user manual.
Contents
1. 3 2 2 Stage 2 Filling in the requested form for the selected option Option 1 Option 1 is for those users who already have data available and are not sure what they can map in terms of ecosystem services This option provides the user with a list of datasets based on the four factors Figure 1 The user can then select the datasets they have available Figure 6 Option 1 Select the datasets which are available to you Then click on the report button for a list of ecosystem services you can map and at what scales Bespoke ecological networks DIGMAPGB 10 Artifical ground ASTER 30m Bespoke soil data Footpaths Bespoke habitat data DiGMapGB 10 Bedrock GET MAPPING DSM 2m Posting NATMAP 1000 Forestry Commission Estate Broad Habitats DIGMAPGB 10 Linear Features GET MAPPING DTM 5m posting NATMAP 5000 Forestry Commission Subcompartments Corine DiGMAPGB 10 Mass Movement LIDAR im NATMAP Soilscapes Gardens EUNIS Levels 1 amp 2 DiGMAPGB 10 Superficial LIDAR 2m NATMAP Vector Geological Conservation Review Sites GCR EUNIS Levels 3 8 DiGMapGB 25 Artificial ground Next Perspectives Contours product 5m NSIS Soils 1 25 000 Grazing datasets I H S DiGMapGB 25 Bedrock Next Perspectives DTM product 5m NSIS Soils 1 250 000 H S Management classification aspect integrated Habitat Networks DiGMapGB 25 Linear Features NEXTMAP BRITAIN DTM 10m posting The European Soils Database Integrated Transport Network Landcover map DiG2. SINCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee JNCC Report No 514 Supplemental Paper Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User Manual Medcalf K Small N Finch C Williams J Blair T Haines Young R Potschin M amp Parker J March 2014 JNCC Peterborough 2014 ISSN 0963 8901 For further information please contact Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House City Road Peterborough PE1 1JY http incc defra gov uk This report should be cited as Medcalf K Small N Finch C Williams J Blair T Haines Young R Potschin M amp Parker J 2014 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User Manual JNCC Report No 514 Supplemental Paper JNCC Peterborough Contents 1 Background sses a E a E E 4 1 1 Who is the User Manual for sassssnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnmnnn 4 EZ Ecosystem approach anaa aaki anA aa a saaa 4 13 APProaC hoosi eE E ERa aR EAA 4 1 4 Producing ecosystem service MADPS ccceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeneesseeeneeseeeess 6 2 Data how to obtain it and assess whether it is fit for purpose for ecosystem SCEVIGSS IMAP PING issiria a aa a a a a eel aa aaa ai 7 21 Data AU GN ssicessceessctees teeter vena cssnesesacecencversscatenceunrasedsteataneebanceecdaucussseatancetanceenueeeeks 7 Ziel Data CONC CHOM tnn tated a iei 7 21 2 Data SU
3. Awww naturalengland org uk publications data http www qeostore com environment agency Agency Ordnance pen Data http www ordnancesurvey co uk business and Survey p government products opendata products html English http Awww english Heritage peslgnatomcats heritage org uk professional protection process spatial data Historic Scotland Data download http www forestry gov uk datadownload Commission Data references and online map viewer GIS downloads http data historic scotland gov uk pls htmldb f p 2100 10 0 Dataset listings and download http www magic gov uk Dataset Download Summary htm options During the data collection phase users may collect a variety of data types to include in the Suitability assessment for example tabular spatial or numerical Each of these data types can be manipulated to be included within a spatial framework To ensure a sound foundation for mapping the spatial framework approach suggests that as a minimum users collect data and information on each of the four key influencing factors habitat soil geology landscape and management see Figure 1 Table 2 suggests datasets that the study team consider to be exemplar data in relation to the four key factors Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual Table 2 Sources of high quality datasets for the four key influencing factors Factor Datatheme__ Data Name Source Availab
4. Spatial Framework translation table showing TEEB MA and NEA equivalents for the CICES class Flood Protection If the user first selects Regulation and Maintenance in the Section broader category in the CICES box followed by the option Mediation of Flows in the Division then the option liquid flows from the more defined types of service under the Group heading this identifies the Class Flood Protection which when selected translates to hazard regulation under the UKNEA and so forth in the orange box 3 1 3 Ecosystem services The database allows the user to explore seven ecosystem services which were chosen from the ecosystem service mapping review discussed in section 2 2 of the final report and from two other recent literature reviews At this stage the database does not include an exhaustive list of ecosystem services However with further development the database can accommodate more ecosystem services and data suggestions 1 HAINES YOUNG R amp POTSCHIN M 2013 Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services CICES Report to the European Environment Agency download www cices eu 11 MARTI NEZ HARMS M J amp BALVANERA P 2012 Methods for mapping ecosystem service supply a review International Journal of Biodiversity Science Ecosystem Services amp Management 8 17 25 12 EGOH B DRAKOU E G DUNBAR M B MAES J amp WILLEMEN L 2012
5. a ea a hte aac 18 A INOXE SIDS roua areata canna teansbort retentions tien E E E 22 4 1 Database develOpMe nt scccccessscecesseeceseeseeseeeeenseeseesseseenseeeoanesseensessonsees 22 4 2 Incorporation with Bayesian Belief NEtWorkS ccccssssesseeseeeeeeseeeeeneenennees 22 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual 1 Background 1 1 Who is the User Manual for This manual has been prepared for users who want to e understand how to map ecosystem services with the data they have e know what data to use to map an ecosystem service and e understand what effect different scales of data will have when mapping ecosystem services It has two key purposes namely e demonstrating linkages between habitat classification systems and ecosystem services to be modelled and e providing a framework database which can show o what it is possible to map for a particular ecosystem service and o what data options are available to map ecosystem services 1 2 Ecosystem approach The ecosystems approach strongly focuses on the holistic and integrated management of land water and living resources to promote conservation and sustainable use Itis a framework which can be used to look at whole ecosystems during the decision making process and for valuing the ecosystem services ES they provide ensuring that society can maintain a healthy and resilient natural environment for curr
6. of datasets e g 50m digital terrain map DTM would be Suitable in a high terrain environment e g Snowdonia National Park but would not be suitable to capture the subtle differences in elevation in areas like Norfolk It will become apparent that for any individual ecosystem service there is no one single dataset that is readily available appropriate to use simple to map and fully representative of that service 2 2 Considerations of scale 2 2 1 Supply and demand Scale is an important overarching factor to consider when mapping ecosystem services Natural systems have intrinsic scales of operation differing across space and time Moreover the services being supplied are available at a range of ecological scales whereby there is often a mismatch between point of provision and the location it is being received i e where the demand is Mapping is a useful tool for illustrating the spatial mismatch between the provision and the demand of the service under examination 2 2 2 Mapping and data scale Data must be fit for purpose broad scale data is most suitable for use at a national strategic level to inform national policy and planning issues at this scale At a local level broad scale data could potentially over simplify the context and does not often include the detail needed if used in isolation at a local scale To overcome this broad scale data can be used if highly detailed local data on environmental and social assets
7. output options available all require the user to save the reports to a location on their computer which is familiar to them and is easily accessible The user is to click on report within the option interface Option 1 The output report includes information on what ecosystem service the data can be used to map the scale of the mapping data theme e g habitat dataset name and Suitability three labels o Suitable level of detail the data is suitable for the scale of mapping o Use with discretion the data may not be ideal for the scale of mapping and the user should use and his her discretion o Bespoke the data the user has selected is bespoke and no assumption can be made by the spatial framework project team Option 2 The output report that is produced details the following information The ecosystem service and the scale the user initially selected Suitability as above The data theme e g habitat A list of datasets under the broad data theme type The likely source for the information e g Ordnance Survey Availability e g restricted or PSMA licence see Table 3 18 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual Table 3 Labels used in the database to communicate dataset availability Availability Label Definition Costed Licence applicable The data may be subject to a royalty and or licence fee prior to use Datashare Enviro
8. with SQL queries and VBA scripts These are used to create the selections and allow the user to navigate the database For example when the user clicks the report button for Options 1 and 2 Figure 5 MS Access reports are created then saved to a location selected by the user For Option 3 the rule base considerations report relating to the selected service is copied to a location selected by the user ae ee ee ee ae ey ee Ee eee eee ene Sera ECOS YSTEMS SDaUdl framework database SINCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee Determine which ecosystem services Option 1 you can map with your available data nee epee iy ERA Lreateg 0 Determine what data are required to Environment Option 2 map the ecosystem service of SYSTEMS interest lt consulling Select the ecosystem service you wish Option 3 to map at what scale to identify Close influencing factors Figure 3 Customised user interface of the database 3 1 1 Rationale The rationale behind the development of a spatial framework database was to start bringing together the large body of data already available and demonstrate how these datasets could be used to inform the development of scientific rules to underpin an ecosystem services inventory and to facilitate the mapping process 13 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual 3 1 2 Ecosystem service classifications There are a number of different ecos
9. ITADIITY CONSIGClANONS srera ba on eka etic ene eewendeds 8 2 2 Considerations of scale cccccsessescssesseeeceesseeeccnsseeeccnsseeesensesesenssesenenssees 9 221 Opp and demand esere deans siiucctacsadigtRacuaetenciesesasee 9 2 2 2 Mapping ANG Gata Scale sesine E E E R TEESE 9 2 3 Consideration for rule development ccccseeseeeseeeseeeseenseeeseensneeseeeneesseoees 10 2 4 Using a GIS to produce ecosystem service MapS sssssssssunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnne 11 2 4 1 Modelling techniques ccccccsscecceseeeceeeeecceueesseueeeceueeessuesesseueeessgeeesas 11 24 2 Mapping validati oM sesseur E EEE EE SEENA 11 2A DECA ea aa een gnetl tenant nui nie 12 3 Spatial framework ecosystem Service database ccccseseccessseeeeeseeneenseeseeneeseees 13 3 1 Background to the spatial database cccscceseseeeeseeseeseeeeseeeeneeeeneesenneees 13 Se led RUWA ieina A E 13 3 1 2 Ecosystem service classifications cccccccseseceseseeessseseeeeeeeeneneeessaeeeens 14 3 1 3 Ecosystem SEIVICC Ss anerer a E E E eeisuswtedaandanaoncestss 14 3 2 How to use the database ccccccsssecseseeecssseeceeneeseesseecenseeeeeseeseesseesensseneenees 15 3 2 1 Stage 1 User selects the option they require ccccceecesseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 15 3 2 2 Stage 2 Filling in the requested form for the selected option 16 IAS OES pe mee ee eon eR ee eee eee 18 ee UAC Sasa rca eee
10. Indicators for mapping ecosystem services a review Report EUR 25456 EN Publications Office of the European Union Luxembourg 14 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual 3 2 How to use the database The database takes into account the main factors and the logical steps that need to be followed in a process that should facilitate and inform mapping of ecosystem services Each of these factors is discussed in more detail in this section The database takes into account the scale of the project that the user is considering and the data available in terms of habitat soil geology landform and management The data lists included in the database are not by any means an exhaustive list The data listed are those which are familiar to the project team some of which the project team have experience in utilising in an ecosystem service mapping project There are four stages to follow when using the options within the database e Stage 1 The user selects the option they require from the main splash screen e Stage 2 The user fills in the requested form for their selected option e Stage 3 The database processes the selection to create an output or inform the user that no output can be created from their selection e Stage 4 The reports are saved e Stage 5 Depending on whether option 1 or 2 has been selected the user then can move onto option 3 3 2 1 Stage 1 User selects the op
11. MapGB 25 Mass Movement NEXTMAP BRITAIN DTM 5m posting internal Drainage Boards NEF Broad Habitats DiGMapGB 250 Bedrock Ordnance Survey Landform Panorama Land Capability Agriculture 1 250 000 NFI DiGMapGB 250 Linear Fault features felte mrme cA ae elai Land Capability Agriculture 1 50 000 NVC DiGMapGB 50 Artifical ground SRTM 25m Landscape Character Areas OS MM DiGMapGB 50 Bedrock SRTM 50m Mountain biking centres DiGMapGB 50 Linear features SRTM 90m National Parks Phase evels 3 amp 4 DiGMapGB 50 Mass Movement National Trust Priority Habitats DiGMapGB 50 Superficial OS Strategi DiGMapGB 625 Bedrock OS Vectormap DiGMapGB 625 Linear Playgrounds DiGMapGB 625 Superficial Playing fields Back JNCC Created by Environment t g Fabis Report oint Nature Conservation Committee Figure 4 Screen for identifying and selecting datasets that are available for the mapping of ecosystem services under Option 1 Option 2 Option 2 is for those users who have an idea of the ecosystem service they wish to map but do not know what data is suitable for the scale of mapping they are considering Figure 7 The user first selects the CICES service they wish to map using the options in the box outlined in red in Figure 7 They then select the scale at which they would like to map using the options in the box outlined in aqua in Figure 7 16 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User m
12. an extent by the attribute information available within the spatial datasets Current scientific knowledge on the ecological attributes identified to underpin ecosystem services can be linked to measurable attributes within the datasets A simple mapping classification using values high moderate low neutral and negative can be used to split the datasets up for each ecosystem service being mapped These values represent the effect that attribute has on the delivery of the ecosystem service being examined For example for soil carbon storage a peat soil would be scored high in terms of potential soil carbon richness Whereby a mineral soil would be given a low score The rule bases developed are designed to be transferable and they integrate scientific knowledge and expert interpretation Because the rule base is an expert system using both scientific literature and local knowledge the method is iterative in nature i e the rule base is revisited and improved upon Local knowledge input is essential to check that the mapping and the in situ characteristics match This could not be done using scientific principles in isolation Services which depend on the co location of the ecosystem providing the service and those who receive the benefit HAUCK J GORG C VARJOPURO R RATAMAKI O MAES J WITTMER H amp JAX K 2013 Maps have an air of authority Potential benefits and challenges of ecosystem service maps at dif
13. ant biophysical habitat in a particular characteristics for habitat classification system i are extracted from database Habitat classification BBN system Ecosystem Spatial Framework Database i Predicted profile given input 7 Service BBN M 4 service biophysical characteristics Bij rofile for E and user can iterate by EER modifying input ANK S parameters Figure 8 Linking habitat classification and service prediction BBNs through a habitats database 13 MEDCALF K A SMALL N WILLIAMS J BLAIR T FINCH C HAINES YOUNG R POTSCHIN M amp PARKER J 2013 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services Report to JNCC 14 HAINES YOUNG R POTSCHIN M MEDCALF K SMALL N amp PARKER J 2013 Briefing paper 1 Bayesian Belief Networks Report to JNCC 22 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual Once the biophysical characteristics have been extracted from the database the system would pass these data to the BBN that predicts the service profile and the user would be able to modify the input to reflect any local knowledge they might have Alternatively they may modify the inputs to reflect some management or intervention scenario As Figure 10 suggests these inputs would then be used to make an assessment of the likely ecosystem service associated with the selected habitats and the relative importanc
14. anual Option 2 Select an ecosystem service from the lists below and the scale you would like to map Click the report button to generate a list of datasets required for mapping the service at the scale selected Services AL Name minicraks MA Atmospheric regulation CULTURAL TEEB Air quality regulation PROVISIONING Climate REGULATION amp MAINTENANCE CS SS ee ee ee ee ee es ee ee ee a ep mi Maintenance of physical chemical biological conditions Mediation of flows Mediation of waste toxics and other nuisances Lifecycle maintenance habitat and gene pool protection re ee ee ee rai ee ee oe ee ee ee a eee T Global climate regulation by reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations Soil Global climate regulation by reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations Vegetation Back J NCC Created by Environment with Fabis Report Jot Mature Coernign Commitiog Figure 5 Screen for selecting an ecosystem service and the scale at which the user wishes to map it under Option 2 Option 3 Option 3 is to be selected when the users have worked out which particular datasets would be suitable for mapping the ecosystem service of choice The user selects the service using the CICES classification and then clicks report Option 3 Select an ecosystem service from the lists below and click the report button to generate a document This will detail suggestions and considerations for creating a mappi
15. cale of data is related to the precision that it is possible to achieve when describing the ecosystem service features on the ground and e describe how the scientific literature supports the modelling of services based on current scientific environmental knowledge The mapped outputs from the case studies are a useful resource to help inform land use decisions because they form part of the evidence base to back up an ecosystem approach having considered environmental economic and cultural aspects of the UK s natural heritage Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual 2 Data how to obtain it and assess whether it Is fit for purpose for ecosystem services mapping 2 1 Data audit A data audit for mapping ecosystem services comprises two key stages a data collection exercise and assessment of fitness for purpose of the data collected the spatial assessment 2 1 1 Data collection A key stage when conducting an ecosystem service mapping study is to obtain a selection of suitable datasets which can be used as indicators to represent services spatially There are a number of data providers who make available a good range of candidate datasets Table 1 Table 1 Data providers and associated sources of data for ecosystem services mapping Data Providers Organiston Webstename Webi oo Natural Spaces https gateway snh gov uk natural spaces index js Natural England http
16. can be nested in to reflect the situation However the subsequent analysis must be conducted at the resolution of the broadest scale dataset Previous studies have shown that regulating and provisioning services are often mapped at larger scales This is often because data resolution dictates HAUCK J GORG C VARJOPURO R RATAMAKI O MAES J WITTMER H JAX K 2013 Maps have an air of authority Potential benefits and challenges of ecosystem service maps at different levels of decision making Ecosystem Services 4 25 32 HEIN L VAN KOOPEN K DE GROOT R S VAN IERLAND E C 2006 Spatial scales stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services Ecological economics 21 39 53 PAGELLA T 2011 Review of spatial assessment tools for the mapping of ecosystem services Report 3 11 Bangor Wales Environment Research Hub CROSSMAN N D BURKHARD B NEDKOV S WILLEMEN L PETZ K PALOMO I DRAKOU E G MARTIN LOPEZ B MCPHEARSON T BOYANOVA K ALKEMEDE R EGOH B DUNBAR M B MAES J 2013 A blueprint for mapping and modelling ecosystem services Ecosystem Services 4 4 14 EGOH B DRAKOU E G DUNBAR M B MAES J WILLEMEN L 2012 Indicators for mapping ecosystem services a review Report EUR 25456 EN Publications Office of the European Union Luxembourg Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual the scale of ecosystem
17. e of these inputs 23
18. ent and future generations 1 3 Approach This work further developed approaches set out in an earlier JNCC project Spatial framework for assessing evidence needs for operational ecosystem approaches which looked at mapping ecosystem services using existing datasets to model natural resources The project formed part of a toolkit to facilitate understanding of the linkage between biophysical characteristics and ecosystem services Box 1 This earlier work examined two habitats in detail setting out the level of certainty with which the ecosystem services associated to each of these habitats can be mapped This project involved further analysis of the mapping and modelling of ecosystem services drawing on recently completed practical data driven projects The mapping approach discussed in this document involves utilising a rule base approach to combine and map multiple thematic layers to display the spatial variance in potential ecosystem service provision The key concepts underpinning this project and previous work are summarised in Figure 1 MEDCALF K A SMALL N FINCH C amp PARKER J 2012 Spatial framework for assessing evidence needs for operational ecosystem approaches JNCC Report No 469 SMALL N MEDCALF K A 2013 Galloway and Southern Ayrshire Biosphere ecosystem services mapping project Technical Summary Report to Scottish Natural Heritage and Southern Uplands Partnership 4 Further development o
19. f a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual Box 1 What the Spatial Framework approach seeks to achieve The spatial framework approach contributes to a broader objective of facilitating users to e describe the biophysical characteristics occurring within a landscape make links between the physical and biological characteristics of habitats and the major ecosystems services being provided identify practical and appropriate ways in which habitat and other biodiversity data can be used to identify and understand ecosystem service provision identify ways in which habitat data can be used to describe landscape characteristics and understand how these characteristics vary spatially and understand how the condition of habitats and the way they are managed impacts on ecosystem service delivery in different landscape contexts Ecosystem services link the functions of the environment to all the goods obtained from the environment both those that are immediately obvious in terms of their value such as the provision of food crop and the more hidden value such as the mitigation of climate change by the binding up of carbon within soil and vegetation Behind the rationale of this work is the basic premise that each parcel of land influences the delivery of many ecosystem services in some way even if this contribution is only small or has a negative effect on that service These services are intrinsically linked
20. ferent levels of decision making Ecosystem Services 4 25 32 10 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual 2 4 Using a GIS to produce ecosystem service maps 2 4 1 Modelling techniques Overlay analysis is a well established method available in the GIS toolkit which involves intersecting a series of thematic layers to create new spatial units whose properties depend on the combination of factors used to create them i e the input layers of data Often existing GIS data sets do not occur at the same scale of mapping or have the same area of coverage each having been created for its own particular purpose In order to overcome this raster overlay analysis is often utilised Each dataset data layer is turned into a grid data set called a continuous raster dataset and each individual grid square pixel within it is given a data value These raster maps can be used to derive a new data layer based on combinations of the properties of a series of input layers Raster grids can be varied in size to accommodate different dataset scales whilst maintaining consistency of mapping Figure 2 It is the combinations of values which determine the overall spatial variation of importance for the service provided 50 Metre Grid Square 100 Metre Grid Square 1000 Metre Grid Square Key South East Wales Spatial Plan Area Soil Carbon Storage EE Both deep peats and bog habitats E Deep Peat
21. ility l Phase 1 Habitat Natural Resources Under restricted RAONABIYDE Ree Survey Wales licence Land Cover Map oat Payable licence 2007 nyara ogy ana applicable Ecology CEH a a BAP Priority Habitats Natural England sss Boyan amet icence Substrate type Geology DiGMap 250 Too fh aa Soils NATMAP Vector Cranfield University ao Landscape l Payable licence OS open data Landform Panorama Ordnance Survey Open government licence NEXTMAP Britain GETMAPPING Payable licence applicable Forestry Commission Recreation Estate recreation routes Open government Country parks Natural England cence Under restricted Cycle routes Sustrans iene Somerset Land use ee Habitat vir ninenicl a ese ona Records Centre APPIpaRE Bespoke terms Crop data Bespoke and conditions may apply Agency licence Development Local authorities licence During this stage it is good practice to record details about the data perhaps in the form of a data log so that all users have access to a baseline record document which can be used as a key reference e g that provides details on data sources licence types data contacts precision and accuracy of the data This will ensure all knowledge about the data is captured and can subsequently be kept up to date to reflect changes or further work being carried out Management and socio economic influences Forestry Open government Commission licence 2 1 2 Data suitability considerations Mapping use
22. ledge of natural systems to categorise e the importance of a dataset that can be used for mapping to the particular ecosystem services being mapped To understand natural processes fully we need up to date accurate information on the state of natural systems Even with less than ideal data and a less than exact knowledge about the interactions between a habitat its location management and the associated ecosystem service it is possible to grade the importance into a simple categorisation As research progresses and new data sets are developed it will be possible to further refine these classifications The spatial framework project also considers how different terminologies Such as ecosystem service classification systems are used to describe these services and how these terminologies relate to each other Intrinsic to such an assessment is the need to understand e how different habitat mapping systems relate to each other and how they relate to the different ecosystem services the land provides and e how the different ways of classifying plant communities allows different types of ecosystem service maps to be developed Biophysical features above and below ground are important in driving the level of ecosystem service provided To assist users with their mapping applications the study sought to e identify the sort of data that is available to map the seven most often mapped ecosystem services e examine how the s
23. mapping Local proximal and site specific service types such as pollination demand higher resolution data which may not be available As a consequence these services might be mapped less frequently and therefore poorly represented in decision making scenarios due to the absence of this data and the high uncertainty that surrounds the mapping if lower resolution data is used Different scale levels of policy and decision making have different requirements as well as different uses of spatial information Ecosystem services are fluid and have no fixed boundaries and therefore do not neatly fit within operational spatial scales Mapping ecosystem services is a constantly evolving arena When further research and data becomes available then the mapping models can be updated by utilising this new knowledge 2 3 Consideration for rule development Using a rule base approach to combine and map multiple thematic layers to display the spatial variance in potential ecosystem service provision provides a stepped approach to building a representation of the whole or part of a complex ecosystem interaction It takes account of e the specific attribute information of each dataset considered important for mapping that service e the relative value to be assigned to each element to enable mapping and e if applicable details on weightings required when different datasets are to be combined The characteristics of ecosystems can be represented to
24. ment 21 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual 4 Next Steps 4 1 Database development The Spatial Framework Database can be further developed to incorporate further information and data as it becomes available for example e Incorporation of further ecosystem service classifications e g Natural Resource Wales s ecosystem service classification e Inclusion of more CICES services e Incorporation of further information on dataset attributes e g habitat types soil types e Link between habitat classifications e g EUNIS and probable provision of ecosystem services to accompany Bayesian Belief Networks BBN 4 2 Incorporation with Bayesian Belief Networks Bayesian Belief Networks are discussed in the final report and the introduction to BBN document The project team considers that the use of BBNs may complement the Spatial Framework Database The existing work has shown that it is possible to move through the different habitat classification systems using a BBN structure Figure 10 illustrates conceptually that users could select a given habitat using the classification system relevant to their application and the result could be passed to an underlying database where the relevant biophysical characteristics for this kind of habitat are held As in the existing study this database could be generated using expert knowledge and or empirical evidence User specifies a Relev
25. ng rule base for the ecosystem service chosen m Services MA Atmospheric regulation CULTURAL TEEB Air quality regulation PROVISIONING NEA Climate REGULATION amp MAINTENANCE Maintenance of physical chemical biological conditions Mediation of flows Mediation of waste toxics and other nuisances tmospheric compostion and climate change Lifecycle maintenance habitat and gene pool protection Global climate regulation by reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations Soil Global climate regulation by reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations Vegetation Back 5INCC Created by Environment wiin amp Fabis Report Joint Nature Conservation Committee Figure 6 Screen for selecting the rule base considerations report for the ecosystem service of the users choice 17 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual 3 2 3 Stage 3 Stage three of the database workflow is where the database calls on the applicable background look up tables to derive relevant information and generate the output reports for the option that has been selected Information within the background tables includes e Data and scale information e Data and descriptive details e g likely source availability terms to the data use and any appropriate contact links 3 2 4 Stage 4 Reports are generated for each of the three options in the Ecosystems services framework database The
26. nment Agency Geostore Downloadable Dataset available from an online portal Licence applicable Licence will be needed to use this dataset Open Government Licence Open government licence for public sector information OS OpenData OS Open Data is a range of digital map products freely available to view or download and can be used in personal and commercial applications Potential Restrictions There could be restrictions in place to the use of the data Check with data source Public Sector Mapping Agreement or in Scotland it is known as the One Scotland Mapping Agreement OSMA Restricted Contact data source to find out whether data is available to use Restricted Sensitive Data could contain sensitive information and is not widely available e Terms e g check licensing conditions See Table 4 e Link e g how to get more information on the data 19 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual Table 4 Labels used in the database to communicate terms and conditions of data use Term and conditions Check licensing conditions The terms and conditions of the licence should be checked prior to use Contact the source of the data for further information Commercial or non commercial purposes Commercial and non commercial users can use this dataset Derived from Ordnance Survey MasterMap This data may have been derived from Ordnance product Check Ordnance Survey MasterMap S
27. s Either bog habitat or shallow peaty soils Figure 2 Varying raster grids to accommodate different dataset scales Overlay methods have been widely used to produce land suitability maps of different kinds Their popularity mainly rests on the fact that by relying on standard GIS functionality they are easy to implement and easy to understand especially by the non specialist The methods available vary considerably in their sophistication from simple Boolean overlay through to more complex map algebra techniques involving combining data layers using weights and or mathematical functions Using map algebra for example the strength of influence of the different input data layers can be varied 2 4 2 Mapping validation Verifying the data values assigned and producing the subsequent maps is an iterative process The rule base and mapping exercise should be inclusive and involve stakeholders utilising their local knowledge Validation by stakeholders is crucial and production of these maps cannot be done in isolation 11 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual 2 4 3 Data certainty The maps of ecosystem services are a modelled approximation of our best estimate of the situation at the current time with the data available The certainty behind the mapping is dependent on the quality of the information which has fed into the models development both scientific knowledge and spa
28. s spatial datasets including both point and polygon vector data and raster data collected at a variety of different scales at different dates and with a variety of accuracies and resolutions The quality of the ecosystem service mapping will to a large extent be as good as the data that has been fed into the analysis and the supporting rule base created Following the data collection stage all data should be subjected to a suitability and appropriateness assessment to address the question is it fit for purpose The data log document can be used to record the details from the suitability assessment Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual Key factors the user should consider are Quality in terms of coverage topology and projections Suitability whether appropriate information is included within the layer Precision and accuracy information Availability and licensing PSMA licensing Open Government Licensing under restricted licence payable licence applies etc e Metadata quality is an important component of identifying data Attached metadata explains to the end user how the data was captured the limitations of the data and the confidence within the information provided Caution should be applied for those datasets which are not provided with sufficient accompanying information e The age of the dataset and how frequently an update is made e Geographical variability
29. tial detail The user should utilise data which is appropriate to the scale of the analysis Any proposed actions on sites below the initial mapping scale e g individual sites will need to be assessed at a site level through other means e g environmental impact assessment If individual sites surveys are undertaken the results should be fed back into the rule base to help enhance the spatial accuracy of the map 12 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual 3 Spatial framework ecosystem service database This section of the user guide summarises the key stages in operating the JNCC spatial framework database 3 1 Background to the spatial database To encourage discussion and to progress the Framework approach the project team produced a structure for a decision framework which is supported by a database lt helps the user to understand what ecosystem services are mapable at what scale and using which data The ecosystems spatial framework database was built using a customised Microsoft Access 2010 database This customised interface allows users unfamiliar with MS Access to easily interact with the information and generate reports Figure 3 This customisation was achieved using MS Access forms which limits the user s interaction with the raw database to a few simple buttons and selection boxes The forms are driven by several background tables that are used in conjunction
30. tion they require The user selects either option 1 or option 2 depending on whether they have data available or not Figure 5 Following their selection of option 1 or 2 they carry on to option 3 Main Option 1 The user can determine which ecosystem services can be mapped with their available data Determine which ecosystem services you can map with your available data Joint Nature Conservation Committee Option 2 The user can determine the Determine what data are required to Environment Option 2 map the ecosystem service of scale and what data is required to map interest the ecosystem service of interest Fabis consulling f z 2 T l Select the ecosystem service you wish Option 3 The user chooses option Option 3 to map at what scale to identify Close three to identify the influencing factors to consider when developing the mapping rule bases influencing factors Figure 3 Layout of the main database splash screen showing the options available e Option 1 is selected if the user already has datasets and would like to know what they could map with their data Or e Option 2 is selected if the user doesn t know what data to collect but has a scale in mind e Option 3 is provides a reference document which describes influences to consider when they come onto creating their rule base 15 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual
31. to the habitats land cover present on any area of land and further influenced by the key factors of the landform soil geology and management of the area Landscape context influencing factors Management and socio economic factors Understanding how each block of land provides these services is an important step into taking informed choices about the management of any block of land Figure 1 Four key factors to consider during ecosystem service mapping 5 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual The approach adopted in this project recognises that whilst this is a young science with many unknowns there is a large body of data already available which can be used to inform the development of scientific rules to underpin ecosystem service mapping 1 4 Producing ecosystem service maps Every part of the earth s surface provides not just direct benefits such as food and timber or a building plot but also indirect benefits such as the regulation of water flow to prevent flooding and the storage of carbon in the soil which will help mitigate the effects of climate change Ecosystem service mapping needs to capture and reflect as far as possible the underlying functional processes and properties The spatial framework project considers the background to and concepts underlying a range of ecosystem mapping techniques The mapping approach adopted during the project works by using know
32. urvey data To use a derived data product you will licensing terms need to check the appropriate licensing is in place Free for commercial research and public use The data is can be used for commercial research Acknowledge the material and public use purposes Acknowledgement of source should be included in any supporting documentation created Must acknowledge source The source of the data should be included and where an attribution statement is specified by the information provider this and a link to the licence should be provided Must acknowledge source and does not Not for commercial use The source of the data include commercial use should be included in any supporting documentation created Restrictions could apply Check the licensing or the data owner on whether restrictions apply to the use of data Option 3 These report output summarises key factors to consider when creating an ecosystem service mapping rule base Figure 9 The example illustrated in Figure 9 shows how the rule base considerations document is set out Each of these documents is framed around the four key influencing factors Figure 1 and provides pertinent details to consider when creating a rule base and a reference list is included if the user wishes to explore some of the detail captured further There are seven rule base consideration documents for the following ecosystem services soil carbon storage vegetation carbon storage water qualit
33. y regulation water quantity regulation food production recreation and biodiversity 20 Further development of a spatial framework for mapping ecosystem services User manual ECOSYSTEM SERVICE MODELLING RULE BASE DEVELOPMENT SUGGESTIONS FOR USER DRAFT Contents Sol Carbon Factor la Sol PAER EIIE EEA A ARAE Sol Types Sol Sysems Factor 1b Geology Factor 2 Habiat Biophysical properties of habeas Other efects How aher data can beused 5 3 proxy indester offunetonaity Factor 4 How t s managed ata sissies M EEEN sistema PERESS cael pe pce ple are dreamed the soi micro organisms to dias Be caion arena ore renate ia Other management such as in oxidised each yea as th ground is deturbed are irae buid l panmi nae ma Se eee pmi compounds that are highly SOC levels of different soil types are directly related to the amount of organs matter contained in sod from growth and death of plant roms and foliage as well a indirectly from the transferof carbon enithed compounds from roots to sod miornbes The soils within the UK contain more carbos than vegetation has been estimated that the sois of Scotland contain 19 000 Mt and those in England and Wales 2773 Mt carbo Milne and Brown 1335 Howard ef al 134 3INCC Environment QN Fabis consulting Figure 7 An example of a report output from Option 3 describing considerations for rule base develop
34. ystem service classifications in use so the spatial framework database uses the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services CICES as a pivotal classification to which the UKNEA MA and TEEB classifications can be referenced too CICES was developed to overcome the problems of multiple classifications and to understand the correspondence between them Within the database there is a translation table which translates the CICES classification to UKNEA TEEB or MA Figure 4 CICES is a Classification of final ecosystem services which are defined as the biotic ecosystem outputs that are directly used or consumed by people It uses a hierarchical structure and Figure 3 illustrates what the CICES class Flood protection bottom left hand side translates to in other ecosystem service classifications orange box on right hand side Select an ecosystem service from the lists below and the scale you would like to map Click the report button to generate a list of datasets required for mapping the service at the scale selected services na Regulation of water flows regulation of extreme events CULTURAL Water regulation PROVISIONING Hazard regulation Mediation of waste toxics and other nuisances Gaseous ir flows CICES classification Translated classification Hydrological cycle and water flow maintenance Back JINCC created by Environment wien g Fabis Report Joint Nature Commertion Commitias Figure 4
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