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VORTEX -NT USER MANUAL

1. MEAN VALUES AT DIFFERENT HEIGHT LEVELS HEIGHT VELOCITY TEMPERATUR m m s deg C 0 0100 0 2642 25 7794 0 1425 0 2365 26 0477 0 3875 0 1823 26 4146 0 6325 0 1572 26 7033 0 8775 0 1492 26 9158 1 1 225 0 1496 27 1009 1 3675 0 1536 27 2780 1 6125 0 1617 27 4537 1 8575 0 1761 27 6232 1 9900 0 1890 27 6914 2 0100 0 1936 27 6962 2 0600 0 2004 27 7157 2 1400 0 2088 27 7409 2 1900 0 2104 27 7178 2 2100 0 2123 27 6846 22325 0 2203 27 6543 BIDS 0 2323 27 6243 2 2800 0 2427 27 6015 2 3000 0 2455 27 5873 2 3563 0 2503 27 5890 2 4488 0 2496 27 6823 2 5412 0 2461 27 7957 2 6337 0 2405 27 9399 2 6900 0 2232 28 0191 MEAN VALUES IN THE OCCUPIED ZONE from floor to height 1 8 m AIR VELOCITY VALUES IN THE SPACE AIR VELOCITY 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0 1041 2642 27794 1880 1401 Ld m s deg C m s deg C Vortex Setup Utility x Information 2 FE x cm 7 B EJ irm Global Edit Obj Mesh Bun Visuals Monitor Exit About Directory path duct vdb duct vdb duct3 vdb ductwall vdb Examp 5a vdb Load Save Vortex Setup Utility x File manager WNTNWDRKAREA
2. Ceiling supply summer Exampl 1 ROOM AIR MOVEMENT ROOM DIMENSIONS m LENGTH 4 0000 WIDTH 3 0000 HEIGHT 2 7000 FLUID INLET m INLET 1 WIDTH 1 2000 0 0400 AREA 0 0480 TOTAL INLET AREA 0 0480 m 2 FLUID OUTLET m OUTLET 1 WIDTH 0 4000 HEIGHT 0 4000 AREA 0 1600 TOTAL OUTLET AREA 0 1600 m 2 OBSTACLE SIZE m OBSTACLE 1 X DIRECTION X1 1 0000 X2 3 0000 LENGTH Y DIRECTION Y1 0 7012 Y2 0 7487 HEIGHT Z DIRECTION 21 1 0000 22 2 0000 WIDTH OBSTACLE 2 X DIRECTION X1 1 8000 X2 2 2000 LENGTH Y DIRECTION Y1 0 7487 Y2 Tn 1500 HEIGHT Z DIRECTION 21 1 3000 22 1 7000 WIDTH WINDOWS m WINDOW 1 WIDTH 2 0000 HEIGHT 1 7000 AREA 3 4000 IOTAL AREA OF WINDOWS 3 4000 m 2 INLET FLUID PROP ERTIE 0000 0475 0000 4000 4013 4000 INLET VELOCITY 2 000 0 m s EAN TURBULENCE INTENSITY 1 000 1 INLET TEMPERATURE 1 200 1 deg C EAN INLET DENSITY 1 232 0 kg m 3 LAMINAR VISCOSITY AT INLET 1 771E 5 5 TOTAL AIR FLOW RATE 9 600 2 m 3 s EAN REYNOLDS NUMBER 5 567 3 PRANDTL NUMBER 7 050E 1 INITIAL INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE deg C WEST WALL 25 0000
3. Locate AUTO Key VERTICAL Arr Del FALSE Whole Vertical Horizon 2 The DISPLAY MENU provides various facilities for configuring display The three main features are the type of coordinate mapping the colour key settings and the number and type of windows used in the main display area The coordinate mapping can be either parallel projection or perspective projection By default the perspective projection is used for 3 Dimensional domains because it gives a more realistic appearance and parallel is used for 2 Dimensional domains The key legends for colour displays are boxes that indicate the values associated with colours for certain commands For example a vector display have a key that indicates that vectors coloured in red have a certain magnitude whilst vectors coloured in blue have a different magnitude There are options for how the key is to be placed and the type of key to be drawn The placement can be automatic in which case FLOWVIS places the keys or manual in which case the key is placed as an outline by using the mouse There is a third option which makes FLOWVIS ask how the key should be placed every time Currently there is only a choice of drawing a vertical key or not having any keys at all The display area can have up to four separate windows The options for the type of windows are available at the bottom of the DISPLAY MENU The choice
4. Fili Hide J Type J Filled J Spare FALSE Geometry is supported in two distinct ways The first is by porosity specified geometry given as field or cell values in the data set This can be cell porosity Volume PORosity or face specified porosities for high x East PORosity high y North PORosity or high z High PORosity These geometrical features are displayed as filled cells or tiles respectively The fill and edge colours can be selected for these volume or face porosities By default the volume porosity geometry routine uses an algorithm which sorts the cells into furthest to nearest order and displays them using hidden line techniques Whilst this takes a little while to sort the cells in order it does produce pleasing displays because the block objects have a solid appearance The other form of geometry supported is by user defined features These are entered as commands which display boxes arcs lines poly lines and polygons etc These commands and their associated parameters can also be interpreted from a geometry file Two other commands OPEN and CLOSE allow interactively specified geometry to be saved to a file This is necessary if the geometry is to be saved to the redraw stack Closing the geometry file causes the commands to be available for redrawing The geometry menu also has an option to bring up the file manager for choosing an existing geometry file for replay FLOWVIS
5. USER MANUAL FOR AIR FLOW HEAT TRANSFER AND CONCENTRATION IN ENCLOSURES VERSION 3 01 March 2001 Email vortex cfd 2hotmail com VOR is the e of Dr H B Awbi 1993 2 1996 2001 FLOWVIS s ight of J A Ewer and Dr M K Patel 1993 Content Page NOMENCLATURE 10 11 12 13 INTRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR USING VORTEX INSTALLATION AND RUNNING 3 1 Unlocking Procedure for VORTEX DESCRIPTION OF THE CFD MODEL MODELLING TECHNIQUES 5 1 Input Parameters 5 2 Fire Source Data 5 3 Creating VDB File 5 3 1 File Page 5 3 2 Contig Page 5 3 3 Global Page 5 3 4 Edit Obj Page 5 3 5 Mesh Page RUNNING VORTEX 6 1 Run Page 6 2 Output Files OTHER INPUT DATA FILES 7 1 File model DAT 7 2 File FABRIC DAT EXAMPLES 8 1 Example 1 8 2 Example 2 8 3 Example 3 8 4 Example 4 8 5 Example 5 8 6 Example 6 INTRODUCTION TO FLOWVIS HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS OVERVIEW OF FLOWVIS GETTING STARTED WITH FLOWVIS MAIN MENU OPTIONS 13 1 EXIT 14 14 14 16 16 16 76 77 79 80 81 14 15 16 17 13 2 13 3 13 4 13 5 13 6 13 7 13 8 13 9 13 10 13 11 13 12 13 13 13 14 13 15 13 16 13 17 13 18 13 19 13 20 GRAPH STREAMLINES GEOMETRY GRID VECTORS CONTOUR LINES CONTOUR FILLS HELP FILE MANAGER VIEW SELECTION DISPLAY SELECTION TEXT REDRAW STACK DELETE PRINT SETTINGS MENU SYSTEM EXPERT LIMITATIONS OF FLOWVIS Ve
6. p pH p P pP pP pP 100000e 001 500000e 001 900000e 001 010000 000 085000 000 215000 000 290000 000 310000 000 410000 000 590000 000 690000 000 710000 000 785000 000 915000 000 990000 000 010000 000 050000 000 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 C No PO Fo 33 237 40 10 27 25 13 149 15 19 2 50000 001 50000 001 0 00000 000 00000 000 2 00000 000 20000 4001 1500 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 090000 000 110000 000 210000 000 390000 000 490000 000 510000 000 635000 000 865000 000 990000 000 010000 000 27 17 20 6 31 13 24 17 20 2 50000 001 0 00000 000 1 15400 000 0 00000 000 2 80000 001 2 40000 001 5 00000 001 2 50000 001 5 00000 001 0 00000e 000 RANSIENT gt TOTAL TIME STEP SIZE 0 00000 000 0 00000e 000 2 00000e 002 1 gt DRAUGHT RAD CONDUCT 2 50000 001 0 00000e 000 8 00000e 001 2 50000e 001 0 00000e 000 1 00000 001 Table 4 File exampl 1 5 for Example 1
7. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 28 29 30 31 32 Q Q Q N N N NN N N N N IO B B B B B P S Q N IP O 0 O G uS Q NN N N P 1 1 000000 750000 450000 055000 OD o4 A ab Q Q Q 241111 000 683333 000 125556 000 567778 000 010000 000 452222 000 894444 000 336667 000 718889 000 221111 000 663333 000 105556 000 547777 000 990000 000 432222 000 874444 000 316667 000 758888 000 990000 000 001000 001 00000 79500 99000 01000 12500 24000 26000 37500 49000 51000 00000 49000 51000 62500 74000 76000 87500 99000 01000 20500 57500 94500 31500 68500 05500 42500 79500 99000 0e 002 e 002 050000e 001 e 001 e 001 315000 000 685000 000 000 425000 000 0 000 0 000 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 0e4 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 37 10000 001 00000e 001 00000e 001 00000
8. Data x 1 oor oo 0 005 00 reer 7 Graph o pages 7 E lt lt gt gt lt The graph option allows up to ten graphs to be specified for one target window These graphs can be for any cell line within the data set The choice of cell line and the range of cells is achieved by selecting the data plane that contains the line of cells the range of cells in the cell line and the other line index which identifies one particular line of cells from the plane The limits of cells along the chosen line are termed the RANGE coordinates of the cells in the specified range are plotting along the horizontal or base axis of the graph Any one of the variables from the data base may be used as the vertical axis Most of the GRAPH MENU contains options associated with one particular graph line selection The BACK and NEXT options can be used to access any one of 10 line graph settings Options are provided for markers drawing a smooth spline of the data points changing colours changing line type and for scaling or shifting a particular graph There is also access to a visual data selection menu which indicates a line of cells This can be used to interactively choose the graphing location with visual feedback confirmation The menu used for dat
9. 5 quem 00 p p pp p pp pp pp i p p pp pp po S 524286 000 161428 000 490000 000 510000 000 600000 000 690000 000 710000 000 860001 000 014000 001 029000 001 031000 001 040000 001 049000 001 051000 001 083857 001 147571 001 211286 001 275000 001 338714 001 402429 001 466143 001 499000 001 501000 001 537429 001 1 1 1 1 1 1 608286e 00 679143e 00 750000 00 820857 00 891714 00 962571 00 999000 00 001000 001 47 47 47 47 No 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 S 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 26 47 10 17 10 10 20 12 2 25 23 26 1 00000 002 0 00000 000 19 2 25 23 26 1 00000 002 0 00000 000 29 2 25 24 29 1 00000 002 0 00000 000 19 2 25 20 22 1 00000 002 0 00000 000 31 22 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 Te 2 23 26 1 00000 002 2 00000 001 2 00000 001 2 00000 001 00000 001 2 00000 001 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 0 00000 000 2 35000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 000 2 00000 001
10. The graphs with NULL as the variable are ignored when draw is selected The GLOBAL option will be available soon to provide facilities for global graph settings These facilities will include access to the graph title and labelling of axes graph graticules axes settings and presentation styles This is to be implemented as another menu which will exit back to the graph specification menu The DATA option opens a visual menu provided for interactive selection of line of cells to be used for graphing The data selection menu is very similar to the main view menu but is restricted to selecting only one line of cells menu does feature the view orientation options of the main view menu but any changes made in this menu are not used in subsequent displays The data selection menu exists back to this graph specification menu and updates the cell line extent for the current graph element The variable selection and gt gt options allow the variable used for the current graph element to be selected These buttons scroll through the entire list of variables that are available in the current data base The selected variable is indicated by name above the buttons NULL in the variable name field means that the current graph element is inactive as no variable has been chosen The SLAB lt and gt options allow the graphing data plane to be selected This is one stage of the selection of a line of cel
11. 0 1257 22 5934 278 9435 4 7000E 3 1 s 0 46941 7955 9260 7901 0313 8330 6331 6850 0735 9357 6371 3830 1393 8801 6343 5381 8140 m s deg C m s deg C 3 E 6 0 6134 3 5 0 3000 2 1 s olf 0 54521 0 11251 1 E 3 Table 9 File exampl 4 DAT for Example 4 Displacement Vent Age of Air Exampl 4 100 0 0 1 5 00000 000 3 00000 000 4 00000 000 47 39 41 1 1 000000e 002 2 1 000000e 002 3 9 538461e 002 4 2 461539 001 5 3 969231e 001 6 5 476923e 001 7 6 984615e 001 8 8 492308e 001 9 1 000000e 000 10 1 150769 000 11 1 301538 000 12 1 452308 000 13 1 603077 000 14 1 753846 000 15 1 904615 000 16 1 990000 000 17 2 010000 000 18 2 096667 000 19 2 250000 000 20 2 403333 000 21 2 490000 000 22 2 510000 000 23 2 596667 000 24 2 750000 000 25 2 903333 000 26 2 990000 000 21 3 010000 000 28 3 080000 000 29 3 200000 000 30 3 320000 000 31 3 440000 000 32 3 560000 000 33 3 680000 000 34 3 800000 000 35 3 920000 000 36 3 990000 000 37 4 010000 000 38 4 096666 000 39 4 250000 000 40 4 403334 000 41 4 490000 000 42 4 510000 000 43 4 596666 000 44 4 750000 000 45 4 903334 000 46 4 990000 000 47 5 010000 000 N N N N NN N N N I2
12. wW T Ox 2 dz Kinetic energy generation by shear OT Kinetic energy generation by buoyancy Or Empirical constants in the equations Cu Cp C2 Oc 0 09 1 0 1 44 14 92 0 9 1 0 0 9 Table 2 Structure of model DAT comments in lower case Title of run up to 40 characters case name up to 8 charaters ICONC ICOMF IDRA IRADI ICOND Control flags for concentration comfort draught radiation and conduction L H W Length Height and Width NI NJ NK Maximum grid number in x length y Height 2 Width directions I X I Grid and the corresponding coordinate in x direction 1 to NI Y J Grid and the corresponding coordinate in y direction 1 to NJ Z K Grid and the corresponding coordinate in z direction 1 to NK NIN Number of air supply openings IINW I IINE I JINS I JINN I KINL I KINR I Coordinates of supply opening I 1 1 to NIN NOUT Number of air exits IOUTW I IOUTE I JOUTS I JOUTN I KOUTL I KOUTR I Coordinates of exit opening 1 to NOUT NWIN Number of windows IWINW I IWINE I JWINS I JWINN I KWINL I KWINR I TWIN I HWIN I Coordinates temperature and heat flux W m2 of window I 1 1 to NWIN NOBS Number of obstacles IOBSW I IOBSE I JOBSS I JOBSN I KOBSL I KOBSR I TOBS I HOBS I Coordinates temperature
13. 003 RAD 2 00000 001 2 00000 001 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 1 00000e 000 1 00000e 001 CONDUCT AGE Table 6 File exampl 2 5 for Example 2 Ceiling suuply winter Exampl 2 ROOM DIMENSIONS m LENGTH 4 0000 WIDTH 3 0000 HEIGHT 2 7000 FLUID INLET m INLET 1 WIDTH 0 3000 HEIGHT 0 3000 AREA 0 0900 TOTAL INLET AREA 0 0900 m 2 FLUID OUTLET m OUTLET 1 WIDTH 0 4000 HEIGHT 0 4000 AREA 0 1600 TOTAL OUTLET AREA 0 1600 m 2 OBSTACLE SIZE m OBSTACLE 1 X DIRECTION X1 1 0000 X2 3 0000 LENGTH 2 0000 Y DIRECTION Y1 0 7000 Y2 0 7500 HEIGHT 0 0500 Z DIRECTION 21 1 0000 22 2 0000 WIDTH 1 0000 OBSTACLE 2 X DIRECTION X1 1 8000 X2 2 2000 0 4000 Y DIRECTION Y1 0 7500 Y2 131500 HEIGHT 0 4000 Z DIRECTION 21 1 3000 22 1 7000 WIDTH 0 4000 OBSTACLE 3 X DIRECTION X1 1 7000 X2 2 3000 LENGTH 0 6000 Y DIRECTION Y1 2 5500 Y2 2 6000 HEIGHT 0 0500 Z DIRECTION 21 1 2000 22 1 8000 WIDTH 0 6000 WINDOWS m WINDOW 1 WIDTH 2 0000 HEIGHT 1 7000 AREA 3 4000 TOTAL AREA OF WINDOWS 3 4000 INLET FLUID PROPERTIES MEAN INLET VELOCITY 1 000 0 m s GRID WN 11 12 13 H
14. COMFORT NUMBER FOR AIR QUALITY MEAN CONTAMINANT PRODUCTION RATE 100 0000E 3 1 5 CONCENTRATION 0 8416 0 E 6 VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS 0 1846 3 AIR FLOW RATE FOR ONE OLE 0 1901E 7 1 s olf PERCENTAGE OF DISSATISFIED FOR IAQ 0 1216E COMFORT NUMBER FOR AIR QUALITY 0 1518 Table 13 File exampl 4 DAT for Example 6 Split A C Unit exampl 6 0 0 0 0 0 O 4 00000e 000 2 70000e 000 5 00000e 000 22 26 33 1 000000 002 000000 002 300000 001 500000 001 700000 001 900000 001 010000 000 230000 000 450000 000 670000 000 890000 000 110000 000 330000 000 550000 000 770000 000 990000 000 210000 000 430000 000 650000 000 870000 000 990000 000 010000 000 0 Q P P OB 90 90 9 CQ NN O O O y NN mn N 000000e 0 000000e 00 425000e 00 875000e 00 325000e 00 715000 00 122500 00 367500 00 612500 00 857500 0 990000 0 010000 0 060000 0 140000 0 190000 0 210000 0 232500 0 257500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q N gt O O 280000
15. EAST WALL 25 0000 FLOOR 25 0000 CEILING 25 0000 EFT WALL 25 0000 RIGHT WALL 25 0000 WINDO 1 28 0000 OBSTACLE 1 24 0000 OBSTACLE 2 50 0000 CONVECTIVE HEAT FLUX SURFACES W m 2 WEST WALL 0 0000 EAST WALL 0 0000 FLOOR 50 0000 CEILING 0 0000 EFT WALL 0 0000 RIGHT WALL 0 0000 WINDOW 1 0 0000 OBSTACLE 1 0 0000 OBSTACLE 2 200 0000 ARCHIMEDES NUMBER 0 343 2 MEAN VALUES AT DIFFERENT HEIGHT LEVELS GRID HEIGHT VELOCITY TEMPERATURE m m s deg C 2 0 0100 0 2796 23 8916 3 0 0667 0 2679 22 3259 4 0 1600 0 2304 21 8729 5 0 2533 0 1992 21 7588 6 0 3467 0 1764 21 7449 7 0 4400 0 1592 21 7550 8 0 5333 0 1457 9 0 5900 0 1402 21 7829 10 0 6100 0 1390 21 7859 11 0 6500 0 1366 21 7949 12 0 6900 0 1351 21 8116 13 057225 01533 21 7713 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 25 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 0 7375 0 1528 21 0 7600 0 1411 2 0 8300 0 1385 21 0 9500 0 1378 21 1 0700 0 1383 21 1 1400 0 1388 21 1 1600 0 1374 22 1 2625 0 1378 21 1 4475 0 1383 2 1 6325 0 1389 2 1 8175 0 1410 21 2 0025 0 1443 21 2 1875 0 1510 2 2 2900 0 1597 21 2 3100 0 1643 21 2 3500 0 1711 21 2 3900 0 1815 21 2 4100 0 2140 21 2 4300 0 2459 21 2 4500 0 2664 21 2 5150 0 2496 21 2 6250 0 2157 21 2 6900 0 1864 22 MEAN VALUES IN THE OCCUPIE
16. HEIGHT 0 8000 AREA 0 6520 TOTAL INLET AREA 0 6520 m 2 FLUID OUTLET m OUTLET 1 WIDTH 0 5000 HEIGHT 0 4925 AREA 0 2462 TOTAL OUTLET AREA 0 2462 m 2 OBSTACLE SIZE m OBSTACLE 1 X DIRECTION 1 2 0000 X2 2 5000 LENGTH 0 5000 Y DIRECTION Y1 0 8000 2 1 3000 HEIGHT 0 5000 Z DIRECTION Z1 2 0000 22 2 4925 WIDTH 0 4925 CONCENTRATION SOURCE SIZE m CONCENTRATION SOURCE 1 X DIRECTION X1 3 0000 X2 4 0000 LENGTH 1 0000 Y DIRECTION 1 0 0000 2 0 0925 HEIGHT 0 0925 Z DIRECTION 21 1 5075 22 2 4925 WIDTH 0 9850 VOLUME 0 09 m 3 CONCENTRATION 1 00E 6 m 3 s INLET FLUID PROPERTIES MEAN INLET VELOCITY 5 000E 1 m s MEAN TURBULENCE INTENSITY 5 000 2 MEAN INLET TEMPERATURE 1 800 1 deg C EAN INLET DENSITY 1 207E 0 kg m 3 LAMINAR VISCOSITY AT INLET 1 800 5 s TOTAL AIR FLOW RATE 3 260E 1 m 3 s EAN REYNOLDS NUMBER 2 707F 4 PRANDTL NUMBER 7 050 1 INLET CONCENTRATION 0 0000 E 6 INITIAL INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE deg C WEST WALL 20 0000 EAST WALL 20 0000 FLOOR 30 0000 CEILING 20 0000 EFT WALL 20 0000 RIGHT WALL E 20 0000 OBSTACLE 1 20 0000 CONVECTIVE HEAT F
17. file name called NTUSER31 INF please copy this file in the directory DRIVE VORT_WNTI BIN If you have any problems running the software please note any error numbers and or messages and contact the distributor stating these 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL The general transport equations are the continuity equation the Navier Stokes momentum equation the thermal energy equation the concentration of species equation and the two equations for the kinetic energy and dissipation rate of the turbulence model incompressible flow the time averaged equations are represented by apd 9 EE 3t dcr Pea S 1 Transient Convection Diffusion Source where S is the source term for the variable see Table 1 To obtain a solution of equation 1 the boundary conditions for the room or building must be specified These are known quantities empirical or semi empirical expressions Typical room boundary conditions which must be provided are the velocity temperature and the contaminant concentration of the supply air The air velocity temperature and contaminant concentration at the exit are obtained from the continuity equation thermal energy and concentration mass balance equations respectively For incompressible flow as in buildings the air density is unaffected by pressure and therefore the pressure is a relative quantity and only pressure difference is a significant entity At a solid surface a non slip condition is
18. 0 00000 000 3 10000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 3 52000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000e 000 3 83000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4001 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 4 08000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 4 29000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 000 2 00000 001 0 00000e 000 4 47000e 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 4 63000 000 0 000005 000 0 000005 000 000005 000 000005 001 0 000005 000 4 78000 000 0 00000 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 4 92000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 5 04000e 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 5 16000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 5 26000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 5 37000e 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000e 000 5 46000e 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 5 56000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000e 000 5 64000e 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 5 73000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 5 81000e 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0
19. 0709 22 2 5650 0 0799 22 2 6572 0 0913 22 2 7494 0 1052 22 2 8417 0 1219 22 2 9339 0 1401 22 2 9900 0 1449 22 MEAN VALUES IN THE OCCUPIED from floor to height 1 8 AIR VELOCITY AIR TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION AGE OF AIR HEIGHT AGE OF AIR m 0 0250 0 5042 0 0750 0 5983 0 1100 0 6371 0 2300 0 7369 0 4500 0 8617 0 6700 0 9500 0 7900 0 9969 0 8100 1 0054 0 8487 1 0265 0 9062 1 0474 0 9638 1 0629 1 0213 1 0775 B KR DB BR BB BR uS 0 2833 23 4124 549 8933 0 5042 3166 7730 0684 2689 6499 5250 2213 6151 0502 9815 2466 7278 6443 9510 8022 21 23 1694 6353 4639 4357 3474 0414 3136 0595 2013 7504 8575 8441 2263 m s deg C 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 1 0788 1 0927 1 1363 1 1096 1 1938 1 1250 122523 1 1380 1 2900 1 1458 1 3100 1 1504 1 3661 1 1612 1 4583 1 1748 1 5506 1 1851 1 6428 1 1929 1 7350 1 1986 1 8272 1 2024 1 9194 1 2046 20117 1 2050 2 1039 1 2037 221961 1 2008 2 2883 1 1967 2 3806 1 1919 2 4728 1 1868 2 5650 1 1812 2 6572 1 1752 2 7494 1 1690 2 8417 1 1628 2 9339 1 1565 2 9900 1526 VALUES THE SPAC AIR VELOCITY AIR TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION
20. 3 10 Streamlines do not yet use porosity values correctly This can lead to situations where streamlines enter blocked regions by up to half a cell Work is in progress to correctly stop the streamlines from entering blocked regions or passing through obstructions 2 Streamlines suffer from accumulated integration errors This is more noticeable for true recirculations where there is a tendency for the streams to spiral outwards rather than meeting the original stream after a circuit of the recirculation One possible way to overcome this is to have a fine grid 16 FLOWVIS FACILITIES Version 3 10 16 1 User Interface YYY Menu driven with pop up sub menus Mouse pointing and selection Cursor key navigation with space bar or return key selection Intelligent next option selection in certain menus to speed up interaction This involves placing the cursor on the next sensible button ready for immediate selection Meaningful pop up messages and critical action confirmation requests Automatic command saves for subsequent replay and possible save to file Break in allowed on display creation by ESC or mouse button number 2 or 3 A N gt S VVVVV WV Up to four display areas windows Up to four data sets on one display with one allowed for each window Pointing selection cursor selection of active window for direction of output Selective redraw for all or single windows Choice of si
21. 300000 356250 448750 541250 633750 690000 H N N FR ws N N 26 2 710000 000 1 1 000000e 002 2 1 000000e 002 7 500000e 002 4 1 850000e 001 5 2 950000e 001 6 4 050000e 001 7 5 150000e 001 8 6 250000e 001 9 6 900000 001 10 7 100000e 001 11 7 816666e 001 12 9 050000 001 13 1 028333 000 14 1 151667 000 15 1 275000 000 16 1 398333 000 17 1 470000 000 18 1 490000 000 19 1 633846 000 20 1 901538 000 21 2 169231 000 22 2 436923 000 23 2 704615 000 24 2 972308e 000 25 3 240000 000 26 3 507692 000 27 3 775384 000 28 4 043077 000 29 4 310769 000 30 4 578462 000 31 4 846154 000 32 4 990000 000 33 5 010000 000 1 1 1 16 19 10 1 1 d 12 45 10 0 0 0 3 00000 001 2 50000 001 0 00000 000 0 00000 000 2 50000 000 1 50000 001 1000 17 17 4 00000 2 00000 2 50000e4 00000 00 001 002 000 0 2 50000 0 00000 0 00000 001 000 000 2 50000e4 0 00000e4 1 00000e4 001 000 000 2 50000 001 0 00000 000 2 00000 001 O1 0000 00000e 001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00000e 001 0e 001 0e 001 0e 001 0e 001 0e 001 0e 001 0e 001 0e
22. 6844 20 1695 0 5014 11 4 7500 3 7940 20 1736 0 5135 12 5 2500 3 9154 20 1787 0 5283 13 5 1500 4 0374 20 1847 0 5459 14 6 2500 4 1758 20 1917 0 5664 15 6 7500 4 3215 20 1996 0 5899 16 7 2500 4 4913 20 2086 0 6160 17 7 7500 4 6823 20 2184 0 6451 18 8 2500 4 7717 20 2237 0 6359 19 8 7500 5 0184 20 2362 0 6763 20 9 2500 5 2097 20 2496 042232 21 9 7500 5 3637 20 2646 0 7785 22 10 2500 5 4954 20 2823 0 8454 23 10 7500 5 6021 20 3046 0 9298 24 11 2500 5 6967 20 3355 1 0449 25 11 7500 5 17151 20 3852 1 2286 26 12 2500 5 8532 20 4776 1 5691 21 12 7500 5 9121 20 3749 1 2387 28 13 2500 59615 20 3011 0 9889 29 13 7500 5 9973 20 2466 0 8045 30 14 2500 6 0285 20 2029 0 6573 31 14 7500 6 0512 20 1669 0 5368 32 15 2500 6 0738 20 1370 0 4373 33 15 7500 6 0903 20 1121 0 3549 34 16 2500 6 1073 20 0914 0 2869 35 16 7500 6 1205 20 0742 0 2308 36 17 2500 641355 20 0601 0 1848 37 17 7500 6 1448 20 0485 0 1472 38 18 2500 6 1564 20 0390 0 1166 39 18 7500 6 1642 20 0312 0 0917 40 19 2500 6 1645 20 0247 0 0709 41 19 7500 6 0680 20 0173 0 0476 MEAN VALUES IN THE OCCUPIED ZONI from floor to height 1 8 m 1 AIR VELOCITY 2 7433 5 AIR TEMPERATURE 20 1650 deg C CONCENTRATION x 0 4558 EAN VALUES IN THE SPACI EE AIR VELOCITY 5 0044 m s AIR TEMPERATURE 20 1882 deg C CONCENTRATION 0 5747
23. Current File gt case vdb Graphics display 1 Directories 3y John Ewer and Dr M Patel Eancel Fig 1 File Page Information B OR Contig Global Edit Obj Mesh Bun Visuals Monitor Exit About Problem configuration 3 Activate variable Use for restart Number of sweeps 1 Concentration Relaxation parameters Draught m Lm 50m Radiation V 50m Conduction v Age F Confort Metabolic rate 700902 5mm Clothing resistance 1106012 amen Water vapour press Transient Total time Time step size Restart 1500 03 24 1 000e 02 1 000 01 5 000 01 8000 01 face 8 000 01 Defaults Fig 2 Configuration page Setup Utility x Information jn n jn jn I I ym 5 HR v Config Global Edit Obj Mesh Bun Visuals Monitor Exit About Graphics display 21515 Case new case Title New case for vortex Domain size X Y 2 5 000 2 3000 2 4 000 2 Boundary properties Wall values for TEMPERATURE LUN IV HEAT FLU i 1 R RAD HEAT FLUX EMMISIVITY
24. INL INL TOTAL AIR FLOW RATE EAN REYNOLDS NUMBER MEAN VALU EAN PRANDTL NUMBER EIGHT m 0100 1000 1900 2100 3100 4900 5900 6100 6500 6900 7100 EAN TURBULENCE INTENSITY 1 000 1 TEMPERATURE 3 000 1 deg C ET DENSITY 1 159E 0 kg m 3 LAMINAR VISCOSITY AT INLET 1 858 5 5 9 000E 2 m 3 s 1 872 4 7 050E 1 INITIAL INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE deg C WEST WALL 20 0000 EAST WALL 20 0000 FLOOR 20 0000 CEILING 20 0000 WALL 20 0000 RIGHT WALL 20 0000 WINDOW 1 28 0000 OBSTACLE 1 24 0000 OBSTACLE 2 50 0000 OBSTACLE 3 20 0000 CONVECTIVE HEAT FLUX SURFACES W m 2 WEST WALL 0 0000 EAST WALL 0 0000 FLOOR 50 0000 CEILING 0 0000 EFT WALL 0 0000 RIGHT WALL 0 0000 WINDOW 1 0 0000 OBSTACLE 1 0 0000 OBSTACLE 2 200 0000 OBSTACLE 3 0 0000 ARCHIMEDES NUMBER 0 167E 2 ES AT DIFFERENT HEIGHT LEVELS VELOCITY TEMPERATUR PPD m s deg C 5 0 1728 31 6508 61 7810 0 1618 29 1511 36 3193 0 1408 29 6558 35 6510 0 1388 29 6137 34 7625 0 1236 29 5529 32 7886 0 1113 29 5660 31 9972 0 1075 29 5692 32 6521 0 1064 29 5651 33 5864 0 1035 29 5452 32 8894 0 1002 29 4662 32 8291 0 0984 29 6297 33 9349 0 0974 29 6327 34 092
25. LENGTH 4 0 m HEIGHT 2 7 m WIDTH 3 0m The air is extracted through a 0 4m x 0 4m ceiling opening close to the curtain wall east wall The inside temperature of each wall is assumed to be 25 There is heat generation on the floor at a rate of 50 W m A window 2 0 m wide and 1 70 m high is situated on the east wall 0 6 m above the floor The temperature of the window is assumed to be 28 There are two obstacles in the room one desk of dimensions 2 00m x 1 00m x 0 05m assumed temperature 24 and one computer box of dimensions 0 4m x 0 4 x 0 4m with an assumed surface temperature of 50 and heat production rate of 200 W m The input data for this case is given in Table 3 as file exampl_1 DAT The number of regions are automatically selected by the program depending on the number and position of the objects in the room A default minimum value for the number of grids for each region is specified but the user has the option to change the number of grid points in each region The grid chosen for this example is 38 36 34 The computation results for this case are presented graphically in Figure 7 as velocity vectors and temperature contours for two planes One vertical plane through the supply diffuser and the other one is a horizontal plane The values of the velocity components temperature etc for each grid point can be found in file exampl 1 R and a summary result of the output in File exampl 1 S see Table 4 8
26. The OPEN file or case option uses the current file to try to load a file If the FILE MANAGER is being used for data base access then all files for that case are opened and all other files closed If the search pattern is set for a previously saved stack file then the stack file is loaded and replayed The FILE MANAGER can also be used by other menus to return a file name and a directory path These are returned when the OPEN or FINISH buttons are selected The MKDIR option allows the creation of a named sub directory below the current path or at a fully specified path The name must be typed in the text input box ERASE allows a single file to be deleted or an entire case with all associated files The Shell tool will provide an alternative means of executing OS commands when available The SHELL operating system shell option is currently under development When available it will provide facilities for file copying deletion and renaming etc This will be provided as an upgrade The FILTER facility is currently under development When available it will provide access to data base manipulation routines These capabilities will be provided as an add on enhancement to FLOWVIS The CREATE a FLOWVIS data case option manipulates an input data file to produce a FLOWVIS data set The data base can be created from this option or from the command line utility provided with FLOWVIS After creating a data set FLOWVIS will ask if you now wan
27. Velocity and PMV in two planes for Example 2 Naturally ventilated atrium 12m x H Fig 9 Velocity and CO concentration ppm in two planes for Example 3 Net plot of COZ concentration in a room with D Y 02006420 Fig 10 Concentration distribution ppm in the room for Example 4 984540 Fig Wind Flow over st and a building downwind 11 Velocity vectors in a vertical plane for Example 5 unit on a wall Cooling mode 12 Velocity and temperature in two planes for Example 6 9 INTRODUCTION TO FLOWVIS There are often problems with existing visualisation systems These include General purpose visualisation tools do not always treat fluid flow simulation data correctly There are instances where data is misplaced or misrepresented Post processing visualisation of fluid flow data is one of the most important aspects of simulation because the information and patterns in huge numerical data sets cannot be interpreted without accurate visualisation tools Many visualisation systems have over complicated user interfaces with so much in appropriate functionality that users can be confused Others provide cryptic command line interfaces that have intolerably high learning overheads This is often accompanied by endless questions for the settings associated with a particular command Where menu driven interfaces are provided these are often built onto command driven code T
28. analysis of the room environment would be extremely useful in the preliminary and actual design stages Recently there has been much activity in the field of computational fluid dynamics CFD to develop computer codes which numerically solve the differential equations that govern air movement heat transfer and the distribution of chemical species for internal and external flows However there are very few such codes which are dedicated to the built environment VORTEX is a program which has been specially developed to simulate the air movement heat and concentration of species transport in buildings VORTEX stands for Ventilation Of Rooms with Turbulence and Energy eXchange The software gives all the information that can be obtained from physical model tests and much more at a very low cost and within minutes or few hours depending on the complexity of the problem It can also produce a full thermal comfort assessment of the indoor environment using the ISO Standard 7730 method The program has been under development for over eight years by specialists in ventilation and room air movement research A pre processing environment has recently been added to automate the data input facility through the use of windows environment The visualisation of output data is done using FLOWVIS 2 REQUIREMENTS FOR USING VORTEX VORTEX is code which has been specifically developed for air flow heat transfer and concentration of species pre
29. and heat production W m of obstacle I I 1 to NOBS NCON Number of concentration sources ICONW I ICONE I JCONS I JCONN I KCONL I KCONR I C I Coordinates and generation rate ml s or mg s of concentration source 1 1 to NCONC TW TE TS TN TL TR Wall surface temperatures HCW HCE HCS HCL HCR Convective heat fluxes on room surfaces HRW HRE HRS HRN HRL HRR Radiant heat fluxes on surfaces EPSW EPSE EPSS EPSN EPSL EPSR Emissivity of interior wall surfaces UIN VIN WIN CD TURBIN TIN CIN Velocity components in x y and 2 directions turbulence intensity temperature and concentration of supply air MAXIT Maximum number of iterations URFU URFV URFW URFP URFK URFE URFVIS URFT URFC URFG Under relaxation factors M ICLO PA Metabolic rate thermal resistance of clothing and partial water vapour pressure NP Number of points for output data X I Y I 2 Coordinates of point I I 1 to NP Table 3 File exampl 1 DAT for Example 1 Ceiling Supply summer Exampl 1 0 0000 0 4 00000 000 2 70000 000 3 00000 000 40 37 36 1 1 000000 002 2 1 000000 002 3 29 9999992 002 4 2 600000 001 5 4 200000e 001 6 5 800000 001 7 7 400000e 001 8 9 000000 001 9 9 900000 001 10 1 010000e 000 11 1 115000 000 12 1 305000 000 13 1 495000 000 14 1 685000 000 15 1 790000 000 16 1 810000 000 17 1 910000 000 18 2 0900
30. and upper limit 4115 options are provided to allow the selection of the range of cells from which data will be viewed in the X coordinate direction in Cylindrical Polar coordinates this is the angle direction These options change the cell indices incrementally The X cells range SET option uses a text input box for the entry of two coordinate X values which are converted to the nearest cell indices When called the current coordinate range 15 displayed full range of cells in this coordinate direction is indicated just above the button The move SET lt and gt options allow for shifting the display horizontally The value displayed is a percentage of the maximum data base dimension This value can be set explicitly or interactively using the two buttons below the indicator The effect of shift horizontally is to move the image within the display area A value of 0 means that the display is centred horizontally The move SET v and options allow for shifting the display vertically The value displayed is a percentage of the maximum data base dimension This value can be set explicitly or interactively using the two buttons below the indicator A value of 0 means that the display is centred vertically The ZERO option centres the data base in the centre of the screen This is used for bringing the image back into view when it has been shifted too far from the centre The effect is analogous to setting both the horizo
31. are in the data base Following backwards uses the negated velocity components found in the data base The streamline USING option allows streams to be tracked in the whole domain or optionally only in the current view selected region If a seed starts outside of the region or leaves the region it will not be followed any further The Stream steps lt and gt options allow the streamline refinement to be specified This integer value determines how accurately and fast the Streamlines are followed The larger the value the more steps are used to follow the Streams More accuracy does mean that the stream following will be slower The at edges option has not yet been implemented The stream colouring USE options allow the type of stream coloration to be selected The choices are for local resultant speed single colour or using a data base variable for coloration The colouring used is indicated just below the DRAW button The scroll TOP LAST UP and DOWN options allow other portions of the variable list to be displayed This is necessary where the full variable list is larger than the visible portion of the list The USE buttons allow the adjacent variable names to be selected 13 4 GEOMETRY Geometry overview Fi Help Esc Exit JDefauits Draw Vpor J Epor Hpor File 09587 Menu cear mcd
32. clicking the Restart box The relaxation parameters for the variables to be solved are also specified in this page however the default values are adequate for the majority of cases solved After all the data are input the Apply box is clicked to save the values 5 3 3 Global Page In this page the case name appears in the Case box up to 8 characters and a title is given to the case in the Title box up to 40 characters see Fig 3 The room dimensions and the surface boundary conditions are specified here too In addition to the surface temperature the user can also specify surface heat fluxes W m At each room surface there is the option of specifying a convective and radiant flux components simultaneously If a radiant flux is specified the emissivity of the surface must also be specified otherwise a default of 0 9 is used The radiant flux will be used in the calculation of surface to surface radiation exchange and the local mean radiant temperature at each computational cell When the convective heat flux on a surface is specified as zero the rate of heat transfer through the surface is calculated from the temperature difference between the thermal boundary layer and the surface When the heat flux on a surface is not equal to zero the temperature of the corresponding surface will not be used for the computation of the temperature in the boundary layer and beyond but instead the heat flux together with a default surface heat transfer
33. made Control returns to the main menu ready for visualisation commands view orientation settings are always compared with the view selection of windows with existing commands FLOWVIS will not permit two different views to be mixed in a window so you will be prompted as you try to draw or redraw if the views have changed The choice presented is to use the existing view or to update the window to use the new view The PLANES option allows the orientation of data to be selected Since most of the display commands are drawn plane by plane this will determine how the displays are created The View menu has three data selection forms that only allow selection of a region slab or line of cells These are used by other menus that need to allow a region to be selected visually The equivalent buttons in the three data selection menus are SLABS SLAB and LINE The zoom setting SET ZOOM IN and OUT options allow the level of zoom to be set explicitly or incrementally The display field shows the level of zoom as a real number A zoom value of 1 0 is normal size whilst ve values zoom out and zoom in factor of 2 0 for example makes the object twice the size The SET ZOOM option uses a text input box to prompt for a real value The zoom will change the appearance of the view seen in the graphical area of the menu Use zoom to bring the domain closer or to zoom into a specific area The X cells range lower limit lt gt
34. of the domain but can be useful for visualising long thin domains The type of coordinate mapping is specified by the PROJECT option FLOWVIS supports both parallel and perspective projections Perspective gives 3 Dimensional domains a more realistic look on the screen but 2 Dimensional domains use parallel projection by default The delete before draw DEL option allows FLOWVIS to clear the screen before every drawing command is executed By default FLOWVIS places images one on top of another where possible This option allows each display to be drawn on a clear screen commands are still be saved in the stack for redrawing The key location LOCATE option informs FLOWVIS how to place the colour keys for coloured vector streamline and contour displays Options are AUTO matic ASK as required and MANUAL which allows interactive key placement The manual mode means that the key bounding box is displayed under user control and can be positioned interactively on the display FLOWVIS uses pop up keys that are removed when a new command is targeted on a window and replaced after the command has been drawn The key format KEY option only allows keys to be drawn vertically or not drawn at all The keys contain numerical and colour mapping information for contour vector and streamline plots It is intended that horizontal keys will be provided in future versions of FLOWVIS The delete all windows ALL DEL option configures how mai
35. options allow specific hard copy printer files to be created The currently supported selection includes HP GL PostScript and Raster image output These files will be created in the current working directory The hard copy status HARDCOPY option informs FLOWVIS to create hard copy output as files defined by the formats above If output is disabled then a full screen image is created but no hard copy files are produced 13 18 SETTINGS MENU _ menu overview Help Done j Domain Region j Choose TRUE Sean as DOMAIN J Rotate GLOBAL es LOGICAL ORDER Redraw TRUE Remove The settings menu allows many of the default settings in FLOWVIS to be changed Some of the most useful are Domain and Region Outlines This turns on or off the automatic display of the boundaries of the whole domain and currently selected data region respectively Min and Max Scanning This indicates to FLOWVIS how the colour range is to be scanned for the values in a given data region The domain option means that minimum and maximum values will be those of the whole domain rather than just the selected data region The plane option uses only those planes which pass through the data region for minimum and maximum scanning whilst the region option actually checks only those cells within the specified data region to find the minimum and maximum These options are necessary when you want to use the full range of colours for a
36. options for fill peak maps solid filled cells and block filled cells The fill peak maps are analogous to the contour line peak plots and display a 3 Dimensional surface by raising the pixels being filled away from the data plane by an amount which is proportional to the value of the variable at that point The height scale option can be used to alter the height of 3 Dimensional peaks from the data plane Contour fills overview The contour filled peak plot should only really be used for a single data plane and for best results this plane should be viewed from near edge on The filled cells option takes the field value within a cell and fills the whole cell according to that value This can be useful for data analysis because the value displayed will be the same as that used in the numerical simulation code that produced the results The block filled cells again uses the field value of a variable in a cell but draws a 3 Dimensional brick in an appropriate colour The height of the block is proportional to the value of the variable This option gives the appearance of a 3 Dimensional histogram for a plane of data Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the contour FILL sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button
37. parameters such as surface temperatures heat fluxes position and size of the obstructions inlet and outlet areas flow rate contaminant production rate etc If the initial output data is acceptable the program is then ran for a higher iteration number to obtain a converged solution Generally the CPU time is directly proportional to the number of iterations and one has to compromise between the accuracy of the solution and the execution time There is no easy way of determining the optimum number of iterations as this is a problem dependent quantity but generally for room flow calculations about 500 iterations are required for isothermal flow problems and about 800 iterations or more for non isothermal flow solutions It is always possible to restart the calculations for an additional number of iterations if convergence has not been achieved When restarting VORTEX will read all the field data produced in the previous run as well as that in model VDB and use them to continue the calculations 6 2 Output Files When the program terminates and the output files saved on disk automatically the results can then be visualised using FLOWVIS by exiting the run page and clicking the Visualise icon in the VORTEX Vortex Setup Tool page Details of carrying out the visulisation are described in the FLOWVIS part of this manual In additional to graphic output the user has access to numerical data via text files Files model D model G model V model
38. small region even when the region may have only a small range of values within it Redraw ordering As mentioned in the redraw option the stack commands can be drawn in a logical order to prevent as far as possible overwriting The alternative is to draw the commands in the first drawn order Plane Steps This parameter tells FLOWVIS to skip planes where possible when creating displays This has the effect of rarefying the data when there is too much to visualise comfortably and when the screen becomes cluttered Values of zero means do not skip any planes Streamlines and graphs ignore this parameter completely Contour lines fills and grids skip planes only and vectors skip cells in all three data set directions There are also a number of parameters for controlling the default step sizes used in the VIEW SELECTION menu Settings menu options Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the SETTINGS sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The DONE option performs an exit from the SETTINGS menu and returns to the main menu to await further commands The show outlines DOMAIN and REGION options allow displays to be configured to draw the outlines of the whole domain and the currently selected data r
39. the file for Example 1 in Table 3 The Comfort and Conduction boxes are both selected for the computation of thermal comfort and conduction heat transfer through the external surfaces The opening area 0 3 x 0 3 0 09 m For the give flow rate of 0 09 m s the supply velocity 15 1 m s at the inlet duct position However this is not the supply velocity to the room as the diffuser will diffuse the air in a radial direction over the ceiling To represent this effect a thin plate obstacle 0 6 m x 0 6 m is positioned 0 1m below the inlet opening to provide a radial diffusion of the supply air and effectively representing the action of the diffuser This is of course a simplification to the complex aerodynamics of a ceiling diffuser but if the gap between the baffle and the ceiling is set to produce the same supply velocity as the actual diffuser this approximation should produce reliable results The setting of room surface temperature is no longer critical for this example because the true values are calculated using the heat conduction equations through the fabric Therefore only approximate values for the internal surface temperatures need to be specified File FABRIC DAT is created to input the outdoor environmental conditions for the calculation of fabric heat transfer with the following data 34 34 10000 0 0 00 34 L0 1 0 10 0 24 0 240 10 The results of the computation for velocity and predicted mean vote PMV are shown plotte
40. vector SYMBS option allows the display of symbols to represent vectors which are nearly directly towards or away from the screen and therefore cannot be displayed as arrows The symbols used are a cross for a vector tail vector into the screen and a circle for a head vector coming out of the screen The symbols are shown in the appearance graphics box if activated The vector set 1 and 1 options allow the selection of other orthogonal vector sets for display if these are available in the current data set The component names for the indicated set are shown at bottom of menu for X Y and Z components By default the first set is always the first phase cartesian component set if any vector sets are defined The colour BACK and NEXT options allow the type of vector colouring to be selected The default is to use the resultant magnitude size for colouring but any variable from the data base can be used The colour range and number of colours are used as defined in those options The magnitude range upper limit lt gt and lower limit lt gt options allow the vectors to be displayed for a limited range of magnitudes full range of vector magnitudes 15 the default and these values are displayed between the upper and lower limits The show vector DOTS option allows tiny vector components that cannot be displayed as arrows to be drawn as dots These dots tend to clutter up the display if activat
41. 0 7250 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 0 7400 0 0968 29 6478 0 7600 0 0907 29 6433 0 8600 0 0878 29 7207 1 0400 0 0845 29 8093 1 1400 0 0839 29 8507 1 1600 0 0836 29 9339 1 2625 0 0827 29 9018 1 4475 0 0820 29 9350 1 6325 0 0823 29 9833 1 8175 0 0842 30 0335 2 0025 0 0883 30 0862 2 1875 0 0962 30 1410 2 2900 0 1021 30 1745 2 3100 0 1032 30 1828 2 4250 0 1124 30 2191 2 5400 0 1278 30 2350 2 5600 0 1360 30 2352 2 5750 0 1451 30 2316 2 5900 0 1580 30 2244 2 6100 0 2216 30 1861 2 6500 0 2444 30 1583 2 6900 0 2278 30 0082 MEAN VALUES IN THE OCCUPIED ZONE from floor to height 1 8 m AIR VELOCITY 0 AIR TEMPERATURE 31 PREDICTED MEAN VOTE 1 PREDICTED PERCENTAGE DISSATISFIED 61 VALUES IN THE SPACE AIR VELOCITY 29 MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE 26 PREDICTED MEAN VOTE 1 PREDICTED PERCENTAGE DISSATISFIED 33 COMFORT NUMBER FOR THERMAL SENSATION TEMPERATURE AT THE EXIT 0 VENTILATION EFFICIENCY 0 PREDICTED PERCENTAGE OF DISSATISFIED 0 COMFORT NUMBER FOR THERMAL SENSATION 0 0 33 32 31 32 32 31 30 30 31 31 32 34 34 34 36 36 36 34 34 38 1728 6
42. 0 000 00 E 0 000 00 0 000 00 Apply Defaults Help Fig 3 Global Page Setup Utility Information 5 5 STOP 7 A mim Help File Config Global Edit Obj Mesh Aun Visuals Monitor Exit About Object editor i lay Unique object name Object type INLET_1 Direction constraint plane bject position and size X start Y start Z start 0 000 2600 J 1 000 Y height Z depth 0 000 0200 2000 Object properties VELOCITY V VELOCITY Property value DISCHARGE TURBULENCE 00 zi 1 0000 00 New Delete Help Finish Fig 4 Object Page C am 2 m e 2 A STOP Config Global Edit Obj Mesh Visuals Monitor Exit SEESE Top Mesh direction ____ IE Wall cell width WELL o 2 5 50 7 am fso H4 5 Scroll down Regions Defaults Bottom Finished Fig 5 Mesh Generation Pile JYoon 1 title Boox 1 In Steady State Mode Macs Error 9 317 01 Tter Running 140 of 1000 R 818x529 Change About Fig 6 Processing Page Wall supply with 2 75 and 12 deg Fig 7 Velocity and temperature in two planes for Example 1 Room dimension Fig 8
43. 00 000 19 2 190000 000 20 2 210000 000 21 2 315000 000 22 2 505000 000 23 2 695000 000 24 2 885000 000 25 2 990000 000 26 3 010000 000 27 3 060000 000 28 3 140000 000 29 3 190000 000 30 3 210000 000 31 3 310000 000 32 3 490000 000 33 3 590000 000 34 3 610000 000 35 3 665000 000 36 3 755000 000 37 3 845000 000 38 3 935000 000 39 3 990000 000 40 4 010000 000 1 1 000000 002 2 1 000000 002 3 6 666666 002 4 1 600000 001 5 2 533333 001 6 3 466667 001 7 4 400000 001 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 N N N NN N N N D p pp pp O 4 N I2 O 5 333333e 001 5 900000e 001 1 Q HH 100000 001 500000e 001 900000e 001 125000e 001 375000e 001 600000e 001 300000e 001 500000e 001 070000 000 140000 000 160000 000 262500 000 447500 000 632500 000 817500 000 002500 000 187500 000 290000 000 310000 000 350000 000 390000 000 10000 000 30000 000 50000 000 15000 000 625000 000 690000 000 710000 000 U gt A A 000000e 002 000000e 002 350000e 001 650000e 001 900000e 001 100000e 001 100000e 001 900000e 001 900000e 001 N P
44. 00 000 23 2 190000 000 24 2 210000 000 25 2 250000 000 26 2 290000 000 27 2 310000 000 28 2 485000 000 29 2 815000 000 30 2 990000 000 31 3 010000 000 32 3 140000 000 33 3 380000 000 34 3 620000 000 35 3 860000 000 36 3 990000 000 37 4 010000 000 1 1 000000 002 2 1 000000 002 3 9 999999 002 4 1 900000e 001 5 2 100000e 001 6 3 100000 001 7 4 900000e 001 8 5 900000 001 9 6 100000e 001 10 6 500000e 001 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 PO PO PO PO PO PO PO tO WANA OB 900000 001 100000 001 250000 001 400000 001 600000 001 600000 001 040000 000 140000 000 160000 000 262500 000 447500 000 632500 000 817500 000 002500 000 187500 000 290000 000 310000 000 42500 54000 56000 0 000 0 000 0 000 575000 000 59000 61000 65000 0 000 0 000 0 000 690000 000 71000 00000 000000 350000e 001 650000 900000e 001 100000 350000 650000 900000e 001 010000 000 pp p p p pp p B pp pp pp p pp p S 10000 19000 21000 2 2 9000 32500 36000 4
45. 00000e 000 5 88000 000 0 00000e 000 0 00000e 000 00000 4000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 1 00000 001 0 00000 000 0 00000e 000 00000e 001 2 00000 002 0 00000 000 1000 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 000 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 00000 001 OO O1 O1 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e e e e 00 00000e 00 00 00000e 00 00000e 00 00 00000e 00 001 00000e 001 00000e 001 TRANSII R ESTA ENT TOTAL TIME ST EP SIZE RT CONC COMFORT DRAUGHT RAD CONDUCT AGI Table 12 File exampl 4 5 for Example 5 Stack in the wind Exampl 5 ROOM DIMENSIONS m LENGTH 40 0000 WIDTH 20 0000 20 0000 FLUID INLET m INLET 1 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 2 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 3 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 4 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 5
46. 001 11 ST ENT TOTAL TIME 1 gt D EP SIZE RAUGHT RAD CONDUCT AGE Table 14 File 1 4 5 for Example 6 Split A C Unit exampl 6 ROOM DIMENSIONS m LENGTH 4 0000 WIDTH 5 0000 2 7000 FLUID INLET m INLET 1 WIDTH 0 7800 HEIGHT 0 0900 AREA 0 0702 TOTAL INLET AREA 0 0702 m 2 FLUID OUTLET m OUTLET 1 WIDTH 0 7800 HEIGHT 0 2000 AREA 0 1560 TOTAL OUTLET AREA 0 1560 m 2 INLET FLUID PROPERTIES EAN INLET VELOCITY 2 500 0 m s EAN TURBULENCE INTENSITY 2 000E EAN INLET TEMPERATURE 1 500 1 deg C EAN INLET DENSITY 1 220E 0 kg m 3 LAMINAR VISCOSITY AT INLET 1 786 5 5 TOTAL AIR FLOW RATE 1 755E m 3 s EAN REYNOLDS NUMBER 2 755 4 PRANDTL NUMBER 7 050E INITIAL INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE deg C WEST WALL 30 0000 EAST WALL 40 0000 FLOOR 25 0000 CEILING 25 0000 EFT WALL 25 0000 RIGHT WALL 25 0000 CONVECTIVE HEAT FLUX SURFACES W m 2 GRID CO 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 WEST WALL ARCHIMEDES NUMBER
47. 2 Example 2 This is a heating example for same office room described in Example 1 with a square diffuser at the centre of the ceiling discharging the air radially The supply airflow rate is 0 09 m s The size of the square diffuser is 0 6 m x 0 6 m with an effective slot width of 0 1 m The supply air temperature is 30 This room is on the ground floor of a building which has three external walls one internal wall west wall and a ceiling adjoining the floor of the next level The internal temperatures of the ceiling and the west wall are known to be both 20 whereas the internal temperatures of the floor and the other three walls are not known However the outdoor design temperature is given 1 and the design wind speed is 3 4 m s The single glazed window has an internal temperature of 10 which is calculated from the U value the outdoor temperature and the estimated room temperature of 24 C There are also heat losses from the curtain wall of 20 W m and from the floor of 25 W m The room is constructed using standard building materials ie the default values of fabric properties given in file FABRIC DAT are assumed to apply here In addition to calculating the heat loss through the external room surfaces to determine their internal surface temperature this example also analyses the thermal comfort in the room The input data exampl 2 DAT for this example is given in Table 5 Only minor changes have been made to
48. 212 336 1945 1 9900 0 1669 22 1156 335 4833 2 0100 0 1605 22 1203 334 7580 2 2411 0 1284 22 1709 327 6889 2 6833 0 1155 224223529 317 6703 3 1256 0 1175 22 2814 309 8356 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 NO OO uS S BW 5678 0100 4522 8944 3367 7789 2211 6633 1056 5478 9900 4322 8744 3167 7589 9900 MEAN VALUES from flo AIR VELOCITY AIR TEMPERATUR AIR VELOCITY EAN VALUES IN THE SPAC 0 1181 22 0 1141 22 0 1063 22 0 0960 22 0 0845 22 0 0727 22 0 0615 22 0 0514 22 0 0431 22 0 0382 22 0 0383 23 0 0437 23s 0 0533 23 0 0688 23 0 0950 23 0 1060 24 IN THE OCCUPIED 3241 3688 4186 4712 5427 6118 6835 1591 8396 9238 0134 1147 2377 4008 6686 1512 1 ZONI or to height 1 8 L5 AIR TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION COMFORT NUMBER FOR AIR QUALI EAN CONTAMINANT PROD ONCEN RATION A HE UCTION RATE EXIT IR FLOW RATE FOR ONE ERCEN AGI 1 NUMBER FOR VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS OF DISSATISFIED FOR R QUALITY Ty 302 295 288 281 272 264 256 249 241 2355 230 226 222 220 219 219 0 4368 22 3833 330 5313
49. 3500 56500 66000 0 000 0 002 002 001 001 001 001 0 000 0 000 0 000 50000 000 0 000 310000 000 0 000 340000 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 640000 000 0 000 675000 000 690000 000 710000 000 750000 000 790000 000 810000 000 860000 000 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 00000 4001 940000 4 990000e4 010000e4 135000e4 365000e4 490000e4 510000e4 635000e4 865000e4 990000e4 010000e4 WNNNNNNNN EH ES 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 20 36 36 19 f 5 16 25 Sih 9 26 30 12 14 6 10 23 15 18 46 26 30 32 13 2 00000 001 00000 001 0 00000 000 00000 000 1 00000 000 00000 001 1500 00000e 001 00000e 001 00000e 001 00000e 0 00000e 0 00000e 0 00000e 0 00000e 0 00000e 001 00000e 001 01 01 01 01 01 01 22 36 2 80000 001 32 2 40000 001 25 5 00000 28 2 00000 2 00000 0 00000 001 000 0 00000e4 000 0 00000e 000 1 10000 001 0 00000 000 0 00000 000 001 2 00000 002 001 0 00000e 000 2 00000e 001 5 00000e 001 0 00000e 000 RANSIENT gt TOTAL TIME ST EP SIZE RESTART CONC COMFORT D RAUGHT 1 50000
50. 508 6607 7810 1066 9318 2843 1438 2499 2983 1041 6178 1684 934 526 188 259 630 960 113 764 938 280 784 686 308 283 074 056 546 550 2232 927 344 650 m s 2 8 0 7 7 8 2 0 4 2 8 5 9 5 2 6 6 8 5 0 8 8 deg m s Table 7 File exampl 3 DAT for Example 3 Atrium NatVent Exampl 3 1 00000 1 20000 001 1 00000 001 8 00000 000 33 233 37 1 000000e 002 000000 002 466666 001 999999 001 653333 000 990000 000 010000 000 500000 000 990000 000 010000 000 346667 000 000000 000 653334 000 990000 000 010000 000 346666 000 000000 000 653334 000 990000 000 010000 000 346666 000 000000 000 653334 000 990000 000 010000 000 500000 000 990000 000 1 001000 001 1 034667 001 1 100000 001 1 165333 001 1 199000 001 1 201000 001 01 PO N FO N NO OO OO S BW W N N Co 99 1 000000 002 1 000000 002 3 133333 001 9 000000 001 1 486667 000 1 790000 000 1 850000 000 1 910000 000 9 1 930000e 000 1 950000 000 1 970000 000 12 1 990000 000 2 010000 000
51. 7 15 14 5 5 46 16 15 5 5 56 17 16 5 5 64 18 17 5 5 73 19 18 5 5 81 20 19 5 5 88 A computational grid of 48 x 40 x 46 is used excluding external grid points in each direction The data file 5 is shown in Table 11 and the results are shown in Table 12 and Fig 11 8 6 Example 6 In this example a split air conditioning unit is positioned on the wall of a room at high level The air is supplied upward at an angle of 45 with a resultant velocity of 3 5 m s i e a horizontal and vertical components of 3 5 sin 45 and 3 5 cos 45 2 5 8 in each direction The input data file exampl 6 DAT is shown in Table 13 and the results are shown in Table 14 and Fig 12 Table 1 Source terms of the flow equations Equation o 5 Continuity 1 0 0 9 90 d ov 2 9 U momentum U He u pk V momentum V je Ox dz 3 E g p Po 9 90 9 9 29 W momentum W Ue He pk 92 Ox Oz Oz 2 92 3 Temperature T Concentration Sc Kinetic energy k I Gs Cp pE e Dissipation rate 6 C4 Gg k Notes H I OupE ve W O u oi 7 Gs i 2 2
52. 78062e 001 48 3 924687 001 49 3 999000 001 4 1 c 001000 00 1 gt Q N PP 9 9 9 9 C0 C0 C0 CO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO IR EB E EG EO UO I Fw 000 10 01 CO ES N 2 500000 001 500000 001 500000 001 250000 000 750000 000 250000 000 750000 000 250000 000 750000 000 C CO PO gt B po EB p o B B p B EB E E EO S 1 1 ASA 250000e 000 750000 000 250000 000 750000 000 250000 000 750000 000 250000 000 750000 000 250000 000 750000 000 250000 000 750000 000 025000 001 075000 001 125000 001 175000 001 225000 001 275000 001 325000 001 375000 001 425000 001 475000 001 525000 001 575000 001 625000 001 675000 001 725000 001 775000 001 825000 001 875000 001 925000 001 975000 001 025000 001 000000 002 000000 002 742857 001 082857 000 791429 000 500000 000 208571 000 917143 000 625714 000 e 990000 00 010000 00 338572 00 975714 00 612857 000 250000 000 887143 000 0 0 0 0 5 5
53. AGE OF AIR Nominal time constant COMFORT NUMBER FOR AIR QUALITY MEAN CONTAMINANT PRODUCTION RATE CONCENTRATION VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS AIR FLOW RATE FOR ONE PERCENTAGE OF DISSATISFIED FOR COMFORT NUMBER FOR AIR QUALITY 0 0983 m s 21 8249 deg C 402 9425 1 0676 184 0491 sec 0000E 3 1 s 8589 3 E 6 1562 3 5 3260E 3 1 s olf 0 1658 0 5 0 9422 3 Table 11 File exampl 5 DAT for Example 5 Stack in the wind Exampl 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 00000e 001 2 00000e 001 2 00000e 001 50 42 48 1 1 000000 002 2 1 000000e 002 3 8 083333 001 4 2 385000 000 5 3 961667 000 6 5 538333 000 7 7 115000 000 8 8 691668 000 9 9 490000 000 10 9 510000 000 11 9 600000 000 12 9 690000 000 13 9 710000 000 14 9 860001 000 15 1 014000 4001 16 1 029000 001 17 1 031000 001 18 1 040000 001 19 1 049000 001 20 1 051000 001 21 1 081800 001 22 1 141400 001 23 1 201000 001 24 1 260600 001 25 1 320200 001 26 1 379800 001 27 1 439400 001 28 1 499000 001 29 1 558600 001 30 1 618200 001 31 1 649000 001 32 1 651000 001 33 1 725312 001 34 1 871938 001 35 2 018563 001 36 2 165187 001 37 2 311813 001 38 2 458437 001 39 2 605062 001 40 2 751688 001 41 2 898312 001 42 3 044938 001 43 3 191562 001 44 3 338187 001 45 3 484812 001 46 3 631438 001 47 3 7
54. AOS VAOL VAOR TAOS TAOL EPSOW EPSOE EPSOS EPSON EPSOL EPSOR LAYERW DELTAW I 141 LAYERW 1 LAYERW LAYERE DELTAE I 1 1 LAYERE 141 LAYERE LAYERS DELTAS I 1 LAYERS TKS I 1 LAYERS LAYERN DELTAN D 1 1 LAYERN TKN D 1 LAYERN LAYERL DELTAL 1 1 LAYERL TKL I 141 LAYERL LAYERR DELTAR D 1 LAYERR TKR I 1 LAYERR where the last characters of the parameters W E S N L R are the west east south north left and right surfaces respectively The thickness or thermal conductivity of each component of a wall must also be set in the same line In the case of a known thermal resistance e g air cavity the thickness of the layer DELTA is taken as 1 m and the thermal conductivity TK is taken as the reciprocal of this resistance default data for the above variables are as follows VAO UIN Note UIN is the velocity component perpendicular to a surface TIN EPSO 0 9 LAYER 1 DELTA 022m TK 0 84 W mK for the west east north left and right surfaces For an intermediate floor or ceiling the fabric heat loss gain is calculated in the same way as the walls For the ground floor the equation below applies 1 1 2 Ur ky where Ur floor heat conduction coefficient excluding internal surface resistance W mK 0 tabulated value of the overall heat
55. D from floor to height 1 8 AIR VELOCITY AIR TEMPERATURE EAN VALUES IN THE SPACE AIR VELOCITY 1 7719 1 8249 1 8205 1 8466 1 8855 9079 0118 1 8854 12 17985 L S 1 7886 1 8650 1 9486 9672 9421 9366 1 9023 1 7608 6090 1 4244 1 4090 6712 1632 ZONE AIR TEMPERATURE COMFORT NUMBER FOR AI EAN CONTAMINANT PRO ONCENTRATION AT THE EXIT ECTIVENESS M C VENTILATION A P IR FLOW RATE FOR ONE ERCENTAGE OF DISSATISFI COMFORT NUMBER FOR AI P ED FOR R QUALITY R QUALITY O O OOO 2796 m s 8916 deg C 1651 m s 8522 deg C 0000E 3 1 5 0000 0 E 6 0000 0 5 0000 0 1 s olf 0000 0 5 0000 0 Table 5 File exampl 2 DAT for Example 2 Ceiling supply winter Exampl 2 0 1 00 1 0 4 00000 000 2 70000 000 3 00000 000 37 36 41 1 000000 002 000000 002 400000 001 800000 001 200000 001 600000 001 900000 001 Q N WHEE 010000 000 185000 000 10 1 515000 000 11 1 690000 000 12 1 710000 000 13 1 750000 000 14 1 790000 000 15 1 810000 000 16 1 825000 000 17 1 840000 000 18 1 860000 000 19 2 000000 000 20 2 140000 000 21 2 160000 000 22 2 1750
56. E 6 m 3 s INITIAL INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE deg C WEST WALL 25 0000 GRID 015 WN 11 12 13 14 15 16 EAST WALL FLOOR CEILING WALL RIGHT WALL ONVECTIVE HEAT FLUX ON S RIGHT WALL 29 40 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 URFACE 0 0 0 0 25 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 000 000 000 000 000 S W m 2 010 010 000 000 010 010 INLET FLUID PROPERTIES EAN INLET VELOCITY 1 093 0 m s EAN TURBULENCE INTENSITY 1 000 1 INLET TEMPERATURE 2 100 1 deg C EAN INLET DENSITY 1 195E 0 kg m 3 LAMINAR VISCOSITY AT INLET 1 815E 5 Pa s TOTAL AIR FLOW RATE 2 952E 0 m 3 s EAN REYNOLDS NUMBER 9 636 4 PRANDTL NUMBER 7 050 1 INLET CONCENTRATION 350 0000 E 6 TOTAL CONCENTRATION SOURCES 352 500E 6 m 3 s ARCHIMEDES NUMBER 0 958 1 MEAN VALUES AT DIFFERENT HEIGHT LEVELS HEIGHT VELOCITY TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION m m s deg C E 6 0 0100 0 4368 22 3933 330 5313 0 3133 0 4039 21 9522 330 8485 0 9000 0 3125 21 9595 334 6377 1 4867 0 2383 22 0291 339 2069 1 7900 0 1980 22 0771 340 8091 1 8500 0 1893 22 0876 341 0226 1 9100 0 1801 22 0991 338 5148 1 9300 0 1770 22 1030 337 7067 1 9500 0 1738 22 1071 336 9342 1 9700 0 1704 22
57. HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The EXIT option allows the STREAMLINES sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button No attempts are made to do displays and changes to parameters will be lost The DEFAULTS option resets the default parameters in the STREAMLINES menu This provides a quick method of returning to sensible values after experimentation The DRAW option takes all of the STREAMLINE settings and calls the display routine In displays with more than one window FLOWVIS will prompt for the target window in which to display STREAMLINES Streamline following will proceed until all of the streams have been terminated or a number of cells have been stepped through If there are still streams active when the preset number of steps have been reached then FLOWVIS will prompt for streamlines to continue for a similar number of steps The lt gt Min and Max options allow the number of seeding points for Streamlines to be selected The specified number of seeds are then placed regularly in the selected seed region The seed region is a given 2 Dimensional plate within the domain The colours lt and gt options allow the number of colours used for following Streamlines to be set The default is the maximum number of colours available This option
58. LUX ON SURFACES W m 2 WEST WALL 0 0000 EAST WALL 0 0000 FLOOR 100 0000 CEILING 0 0000 EFT WALL 0 0000 RIGHT WALL 0 0000 OBSTACLE 1 100 0000 TOTAL CONCENTRATION SOURCES 280 000E 6 m 3 s ARCHIMEDES NUMBER 0 462 0 MEAN VALUES AT DIFFERENT HEIGHT LEVELS GRID HEIGHT VELOCITY TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION m m s deg C 2 0 0250 0 2833 23 4124 549 8932 3 0 0750 0 2591 21 7078 473 1537 4 0 1100 0 2430 21 323251 413 1884 5 0 2300 0 1972 21 0549 328 2932 6 0 4500 0 1429 21 2162 315 6016 7 0 6700 0 1096 21 4698 334 1561 8 0 7900 0 0930 21 6299 348 6770 9 0 8100 0 0888 21 6544 352 8411 10 Li 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 1 7091 1 7646 1 8070 1 8348 1 8540 1 8651 1 8753 1 8859 1 8912 1 9279 9154 9169 1 9216 9269 9320 9368 1 9414 1 9463 9522 9604 1 9720 9894 0150 0518 1011 1593 2168 2427 1077 ZONE 0 8487 0 0831 2 0 9062 0 0787 2 0 9638 0 0760 2 1 0213 0 0739 2 1 0788 0 0719 2 1 1363 0 0697 2 1 1938 0 0674 2 1 2513 0 0654 2 1 2900 0 0642 2 1 3100 0 0632 2 1 3661 0 0616 21 1 4583 0 0595 21 1 5506 0 0577 2 1 6428 0 0563 21 T4 7350 0 0552 21 1 8272 0 0544 21 1 9194 0 0540 2 2 0117 0 0539 2 2 1039 0 0546 21 221961 0 0563 21 2 2883 0 0594 21 2 3806 0 0642 21 2 4728 0
59. Often the selection of an option will be followed by an automatic shift of the cursor to the next most logical option For example the FILE MANAGER menu will shift the cursor from a button that selects a file to the OPEN file button ready for that action Another example of the automation in FLOWVIS is the fact that the VIEW SELECTION menu is always presented after the FILE MANAGER menu has been used This is useful as the next operation after loading a new data set is usually to select the data region to be viewed and the view orientation FLOWVIS uses a data base of files for visualisation There will generally be more files in the data base than there were input files This is necessary because most CFD output files are designed to store data compactly but are not very fast to access The FLOWVIS data base is optimised for fast access and contains many calculated values which are not present in the original input files The data base creation routine can be accessed from within the FLOWVIS file manager and there is a command line version data base files for FLOWVIS are easily identified by the three character extension which starts with an F For example the file with extension FHD is the header information for this data set One data set uses the same eight character name for all associated files When OPEN is selected for a data base in the FILE MANAGER all the data base files are connected for reading At this stage FLOWVIS
60. STACLE 1 X DIRECTION 1 9 5000 2 9 7000 LENGTH 0 2000 Y DIRECTION Y1 0 0000 Y2 12 0000 HEIGHT 12 0000 Z DIRECTION 71 9 7000 22 10 3000 WIDTH 0 6000 OBSTACLE 2 X DIRECTION X1 10 3000 X2 10 5000 LENGTH 0 2000 Y DIRECTION Y1 0 0000 Y2 12 0000 HEIGHT 12 0000 Z DIRECTION Z1 9 7000 22 10 3000 WIDTH 0 6000 OBSTACLE 3 X DIRECTION X1 9 5000 X2 10 5000 LENGTH 1 0000 Y DIRECTION Y1 0 0000 Y2 12 0000 HEIGHT 12 0000 Z DIRECTION Z1 10 3000 242 10 5000 WIDTH 0 2000 OBSTACLE 4 X DIRECTION 1 9 5000 2 10 5000 LENGTH 1 0000 Y DIRECTION Y1 0 0000 Y2 12 0000 HEIGHT 12 0000 Z DIRECTION 21 9 5000 22 9 7000 WIDTH 0 2000 OBSTACLE S X DIRECTION X1 10 5000 X2 16 5000 LENGTH 6 0000 Y DIRECTION 1 0 0000 2 8 0000 HEIGHT 8 0000 Z DIRECTION 21 5 0000 22 15 0000 WIDTH 10 0000 CONCENTRATION SOURCE SIZE m CONCENTRATION SOURCI n X DIRECTION X1 9 7000 2 10 3000 LENGTH 0 6000 Y DIRECTION 1 0 2500 2 0 2500 HEIGHT 0 0000 Z DIRECTION 21 9 7000 22 10 3000 WIDTH 0 6000 VOLUME 0 00 3 CONCENTRATION 100 00E 6 m 3 s INLET FLUID PROPERTIES MEAN INLET VELOCITY 4 749 0 m s MEAN TURBULENCE INTENSITY 1 824E 1 EAN INLET TEMPERATURE 2 021 1 d
61. T model C model TMRT model PMV model PPD model TI model PD and model AGE represent the files for room geometry including inlets outlets windows and obstructions computation grid in X Y Z co ordinates velocity components U V W the temperature the concentration the mean radiant temperature the Predicted Mean Vote the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied the turbulence intensity the Percentage of Dissatisfied due to draught and the age of air respectively The file model S contains summary of the input data and key output parameters such as the inlet velocity inlet temperature inlet concentration volume flow rate the Reynolds number and the Archimedes number values for the inlet opening s It also contains mean values of the velocity temperature concentration PPD and the age of air if these are computed for each horizontal plane in the whole field excluding the spaces occupied by obstacles if any In addition model S gives mean spatial values of velocity temperature concentration PPD and the age of air normalised with the room time constant for the occupied zone height of 1 8 m and the whole space too File model R contains the sum of the residuals for the velocity components U V W temperature kinetic energy dissipation rate and mass flow and the values of the velocity components temperature kinetic energy and dissipation rate at the monitored point default at centre of the field It also g
62. The EXIT option allows the contour FILL sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button No attempts are made to do displays and changes to parameters will be lost The DEFAULTS option resets the default parameters in the contour FILL menu This provides a quick method of returning to sensible values after experimentation The DRAW option takes the settings and calls the appropriate contour fill display routine In displays with more than one window FLOWVIS will prompt for the target window in which to display fills The fills will be displayed for the currently selected data region using the active view orientation The colour range upper limit lt gt and lower limit lt gt allow the range of colours used in the fill displays to be selected The range can be reduced or reversed for contour fills The low valued colour is red and the high value is blue The DO CONTOUR FILL option is the default for this menu The contour fill uses the current variable and settings to produce solid filled contour bands for the current data region The contour fill display is initiated by selecting on the DRAW button The DO FILL PEAK MAP option allows a 3 Dimensional raised surface plot to be created The height of the surface above the plane is proportionate to the local value being contour filled hence producing a terrain type plot with mountains an
63. W option takes all of the GRAPH specifications and calls the graph display routine In displays with more than one window FLOWVIS will draw the graphs in the same window as was chosen when the main menu GRAPH option was selected of specified graphs are re drawn from scratch If there is any conflict of the graph commands with existing display commands then you will be asked if you require the existing commands to be kept or discarded and replaced by the graphs The BACK and NEXT Graph menu options are provided to step through the individual graph specifications The actual graph specification being modified is indicated by the numbers displayed above these buttons Each graph uses the whole menu as a form that specifies only that one graph The other graph specifications are then accessed by stepping forwards and backwards through the forms This will often be accompanied by a number of changes in the data display fields The Graph FILE option allows other data sets to be accessed for graphing These opened in the file manager menu The filename displayed to the right of the file button indicates the data set from which this particular graph will be drawn The selection of variable and the cell extent will be set appropriately for this data set The clear THIS and ALL options are used to clear one or all of the graph specifications respectively This is accomplished by setting the variable for one or all graphs to NULL
64. WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 6 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 7 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 8 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 9 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 10 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 11 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 12 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 13 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 14 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 15 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 16 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 17 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 18 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 19 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 20 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 20 0000 INLET 21 WIDTH 0 6000 HEIGHT 0 6000 AREA 0 3600 TOTAL INLET AREA 400 3600 m 2 I FLUID OUTLET m OUTLET 1 WIDTH 20 0000 HEIGHT 20 0000 AREA 400 0000 OUTLET AREA 400 0000 m 2 OBSTACLE SIZE m OB
65. XIT option allows the VECTOR sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button No attempts are made to do displays and changes to parameters will be lost The DEFAULTS option resets the default parameters in the VECTOR menu This provides a quick method of returning to sensible values after experimentation The DRAW option takes the VECTOR settings and calls the vector display routine In displays with more than one window FLOWVIS will prompt for the target window in which to display VECTORS vectors will be displayed for the currently selected data region using the active view orientation The vector head open gt and display gt options allow vectors to be drawn with closed heads or without arrow heads respectively The appearance of the vectors is shown in the box to the left hand side of the menu The colours in range and Min Max options allow the use of a limited number of colours rather than the whole range of available colours The default is to use the full range of colours The colour range high limit lt gt and low limit lt gt options allow the range of colours used to be changed The default is for the maximum allowed range of colours with red as the lowest valued and blue as the highest The range can be reduced reversed or swapped to white only using the middle mouse button for selection The show
66. a selection is very similar to the VIEW SELECTION menu except that the view orientation in this menu is only for your convenience and is not used with any other displays When you select DRAW to display specified graphs FLOWVIS automatically scales all the graphs to fit within the target window graphs are saved to the redraw stack and when graph is selected again for a particular window all of the specifications will be available for modification FLOWVIS allows you to access other data sets simultaneously for graphing The FILE button actually brings up the FILE MANAGER menu in the correct mode for opening a data base The active data base name for each graph is displayed next to the FILE button Graph options Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the GRAPH sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The EXIT option allows the GRAPH sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button No attempts are made to do displays and changes to parameters will be lost The DEFAULTS option resets the default parameters in the GRAPH menu This provides a quick way of returning to sensible values The DRA
67. also needs to be rebooted The software can be run using the VORTEX icon This will automatically run in the directory DRIVE SVORT WNTWORKAREA After performing a successful installation VORTEX can be run by typing clicking the VORTEX icon in the Desktop The screen shown as Fig 1 Vortex Setup Utility will then appear The files for the examples included in the installation and any subsequent files generated by the user can be listed by clicking the File icon output files are written to the directory CAVORTEXWORKAREA where C is the disk drive in which VORTEX 15 installed Please DO NOT make changes to any of the files except the input files with extensions VDB or DAT The user may create an input data file and save it as DAT file following the template of Table 2 This file can then be run from within VORTEX as discussed in Section 7 1 3 1 Unlocking Procedure for VORTEX THE LOCKING DEVICE The locking method used by VORTEX 15 one that generates a unique string that recognizes your machine You require no hardware keys but only strings The user has to provide details generated by the program when the following procedures are followed the first time round Step 1 After installing the software on the hard disk run VORTEX using the model file SEND3 This generates a file called SENDFILE USR on the drive Step 2 Send the file SENDFILE USR to the distributor either via email or fax Step 3 On receiving an unlocking string
68. atic wall a very small heat flux e g 0 001 is specified for the wall and an approximate wall surface temperature is specified This is the case for the four adiabatic walls in this example The 75 concentration sources are spread over an area of 2 0m 2 0m to include 75 node points and the emission for each node is specified in ml s These are point sources which are determined by the number of grid points selected for this region in each direction For each of the two regions only one grid point is selected for the y direction 5 grid points are selected in each of the x and z direction giving a total number of source point for the region of 5 1 15 75 The total emission is 0 3525 l s The input data file exampl 3 DAT for this example 15 given in Table 7 The results of the computation for velocity and CO concentration in ppm are plotted in Figure 9 for two planes across the building Table 8 shows a summary output 8 4 Example 4 This examples uses room described in Example 1 but ventilation is from low level wall supply displacement ventilation The effective dimensions of the diffuser is 0 8 m high and 0 8 m wide supplying air at a speed of 0 5 m s and temperature of 18 same loads and objects as those in Example 1 are also present In addition to the basic variables the mean age of air subroutine is activated to produce the distribution of the mean age in the room There is also a pollution sourc
69. bolic rate W m the thermal resistance of clothing n K W and the water vapour pressure Pa must be specified otherwise the default values will be used Similarly if a transient solution is required then the total time and time step must be specified in seconds The number of sweeps is specified in the top right hand box by either using the arrow or typing in the value then J Initially a small number of sweeps e g 2 is specified and the results are checked to ensure that the problem has been correctly modelled If so then the problem can be run for a larger number of sweeps otherwise the necessary changes are made and the same procedure is repeated until the correct parameters have been set Generally the CPU time is directly proportional to the number of sweeps and one has to compromise between the accuracy of the solution and the execution time There is no easy way of determining the optimum number of sweeps as this is a problem dependent quantity but generally for room flow calculations about 500 iterations are required for isothermal flow problems and about 800 iterations or more for non isothermal flow solutions However the best way to ensure convergence is to check the residuals output It is always possible to restart the calculations for an additional number of sweeps if convergence has not been achieved as described in Run Page For a case which has been previously run and the output files are available a restart can be done by
70. ce program running time when a converged solution has not been reached It should be noted that if an initial run clearly gives a diverged solution as indicated by the residuals in Vortex Main Program then a restart should not be performed but instead changes to the model VDB data should be made before another run is carried out These changes may include a reduction in the values of the under relaxation factors for the variable which is causing the divergence or a reduction in the size of source concentrations such as heat fluxes In addition to the output files described above VORTEX also generates six other files to be used for visualisation of the results using FLOWVIS These are model FFX model FFY model FFZ model FHD model FST and model GEO The latter gives the physical co ordinates of all the inlet and outlet openings and the obstructions and the corresponding colour code for plotting these using FLOWVIS colour codes can be changed by the user if desired 7 OTHER INPUT DATA FILES 7 1 File model DAT When the VORTEX pre processor is used to generate a grid it divides each region into a uniformly spaced grid However the user can generate his her own computational grid for each region in the field by generating a model DAT file using an editor in the same format as required by VORTEX This offers the user the flexibility for specifying his her own grid geometry e g a non uniform grid for each or some of the regions The
71. coefficient will be used for calculating the air temperature Hence if the heat transfer through the surface i is known to be Zero i e an adiabatic surface a small value for the heat flux say 0 001 W m instead of 0 0 W m should be used The data on the page is saved by clicking the Apply icon 5 3 4 Edit Obj Page In this page data for the inlets outlets windows obstructions and concentration sources are specified see Fig 4 By default there is one inlet and one outlet specified The size and position of each object can be changed using the arrows in X Y Z boxes The default name given to each object can be changed by the user e g for INLET 1 type Diffuer 1 For the inlet the velocity components UIN VIN and WIN must be specified together with the discharge coefficient for the inlet opening discharge coefficient for natural ventilation openings should be specified but for mechanical ventilation it should be set to 1 0 as it is not used in the calculation the turbulence intensity the same for each component temperature and concentration ppm if concentration is activated default inlet velocity components are UIN 1 0 VIN 1 0 WIN 1 0 m s The user must follow the sign convection for the three inlet velocity components as shown in the diagram in the next page Here the Left Hand Rule Convection is used to specify the sign of velocity components UIN VIN WIN for each wall inlet i e UIN corresponds to mid
72. copy file The extension HPG is for HP GL files the PS extension indicates postscript files the extension RAS indicates Raster files and extensions are for PCX bitmapped images Print options Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the PRINT sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The EXIT option allows the PRINT sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button No hard copy output or full screen display will be created if this menu is exited The DEFAULTS options will be available to reset the default print settings The PROCEED option performs the required hard copy print and display This will generally involve redrawing all picture elements on the full screen This is necessary for hard copy file creation because of the nature of the print drivers When the full screen has been created FLOWVIS draws a small box marked OK in the bottom right of the screen and waits for some interaction via the mouse or keyboard This facility is provided to allow video or photographic Image capture from screen The OK box can be removed by pressing the middle mouse button The printer driver USE
73. cted leaving the third coordinate direction for this option The variable scale SET lt and gt options allow the scale of the variable to be changed for this graph element By default the scale value is 1 0 which does not scale the values of the variable The scale value can be set explicitly using the SET option or stepped to using the lt and gt buttons The scale is applied by multiplying the value in each graph cell by the scale value Negative numbers are allowed The variable shift SET lt and gt options allow the variable axis to be shifted By default this shift value is set to 0 0 implying no shift Positive values have the effect of increasing all of the values of this variable whilst negative values decrease all the variable values The SET button allows explicit selection of a shift value whereas the and gt buttons step incrementally The base scale SET lt and gt options are used to scale the coordinate axis of the current graph element The scaling is applied by multiplying every coordinate point in the graph by the scale value By default this value is set to 1 0 implying no scaling The SET option can be used to set coordinate base scale explicitly whilst the and gt buttons step incrementally to a value The base shift SET and gt options allow all of the points in this graph element to be coordinate shifted by the shift value set here A positive value inc
74. d be unpredictable if a binary file were opened and interpreted The edge colour lt and gt options for volume porosity cells allow the cell bounding edges to be displayed in a different colour to the faces This option is used for the cell edges regardless of the status or colour of the faces The edge colour and gt options for face porosities allow face bounding edge colour to be specified The edges will be displayed in this colour regardless of the settings of face fill colour or face fill status The interactive option allows the user to enter geometry commands into an interpreter for the display of user defined objects in the data domain The commands include coordinate specified boxes arcs polygons poly lines and cell region specified grid outlines There are also open and close file commands that allow the typed commands to be saved to file for subsequent replay by the redraw facility The interactive geometry MENU option is not currently available This is being developed to provide interactive user defined geometry specification These facilities will be available with future upgrades to the FLOWVIS system The fill colour lt and gt options for volume porosity blocked cells allows the colour of the cell faces to be selected This option will be ignored if the volume porosity fill option is set to NO fill The fill colour and gt options for face porosities allow the colou
75. d in Figure 8 Table 6 shows the summary output data for the problem in the form of file exampl 2 S 6 3 Example 3 This example deals with a large enclosure e g atrium which is naturally ventilated by an open door and two top outlets on either side of the structure The air enters through the door and rises up by the buoyancy resulting from the heat flux on the roof and the floor e g solar gain It is assumed that the other four surfaces are adiabatic The internal dimensions of the enclosure are LENGTH 120 HEIGHT 2100m WIDTH 80m The outdoor air temperature is assumed to be 21 0 and heat fluxes on the roof and the floor are 50 and 25 W m respectively The door is 2 0 m high and 1 5 m wide and is located on the west wall The two outlets are 1 0 m high and 1 0 m wide each and are located at the top of the west and east walls It is also assumed that there are 50 people occupying the building each producing 4 7 ml s of To activate the calculation for buoyancy the inlet velocity must be specified as 0 01 m s but the true inlet velocity will be calculated by the program and updated during each iteration The discharge coefficient of the door is taken 0 9 heat fluxes on the roof and floor are specified and an estimate is made of the temperature for these two surfaces However these temperatures will not be used in the calculations as the heat flux has a precedent over surface temperatures To represent an adiab
76. d valleys These only have significance if viewed nearly edge on The height scale allows the height of the peaks to be changed The DO FILLED CELLS option produces a plot with solid filled cells where each cell has one colour appropriate to the selected variable field value within that cell The DO BLOCK FILLS option uses a single data plane to draw hidden line blocks of appropriately scaled height and colour These are most effective when viewed from near edge on to the plane as they produce a 3 Dimensional histogram of the data values on a data plane The height scale options can be used to scale the height of the blocks The fill variable USE options allow a named variable to be selected from a scrolling list These options make the adjacent variables current and the current variable is used for the fill plot when DRAW is selected The scroll buttons UP DOWN TOP and LAST can be used to access more variables than can be displayed on the visible portion of the list of the variables from the data base are presented in the list for contour filling The colours in range LESS MORE MIN and MAX options are used to select the number of colours to be used from the colour range The default is the same as the number of colours in the colour range This option is really only provided for using less than maximum number of colours but still taken from the full range of colours The fill value lt and gt option
77. dictions in buildings Unlike other general purpose CFD codes it can be used by scientists and engineers who have basic computing skills but not necessarily CFD experience This manual contains examples that can accessed by the user to gain familiarity with the type of data required to perform a CFD simulation However a thorough understanding of the problem being solved is essential to produce an electronic model of the building before a reliable solution can be achieved is available for a workstation using UNIX or for a PC using Windows 95 98 NT A minimum of 64 Mb RAM of available memory is required to solve small or medium size problems For larger problems involving extensive number of grid points 128 Mb RAM or more may be required A minimum of 15 Mb disk space is required to install VORTEX VORTEX is the copyright of H B Awbi FLOWVIS is the copyright of Ewer and Patel 3 INSTALLATION AND RUNNING VORTEX can be installed by clicking SetuexV310 revNo and this will activate the Windows Installation Wizard where 310 is the version number and revNO is the revision number The installation procedure creates two directories and associated sub directories on the destination drive These are called VORT WNT and FLOW WNT NOTE Install the software on the root drive on your machine e g C because the installation program will automatically generate the necessary directories that are needed The machine
78. dle large finger VIN corresponds to fore index finger WIN corresponds to thumb IN lt Any component which has a direction opposite to that shown will have a negative value UIN i e middle finger is always PERPENDICULAR the room surface There must be at least ONE velocity component EXCLUDING UIN corresponding to the coordinate above SIGN CONVECTION FOR INLET VELOCITY COMPONENTS FOR VORTEX 3 For the outlet only the size and position is specified If an additional object is required then the New box is clicked to reveal a list of the objects as shown in Fig 4 For a window in addition to the size and position the temperature and heat flux in W m is specified Similarly for an obstacle the temperature and heat flux is specified for the whole surface of the obstacle For an adiabatic no heat transfer object a small value of heat flux is specified e g 0 001 Wim similar to walls After each object is entered Apply box is clicked and when all objects have been entered the Finish box is clicked Note up to 999 objects of each category may be specified but the more objects are specified the larger will the computation grid be 5 3 5 Mesh Page The number of grids for the calculations in the X Y and Z direction is specified here After all the objects have been specified by the user the pre processor creates a default grid to fit the computation domains Regions see Fig 5 Howev
79. does not check the type of file that is requested for geometry so the user must be sure that the file does contain geometry commands Geometry commands The commands and parameters used for specifying user defined geometry are OPEN filename Which opens a named new file for saving geometry commands or opens a file for replay CLOSE filename Which closes the named or currently open file and ensures that it will be available for redrawing ARC line colour circ xl yl 71 2 2 72 73 Draws an arc using three coordinate points arc If circ is 1 then circle will be draw rather than just an arc for a value of O the command is typed over four lines using the to indicate successive lines of input BOX xl yl zl x2 2 72 Draws a box with diagonally opposite corner coordinates at 1 1 21 and 2 2 22 LINE x1 yl 71 x2 2 72 Draws a line from the coordinate point x1 y1 z1 to point 2 2 72 PLINE x1 y1 z1 line colour 2 2 72 xn yn zn Draws a poly line for the given coordinate specified points The continuation character is used to add points over subsequent lines of input At least 2 points must be given in which case a single line is displayed PGON x1 yl 21 line fill 2 y2 72 xn yn zn Draws a polygon for the given coordinate points The continuation character is used to add the next line segment The polygon will only be displayed after t
80. e 001 00000e 001 00000e 001 00000e 001 00000e 001 00000e 001 00000e 001 00000e 001 8 010000 000 2 212 157 23 18 20 274 33 83 18 20 19 77 2 50000 0 50000 001 12 26 4 70000 000 01 2 50000 001 1 00000 003 1 00000 003 00000 003 1 00000 002 0 00000 000 1500 3 50000 002 IRANSII RESTA ENT TOTAL TIME ST 2 50000 001 2 50000 001 0 00000 000 SIZE RT gt CONC COMFORT DRAUGHT RAD 2 50000 001 5 00000e 001 9 00000e 001 CONDUCT AG Ld 2 50000 001 1 00000 003 1 00000 001 Table 8 File exampl 3 DAT for Example 3 Atrium NatVent Exampl 3 ROOM DIMENSIONS m LENGTH 12 0000 WIDTH 8 0000 10 0000 FLUID INLET m INLET 1 WIDTH 1 5000 HEIGHT 2 0000 AREA 3 0000 TOTAL INLET AREA 3 0000 m 2 FLUID OUTLET m OUTLET 1 WIDTH 1 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 1 0000 OUTLET 2 WIDTH 1 0000 HEIGHT 1 0000 AREA 1 0000 TOTAL OUTLET AREA 2 0000 m 2 CONCENTRATION SOURCE SIZE m CONCENTRATION SOURCE 1 X DIRECTION 5 0000 X2 7 0000 LENGTH 2 0000 Y DIRECTION 1 8500 2 1 8500 HEIGHT 0 0000 Z DIRECTION 21 3 0000 22 5 0000 WIDTH 2 0000 VOLUME 0 00 3 CONCENTRATION 4 70
81. e spread on the floor over an area 1 0m 1 0m represented by 280 grid points 10 2 14 emitting 1 0 ml s at each point thus giving a total of 0 280 1 5 The input data file exampl 4 DAT is shown in Table 9 and the results are shown in Table 10 and Fig 10 6 5 Example 5 This example represents the dispersion of stack effluent in the wind stack of internal dimensions 0 6m x 0 6m and height 12m is selected next to a building of dimensions 6m x 8m x 10m A wind profile for urban location is used with a reference wind speed at 10m in open country of Vio 8m s The formula used to generate the wind profile is a with 0 35 and 0 25 for urban location and H being the height from ground level The flue velocity at the bottom of stack is assumed 10 m s temperature of the flue is assumed 200 and the pollution emission is 1 6 1 5 i e distributed over 4x4 cells in the stack with 0 1 1 5 per cell The grid used is 45 37 39 Based on the above wind parameters the wind profile is calculated The height of the flow field is divided into 20 inlets of equal heights 1m The velocity is calculated at the centre of each inlet and listed in the table below Inlet number Height Speed m s 1 0 5 2 35 2 1 5 3 10 3 2 5 3 52 4 3 5 3 83 5 4 5 4 08 6 5 5 4 29 7 6 5 4 47 8 7 5 4 63 9 8 5 4 78 10 9 5 4 92 11 10 5 5 04 12 11 5 5 16 13 12 5 5 26 14 13 5 5 3
82. e4 33 3 250000 4 34 3 362308 4 35 3 474615e4 36 3 586923 4 37 3 699231e41 38 3 811538 4 39 3 923846e4 40 3 990000e41 41 4 010000 4 1 39 39 dey 21 9 X8 21 36 2 3 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 19 12 2 00000 001 2 00000 001 0 00000 5000 0 00000 5000 00000 001 1 960000 001 1000 5 00000e 001 5 00000e 001 5 00000e 001 8 00000e 001 5 00000e 001 5 00000e 001 8 00000e 001 5 00000e 001 23 12 18 25 2 00000 001 25 1 00000 000 2 00000 0 00000 001 000 0 00000e4 000 0 00000 000 3 00000 1 00000 0 00000 001 002 000 1 00000 002 2 00000e4 0 00000e4 1 00000e4 001 000 000 2 00000 001 0 00000 000 5 00000 002 8 00000 001 8 00000 001 RANS 11 gt ST EP SIZE ESTART CONC COMFORT D RAUGHT RAD CONDUCT AGI Table 10 File exampl 4 5 for Example 4 Displacement Vent Age of Air Exampl 4 ROOM DIMENSIONS m LENGTH E 5 0000 WIDIH 4 0000 HEIGHT 3 0000 FLUID INLET m INLET 1 WIDTH 0 8150
83. ed so this option has been provided to remove them The vector scale LARGE and SMALL options allow the displayed arrows to be scaled up or down in size A value of 1 0 is the normal size based on averaged cell dimensions The vector head size INCR and DECR options allow the size of the vector arrow heads can be made larger or smaller depending on the value set for this option The range is 0 1 to 0 9 times the overall vector arrow length The vector head angle and options allow the splay angle of the vectors to be set The value is between angles of 5 and 80 degrees The appearance of the vector arrows is visible in the vector appearance box on the left of the menu The X Y and Z component and options are not currently available The display fields do show the current components for the indicated set These options are being developed to allow any scalar variables to be treated as orthogonal vector components These facilities will be available as an upgrade in the near future 13 7 CONTOUR LINES Contour lines overview Q FLOWYIS The FLOW VIS Help xit Draw EEE fe ER Ure esj 10 00 Set Use cc 1 00 mimm Contour lines use a single data base variable to draw coloured iso valued lines on a plane by plane basis for the current view region Th
84. eg C EAN INLET DENSITY 1 198 0 kg m 3 LAMINAR VISCOSITY AT INLET 1 811E 5 Pa s TOTAL AIR FLOW RATE 1 901 3 m 3 s EAN REYNOLDS NUMBER 6 470 6 PRANDTL NUMBER 7 050E 1 EAN INLET CONCENTRATION 0 0000 E 6 INITIAL INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE deg C WEST WALL 20 0000 EAST WALL 20 0000 FLOOR 20 0000 CEILING 20 0000 EFT WALL 20 0000 RIGHT WALL 20 0000 OBSTACLE 1 100 0000 OBSTACLE 2 100 0000 OBSTACLE 3 100 0000 OBSTACLE 4 100 0000 OBSTACLE 5 20 0000 CONVECTIVE HEAT FLUX ON SURFACES W m 2 WEST WA 0 0000 EAST WA 0 0000 FLOOR 0 0000 CEILING 0 0000 EFT WA 0 0000 RIGHT WALL 0 0000 OBSTACLE 1 0 0000 OBSTACLE 2 0 0000 OBSTACLE 3 0 0000 OBSTACLE 4 0 0000 OBSTACLE 5 0 0000 TOTAL CONCENTRATION SOURCES 1600 000 6 m 3 s ARCHIMEDES NUMBER 0 300 3 MEAN VALUES AT DIFFERENT HEIGHT LEVELS GRID HEIGHT VELOCITY TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION m m s deg C 2 0 2500 2 7433 20 1650 0 4558 3 0 7500 2 9274 20 1624 0 4630 4 1 2500 3 0470 20 1611 0 4670 5 1 7500 3 1369 20 1607 0 4705 6 2 2500 3 2497 20 1610 0 4748 7 2 7500 3 3505 20 1619 0 4793 8 3 2500 3 4644 20 1637 0 4848 9 357500 3 5685 20 1662 0 4919 10 4 2500 3
85. egion respectively These appear as dotted grey and solid white bounding lines respectively The choose window CHOOSE option informs FLOWVIS to prompt for a target window in multiple windowed displays This option can be made to keep the current window active without prompts for a choice of window By default FLOWVIS always prompts for a target window when there are more than one windows The min and max scan SCAN AS option allows colour coded pictures to use different minimum and maximum values for scaling The options are for whole DOMAIN whole PLANES that cut the data region or as the current active REGION By default the DOMAIN is used for scanning minimum and maximum values because colour scaling for sub regions will be consistent anywhere in the domain The REGION option is used where features cannot be seen because of a large range of values in the whole domain but small ranges within a selected data region The rotation type ROTATE option allows the rotation axes to be LOCAL or GLOBAL LOCAL axis rotation moves the rotation axes with the domain whereas global axes are fixed in space and the domain moves past Changing this option while there are existing stack commands may have undesirable results in terms of the images produced The redraw ordering AS option allows the saved stack commands to be replayed in a LOGICAL or the actual DRAWING order logical order helps to prevent display corruption and image overwrite by re orde
86. elected slab wise direction Automatic warnings if selected planes are not flat onto screen 16 5 View Selection What You See Is What You Get view confirmation this is consistent for windows of similar aspect to the view menu display area Three axes for combined rotations using global or local rotation strategies Zoom in or out Parallel cabinet or perspective 3 Dimensional projection Quick porosity geometry if available and local axes display for ease of orientation Move display within a window up right down left or centred VVVVV WV 16 6 Grid Types gt 2 D or 3 D structured meshes only gt Regular Cartesian Cylindrical Polar or Body Fitted Coordinates 16 7 User Preferences gt Many features are set in run time loaded files for easy configuration User defined preferences will also be provided which can then be saved 16 8 Hard copy Output to File gt Plot file creation using redraw uses incremental naming to prevent overwrites gt Support for Postscript HP GL and Raster formats PCX bit mapped screen image saves 16 9 Data base Creation Support for most structured mesh CFD code data formats Contact the Distributor for more details Internal and external database creation tools to prepare data for visualisation by the FLOWVIS system Data is displayed in the same form as it is used in the numerical simulation FLOWVIS presents data accurately for data analysis A fast access database
87. empts are made to do displays and changes to parameters will be lost The DEFAULTS option resets the default parameters in the GEOMETRY menu This provides a quick method of returning to sensible values after experimentation The DRAW option takes the GEOMETRY settings and calls the display routine In displays with more than one window FLOWVIS will prompt for the target window in which to display GEOMETRY interactive GEOMETRY option displays the user defined geometry and exits back to the main menu automatically The volume porosity VPOR option allows volume porosity to be used if available for displaying blocked cells If no volume porosities are present in the data set then this option will not be available The style of displaying cells is set using the options below VPOR The face porosity EPOR NPOR and HPOR options allow blocked faces defined by porosities to be displayed If there are no face porosities defined in the current data set then these options cannot be activated The style of display for the blocked faces can be selected using the options below the face porosity buttons The LOAD FILE option allows the user to load and display the geometry commands from an ascii geometry file This option brings up the FILE MANAGER menu to return a file name The user must be sure that the selected geometry file does indeed contain geometry commands because FLOWVIS does not check the type of file results coul
88. eparing field data files for visualisation by FLOWVIS Opening a file is achieved by selecting on the gt button next to the required file This name will then become visible in the FILE filename display field and the cursor moves to highlight the OPEN button Selecting on the OPEN button will then open that file and close the FILE MANAGER menu File manager options Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the FILE MANAGER sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The EXIT option allows the FILE MANAGER sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button The HOME option sets the current directory path to the start up directory path regardless of the current path or drive This is useful if you get lost in an obscure directory The FINISH is use to exit from the FILE MANAGER data is lost and any attached files remain so A file must be OPEN ed for viewing before any of the other main menu display commands become active The PATH option can be used to jump to a known directory path This must be typed in full using the text input box The alternative is the scrolling list of directories on the righ
89. equired view and data extent you can select DONE to return to the main menu At this point FLOWVIS is ready and waiting for your display commands At the main menu the icons at the left side and top of the screen can be selected by mouse or cursor keys and ENTER to confirm Most of the icons pop up a menu over the centre of the screen The options for displays to be created are on the left of the screen Although many of the display menus look quite complicated the use of intelligent defaults means that very few options actually need to be changed Generally only the variable used or type of display will have to be changed for visualisation 13 MAIN MENU OPTIONS The main menu options are described in general overview of the functionality If the main menu option opens a sub menu then the reference material for each of the buttons in the sub menu is described Sub menu descriptions are generally supported by a graphical image that shows the screen representation of the open menu Where collections of buttons are associated with a single data field their functionality is described as a group There are essentially three types of button in sub menus The first type change the value of a parameter that is displayed in a data display field This may involve the addition or subtraction of a value or stepping through a set of options These buttons are often labelled as lt gt or Occasionally it is necessary for a button to change
90. er the user can alter the number of grid points in each region by clicking the arrows in each box This process is repeated for the three co ordinates Finally the Finished box is clicked before leaving the page If the data generated are required for a future run then the user must click the Save box in the File icon otherwise the data will not be saved Care must be exercised when generating the mesh to ensure a small change in cell size from one region to another converged solution can sometimes be difficult to achieve if a coarse grid is specified in one region and a fine grid is specified in an adjacent region Any change in cell dimensions between one region and another should be as small as possible to ensure solution convergence In general the finer the grid is the more accurate the solution will be but this is at the expense of a longer run time Generally if the grid size in each direction is doubled it will take 8 times longer to run the problem for the same number of iterations Care must therefore be taken in optimising the grid for each problem It may be necessary to carry out a few runs for the same problem with different grid sizes to establish grid independent solutions A theoretical investigation has been carried out to optimise the distance of the nearest grid point from a solid surface and was found that this distance should be set in the range 0 005 to 0 01 m to achieve a region which is most appropriate for the applicati
91. ere are options for altering the colour range the range of contour values and the number of lines that are displayed A single contour line is displayed using the CONTOUR VALUE option or a number of lines can be displayed equally spread over a CONTOUR RANGE of values By default the contours are displayed using one line for each of the available colours and the full range of values of the chosen variable The list of variables on the right hand side of the menu scrolls to allow access to any of the variables in the data base current contouring variable is displayed just below the DRAW button The contour line display is the default but there are also options for a contour peak plot or a contour surface net plot The contour peak plot uses the value of the variable being contoured to raise or lower the contour line from the plotting data plane This produces a 3 Dimensional surface when viewed from near edge on The HEIGHT SCALE option is used in conjunction with contour peak plots to manually adjust the height of the 3 Dimensional contour surface above the data plane The contour net facility follows contours through three directions in 3 Dimensional space to form surfaces of equal contour value The surfaces have the appearance of a net and hence the name contour nets These contour nets cannot be displayed for 2 Dimensional data sets The resolution parameter termed Resolved Pixels determines how finely the co
92. f you loose sight of the domain or get an obscure view then the RESET option can be used to reset the default view Selecting Done will then return to the main menu ready for drawing or redrawing commands using the newest view settings The view menu is also seen in three slightly different forms for getting region slab and line limits respectively In these data selection menus the view orientation options still work within the menu but are not used to update the current orientation settings These menus are used to visually select regions for use by the GRAPH and STREAMLINE options View selection options Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the VIEW SELECTION sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The EXIT option allows the VIEW SELECTION sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button The RESET option will reset all of the view orientation settings to the default values This can be invaluable when the domain has been moved of the screen or zoomed in too far The DONE option implements all of the changes made in the menu and exits from the menu This contrasts with EXIT which discards any changes
93. format of the model DAT file is given in Table 2 and the DAT files for the Examples After generating a specific Model DAT and saved directory this can be run using the following steps 1 Open an existing VDB file using Vortex Pre processor and click the Run icon 11 Go to File icon in Vortex Program and select open iii the name of the file generated e g user DAT without the DAT extension and and press 4 iv Click the Open box and the user DAT file will be run normally 7 2 File FABRIC DAT If the internal room surface temperatures or heat fluxes are not known VORTEX has the option of generating the required boundary conditions using external weather data and building fabric data This is done assuming steady state conduction through the fabric i e heat storage is not considered At present the input required for defining the fabric data is via a separate input file called FABRIC DAT structure of this data file is described below If the fabric heat loss gain is to be taken into account data are required for the wind velocity temperature TAO emissivity of exterior wall surface EPSO the number of structural components LAYER thickness DELTA and thermal conductivity TK of each component for each of the walls roof and floor The data are set in a separate file called FABRIC DAT in the following format VAOW V
94. ge of contour values to be limited By default this 15 set to the full range for the currently selected variable but a sub range of values can be selected If a sub range is chosen then contours outside of this range are not displayed 13 8 CONTOUR FILLS Contour fills overview Help xit Draw 253 CONTOUR FILL EM 1 FILL PEAK Top FILLED CELLS BEEN mrm IBS BLOCK FILLS J Min J Max Sec oo Pee Contour fills draw solid filled contours for a chosen variable Filled contours are also drawn on a plane by plane basis The filled contours are actually ranges of contour values bands which are all coloured similarly within each range ranges are determined by sub dividing the full range of values of the selected variable by the number of contours to be used in the display The choice of colours used is specified by the colour range and colours in range options The colour range determines which colour represents high values and which represents low values given that colour number 1 is red and colour number 13 at least on 16 colour displays is blue Three colours are reserved for the background foreground and grey colours The COLOURS IN RANGE option allows a sub set of colours to be used from the full range Other than the default option for contour fills the FILL MENU also has
95. get hardware gt Porting to workstation hardware platforms 17 5 Utilities gt Provision of data manipulation and preparation routines for input data files Research is being conducted into providing a limited capability CFD solver with problem specification routines available within the FLOWVIS environment with suitable monitoring capabilities Whilst this cannot hope to be a competitor for commercial CFD solvers it will be suitable for teaching purposes
96. he last line of input End of input is indicated when a blank line is entered GRID OUT orient plane OR GRID OUT orient plane dirl lim2 dir2 lim3 lim4 Draws the grid outline for the given plane or the specified region The ORIENTation DIRection 1 and DIRection 2 are one of X Z and must be exclusive so that each appears only once The PLANE number and LIMits are cell index numbers for the indicated directions For example GRID OUTX3Y115Z24 will display grid outline of plane X 3 for the Y and Z limits given EXIT or Quits from interactive geometry specification HELP or Brings up on line help HELP lt Command_name gt Brings up help about a specific command Comments can start with or REM and are ignored by the Interpreter N B Parameters in parenthesis option are optional and names in angle brackets lt name gt should be replaced by the required name for that action Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the GEOMETRY sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The EXIT option allows the GEOMETR Y sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button No att
97. he left mouse button The cursor keys can also be used for changing the highlighted button and the SPACE or ENTER keys will operate the button If no file has been pre loaded see above then the first menu automatically presented is the FILE MANAGER menu This allows you to change directory if required and to open a named data set for visualisation If you wish to change drive you must use the button marked PATH This feature is a little awkward on DOS systems but has the advantage of maintaining compatibility with unix workstations where there are no named drives to access The main facility provided by the FILE MANAGER is to OPEN a new FLOWVIS data set for visualisation Once a file has been loaded the FILE MANAGER menu automatically dismisses and the DISPLAY MENU will appear This menu provides options for changing the number of windows used in the display You can experiment with any of the features here but the default configuration can be used simply by pressing the DONE button The VIEW SELECTION menu is also automatically presented You should use the view selector to choose the extent of the data you want to be used for subsequent drawing commands The VIEW SELECTION menu should also be used to set the orientation used to draw any of the display commands The menu has a graphical area that provides comprehensive and interactive visual feedback of the set view orientation and the extent of the data selected When you have set the r
98. he seed region The accuracy of the streamlines can be selected using the streamline steps parameter This indicates how many steps of calculation should be used to get across a cell The larger this value the more accurate the streamlines and the longer the display takes The plate region for streamline seeding can be selected from indicated indices or from a plate or slab data selection menu The SLAB SELECTION menu is very similar to the VIEW SELECTION menu but the orientation within the slab menu is not used in any other displays Streamlines particularly ones which get caught in recirculations may not terminate so FLOWVIS imposes a number of termination conditions After a set number of stream following steps the user is prompted for continuing to following the streamlines FLOWVIS will not follow a particular streamline if it exits the domain or if it appears to stop The second condition is necessary because streamlines are independent of time and the scaling of very small local velocities could produce spurious results When the streamlines are drawn some may appear to advance faster than others There is NO physical significance in this and it is merely a feature of the streamline tracking algorithm used Streamline options Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the STREAMLINES sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the
99. his gives a user interface that can be complex to control because the underlying development was command driven Why is FLOWVIS a better visualisation tool FLOWVIS was designed primarily as a post processing tool for visualisation of fluid dynamics data The requirements were for intuitive user interaction and accurate representation of simulation data FLOWVIS development is driven by criticism of existing visualisation packages This has resulted in a system specifically for fluid dynamics researchers The use of interactive interface techniques and intelligent default settings mean that FLOWVIS is both easy to use and has low learning overheads for users Productivity for data analysis is enhanced by the interactive visual interface and the WYSIWYG view and data selection menu The development has initially been targeted specifically at PC platforms because of the increasing use of PCs for fluid dynamics simulation The package is highly optimised to use the facilities of PCs for producing visualisations quickly and efficiently 10 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS FLOWVIS will run on IBM PCs and most 10096 compatible computers with the following hardware and software minimum specifications 80486 SX processor or higher specification processor A colour card for displaying a 640x480 pixels in 16 colours Colour VGA monitor capable of displaying 640x480 pixels in 16 colours 32 Mbytes or more of main system RAM 10 Mbyte
100. ile icon a model DAT file is automatically generated by the pre processor and stored in the directory The parameters which are included in the model DAT file are given in Table 2 and in the Examples at the end of this manual Alternatively the user can generate a model DAT using an editor and use this directly to run the simulation More about that in Section 7 5 2 Fire Source Data For simulating a fire source in a room the source is specified as a thin obstacle with a surface temperature TOBS I gt 500 0 and a heat flux HOBS D in kW m The heat flux increases with time up to a time lapse of 180 seconds using the following dt 60 Quat 2 Q where Quat 15 heat flux at time t dt seconds in kW m Q 15 the heat flux at time t seconds in kW m dt 15 the time step in seconds The heat flux remains constant after 180 seconds 5 3 Creating VDB File 5 3 1 File Page To create a new model VDB file or editing an existing one the File icon in the Vortex Setup Tool must be opened For a new case the name of the case is specified in the Current File box using 8 characters maximum without the VDB extension The file is then saved before the Config page is opened For loading an existing model VDB file the Load box is clicked 5 3 2 Config Page In the Config page Fig 2 the Active variables to be solved are specified by clicking the corresponding box If Comfort is required then the meta
101. imposed i e the velocity is zero The wall surface temperature is either specified or computed from the heat transfer rate when a heat flux is specified at the surface The airflow equations are discretized and solved in a staggered 3 D Cartesian system using the Finite Volume Method FVM and the well known SIMPLE algorithm The QUICK quadratic Scheme is used as the finite difference scheme for solving the equations To enhance the stability of the solution under relaxation factors are applied to all the equations 5 MODELLING TECHNIQUES 5 1 Input Parameters To perform a flow simulation using VORTEX one has to generate a problem specific data file called model VDB This file is generated by the pre processor after the required variables are specified by the user In general the user specifies the internal room dimensions the inlet and outlet openings the obstructions in the room such as fixtures occupants etc the position of heat or contamination sources etc computational grid is then generated by the pre processor to suit the room configuration The user has the option to change the grid setting if so desired The heat sources at the room surfaces and those produced by certain obstructions is specified in W m of surface area The inlet air velocity turbulence intensity temperature and concentration is also specified by the user When all the data is specified and the model VDB file for the case is saved by clicking on the F
102. in a stack must still exist in the same directory location for FLOWVIS to be able to replay the commands This search pattern displays all of the files in current directory and can be used for browsing There is currently a limitation of 250 file name entries in the current listing The current directory path is displayed at the top of the menu next to the PATH option FLOWVIS requires that you use the PATH option to change drives on DOS systems This is necessary for maintaining compatibility with unix like systems where there is no such concept as a drive You may also use PATH to type in a known path without having to use multiple CD selections to navigate the directory structure If a full typed path is incorrect then FLOWVIS leaves the path that was previously set This is also true of disk drives that do not exist or empty floppy drives If you get lost in a directory structure then the HOME option can be used to return you to the directory that FLOWVIS was initially run from The FILE MANAGER is also called by several other menus for getting an existing file name or for just opening a new data set if required When the FILE MANAGER is used in this mode it will not allow you to change the search specification and the menu itself will only pass back the file name and path requested by the calling menu when OPEN or DONE are selected See the manual section about CREATING A FLOWVIS DATA CASE for details of pr
103. is created for interactive visualisation but without extensive data proliferation seen in many other visualisation systems Data sets are easily identifiable by case name and file extensions The filter source code can be made available for inclusion in third party CFD software for seamless usage of FLOWVIS and your own CFD code Fast but comprehensive data preparations for quick image creation Potentially huge data sets can be visualised because FLOWVIS does not attempt to read all of the data into memory at one time VV VV NN NN 16 10 A Post Processing analysis tool specifically for Fluid Dynamics researchers FLOWVIS is developed by CFD researchers for CFD users Interactive techniques give you a better feel for your data The production of high quality hard copy files save you time The use of innovative display techniques presents your data in the most meaningful way possible The capabilities are also being continually enhanced v v v 17 PLANNED EXTENSIONS TO FLOWVIS 17 1 Display Redraw editing past previous command deletion Presentation facility for screen displays 17 2 User Preferences Allow selective saving and loading of user defined defaults at runtime Access to low level colour palette 17 3 Visualisation Options Enhanced Graph facilities for annotation and presentation display style Particle tracking capability Display animation 17 4 Operating System Operating system interface for the tar
104. is ready for your visualisation commands The main menu consists of icons on the left and top edge of the screen The left edge has display commands e g VECTORS CONTOURS and GRID etc The top border has options for system configuration file management orienting the view and textual notation etc The options have internal checks to prevent meaningless actions so that time wastage is kept to a minimum An example of this is that menus are inactive until a data set is connected Also the PRINT option is disabled until there are some saved commands to redraw One of the main features of FLOWVIS is the command stack that saves commands for subsequent replay a drawing command is completed the command and associated settings are saved to the stack The stack also maintains the view orientation in up to four windows Automatic checking prevents commands that would produce meaningless displays Examples of these checks include 1 Only one data set can be used in one window 2 There can only be one active view per window 3 Graphs cannot be mixed with other commands in one window except text If a possible conflict occurs FLOWVIS will prompt you for keeping the existing display or updating the display It must be stressed that updating the display can mean that previous commands are purged depending on the type of conflict The fact that FLOWVIS maintains a view for each display window means that up to four differently oriented views can be sho
105. ives the distribution of the variables in the field for alternate x y planes in the field for inspection by the user File model D gives the room dimensions and the co ordinates W E S N L R of the supply and exit openings and obstacles File model G gives the co ordinates of all the grids I 1 to NI Y J J 1 to NJ 1 to NK for plotting Note that the co ordinates of the first and last grid points are included in the boundary values Files model ED model P model T model TE model V and model VIS store the field grid data for the turbulence dissipation pressure the air temperature the turbulence energy the three velocity components and the turbulent fluid viscosity respectively If other variables are computed additional output data files will also be generated Theses files will be one or more of the following model AGE model C model PD model PMV model PPD model TI model TMRT respectively represented the age of air concentration of species Predicted Dissatisfied due to draught Predicted Mean Vote Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied the turbulence intensity and the mean radiant temperature These files contain the data arrays for graphical presentation or for further processing when restarting the computation The arrays are dumped as for 1 to NK do for J 2 1 to NJ do for I 1 to NI do write variable I J K These output files are read and used as initial values when restarting a run to redu
106. label facility allows you to input a limited amount of text to reference individual graph elements Currently 10 characters are allowed These form a reference key drawn to the side of the graph Markers if used identify the specific keys to graph elements but also the keys are coloured similarly to the appropriate graph The LogV and LogB options allow the graph variable and or base axis to be logged This will only be appropriate if all of the values are positive otherwise the request is ignored It should be stressed that mixing log and non log graphs together may have the effect of minimising one of the graphs almost to obscurity because of the automatic scaling and the ranges of values 13 3 STREAMLINES Streamline overvie Fi Help Esc Exit JDefauits prav _ m E 253 rin mex o gt oe 1 127 1 Mena Pew FPES Mecca rorwaras MELEE Reoion Automatic ccc The formal definition of streamlines states that streamlines are at all points tangential to the local velocity field FLOWVIS allows a 2 Dimensional plate region to be seeded with streamlines which can then be followed forwards or backwards The streamlines are by default coloured by the local velocity magnitude but can also be coloured by any data base variable or in a single colour The number of streams seeded can be selected from 1 to 250 These are scattered regularly on t
107. locked cells The domain outline is shown dotted and selected region is shown as a solid line boundary Generally speaking the image in the graphics area will change interactively as the view menu options and parameters are changed Also this image represents the images that will be produced in the display area windows This is not strictly true of target display windows which have a very different aspect ratio from the view menu graphics area In these cases the height of the image in the target window is approximately proportionate to the height of the image in the view menu This means that short wide target windows will show an image which is well in from the left and right borders if they were touching in the view menu and that tall thin target windows will generally loose the left and right edges of the image It is recommended that the display type be selected so that the windows match the shape of the domain as closely as possible Finally the right most side of the view menu has the options for view orientation manipulation These include zoom in zoom out rotation about three orthogonal directions using the indicated H V and D axes and finally image positioning by stepped shifting in a vertical or horizontal direction Again these options have immediate visual confirmation from the graphical area These options should be used to orient the data on screen as you require it to be drawn by subsequent display commands I
108. ls The plane or slab orientations is chosen with the SLAB button as an X Y or Z plane and the and buttons step through the available planes by index The actual plane currently selected is indicated by the display fields above these buttons The chosen plane is the plane that the line of cells will be taken from for graph display for this particular graph element The Base range and Line options are used to select the exact line of cells used for this graph element Changing the plane orientation automatically changes the base range and line orientations because they must all be mutually exclusive directions Data sets which are 2 Dimensional will not permit the plane orientation to be altered The BASE orientation and base limits lt gt lt gt options are provided to choose the orientation and extent of the line of cells used for this graph element The direction of the line of cells and the end limits are displayed above these buttons Once a plane orientation has been selected there are only two possibilities for the base range direction The exact cell line to be used is not specified fully until the third coordinate direction index is selected The cell line lt and gt options allow the third coordinate index for this graph element to be selected The direction and index are indicated above the buttons in the display fields The direction cannot be changed because the plane and base directions have already been sele
109. m the redraw stack See the DISPLAY MENU and the SETTINGS MENU information for more details In displays with more than one window delete will prompt you for a target window in which to delete A message will be posted onto the screen when the redraw stack for any window has been emptied 13 17 PRINT Print overview FLOWVIS The FLOW ViSualisation system 2 7 3 Me PRINT Help BES Exit JDetauits Proceed pose Jose STROKED Use Use Use Use Josse PS EPS PCX Use LOCAL DIR Use SWAP B W Hardcopy ENABLED GRAPH FLOWVIS can produce hard copy output files in a number of formats but does not print directly to printers This is necessary because of the vast range of printers printer drivers and languages for graphics printers FLOWVIS can produce two distinct types of image The first is bitmapped images that are essentially screen dumps in various formats These have a set resolution that is dependent on the screen resolution from which they were produced The second type are vector graphic image formats that store a list of object definitions to re create the final image These are not limited to the screen resolution and generally produce much better hard copy results on suitable printers Vector graphic formats generally do require performance printers and can be very large files Currently the printer file creation drivers in FLOWVIS have to redraw the whole display whilst a
110. n menu DEL option works When this option is set a single selection if delete will clear all windows and remove the last redraw command from each window for multi window displays This option has no effect for a single window display The WHOLE VERTICAL HORIZON RIGHT 2 TOP 2 and QUARTER options determine how the main display area is divided into windows Each of the configured windows can have individual view orientations These options provide a variety of window groupings as shown in the graphics box When multiple windows are used for display FLOWVIS will ask you to select in a window to indicate where commands are to be displayed 13 13 Text overview nj E The text option allows displays to be annotated with text and optionally to have a pointer arrow The text to be displayed is typed into an input box and when ENTER is selected rectangular box appears in the target display window This box is the outline of the text to be displayed Selecting a location and pressing the left mouse button will result in the placement of the text at that position Then FLOWVIS will ask if you require a text pointer If you require a pointer this is placed interactively by selecting a point for the tail and then selecting a point for the head Depending on the configuration of FLOWVIS an arrowhead can optionally be drawn on the pointer There will shortly be available a menu for the selection of fo
111. n x z directions m s _ W _WIN_ YQ Z K Greek letters gt Of Subscripts m outdoor air velocity m s room width in z direction m or west wall window coordinates position of grid I in x direction m thickness of layer n m position of grid J in y direction m position of grid K in z direction volumetric expansion coefficient 1 K turbulence dissipation rate dependent variable Karman s constant 0 4187 diffusion coefficient laminar and turbulent viscosities of air Pa s air density kg m laminar and turbulent Prandtl numbers buoyancy concentration effective vector dimension kinetic energy shear turbulent kinetic energy dissipation 1 INTRODUCTION Air distribution systems in modern buildings require careful design to meet the increasingly stringent demands for thermal comfort indoor air quality and energy efficiency Although procedures are available for designing conventional air distribution systems designers have to rely on data obtained from a physical model of the proposed air distribution scheme when dealing with a non conventional system Modifications to the model are then made until the desired conditions are achieved This procedure is very costly and time consuming In addition it is not always possible to construct physical models at full scale Under such circumstances therefore a computer based
112. nt and text colour This will be available as an upgrade 13 14 REDRAW Redraw overview FLOW VIS 50 HELP PRINT 53 FILL The redraw command takes all commands for a window and replays them after first clearing the window The redraw ordering can be by the drawing order or by a logical order that was set to prevent certain commands from obscuring other commands The choice of the ordering is set within the SETTINGS MENU Redraw can also be used to redraw more than one window if the Redraw Globally option has been set in the settings menu When a stack file has been loaded the redraw option can be used to replay the commands saved there By default the main menu DEL ete option clears the window and removes the last command from the redraw stack for that window If there were many commands in a window then doing a redraw will re display all the commands left for that window One further feature of REDRAW is that if the view orientation has changed from that of the commands already in a window and redraw is requested then FLOWVIS will ask if the commands should be redrawn using the previous or the newest orientation See also the notes on the VIEW MENU operation 13 15 STACK Stack overview one d 2 ni CS no CK DEL PRINT nj H p The redraw stack is repository for all successful drawing commands The stack can thought of a
113. ntal and vertical shift values to zero The move to EDGE option is currently under development This will shift and zoom the data base for the maximum possible screen usage This feature will be available as an update The SET ROTATION option allows all three axial rotation angles to be set explicitly in a text input box The ordering is H axis V axis then D axis rotation in that order The rotations will be applied in that order Since rotations are non commutative it is critical that the order be observed This option is provided to repeat known rotations as displayed by the rotation angles given below this option The alternative is to use interactive mode which is more intuitive because the rotations are applied to the graphical image area incrementally The Y cells range SET lower limit lt gt and upper limit l lt gt options are provided to allow the selection of the range of cells from which data will be viewed in the Y coordinate direction in Cylindrical Polar coordinates this is the radial direction The SET option uses a text input box for the entry of two coordinate Y values which are converted to the nearest cell indices When called the current coordinate range is displayed other options change the cell indices incrementally The full range of cells in this coordinate direction is indicated just above the buttons The rotation H V V D and D options allow incremental rotation ab
114. nted in the list for contouring The number of contour lines and options are used to select the actual number of lines used for the contour plots This can be larger than the number of colours available but this will produce plots that have a number of contours of the same colour The colours in range LESS MORE MIN and MAX options are used to select the number of colours to be used from the colour range The default is the same as the number of colours in the colour range This option is really only provided for using less than maximum number of colours but still taken from the full range of colours The contour value and options allow a single contour value to be selected for display by the contour routine The default and alternative to this option is to use a range of values The resolved pixels and options allow the refinement of the contour display to be specified low value means that cells are sub divided for more accurate contours Accuracy does imply a slower display The numbers actually represent the number of screen pixels that are used as a test for suitable refinement The height scale DECR and INCR options set the scale value for contour peaks This parameter is used to adjust the height of the peaks from the plane The scaling is automatic based on averaged dimensions but this option provides an override The minimum lt lt gt and maximum l lt gt gt options allow the ran
115. ntly supported There is also currently a restriction of 70 cells in any one direction These limitations are being removed in future releases of FLOWVIS Please contact the distributors if you have special requirements The redraw stack can hold up to 100 commands After 100 commands the redraw stack can be saved and the existing commands overwritten The stack always fills up from the start so it is unlikely that this size limitation should be too critical Only 10 graphs can be displayed in any one window Changes to default values and settings within FLOWVIS cannot be saved for subsequent re use Future releases of FLOWVIS will allow modifications to be saved and loaded as required This is currently a way of tailoring the system by modifying the initialisation files by hand Graphs and text can be mixed within a window If the graph elements are modified after text has been added then the text will be lost There is also a limitation that text can only be added to a window containing graphs since adding a graph to a window that only contains text will result in the deletion of the text The colour key legends used in colour vectors contour lines fills and streamlines can be placed manually There is a potential problem if one key is placed on an existing key because the pop up key area saved can become corrupted It is the responsibility of the user to make sure that manually placed keys do not overlap 15 KNOWN BUGS IN FLOWVIS Version
116. ntouring units are sub divided so that the contour lines can be plotted small value will produce a more accurate display but will also take longer to draw Contour lines options Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the CONTOUR line sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The EXIT option allows the CONTOUR line sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button No attempts are made to do displays and changes to parameters will be lost The DEFAULTS option resets the default parameters in the CONTOUR line menu This provides a quick method of returning to sensible values after experimentation The DRAW option takes the settings and calls the appropriate contouring display routine In displays with more than one window FLOWVIS will prompt for the target window in which to display contour lines The contours will be displayed for the currently selected data region using the active view orientation The contour colour range upper limit lt gt and lower limit lt gt options allow the colour range used for contouring to be selected The integer numbers displayed represent colours given that the lowest n
117. omain or data region See the SETTINGS MENU for information about the minimum and maximum scan options The vector sets are determined as the data base is created and the selection of which vectors to display is then a simple matter of choosing the required set The actual names of the components in a set are displayed at the bottom of the menu The default set is always the cartesian component set for the first phase Cylindrical polar data sets have their vector components resolved to cartesian componets at the data base creation stage The vector menu contains a number of options to change appearance of vector arrows The actual vector appearance is indicated by the graphical display area This graphics box contains a representation of a vector arrow and a cell a box drawn with a dotted line One other feature of the vector menu is the magnitude range selection This indicates the current range of magnitudes in the data set for the currently selected region The actual range displayed can be changed This has the effect of discarding vectors which are outside of the specified range Vectors options Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the VECTOR sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The E
118. on of the turbulent flow wall functions used in VORTEX 6 RUNNING VORTEX 6 1 Run Page After the data has been inputted and saved it can then be run by clicking the Run icon which opens a new page for the main VORTEX program see Fig 6 As soon as this page is opened VORTEX waits for the user to click the Run icon to commence computing At any time during the execution of VORTEX providing the number of sweeps has not been reached the program can be stopped and re run as often as required The values of the variables at the monitoring point Monitor Spot Value are displayed and also plotted In addition the percentage change in the variable from the previous sweep is also printed The monitoring spot can be changed during the execution of the program centre of field is the default setting by clicking the Spot Valin the Graph icon When the new position is typed in it can only be affected by hitting the return key J The relaxation factor the number of iterations the plot frequency and the number frequency of monitoring spot values and the residual errors can be changed at any time by clicking the Solver icon typing the required value and hitting J Normally the validity of the input parameters is tested by initially executing the program for a few iterations e g 10 and the output checked to ensure that the problem has been modelled correctly This is done by examining the output file model S which gives a summary of the key input
119. only has effect between the specified range of colours It is used for limiting the number of colours used from a potentially large range of colours The Colour Range upper limit lt gt and lower limit lt gt options allow the actual colour range used to be selected The colours range from red as the lowest number to blue which is the highest The range can be reduced reversed or switched to white only by using the middle mouse key The seeding region MENU option brings up a visual menu similar to the main menu view option for selecting a streamline seeding 2 Dimensional plate This plate can also be selected using options in this menu The plate or slab forms the region over which the streamline seeds are placed The Streamline plane NEW lt and gt options allow the seeding slab to be changed to an X Y or a Z plate and the number of the slab to be chosen The streams will be seeded regularly over extent of this slab For 2 Dimensional domains these options have effect The seeding slab ranges lt gt lt gt options can be used to reduce the extent of seeding region down from the whole plane to a sub region The extent is specified by cell indices and the data base directions are displayed above the ranges The Streamline FOLLOW option allows the direction in which the streamlines are followed to be specified When the streamlines are followed forwards the velocities are used as they
120. out the screen H orizontal screen V ertical and screen D epth axes respectively rotations are applied about either global or local orthogonal axes The global axes remain fixed in space whereas the local axes follow the domain as it is rotated The angles for each axial rotation represent the angles that would need to be applied in a H V D order to get to the same resultant image This is necessary for the SET ROTATION option which allows all three axial rotations to be set explicitly The angle step size is set in the SETTINGS but is by default 5 degrees Because of the nature of rotation the numerical angles displayed do not necessarily change predictably BUT the object does rotate predictably which is somewhat more important The Z cells range SET lower limit lt gt l and upper limit lt gt options are provided to allow the selection of the range of cells from which data will be viewed in the Z coordinate direction in Cylindrical Polar coordinates this is the length direction The SET option uses a text input box for the entry of two Z coordinate values which are converted to the nearest cell indices When called the current coordinate range is displayed other options change the cell indices incrementally The full range of cells in this coordinate direction is indicated just above the buttons 13 12 DISPLAY SELECTION Display selection ove Help xit Reset Done
121. pO amp Q S I2 OY OI Q N PP O o N i O 2 500000 002 10 IN Q N D D N N DN P P HP E N 50 50 10 30 50 70 90 100000e 001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 e 002 e 002 e 001 e 001 e 001 e 001 e 001 487500e 001 0 6250 0e 001 637500e 001 21250 000 078750 000 136250 000 193750 000 251250 000 290000 000 310000 000 366111 000 458333 000 550555 000 642778 000 735000 000 827222 000 919444 000 011667 000 103889 000 196111 000 288333 000 380556 000 472778 000 565000 000 657222 000 749444 000 841667 000 933889 000 990000 000 010000 000 0 000000 002 000000 002 112500 001 937500 001 762500 001 587500 001 412500 001 023750 000 206250 000 1 388750 000 1 490000 000 1 525000 000 1 575000 000 1 610000 000 1 680000 000 800000 000 17 1 920000e4 18 1 990000e4 19 2 010000e4 20 2 080000 4 21 2 200000 4 22 2 320000 4 23 2 390000 4 24 2 425000 4 25 2 475000 4 26 2 510000 4 27 2 576154e4 28 2 688462 4 29 2 800769 4 30 2 913077 4 31 3 025384 4 32 3 137692
122. ption in that it allows for future enhancement of FLOWVIS The functionality to be added here is of a more practical nature than the system settings options The reason for including the menu now is that the remainder of the FLOWVIS user interface will not have to change significantly even as planned extensions are added The enhancements to change significantly even as planned extensions are added The enhancements already being developed are listed in the section PLANNED EXTENSIONS TO FLOWVIS Currently there are three facilities provided in the menu The demonstrator shows some saved images that were captured in internal image format and saved to disk files 2 menu re display option redraws the whole screen in full 3 slide utility allows internal screen images to be saved to or loaded from files These images require an eight character identifier to which FLOWVIS adds an extension which indicates the screen mode that the images come from You cannot load images into different screen modes than they were produced from as this can lead to unsatisfactory or corrupted displays The screen image demonstrations were produced by the screen image LOAD and SAVE utilities You can replace the existing SCREEN SMI files with your own if you require demonstration facilities of your own data sets 14 LIMITATIONS OF FLOWVIS Version 3 10 1 Only databases of size 70 cells by 70 cells by 70 cells by 50 variables are curre
123. r of the faces to be selected This option will be ignored if the face porosity fill option is set to NO fill The hidden line HIDE option is currently under development to allow the display of user defined geometry objects using hidden line techniques This option will be ignored by this version of FLOWVIS but will be supported in future upgrades The volume porosity FILL option allows the faces of blocked cells to have solid filled faces in the colour specified by the fill colour option The volume porosity HIDE option allows cells to be displayed using hidden line techniques These are slower but do prevent overwriting by cell faces that are deeper into the domain The volume porosity TYPE option specifies the speed with which the cells should be displayed The fast option merely displays the cells in a far to near order so that near cells are not obscured The slow option sorts the cells accurately by screen depth but does produce a more pleasing display The face porosity FILLED option allows blocked faces to be drawn using solid colour fills The colour used will be the one specified in the face porosity fill colour option The fill and colour options for faces have effect for all three cell face directions The user defined geometry FILL option is not currently available When supported it will allow user defined objects to have filled faces where appropriate This feature will be provided as an upgrade 13 5 GRID Grid o
124. reases the coordinate values whilst a negative value decreases the coordinate values The SET button allows the shift value to be typed in explicitly whilst the and gt buttons step incrementally to a value The line type and options allow the line style for this graph element to be changed from the default There are options for dotted dashed dot dashed and no lines The graph element is drawn using the indicated line type When NO LINES is selected the markers will be used to show the graph location The colour and options allow the colour of each graph element to be selected The colours scroll through a list of named colours The colour used for this graph element is the one named above the buttons in the display field marker type and marker character options allow the selection of a particular type of marker to be used for this graph element The marker types are marker letter and number or none and there are ten choices for the character used The markers indicate the locations of the actual data point x y pairs on the graph element Also the specific key label has the appropriate marker type for referencing the correct graph element The spline ALTER option allows a graph element to be drawn with a smooth spline When spline is used there may be overshoots where there is a very sudden change in gradient but for the most part spline produces a smooth curve through the data points The KEY
125. ring the commands The redraw globally GLOBAL option allows the main menu REDRAW command to operate on all windows of a multiple windowed display The alternative is for redrawing in a chosen or active window only In the case of multiple window displays FLOWVIS will prompt for the target window for redrawing The default zoom and gt options allow default zoom value to be set This will be value set for the zoom factor whenever RESET is selected in the VIEW menu in the current session The redraw after printing REDRAW option allows the graphics image to be restored along with the main menu after a full screen print Alternatively FLOWVIS will merely replace the main menu after clearing the screen The commands in the redraw stack are unaffected The delete removes all commands REMOVE option allows delete to remove all of the previously saved commands from the redraw stack when delete is selected Use this option with caution because deleted commands are NOT retrievable The default usage only allows the last command to be removed The zoom step sizes LESS and MORE options allow the size of zoom steps in the VIEW menu can be set A smaller value gives greater control but also takes longer to make large changes in the zoom factor Note that the VIEW menu does provide accelerated stepping for incremental options by using the middle mouse button The plane steps and options inform FLOWVIS to skip over cell
126. rsion 3 10 KNOWN BUGS IN FLOWVIS Version 3 10 FLOWVIS FACILITIES Version 3 10 16 1 16 2 16 3 16 4 16 5 16 6 16 7 16 8 16 9 16 10 User Interface Display Visualisation Options Data Selection View Selection Grid Types User Preferences Hard copy Output to File Data base Creation A Post Processing analysis tool specifically for Fluid Dynamics researchers PLANNED EXTENSIONS TO FLOWVIS 17 1 17 2 17 3 17 4 17 5 Display User Preferences Visualisation Options Operating System Utilities 127 128 128 128 128 128 129 129 129 129 129 129 130 130 130 130 130 130 NOMENCLATURE C Cp CIN DELTA E EPSO_ G g H HC HOBS I HR 1 HWIN 1 h LLK ICLO ICOMF ICON I ICONC ICOND IDR IRAD IWIN k TK L LAYER M MAXIT N NCON NI NJ NK NIN NP NOBS NOUT NWIN PMV PPD PA mean concentration ppm or mg m discharge coefficient for an inlet opening lt or 1 0 specific heat of air at constant pressure J kgK constants of turbulence model concentration of inlet air ppm or mg m thickness of building fabric m east wall emissivity of room surface energy generation term gravitational acceleration m s room height in y direction m convective heat flux for room surface I W m heat flux from obstacle I W m radiant heat transfer flux for room surface I W m heat flux for window I W m convective heat
127. s a number of slots into which commands and all their associated parameters and attributes can be saved There are also a number of slots which store window specific information so that views do not become muddled at least that is the intention The stack actually resides in a file like structure that can be physically saved to a permanent file for subsequent reuse by FLOWVIS Since this file only contains the commands but no data the data sets that originally created the displays must still exist for successful replay of the stack Furthermore the data sets must exist in the same locations because FLOWVIS keeps track of absolute paths to the data sets The stack file cannot be edited by hand as the commands and parameters are stored in binary access format Work is progressing on an editing facility which will allow commands to be pulled back into their menus for modification This facility will be available with upgrades of FLOWVIS 13 16 DELETE Delete overview HELP x 5 PRINT 53 FILL The main menu DEL ete command has several different configurations but in its most basic form it clears a target window and removes the last added command for that window from the redraw stack When the display is set to one window then delete will bring up the previous picture automatically as if the last command had not be selected Delete can be used to clear all windows and optionally to remove all commands fro
128. s allow a single contour fill value to be selected for display by the contour filling routines The default and alternative to this option is to use a range of values The resolved pixels and options allow the refinement of the contour fill display to be specified A low value means that cells are sub divided for more accurate filled contours Accuracy does imply a slower display This actually represents the number of screen pixels that are used as a test for suitable refinement The height scale DECR and INCR options set the scale value for contour fill peaks and block fill plots This parameter is used to adjust the height of the peaks from the plane The scaling is automatic based on averaged dimensions but this option provides an override The minimum l and maximum gt gt options allow the range of contour fill values to be limited By default this is set to the full range for the currently selected variable but a sub range of values can be selected If a sub range is chosen then contour fills outside of this range are displayed as for the extreme limits of the fill colour bands 13 9 HELP Help overview FLOWVIS FLOW FLOWVIS has an on line help system that is accessible from the main menu and pop up sub menus Help mode is entered by selecting on the HELP option or by pressing the F1 key The help system will then display a message in the top half of the screen to inform you that the sys
129. s of available Hard Disk space Windows 95 and above including Windows 98 or Windows NT 3 button mouse and driver software pre installed before running FLOWVIS 11 OVERVIEW OF FLOWVIS FLOWVIS is a post processing visualisation system for use with structured mesh fluid dynamics data The system is fully menu driven using mouse or cursor selection The main menu consists of 20 icons that occupy the left and top edge borders of the screen Generally the selection of an icon will either initiate some action or invoke a sub menu which will pop up over the central portion of the screen Sub menus generally have a common top row of buttons as HELP EXIT RESET and DONE or DRAW from left to right The rest of the menu will contain buttons informative text displayed data and status fields and some menus have graphical display regions that will contain images Most of the menus are treated as forms that have a number of default values The user can change these values by pressing selecting on the associated buttons When a menu contains the correct information the DONE or DRAW on display command menus button will initiate the action required for that menu FLOWVIS only allows the selection of buttons The data fields cannot be altered by selection on the data field itself This strategy was adopted to avoid the confusion found with some other user interfaces where users are not sure which menu items they can and cannot select
130. s of windows range from one window which uses the whole of the display area to four quarter windows The current selection is indicated by a pictorial representation of the main display area in the graphics box at the bottom of the menu Display selection options Use the HELP button to enter help mode for the DISPLAY sub menu The selection of any button in help mode will bring up help for that button or group of buttons The help mode is exited by selecting on the HELP button again The F1 key will also perform the same action but will present help for the last highlighted button The EXIT option allows the DISPLAY sub menu to be exited without any changes taking effect This action can also be performed with the ESC key or the right hand mouse button The RESET option resets the parameters in the DISPLAY menu back to the default settings The DONE option performs an exit from the DISPLAY menu but any changes made are left intact Control passes back to the main menu If the window configuration has changed then FLOWVIS will re display the main graphics area with the new windows If there are commands in the stack then FLOWVIS will ask if you wish to proceed with the re configuration Sometimes keys which have absolute screen pop up locations do not go well in other windows The fit to window STRETCH option allows the selected data region to be stretched out to fill the whole screen This does not preserve the aspect ratio
131. s where possible In most cases this will result in stepping over planes only but vector displays step over cells in all three index directions whilst streamlines cannot step over cells at all This facility can be useful for huge data sets where images can become cluttered by the amount of information displayed The show views similarly SAME XYZ option allows the view onto the data base to be independent of the type of plane selected in the VIEW men This contrasts with bringing the selected plane flat onto the screen by applying default rotations The angle step size LOW and HIGH options allow the view menu rotation steps size to be changed By default the angle step size is 5 degrees but this may be increased or reduced here The step size is the number of degrees added to or subtracted from the current rotation about one axis 13 19 SYSTEM This option is provided to allow future enhancement of settings available with FLOWVIS This functionality will mirror the control provided by FLOWVIS initialisation files These facilities will be available as with upgrades 13 20 Expert overview Q FLOWVIS The FLOW ViSualis Help sc xit Null Done j Demonstrator j Redraw Menu j Slide Utils Z mirror Yomirror Z mirror Logo J Defaults J Track J Save Table File J Button 11 J Button 12 J Button 13 Button 14 J Button 15 The EXPERT MENU is similar to the main menu SYSTEM o
132. t The PATH option must be used to change disk drives on DOS based systems If the typed path does not exist then the previous path will be restored The CHDIR option allows the current directory to be set to the parent directory This is a way of navigating back up a directory structure See also Home to get to the home directory The and directory UP DOWN TOP and BOTTOM options are used to scroll the file and directory name lists The file and directory lists maintain file and directory names for the current path These lists be scrolled if required by using the scroll buttons provided The selection buttons for the lists are provided on the left The file pattern SEARCH option allows the file search extension to be changed A formatted data base is FHD all files are stack files are DSC and unformatted input files are When FLOWVIS is requested to search for FLOWVIS data cases only the 8 character identifying name is displayed in the file name list The file list gt options allow the adjacent filename to be made current The current file is shown by the FILE filename message This filename is used for the options in the bottom left of the FILE MANAGER menu The directory list CD options perform a change of directory to the named directory immediately below the current path The Home option can be used to return to the start up directory if the user becomes lost
133. t the same time creating the required hard copy file Since most users will not require the main menu to be printed the print option will redraw on the full screen as it creates the hard copy output FLOWVIS will then wait for user input from the mouse or keyboard This allows video or photographic images to be captured if required The OK prompt box that appears at the bottom right hand corner of the display means that FLOWVIS is waiting for interaction after having created any required hard copy output The middle mouse button can be used to hide the OK box if necessary The image formats supported are HP GL PostScript and Raster There is also PCX screen grabbing utility built into FLOWVIS that can be activated by pressing ALT and F2 together This is almost always available except when text input is occurring to a text box The PCX grab utility will capture the whole screen including any menus or message text that may be present A single speaker tone means that PCX file creation has started and two tones indicates that the PCX file has been created Generally all hard copy files are saved in the current directory and have filenames made up of three parts The first part is an identifier of 4 characters that you may specify for recognising the plot files The second part is an incremented number starting at 0001 that FLOWVIS adds to make sure that any existing plots are not overwritten Finally the extension indicates the type of hard
134. t to load the data set for visualisation and analysis 13 11 VIEW SELECTION View selection overview FLOWVIS The alis AAAS The VIEW SELECTION menu provides facilities to set limits for the data region to be used for subsequent displays and to set the view orientation that any data is displayed from The view menu consists of three vertical sections The left most section allows the data extent to be limited and the plane type to be selected The selection of a data region is indicated by the cell indices in the three orthogonal data base directions X Y and Z The extent of the data to be visualised by subsequent commands is then indicated by three pairs of low and high cell index limits A visual feedback of the selected region is visible in the graphical area as the solid line boundary The cell limits can also be selected by coordinate values These are the SET buttons near the cell limit indicators Using set will present a text input bar which will display the current coordinate range for the chosen direction Once you have entered the required range the coordinates will be mapped to the nearest cell indices The middle section of the view menu contains a graphical representation of the data domain and the selected data region Also present are the data base coordinate axes the view rotation axes labelled H V and D and if the data set contains volume porosity data there will also be points indicated to show the location of b
135. tem is now in help mode and an information box towards the bottom of the screen that contains the help text The format for displaying sub menu help is identical Once help mode has been entered the system waits for you to select on an option Selecting any valid option will bring up the on line help associated with that button Finally the help mode is exited by again selecting on the HELP option or pressing F1 The main menu help system gives general help about the main menu options whereas the sub menu help gives specific help about options or groups of options within individual menus 13 10 FILE MANAGER File manager overview FLOWYIS The FLOW 1 system J Help xit Finish Seal ELE gn Flowis case SENDS tp EXSCLI gt open pare faults J Options Make air The FILE MANAGER menu has facilities for opening various types of file moving through the hard disk directory structure making directories erasing individual files and data sets and for creating FLOWVIS data sets from input files containing field data Usually the FILE MANAGER is used to load data set The files used by FLOWVIS are all named by an 8 character case name This identifies all of the files of the particular case FLOWVIS uses the 3 character extension to determine the purpose of individ
136. the display drawing from deepest to nearest screen depth coordinate This technique is by no means infallible but generally produces acceptable displays Finally the drawing commands can be broken into and stopped There are two different ways of stopping drawing The first is to use the ESC key or the right hand mouse button This will cancel the current operation and will not save the command to the redraw stack The second break in action uses the numeric keypad ENTER key or the middle mouse button Although this terminates the current drawing operation it will still save the command to the redraw stack for subsequent redrawing 12 GETTING STARTED WITH FLOWVIS If you want to use a mouse with FLOWVIS then your mouse software driver should be loaded into memory before you attempt to run FLOWVIS FLOWVIS executables MUST be invoked with the batch script files that are present in the directory called FLOWVIS These scripts are tailored to your particular installation and set some environment variables for use by FLOWVIS The FLOWVIS script file optionally takes a data base case name argument This feature allows FLOWVIS to immediately load the named data set If no case is specified or the case was not found then an introduction screen will be displayed At this point you can use a mouse or keyboard selection to confirm any options Mouse selection is simply a matter of highlighting the button you wish to operate and then selecting with t
137. the parameters displayed in a number of the display fields Another type of button opens a textual input line where characters or numbers can be entered These buttons often have the label SET to indicate the manual setting of a value Finally there are do it buttons that immediately initiate some action The DRAW and EXIT options are examples of buttons which immediately perform some action Most of the sub menus are form menus The parameters can be modified until all of the selections are as desired then a single button selection initiates the functionality of the menu using the selections in the form Almost all of the sub menu parameters are defaulted to sensible values so there are generally only minimal changes required to draw a picture element 131 4 n HELP x DISP TEXT RDRA ee PRINT PUR Em 4 SET S EXP Exit allows you to quit from FLOWVIS and return to the operating system user is prompted for confirmation of selecting quit If the exit is confirmed FLOWVIS will check the redraw stack for drawing commands If there are commands in the stack then you will be asked if you want save the stack as a file Just before FLOWVIS terminates any temporary files will be deleted and all open files will be closed Finally the normal text screen is restored 13 2 GRAPH Graph overview JDetauits Draw This ATI Ile SEND3 FHD
138. the velocity and temperature distributions are required The second example shows a more comprehensive analysis of variables including thermal comfort analysis The third example represents a buoyancy driven naturally ventilated enclosure Example 4 represents mean age of air calculations for an office room ventilated using a displacement ventilation system Example 5 represents wind flow over a stack producing combustion effluents which is adjacent to a building Example 6 solves the flow from a split air conditioning unit position on a wall at high level 8 1 Example 1 This example illustrates the use of the program for predicting the environment in an office which is cooled by supplying air from a wall at high level and extracting air from the ceiling The air is supplied to the room through a grille situated in the middle of the west wall close to the ceiling The effective dimensions of the grille are 1 2 m length and 0 04 m height and air speed is 2 3 m s and the temperature is 12 The horizontal grille blades set at 30 from the horizontal position to deflect the jet towards the ceiling The discharge coefficient of the grille is assumed 1 0 This will require the following inlet velocity components see Object in Section 5 3 U VELOCITY 2 3 cos 30 22 00 m s V VELOCITY 2 3 sin 30 1 154 m s W VELOCITY 0 0 Turbulence intensity 0 1 This represents an airflow rate of 96 l s The room dimensions are
139. transfer coefficient W mK grid point number in x y z direction thermal resistance of clothing m K W flag for thermal comfort calculations 1 or 0 grid coordinate of concentration source I flag for concentration calculations 1 or 0 flag for fabric heat conduction calculation 1 or 0 flag for draught risk calculation 1 or 0 flag for surface radiation calculation 1 or 0 grid coordinate for window I thermal conductivity W mK room length in x direction m or left wall building fabric layer metabolic rate W m maximum number of iterations north wall number of concentration sources total number of grid points in x y z directions number of inlets number of monitoring points number of obstacles number of outlets number of windows predicted mean vote predicted percentage of dissatisfied 90 water vapour pressure Pa pressure Pa heat production W m right wall south wall source term t TIN TMRT TOBS I TURBIN Ur Ui U time 5 inside room surface temperature C inlet air temperature C outside air temperature local mean radiant temperature C temperature of obstacle I C turbulence intensity of air at supply outlet floor heat conduction coefficient W m K tensor velocity component m s heat transmission coefficient for a bare floor W mK mean velocity components in x y z directions m s UIN VIN WINinlet velocity components i
140. transmission coefficient for a bare ground floor W m K Xn thickness of layers above the floor e g insulation carpet etc m thermal conductivity of each layer W mK internal surface heat transfer coefficient dependent on direction of heat flow W m K The program calculates a default heat transfer coefficient for a ground floor using VAOS 10000 0 no exterior surface film resistance TAOS TIN EPSOS 20 0 LAYERS 1 TKS DELTAS 2 73 W m K carpet and fibrous pad However a more accurate value of heat transfer coefficient of the floor can be calculated using Equation 2 and this can be used for overwriting the default value If all the default values are applicable for the problem being investigated FABRIC DAT is not required If the values for outdoor velocity and temperature are different from the default data while those for the fabric are the same as the default data input the data for the velocity and temperature only Thus the input data can be simplified to VAOW VAOS VAOL VAOR TAOE TAOS TAOL If the emissivity of exterior wall surfaces needs to be specified as well as the velocity and temperature the input data will become VAOW VAOS VAOL VAOR TAOS TAOL EPSOW EPSOE EPSOS EPSON EPSOL EPSOR 8 EXAMPLES The following examples illustrate the use of VORTEX In the first example only
141. ual case files You should not rename FLOWVIS case files individually but you can rename all of a case e g you may rename data set called OLDCASE NEWCASE using the DOS command RENAME OLDCASE f NEWCASE f FLOWVIS will then be able to connect NEWCASE for analysis and visualisation FLOWVIS only has one data set attached at a time but keeps the case names in the redraw stack for seamless visualisation of more than one data set You should not erase data sets for which there are commands in the redraw stack as FLOWVIS will not be able to redraw these commands When OPEN is selected for a data base case any previously open data base files are closed and the new ones opened The SEARCH option is provided so that FLOWVIS is aware of the type of file you are trying to open The search pattern specifications are DAT This is for input data files that need to be converted to the FLOWVIS format This is only for preference FLOWVIS will actually create a data case from any named file provided it is a field data file FHD This stands for FLOWVIS HeaDer files These contain the general information about the data cases that inform FLOWVIS about the number and type of field variables stored and the extent and size of the data domain DSC These files contain saved stack information Loading a stack file in the file manager will cause the commands in that stack to be replayed The data sets used
142. umber represents red and the highest is blue The range can be reduced reversed or swapped to white only The DO contour LINE option is the default option for this menu When this option is selected the contour plot will be of normal contour lines The DRAW option must be used to start drawing the contours The variable used for contouring is that indicated by the current contour variable text in the top right corner of the contour line menu The DO contour PEAK plots are available from this menu These are formed by projecting the contours away from the data plane by an amount which is proportionate to the value of the contour line value These plots only have significance if viewed nearly edge on The height scale option allows the height of the peaks to be changed The DO contour NET displays allows contour surface plots to be created These can only be displayed for 3 Dimensional data sets The surfaces are displayed throughout the domain Again the contour variable is that indicated in the top right corner of the menu The contour variable USE options allow a named variable to be selected from a scrolling list These options make the adjacent variables current and the current variable is used for the contour plot when DRAW is selected The scroll buttons UP DOWN TOP and LAST can be used to access more variables than can be displayed on the visible portion of the list of the variables from the data base are prese
143. verview PRINT E 2 S nj H D The grid display routine has options for cell centred face centred or grid outlines These are displayed at the mid plane position This is consistent with most of the other display routines which display properties at the cell centres The two types of grids and grid outlines are only displayed for the currently selected data region 13 6 VECTORS Vectors overview PEENEM Draw os Ead MAGNITUDE memi MAGNITUDE cca 1 96 02 2 04 00 lt Range ms Vectors are plotted for orthogonal sets of vector components The vector arrows are displayed at the centre of the cells within the domain The values used are interpolated to the cell centres from the faces of cells The vectors are automatically scaled to the average cell size This helps to prevent vectors from overwriting portions of other adjacent vectors There is a manual scaling utility to adjust the size of the vectors in situations where automatic scaling is unsatisfactory Vectors can be coloured by magnitude any single variable from the data base or single coloured colouring ordering can be chosen to run from RED greatest value to BLUE smallest value or as REDzsmallest value to BLUE greatest value The values concerned are the minimum and maximum values associated with the current d
144. wn on screen simultaneously The view menu can be used in conjunction with the redraw option to change the orientation of display elements in one window If the currently set view is different from the view in a target window as a command is about to be drawn FLOWVIS will ask if the view should be updated or the command displayed using the previous view If the display is updated to the new view orientation then the previous commands will be replayed to create the composite display in the new orientation There are a number of ways of saving images from FLOWVIS Standard hard copy to file is provided in HP GL PostScript and Raster formats These files have to be created by redrawing all the commands in the display An alternative is the PCX screen dump facility which captures the entire screen and saves it as a PCX file Finally there is a facility for bitmap image saving and loading which can be used for screen shot slide shows These bitmap images are not printable and are not particularly compact but have the advantage of fast display The displays created by FLOWVIS are mostly created on a plane by plane basis The exceptions are streamlines and contour nets which are continuous through the volume of the domain FLOWVIS warns you about view orientations that present the planes edge on rather than flat on the screen FLOWVIS will also attempt to draw certain commands in such a way that minimal overwrite occurs This is achieved by trying to create
145. x window configurations e g whole area split horizontal or quarter etc Intelligent checking of display to prevent as far as possible corrupted displays caused by inappropriate mixing of commands Textual annotation of displays Upgrade capabilities for 256 colour displays Upgrade facilities for very high resolution display modes this requires a suitable graphics card and monitor 16 3 Visualisation Options Vy V Vv V V V V V V V V V V Contour line displays Contour fill displays Peak plots for 3 D visualisation of a data plane for contour fills and lines Filled cells for data analysis Filled cell 3 Dimensional histograms for a plane of data Contour line iso surface nets through 3 Dimensional data sets Vector displays for a vector set of up to three orthogonal components Grid displays for cell faces cell centres or grid outlines Geometry display defined by blocked grid cells with zero porosity User defined geometrical features formed from boxes lines arcs etc Streamlines of Cartesian vector data Colour coded displays with associate colour keys that can be located manually Graph displays for lines of cells 16 4 Data Selection vy v v v v By region specified by orthogonal minimum and maximum cell index limits By entered physical coordinates that are mapped to nearest cell indices Has visual confirmation of data selection limits and shows the domain boundary Draws slab by slab for 3 D data region in a s

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