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Carbon footprint user guide - 07.05.2011

1. e Change in project Opex Total Oil used Coal c1 toe Fossil fuels and ss Q price trend e Cost overruns Total Gas scenarios due to higher constant linear fossil fuel costs exponential S e Comparison s Total Coal curve with or with other used C toe without project s Oil 03 toe fluctuations Gas g3 tep 1 toe tonne of oil equivalent Coal 3 tep The model rests on the following assumptions Higher fossil fuel and or CO prices increase costs along the entire value chain to the end consumer 17 For electrical power generation the user has an option to pass all or part of fossil fuel and or CO price increases on to the final price of electricity A simplified model distinguishes between each type of fossil fuel coal oil gas Each emission factor comes from Column G in the Emission factors worksheet for the six following categories coal gas oil electricity industry construction The default percentage of fossil fuel in each category s emissions follows Oil Gas Coal Notes Oil 100 Includes transportation that doesn t use natural gas Gas 100 Coal 100 Electricity Depends on country s energy mix Source IEA 2009 Percentage values are worldwide averages for all industries except electrical power generation and construction Values calculated by the Carbone4 consultancy based on IEA data Tool user can change these defaul
2. AGENCE FRANCAISE DEVELOPPEMENT The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool for projects User s Guide and Methodology Version 7 April 2011 Summary AFD Agence Francaise de D veloppement aims to promote low carbon development through the projects it finances in line with France s commitment to combat climate change and AFD s strategic orientation plan AFD s multi pronged policy rests in part on measuring financed projects carbon footprints In 2007 AFD created its own Carbon Footprint Tool to quantify its projects greenhouse gas GHG emissions and reductions The Tool drew on the work of Jean Marc Jancovici and the French Environment and Energy Management Agency s Bilan Carbone which the World Bank s International Finance Corporation subsequently adapted for its own needs In 2011 AFD worked with the consulting firm Carbone4 to develop a new easier to use version of the Tool featuring updated data and new functionalities The Tool uses its built in database to calculate a future project s likely GHG emissions and or reductions and directly gives the resulting estimates This guide has three sections The Tool determines a project s carbon footprint by first estimating the amount and kind of emissions the project s construction and operations are likely to generate It then compares the difference in emissions between the project and a reference situation this so called baseline is base
3. Forestry Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a new forest plantation The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data eat POSEE Emissions Emissions source s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s Project phase x Surface area cleared Construction Clearing Deforestation Scope 3 x Climate x Type of forest x Surface area x Type of crop s ae x Climate Carbon sequestration in i i i x Growing period before harvest biomass x Percentage of reduced biomass Land use a F NB help for calculating these emissions is available in the Operating General info worksheet x Surface area Carbon sequestration in soil x Type of soil x Changes in land use Annual fossil fuel consumption Fuel Fuel consumed by farm and Medium OR consumption forestry equipment Numbarormiachnedaye 51 Plantations Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing new crop plantations The reference situation is what exists before the projec
4. CO e using kilograms and or metric tonnes as a unit of measure Some examples of emission factors follow 1 kWh of electricity consumed in China equals 0 74 kilograms kg of CO e emissions source International Energy Agency 2009 Producing one metric tonne of cement emits 862 kg CO ze A short haul 500 kilometer km airplane flight in business class generates 330 kg COze When using the Tool calculator it is important to keep in mind the relatively high or low levels of certainty for each emission factor the calculated result remains an approximation The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool aims for flexibility and ease of use more than accuracy so that information representing orders of magnitude can inform pre project analyses and support decision making B Gases measured The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool s emissions inventory counts the six main greenhouse gases identified in the Kyoto Protocol Carbon Dioxide CO which results primarily from combusting fossil fuels and from producing aluminium steel cement and glass Methane CH which results from burning and or decomposing biomass organic material and from producing and or refining gasoline and natural gas Nitrous Oxide N O which results from incinerating solid waste spreading fertilizers and or various transportation means Hydrofluorocarbons HFC which occur as a by product of industrial processes making insulation refrigeration and air conditioning Pe
5. Fertilizer and pesticide High and services production 8 Other process Spreading fertilizer and High emissions pesticides 8 Operating Freight Freight Product transport Product transport project equipment Electricity heat consumption and or Processing crops Medium Fuel consumption 53 x Surface area cleared x Climate x Type of forest x Surface area subject to change in land use x Land use before and after x Type and quantity of fossil fuels replaced by biofuels Type and quantity of fertilisers purchased annually Type and quantity of fertilisers used annually Means of transportation and distance covered Quantity of fuel x Source of energy Quantity of energy consumed per year Basis for calculations Agroecology Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing agricultural development using agroecology techniques The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Project phase Carbon Emissions source s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data footprint Scope s category x Surface area HT f Carbon sequestration in Ha OTON boma High x Climate NB help
6. Parameters worksheet The Parameters worksheet centralises all of the lists that make up the Tool s drop down menus i e emissions sources lists project lists country lists etc It also includes the administrator s data i e the colour codes used to prioritise emissions sources for each type of project The Tool user must not change the Parameters worksheet 19 Misc worksheet The Misc worksheet provides some extra tools and data the Tool user may find helpful as follows Atoolkit to convert measurement units particularly for UK and or US measurements Default data for the breakdown of household trash contents by each of the world s main regions and or by type of country Information about the wastewater treatment situation by world region and or type of country Clearing and land use information by country xk k 20 III Factsheets for each type of project This section provides a number of factsheets to assist in making the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculations for each main type of project AFD finances To see how the reference situation s construction phase and operating phase emissions were calculated refer to the appropriate factsheet Keep in mind that the information presented in these factsheets are general indicators actual results will vary according to each project s specific features Mine 22 Fossil fuel power plant 23 Natural gas and oil production and transportatio
7. Utilisation people s use of utilities and infrastructure and or factories or other buildings Includes the mix of their use of transportation electricity fuels products etc and their waste End of life disposing of built or produced objects I 2 AFD s principles for measuring its projects climate impacts A Transparency A common thread ties the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool methodology together the principle of transparency The assumptions and data sources used for a project s carbon footprint calculations must be explained clearly to ensure a transparent audit trail from the operational data through the assumptions to the resulting estimates B Scope of emissions The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculation is compatible with the definition of Scopes 1 2 and 3 in the GHG Protocol see Figure 1 Figure 1 GHG Operational Boundaries and Scopes SF CH4 N20 HFCs PCFs Source Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard Chapter 4 Setting Operational Boundaries April 2004 Scope 1 Direct GHG emissions from sources directly related to a project s activity e g combustion etc Scope 2 Electricity indirect GHG emissions from the generation of purchased electricity and or heat needed for the project s activity Scope 3 Other indirect GHG emissions from the production of materials purchased from other parties and used in the project s activity e g produc
8. during the construction Ad hoc study consumption construction equipment phase Construction p Construction materials Construction roduction steel Several thousand tCOje materials p d Medium during the construction Ad hoc study cement quarry stones phase etc Electricit F Operating heat y Consumption by port Low Ad hoc study operations consumption Emissions due to pre and post port cargo freight are hard to quantify they are not included in the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool Pre port emissions cargo merchandise production and post port emissions use of cargo merchandise are equally hard to quantify so a complementary qualitative analysis is required Project phase Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Operating Cargo freight NB Emissions factors for ships are based on available data about existing fleets and do not account for future technological improvements However this approximation does not invalidate the order of magnitude of such projects carbon footprints Eventually a specific tool dedicated to the transportation sector may be developed to integrate future improvements 42 BRT Light rail Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a light rail or rapid transit bus BRT system The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most l
9. emissions when the emissions it reduces are greater than the emissions it generates over its lifetime This definition helps clarify the border between projects that reduce GHG emission in absolute terms and those that improve an activity s carbon intensity especially by using more efficient clean technology but which increase emissions overall as seen in Box 1 below Box 1 Moving from a carbon intensive to a low carbon technology AFD qualifies projects as Tonnes of na CO emitted Trendline 1 Situation Trendline 2 Situation climate projects when before project after project total GHG emissions reach e a lower level after the Emissions project is implemented before project than was reached before tcc Clean technology a Emissions If GHG emission levels are level before the project 3fF higher after a project is implemented e g after an increase in production capacity AFD does not give it the climate project label Production If the carbon intensity of the project is weaker AFD labels it a clean technology project I Emissions attributions To remain consistent with current carbon footprint measurement methodology all emissions or emission reductions related to AFD financed projects are counted without being pro rated to the amount of funding AFD commits and without regard to the funding beneficiary s emiss
10. energy mix Choosing such reference situations makes projects aim for an ambitious counterfactual this shows AFD s ambition to be a strong actor in addressing climate change one who shuns greenwashing and or underestimating the emissions of projects it finances For example if a factory refurbishing project increases energy efficiency it is expected GHG emissions will be reduced but if the project also increases the factory s production capacity it is expected GHG emissions will increase accordingly Hence the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculation will account for both of the project s effects i e not only the emission reductions Figure 2 illustrates this case 1 the red arrow only accounts for the effects of energy efficiency improvements but not increased production the red arrow shows the decrease in emissions 2 the blue arrow accounts for the theoretical effect of the increased efficiency on post project production capacity 3 the green arrow shows the net change in GHG emissions and therefore accounts for both effects the effect of energy efficiency improvements and production capacity increases In this example the reference situation adopted by AFD implies that the carbon footprint of the project is equal to the green arrow i e the difference between the before project situation and the after project situation 10 Figure 2 Examples of baselines for an energy efficiency increased pr
11. of emissions AFD s methodology and the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool use the same sources of emissions and nomenclature as the ISO 14069 standard for the Carbon Footprint of Organisations Emissions are separated into two distinct categories according to the project s phase construction vs operation and further sub categories as follows e Project Construction Phase emissions sources Clearing deforestation Construction materials production of cement steel metals etc Construction energy consumption fuel and electricity used during construction e Project Operating Phase emissions sources Fuel consumption combustion of fossil fuels Electricity heat consumption Other process emissions includes non energy producing processes especially decarbonation from cement clinker production methane released from mining and dam reservoirs methanization of organic waste and wastewater nitrous oxide released by spreading fertilizer or from industrial gases particularly coolants Purchase of goods and services includes the production of products consumed due to the project s activity especially metals plastics glass paper and cardboard and chemical and agricultural products Freight moving commodities inputs and or finished products by road rail air or ocean Passenger transport Waste and wastewater Land use changing how land is used resulting in emissions from biomass and soil
12. of fossil fuels consumed during Construction e construction Eher Fuel and electricity consumed Medium Several thousand tCOze per year OR installed power gy by construction equipment during the construction phase se p TED eat nich Consumption NB this second option is based on less accurate onstruction ratios Construction Productionoi construction Quantity of material s used during construction j Medium Several thousand tCO e per year OR Installed power Materials materials steel cement quarry stones etc during the construction phase NB The reservoir s GHG emissions calculation is based on IPCC methodology see http www ipcc nggip iges or jp public gpglulucf gpglulucf_files Chp3 App_3a3_Wetlands pdf and reflects current scientific knowledge about the subject However the methodology remains very uncertain 27 NB this second option is based on less accurate ratios Rural electrification via grid connections Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case bringing electricity to rural areas through connections to the electrical grid The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence Performing the calculation requires knowing or having assumptions about energy consumption before and after connection to the electrical grid as we
13. production High Several hundred OR 5 emissions process 6 thousand tCO e Quantity of clinker produced per year perating NB help for calculating these emissions is available in the General info worksheet Fuel aay x Kilns energy requirements in MJ t of clinker consumption Kilns ener Several hundred x Combustible s used in the kilns and or by High FElectricity heat consumption Freight Operating Emissions related to use of cement consumption Transportation of inputs Medium Up to several hundred and cement Scope 3 Low thousand tCO2e per year thousand tCO e NB help for calculating these emissions is available in the General info worksheet Means of transport and distance covered in tonne kilometre t km These emissions can be of a high order of magnitude but because cement s use can vary greatly e g housing businesses infrastructure etc help for calculating them cannot be included in the Tool Nevertheless these emissions should be included in the calculation Therefore a complementary qualitative analysis is required to include this emissions source in the overall calculation 33 Heavy industry Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case building or expanding a factory for manufacturing heavy equipment for construction or a plant for chemicals paper mining met
14. project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence In the case of a plant expansion only the emissions related to an increase in production should be included in the calculation The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Project phase category Fuel consumption Electricity heat consumption Purchase of goods and services Order of Emissions source s Scope s Importance Medium Required input data x Type of fuel E t S 1 hery toncumpHo eop 1 x Quantity of fuel consumed per year Electricity consumption Scope 2 Quantity of electricity consumed per year Agricultural commodities production glass plastic and metal production Scope 3 Quantity of agricultural commodities used in the processing plant Operating project Freight Transportation of inputs and finished Means of transport and distance covered in products Scope 3 Medium tonne kilometre t km Other process emission End of life Waste and wastewater Operating Emissions related to changing agricultural land use pre processing plant Operating Emissions related to using processed products Loss of liquid refrigerant in tonnes type of refrigerant OR number of refrigeration units type of refrigerant Tonnes of organic waste produced by the plant pe
15. the transportation sector may be developed to integrate future improvements NB2 Help for making this calculation is available in the General info worksheet where the Tool user can enter the percentage of modal shift to the train for each type of vehicle and the ridership rate for various types of vehicles This allows the user to determine the traffic avoided for each type of vehicle in the Reference situation worksheet according to the train s passenger kilometres category Passenger transport 48 Solid waste treatment Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a garbage dump or landfill The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data NB Default values for the average volumes of solid waste produced per country or region are provided in the Misc worksheet to help the Tool user Emissions Emissions source s ace ate Project phase s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s Methane and N O emitted as the waste is f Other process ae x Quantity of solid waste produced per year aa dumped incinerated High i emissions x Mean
16. type of road constructed p equipment NB the second option uses less accurate ratios Emissions Project phase category Construction Construction materials Purchase of goods and i services Operating Electricity heat consumption Operating Emissions related to economic development and spatial planning of the area where project is implemented Emissions source s ola s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Scope s Quantity of material consumed during construction phase A few thousand tCO e during OR the construction phase Length and type of road constructed NB the second option uses less accurate ratios Construction materials steel Medium cement asphalt Maintenance Scope 3 Low Ad hoc study required Related energy consumption Low lighting etc A few hundred tCO e during Ad hoc study required the construction phase These emissions can be of a higher order of magnitude than those outlined in the above table but are excluded from the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculation because they are hard to quantify A complementary qualitative analysis is required NB The vehicles emissions factors are based on available data for current fleets and do not include future improvements to technologies This approximation does not invalidate the order of magnitude of a project s carbon footprint In the future a specific tool for the roadways sector may be developed
17. Data columns the calculator will automatically convert it to tCO e in Column H Simple mode Advanced mode The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculation can be performed in Simple or Advanced mode To use Simple mode input data into the green box Specific ratios for dedicated projects simple mode for a quick assessment Alternatively Advanced mode can be used by directly inputting data in the other blue boxes that are not marked Simple mode Choosing Simple or Advanced mode depends on the quality of available data In a project s early days data may be inaccurate or completely lacking In such cases Simple mode provides orders of magnitude using predetermined ratios drawn from previous experience with like kind projects and GHG measurements Although the Simple mode s output is less accurate than the Advanced mode s it provides an first look at the project s COze allowing emissions sources to be ranked so the largest relative to other sources can be identified Subsequently efforts can be made to find more accurate data to make more precise calculations for the largest sources while Simple mode approximations can suffice for weaker ones 16 The C4 Ratios worksheet shows the ratios calculated by the Tool s database If additional more precise and or recent data needs to be added to the database the modification must take place in the worksheet so that the updated data will flow through to other workshe
18. al intermediation budgetary financing for local governments and capacity building projects In the future changes to the Tool or new methodologies may allow measurement of these types of financing but at present the Tool can be used only with direct financing See The GHG Protocol for Project Accounting December 2005 Chapter 4 GHG Accounting Principles p 22 AFD is currently developing tools and methods to measure emissions for its intermediated financing operations the difficulty of accurately attributing funds to one project or another poses a challenge Projects that can be measured with the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool that have a negligible carbon footprint This category includes projects in sectors that AFD has identified as being weakly emissive that AFD chooses not to measure to avoid slowing down the project cycle Among such projects the following sectors stand out o Healthcare o Education Projects that can be measured and that have a significant carbon footprint Other qualified project types are measurable and generate emissions significant enough to justify calculating their carbon footprint This category includes any project that will reduce more emissions than it generates during its lifetime see Box 1 H Project typology and designation AFD has adopted a definition for GHG emissions mitigation projects to improve the transparency of climate friendly actions A project contributes to mitigating GHG
19. al shift However development associated with the they are not included in the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculation because they are too difficult to quantify Therefore a project complementary qualitative analysis is required NB Emissions factors for metro train engines are based on available data about existing fleets and do not account for future technological improvements However this approximation does not invalidate the order of magnitude of such projects carbon footprints Eventually a specific tool dedicated to the transportation sector may be developed to integrate future improvements NB2 Help for making this calculation is available in the General info worksheet where the Tool user can enter the percentage of modal shift to the BRT Light rail for each type of vehicle and the ridership rate for various types of vehicles This allows the user to determine the traffic avoided for each type of vehicle in the Reference situation worksheet according to the BRT Light rail passenger kilometres category Passenger transport 44 Metro Subway Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a metro or subway system The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The methodology is based on estimating the variations in
20. als processing etc The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence In the case of a factory expansion only the emissions related to an increase in production should be included in the calculation The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Carbon footprint ook ee Project phase pean Emissions source s Scope s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data i x Type of combustible Fuel consumption Energy consumption Scope 1 High a i x Quantity of combustible consumed per year Electricity heat Electricity consumption Scope 2 High uantity of electricity consumed per year consumption y ption Scope 2 g Q y y per y Operating Other process Emissions from industrial i io sed f i High Factory s annual production in tonnes project emission processes if applicable Scope 1 Transportation of inputs and Freight aa a p Medium Means of transport and distance covered finished products Scope 3 Waste and Treatment of factory s u P Low See Wastewater treatment worksheet wastewater wastewater Construction a Fuel and electricity consumed by Low Energy a Ad hoc study construction equipment F Consumption Construction Fanci ons TUE ron Production of construction Low Materials F Ad hoc study materials steel cement
21. and combined total Clearing Construction materials es Utilisation emissions and an annual average End of life Other Calculations Construction Phase results are shown for the phase s entire duration Fuel consumption 0 0 0 0 Electricity heat consumption 0 0 0 0 s Other process emissions 0 0 0 0 Operating Phase results are shown Purchase of goods and services 0 0 0 o on a yearly basis as tCOze per year Freight 0 0 0 o Passenger transport 0 0 0 0 The tan box shows the project s EE PANELEN E 2 g 9 K 7 Land Use 0 0 0 o total accumulated lifetime 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 oO 0 0 0 o o o o o To the right of the Project situation emissions box shows results for each phase of the reference situation emissions sources scope and combined total plus Construction and Operating phases In case of a climate change mitigation project additional indicators are shown emissions abated during the project s entire construction operating lifetime and average emissions abated annually The cost of each tCO is calculated as all of the CAPEX and OPEX costs divided by the emissions abated during the project s lifetime The tan box summarises the Energy amp OPEX worksheet s results on lines 79 76 i e the total quantity of fossil fuel required for the project s lifetime of operations and its average annual fossil fuel consumption The yellow green box shows possible increased project and or re
22. are based on the experience of projects similar to AFD s They derive an equivalency between an activity s aggregated data e g total power generated by a dam and its tCO e output This is in contrast to an emission factor where the equivalency is direct In other words instead of having to input a data point for a specific activity such as litres of gas consumed during the construction phase to get a result via the Emission Factor database the user can simply input the size of the dam project for example that s he is reviewing to get the quantity of GHG emissions emitted by heavy equipment during the dam s construction phase via a ratio gt The ratio s calculation is based on standard projects that are typical for each industry Nevertheless the user can modify these default calculations by modifying the blank white cells to use other parameters Type of data to collect worksheet The Type of data to collect worksheet reuses content from the factsheets in Part Ill of this guide it is a reminder of the type of data needed to perform the calculation A spreadsheet provides the following details for each of the 27 project types treated by the Tool and the guide Project phase construction or operation Emission s source Emissions category Relative importance of the emission for project type Order of magnitude Required input data to gather Emission factor unit measurement s
23. ase is not included in the accounting If the project s construction proves emissive the Tool uses a one year duration by default Operating phase For ease of comparison standardised lifetimes for each type of project are suggested below the Tool user can change them on a case by case basis as needed The standard lifetimes are set as 50 years for dams 30 years for transportation infrastructure 20 years for other projects Annual GHG emissions are determined by dividing the project s total lifetime construction operation emissions by the total lifetime of the project F Emissions aggregated over time A project s carbon footprint calculation is presented as follows Emissions generated during the construction phase in tCO e Emissions generated or abated annually during the operating phase in tCO2e per year To aggregate data and compare different projects the values for the construction and or operating phases will be added together to show the average annual emissions over the project s lifetime No discount rate is applied to annual emissions G Measurable projects AFD s Tool for measuring carbon footprints can be used only for a certain type of project i e a measurable and significant project as defined in the third category below AFD categorises projects in three ways Projects that cannot be measured with the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool This category includes budget support financi
24. ater treatment plants and forestry projects Total capital expenditures CAPEX Operating expenses OPEX in first year of full operations Final year operating expenses i e final year of analysis period Date construction work commences Duration of construction phase construction lifetime one year by default Duration of operational phase operating lifetime Unless otherwise indicated the following lifetimes will be ascribed to these projects by default Dams 50 years Transportation infrastructure 50 years All other projects 20 years For more information see the project type s worksheet Description of proposed project Description of reference situation with details about underlying assumptions to ensure the calculation s transparency and audit trail Name of person performing the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculation Date the carbon footprint calculation was made The yellow Important Remarks box shows important constraints assumptions and methodological choices if warranted by the type of project This important information will be repeated during each step of the calculation B If the reference situation refers to an alternative project enter the following data at the bottom of the worksheet under the heading Alternative to the Project Total capital expenditures CAPEX Operating expenses OPEX in first year of full operations Final year operating expenses i e fina
25. ator below A Enter all of the information and scenario assumptions for the calculation in lines 41 through 85 1 Scenarios for the project s OPEX cost trends and Alternative Project if applicable cost trends The General info worksheet already shows the operating expenses for the project and for an alternative project if it exists In the Energy amp Opex worksheet the user can input the type of trend line operating expenses will follow as the project is used e g constant linear exponential or S curve and the expenses annual fluctuations and the scale in of the change 2 Scenarios for CO price trends In the Energy amp Opex worksheet the user can input a scenario for the price of CO in the form of a carbon tax the market price or the economic value of CO s negative externalities S he can also input the date the CO price started Just as with operating expenses the user can input the type of trend line CO prices will follow e g constant linear exponential or S curve and the prices annual fluctuation and the scale in of the change 3 Scenarios for oil gas and coal price trends In the Energy amp Opex worksheet the user can input a scenario for the price of each of the three main fossil fuels oil gas and coal using the initial price s the end price s and the type of trend line e g constant linear exponential or S curve terms and the prices annual fluctuat
26. d on an estimate of the amount and type of emissions that would probably occur if the project were not implemented The net difference in emissions between the two scenarios doing the project or not doing the project determines whether the project is likely to have a positive or negative impact on climate change overall Furthermore these estimates of its financed projects climate change impacts serve to reinforce AFD s accountability to its shareholders and the public In addition since the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool s calculation of GHG emissions estimates a project s fossil fuel consumption it also serves as a device to warn of a project s dependency on energy resources that may be subject to future supply and or price shocks A description and explanation of the principles governing the measurement of AFD s projects carbon footprints so calculations can be standardised and consistent ensuring comparability and transparency Il Auser s guide for the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool lll A series of 27 factsheets that describe four key calculation factors for each major project category that is eligible for AFD financing 1 assumptions underlying emissions calculations 2 sources of emissions to include in a calculation 3 sources of negligible emissions not used in the calculation and 4 the calculation methodology s limitations Table of Contents Introduction Why measure GHG emissions Measur
27. default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime If specific information about the expected operating lifetime is available this default duration can be modified Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Carbon contained in solar panels emitted when the panels are produced is the main emissions source to account for in the project s emissions calculation Emissions Project phase category Operating Electricity reference heat situation consumption Construction Materials Construction project Construction Energy Consumption Operating Emissions related to the panels end of life Emissions source s Scope s Importance The energy mix s electricity production Scope 2 Production of photovoltaic solar panels Scope 3 Fuel and electricity consumed by construction equipment Order of magnitude Required input data Depends on installed capacity up to Annual power production per year in kWh per several thousand tCOze per year year Energy required to produce panels OR Installed power in kW and technology type NB this second option is based on less accurate ratios Depends on installed capacity up to several thousand tCO e per year Ad hoc study The emissions related to recycling PV panels are not included in the calculation for lack of quantitative data 26 Basis for calculations Hydroelectric dam Measuring a proj
28. e and after connection to the off grid electrical system as well as the type of combustible used by households before connection The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Carbon footprint Emissions source s category Scope s Project phase Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Fossil fuel and biomass Operating l consumption before the l H Type of combustible natural gas heavy fuel reference Fuel consumption rojet High oil lignite coal biomass situation oe 1 x Consumption of combustible type s per year Energy consumption of Operating Electricity heat decentralised production High x Post project energy consumption project consumption means 8 x Post project energy source s Scope 1 29 Other renewables connected to the grid NB Use this worksheet for renewable energy projects other than hydroelectric dams and or PV solar power stations Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a renewable energy project The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The renewable energy source is considered to be a replacement for non renewable grid electricity production in a region s or country s e
29. e emissions category in question making a right click with the mouse and choosing copy from the mouse menu Then right click again on the same line and select insert copied cells from the menu A new line will appear with the same formulae and drop down menus As many lines as needed may be added in this way 18 Other worksheets Database The Emission factors and C4 ratios worksheets contain the Tool s databases All of the emission factors that appear in the Project and Reference situation worksheets draw on them A menu in each database worksheet provides hypertext links to various emission factors categories to facilitate navigation within the database as follows Construction Land use Energy Solid waste Process emissions Wastewater Incoming goods and services Utilisation End of life The Emission factors worksheet contains an emission factors database The data come from recognised sources IPCC IEA ADEME GHG Protocol Ecolnvent which are indicated alongside the measurement unit for each source gt If the user wants to modify the emission factors database s he should add a new line to the database in the relevant emissions category and not modify the database s original emission factors The C4 ratios worksheet contains a database of ratios calculated by Carbone 4 the consultancy retained by AFD to create the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool The ratios
30. ear percentage of passengers coming from the analysed transport mode e g motorised and non motorised two wheelers cars buses etc x Average distance covered per day or per year and the fuel consumed per kilometre for various vehicles and the metro to get the fuel consumption for the reference situation via the former and the project situation via the latter Metro s consumption of energy per year OR Total distance metro covers and its fuel consumption per kilometre The Tool proposes standard ratios in tCO e per kilometre of rail line OR per number of machine days OR Quantities of fuel consumed during the construction phase Emissions Emissions source s Project phase Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s The Tool proposes standard ratios in tCO e per kilometre Construction materials Several thousand tCO e of rail line OR per number of underground stations steel cement quarry High during the construction OR Construction stones etc phase Quantities of material consumed during the construction Materials phase Rolling stock i Quantity of materials OR number of rolling stock units 6 sc OR number of trains OR cost of rolling stock in millions of manufacture Related energy consumption lighting etc Electricity heat Several hundred tCO e Operating project per year consumption Operating Emissions related to the These emissions are of a potentially la
31. ect s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a hydroelectric dam The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence As for all other renewables the hydroelectric dam is considered to be a replacement source of electricity production in a country s electricity mix or grid electricity in countries affected by the project in case of cross border projects The default calculation is based on a 50 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Emissions source s n ii Project phase s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s Deforestation High Vari ding to th i faura araa cleared Clearing g aries according to e region n Climate Construction only non submerged land Emissions from decomposing climate and vegetation x Type of forest x Surface area submerged underwater due to dam Other process Highly variable see below construction es organic matter following s EnSan flooding of the reservoir Kma 8 OR Ad hoc study Operatin n es eer i i P 8 Electricity heat Electricity production in the High vares according to thig reference OASUN RPN E Sconce country s energy mix Quantity of electricity produced by the dam per year situation P y by P Quantity
32. ement principles 1 1 The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool s general principles A The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool s guiding principle B Gases measured C CO2 equivalent a common measurement unit for GHG impacts D Sources of emissions 1 2 AFD s principles for measuring its projects climate impacts A Transparency B Scope of emissions C Certainty and accuracy D Conservativeness E Project lifetime F Emissions aggregated over time G Measurable projects H Project typology and designation I Emissions attributions J Definition and selection of baseline reference situation Il How to use the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculator II 1 Step by step calculations 11 2 For more information about using the calculator Ill Factsheets for each type of project WO wOAMAAWHAN DAA HUAunsvpP KR BP A W Rw Oo N e he e e AN N Introduction Why measure GHG emissions As part of AFD s general policy of quantifying and assessing the potential impacts of every project it finances via pre project reviews AFD makes an effort to quantify potential climate impacts as a complement to accounting for the funds it spends on fighting climate change AFD measures a project s potential greenhouse gas GHG emissions and reductions and uses the findings to better understand the relationship between development and the climate integrating climate impacts in its pre project analyses AFD s primary goal is to harmonise development activi
33. emissions between a project situation where passengers take the metro subway and a reference situation where they do not A further assumption is that people not taking the metro will move about in the same way whether the project is built or not i e using the same origin and destination and same means of transport This estimate of the modal shift i e people taking the metro instead of some other means of transport shows the emissions that can be abated if the project is built The default calculation is based on a 30 year operating lifetime taking into account yearly changes in traffic for both the reference situation and the project situation Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Project phase Operating project and reference situation Construction Emissions source s Scope s Emissions Importance category People moving about Passenger Scope 3 High transport Electricity heat Metro s electricity l i consumption Scope 2 High consumption Construction Fuel and electricity Energy consumed by High Consumption construction equipment 45 Order of magnitude Several thousand tCO e per year abated by changing mode of transport From several hundred to several thousand tCO e emitted per year Several thousand tCO e during the construction phase Required input data x Projections for traffic due to modal shift number of passengers using the metro per y
34. es are for the Simple data processing mode Under the heading Specific ratios for dedicated projects simple mode for a quick assessment use the drop down menus and fill in the requested information gt Fuel consumption Please select from drop down list fae ee Fe i Please select from drop down list Please select from drop down list The boxes on the pale blue background are for the Advanced data processing mode gt Clearing Pre project situation Please select from drop down list Please select from drop down list Please select fram drop down list gt For more information about these two modes please refer to detailed explanations of how the Tool works in Part II 2 D Inthe D column Input data enter the values gt For the Construction Phase enter information for the entire phase lifetime gt For the Operating phase enter annual information E In the O Column Project related comments non compulsory enter notes or titles if need be to improve the audit trail data verification and or understanding of the underlying assumptions F Repeat steps B E for each orange emissions source and for each yellow emissions source if data is available gt In Column H the Tool will calculate the result for each emissions source input gt At the top of Column H the project s emissions will be summarised source by source as show in the graph
35. etc These emissions can be high if using the product is used in industries or processes that require high amounts of energy but because uses can vary greatly help for calculating these emissions cannot be included in the Tool Nevertheless these emissions should be included in the calculation Therefore a complementary qualitative analysis is required to include this emissions source in the overall calculation Operating Emissions related to using manufactured products 34 Energy efficiency Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing an energy efficiency project The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The methodology is to estimate the variation in emissions with or without the project and to account for a possible increase in production levels that would lead to higher emissions levels The GHG reductions generated by energy efficiency improvements are generally made up for in all or part by production increases This production increase is included in the calculation The emissions that the project creates or helps abate are found through comparisons with the reference situation The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required inpu
36. ets and the calculator See Database below for more information Project worksheet sub head other calculations Lines 396 401 on the Project worksheet provide an open box where the user can indicate additional emissions source s if absolutely necessary It is preferable that the box remain blank the Tool already includes all possible emissions sources for a given type of project Note that the scope of any added source s must be indicated in Column M 4 Energy amp Opex worksheet The Energy amp Opex worksheet allows the Tool to quantitatively estimate the effect of fluctuations in fossil fuel and CO prices especially increases on the project s operating expenses The impact s of CO price changes can be calculated in terms of market prices set by a carbon tax or a market for carbon credits or via an economic value for CO s negative externalities Note that this functionality provides complementary analytical elements to understand the project better but that it is not meant to be a predictive tool The user must enter his her own assumptions about future energy and CO prices the Tool is cannot forecast price trends The Energy amp Opex worksheet rests on a simplified model that determines the quantity of fossil fuels required to emit CO The model can be summarised as follows in Figure 3 Figure 3 Fossil Fuel to CO Calculation Model Oil 01 toe Gas g1 toe
37. ference situation costs according to the scenarios used for fossil fuel and CO 15 11 2 For more information about using the calculator Identifying emissions sources that should be counted by project type The first step in using the Tool requires filling out the General info worksheet The information entered feeds through to the Project worksheet calculations Emissions sources for each type of project are colour coded orange indicates the biggest sources of GHG emissions yellow indicates secondary sources and blue indicates negligible sources Data must be provided for the orange coloured sources Data may be provided for the yellow coloured sources if it is easily accessible The other emissions sources and source sub categories may be completed if additional information is available or if the project s nature requires it e g cross sector programmes or hybrid projects For example for a cross sector project that has both water supply and disposal components the user starts with the General info worksheet and selects Water supply and wastewater networks in the drop down menu The user then moves to the Projects worksheet to fill in the items coloured orange plus the yellow and blue ones if data is readily available The user then returns to the General info worksheet to select Solid waste treatment from the drop down menu and goes to the Project worksheet to fill in the colo
38. for calculating these emissions is available in the General info worksheet Land use x Surface area x Type of soil F Carbon sequestration in soil High x Changes in land use Operating es ororect NB help for calculating these emissions is available in the projec General info worksheet reference Purchase of situation Fertilizer and pesticides Quantity of fertilizer and pesticides purchased goods and Medium af ae production Type s of fertilisers and pesticides services Nitrous oxide N O Quantity of fertilizer spread per year percentage of Other process oe ee nitrogen in the fertilizer mix pier emissions when fertilizer is Medium emissions OR spread en Crop type surface area Fuel Fuel tion b si as ARERR ee Medium Annual quantity of fuel consumed by the project consumption farming equipment 54
39. g into account yearly changes in traffic for both the reference situation and the project situation Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Emissions source s category Scope s Average consumption of fuel per year with and without project implementation OR People moving High From a few to several Average traffic per year in vehicle kilometre with and without ae about Scope 3 thousand tCO e per year project implementation Operating Utilisation OR ae a Average traffic per year in vehicle kilometre and by type of situation vehicle two wheels private auto bus and by gas or diesel with or without project implementation Average consumption of fuel per year with and without project implementation From a few to several OR thousand tCOy e per year Project phase Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Merchandise Utilisation transport Scope 3 High Average volume of merchandise transported per year in tonne kilometre and breakdown by type of truck with and without project implementation Varies according to the x Surface area cleared Medium A Clearing Deforestation region climate and x Climate vegetation x Type of forest Fuel and electricity Quantity of fuel consumed during construction phase Construction Construction consumed by A few thousand tCO e during OR Energy Medium i ae Cohsumbtion construction the construction phase Length and
40. ic at left Fuel consumption Construction Phase emissions are shown in tCO e for Other process emissions all emissions during the construction phase lifetime archase of goods and services Operating Phase emissions are shown tCO e yr i e Waste and wastewater per year Land Use SUNE G In Column K consistency and completeness Other calculations tests are shown The tests check five aspects of the calculation Use of Simple mode less accurate than Advanced mode Presence of double entries Completeness i e that data was input for all of the project s important emissions sources Country consistency i e project country or region is correctly inputted everywhere applicable Unintentional disappearance of an emission factor 13 Step 3 Complete the Reference Situation worksheet The Reference Situation worksheet set up is the same as the Project Emissions worksheet Enter the important and available data for the Reference Situation as defined in Part 1 2 Section J of this guide A Follow Step 2 A G Step 4 Analyse energy cost risks in the Energy amp OPEX worksheet The Energy amp OPEX worksheet allows the Tool user to input scenarios for future fossil fuel and or CO prices to see their potential impact on project operating expenses OPEX For a detailed description of this worksheet s assumptions and functions please see Part Il 2 For more information about using the calcul
41. ikely situation to occur in the project s absence The methodology is based on estimating the variations in emissions between a project situation where passengers take the BRT Light rail and a reference situation where they do not A further assumption is that people not taking the BRT Light rail will move about in the same way whether the project is built or not i e using the same origin and destination and same means of transport This estimate of the modal shift i e people taking the BRT Light rail instead of some other means of transport shows the emissions that can be abated if the project is built The default calculation is based on a 30 year operating lifetime taking into account yearly changes in traffic for both the reference situation and the project situation Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Project phase Emissions Emissions source s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s Passenger People moving about Scope High Automobile traffic between a site anda transport 3 BRT Light rail station Operating x Energy used by the BRT Light rail engines project Fuel consumption BRT Light rail fuel or From several hundred to x BRT Light rail energy consumption per year OR Electricity electricity consumption High several thousand tCO ze OR heat consumption Scope 1 or 2 emitted per year Total distanced covered by the BRT Light rail and its consumption per ki
42. inties in some emission factors as indicated in the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool and the uncertainty of data means it is sometimes hard to determine precise values especially since the calculation is made ex ante However for most projects usually the main emissions sources are limited in number so any quantitative uncertainty will not affect their relative ranking and should not impede taking action in any way Consequently for each primary project type financed by AFD the Tool s calculation accounts for only the main GHG emissions sources they are indicated later in this document A carbon footprint measurement even if approximate helps AFD analyse projects and guides investment and financing decisions an order of magnitude accounting suffices for that D Conservativeness AFD similarly to the GHG Protocol uses a conservative approach in measuring the carbon footprints of the projects it finances The assumptions and values used to calculate the carbon footprint must tend towards overestimating emissions and underestimating reductions especially if data inputs are uncertain E Project lifetime The calculation of GHG emissions resulting from a project covers the project s entire lifetime which the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool user determines The project lifetime includes both construction and operating phases Construction phase If building the project will generate negligible emissions its construction ph
43. ion s and the scale in of the change s 4 Share of CO emissions from each type of fossil fuel in producing electricity in the construction sector and in other industries The Tool presents default data for the share of emissions generated by each primary type of fossil fuel used in three major sectors see example at left The 16 18 41 user can modify if s he has data that are 8 10 48 more accurate Step 5 Reading the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool Results worksheet A Project overview projects Test cement plant In the upper left corner of the Results research the Country Please specify the country on the General Information worksheet S k f A d Date of completion Please specify date of completion on the General Information worksheet project S ey In ormation items are re presente ff Biia ca aan drawn from the General Information worksheet Project OPEX 1rst yr 1000000 i Project duration 42 years i e project name country CAPEX OPEX etc To the right of the summary the pale yellow box Important assumptions restrictions automatically shows the project s underlying hypotheses and limitations Project description Reference situation description 14 B Results display Below the summary box the blue Project emissions Project Emissions box shows results for each project phase emissions sources scope
44. ions ownership or scope i e including Scope 3 indirect emissions AFD uses the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool to measure a project s total carbon footprint to understand a project s whole impact not just that part of it attributable to AFD s financing activity J Definition and selection of baseline reference situation Since the objective in measuring a project s carbon footprint is to estimate the emissions that it will generate or abate the scenario where the project is financed built and operated must be compared to a reference situation i e a baseline that estimates what would happen if the project didn t exist The reference situation is defined as the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence Since it is possible to construct a multitude of scenarios AFD proposes some standardised ones so that the results can be compared internally and decisions made about the best strategy to follow A standardised scenario will be used as the reference situation unless a special case justifies a customised scenario in such cases the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool user must signal use of a customised reference situation and explain its basis Note The scope for calculations in the reference situation is the same as for the project Generally the standard reference situation represents a situation without the project See Figure 1 EXCEPT for renewables where the reference situation represents the country s
45. ions Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a water purification plant The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence In addition in cases where a water supply system is put in place at the same time as a water purification plant the carbon footprint must be calculated using the Water supply and or wastewater management worksheet The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Emissions source s category Scope s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Energy consumed per year for water distribution and treatment OR High Volume of water treated per year NB This second option is less accurate precise ratios for the Tool have not been formulated yet but will be added in the future Consumption of each type of chemical agent per year OR High Volume of water treated per year NB This second option is less accurate precise ratios for the Tool have not been formulated yet but will be added in the future Project phase Electricity Electricity consumption to heat treat and distribute water consumption Scope 2 Operating Purchase of Consumption of chemical goods and agents Scope 1 services Construc
46. ituation project airport destination national international or short long haul Construction Fuel and electricity Energy consumed by construction Consumption equipment Construction Production of construction Construction Materials materials Medium Lo Ad hoc study Medium Ad hoc study Varies according x Surface area cleared x Climate x Type of forest to the region climate and Medium Clearing Deforestation vegetation Electricity f heat consueprien related to the L w Ad hoc study airport s operation Operating consumption P Feeder plane traffic we fo Ad hoc study Operating Emissions related The emissions arising from an increase in economic activity driven by the increase in plane traffic are hard to quantify e g emissions of a tourist during a visit to to the economic a country The situations can be very different so it is impossible for the Tool to provide help Nevertheless these emissions should be included in the activity associated calculation Therefore a complementary qualitative analysis is required to include this emissions source in the overall calculation with the project NB Emissions factors for airplanes are based on available data about existing fleets and do not account for future technological improvements However this approximation does not invalidate the order of magnitude of such projects carbon footprints Eventually a specific tool dedicated to the transp
47. ject s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Project phase pear Emissions source s Scope s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Electricity consumed by network per year a in kWh Electricity heat Energy consumption by the High Several thousand tCOze ne mopti network i t S 2 er year gt CONSUMPEQON o e a PERY Number of telephones and or lines connected Number of telephones and or lines O ti Electricit db li au Energy consumption by telecom EPDE Y err Ay Appia nTES per ene appliances mobile phones High landlines computers etc Scope Utilisation 3 connected Production of telecom appliances 7 Number of appliances purchased and using mobile phones landlines High the network computers etc Scope 3 year in kWh OR x High when new uantity of materials used includin Production of construction 6 Q Y 6 Construction ciate i network is put in electronic equipment materials including electronic Materials Saimen place OR Construction quip x Low otherwise Number of new users project Construction x Medium when ae Energy consumption Energy Fuel and electricity consumed by new network is put OR Consumption construction equipment in place Fae r Number of machine days x Low otherwise 36 Drinking water production Basis for calculat
48. l hundreds of thousands to ra spor e l and or transported millions of tCOe per year x Quantity of fossil fuel produced and Scope 3 transported per year Fugitive emissions gas Gperating Other process leaks flaring Medium Quantity of fossil fuel produced and graed emissions ventilation etc transported per year situation Scope 1 Electricity or fuel Fuel needed for consumption combustible s ae Medium Electricity heat extraction transport it Ad hoc study consumption and refining Scope 1 Construction M Construction Electricity and fuel Low Ad hoc study Energy consumed by Consumption construction 24 Emissions Emissions source s Project phase Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s equipment Construction A Construction materials Low Ad hoc study Materials 25 Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a solar PV power plant The reference roject is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence As for all other renewables the solar power plant situation is what exists before the Photovoltaic solar power plant is considered to be a replacement source of electricity production in a country s electricity mix or grid electricity in countries affected by the project in the case of cross border projects The
49. l year of analysis period Step 2 Complete the Project worksheet to estimate the proposed project s emissions A In the upper left corner different colours indicate the relative importance of emissions sources Orange indicates a primary emissions source Such emissions must be accounted CInenpracsesemEsions for to get an idea of the project s carbon Purchase of goods and services footprint size Yellow indicates a secondary emissions source Such emissions are small enough that if data is not reasonably available the source can be left out of the calculation Blue indicates negligible emissions The Tool automatically assigns a colour to emissions sources as determined by the project type selected in Step 1 General info If the project type was not entered in Step 1 the Tool user must determine the main and secondary emissions sources in this Step 2 12 B Emissions source sub categories are found by clicking on the sign in the grey margin to the far left of the worksheet See example of sign at right C In the C column select the data type and unit from the Sub category drop down menus Choose from one of two data processing modes Simple or Advanced Use the Simple mode when detailed data about the project s activity is unavailable and or a quick assessment is desired Simple mode uses prescribed ratios Use the Advanced mode when precise data is available The green box
50. lectricity mix or non renewable grid electricity in countries affected by the project in cross border projects The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Project phase Carpon footprint Emissions source s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s Operating Electricity heat Electricity production by the Projects enerey producion in kih reference consumption energy mix Scope 2 situation Deforestation Varies according to the x Surface area cleared Clearing region climate and x Climate vegetation x Type of forest Quantity of material s used during construction OR Installed power and length of electric lines built NB this second option is based on less accurate ratios Quantity of fossil fuels consumed during construction Construction Production of construction Materials materials steel cement Construction Construction ne OR Fuel and electricity consumed are Energy Low Installed power and length of electric lines built by construction equipment i er Consumption NB this second option is based on less accurate ratios 30 Food processin Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case building or expanding a food processing plant The reference situation is what exists before the
51. ll as the type of combustible used by households before connection The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions source s Project phase Emissions category Scope s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Fossil fuel and biomass Operating x Type of combustible natural gas heavy fuel oil Fuel consumption consumption before the aed reference High lignite coal biomass situation project x Consumption of combustible type s per year Scope 1 Operating Electricity heat National grid s energy l l B l consumption consumption High Post project electricity consumption project Scope 2 Varies according to the x Surface area cleared Deforestation due t Construction Clearing seine ee Medium region climate and x Climate installing electric lines 8 vegetation x Type of forest 28 Rural electrification off grid Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a decentralised off grid rural power system The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s or a similar project s absence Performing the calculation requires knowing or having assumptions about energy consumption befor
52. lometre Operating ee a to 4 Consumption of energy fuel electricity per People moving about in the E year per original means of transport cars bus reference Passenger i 3 F emitted per year ska ipanspore reference situation and the High Several thousand tCOe etc and the number of passengers l projet project situation per year abated by modal of Share of passengers or vehicles shifting to shift BRT Light rail The Tool proposes standard ratios in tCOze per Construction Construction e duataltnpaeanancee kilometre of line project Energy Construction Medium ig OR during the construction phase 7 f Consumption Quantities of fuel consumed during the construction phase 43 Project phase Emissions Emissions source s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s The Tool proposes standard ratios in tCO2e per a dace kilometre of line Materials Medium ran aca vit OR Construction during the construction phase ae i Quantities of fuel consumed during the Materials construction phase The Tool tandard ratios for tCO Manufacture of rolling stock Medium S EARR EENE A ia FA RE line OR per million Euros of rolling stock Operating Electricity heat Related energy consumption law Several hundred tCO e per Ad hoc study required consumption lighting etc year Operating Emissions related to urban These abated or emitted emissions are of a potentially larger order of magnitude than those due to a mod
53. n phase EAN l Construction equipment quantities of fuel consumed during the construction phase project Construction The Tool proposes standard ratios in tCO e per kilometre of rail Several thousand tCO e materials steel p ji OR per number of underground stations Medium during the construction cement quarry phase OR Construction stones etc Quantities of material consumed during the construction phase materials Several thousand tCO e Rolling stock Low during the construction Quantity of materials OR number of rolling stock units OR manufacture phase number of trains OR cost of the rolling stock in millions of Euros Related energy F iRGmdesd eco Operating consumption Low cine ae 28 PET Ad hoc study required Operating Emissions related to the economic activity associated with the project lighting etc year These emissions are of a potentially larger order of magnitude than those due to a change in transport means both in terms of emissions and abated emissions Nevertheless the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool excludes them because they are hard to quantify Therefore it is necessary to do a complementary qualitative analysis NB Emissions factors for train engines are based on available data about existing fleets and do not account for future technological improvements However this approximation does not invalidate the order of magnitude of such projects carbon footprints Eventually a specific tool dedicated to
54. n 24 Photovoltaic solar power plant 26 Hydroelectric dam 27 Rural electrification via grid connections 28 Rural electrification off grid 29 Other renewables connected to the grid 30 Food processing 31 General manufacturing 32 Cement production 33 Heavy industry 34 Energy efficiency 35 Telecommunications 36 Drinking water production 37 Water supply and wastewater treatment 38 Roads 39 Airport 41 Port 42 BRT Light rail 43 Metro Subway 45 Railway 47 Solid waste treatment 49 Wastewater treatment 50 Forestry 51 Plantations 52 Biofuel 53 Agroecology 54 21 Mine Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a mine The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Emissions source s 3 PERTE Project phase s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s Fuel Electricity and fossil fuel consumption for consumption Energy consumed for extracting and processing and or ore extraction and High From several to hundreds of thousands NB In cases where the mine uses a captive Electricity processing 6 of tCO e per year thermal power station help for calc
55. ncluded in the calculation The methodology is to estimate the variation in emissions between the project situation and the reference situation The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Emissions source s category Scope s Fuel Energy consumption Scope High x Type of combustible fuel consumption 1 6 Quantity of fuel consumed per year FElectricity heat Electricity consumption aes Scope 2 High Quantity of electricity consumed per year Tonnes of material purchased per year glass plastic metal High OR Project phase Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Purchase of goods and Inputs glass plastic metal Operatin Scope 3 a P E j services Scope Materials expenses per year in Euro millions project Emissions from industrial Other process i 3 SENO Ma processes if applicable Medium Factory s annual production in tonnes emissions Scope 1 i Transportation of inputs Means of transport and distance covered in Freight and finished products Medium tonne kilometre tkm Scope 3 Construction Fuel and electricity Low Energy consumed by construction Ad hoc study Construction consumption equipment onstruction Production of construction Materials Low Ad hoc study materials steel cement These emissions can be high if using the product requires high amounts of e
56. nergy Nevertheless the lack of an adequate methodology and supplementary data makes it impossible to include this emissions source in the Tool s automatic calculation Therefore a complementary qualitative analysis is required to include this emissions source in the overall calculation Operating Emissions related to using manufactured products 32 Basis for calculations Cement production Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a cement plant The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likel The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Carbon footprint Emissions source s situation to occur in the project s absence Project phase Importance Order of magnitude Required input dat si RSS category Scope s porsa Bii AMEC ITP f x Size in MW of captive power plant its efficiency Fuel consumption x Combustible used in power plant i e coal heavy and or Energy consumption Several hundred Ta High fuel oil etc Electricity heat other than kilns thousand tCO2e ra i NB help for calculating these emissions is available in consumption i are the General info worksheet Tonnes of cement produced per year of clinker in cement Other process Clinker
57. ng and or transporting oil and or natural gas The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The main source of emissions arises from the produced fuel s use and transport Scope 3 and eventually emissions reductions from switching distribution to a less carbon intensive combustible e g natural gas Because of this all other operating phase emissions sources are categorised as being of middle importance Nevertheless if the goal is to reduce Scope 1 and 2 emissions these secondary emissions sources must be examined especially fugitive emissions and those arising from electricity and fuel consumption Emissions Emissions source s g Project phase s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s Obrati Combustion of more x Type of fossil fuel used in the reference P 8 oes highly emissive fossil From several hundreds of thousands to situation reference Utilisation High as sit ati ni fuel in the reference millions of tCOze per year x Quantity of fuel used per year in the situation Scope 3 reference situation Combustion of natural x Type of fossil fuel produced and as oil produced tran ted Utilisation gas oil produce High From severa
58. nsumption Scope s Consumption of power by the wastewater treatment plant magnitude x Annual consumption of electricity and or natural OR x Volume of wastewater treated per year NB the latter depends on less accurate ratios more precise rations have not yet been determined and will be integrated into the Tool in the future Purchase of Consumption of Quantity of chemicals consumed per year OR x Volume of wastewater treated per year i oods and z rate pee chemical agents NB the latter depends on less accurate ratios more precise projec rations have not yet been determined and will be integrated into the Tool in the future HT f wastewater Other process Methane and NO ee aie os High x Volume or size of affected population emissions releases x Type of treatment x Quantity of sludge transported per yea Freight Transport of sludge Medium Stentlty Or sutpe i annie ae a x Means of transportation and distance covered End of life Treatment and use of Medium Quantity of sludge produced per year and way they are used sludge fertilizer compost incineration O ti Electricit ee ene Method for using Quantity of methane captured per year reference heat High i captured methane Method for using methane situation consumption B Estimates for GHG emissions produced by wastewater purification systems remain highly approximate but reflect the current level of scientific knowledge 50
59. oduction project and AFD s choice of baseline eee Emissions theoretically abated through the approved project in green emitted below in a scenario where production capacity increases without any E improvement in energy efficiency gt not accounted for in project s Post project carbon footprint emissions level Project s overall impact on emissions levels in a post project scenario that accounts for increasing production capacity and improving energy efficiency gt accounted for in project s carbon footprint Pre project emissions level fe baseline Project s partial impact counting only the energy efficiency part of the project on emissions levels without accounting for the increase in production capacity gt not accounted for in project s carbon footprint Project implementation Time 11 II How to use the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculator II 1 Step by step calculations Step 1 Complete the General Info worksheet to provide background information A Begin by entering background information about the project proposed for financing Project name Use drop down menu to indicate project s location by region or country Use drop down menu to indicate project type Enter additional background information where indicated as per the list below for the following project types power plants renewable energy cement plants urban and inter city rail solid waste treatment wastew
60. ortation sector may be developed to integrate future improvements 41 pz O et Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case building or expanding a port The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The methodology is based on estimating the variations in emissions between a project situation where the port is implemented and the reference situation where it doesn t exist to compare projected traffic and emissions with or without the project In cases where an existing port is enlarged only the emissions related to an increase in traffic are counted A ship s emissions are counted along the entire distance it sails The default calculation is based on a 30 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Emissions source s category Scope s Operating More than 100 kilo tonnes x Port traffic projections with and without project reference pe gs Fuel needed to transport s i es Utilisation High CO e per year for an implementation cargo volumes by weight traffic situation cargo itdation proleet international port number of kilometres sailed aaa projec x Type of ship s Construction Fuel and electricity Several thousand tCO e energy consumed by Medium
61. ost likely situation to occur in the project s absence The methodology is based on estimating the variations in emissions between a project situation where passengers take the train and a reference situation where they do not A further assumption is that people not taking the train will move about in the same way whether the project is built or not i e using the same origin and destination and same means of transport This estimate of the modal shift i e people taking the train instead of some other means of transport shows the emissions that can be abated if the project is built The default calculation is based on a 30 year operating lifetime taking into account yearly changes in traffic for both the reference situation and the project situation Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Project ph roject phase category Operating project and Passenger reference transport situation Freight Emissions source s Scope s Order of magnitude Importance Moving people Up to several thousand tCO ze per year Scope 3 Up to several thousand Freight Scope 3 High tCO e per year 47 Required input data x Projections for traffic due to modal shift number of passengers using the train per year percentage of passengers coming from the analysed transport mode e g motorised and non motorised two wheelers cars buses etc x Average distance covered per day o
62. r year Emissions from industrial processes particularly refrigeration Scope 1 Medium Methanization of organic waste magnitude j Medium produced by the processing plant Medium fo Treatment of the plant s wastewater ow This emissions type can be of a high order of magnitude if land use changes include deforestation clearing and or changes in the soils carbon composition However they are complicated to estimate and the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool cannot provide any help Therefore a complementary qualitative analysis is required to include this emissions source in the overall calculation See Wastewater treatment worksheet These emissions primarily due to refrigeration and cooking can be high Nevertheless the lack of an adequate methodology and supplementary data makes it impossible to include this emissions source in the Tool s automatic calculation Therefore a complementary qualitative analysis is required to include this emissions source in the overall calculation General manufacturing Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case building or expanding a factory The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence In the case of a factory expansion only the emissions related to an increase in production should be i
63. r per year and per kilometre fuel consumption of various vehicles and the train to get the fuel consumption for the reference situation via the former and the project situation via the latter Projections for traffic due to modal shift volume of cargo transported per year by train percentage of cargo coming from the other transport means analysed e g trucks etc x Average distance covered per day or per year and per kilometre fuel consumption of various vehicles and the train to get the fuel consumption for the reference situation via the former and the project situation via the latter z Emissions Emissions source s Da Project phase s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data category Scope s Electricity ae sy x Type of ener ropelling the train generally electricity or heat Train s energy From several hundred to e BY PIOREnITE 8 y y consumption consumption Scope High several thousand tCO e per A Fuel 20r1 gest x Train s yearly energy consumption OR total distance covered by the train and its energy consumption per kilometre consumption Varies according to the x Surface area Clearing Deforestation Medium region climate and x Climate vegetation x Type of forest i Fuel and electricity The Tool proposes standard ratios in tCO e per kilometre of rail Construction Several thousand tCOze P consumed by i OR per machine day Energy i Medium during the construction i construction OR Consumptio
64. rading System Notwithstanding these issues AFD s choice to measure carbon footprints using the largest scope is in line with its goal to clarify the link between development and the climate and follows a widespread trend in the same way that a project s development impacts are measured via indirect effects e g the number of children in school or extent of road or air traffic etc understanding a project s emissions must include its indirect emissions e g vehicle or airplane emissions final energy use etc a project s vulnerability to higher costs for fuel and or tonne of CO is tied to direct emissions and to the upstream and downstream value chain e g a carbon intensive supplier and or changes in demand due to such price increases For example in the transportation sector it would not be pertinent to assess a project s carbon footprint without accounting for the emissions that would result once the infrastructure project was built Thus the AFD Carbon Footprint calculation for a proposed airport or road project includes data about the airport s or road s activity i e the plane or vehicle traffic that serves as the main source of the project s emissions C Certainty and accuracy The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool s purpose lies in providing an order of magnitude accounting for the GHG emissions that a future project will create or abate An approximate accounting is sufficient the inherent uncerta
65. rfluorocarbons PFC which occur as a by product of aluminium production Sulphur hexafluoride SFs which is used for insulation and current interruption in electricity transmission and distribution equipment and electronic systems In addition the Tool counts GHG emissions from air travel such as water vapour trails in the stratosphere various forms of condensed water nitrogen oxides NO and methane which combined create Ozone 03 these gases are included in the emission factors C CO2 equivalent a common measurement unit for GHG impacts Each type of greenhouse gas has a different potency and atmospheric global warming potential For instance sulphur hexafluoride is the most potent greenhouse gas in existence It has a global warming potential 23 900 times greater than carbon dioxide one half kilo of SF has the same global warming impact as 11 tonnes of carbon dioxide To reconcile the differences between the warming potentials of various gases and have a consistent measure for varying warming impacts a specific measurement unit the tonne CO equivalent or tCO e is used It expresses the equivalency of one metric tonne of GHG to the number of metric tonnes of CO needed to generate the same warming effect over one hundred years For more information see the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Fourth Assessment Report page 36 http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar4 syr ar4_syr pdf D Sources
66. rger order of magnitude than those due to a change in transport means both in terms of Euros Ad hoc study required urban development associated with the emissions and abated emissions Nevertheless the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool excludes them because they are hard to project quantify Therefore it is necessary to do a complementary qualitative analysis NB Emissions factors for metro train engines are based on available data about existing fleets and do not account for future technological improvements However this approximation does not invalidate the order of magnitude of such projects carbon footprints Eventually a specific tool dedicated to the transportation sector may be developed to integrate future improvements NB2 Help for making this calculation is available in the General info worksheet where the Tool user can enter the percentage of modal shift to the metro for each type of vehicle and the ridership rate for various types of vehicles This allows the user to determine the traffic avoided for each type of vehicle in the Reference situation worksheet according to the metro s passenger kilometres category Passenger transport 46 Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a railroad line The reference situation Railway is what exists before the project is implemented i e the m
67. roject in this case implementing a biofuels production plant The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime For a biofuels production project emissions are abated by substituting a biofuels for a fossil fuel The volume of emissions abated depends on the quantity of GHG that are produced in making biofuels e g mainly the combustion of fossil fuels and carbon emissions from land use changes The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool proposes a detailed approach because it intends to define all of these biofuel production emissions sources combustion land use etc The approach requires a great deal of data and cannot be implemented at the beginning of a project review At a later date a change to the Tool will allow it to make a direct calculation based on standard ratios that will give the emissions reduction attributable to each type of biofuel Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Project phase Emissions category Emissions source s Scope s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Varies according to Clearing Deforestation High the region climate Construction and vegetation project completion Operating i re ioe Fossil fuel laced b reference Utilisation oo aaa cs High f f biofuels situation Purchase of goods
68. s of solid waste treatment composted and or during methanization Operatin p x Quantity of waste transported per year p 6 Freight Transport of waste Medium Q y P P 4 project x Means of transportation and distance covered In cases where Electricity heat consumption Fuel consumption Consumption of fuels by the solid waste Low treatment plant Ad hoc study Quantity of methane CH captured per year Waste produces Electricity Combustion of methane OR ECEN produced by solid waste Landfill quantity and types of waste energy heat beratin ti and electricity produced High produced type of landfill and way it is used ne consumption instead of drawing on recycling biogas production etc s grid Incineration quantity and type of solid waste situation produced 49 Wastewater treatment Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a wastewater treatment plant The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Emissions source s Order of Project phase Importance Required input data category Fuel consumption or Electricity heat co
69. t data Emissions roe c od Project phase category Emissions source s Scope s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Fuel ne Operating Fossil fuel and electricity te consumption Pee Depends on project size from z reference consumption in the reference Fossil fuel and electricity consumption before ituation pa situation Scope 1 ee shal nese tp several MUNA roject implementation situation Electricity heat p thousand tCO e per year proj P consumption Fuel gd consum oton Fossil fuel and electricity D P baa p consumption in the project Beer ee ON Piet Sleentrom Fossil fuel and electricity consumption after and or situation Scope 1 ae rp several NUnEIeE roject implementation Electricity heat P thousand tCO e per year proJ p Operating consumption situation 4 Quantity of additional freight Additional freight related to project Freight 6 x Distance covered production increases Means of transport Purchase of Consumption of additional goods and input materials due to Medium Quantity of additional materials consumed services production increases 35 Telecommunications Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case building or extending a telecommunications network The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the pro
70. t is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions source s Order of Scope s Importance magnitude Required input data Project phase Emissions category x Surface area x Type of soil x Changes in land use Quantity of fertilizer spread per year and percentage of nitrogen in fertilizer mix OR Type of crop s surface area Carbon sequestration in soil Operating Nitrous oxide NO emissions from spreading fertilizer Other process emissions Tonnes of fertilizer and pesticides purchased per year x Surface area cleared Construction Clearing Deforestation Scope 3 i x Climate x Type of forest x Type and surface area of crop s x Climate x Growing period before harvest Carbon sequestration in x Decrease in biomass biomass x Speed of biomass growth optional Land use x Maximum biomass volume optional NB help for calculating these emissions is available in the General info worksheet e woncion Me and services production Fuel consumed by Fuel consumption agricultural and forestry Medium equipment Annual fossil fuel consumption OR Number of machine days 52 Biofuel Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the p
71. t values Industry 16 18 41 Percentage values are worldwide averages for production of all building materials Construction 8 10 48 Values calculated by the Carbone4 consultancy based on IEA data Tool user can change these default values The model does not differentiate between expenses borne by the project operator and those borne by the project user For some infrastructure projects especially transportation the user traveller rather than the operator bears the majority of costs directly In these specific cases the model s results should be used with care The model does not account for how a large increase in operating costs affects production It is possible to imagine a scenario where increased fossil fuel prices increase project operating costs by several or even hundreds of basis points possibly resulting in decreased production Such analyses of potential impacts on production exceed the Tool s primary objective and have not been integrated into the model The Tool does alert the user that such risks may exist in a volatile energy environment and provides quantitative data about them kkk Adding a line to the Project and or Reference situation worksheets In the Project and Reference Situation worksheets the user can input three different emissions sources for each emissions category on three different lines If needed more lines can be added by selecting the second line of th
72. ties and their climate impacts by seeking a better compromise between a beneficiary country s needs the risks and benefits accrued to those needs the country s ability to implement innovative climate related solutions and AFD s desire as a French agency to be ambitious in fighting climate change This choice to emphasise development and the climate assumes both notions are complementary not conflicting In fact countries around the world are gradually changing their development paths to create fewer GHG emissions to fight global warming generally and to prepare for the effects of climate change To be sustainable growth in developing and emerging countries must rest on development strategies that limit GHG emissions and ensure less dependence on fossil fuels and carbon intensive infrastructure It is in these countries interest to act now otherwise it will be difficult for them to prosper in a world constrained by depleted fossil fuel stocks In this context the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool aids in understanding a development project s ramifications by Quantifying the project s impact on GHG emissions and clarifying the relationship between the project s development impacts and the climate Clarifying the primary sources of a project s GHG emissions allowing other ways of reducing emissions to be identified and studied during the pre project review Serving as a warning device and providing quantitative elements
73. tion Fuel and electricity Energy consumed by construction Ad hoc study Construction Consumption equipment Ad hoc study m e Construction Production of construction Materials materials These emissions primarily due to heating the potable water produced can be high Nevertheless the lack of an adequate methodology and supplementary data makes it impossible to include this emissions source in the Tool s automatic calculation Therefore a complementary qualitative analysis is required to include this emissions source in the overall calculation Operating Emissions related to the water that is produced 37 Basis for calculations Water supply and wastewater treatment Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a water supply and wastewater management system The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Project phase category Electricity heat consumption Operating Construction Energy Consumption Construction Construction Materials Emissions souree s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Scope s Quantity of energy consumed by pumps per
74. tion and or extraction of purchased materials waste disposal and use of sold products and services The methodology used to measure the GHG emissions of AFD financed projects accounts for direct and indirect emissions both up and downstream from a project as per Scopes 1 2 and 3 1 AFD s methodology draws from Chapter 4 Setting Operational Boundaries in the Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative http www ghgprotocol org standards corporate standard The scope of a project s indirect emissions can be quite large and the difficulty of obtaining suitable data can hamper including them in an AFD Carbon Footprint Tool calculation The Tool helps resolve these issues as follows All emissions sources that can be quantified with a reasonable effort are included in the calculation s scope Indirect sources that are too difficult to quantify are not included in the calculation but can be the subject of a complementary qualitative analysis The factsheets in the last section of this guide indicate which direct and indirect emissions sources are deemed critical to include and which are not for each primary project type Why measure direct and indirect GHG emissions Measuring indirect emissions can pose problems the risk of double counting no ownership or control over them and regulatory frameworks that only cover direct emissions such as the European Union Emission T
75. tion to occur in the project s absence The default calculation is based on a 20 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Combustion is by far the most dominant emissions source for this type of project other sources may be ignored Emissions Emissions source s category Scope s Importance Order of magnitude Required input data Project phase x Type of fuel natural gas heavy fuel oil lignite coal x Projected fuel consumption per year OR x Electricity produced per year power station s average yield NB help for calculating these emissions is available in the General info worksheet Fuel Varies from several hundreds of Fossil fuel consumption thousands to millions of tCO e per Operating consumption Scope 1 year In some cases Construction Clearing deforestation related to Low Varies according to the region installing electrical lines climate and vegetation for grid connections x Surface area cleared x Climate x Type of forest Freight Transporting fuel to the bow Up to several thousand tCO e per i Means of transportation and distance covered power station Scope 3 year Operating 23 Basis for calculations Natural gas and oil production and transportation Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing infrastructure for produci
76. to help evaluate a project s fossil fuel dependency and or potential cost increases GHG emissions can serve a as proxy for estimating fossil fuel consumption such fuels remain susceptible to price and supply shocks and subject to per tonne charges according to current and possibly future regulations governing worldwide emissions Supplying crucial quantitative elements needed to assess a project s climate efficiency If need be qualitative elements can complement such quantitative analyses I Measurement principles I 1 The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool s general principles A The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool s guiding principle The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool s accounting method uses a project s or an activity s operational data to estimate its GHG emissions A carbon footprint calculation is created by making an inventory of a project s activities using physical data inputs e g kilowatt hours kWh of electricity and or tonnes of diesel consumed quantities of cement steel and or plastic used amount of waste produced or the number of people transported etc The quantities are entered in a spreadsheet that directly computes each item s emissions in carbon dioxide equivalents CO e via a scientifically determined emission factor embedded in the spreadsheet As it multiplies the activity s observable physical data values by this emission factor the spreadsheet instantly converts each physical value into its
77. to integrate future technology evolutions 40 Airport Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case building or expanding an airport The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The methodology is based on estimating the variations in emissions between a project situation where the airport is implemented and the reference situation where it doesn t exist to compare projected traffic and emissions with or without the project In cases where an existing airport is enlarged only the emissions related to an increase in traffic are counted An airplane s emissions are counted along the entire distance it travels The default calculation is based on a 30 year operating lifetime Sources of emissions their relative importance and required input data Emissions Emissions source s Order of eae Project phase Importance P Required input data category Scope s magnitude Operating More than 100 kilo ys Traffic projections with and without project implementation Energy required for air travel tonnes CO e per ae reference nag weight of airfreight and number of passengers landings Utilisation by passengers and freight High year for an fond situation et inter atio al frequency number of kilometres flown or origin and s
78. ulating its heat Scopes 1 and 2 emissions can be found in the General info i consumption worksheet Operating Fugitive emissions from Other process i i x Annual coal production _ coal production Scope Only for a coal mine i emissions 1 x Type of coal mined Energy required to x Quantity of material transported Freight transport ores Up to several thousand tCO e per year x Distance Scope 3 Means of transportation aa a accent iai x Surface area cleared Construction Clearing Deforestation aries according to the region cimate Climate and vegetation x Type of forest These downstream emissions can represent a large order of magnitude if the ores are used in highly energy intensive industries The situations can vary greatly depending on the type of industry and products that use the ore Thus the AFD Carbon Footprint Tool cannot offer help for these downstream calculations but downstream emissions source s should be integrated into the calculation as much as possible Therefore a complementary qualitative analysis is required Operating Emissions from using ores after they are mined 22 Fossil fuel power plant Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case implementing a fossil fuel powered thermal power station The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situa
79. ured items with data NB If the project type is not selected in the General info worksheet the user must determine the project s biggest emissions source s for the Tool to work Inputting activities data The Project worksheet shows the orange coloured emissions sources that must be included in the calculation in a summary box at the top of the worksheet lines 11 24 The same orange coloured sources reappear as line items under the summary box in Column B To access source sub categories and input related operating data click on the sign at the far left of the worksheet The emission source and its related sub categories will show fill data into Column D Before filling in the white cells in Column D choose the type of data that will be entered into Column D from the drop down menus in Column C In Column O Project related comments details about the data e g origin assumptions etc can be noted For example when project includes large civil engineering projects dams bridges roads etc that will create sufficiently large emissions or reductions the construction energy source will be coloured orange Choose the type of fuel used from the sub category drop down menu and write in the fuel s prescribed measurement unit in Column F For example litres are used to measure diesel fuel consumed by heavy equipment building a solar power plant When the number of litres consumed is inputted in the Input
80. year OR Quantity of water pumped and height of pumping station NB This second option is less accurate precise ratios for the Tool have not been formulated yet but will be added in the future Fuel and electricit F Y Quantity of fossil fuel consumed during the consumed by construction Medium construction phase equipment x Type of piping Medium x Length of system x Ad hoc ratios provided by the Tool Electricity consumption Scope 2 Production of construction materials 38 Roads Basis for calculations Measuring a project s carbon footprint requires comparing a reference situation to one with the project in this case building a road The reference situation is what exists before the project is implemented i e the most likely situation to occur in the project s absence The methodology is based on estimating the variations in the emissions of people that use the new road if the project is built and their emissions in the reference situation i e if the road doesn t exist A further assumption is that people who do not use the new road will move about in the same way whether the project is built or not i e using the same origin and destination and same means of transport This estimate of the modal shift i e people using new road instead of some other route and or means shows the emissions that can be abated if the project is built The default calculation is based on a 30 year operating lifetime takin

Carbon footprint user guide - 07.05.2011

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