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M68HC11 PCbug11 USER'S MANUAL

1. Related command PRINT 3 64 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS VERF filename memaddr Verify S record disk file against memory This command verifies contents of S1 records in the specified file against MCU memory at the specified memaddr address If this command does not have a memaddr address it verifies the S1 records against MCU memory at the addresses specified in the S1 record load address fields The default extension of filename is S19 The default path is the current working directory but the user may specify any path or drive letter according to the rules of MS DOS Note that this command ignores blank lines An invalid format line may cause an error message Usage VERF MYPROG Verify the S record file MYPROG S19 at the target addresses specified in the file VERF YOURPROG OUT Verify the S record file YOURPROG OUT at the target addresses specified in the file VERF HISPROG E000 Verify the S record file HISPROG S19 offset at address E000 Related commands LOADS M68PCBUG11 D 3 65 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA VERF ERASE addr1 addr2 Verify that memory contains FF This command verifies erasure of the specified memory range that is that memory blocks in the range contain the value FF If this command contains only an addr value only the addr byte is checked After executing this command PCbug11 lists any memory locations not erased Usage VERF ERASE 100
2. AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS DOS command Shell to DOS or execute DOS command This command causes PCbugll to shell to MS DOS If this command includes a specified command parameter PCbugl11 shells to MS DOS and executes the command Then program control returns to PCbug11 If this command does not have a specified command parameter program control remains in DOS The simple way to return to PCbug11 is to type EXIT at the DOS prompt Optionally to carry out other actions while returning to PCbug11 the user can run the program PCBUGRTN EXE The user may customize the PCBUGRTN EXE program as appropriate If used the program PCBUGRTN EXE must be stored in the same directory as PCBUGI11 EXE Usage DOS COPY TXT a V Shell to DOS execute command and return to PCbug11 Related commands SHELL M68PCBUG11 D 3 25 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA EDITM macrnam Edit a macro This command lets the user edit a macro already defined and loaded into PCbug11 As many as 10 lines of the macro appear on the screen Table 3 4 lists the EDITM edit keys To move from line to line press an arrow key There is no direct command to delete a line after the edit PCbug11 automatically removes lines that contain no characters Similarly PCbug11 removes any leading spaces from lines If the named macro does not exist the EDITM command creates the macro as a null macro If the user edits a null macro only the first blank line
3. LSTM mname TRACE AUTOSTART Display macro names or definitions This command displays all macro names in the current library or displays the expanded definition of a specified macro If such a definition includes the names of other macros each nested level is indented in the screen display Usage LST Display names of all macros in the current directory LSTM CONFIG Display the definition of the macro CONFIG LSTM TRACE Display the definition of the macro used after execution of the TRACE command LSTM AUTOSTART Display the definition of the macro AUTOSTART Related commands CLRM DEFM DELM EDITM LOADM SAVEM 3 40 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS MD startaddr endaddr Display MCU memory This command displays the contents of memory from startaddr through endaddr If the command does not include an endaddr value PCbug11 displays the contents of 15 memory locations starting with startaddr Usage MD 1000 Display contents of memory addresses 1000 100F MD C000 SCFFF Display contents of memory addresses C000 CFFF Related commands BF DB MS M68PCBUG11 D 3 41 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA MM addr Modify memory from addr This command lets the user modify memory contents starting at the specified address After changing a value press return to move to the next address To step through memory without changing values press return repeatedly or press the up arrow or down
4. NOTE This command also applies to EEPROM programming time the EEPROM DELAY command applies to both EEPROM and EPROM This requires coordination in order to use both commands Usage EPROM DELAY 20 Set the erase and write time delay to 20 mS EPROM DELAY Display the current time delay Related command EEPROM DELAY M68PCBUG11 D 3 31 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA FIND byte word addr1 addr2 Find all occurrences of byte or word between addr1 and addr2 This command searches through the specified memory address range for as many as four consecutive byte or word values The addresses of the occurrences appear in the main window A byte parameter value must be in the range 00 S FF a word parameter value must be in the range 100 FFFF If the pattern contains leading zeros the first parameter after FIND must be the byte count of the pattern searched for Usage FIND SAA E000 SE3FF Find all occurrences of AA in range E000 E3FF FIND AA55 B600 B7FF Find all occurrences of AA55 in range B600 B7FF that is in M68C11A1 EEPROM FIND 2 0012 F800 SFFFF Find all occurrences of 0012 in range F800 FFFF FIND 3 00 1234 C000 SDFFF Find all occurrences of 001234 in range C000 DFFF Related commands none 3 32 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS FIND mnemonic addr1 addr2 Find all occurrences of mnemonic between addr1 and addr2 This command s
5. BL BR 3 46 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS PAUSE mS Wait for any key press or delay time This command delays execution of a macro until a specified time elapses until the user presses a key or until the byte value 4B is received on the PC serial port This lets the target MCU control the execution of PCbug11 macro commands Usage PAUSE Suspend macro execution until the user presses a key or until the value 4B is received on the PC serial port PAUSE 1000 Suspend macro execution for 1000 mS Related command WAIT M68PCBUG11 D 3 47 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA PRINT Display PCbug11 version number This command displays the PCbug11 startup message which includes the Motorola copyright message and the revision number Usage PRINT Display the revision number Related command VER 3 48 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS PROTECT startaddr endaddr Display clear or set write protected address range s If this command has no parameter values it displays the ranges of write protected memory If this command has the parameter value 0 it clears all write protected memory ranges If this command has other parameter values it inhibits PCbug11 from writing to any internal or external MCU memory location any subsequent PCbugl1 memory modify attempt causes an error message instead of a memory modification Note however that the PROTECT command does not inhibit
6. LOADS 0 Load the S record the first parameter names VERF 0 Verify the S record G l Run a program at the second parameter END Once defined and loaded this macro lets the user load verify and run a program with one command To load and verify the S record TRYIT S19 then run the S record from address E000 the user enters only RUNIT TRYIT E000 4 2 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA ADVANCED TOPICS 4 2 1 1 Autostart Macros Automatic macro loading is possible when you run PCbug11 from the DOS prompt To arrange this include the macro option in the command line If the specified macro library contains AUTOSTART the macro runs before the user begins work The autostart macro can receive parameter values passed from the command line For example this AUTOSTART macro verifies that a certain area of MCU memory is erased that is contains the value FF DEFM AUTOSTART BEGIN VERF ERASE 0 1 END If this macro is stored in a macro library file called CHECK the user can verify EEPROM erasure of an M68HC11E9 MCU by entering this runtime command PCBUG11 XE MACRO CHECK B600 B6FF Once PCbugll starts the macro AUTOSTART runs automatically using the parameter values in parentheses from the runtime command 4 2 1 2 Null Macros A null macro is one that does not contain any commands A null macro is a useful reminder for development work when a macro will be needed but its exact operation is not yet clear A null mac
7. LOADS lt filename gt Loads the S record file for programming VERF lt filename gt Verifies successful programming 5 This completes programming Remove Vpp first then remove Vdd 4 6 DESIGNING NEW TALKERS Sometimes it is desirable to redesign a talker for a particular user application Another possibility 1s that a new M68HC11 MCU may have slightly different behavior in the bootstrap mode In such a circumstance the bootstrap talker must be rewritten In most cases Motorola will do this 1f not the user must change the talker To do so modify the source file for the most appropriate TALKXX ASC file in TALKSRC or TALKSRCX To create the new binary download file use the ASMHC11 assembler with the B option A typical command line is ASMHC11 TALKXX B This searches for the TALKXX ASC file and creates a download file with the extension BOO If the file actually uses the XIRQ interrupt rename the file giving it the extension XOO ROMed talkers are more likely to need user customization Such a case requires work on two files 1 The user must supply or modify the talker file itself then load the file into external memory 2 The user must create and load a mapfile This mapfile must contain the addresses of several key talker program routines Use the TALKEREE MAP and TALKEREE ASC files as templates for creating new ROMed talkers These files illustrate the format conventions M68PCBUG11 D 4 9 ADVANCED TOPICS AA
8. CME reset where Y user reset address X 1000 the default I O register base address for the MCU and ACCA 08 enables the clock monitor in the OPTION register The values passed to ACCB CCR and Y depend on the MCU type and operating mode e Bootstrap mode For an A8 MCU only set ACCB 0 to clear the DISR bit of the TEST register For all other MCUs set ACCB 4 to force the clock monitor reset by setting the FCM bit of the TEST1 register For all devices set CCR 40 to enable the STOP instruction and enable I bit interrupts This value also disables XIRQ permitting execution of the instruction after STOP if all else fails The user reset address is 0000 e Expanded mode For all MCUs the TEST1 register is not accessible so set ACCB 0 Set CCR 40 to enable the STOP and XIRQ and disable I bit interrupts The user defines the reset address in the appropriate TALKERXX MAP file 3 52 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA RESET addr USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS MCU hardware reset with existing or new reset vector continued This command starts with an internal reset This internal reset is like an external hardware reset except that the MCU uses the COP clock vector instead of the RESET vector provided that external capacitance does not delay the rising edge of the reset output signal Refer to the M68HC11 data book and user manual for details Usage R Related commands ESE ET B6
9. MOTOROLA Note that names of constants in the TALKEREE MAP file may be no longer than 14 characters values of constants may not start until column 16 The contents of the TALKEREE MAP file are talker_start talker_idle user_start xirq_ujmp relocate_buf xirq_srv SWi_SIV swi_idle null_srv xirq_jmp swi_jmp cme_jmp 4 10 B600 B632 B620 00F2 00A0 B635 B6B4 B6B8 B678 00F2 00F3 00Fe Talker code start address Talker code idle loop address User reset entry into talker code Talker code address of user XIRQ server address Breakpoint relocation address for user code Talker XIRQ service address Talker SWI service address for breakpoints Talker SWI idle loop Talker RTI XIRQ vector SWI vector COP clock monitor vector M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA HARDWARE SUPPORT APPENDIX A HARDWARE SUPPORT A 1 INTRODUCTION This appendix describes the hardware support that PCbug11 software requires Note that the XIRQ pin should be attached to the PDO Rx pin on the processor except when programming EPROM This lets the talker software use the highest level interrupt available for communications The hardware places the part in bootstrap mode The SCI communications port is translated to RS 232 voltage levels via an MC145407 chip A user who has an alternative method of translating voltage levels could replace the MC145407 chip A 2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND COMPONENTS LIST Figure A 1 on the next page is the
10. PCBUGI1 NOTE Be careful about saving a library to the same file the library was loaded from As PCbug11 strips out comments saving the loaded file back to the same library overwrites the original files with the no comment equivalents Usage SAVEM USERLIB Save macro library in file USERLIB MCR SAVEM Save macro library in default file PCBUG11 MCR equivalent to command SAVEM PCBUGI11 Related commands CLRM DEFM DELM EDITM LOADM LSTM 3 58 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS SHELL command Shell to DOS or execute DOS command This command causes PCbugll to shell to MS DOS If this command includes a specified command parameter PCbugl11 shells to MS DOS and executes the command Then program control returns to PCbug11 If this command does not have a specified command parameter program control remains in DOS The simple way to return to PCbug11 is to type EXIT at the DOS prompt Optionally to carry out other actions while returning to PCbug11 the user can run the program PCBUGRTN EXE The user may customize the PCBUGRTN EXE program as appropriate If used the program PCBUGRTN EXE must be stored in the same directory as PCBUG11 EXE Usage SHELL COPY TXT a V Shell to DOS execute command and return to PCbug11 Related command DOS M68PCBUG11 D 3 59 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA T addr Trace user code This command single step traces program code from the addr
11. RD while displaying the newest state via RD T Usage RD Display current MCU register values in the register window RD T Display register values in the main window Related commands RM RS M68PCBUG11 D 3 51 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA RESET addr MCU hardware reset with existing or new reset vector This command directs the MCU to generate a hardware reset The MCU also starts execution of user code at the addr value if this parameter is part of the command or if a previous RESET command contained an addr value Once the reset occurs the default implementation of PCbug11 re initializes the talker code Then the MCU idles if no addr value was specified If an addr value was specified talker code jumps to that address Note that once a RESET command specifies an addr value the PC retains that value until another RESET command specifies a different addr value Refer to the appropriate talker code source listing for details The RESET command first instructs the MCU to generate an internal reset via the clock monitor fail detector This internal reset forces the external RESET pin low stimulating the external hardware reset To trip the clock monitor fail detector PCbug11 downloads and executes this code in a reserved area of RAM STY cme_jmp clock monitor fail jump address STAA OPTION X OPTION 39 STAB TEST1 X TEST 1 3E STOP JMP user_start lt in case STOP does not generate clock monitor enable
12. arrow keys To modify a memory value without stepping to the next address include the character on the command line To end the memory modify operation press the ESC key or end the command line with a period If the memory area already has been defined as EEPROM or EPROM the modify is transparent to the user NOTE The MM command accepts only hexadecimal values It does not accept any values after a period Usage MM 100 Modify memory from address 100 Related commands BF DB MD MS 3 42 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS MOVE addr1 addr2 addr3 Move memory between addr1 and addr2 to addr3 This command moves memory contents between addr and addr2 to addr3 without altering the contents If the memory area already has been defined as EEPROM or EPROM the move is transparent to the user Usage MOVE 100 150 200 Move 50 bytes from 100 to 200 Related command none M68PCBUG11 D 3 43 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA MS addr byte word byte word Set MCU memory byte s or word s This command forces as many as nine 8 or 16 bit values into MCU memory starting at address addr If addr is in an EEPROM block an EEPROM algorithm stores the value the difference is transparent to the user NOTE To set the memory value to 00 do not specify the 00 in the most significant byte of a 16 bit value PCbugll interprets such a specification as an 8 bit value leading to incorrect MCU memo
13. be appropriate if you convert from one MCU to another or if you try a new option PCBUG11 Entering the runtime command with the query option tells the monitor to display a short form of the runtime command syntax PCBUG11 E This form of the runtime command runs the boot option talker for an MCU of the M68HC11E F G or L series The monitor program downloads the talker to RAM then runs the talker PCBUG11 XA port 2 This form of the runtime command runs the boot option talker for an M68HC11A8 Al AO or E2 MCU using PC port 2 if port 2 exists The monitor program downloads the talker to RAM then runs the talker PCBUG11 XE macro TRYIT This form of the runtime command runs the boot option talker for an MCU of the M68HC11E F G or L series and also loads the macro TRYIT MCR If the AUTOSTART macro is in the macro library TRYIT execution begins automatically Paragraph 4 2 gives more information about macros PCBUG11 TALKEREE baud 4800 macro LISTIT 1 2 3 For this form of the runtime command the talker TALKEREE already must be loaded in the MCU The value 4800 is the PC to MCU communications rate that corresponds to a 4 MHz crystal This command also loads the macro LISTIT MCR and passes the parameters 1 2 3 Note that for correct operation of this talker PCbug11 must be able to load the file TALKEREE MAP which contains necessary system variables TALKEREE MAP must be in the user s current working directory Paragraph 4 4 exp
14. contain such unexpected values B 6 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA PCBUG11 ERROR MESSAGES M68PCBUG11 D B 7 AA MOTOROLA PCBUG11 DISK CONTENTS APPENDIX C PCBUG11 DISK CONTENTS Motorola supplies PCbug11 on a 360 Kbyte transmittal disk Table C 1 lists the files and directories on this disk Note that you may customize or replace the PCBUGRTN EXE program The program supplied as part of PCbug11 written in PASCAL is PROGRAM PCBUGRTN INPUT OUTPUT BEGIN WRITE Press any key to return to PCBUGI 1 END Table C 1 PCbug11 Files and Directories TALK XOO 1 Talkers using XIRQ interrupt PCbug11 HLP All PCbug11 help information must be in same directory as PCBUG11 EXE TALKSRC Directory of source files and S records of all talkers that can be loaded into EEPROM or EPROM and use the SCI interrupt TALKSRCX Directory of source files and S records of all talkers that can be loaded into EEPROM or EPROM and use the XIRQ interrupt 1 These files should be in the same directory during use M68PCBUG11 D C PCBUG11 DISK CONTENTS C 2 AA MOTOROLA M68PCBUG11 D
15. 00 M68PCBUG11 D Force the MCU to reset and run code from the default address or the address previously supplied Force the MCU to reset and run code from address B600 3 53 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA RESTART option Restart PCbug11 with same or new option This command performs a complete restart of the monitor This command is equivalent to the MS DOS command PCBUGII option but retains command macros Assembler macros and symbols are lost RESTART is useful should a complete communication failure occur or if the MCU is given an external hardware reset in bootstrap mode Usage RESTART Restart the monitor with the option specified during first p P 8 execution of PCbug11 RESTART XE Restart the monitor with the XE option equivalent to the command PCBUG11 XE Related commands none 3 54 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS RM Modify MCU registers in window This command lets MCU registers be modified in the register window via the normal keyboard editing keys Each register field is in its own section of the window To move within and between fields use these keys Up arrow Move back one field Down arrow Move forward one field Left arrow Move backwards in current field Right arrow Move forward in current field Ins Insert at cursor position Del Delete at cursor position Return Quit register edit update all MCU registers Esc Quit register edit do not change
16. 1 INTRODUCTION M68HC11 PCbug11 is a software package for easy access to and simple experimentation with M68HC11 microcontroller unit MCU devices PCbug11 lets you program any member of the M68HC11 MCU family and examine the behavior of internal peripherals under specific conditions In addition you may run your own programs on the MCU breakpoint processing and trace processing are available This manual explains how to install and run PCbug11 version 3 24 as well as how to correct common problems A user who has a later version of PCbug11 should check for any version information notes attached to the end of this manual Such notes contain information about any changes from the information of the main text Terminology conventions for this manual are e The acronym MCU denotes any member of the family of M68HC11 microcontroller unit devices e Two character alphabetic and numerical codes denote specific MCUs For example AS D3 and E9 denote the MC68HC11A8 the MC68HC11D3 and the MC68HC11E9 respectively e Monitor or monitor program is another term for PCbug11 1 2 MCU SETUP FOR PCBUG11 Before you use an M68HC11 MCU with PCbugll you must prepare hardware support components and install the software on an IBM PC or compatible personal computer For information on hardware components consult Appendix A Motorola supplies the software on a 360 Kbyte IBM PC compatible master disk You must install this software on the hard d
17. 1 treats the mnemonic as a label These keys have special editing roles for the ASM command Up arrow Decrement program counter by one Down arrow Increment program counter by one Enter Move program counter to the next instruction boundary Esc Exit ASM and return to the command line Other editing keys have the same roles for ASM as they do for other commands PCbug11 lets you specify an optional mnemonic or directive on the command line If you do so the ASM command automatically inserts the mnemonic or directive then immediately returns to the command line This permits mnemonic insertion or directive execution from within a macro without any user input Usage ASM 100 Assemble from memory address 100 ASM 100 INCA Insert the INCA instruction at memory address 100 Errors Table 3 3 lists ASM command error message codes Related commands DASM M68PCBUG11 D 3 7 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA Table 3 3 ASM Error Message Codes 204 Syntax label required for EQU or SET 213 250 Data displacement too large normally branch 3 8 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS BAUD rate Display or set serial baud rate This command lets the user change the serial baud rate of the PC This command accesses the computer hardware directly permitting a wider range of baud rates than the MODE command can select After PCbug11 executes the rate change the new baud rate appears on the screen Values beyo
18. 35 LOADS filename loadaddr oooocccnnnnnnnnnononnccnnnnnnnnnnonononocnnnnnnnnnnnonocccnnnnnnnnnnanininoss 3 36 ES Symbol visitas radar iia 3 37 LSTM mnamelTRACEIAUTOSTART oooccnnnnnnnnnnononononononononnnonnnonononononononononononinnnnnnnnnnss 3 38 MD startaddr En dade lisina iia rain aa eaa aain ateei 3 39 MMFdddt nasa ne Fes crates oc ire 3 40 MOVE addrlsaddr2 addrs iia rra 3 41 MS addr byte word bytelword na sian E EE Mod eee ee aaners 3 42 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS continued DV ae isting Ya aah ag a Psa ttc eh see gu cee we ae A a Rea RR 3 43 NOBR address liiaiiriaars iia iaa ies 3 44 PAUSE MS iin n s des 3 45 J SA DAH DA E E E AE EE EEA 3 46 PROTECT startaddr endaddr oococcccnnnnnnnonnnnooooconncccononannnnnonononononorocorocccnnnnnnnnnns 3 47 OUT EA ara 3 48 RD T raira a a a A E 3 49 Jea DoS M Ral Ee A E T A S E E A A 3 50 RESTART Op O E A E E TARA 3 52 RM jueves ates nds A a a 3 53 RS register VAIS nenni ias 3 54 O ieee eae eee ees 3 55 SAVEM filename lit dl diia 3 56 SHEET Command lit dia bans 3 57 E adr ainnean a a a Ae ht ee Roe See 3 58 TERM Fal Us i O dae edo e do 3 59 TYPE filename eae ee Ide ea ee O es E 3 60 UNDEF symbol cuisine dd 3 61 MER eh ass sce E Sass Sas SSR SR HER EEA 3 62 VERF filename memaddr occcooocccnnnnnccncnnnnnccnnnnonocnnnnonaconnnnnnconnnonnnocnnnonanrnnnnnnicicnnonanos 3 63 VERE ERASE addri ddr
19. AK processing memory swap register read and register write If t out is specified then the MCU failed to communicate within the timeout period In this case the user may be able to rectify the problem by increasing the value of the CONTROL timeout parameter especially where memory swap is indicated PCbug11 lost communications with the MCU during a memory read but re established communications This message could appear if the user presses the ESC key during a memory read PCbug11 could not complete the memory write at the specified address but remains in communication with the MCU B 5 PCBUG11 ERROR MESSAGES AA MOTOROLA B 4 COMMAND ERRORS A command error message appears on the same line as a command indicating that PCbug11 cannot process the command as typed Table B 3 lists these messages Table B 3 Command Error Messages Command Error The typed command is neither a PCbug11 command nor a currently defined macro Operand Error The typed operand is incorrect for the typed command See Chapter 3 for the correct operands Range Error The typed address range exceeds the maximum range for the command B 5 VERIFICATION ERRORS A verification error message appears in the main window Such a message pertains to memory commands such as BF or VERF The message indicates a discrepancy between what PCbug11 expected to find in memory and what it actually found The message includes the addresses of memory locations that
20. Business Machines Corp MS DOS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation AA MOTOROLA CONTENTS CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION AIN TRODUCTON sprees eat hdaedss Basse ideas aed dadas asas caro 1 1 1 2MCU SETUP FOR PE BUG LI a is 1 1 123 Hard Disk Installation scssosssihsaceacteasensssssngctasessesesees s A A S E Ia aS E sedate ita 1 2 1 2 2 Flexible Disk Installation ooocccnnooncnnncnnnccnnnnnnconnnonnnononononoconononaconnnonanononannacnnnananoss 1 2 EROS EAR TING PERU AN Ar 1 3 1 3 1 RUI e the SOW are 201 A aa a es AA 1 3 1 3 2 Monitor Screen WindOWS ccccsssseecccccecccesseeseeccccceeecesseeseececceeseesssuasseeeceseseesaaaanees 1 4 13 3 Bixing Simple PEO A hae ee RA 1 5 1 34 Trying Simple Commands cciiniaidini did ida dida 1 6 1 4 HOW PC BUG 1 WORKS tato 1 7 CHAPTER 2 USING PCBUG11 SOFTWARE ZA INTRODUCTION a 2 1 2 2 PCBUG11 RUNTIME COMMAND STRUCTURE cooooccnnccccoccconncnonncnanncnanccnonccnnnacanacnanass 2 1 2 2 1 The lt baudrate gt Parameter viii ia 2 1 2 2 2 Runtime Command EXE A di i 2 3 2 2 gt 05ES OF THE SOFTWARE ta 2 3 AA AA ESO aaa 2 4 M68PCBUG11 D iii CONTENTS AA MOTOROLA CHAPTER 3 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS SAN TR RMON er SE a td ee 3 1 32 COMMAND LINE BDI LING 05 asnicar sa 3 1 33 POBUGIE COMMANDS jis a as 3 2 ASM addi manel nin ia ltda tido 3 5 BAUD rate lia io a e li los e Ras ees 3 7 BF addr1 addr2 By tel word sis jae cases ciissas ji nella 3 8 A Lr RNa ERG 3 9 B
21. Cbug11 could stop making sense or that communications could cease due to stack overflow When real time measurements or calculations are in progress remember that reading registers or memory causes interrupts that interfere with logical program operation This could upset results generating wrong answers Such wrong answers are particularly likely when the processor is waiting for the logical value on a port pin to change before carrying out some action If the change occurs while PCbug checks the processor status the change could be lost or upset Remember that the MCU does its own self examination this self examination does not affect programs that perform off line calculations or other functions 2 4 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 SOFTWARE PCbug11 implements breakpoints and traces via software interrupts SWIs When program execution arrives at a breakpoint an interrupt is generated the internal talker handles this interrupt If the user directly uses the SWI the SWI vector is called If the SWI is a true breakpoint the PC so informs the user While this common emulator arrangement is effective it is limited to use with RAM or EEPROM ROM does not accomodate breakpoints or traces There is another problem if you reset or restart the MCU while all breakpoints are still set the SWIs remain in memory especially EEPROM displacing other opcodes To prevent such a situation either clear all breakpoints before resetting or rest
22. LA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS DASM addr1 addr2 Disassemble from addr1 to addr2 This command disassembles MCU memory showing disassembled code in the main window If you specify both addr and addr2 values DASM disassembles code from addr to addr2 If you specify only the addr value DASM starts at addrl disassembling 15 bytes of code plus any additional bytes needed to finish an instruction A special case of using only the addr parameter is to give it the current value of the program counter In this case DASM disassembles one line of code Screen display of disassembled code stops when the screen is filled To continue the display press any key except ESC To terminate disassembly press the ESC key Using the DASM command is a convenient way to trace program code when using a trace macro Such a macro should contain the command DASM Usage DASM B3 Disassembles MCU addresses B3 C2 DASM SBFOO SBFFF Disassembles MCU addresses B FOO BFFF Related commands ASM M68PCBUG11 D 3 17 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA DB startaddr endaddr Display MCU memory This command displays the contents of memory from startaddr through endaddr If the command does not include an endaddr value PCbug11 displays the contents of 15 memory loactions starting with startaddr Usage DB 1000 Display contents of memory addresses 1000 100F DB C000 SCFFF Display contents of memory addresses C000 CFFF Rel
23. M algorithm Giving the startaddr parameter the value O is a special case this clears all EEPROM address ranges NOTE Make sure that the startaddr endaddr range does not include the PPROG register otherwise this command does not work Usage EEPRO Display memory address ranges to which the EEPROM algorithm applies EPROM 0 Clear all EEPROM address ranges EEPROM 103F Enable a write to address 103F to use the EEPROM algorithm EPROM B600 SB6FF Enable writes within the range B600 B6FF to use the EEPROM algorithm Related commands EPROM M68PCBUG11 D 3 27 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA EEPROM DELAY option Set EEPROM erase or write programming time This command lets the user specify EEPROM erase and write programming time within the range minimum delay to 255 mS The value of minimum delay is approximately 120 divided by the serial baud rate for a 9600 baud rate minimum delay is 12 mS NOTE This command also applies to EPROM programming time the EPROM DELAY command applies to both EPROM and EEPROM This requires coordination in order to use both commands Usage EEPROM DELAY 20 Set the erase and write time delay to 20 mS EPROM DELAY Display the current time delay Related command EPROM DELAY 3 28 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS EEPROM ERASE option addr Display or change EEPROM erase before writ
24. M68PCBUG11 D REV 3 December 1996 M68HC11 PCbug11 USER S MANUAL O 1991 1992 by MOTOROLA INC Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein to improve reliability function or design Motorola does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others Motorola products are not designed intended or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body or other applications intended to support or sustain life or for any other application in which the failure of the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury or death could occur Should Buyer purchase or use Motorola products for any such unintended or unauthorized application Buyer shall indemnify and hold Motorola and its officers employees subsidiaries affiliates and distributors harmless against all claims costs damages and expenses and reasonable attorney fees arising out of directly or indirectly any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use even if such claim alleges that Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part Motorola is a registered trademark of Motorola Inc Motorola Inc is an Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer IBM is a trademark of International
25. MCU registers Note that all fields but SXHINZVC can be edited in binary decimal or hexadecimal format SXHINZVC can be edited in binary format only At the end of the edit PCbug11 automatically runs the RD command to confirm any register changes Usage RM Begin editing register window Related commands RD RS M68PCBUG11 D 3 55 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA RS register value Set value of MCU register This command lets the user force the value of any one MCU register updating the register window Valid options for the register are PC ACCA ACCB X Y CCR and SP Usage RS ACCA 61 Assign value 61 to MCU accumulator A Related commands RD RM 3 56 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS S Stop user code execution This command directs the MCU to stop executing user code Usage S Stop program execution Related command CALL G M68PCBUG11 D 3 57 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA SAVEM filename Save macro definitions in user or default file This command saves on disk the library of macros created via the DEFM command appending the extension MCR to each file The macro files are normal text files that may be edited with standard text editors But the macros must remain in the special macro format in order to be reloaded into PCbug11 The explanation of the LOADM command explains this format If the SAVEM command does not have a filename parameter PCbugll uses the default name
26. OLA PCBUG11 ERROR MESSAGES APPENDIX B PCBUG11 ERROR MESSAGES B 1 INTRODUCTION There are four levels of error reporting within PCbug11 e Error messages that report a failed operation e Error messages that indicate failed communication e Error messages that report an invalid command string e Error messages that report failed verification Paragraphs B 2 through B 5 respectively explain these categories of error messages See Chapter 3 for explanations of the additional error messages pertaining to the ASM command B 2 FAILED OPERATION ERRORS Messages about failed operations appear in a temporary window superimposed over the main window On color screens this window has red text on a black background A failed operation message disappears after a few seconds if the user presses any key the message disappears immediately Messages of this level indicate that the command entered was not successful because 1 System capabilities were exceeded 2 Resources needed to carry out the command were not available or 3 The user tried to go beyond certain program limits M68PCBUG11 D B 1 PCBUG11 ERROR MESSAGES AA MOTOROLA Examples of such errors include e Trying to load a non existent file e Trying to set an area of memory where there is not memory resource e Trying to exceed the maximum number of breakpoints When possible the error message indicates specifically why the operation failed As the operation in prog
27. PCBUG11 XA STARTUP Loads STARTUP library executes AUTOSTART M68PCBUG11 D 3 21 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA DEFM macrnam TRACE AUTOSTART Define command trace or autostart macro continued Usage DEFM CONFIG Define macro called CONFIG DEFM TRACE Define macro to be executed after the T command DEFM AUTOSTART Define macro for automatic execution on PCbugl 1startup Related commands CLRM DELM EDITM LOADM LSTM SAVEM 3 22 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS DELM macrnam TRACE AUTOSTART Delete command trace or autostart macro This command deletes a macro definition freeing memory space for other use Usage DELM CONFIG Delete CONFIG macro name and definition DELM TRACE Delete macro name and definition used by the T command DELM AUTOSTART Delete autostart macro Related commands CLRM DEFM EDITM LOADM LSTM SAVEM M68PCBUG11 D 3 23 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA DIR mask Display disk directory This command displays the contents of the current directory or of the directory specified by the mask parameter Usage DIR Display contents of the current directory DIR MCR Display all current directory files that have the extension MCR macros DIR Display all files in the root directory DIR PAS Display all files in the directory above the current one that have the extension PAS Related command TYPE 3 24 M68PCBUG11 D
28. R addr macroname occcccconccnnnnnnccncnnnnnccnnnnonoconononaconononnnonononncncnnnnnarcnnnnnocicanonanos 3 10 CADP a e ae arene RAR A oem a rere E A Ao E A O E 3 11 CERM i333 cans bun bones ect cs es 3 12 CESA a A E E EAA 3 13 CONTROL param ter ti lla dais ileso TU odios tienes 3 14 DAS Medalla id din 3 15 DB startaddr endaddrurrisan a La AAA 3 16 DEBIO 2 AAA AA 3 17 DEFINE symbol valueladdress id A A ds 3 18 DEFM macrnamlTRACEIAUTOSTART oocccccnnnccnnncnnccncnnnnnccnnnnonoconnnnnacccnnonnccnnnannncccnnnnanos 3 19 DELM macrnamlTRACEIAUTOSTART eoooccccnnnnnnnnnnnooccnnonnnnnonnnnnoroccnnnnnnnonnnanocccnonnnnnnnanons 3 21 DIR Masia a aa 3 22 DOS Command liinda Sedehestestate 3 23 BD EE Metin erin atte ia laderas 3 24 EEPROM startaddr endaddr oocococcccnonononnnnocconococononononnnonononnnnnarocnrcccconnnnnnnnns 3 25 EEPROM DED Vpn sige oo A A ne eae ad 3 26 EEPROM ERASE option addr veia idilio 3 27 EPROM startaddr endaddr occocooonccnnnnncnnccncnnnnnnaccnnnnnonacocnnnnonanoconcnnonacicncnnonanos 3 28 EPROM DELAY option dd dd aci 3 29 FIND bytelwordaddrl addrZ isis tt sas 3 30 FIND mnemonic addr addr ooooooonnnccnnnnnnnnnnonnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnonocnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonoconnnnnnnnnnnon 3 31 A O O TEEN T TT 3 32 HELP command lija cdi 3 33 RELE SS DAS A AA eae Aes 3 34 LOADM filename macroname oooccccncncccnnnnnnccnnnnnnaccnnnonanoncnnnnacocnnonaconcnonnnoccnnnnanos 3
29. Verify that block 100 is erased VERF ERASE E000 SFFFF Verify that range EOOO FFFF is erased Related commands none 3 66 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA VERF SET addr1 addr2 value USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS Verify that memory contains the value This command verifies that the specified memory range contains the specified single byte value After executing this command PCbug11 lists any memory locations that do not contain the value Usage V ERF S ET 100 1FF 35 Verify that range 100 1FF contains the value 35 Related command none M68PCBUG11 D 3 67 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA WAIT mS Wait for ms This command delays execution of a macro until a specified time elapses until the user presses a key or until the byte value 4B is received on the PC serial port This lets the target MCU control the execution of PCbug11 macro commands Usage WAIT Suspend macro execution until the user presses a key or until the value 4B is received on the PC serial port WAIT 1000 Suspend macro execution for 1000 mS Related command PAUSE 3 68 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA ADVANCED TOPICS CHAPTER 4 ADVANCED TOPICS 4 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of more detail about advanced PCbug11 topics including macros trace breakpoints and talkers 4 2 MACROS A useful PCbug11 feature is letting the user execute a common command sequence by typing a single
30. address gt terminated Comms fault lt operation gt terminated Comms fault lt operation gt failed please retry Memory read failed please retry Memory write at lt address gt failed please retry M68PCBUG11 D PCbug11 is not able to establish communication with the MCU This message usually appears after a lt CTRL gt R command PCbug11 is communicating normally with the MCU This message usually appears after a lt CTRL gt R command A write to lt address gt has not been completed communications with the MCU have been lost This message may appear if the baud rate is inappropriate or if the memory write in some other way caused the MCU to abort normal operation Communications failed during the specified operation Operation6 include programming block write memory write memory read BREAK proces ing memory swap register read and register write If t out is specified then the MCU failed to communicate within the timeout period In this case the user may be able to rectify the problem by increasing the value of the CONTROL timeout parameter especially where memory swap is indicated In all cases this message indicates that communications with the MCU are not working and that PCbugll could not recover from the failure PCbugll lost communications with the MCU during the specified operation but re established communications Operations include programming block write memory write Memory read BRE
31. am stack For an MCU that has 256 bytes of RAM this leaves little room for user programs In such a case the user should use EEPROM space for programs PCbug11 is interrupt driven so the user must consider carefully any program that uses interrupts or changes interrupt vectors In the standard approach the XIRQ pin causes an interrupt whenever the user needs communications This gives the user reasonably free use of interrupts that set the I bit But the user must be careful when using breakpoint or trace operations which also set the I bit The user also must protect the interrupt vectors from alteration changes to these vectors cause loss of communication with the program PCbug11 implements trace and breakpoint operations by placing a software interrupt at the trace or breakpoint location This means that PCbug11 must be able to modify the code at such locations the code must be in internal or external RAM or EEPROM The monitor cannot operate trace or breakpoints in ROM This restriction also applies to FLASH memory which is not byte programmable Note that PCbug11 makes use of a little software overhead to handle correctly any user defined SWI Breakpoints and tracing are not available with D3 or DO MCUs M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 SOFTWARE CHAPTER 2 USING PCBUG11 SOFTWARE 2 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the user to several possibilities for using PCbugll software This discussion also covers the run
32. aracters except reserved words More than one macro is allowed at the same time macros can be nested in as many as five levels Macros are held in macro libraries which can be saved on disk then reloaded as needed Use the main window for the macro definition The definition may include the names of other macros To end the definition press the ENTER RETURN key on a blank line A defined macro can be edited within PCbug11 via the EDITM command The macro also can be edited via a standard text editor once the file has been saved This is because PCbugll saves macros in a special text format see LOADM Using the text editor is another way to define a macro if the definition is in the special text format NOTE If the specified macro name already exists the new macro definition overwrites the old The reserved parameter name TRACE lets the user define a macro that is executed at the completion of every T trace command The reserved parameter name AUTOSTART lets the user define a macro that is executed automatically during PCbugll startup To enable this autostart feature use the SAVEM command to save the macro library that contains the AUTOSTART macro Then from MS DOS specify the macro library name as the last parameter on the command line For example from PCbugll DEFM AUTOSTART Type macro definitions in main window then press the ESC key SAVEM STARTUP QUIT To quit PCbug11 Then from the PC command line
33. are two potential disadvantages to this approach 1 Any problem in transfering the talker from the computer to the hardware prevents the talker from working 2 The talker uses MCU internal RAM As some MCUs have 256 or fewer bytes of RAM the talker stack and interrupt vectors leave little room for user programs or data An alternative approach is to install the talker in the internal EEPROM of the MCU or in an external memory Then whenever the package is run it is not necessary to download the talker program to the hardware Furthermore as the talker does not reside in RAM more RAM space remains available for user programs and data 4 6 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA ADVANCED TOPICS To load a talker into EEPROM first boot up the MCU normally then define the EEPROM area Next install the talker via the LOADS instruction and verify the installation via the VERF command Once verified the talker is ready for use Per paragraph 4 6 you should terminate PCbug11 then run it again selecting the correct MAP file instead of the boot option TALKEREE is a special talker that already uses the internal EEPROM Two files must be available to make TALKEREE available TALKEREE S19 and TALKEREE MAP The S19 is the S record format of the talker to be installed in EEPROM this must be in the current user directory The MAP file is a list of addresses that PCbug11 uses for communication with the board this file must be in the user s current wor
34. arting the MCU or reload your code immediately after a reset or restart In bootstrap mode PCbug11 puts its talker in MCU internal RAM Overwriting any of the talker software could cause loss of operations or communications with the MCU Accordingly you should not place any user code or data in the same area as the talker This rule applies as well to the interrupt vector area of RAM Interrupt vectors are redirected from bootstrap ROM they indicate that communications are required If the stack is not initialized to a suitable value the interrupt vectors could be altered accidentally For example if you initialized the stack to FF the first interrupt vector received would overwrite the redirected vectors causing loss of communications with the MCU Disabling bootstap ROM also causes communications to fail You may cause problems if you put a G command in a macro followed by other commands that modify memory associated with the program As there is no way to know where the program is in its execution a macro may modify memory before or during the program s memory operation Remember that PCbug11 commands operate under interrupts that temporarily halt the program For example such a situation could change the correct order of value storage in a memory location leading to incorrect operation or inaccurate results To prevent such a problem do not use the G command together with a memory modify command in macros Also note that differe
35. ated commands BF MD MS 3 18 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS DEBUG Reserved word This command is reserved for developmental use Do not use DEBUG as a label M68PCBUG11 D 3 19 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA DEFINE symbol valuejaddress Define a symbol This command explicitly defines a symbol and specifies the symbol value The symbol consists of case sensitive letters abc does not equal ABC The symbol value is a specific value or the address of the memory location that contains the value Such symbols can be more obviously significant than numerical values in some contexts PCbug11 reads such a symbol as if reading the value A disassembly listing shows the symbol not the value for better readability Usage DEFINE PORTA 1000 Define symbol PORTA 1000 DEFINE mask1 45 Define symbol mask1 45 2D Related commands LS UNDEF 3 20 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS DEFM macrnam TRACE AUTOSTART Define command trace or autostart macro This command lets the user create a command sequence a macro that can be executed merely by typing the name of the macro As many as 10 parameters can be passed to a command macro Within the macro the required parameter is specified by the operator ON where N is a single digit number 0 9 The syntax and use of pass parameters is the same as in Motorola assemblers The macrnam can be any sequence of alphanumeric ch
36. ations errors appear in a temporary window superimposed over the main window On color screens this window has red text on a black background Such a message disappears after a few seconds if the user presses any key the message disappears immediately Messages of this level indicate that the command entered was not successful because communication between the computer and the MCU failed As the operation in progress may be a subset of the command entered the precise meaning of a communications error message may not be straightforward Accordingly a supplementary message may appear in the register window On a color screen a supplementary message is in yellow A supplemetary message has the form Last error lt command gt failed where lt command gt is the command the user entered If a communications error message persists make sure that e A 5 volt signal is supplied correctly to the printed circuit board e An 8 MH crystal is installed in the circuit e The communications cable is wired correctly e The MCU is in bootstrap mode and is reset e The cable is connected to the COMI port of the computer or the guidance of paragraph 2 5 is followed if the cable is connected to the COM2 port Table B 2 lists the communications error messages B 4 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA PCBUG11 ERROR MESSAGES Table B 2 Communications Error Messages Communications fault Communications Synchronised Comms fault Memory write at lt
37. circuit diagram of hardware support components Table A 1 on the following page lists these components M68PCBUG11 D A 1 AA MOTOROLA HARDWARE SUPPORT a Zz o INS HOLOINNOD ZEZ SA ij ay ES T ae L S 9 LOYSY LON an yi TER z aNd NAS daa 99 IND gxi lo s 0 a SE a st ale Ss a a ONO zy 09 oxy A WW 8 gt axy T si a gt m o 914 adzz zoa po 5 WX YI E r o ZHN8 NOL ej zia zXL E Zt x La 4dzz xa odd Lod IXY S13 S Wx lt al G ANS ZO LLOH89ON X1 lad T La xau 8l z In AERA Aoz ONO usd 9 P 3 anot o dv90vSOW S il oh 29 SSA Z z ONO 13538 T Y Pap ud oz an ro aaa 17 il aaa oul DAIX N 19 aoz aoa 8 13538 a oz anol oO en 99 Z4 ans AOZ eT 1NdNI ano Y z Raa o aaa on Tam YO NN co Zz zu 9 se po AOZ ol anol o 90d Woyda s3 EZ O mM 001 lo daa aaa ada vy vz O ZI o GZ aaa lo sl ar Figure A 1 Support Hardware Components Schematic M68PCBUG11 D A 2 AA MOTOROLA HARDWARE SUPPORT Table A 1 Hardware Support Components C5 C8 Capacitor 10 uF 25 V aluminum or tantalum see manufacturer s data for more information IC1 I C MC68HC11 M68PCBUG11 D A 3 HARDWARE SUPPORT AA MOTOROLA M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOR
38. delete the breakpoint then include the macro command in a redefinition of the breakpoint The attempted breakpoint definition would exceed the maximum number of breakpoints To add a new breakpoint first delete an existing one PCbug11 cannot find the map file associated with the file specified in the command line The map file must be in the user s current working directory The LOADS command failed because PCbug11 could not capture the specified interrupt vector RESET SWI or XIRQ This may be due to a problem in the S record For normal operation PCbug11 may need access to these vectors The RM command failed due to entry of a value in the wrong base PCbug11 could not set the requested memory location possibly because the memory is not working properly Another possible cause is memory not enabled as EEPROM when that is required A supplementary message indicates the user command that failed The user pressed the ESC key after running the RM command To change registers by this method press the RETURN key not the ESC key The user ran a macro that called other macros resulting in macro nesting six or more levels deep Only nest macros as deep as five levels The user tried to program a range that consists of two types of memory e g EEPROM and RAM Program each type of memory separately B 3 PCBUG11 ERROR MESSAGES AA MOTOROLA B 3 COMMUNICATIONS ERRORS AND OTHER FATAL ERRORS Messages about communic
39. dow is at the center right of the screen If you have a color screen the status window has white text on a purple background This window shows the MCU in use the MCU state running stopped tracing the status of the RS232 RTS line and the current user set interrupt vectors 4 Command window This window is at the bottom left of the screen If you have a color screen the command window has white text on a black background Use this window for entering and reading commands to PCbug 1 The command cursor the character is at the bottom line of this window commands you enter appear after the command cursor Previous commands and the latest error message also appear in the command window If your screen does not show these windows the program is not running correctly A DOS error message or a PCbug11 error message indicates the problem See paragraph 1 3 3 or Appendix B for guidance on corrective action If your screen does show these four windows proceed to paragraph 1 3 4 to try some simple commands There are two additional temporary windows which appear superimposed over the main window 1 Error window This window indicates any errors or incorrectly operating communications to the MCU If you have a color screen the error window has red text on a black background To clear the error window immediately press any key Or wait five seconds and the error window clears itself 2 Help window This window displays help informatio
40. e command syntax if you need a reminder The talker to be used If a hyphen precedes this parameter value the file TALK lt boottype gt BOO XOO must be in the same directory as the file PCBUG11 EXE This parameter has two forms lt boottype gt or lt ROMtype gt lt boottype gt A D E K 88 or lt userdefined gt lt ROMtype gt The name of a user defined ROMed talker The user must supply a file called lt ROMtype gt MAP in the current directory lt baudrate gt The baudrate for the PC and MCU if your circuit does not use an 8 MHz crystal Paragraph 2 2 1 explains more about this parameter lt macroname gt The name of a macro library file such as lt macroname gt MCR PCbug11 automatically loads such a macro upon startup PCbug11 also automatically executes this macro if the additional macro AUTOSTART also is in the library To pass parameters to this macro enclose them in parentheses immediately after the macro option The command to use PC port 2 instead of the default port 1 for communications with the hardware M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 SOFTWARE 2 2 2 Runtime Command Examples Some examples of the PCbug11 runtime command are PCBUG11 Entering the runtime command without any options invokes the command line compiler This lets the user input option information by answering a series of prompts instead of making option information part of the runtime command This form of the runtime command may
41. e function bulk erase EEPROM This command lets the user enable or disable the EEPROM byte erase before programming function The default value is enabled The BULK option specifies bulk erasure of the EEPROM B600 B7FF or at a specified address NOTES The erase before programming function should be enabled before you execute ASM BR T or other commands that may modify non erased EEPROM The BULK option automatically disables the erase before programming function This permits the fastest downloads of S records to EEPROM via the LOADS command The bulk erase time defaults to approximately 200 mS Display EEPROM erase before write state Disable erase before write function Usage EPROM ERASE EPROM ERASE DISABI EPROM ERASE ENABLE EPROM ERASE BULK EPROM ERASE BULK Enable erase before write function Bulk erase EEPROM array starting at B600 E000 Bulk erase EEPROM array starting at E000 Related commands M68PCBUG11 D none 3 29 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA EPROM startaddr endaddr Display clear or set EPROM address range s This command lets the user transparently perform memory modify operations on the MCU internal EPROM Once the user enters this command with startaddr and endaddr address values the appropriate EPROM programming algorithm handles all memory write operati
42. e monitor Usage CALL 100 Execute the subroutine at address 100 Related command G S M68PCBUG11 D 3 13 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA CLRM Clear all command macros This command removes all macro names and definitions including the TRACE macro from the current library The CLRM command does not affect libraries stored on disk via the SAVEM command Usage CLRM Clear macro names and definitions from the library Related commands DEFM DELM EDITM LOADM LSTM SAVEM 3 14 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS CLS Clear main window This command clears the main window of the screen and clears any error or breakpoint messages Usage CLS Clear the screen main window Related command KLE M68PCBUG11 D 3 15 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA CONTROL parameter Display or change PCbug11 system parameters This command without the parameter option lists all the PCbug11 parameters that the user can modify With a parameter specified this command changes the parameter value The usage paragraph below shows the available parameters At startup PCbug11 determines if hardware access in the communications port is possible If so it uses this mode and enables direct RTS line control If not PCbug11 uses BIOS calls to the COM port The RTS line can be programmed as a write protect logic level for systems with external memory see paragraph 4 4 COM1 is the default communications port
43. earches through the specified memory address range for as many as four characters of specific assembler code The wild card operator in the mnemonic parameter forces a search for the opcode only If the mnemonic addressing mode is not an indexed one the symbol lt or gt must begin the operand value These symbols mean immediate direct and extended respectively NOTE Different commands have different wild card operators For this command the wild card operator is the question mark FIND LDAA gt 1234 SE000 E200 Find all occurrences of LDAA gt 1234 in range E000 E200 FIND LDAB 34 X C230 C560 Find all occurrences of LDAB 34 X in range C230 C560 FIND LDX F000 SF2FF Find all occurrences of immediate load X opcode in range F000 F2FF Related commands none M68PCBUG11 D 3 33 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA G add r Start user code execution This command directs the MCU to start execution of user code at the value in the current program counter or at the address specified in the addr parameter Usage G Start program execution at current program counter G B600 Start program execution at address B600 Related command CALL S 3 34 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS HELP command Display help information This command displays help information in a temporary help window If there is no value for the command parameter the default in
44. efault or at coordinates previously specified TERM 0 0 20 20 Open terminal emulator in a window 20 columns by 20 rows at the upper left corner of the screen Related commands none M68PCBUG11 D 3 61 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA TYPE filename Display disk file in main window This command displays the contents of the specified file Standard DOS path names apply Usage TYPE RUNTIME MCR Display file RUNTIME MCR from the current directory TYPE TEMP BIT Display file TEMP BIT from the root directory TYPE LIST PAS Display file LIST PAS from the directory above the current directory Related command DIR 3 62 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS UNDEF symbol Undefine a symbol This command removes a symbol from the symbol table list The wild card character may only be at the end of a symbol parameter value NOTE Different commands have different wild card operators For this command the wild card operator is the asterisk Usage UNDEF one Clear the symbol one UNDEF PORT Clear all symbols that start with the letters PORT UNDEF Clear all symbols Related commands DEFINE LS M68PCBUG11 D 3 63 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA VER Display PCbug11 version number This command displays the PCbug11 startup message which includes the Motorola copyright message and the revision number Usage VER Display the revision number
45. ember that loading a macro that has the same name as a previous macro automatically replaces the previous macro with the new This is not the case for macro definitions via the DEFM command which confirms that the user wants to replace such a previous macro 4 3 USING TRACE AND BREAKPOINTS Having a program stop upon reaching a certain address is a useful feature for any development system such an address is a breakpoint An associated feature is having the program stop as soon as it executes the current command this is tracing 4 3 1 Breakpoints The user can arrange for a program to stop at a specified location by placing a breakpoint at the location Once the program stops the user can examine registers and memory locations to verify that the program has performed as expected Use the BR command to place a breakpoint use the NOBR command to remove breakpoints The BR command lets you specify a macro to be run automatically when the program reaches the breakpoint This feature is helpful if a series of commands is to be executed every time the breakpoint is reached To implement breakpoints PCbug 1 substitutes the M68HC11 software interrupt SWI instruction for the program instruction at the breakpoint address This has two important implications 1 The program must be in alterable memory such as RAM or EEPROM It is not possible to install breakpoints in a program in ROM Should a user try to place a breakpoint in ROM a warning mes
46. ess specified by the addr parameter to the next logical address If the command does not have an addr parameter value tracing begins from the address in the program counter This command places an SWI at the next executable address or addresses If a command macro called TRACE has been defined PCbug11 executes this macro automatically at the completion of the T command A useful trace macro is RD DASM If the next executable instruction involves a branch to the current address the trace is disabled to allow the instruction to execute However PCbug11 still displays the TRACE state As the talker is interrupt driven this does not cause any monitor problem all PCbug11 commands remain available Usage T Trace program code from program counter address T 100 Trace program code from address 100 Related commands none 3 60 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS TERM X1 Y1 X2 Y2 Simple windowed terminal emulator If this command has no parameter values it starts a simple terminal emulator at the currently defined window coordinates The optional parameter values X Y1 X2 and Y2 redefine the window XI Left column YI Top row X2 Right column Y Bottom row If any parameter value is used all must be used Once these values are specified in a TERM command they remain in force until replaced in another TERM command To quit the terminal emulator press the Esc key Usage TERM Open terminal emulator at d
47. formation is a general help display If there is a command parameter value the information pertains to that command Use the up arrow down arrow page up and page down keys to scroll through the help window To clear the help window press the ESC key Help information is stored in a text file called PCBUG11 HLP Usage HELP Display general help file HELP RS Display help file for RS command Related commands none M68PCBUG11 D 3 35 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA KLE Kill last error message This command clears the last error breakpoint window Usage KLE Clear last error message or breakpoint from window Related command CLS 3 36 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS LOADM filename macroname Load macro definitions from default or user file This command loads a library file of previously defined macros the filename parameter specifies the library file The macros must have been stored on disk via the SAVEM command or must have been created via a text editor PCbug11 checks the format of the file against the macro rules If the format of the specified file is valid PCbug11 adds the library file to any existing library The macroname parameter specifies immediate execution of a macro in the newly loaded file The default extension for loading macro libraries is MCR Macro files must have this text format DEFM macroname BEGIN macro instructions END where macroname is the name
48. haracter respectively CLS This command clears the main window HELP command This command is valid only if you have installed the help file Enter HELP command by itself to see a summary of PCbug11 commands Enter HELP followed by another command to see specific help information on the other command 1 4 HOW PCBUG11 WORKS PCbug11 works differently from most other microcomputer emulators or trainers Other emulators run sophisticated programs that communicate with a terminal Such a program lets the user execute programs alter registers and so forth but requires a complex hardware platform The PCbugll design however takes advantage of the sophistication of the PC The microcomputer need run only a simple program so the hardware platform also can be simple PCbug11 carries out emulator functions via serial communication with the PC The monitor communicates with the MCU through a low level program called a talker PCbug11 includes different talkers to support different MCUs and different operating modes All talkers communicate between the SCI port of the MCU and the serial port of the PC Each talker occupies less than 256 bytes of MCU memory space and operates under interrupt Some talkers use internal MCU RAM this approach is the boot method Other talkers use internal EPROM or other ROM this approach is the ROMed method In the boot method the PC downloads the talker into MCU internal RAM for each PCbug11 startup Such a downl
49. he user stops the program via the S command before the program reaches a breakpoint original memory contents replace all breakpoint SWI instructions 5 When the user deletes all breakpoints via the NOBR command PCbug11 replaces the talker SWI vector with the original SWI vector NOTES From this sequence it is clear that a system reset before step 5 could leave in memory unreplaced SWI instructions and the talker SWI vector If the system must be reset during a breakpoint operation be sure to reload the program to restore memory contents PCbug11 also permits SWI instructions in user code Whenever program execution arrives at such an instruction PCbugll compares the instruction s address to the addresses of all breakpoints set If there is no match PCbug11 recalls the user s SWI vector and runs the program at that address This arrangement entails additional overhead for a user SWI interrupt M68PCBUG11 D 4 5 ADVANCED TOPICS AA MOTOROLA 4 3 2 Tracing A user who steps through a program instruction by instruction is tracing the program A user could implement tracing by placing breakpoints after all assembly commands but this would be very time consuming for the user PCbugl1 implements automatic tracing via its trace T command The user may notice that tracing takes longer than other PCbug11 operations This is because tracing is complex for each step PCbug11 must find the address of the next opcode This entails d
50. idad asters 3 64 VERE SET addr addr valen nori da icons 3 65 SA comes a a i a alae i iee 3 66 CHAPTER 4 ADVANCED TOPICS ET INTRODUCTION a AAA 4 1 O A ane a eae a 4 4 2 1 Defining Macros viii ica dci cds 4 2 4 21 1 Autostart Macros sli a accede taaan nani nde teed Ea SA 4 3 421 2 NUI MACOS 2 5 62csnstaa recente nse rtasi eors aaraa Eer E E tos WSs cadets stead 4 3 422 Bono MACOS esas asi E E E E E aa 4 3 4 2 3 Listing and Clearing Macros viii a a da 4 4 4 3 USING TRACE AND BREAKPOINTS 40d dd diia 4 4 Ml A A A 4 4 4 3 2 MA A AS 4 6 4 4 TALKERS IN EEPROM OR EXTERNAL MEMORY cceecccesseceseeceteeeeneeeeeeeeseeeeeeees 4 6 4 5 PROGRAMMING EPROM 711 PARTS 2 0 cee cceccecesecssecesseeeceeeessecesaeeesseeseaeeseseeeeaeees 4 8 4 0 DESIGNING NEW TALKERS escroto iii 4 9 M68PCBUG11 D v CONTENTS AA MOTOROLA APPENDIX A HARDWARE SUPPORT AIN TROPDUETION cp se oe IA Oise T total cade na Mia aa Santas ue aca aeons A 1 A 2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND COMPONENTS LIST coocnoooconcnnnonnnnnonannnnnonnnnnnnnnnannnnnnnnannnos A 1 APPENDIXB PCBUG11 ERROR MESSAGES B 1 INTRODUCTION cuand id dd B 1 B 2 FAILED OPERATION ERRORS sist ii te B 1 B 3 COMMUNICATIONS ERRORS AND OTHER FATAL ERRORS eerren B 4 BAHCOMMANDO ERRORS osas iosia epena Ta aaan SSTA aTa a TAS a e Ea aaa ioei B 6 B S VERIFICATION ERROR Suicida ca B 6 APPENDIX C PCBUG11 DISK CONTENTS vi M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA GENERAL INFORMATION CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1
51. ification of the memory fill Usage BF 1000 SAA Assign value AA to address 1000 BF C000 CFFF D3 Assign value D3 to addresses C000 CFFF BF 00 SFF SAA55 Assign alternate values SAA and 55 to addresses 00 FF BF 100 120 0 1 Assign alternate values O and 1 to addresses 100 120 NOTE To set the memory value to 00 do not specify the 00 in the most significant byte of a 16 bit value PCbugl1 interprets such a specification as an 8 bit value leading to incorrect MCU memory addressing Related commands DB MD MS 3 10 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS BL Display breakpoints This command displays the list of current breakpoints The hexadecimal address of each breakpoint appears on the screen followed in parentheses by the name of any defined macro Usage BL Display addresses of all user defined breakpoints Related commands BR NOBR M68PCBUG11 D 3 11 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA BR addr macroname Display or set breakpoint with optional command macro execution This command displays breakpoints or sets an entry in a breakpoint table Breakpoints are set in MCU memory only when the user starts execution of code via the G command Before passing control to user code PCbug 1 places an SWI instruction at every breakpoint address in the breakpoint table PCbug11 also handles user placed SWIs though using some overhead if the user SWI vector is downloaded from an S
52. instruction a macro You may define macros either in PCbug11 or via an external text editor It is possible to define more than one macro while using PCbug11 The area where macros are held is the macro library Macros have two main elements names and definitions A macro name is a sequence of as many as 80 letters except for character sequences that form PCbug11 reserved commands To run a macro enter its name just as you would any PCbug11 command A macro definition consists of the commands in order that make up the macro A macro definition can include other macros a macro can call another macro but the macro cannot call itself This nesting of macros can be as deep as five levels Macro definitions can include as many as 10 parameters When the macro is called the parameter values in the calling statement or command take the place of the parameters in the definitions The symbol followed by a digit denotes a parameter in a macro definition 0 denotes the first parameter 1 denotes the second parameter and so forth through 9 for the tenth parameter M68PCBUG11 D 4 1 ADVANCED TOPICS AA MOTOROLA The only limit to the PCbug11 macro library is the amount of computer memory There is no limit on the number of macros so long as their collective definitions do not exceed the memory size limit Defining a new macro that has the same name as a previous macro deletes the previous macro a warning message alerts the user before PCb
53. isassembling the opcode at the current address to determine the number of following bytes The process is complicated for a jump opcode and even more so for a branch opcode Usually in tracing an SWI replaces the next opcode in the program For a jump the destination opcode must be replaced For a branch two opcodes must be replaced the one following the branch instruction and the one at the branch destination Once the SWI is placed in memory PCbug11 runs the program The second instruction is an SWI so the program stops Again PCbug11 must be able to amend the SWI vector and the program memory The user may specify a macro to be executed when a program reaches a trace SWI Such a macro may contain any instructions but must be named TRACE Typically a TRACE macro disassembles the current instruction and reads registers The TRACE macro can even contain the trace T command in this case the program steps through all its instructions until stopped by the user or until it arrives at a self loop A self loop is a program jump or branch to its current location Tracing is pointless for a self loop so the program continues to run displaying the status TRACING until the user stops execution or until the branch condition is met or failed 4 4 TALKERS IN EEPROM OR EXTERNAL MEMORY For many users the easiest way to make a talker available is to use a boot option the talker program is downloaded every time the user hardware is used But there
54. isk of your computer per paragraph 1 2 1 Optionally if your computer does not have a hard disk you may run PCbug11 from a flexible disk per paragraph 1 2 2 M68PCBUG11 D 1 1 GENERAL INFORMATION AA MOTOROLA 1 2 1 Hard Disk Installation In these instructions drive A is the flexible disk drive and drive C is the hard disk Follow these steps to install the software on a hard disk 1 Insert the master disk in drive A 2 Make drive C the default drive if it is not so already by typing C RETURN 3 Create a new subdirectory by typing md PCBUG11 RETURN 4 Make this new subdirectory the default byt typing cd PCBUG11 RETURN 5 Copy all the files from the master disk to the hard disk by typing copy a c RETURN This completes software installation You may run PCbug11 from anywhere in the hard disk directory structure by using the DOS PATH command to include the C PCBUGI11 subdirectory in your path See DOS documentation for details on the PATH command 1 2 2 Flexible Disk Installation These instructions are for a computer that has two flexible disk drives Drive A is a 360 Kbyte flexible disk drive Drive B is the second flexible disk drive You need a freshly formatted disk which will become your work disk Follow these steps to install the software 1 Insert the master disk in drive A 2 Insert the formatted disk in drive B This disk becomes your work disk 3 Copy all the files from the master dis
55. k to the work disk by typing copy a b RETURN 4 Remove the master disk from drive A 5 Remove the work disk from drive B and insert it in drive A This completes software installation You may run PCbug11 from the work disk in drive A 12 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA GENERAL INFORMATION 1 3 STARTING PCBUG11 To start the software package set up the hardware connect the hardware to the computer communication port and run the PCbug11 monitor program 1 3 1 Running the Software PCbug11 is sophisticated software that takes many possible options The computer port used the crystal used and any macros used determine which options are possible for a specific MCU To run the software enter the startup command The simplest run command is for an MC68HC11A8 MC68HC11A1 or MC68HC11A0 MCU with the XIRQ and PDO pins connected PCBUG11 XA To run other MCUs of the M68HC11 family alter the final one or two characters of this run command per Table 1 1 As most M68HC11 MCUs have E9 type bootloaders the XE option is the more frequently appropriate An X in the run command means that the XIRQ and PDO pins must be connected do not use the X option if PCbug11 is used with an EVBU board NOTE The default number base of PCbug11 is 10 To change the default base to 16 enter the command CONTROL BASE HEX To change the default base to 2 enter the command CONTROL BASE BIN To change the default base back to 10 enter the comma
56. king directory When the boot option is used PCbug11 automatically handles this information so no external MAP file is required For example this macro programs the talker into the EEPROM of an M68HC11E9 MCU DEFM AUTOSTART Run this macro automatically BEGIN MS 1035 0 Clear BPROT register not needed for A8 EEPROM B600 B7FF Enable EEPROM algorithm LOADS TALKEREE Load talker into EEPROM VERF TALKEREE Verify loading QUIT Y Exit PCbug11 END Saving this macro in a file called STARTUP MCR makes this sequence possible to run the EEPROM talker 1 Start up PCbug11 by typing PCBUG11 E STARTUP 2 Reset board 3 Start up PCbug11 by typing PCBUG11 TALKEREE M68PCBUG11 D 4 7 ADVANCED TOPICS AA MOTOROLA NOTES If any error messages appear when you run the macro press the capital S key to stop the macro and correct the errors Using the macro and startup sequence above leaves most of the RAM free for user programs The default stack for TALKEREE is at 3F so avoid using RAM between 00 and 3F To move the stack modify the source file TALKEREE ASC by changing the value of the symbol STACK The interrupt vector jumps are in the C4 FD area of RAM The jumps are initialized with safe values for PCbug11 The JMP instructions may be modified by the user but the user should not modify the XIRQ interrupts that PCbug11 uses User code should not be in the C4 FD area It may be a good idea to set u
57. lains more details 2 3 USES OF THE SOFTWARE Possible uses for the PCbug11 software are unlimited Note that the PCbug11 is not a software simulation of an MCU commands and programs you enter run on the real hardware although via a software interface Most of the time the hardware runs the MCU in special bootstrap mode so access to secured resources is at user discretion not under MCU control As the package runs under interrupt it is possible to have a program running but still be able to read registers write to registers and even write to memory A careful user can even modify the M68PCBUG11 D 2 3 USING PCBUG11 SOFTWARE AA MOTOROLA program being run Note that during modification of a program or registers the running program waits for processing of the interrupt caused by PCbug11 You may set breakpoints in the software so the MCU stops whenever it reaches that point in the code The trace command lets you step through code to examine the execution of instructions and see the results in registers and in the condition code register CCR PCbug11 lets the user modify and assemble code into EEPROM as if it were RAM Although the MCU has an elaborate routine for programming this memory PCbugl1 handles such programming in a manner transparent to the user To make this possible the user must first use the EEPROM command to define the area of internal EEPROM Do not however specify external EEPROM in this way as the talker aut
58. n requested via the HELP command If you have a color screen the help window has white text on a black background To scroll through the help information use the up arrow down arrow page up and page down keys To clear the help window press the ESC key 1 3 3 Fixing Simple Problems If the software did not start up correctly the register screen shows rows of characters X instead of values and one or more error messages appear in the command window Appendix B explains the full meaning of such an error message M68PCBUG11 D 1 5 GENERAL INFORMATION AA MOTOROLA In the case of an initial startup however the most likely problems are a poor communications link or an incorrect hardware setting Make sure that A 5 volt signal is supplied correctly to the user hardware An 8 MHz crystal is installed in the circuit The communications cable is wired correctly The MCU is in bootstrap mode and is reset The cable is connected to the COMI port of the computer or the guidance of paragraph 2 2 is followed if the cable is connected to the COM2 port After checking these items try again to start the system If numerical values appear in the register window and there are no error messages PCbug1 1 is working correctly Proceed to the simple commands of paragraph 1 3 4 13 4 Trying Simple Commands This paragraph explains a few simple commands that demonstrate PCbug11 operation Paragraph 3 2 explains the full PCbug1 1 command se
59. nd 9600 are available the maximum baud rate is 38 400 Usage BAUD Display current serial baud rate BAUD 19200 Change baud rate to 19 200 NOTES To maintain talker contact first set the MCU baud rate to the new value Do this either by changing the appropriate talker code or by using the MS command to change the MCU baud rate register dynamically The default bootstrap download baud rate is 7812 the default talker communication baud rate is 9600 You may specify different rates when you start PCbug11 from the MS DOS command line Thus PCbug11 and talker codes work without modific ation with different MCU crystal frequencies For example to start an MC68HC11A8 with a 4 MHz crystal use the command PCBUG11 A 3906 This tells PCbug11 to use half the default values for both download and talker communication Changing the baud rate affects the minimum EEPROM programming time as the EEPROM programming algorithm relies on the serial data transfer time Related commands none M68PCBUG11 D 3 9 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA BF addr1 addr2 byte word Block fill memory with byte or word This command forces an 8 or 16 bit value into address addr of MCU memory If addr2 also is specified BF forces the value into the block of memory from address addr through address addr2 If addrI is in an EEPROM block an EEPROM algorithm stores the value the difference is transparent to the user This command includes automatic ver
60. nd CONTROL BASE DEC The CONTROL command explanation in Chapter 3 gives more information M68PCBUG11 D 1 3 GENERAL INFORMATION AA MOTOROLA Table 1 1 PCbug11 Run Commands RUN Command MC68HC11A0 PCBUG11 A MC68HC11A1 or or MC68HC11A8 PCBUG11 XA MC68HC811A8 PCBUG11 88 MC68HC11D3 or PCBUG11 D MC68HC711D3 MC68HC11E0 PCBUG11 E MC68HC11E1 or MC68HC11E9 PCBUG11 XE MC68HC11E20 MC68HC11F1 MC68HC11G5 MC68HC11G7 MC68HC11L6 or MC68HC811A2 MC68HC11E2 PCBUG11 XA MC68HC711E9 PCBUG11 E MC68HC11K4 PCBUG11 K MC68HC711K4 MC68HC11N4 or MC68HC11P2 1 3 2 Monitor Screen Windows Hardware status appears on the computer screen This screen consists of four major areas or windows 1 Main window This window is the upper half of the screen If you have a color screen the main window has white text on a blue background This window displays the most information about PCbug11 operation command results memory contents assembly opcodes macros and so forth 2 Register window This window is in the center of the screen If you have a color screen the register window has white or yellow text on a red background This window shows the last recorded contents of the processor registers Note that register window values update only upon startup or user request PCbug11 commands let you modify the contents of the registers 1 4 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA GENERAL INFORMATION 3 Status window This win
61. nt boot talkers initialize the stack to different values according to the availability of RAM These default values are A EB D EB E 1FF K 1FF 88 EB Be careful about moving from one processor to another when the stack pointer value is different M68PCBUG11 D 2 5 USING PCBUG11 SOFTWARE 2 6 AA MOTOROLA M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS CHAPTER 3 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS 3 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides full details about all PCbug11 monitor commands The first information of this chapter explains command line editing A table then summarizes all the monitor commands Complete information about each command follows in alphabetical order 3 2 COMMAND LINE EDITING Use the host computer keyboard to edit the PCbug11 command line A recall buffer holds the last 16 commands entered Table 3 1 lists the edit keys Table 3 1 Command Line Edit Keys Key Fmection nd s c CO ECT Clears command line or terminates most commands such as ASM DASM and MD in progress 1 The normal cursor changes to a blocked cursor M68PCBUG11 D 3 1 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA The four lines above the command line serve as a trace of the last four commands The fifth line above the command line shows breakpoints and the last error encountered Possible error codes are 0 No error 1 VERF error 2 MS or BF error 3 Talker communication failure For MS DOS batch files an erro
62. oad happens via the special bootstrap mode of the MCU In this mode the MCU automatically can download a program into its internal RAM and then run the program This makes it possible to alter internal values program memory read and write to chip ports and perform other functions This simple approach requires no external hardware except a power supply an oscillator and an RS 232C interface The limitation of the boot method is its use of about 240 bytes of internal RAM which may be a problem for some users In the ROMed method the PC synchronizes communication with a talker already running on the MCU This means that the appropriate talker must be programmed into internal or external MCU memory before the user runs PCbug11 The simplest example of using the ROMed method is placing the talker in external memory and running the talker every time the MCU is powered up If the talker is loaded into the MCU s internal EEPROM no external memory is required M68PCBUG11 D 1 7 GENERAL INFORMATION AA MOTOROLA As a talker is interrupt driven residing in the same memory map as user software the RESET XIRQ and SWI vectors must be reserved for talker code Note however that the SCI vector may be used instead of the XIRQ vector to give maskable control to PCbug11 The PCbug11 design leads to these rules of thumb 1 If the PCbug11 is in boot mode MCU internal RAM contains the talker program bootstrap mode interrupt vectors and the progr
63. of the macro appears Table 3 4 EDITM Edit Keys kw Fm Alphanumeric If the insert function is on inserts the new character before the current character If the insert function is off replaces the current character with the new Del Deletes the character under the cursor Toggles the insert function on and off default is on Inserts a new line after the current line Displays the 10 lines after the current line Displays the 10 lines before the current line Aborts the edit without saving the macro Stops the edit saving changes in the macro library The ALT E and ALT Q key combinations do the same thing EDITM macrol Starts edit of the macro macrol Related commands CLRM DEFM DELM LOADM LSTM SAVEM 3 26 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS EEPROM startaddr endaddr Display clear or set EEPROM address range s This command lets the user transparently perform memory modify operations on the MCU internal EEPROM including the CONFIG register Once the user enters this command with startaddr and endaddr address values the appropriate EEPROM programming algorithm handles all memory write operations within that range If the user enters the EEPROM command without any parameter values PCbugl11 displays memory address ranges to which the EEPROM algorithm applies Using this command with an address for just the startaddr parameter enables a write to that address to use the EEPRO
64. of the macro being defined and macro instructions are the PCbug11 instructions that constitute the macro Comments enclosed in braces are allowed Note that loading PCbug11 strips out macro comments The symbol passes parameters into macros That is when a macro is called the first parameter value replaces 0 the second parameter value replaces 1 and so forth Usage LOADM Load macro library from default file PCBUG11 MCR LOADM USERLIB Load macro library from files USERLIB MCR LOADM A A Load macro library from file A MCR and immediately execute the macro A Related commands CLRM DEFM DELM EDITM LSTM SAVEM M68PCBUG11 D 3 37 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA LOADS filename loadaddr Load S record file into MCU memory This command loads valid S1 records from the file specified by the filename parameter into MCU memory If the command does not have a loadaddr value PCbug11 loads the records into the addresses specified in the load address field of the S record The filename parameter lets the user specify any path or drive letter according to the rules of MS DOS Note that this command ignores records other than S1 records it also ignores blank lines An invalid format line may cause an error message The loadaddr parameter lets the data be relocated during loading During loading to give the monitor priority PCbug11 traps these mode dependent user vectors In bootstrap mode SWI for b
65. omatically handles slow external memories There is a significant difference in response times between writing to EEPROM and writing to RAM 2 4 PITFALLS TO AVOID Some MCUs have a register that increases EEPROM protection This is the BPROT register which usually is at address 1035 Before either the EEPROM or the CONFIG register can be programmed the BPROT register must be modified Note that PCbug11 does not modify the BPROT register If you program the CONFIG register remember that the contents of this register usually are not readable until after MCU reset Note that if the MCU is reset in bootstrap mode certain automatic functions place the part in an appropriate operating mode If the MCU has a security mode clearing the NOSEC bit protects the internal RAM internal EEPROM and the internal CONFIG register This means that if the part is reset in bootstrap mode the value of the NOSEC bit will be 1 Follow these guidelines to use interrupts with the hardware Real time and other such interrupts are permitted when the I bit RTII for the real time interrupt is clear and the appropriate interrupt mask is set An interrupt sets the interrupt I flag A CLI or RTI instruction clears this flag note however that the flag for an interrupt source remains set For a real time interrupt this is RTIF an exit from a real time interrupt service routine that leaves RTIF set causes another interrupt immediately This means that communications with P
66. ons within that range If the user enters the EPROM command without any parameter values PCbugl1l displays memory address ranges to which the EPROM algorithm applies Using this command with an address for just the startaddr parameter enables a write to that address to use the EPROM algorithm Giving the startaddr parameter the value 0 is a special case this clears all EPROM address ranges This command affects the instructions ASM LOADS MOVE MS NOBR and T NOTE In general the EPROM command only operates if an external programming voltage is applied The programming voltage should not be present before Vcc is present or after Vcc is removed Usually the programming voltage is applied to the XIRQ pin this prohibits use of an XIRQ talker Consult the M68HC11 data or information sheet before using PCbugll with EPROM programming Usage EPROM Display memory address range to which the EPROM algorithm applies EPROM 0 Clear all EPROM address ranges EPROM D000 SFFFF Enable writes within address range D000 FFFF to use the EPROM algorithm Related commands EEPROM 3 30 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS EPROM DELAY option Set EPROM erase or write programming time This command lets the user specify EPROM erase and write programming time within the range minimum delay to 255 mS The value of minimum delay is approximately 120 divided by the serial baud rate for a 9600 baud rate minimum delay is 12 mS
67. p the necessary interrupt vectors then run the PROTECT command per Chapter 3 If the board in use includes external memory you can use the RTS communications port line to provide a limited write protection facility The RTS line carries a standard RS 232 signal that must be converted to a TTL logic level for use with the MCU If the signal is directly controllable see the CONTROL command explanation in Chapter 3 you can combine the signal logically with the MCU R W signal to protect memory When PCbug11 accesses memory it forces the RTS line high permitting the write to memory But when the program itself tries to access memory the RTS line remains low preventing such access 4 5 PROGRAMMING EPROM 711 PARTS It is possible to use PCbug11 to program M68HC711 EPROM parts To do so follow these steps 1 Configure the hardware this way a Do not connect XIRQ to PDO SCI Rx b Put the part in bootstrap mode and pull IRQ to Vdd c Connect Vdd to the chip d Connect Vpp to the XIRQ pin via a 100W resistor 4 8 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA ADVANCED TOPICS NOTE Do not connect any Vpp voltage unless Vdd is connected Doing so will destroy the chip 2 Attach Vdd to your board Start up PCbug11 by entering PCBUGI1 E D K For 1E9 711D3 711K4 3 Make sure the board is working correctly and that Vdd is applied Then apply Vpp to the board s Vpp terminal 4 Type these commands EPROM D000 FFFF Defines the EPROM memory range
68. r code can be checked via ERRORLEVEL after PCbug11 terminates 3 3 PCBUG11 COMMANDS Table 3 2 is a summary of PCbug11 commands Explanations of each command follow this table in alphabetical order Table 3 2 PCbug11 Commands ASM addr mneldir 1 2 Call symbolic macro line assembler with option to auto insert mnemonic or directive BAUD rate 2 Display or set serial baud rate BF addr1 addr2 byte word Block fill memory with byte or word BL 2 Display breakpoints BR addr macroname Display or set breakpoint with optional command execution CLRM Clear all command macros CLS Clear main window CONTROL parameter Display or change PCbug11 system parameters DASM addr1 addr2 Disassemble from addr1 to addr2 DB startaddr endaddr 2 Display MCU memory CALL addr Execute the subroutine at addr DEBUG Reserved word 3 2 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS Table 3 2 PCbug11 Commands continued DEFINE symbol value address 2 DEFM macrname TRACE AUTOSTART DELM macrname TRACE AUTOSTART EEPROM startaddr endaddr Display clear or set EEPROM address range s EEPROM DELAY option Set EEPROM erase or write programming time EEPROM ERASE option addr Display or change EEPROM erase before write function EPROM startaddr endaddr Display clear or set EPROM address range s EPROM DELAY option Set EPROM erase or write programming time FIND byte word addr1 addr2 Find all occurrence
69. reakpoint and trace processing In external mode RESET to start the monitor after a hardware reset SWI for breakpoint and trace processing XIRQ for the external ACIA to provide highest priority host communication All these vectors are available to the user but their execution requires a slight speed overhead If no user breakpoints are defined user SWI instructions are executed in real time with no monitor overhead Refer to the source listings of the appropriate talker code to determine the effects of user RESET and XIRQ on specific software Usage LOADS MYPROG Load the S record file MYPROG S19 to the target addresses the file specifies LOADS YOURPROG OUT Load the S record file YOURPROG OUT to the target addresses the file specifies LOADS HISPROG E000 Load the S record file HISPROG S19 offset to address E000 Related commands VERF 3 38 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS LS symbol Display symbols This command displays all currently defined symbols The wild card character may only be at the end of a symbol parameter value NOTE Different commands have different wild card operators For this command the wild card operator is the asterisk Usage LS Display all symbols LS one Display the value of symbol one LS PORT Display all symbols that start with the letters PORT Related commands DEFINE UNDEF M68PCBUG11 D 3 39 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA
70. record file via the LOADS command and if there are no breakpoints at the user SWI instructions Note that when PCbugll first starts it treats the MCU SWI vector as a user SWI vector If you use the BR command to set a breakpoint and you specify a macro in the macroname option that macro starts when code execution reaches the breakpoint If no such macro has been defined PCbug11 ignores this optional command entry If you use the BR command to display breakpoints and you specify the associated macro in the macroname option the macro name in parentheses follows the breakpoint in the display If the macro specified is not currently defined the macro name follows the breakpoint in the display but with a question mark indicator If no such macro is defined the indicator follows the breakpoint in the display Usage BR Display addresses of all user defined breakpoints BR SCOF1 C045 Set breakpoints at MCU addresses COF1 and C045 BR C023 DISPREG Set breakpoint at MCU address C023 execute macro DISPREG when execution reaches this breakpoint Related commands BL NOBR 3 12 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS CALL addr Execute the subroutine at addr This command directs the monitor to execute the MCU code at addr The MCU code must end with an RTS instruction The CALL command has the same effect as the MCU instruction JSR lt addr gt the CALL command does not affect the current state of th
71. ress may be a subset of the command entered the precise meaning of a failed operation message may not be straightforward Accordingly a supplementary message may appear just below the register window On a color screen a supplementary message is in yellow A supplemetary message has the form Last error lt command gt failed where lt command gt is the command the user entered If a failed operation error message persists make sure that e A 5 volt signal is supplied correctly to the printed circuit board e An 8 MHz crystal is installed in the circuit e The communications cable is wired correctly e The MCU is in bootstrap mode and is reset e The cable is connected to the COMI port of the computer or the guidance of paragraph 2 2 is followed if the cable is connected to the COM port Table B 1 lists the failed operation error messages B 2 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA PCBUG11 ERROR MESSAGES Table B 1 Failed Operation Error Messages Breakpoint lt address gt already exists Breakpoint table is full Can t find MAP file Can t load lt interrupt gt vector Error in register value Memory set error Registers unchanged Too many nested macros Warning mixed memory range command aborted M68PCBUG11 D A breakpoint already is enabled at the specified address PCbug11 ignores the attempt to install a new breakpoint A probable cause is trying to add a macro command to a breakpoint definition To do so
72. ro can be run saved stored and deleted just as any other macro The definition for such a null macro is DEFM macrol BEGIN END 4 2 2 Editing Macros There are two ways to edit a macro One way is to use the EDITM command which lets the user alter a macro from within PCbug11 The EDITM entry of Chapter 3 explains more about such editing The other way to edit a macro is to do so in a text file using any standard text editor This method lets the user include comments in the file Macros in text files may be regarded as source files for PCbug11 In fact PCbug11 uses an interpreter not a compiler to run macros but text files are easier to maintain than libraries created within PCbug11 Note that the DOS command lets the user work on macro text files without having to exit and restart PCbug11 M68PCBUG11 D 4 3 ADVANCED TOPICS AA MOTOROLA 4 2 3 Listing and Clearing Macros Macros are stored dynamically in the computer memory so they use only as much memory as they need Eventually the computer may run out of memory This is the case if PCbug11 no longer permits definitions or loading of macros To make room for new macros the user must delete some of the present ones from memory If such macros will be needed again the user should save them to a disk file via the SAVEM command There are two ways to delete macros Use the CLRM command to remove all macros at the same time Use the DELM command to delete a single macro Rem
73. rs MCU hardware reset with existing or new reset vector Restart PCbug11 with same or new option Modify MCU registers in window Set value of MCU regisiter Stop user code execution Save macro definitions in default or user file Shell to DOS or execute DOS command Trace user code Simple windowed terminal emulator Display disk file in main window Undefine a symbol Display version number Verify S record disk file against memory Verify that memory contains FF Verify that memory contains the value Wait for ms Send break on COM channel Toggle MCU memory write protect RTS line Try to re synchronize talker 3 5 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA 1 Commands that operate similarly to the same commands of Motorola M68C11 EVM systems 2 Commands that operate similarly to the same commands of Motorola CDS8 systems 3 Special key operations 3 6 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS ASM addr mneldir Call symbolic macro line assembler with option to auto insert mnemonic or directive This command provides single line assembly disassembly in the main window The assembler is a single pass version of ASMHC11 2 6 supporting the same mnemonics and directives Symbols can be defined within ASM via the standard Motorola syntax Alternatively symbols from an equate file may be loaded via the INCL operand At least one space must separate the gt prompt and the mnemonic otherwise PCbugl
74. ry addressing Usage MS 1000 SAA Assign value AA to address 1000 MS C000 1234 56 Assign values 12 34 and 56 to addresses C000 C001 and C002 MS 50 S55AA SFFOO Assign values 55 SAA FF and 00 to addresses 50 51 52 and 53 Related commands BF DB MD MM 3 44 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS MSG string seated message in main window This command displays the string parameter value on the screen Alternatively this command toggles the RTS line power supply or write protect control use the string value P for this alternative role Usage MSG Display a blank line in the main window MSG P Toggle the logic level on the RTS line MSG Hello World Display the message Hello World in the main window Related commands none M68PCBUG11 D 3 45 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA NOBR address Remove all or specified breakpoints This command removes the specified breakpoint from the internal breakpoint table If there is no address parameter value this command removes all breakpoints from the table and restores the SWI vector to its previous state This implies that if a user SWI vector previously has been installed via the LOADS command or was detected upon PCbug11 startup then user SWIs run in real time without intervention by PCbug11 Usage NOBR Remove all breakpoints and restore previous SWI vector NOBR E034 Remove breakpoint at address E034 Related command
75. s of byte or word between addr1 and addr2 FIND mnemonic addr1 addr2 Find all occurrences of mnemonic between addr1 and addr2 G addr 1 2 Start user code execution HELP commanq 1 2 Display help information KLE Kill last error message LOADM filename macroname Load macro definitions from default or user file LS symbol 2 Display symbols LSTM mname TRACE AUTOSTART Display macro names or definitions MD startaddr endaddr 1 Display MCU memory MM adar 1 Modify memory from addr MOVE addr1 addr2 addr3 Move MCU memory between addr1 and addr2 to addr3 LOADS filename loadaddr Load S record file into MCU memory MS addr byte word byte word Set MCU memory byte s or word s M68PCBUG11 D 3 3 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA MSG string Display message in main window 3 4 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA Table 3 2 PCbug11 Commands continued USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS NOBR address 1 PAUSE ms PRINT PROTECT startaddr endaddr QUIT Y RD T 1 2 RESET addr RESTART option RM 1 RS register value 2 SAVEM filename SHELL command 2 T addr 2 TERM X1 Y1 X2 Y2 TYPE filename UNDEF symbol 2 VER 2 VERF filename memaddr VERF ERASE addr1 addr2 VERF SET addr1 addr2 value WAIT ms 2 CTRL BIS CTRL P 3 CTRL R S M68PCBUG11 D Display clear or set write protected address range s Terminate PCbug11 session without confirming Display or trace MCU registe
76. sage appears Before replacing the program instruction with an SWI instruction PCbug11 records the program instruction This lets PCbug11 return the program to its original state when the breakpoint operation is complete 4 4 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA ADVANCED TOPICS 2 PCbugll must be able to alter the SWI interrupt vector Consequently this vector also must be in alterable memory The SWI interrupt vector points to an appropriate interrupt handling routine in the talker The SWI instruction forces the program being run to enter that specified interrupt handling routine Should either the program or the SWI interrupt vector not be in alterable memory the breakpoint function of PCbugl 1 cannot be used When the breakpoint function is available the sequence of events is 1 The user enters the BR command to set a breakpoint PCbug11 records the default SWI vector then replaces that vector with a value that points to a routine in the talker 2 The user enters the G or CALL command to run the program PCbug11 records the contents of each breakpoint location replaces the contents with an SWI instruction and runs the program 3 When the program reaches a breakpoint the talker routine that handles SWI interrupts notifies PCbugl1 of the interrupt PCbugll then replaces all breakpoint SWI instructions with original memory contents displays BREAK on the computer screen and runs any macro defined for the breakpoint reached 4 If t
77. t lt CTRL gt R RESTART QUIT This command tests communications between the user hardware and the computer If communications are operating correctly the response Communications synchronized appears in the main window Otherwise the response Communications fault appears in the main window This command reloads the communications program and starts afresh so it is appropriate any time there is an indication of a communications fault Be sure to reset the MCU before typing in RESTART Note however that this command may lead to the loss of any program in processor RAM This command terminates a PCbug11 session After you type in QUIT a message requests confirmation that you really do want to end the session Respond affirmatively and the session ends This command displays register contents letting you read the values Should rows of the character X appear instead of values an error message identifies the problem M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA GENERAL INFORMATION MD start_address end_address This command displays contents of memory from the start address through the end address If you do not enter the optional end address PCbug11 displays the contents of the 16 memory locations beginning with the start address Memory contents appear in the main window If the address values consist only of digits the monitor considers them decimal numbers To specify binary or hexadecimal addresses start them with the or c
78. the user can change this by adding port 2 to the command line as in PCBUG11 XA port 2 PCbug11 sets up PPROG and EPROG values to the same address if the part operates that way Note that the code presumes that the bit positions of these registers are those of the 711E9 MCU Usage CONTROL HARDWARE Access serial COM port directly through hardware CONTROL BIOS Access serial COM port through BIOS calls CONTROL RTS Control RTS directly CONTROL PROTECT Use RTS to provide memory write protection CONTROL TIMEOUT value Specify value of serial COM timeout during input CONTROL COM1 Use COM1 port CONTROL COM2 Use COM2 port CONTROL ERRMSG 0 Disable display of memory error messages CONTROL ERRMSG 1 Enable display of memory error messages CONTROL LAST Toggle the last error message window on or off CONTROL PPROG address Change the EEPROM register address CONTROL EPROG address Change the EPROM register address A special use of the CONTROL command is the BASE option which lets you change the PCbug11 default number base At startup the PCbug11 default number base is 10 To change the default base or return to base 10 follow these examples CONTROL BASE HEX Change default base to 16 CONTROL BASE DEC Change default base back to 10 CONTROL BASE BIN Change default base to 2 Related commands DEFM LOADM SAVEM for details of macro libraries 3 16 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTORO
79. the user s own MCU code Usage PROTECT Displays all write protected memory address ranges PROTECT 0 Clears all write protected memory address ranges PROTECT 102B Prevents PCbug11 from writing to the BAUD register PROTECT SFFCO SFFFF Prevents PCbugll from changing any MCU vectors Related commands none M68PCBUG11 D 3 49 USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS AA MOTOROLA QUIT Y Terminate PCbug11 session without confirming This command terminates the PCbugl1 session If this command includes the Y parameter termination happens at once If this command does not include the Y parameter a prompt asks for user confirmation before terminating the session Note that termination of the PCbug11 session does not check that breakpoints are cleared or that macros are saved Usage QUIT Terminates PCbug11 session after user confirmation QUIT Y Terminates PCbugl 1 session immediately Related commands none 3 50 M68PCBUG11 D AA MOTOROLA USING PCBUG11 COMMANDS RD T Display or trace MCU regisiters If this command does not include the T parameter it displays in the register window the current value of the MCU registers If this command does include the T parameter register values appear in the main window so the user can see a continuous register trace The user may execute this command while the MCU executes user code Careful use of both forms of this command let the user freeze the MCU state at a particular point via
80. time command structure and common pitfalls to avoid 2 2 PCBUG11 RUNTIME COMMAND STRUCTURE To use PCbug11 enter the runtime command at the DOS prompt The syntax for this command is PCBUG11 I X talker talker macro macroname params baud baudrate port 112 Table 2 1 is the key to runtime command symbols and parameters 2 2 1 The lt baudrate gt Parameter If your circuit uses an 8 MHz crystal the standard for PCbugl1 do not use the lt baudrate gt parameter in the runtime command In this case the PC communications rate is 9600 baud and the download rate for a lt name gt talker is 7812 baud For a circuit that uses an alternative crystal the lt baudrate gt parameter is required e For a lt boottype gt talker the lt baudrate gt value is the download rate for the talker This value must be to 7812 as the frequency in MHz of your crystal is to 8 That is crystal used MHz 8 7812 lt baudrate gt e For a lt ROMtype gt talker the lt baudrate gt value is the communications rate for the PC and MCU This value must be to 9600 as the frequency in MHz of your crystal is to 8 That is crystal used MHz ES 8 9600 lt baudrate gt M68PCBUG11 D 2 1 USING PCBUG11 SOFTWARE AA MOTOROLA 2 2 Table 2 1 Runtime Command Parameter Key Symbol or Parameter Explanation or Role Enclose optional parameters The query option Enter this option to see a short form of the runtim
81. ug11 carries out the deletion Terminating PCbug11 eliminates the macro library However you may store the macro library on a disk before terminating PCbug11 for reloading the next time you activate PCbug11 Macros are stored on disk in a special format PCbugl1 generates this format automatically for macros defined in PCbug11 You may edit stored macros via a standard text editor provided you retain the special format Reloading a stored macro library adds all macros of that file to the current macro library 4 2 1 Defining Macros There are two ways to define macros One way is to define the macro within PCbug11 type DEFM followed by the name of the new macro PCbug11 then accepts command lines from the user placing these lines in the macro library under the macro name This is the quickest and easiest way to define macros Another way to define macros is to write definitions in text files in a standard format The DEFM command explanation in Chapter 3 shows this format The first line of such a macro must contain DEFM followed by the macro name The second line is the one word BEGIN Any number of subsequent lines each containing a command and possible parameters follow the BEGIN line The last line of the macro is the one word END Any line of the macro may include a comment enclosed in braces PCbug11 ignores comments For example this is the definition of a macro named RUNIT DEFM RUNIT Macro definition BEGIN

M68HC11 PCbug11 USER'S MANUAL

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