc number 1 Se eee 10523 9 406327 13233 7 4 581 0 098 Parameters 392850 150105 2356 0 050 Use prev BG for test dose a Bl eee ee SS Use recycled points for fitting E 1559781 1159945 369416 17637 7 4 389 0 0
84. o scroll Click right mouse button for menu Figure 6 4 e Fading data for the same aliquot as shown in Fig 6 4 c but now with the additional data from the second BINX file 6 5 Display This menu provides a number of different options for visualising data from your BINX file 6 5 1 Individual Curve Data The numerical data for a single OSL decay curve or TL glow curve can be viewed in the Individual Curve data option of the Analysis Display menu This option also offers the option to export the data to an ASCII file see Figure 6 5 1 a This will display a list of the data for whichever record in the BIN file is currently highlighted Analyst will display the channel number the time or temperature represented by each channel and the numerical data NB This data is NOT normalised temperature shifted or background subtracted regardless of what is currently set on the main display panel To save the data to an ASCII file click on the Save to file button Analyst User Manual 6 5 Display 53 HS Curve Data 8 Channel Signal Beardie 25 655 631 673 218 709 675 211 636 A s A A a oO Mech SR 60 GU 100 120 140 632 Temperature C 650 646 676 670 1c cot Copy Save to file X Conca Figure 6 5 1 a Outputting numerical data for a single TL glow curve i 6 5 2 Plot Multiple Data This option allows the user to create any number of graphs displaying multiple luminescence record
85. ogram As with all of the graphs within Analyst the scales on the graph can be stretched or modified or the data can be extracted for plotting in other software Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 7 Analysis of multiple equivalent dose 44 values 7 HI Single Aliquot Analysis SAR_example_1 binx Function Summary Display Curve Fitting Options 16s Prob Density OSL cts per 0 an o CH CH 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time 100 Dose s 150 Current Grain Lx Tx Data Summary Data Disc number 7 41 25678 585 105905 69916 104763 73511 53378 122375 5 86 5 07 946 886 852 943 824 921 Aid Integration Limits Signal 1 5 BG 200 250 Si Maximum Number of Discs BAAR an D J m dan e GA Nm sch Results ED fs Recycling 1 00 0 03 R 77RA 2 0 99 0 03 A 8 R 2 0 99 0 03 A EIS 7 Curve Fitting Linear a 4 86E 003 2 22E 003 b 2 31E 002 2 74E 004 212 90 5 07 Recuperation 0 1 0 0 DIN 0 6 0 1 DANI X Delete X Reject Average error in fit 0 0235 Reduced Ch 2 2 66 150 Dose s Sig 200 Summary Statistics Num Values 23 Mean 15D C Mean 5E O Wt Mean Common Age Central Age C No display Overdisp Overdisp s MSWD 193 6 21 4 193 64 4 5 190 3 21 2 193 7 1 1 192 6 4 4 10 6 0 3 20 4 0 7 18 42 250 300 350 Reader ID 1022 0 039 Gy s Parameters Use prev B
86. ollected by this operation In this case TL was measured for Disc 1 2 3 4 and 5 By default the first data from this list is shown in the graph at the bottom of the page Other data can be displayed on the graph by clicking on the names Disc 2 Disc 3 etc Analyst User Manual 8 2 Sequence View 61 R I Analyst GAR bie SARA A File Edit Records Analysis Export View Window Options About Beta 55 TL 220 C 5 00 C s 270Pts PH 220 C TL 220 C 5 00 C s 270Pts Beta 105 Beta 105 TL 160 C 5 00 Cfs 160Pts d Current File Current Record Display Information File SAR 1 bin Records 120 Selected ED Highlighted 1 Subtract Background Allow data to be shifted 45 000 J f a CH CH CH 35 000 30 000 25 000 20 000 15 000 Normalization None sl 1 Ge Current Mouse Position g Time Temperature o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Luminescence Signal Temperature C TL cts per 1 00 C 11 23 13 Apr 15 Figure 8 2 b Sequence view when a cell is highlighted that resulted in data being collected a list of aliquots which were measured is given in the box in the lower right hand side of the screen in this case discs 1 2 3 4 and 5 Selecting and Deselecting data The Sequence View shows which data are selected for analysis by colour coding the display Where a box is red e g Set 3 Run 1 then at least some of the data collected in that operation have been selected Where the box
87. ong Integer 4 Sample characteristics Run number Run Small Integer 2 Set Number Set Small Integer 2 Carousel position Position Small Integer 2 Grain Number GrainNumber Small Integer 2 Curve number for multiple curve operations CurveNo Small Integer 2 X position of a single grain XCoord Small Integer 2 Y position of a single grain YCoord Small Integer 2 Sample name Sample String 21 Comment Comment String 81 Instrument and sequence characteristics System ID SystemID Small Integer 2 File name SEC BINX etc FName String O 101 User name User String 31 Data collection time hh mm ss Time String 7 Data collection date dd mm yy Date String 7 Analysis Data type il DType Byte 1 Bleaching time BL_Time Single 4 Bleaching unit mJ J secs mins hrs BL_Unit Byte 1 Normalisation factor 1 Norm1 Single 4 Analyst User Manual 13 Appendices 68 Normalisation factor 2 Normalisation factor 3 Background level Number of channels to shift data Tag Reserved for internal use Measurement characteristics Luminescence type Light Source Optical Stimulation Power Low temperature time wavelength High temperature time wavelength Rate heating rate scan rate Sample temperature Measured temperature Preheating temperature Preheating time TOL delay channels TOL on channels TOL off channels Irradiation time Irradiation type alpha beta or gamma Irradiation dose rate
88. op records from the main display of Analyst NB You can t mix data of different luminescence types 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 26 30 52 34 36 55 40 Ww Highlight data nearest to mouse Time Zoom in using left mouse button move left to right Return to full screen using left mouse button move right to left Hold and drag right mous Figure 2 4 f Graph showing 5 OSL decay curves 2 5 Graphs in Analyst Graphs in Analyst are designed to offer a range of options to help the user explore their data either visually or by extracting data to analyse in other packages Scrolling and Zooming Graphs You can scroll any graph by moving the mouse whilst holding the right hand mouse button down You can zoom in to any part of the graph by clicking with the left hand mouse button and dragging to the right to define a region that you want to zoom into When you release the Analyst User Manual 2 5 Graphs in Analyst 14 left mouse button the graph will zoom into the region that you have just defined To return to the original display clicking with the left hand mouse button and drag it to the left Copying Data and Images from Graphs and Editing Graphs Almost all graphs in Analyst offer the ability to alter the way in which they appear Clicking the right hand mouse button whilst over any graph will bring up a pop up menu offering a number of options Figure 2 5 a The number of options available may vary from one part of Analyst to anoth
89. ple at 50 C The correct data is now selected there should be 40 records selected and this should be shown on the bottom left of the main Analyst screen see above This data can now be used to look at fading for the 5 aliquots measured The results for aliquot is position 1 are shown below Analyst User Manual 6 4 Fading Test 50 Single Aliquot Fading Test Analysis Fading Prompt ihr 10hr_delay binx A DR r gt Function Options Record 2 43 000 42 000 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 gt 1 Time 3 SAR Cycle Delay t hrs Current Grain Lx Tx Data Sa Summary Data Disc number 1 Reader ID 356 Unrecognised 125711 3264 16162 1290 8 233 0 190 Parameters 123753 327 16340 1300 8 011 0 185 Use prev BG for test dose D 123442 3314 16541 1262 7 862 0 181 Integration Limits S 128981 3452 16867 1348 8 089 0 186 Signal fi S 20 Error Calculations BG um si am lt Measurement error 1 5 3 M Monte Carlo repeats 100 Maximum Number of Discs 48 lt Iw Incorporate error on curve fitting Rejection Criteria jw Use errors when applying criteria Tiger Resi D Regeingistointtal 0 Y Accept Y a ppi aye 9 906 002 g value St 2 22 1 66 Mas test dose enor XP Dun zi on b 1 71E 001 1 28E 001 X Reject ae x jw Signal more than 3 sigma above BG Reduced Chi 2 0 30 Summary data for this aliquot Right click the mouse to copy data to the clipboard Figure 6 4 c Fadi
90. rain Small Integer 2 Analyst User Manual 13 1 Appendix A BINX file format 73 Optical Stimulation Power System ID Reserved for internal use On time for pulsed stimulation s Off time for pulsed stimulation s Enable flags PMT Gating and Photon Timer enable On gate delay s Off gate delay s Reserved Length of header Data array of NPOINTS Long Integers Notes The pulsing parameters are only stored from Sequence Editor V 3 30 and onwards LightPower SystemID OnTime OffTime EnableFlags OnGateDelay OffGateDelay DPoints Analyst User Manual 13 1 Appendix A BINX file format Single Small Integer Single Single Byte Single Single Long Integer 2 36 kA gt gt 272 4x NPOINTS 74 13 2 Appendix B Summary Data from single aliquot and single grain analysis During single aliquot or single grain analysis it is normal to generate multiple equivalent dose De values As described in Section 6 2 1 7 and Section 6 2 1 1 a summary of this data is produced This Summary Data can be reviewed on screen copied to the clipboard for export to some other package or it may be saved to a Summary File see Section 6 2 1 1 This appendix describes the data produced in this Summary Data The disc number for the aliquot Grain number for the single grain Left blank if this is a single aliquot 3 ED Equivalent dose either in seconds or Gy Parameter XX indicates
91. re 2 1 a Lumin Type displays the type of luminescence measurement that was made TL OSL IRSL etc Position is the position of the sample disc on the carousel in the TL OSL reader 1 24 or 1 48 depending on the size of carousel in your system and Data Type is the treatment that you have given to the disc before it was measured By default Data Type is set to Natural eer lt 7 SE Fle Edit Records rallye Expert view finde regen D Ge A Xx aR CC L Reca Eed basis ani zer Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural TL Natural TL Natural TL Natural TL Natural TL Natural OSL Natural OSL OSL HS Analyst A Natural Display Information Position Grain number Aun Number Set Number Current File Current Record File 55A 1 binx Records 120 Selected 60 1 000 000 800 000 Highlighted Subtract Background Allow data to be shifted 1 e 600 000 400 000 Irad Time Num Points Lumin Type Low OSL cts per 0 16 2 High More MM 200 000 Fate Current Mouse Positor Temperature Times Temperature 20 25 30 35 40 amp Coordinate Luminescence Signal Time 34 GE User default Normalisation 11 09 13 Apr 15 Figure 2 1 a Altering the display of information in Analyst 2 2 Selecting and Highlighting Records Once a BINX file is open Analyst displays a list of the records in the main display area Figure 2 2 a
92. refore you may want to group together the aliquots which have had a similar treatment and look Analyst User Manual 9 Window Menu 64 at the behaviour of the group as a whole rather than individual aliquots To do this select Group Definitions see below Group Selection Criteria for Defining Groups 7 a Position Run Number Data Type Num Points Low Hate A Coordinate Chn Delay Chn off Comment Light Power Length Time Sequence System ID Ir ad Doze Rate Bleach Unit Anneal Time Normal 2 Background Integral 1 Integral 3 Curve No On time Gating start Photon Timer enabled Time since lr Max absolute stim ligt ARF X ray high voltage SAF dead time fraction Ir ad Dose Rate error Filter 1 Excess noise factor RR RR UF PA O PO PI PI O O PI CI ID PI PI IR O O PI a E Grain number Set Number Ir ad Time Lumin Type High Temperature Y Coordinate Chn On Sample Light Source Version Previous Date User lrrad Type Bleach Time Anneal Temp Normal 1 Normal 3 Shift Integral 2 Integral 4 Time Tick Stimulation Period Gating end PHT gating enabled PHT dead time ARF acquisition time ARF X ray current Dead time correction e Detection unit Filter 2 Figure 10 3 a Window listing all the parameters avai
93. related to the precision with which the value is Known The area of the Gaussian representing each data point is kept constant so that a poorly known value is represented by a low flat Gaussian while a precisely Known value is shown as a high narrow Gaussian curve For a population of values the individual Gaussian curves are summed to give a distribution hence the term probability density function Prob Density o 10 20 30 40 50 60 FO 80 20 100 110 120 Dose Figure 6 2 1 2 b Weighted histogram from the Summary Display on the single aliquot regeneration page showing the same data as for the histogram above Radial Plot Radial plots were introduced by Galbraith 1990 specifically for the display of data whose individual values were known with different precisions He has argued against the use of histograms and weighted histograms Galbraith 1998 In essence the plot is a two dimensional one with the precision of an individual data point plotted on the x axis and the difference between the central value for that point and some mean value for the whole population plotted on the y axis The difference plotted on the y axis is expressed as the number of standard deviations of that individual data point away from the mean value for the population The third radial scale plotted on the right hand side is a derived scale and can be plotted only because it is a mathematical property of a radial plot that all the points plott
94. rname default v OK Figure 1 2 a Selecting a user name It is possible either to select an existing username or type a new account name The purpose of having different user names is so that the system can be customised for more than one type of analysis For instance each user name can have a different default directory for your data and set different integration limits for analysis When you select a user name for the first time you are asked to confirm that you want to create a new user name and Analyst will then set the default working directories to Documents Analyst As you use Analyst it will automatically remember the last directory that you used to open and save data files Analyst User Manual 1 2 Installation and Getting Started 5 2 Main Analyst Window When you first enter Analyst the screen should appear as shown in Figure 2 a The layout of the program is a single row of menus along the top of the screen a blank area in the middle of the screen that once a file has been opened will contain a list of the data records and a set of Summary and housekeeping information along the base of the screen When there is no BINX file open all of the menus along the top of the screen are inactive except File Options and About To open a file select the File menu and then Open You will then be presented with a standard Windows file selection dialogue box From here you can select the BINX or BIN file that you want to open Init
95. ror This is a parameter that is an estimate of the ability of the luminescence reader to measure an OSL signal reproducibly Experience has shown that even with samples where the OSL intensity is very bright there is scatter in the OSL measurement from one SAR cycle to the next Armitage et al 2000 Thomsen et al 2005 It is thought that this reflects the inherent uncertainty in the intensity of the OSL stimulation source the positioning of the aliquot relative to the beta source and heating of the sample In practice the combined effect is to produce a Measurement error of approximately 1 5 for standard multiple grain measurements There is also an option in this box that allows you to decide whether you want to incorporate the average uncertainty in the curve fitting procedure into the estimate of De A new option is to use a Monte Carlo approach for estimating the uncertainty in the Deg value and is described elsewhere see Section 6 2 1 6 Calculation of Uncertainty in De Under the heading Parameters the first option is labelled Use prev BG for test dose If this entry is ticked then Analyst will use the background value for the first OSL decay curve of each pair as the background both for that measurement AND for the subsequent OSL measurement which monitors the aliquots response to a test dose If the entry is not ticked then the background is calculated for each OSL measurement separately By default this entry is ti
96. s For instance one may wish to display all the TL glow curves collected for a single aliquot during a SAR run to check for the reproducibility of the heating It is possible to have as many graphs open at a time as you like Note that in this graph you can only display data of the same type e g TL data You cannot mix TL and OSL data or other data types When first displayed no data are shown There are TWO ways of adding records to be display in this graph A Drag and Drop or B Import Records and these are described below A Drag and Drop The first method for adding records to be shown in this diagram is to drag and drop a record from the main Analyst display Select the record you want to move by clicking the left nouse button and whilst holding the button down drag the mouse to the graph When you release the mouse button the record should appear in the display The display below shows TL data from the SAR 1 BINX data file supplied with Analyst Analyst User Manual 6 5 2 Plot Multiple Data 94 File Import Graph TL icts per 1 00 C Use Import from menu to select which records to display Alternatively you can drag and drop records from the main display of Analyst NB You can t mix data of different luminescence types 0 T 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 FO 80 30 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 h Highlight data nearest to mouse Temperature 72 Zoom in using left mouse button move left to right Return to fu
97. ssign each record to a specific group based on the characteristics of the record e g its irradiation time data type position on the carousel etc This is useful for a wide range of operations However you may also want to calculate the integral luminescence signal from each group of records This can be done using the Group Averages command in the Export menu Analyst User Manual 7 Export Menu 58 Group Averages The values shown below have been calculated by grouping together records of a similar type You can choose What criteria within the data records you want to use for grouping in the Options Group definition menu item To copy the results from this analysis highlight the part of the display that you want to copy and then right click on the RIGHT mouse button This will copy the data to the clipboard and you can then paste the data into any windows application Soen eme bn Moon CN 1 JRun Number 1 Set NP 2217368 25 427656 41 508285 00 103108 4 1126546 38 232658 95 491787 00 100574 40 1931664 25 406574 41 466251 59 98834 93 A A rc P A A mr Right click to get a popup menu to copy the data to the clipboard Figure 7 2 a Calculating the integrals for each group of records Integration Limits Low High HL Close x Cancel You can alter the range of channels over which you want to integrate the data using the boxes on the right of the screen If you try to integrate beyond the r
98. t for the Natural and one or more sets for the additional doses Natural Dose You can also have one set of residuals Bleach which will define the residual level to which the growth curve is extrapolated If you do not include a residual level then the growth curve is extrapolated to zero luminescence intensity In addition to defining the data type DType you must also set the irradiation times rr Time in each record Setting the bleaching times DI Time is less important Before you finally try to calculate a Dg there is one other important check This is to make sure that whatever records you want to analyse have been selected see section 2 2 Selecting and Highlighting records See sections 6 1 1 Integral De and 6 1 2 Plateau test for more information about calculating multiple aliquot De values 6 1 1 Integral De The figure below shows the screen that is displayed when you select to calculate either an additive dose or regeneration Dg File Additive 1 BIN that is supplied with Analyst contains data that is suitable for analysis using the multiple aliquot additive dose procedure This file has already had the correct data types and irradiation times set Analyst User Manual 6 Analysis Menu 26 WS Growth Curve Analysis Additive Dose Function Curve Fitting Curve Fitting Low Integral channels 40 3 Integral ED 95t 5 7 al High Integral channels Y a 1 exp 4 c b a ODEM 7 926
99. table Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 1 Function menu 34 Save Summary The results stored in the Summary Data table can be saved using this option A file with a ANR extension is created This is a comma separated CSV ASCII file where the first line is the BINX file being analysed and then the analytical results from the Summary Data table are listed see Appendix B for full details This ANR file can be read by Excel as a CSV or it can be imported back into Analyst at a later date see below Import Summary If you have previously undertaken analysis of this BINX file then you can import that analysis back into Analyst using this option Note that whilst the ANR file remembers a lot about your analysis e g the signal integration used the type of curve fitting and the fitting options that you used it does not remember how you set up the BINX file or if you deselected some regeneration points 6 2 1 2 Summary Display menu As you build up a set of analyses on separate aliquots the data is displayed visually in the top middle of the screen The data may be displayed using three different graphical methods The default display is a radial plot but you can also use a histogram or a weighted histogram sometimes known as a probability density function The Summary Display menu appears at the top of the Single Aliquot analysis page once data have been accumulated either by pressing the Accept button and manually selecting which De valu
100. that was supplied with this program you may want to make the comment parameter indicate where this file came from In order to change the comment field of every record highlight all the records in the file You can highlight all the records either by starting from the first record and then pressing Page Down on your keyboard while holding down the shift key until all the records have been selected or using the Highlight All Records command Now select the Block Edit command from the Edit menu This will display in the same format as for the Edit Record command but instead of being for a single record this is a summary of all the records currently selected in this case 120 records see Figure 5 4 a Analyst User Manual 5 4 Block Edit 23 Block of 120 records Info OK Sample Hame Sampled C l Sequence Name SAR 1 User Name Edward X Cancel Carousel poz 5 Help Grain Number 0 Curve Number 0 Datapoints 250 System ID 356 Date 26031 5 Time 1 33021 Wersion no 6 Length 1447 Figure 5 4 a Block edit of the comment field When you press OK you will be asked to confirm that you want to alter all the highlighted records The Block Edit command will only alter those parts of the records that you have edited the ones marked with a red background Any other aspects of the records will be left unaltered 5 5 Highlight All Records This command provides a useful shortcut to highlight all the records in the current BINX
101. the bottom right hand corner the list of parameters in the BINX file additionally shows 4 items called Integral 1 Integral 2 Integral 3 and Integral A Figure 2 4 a These are for the user to use in any way they see fit The idea is that one often wants to calculate the signal over a fixed integral for a single record or a number of records Display Information Time Tick On time Stimulation Period Y Figure 2 4 a List of information stored in each record in a BINX file that can be displayed on the Analyst main screen When you click on one of these integrals a box pops up asking you to specify the channels that you want to integrate over Note that the integration is defined by CHANNEL number not by time in the case of OSL or temperature in the case of TL Furthermore there is no error checking in this section so you may specify channels 1 to 2000 when only 250 channels of data were collected In this instance the integral will be returned as zero Set Integration Limits You can integrate the data from each of the w OK records by specifying the range of channels that you are interested in The first channel x Cancel 1 X Cance Help Lower integration limit Upper integration limit Figure 2 4 b Window asking the user to specify the channels to integrate Calculating integrals in this way can be useful for a variety of reasons but one example would be to obtain normalisation values
102. ural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural 444042 Curent File Curent Record File SAR 1 Fee 600 000 Records 120 200 O00 Selected ES 600 000 Highlighted 5 500 000 Subtract Background EI 400 000 Allow data lo be hited 5 300 000 GG 200 000 Nomalizabon None D Current Mouse Postion Tene Temperature 5 10 46 20 25 30 35 40 Luminescence Signal 11 47 13 Apr 15 Figure 4 1 a Selecting a column of data to copy Analyst User Manual 4 Edit Menu 19 In addition you can use the cut and paste operations to transfer data to and from other Windows applications such as the spreadsheet Excel This makes it relatively easy to export data in a variety of forms 4 2 Paste See section on copying a selection 4 3 Copy Selection amp Data Utilising this option you can copy the data that has been highlighted onto the Windows clipboard This is the same as Copy selection However with Copy selection amp Data all of the data channels in the luminescence data are copied to the clipboard as well This provides a short cut method of exporting data and an alternative to that described in Current Data Display 4 4 Copy Selection amp Data transposed This is identical to Copy selection amp Data except that the data frame is transposed into columns instead of rows Analyst User Manual 4 2 Paste 20 5 Records Menu
103. us fading in K feldspars and the measurement and correction for it in optical dating Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38 1093 1106 Murray A S and Wintle A G 2000 Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single aliquot regenerative dose protocol Radiation Measurements 32 1 57 73 Thomsen K J Murray A S and Botter Jensen L 2005 Sources of variability in OSL dose measurements using single grains of quartz Radiation Measurements 39 47 61 Wintle A G and Murray A S 2006 A review of quartz optically stimulated luminescence characteristics and their relevance in single aliquot regeneration dating protocols Radiation Measurements 41 369 391 Analyst User Manual 12 References 67 13 Appendices 13 1 Appendix A BINX file format The following information is taken from the Sequence Editor manual supplied by Risg The results from a run of a Ris TL OSL sequence are stored in a BINX file For all versions of the BINX files the version number is stored in the first 2 byte of the header V 7 and V 6 file extension binx The file format V 7 is used by Sequence editor V 4 30 and later The file format V 6 is used by Sequence editor V 4 20 to 4 29 Description Name Type Length bytes Header size and structure Data format version number Version Small Integer 2 Length of this record t Length Long Integer 4 Length of previous record t Previous Long Integer 4 Number of data points NPoints L
104. used to store the string is one byte longer than the string itself Thus the Date is stored as a 6 character string ddmmyy but this requires 7 bytes The different types of luminescence that can be specified are as follows Value LTYPE Description Associated device 0 TL Thermoluminescence 1 OSL Optically stimulated luminescence OSL lamp Blue diodes 2 IRSL Infrared stimulated luminescence IR diode array or IR laser 3 M IR Infrared monochromator scan IR monochromator 4 M VIS Visible monochromator scan Visible monochromator 5 TOL Thermo optical luminescence Any optical stimulation 6 TRPOSL Time Resolved Pulsed OSL Any optical stimulation 7 RIR Ramped IRSL IR diode array or IR laser 8 RBR Ramped Blue LEDs Blue diodes 9 USER User defined 10 POSL Pulsed OSL Blue or IR diode arrays 11 SGOSL Single Grain OSL Green or IR laser 12 RL Radio Luminescence Beta irradiation source 13 XRF X ray Fluorescence X ray unit The various data types specified by DTYPE are primarily designed for use when calculating equivalent doses The different data types are as follows Analyst User Manual 13 1 Appendix A BINX file format 70 Value Data Type Irr BI Natural N dose Bleach Bleach dose Natural Bleach N dose Bleach Dose N OUO A W N BeO Background The values for the light source are as follows Value Light Source None Lamp IR diodes IR Laser Calibration LED Blue Diodes White light Green
105. value is displayed You can switch the data shown in the middle panel between displaying the L T Data for the current aliquot and the Summary Data of the results of the aliquots that you have accepted so far Either data set can be exported using the Save button Additionally the Summary Data can be saved using the option on the Function Menu The Summary Data for each aliquot is described in Appendix B You can also undertake the same analysis automatically Once again set the Current Disc Number to the first aliquot You should also set the Number of Disc Positions on the left hand Analyst User Manual 6 2 1 7 Analysis of multiple equivalent dose 43 values side of the screen to the value of the maximum position that you want to be analysed e g if you want to analyse discs 1 to 18 then set this value to 18 see Section 6 2 1 1 Select Function Analyse all grains and Analyst will automatically step through each disc position trying to calculate a palaeodose Certain criteria are used to decide whether to accept or reject a given aliquot The criteria are listed on the right hand side of the screen and you can choose whether to use these or not by checking or clearing the tick boxes e Recycling Ratio limit a common check that is made as part of the Single Aliquot Regeneration procedure is to measure one of the regeneration doses twice If the SAR method is working correctly then the normalis
106. ways been possible using the Viewer programme supplied by Risg but a similar functionality has now been included in Analyst It is possible to have as many of these graphs open as the user wishes so it is possible to compare data from different aliquots or after different treatments simultaneously e Sequence Display As well as viewing the BINX file in the conventional way it is now possible to see the original sequence that was used to collect the luminescence data and use this to select or deselect data for analysis Analyst User Manual 1 Introduction 4 1 2 Installation and Getting Started The Analyst program will normally have been supplied as part of the Ris standard installation On this disk you will find a setup program SETUP EXE which will guide you through the process of installation in the manner usual for Windows software It will install the Analyst program itself and a number of example data files The program can be installed anywhere on your hard disk but would recommend that you place it in a sub directory of its own e g C Program Files Luminescence Analyst During the installation an icon will appear on your desktop that acts as a shortcut to the program User Names To start Analyst click on the short cut on your desktop created by the installation programme On first running the program Analyst will appear along with a dialogue box asking you for a username Figure 1 2 a Analyst v4 3 7 Enter use
107. which unit is used The uncertainty calculated for the equivalent dose given above 5 N Signal The gross natural signal Ln integrated over the channels defined in parameters 29 and 30 BG signal The background signal that is subtracted from the value above to give the net Ln signal Note that this value has been corrected to take into account any differences in the number of channels used to define the signal parameters 29 and 30 and the background parameters 31 and 32 o ma The same as parameter 5 but for the test dose measured following the A tege oe The same as parameter 6 but for the test dose measured following the natural ID Er Uncertainty in the test dose measured following the natural calculated from the counting statistics and instrumental uncertainty The value is expressed as a percentage The test dose used for SAR measurements in seconds of irradiation Residual Signal If the response to zero regenerative dose has been measured then this is the luminescence signal measured integrated over the channels defined in parameters 29 and 30 12 Test_Signal_ Change The ratio of the response to the test dose in the last cycle of the SAR sequence to the response to the test dose following the natural This gives some impression of the amount of sensitivity change that occurs during the SAR sequence Analyst User Manual 13 2 Appendix B Summary Data from single 15 aliquot and single grain analysis 34 Fit Numeric
108. you can select this to work in Gy instead of seconds 6 1 2 Plateau test When a multiple aliquot Dg is first calculated the display shows a single Dg determination that is obtained when integrating the individual luminescence records over a fixed time or temperature Analyst User Manual 6 1 2 Plateau test 28 interval see section 6 1 1 Integral De However it is sometimes interesting to calculate the De at different temperatures or times and plot the Dg as a function of temperature the plateau test WS Growth Curve Analysis Additive Dose Function Curve Fitting Curve Fitting Low Integral channels High Integral channels Y a 1 expl 4 c b a 6 476 004 5 126 002 b 6 94E 001 1 266 000 c 2 65E 001 3 90E 001 140 230 Average error in fit 483 OSL ch kA a CH Plateau Use cumulative signal for plateau test Interval channels 5 Low limit channels 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 O0 Dose 2 High limit channels Average ED 177 71 320 340 360 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Temperature SCH Temperature C oom in Using left mouse button move left to right Return to full screen using left mouse button move right to lett Hold and drag right mouse buttorn to scroll Clic Figure 6 1 2 a Plateau test for Additive 1 BIN To plot a plateau test select the item Show plateau in the Function menu This will then add an addit

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