Home

C/51 V1.20.04 User's Manual ANSI C development

Contents

1. Some parameters are also available as pragma s pragma option gX Set debug level X 1 or 2 pragma option a Suppress strict warnings fpragma option a Enable strict warnings pragma option w Suppress all warnings pragma option w Enable all warnings pragma cpu51 b0 Use only register bank 0 pragma cpu51 b0 Use register bank O and 1 pragma cpu51 noline Don t emit line directives fpragma cpu51 noline Emit line directives fpragma cpu51 nograph Don t emit call graph information fpragma cpu51 nograph Emit call graph information pragma cpu51 large Switch to large memory model pragma cpu51 small Switch to small memory model pragma cpu51 labeldist X Set new label distance for short jumps pragma cpu51 labeldist Restore default label distance The label distance is a number currently set to 50 as default Because un C 51 has no internal assembler it does not know if a short jump could be used as an optimisation Therefore it uses a guess Most instructions are less than 2 bytes long so a label distance of 50 would allow short jumps within a distance of 50 assembler lines or 100 bytes which should be safe However increasing this value could improve code size If the assembler requires to decrease it please let us know UmShell amp Umake As introduced beforee these two helpers will build your software by using a recipe also named makefile
2. file of your uC 51 installation After that program KEYSI EXE should find a valid license if started again Your privacy is not touched The Key2 contains only hardware specific information with a strong redundancy you may change quite a lot of system components before the license file won t be recognised as valid any more If you request more than two license files you can only order them manually by e mail to serviceQwickenhaeuser de and we might ask you for the reason We have ensured by independent trustees that uC 51 can be always distributed maintained and licensed no matter what will happen WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Updates Installing new versions Keeping a license We publish new version with small changes on our website at irregular intervals You may download the latest version at any time To install the new version you should uninstall the current version Uninstalling will only remove files that have been installed by the version to be uninstalled This means the uninstaller will leave all of your personal files But if you have made changes in any of the supplied demos include files or similar then make a copy of your files or they will be lost without notification That is why we strongly recommend to use own filenames for your own files After uninstalling the new version should be installed to the same path as the previous version and a
3. help text 22 Valve open usage help text 25 Temperature low another usage help text 17 C Copyright 2003 macro safe Save register mov R0 Q1 Start mov R1 2 len s0 mov A QRO not an argument instead a mnemonic inc RO next addr push ACC djnz R1 s0 s0 treated as ID_s0 ID 1 2 endmacro 43 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual sichern _temp 17 17 bytes safe from sichern _temp 10 10 Bytes safe from temp The label s0 in the both expansions is different Generated symbols On demand if imported with import the assembler and the linker will generate additional symbols containing infos about segments The system let s be the segment s name so these additional labels are available a double _ at the beginning and end _ _org segment s start real address s_size__ segment s real size in bytes bits for sclass bit bs maxsize __ maximum segment s size if supplied 96s load address of the initialisation data in the code space if supplied TU S Additionally for each sclass for s sclass can be text bit dram iram xram os Org _ bs size Last not least Stack org the first unused byte in the internal RAM is used for the stack It will grow upwards bin size this is the complete size of the binary including all code and initialisation data Technical description of the
4. last name is declared as code The compiler knows that it might only be read later So it is safe to locate it in code the Code space some other compilers offer memory models that blindly pack everything in the external RAM only that they can later use single 16 Bit pointers what we think is an incredible waste of RAM see above Same is for the String King Kong It is definitely a constant string so it will be placed in the code Code space too The no is local there is no choice for placement in the small model it will become a near in the large model it will become a xdata It is not top level too So pc and pd might point to anything in the 8051 s code space Because they are pointers and not bound to real data they are not top level This means the compiler can not automati cally determine the type of memory they are pointing to That is why they become generic pointers with a size of 32 Bit By calling the function say hi uC 51 automatically extends a given pointer to a generic one if needed You might recognise that there is a 8 Bit overhead in the generic pointers Well you re right but we thought that this extra byte does not hurt more than it might be worth With such a 32 Bit generic pointer you can access 256 different types of memory each with a linear size of up to 16 MB We think this is almost flat too On some of our boards we already use this extra byte i e the FlexGate which h
5. if in bit ib 1 ob 1 return ib C51 COMPILER V6 21 BANG ASSEMBLY LISTING OF GENERATED OBJECT CODE FUNCTION _bang BEGIN Variable ib assigned to Register R6 Variable ob assigned to Register R7 Variable i assigned to Register R2 R3 0000 E4 CLR A 0001 FB MOV R3 A 0002 FA MOV R2 A 0003 2C0001 0003 EF MOV A R7 0004 33 RLC A 0005 9200 R MOV out_bit C 0007 EE MOV A R6 0008 25E0 ADD A ACC 000A FE MOV R6 A 33 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual 000B 300003 000E 430601 0011 0011 EF 0012 25E0 0014 FF 0015 OB 0016 BB0001 0019 0A 001A 001A EB 001B 6408 001D 4A 001E 70E3 0020 0020 AF06 0022 0022 22 char co 8007 ad co 8009 7b co 800b ed co 800c 33 co 800d 92 co 800f e9 co 8010 29 co 8011 f9 co 8012 30 co 8015 43 co 8018 ed co 8019 2d co 801a fd co 801b db co 801d af co BO0lf 22 C0004 C0009 C0002 C0005 NB in bit C0004 RL AR6 401H OV A R7 DD A ACC OV R7 A NC R3 JNE R3 00H C0009 NC R2 OV A R3 RL A 08H RL A R2 NZ C0001 OV R7 AR6 ET FUNCTION bang END And this is the result of uC 51 V1 10 we need only 25 bytes 5 07 08 86 87 03 01 01 ee 01 gt fdefine _P1_B6 0x86 gt define P1 B7 0x87 gt bit unsigned char out bit P1 B6 gt bit unsigned char in bit P1 B7 gt se
6. UmShell is the graphical user interface but Umake will do all the work 33 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual The most important Flags in Make files The flags in the Make file are nothing more than variables able to hold a string value As there are CSIFLAGS Flags for the compiler default is empty My be used for telling the compiler something like a definition C51FLAGS dTEST dABC 3 is the same as if define TEST and define ABC 3 inside the source code ASIFLAGS Flags for the assembler predefined as d g d expand the macro line for each sourceline needed for single step g include sourcecode info in the listing LSIFLAGS Flags for the linker predefined to r 8000 F000 this will link all programs to 8000 with xdata starting at F000 MODEL The memory model default is small set to large if required SIOTYPE The used library for the serial i o Default is d for using the interrupt driven one In some cases a polled version might fit better the polled version gets all possible values 0 255 and is smaller in size but the interrupt driven version allows source code debugging Set to p to use the polled version PFLAGS If set to PFLAGS FULL PRINTF the full featured printf formatter ist used This might be interesting if format strings are dynamically generated during execution By default the value is SMART PRINTF which allow
7. WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Note for UART output each newline n is replaced by the sequence r n This is required for most terminal programs but our FLASHMON and SLD51 are inherent to this This is done directly by the character handlers of the serial I O see LIB LIB_ASS SERIOD S51 and LIB LIB_ASS SERIOP S51 So for the formatter each n counts only as one Remark There is no need of explicitly casting 8 bit sized values to 16 bit values This is automatically done by uC 51 as the ANSI standard requires The need of an explicit cast like other 8051 compilers need it is not according to the standard A word about strings in general Besides the alphanumeric and other printable characters you can designate hexadecimal and octal escape sequences in uC 51 These escape sequences are interpreted as ASCII characters allowing you to use characters outside the printable range ASCII decimal 20 126 The format of a hexadecimal escape sequence is x lt hexnum gt where lt hexnum gt is up to 2 hexadecimal digits 0 F For example the string R3 can be written as x5233 or x52 x33 Octals are a backslash followed by up to three octal digits ooo For example R3 in octal could be written 1223 or 11221063 Mixing C and Assembler Mixing C and Assembler is very easy in uC 51 The compiler itself was designed for easy assembler usage Up to 8 bytes of arguments are passed
8. not precisely for a MSC121x with 1 8432 MHz it is about 3720 If not defined CPU NSEC is set to its default value of 1000 V1 10 10 This version is mainly a service release and should be the last before the V1 20 with a new GUI will be released which is currently already under construction Because some of our projects have become larger than expected the V1 20 GUI and V1 30 Flash SLD51 have been delayed Sorry we will publish them A S A P Fixed an unsevere error in the call graph algorithm Support for C515C improved OS515 updated for C515C with 57600 Bd Now the demo MINI535 C can be used with this Baudrate with some limitations see sourcecodes Some users have complained about the unused register banks O and 1 There is always the possibility to use the directive to place variables manually there but one user asked for a more automatic solution This is our tip Enlarge DRAM if no bits variables are used fasm segment nearbss org 10 sclass dram fendasm If this directive is places anywhere in one sourcecode the linker will find it and not use the default address at 20 But this is only allowed if no bit variables are used The NVOLA demo has been added for the MSC121x Family This demo shows how to use the MSC s internal Flash for storing code and data To use this feature a new option has been added to the BIN2HEX converter s This option compresses HEX files by omitting sections with FF bytes becau
9. to start a 60 msec interrupt delaying the watchdog to 16 sec Another idea is to jump directly to _main if no initialisation of the external memory must be done The binary safe _bin_safe With this function a program can check it s integrity We have provided this function to lock binary files against modifications An example one of our customers distributes his binary updates for his machines by e mail the users can upload the update by themselves So there might be a chance that the one or other user tries to make changes in the binaries like text messages or something else But the software might still work bin safe will detect such changes with a very high reliability Because it does not compute a simple checksum over itself it uses a 16 bit CRC instead which is quite hard to bypass bin safe will return 0 if no changes are found Decide for yourself what to do in the other case Include the header file bin safe h to declare the function Due to the algorithm the speed is not very fast on a 12MHz 8051 about 8kB per sec can be examined Remark If one of our competitors has such a function too please let us know Efficient coding Keep in mind that the 8051 is a 8 Bit CPU whereas most books about C assume a 32 Bit bolt Unsigned operations usually are significantly faster than signed on the 8051 And the native data type for an 8051 is not int as for 16 Bit and 32 Bit CPUs but unsi
10. trial approved iterations If you need a special mathematical function let us know Constants M PI 2 1 570796326794895 ANSI M PI 3 14159265358979 ANSI M TWO PI 6 28318530717958 Constant NOT ANSI Functions all according to the ANSI standard float atof far char pc convert a string to float float sqrt float f square root float sin float x sin function in radiants standard Float cos float x cos Float log float x natura ogarithm float log10 float x decima ogarithm float exp float x exponential function float pow float x power function 8051 specific irq52 h To bind an interrupt to an interrupt function irq52 h defines a macro name is the name of the function loc is either the address of the interrupts or its name like INTO SERIAL IRQ VECTOR name loc 47 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual reg51 h reg52 h reg535 h reg552 h 89C51RD2 h ATMEL Header files for the most common CPUs other CPUs will follow The header files for very specific CPUs like the both mixed signal parts are located in the directory above their demos Assembler definitions with extension def are available too sys51 h This include file is holding general 8051 system specific things not covered by the included files above Currently there are only 2 entries an intrinsic nop and a definitio
11. A usel l Nederland eNOS 48 Absolute addresses versasrte atari 49 Menus Em 49 Assembly language tata eee oed lides 49 Gonstant Strings ss lr A SA Eee duni AE RR e R 49 Appendix B Distributors 49 Appendix C Revision history s 50 NAO S o EU RR UR atk ER WI OP EAE SES gationis Eb uU es 50 MIO VIO atre dr eR SE p OU Oeo andes eo e E POR d 50 WAS O A A hee Rae eee eae a 50 VETOA dads ste Nd A Ge C D URP RTL 50 VETOS A A OEN 50 WL DOG CPC cS aa PRCA S pho ae oH CET 50 NETUS s cid sob eset adopt grand ean dae OD nine Base qud aes dea e teary edicit arated 50 QNID PEE pr P MX P P HR 50 VITO cocer Sadi E o Ede Ea de ed 50 RAIDER 51 AS RO 32 MIA a OO RON RE bib oe ACIE ERRARE tee es 52 NAAA ds eo Su a Sach nd Gai Oo APE at inedito det a gy 32 NIAO AS V L 10 omitted IA TOC ne cH Re RU A 52 V1 20 20 V1 10 16 19 omitted ari co a Per Ee ii 52 Ero Me a O N NT 52 NPTOU UG he a ade aeo A o a aa A 52 Ms a RR E E EHE EES 53 AEO P A E WENN URN 53 Appendix D A demo of pC 51 s optimiser 53 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual HC 51 V1 20 04 User s Manual Preface Thank you for deciding to use uC 51 a complete ANSI C language development system for the whole 8051 family of microcontrollers This is the documentation is for the first official release now in Rev V1 20 Although this is a version V1 xx using uC 51 bears no risk of jum
12. RAM to download the software The new Flash SLD51 will use this feature too but currently don t check it A listing will include the C Source if the Checkbox is checked and Compiler Debug Level is not set to No debug info The Assembler can have special additional arguments too pass them in the last Line 16 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual The Linker Tab The first parameters give the starting address for Code and external RAM For download to RAM both sections share the same physical RAM so 8000 with F000 will reserve 4096 Bytes of RAM and 28672 Bytes for the code Currently three serial I O Libraries exist Sourcecode in LIB LIB_ASS Ser_ioD This Library was designed for boards with code download into RAM by OS535 like Flexgate MINI535 MIDI RS232 It can call the OS535 from within the Interrupt If this options is used on on of the decribed boards it can completely be managed remotely over RS232 like resetting the board downloading and starting new software This library uses an interrupt and one byte for a temporary variable the D stands for Debugger Ser ioP This is a compatible but smaller version which does not support calls to OS535 Neither an interrupt nor any additional temporaries are used P stands for Polling Both Ser ioD and ser ioP require that the RI TI Bit in the SCON register are always clear About the initialisation of the U
13. So a 38 o AA Tha a Ae E hee pe Ida 40 IbVtes E E A XE E aded d de edi 40 O ues ted eus PI pute uade es ia og b E que 40 gb E Sans td UD DA CC C A RC e OL LN 40 Ipo A ro 40 EXPOLIO AS DIA a a EN 40 File ROT P T 41 line and a word about source level debugging o oooooommcocmmm m o 41 macro endimaerg a se d aeuo AA dor ee a lere a rd feta o 42 Iff A A trace Seen e e opea od SUL afe Sors ta a s eed 42 dde THURIS A cuan Lt Qu aer rbi a Es aM dr eR 42 deL SHOW ii A be Ada 42 de B sdesw v a def AAA ones Ree a od arate ear a add 43 AOS sd e SIS T A itera os aot RE ROCCO Ed SIE ROS Ue a EB o Ron o uta Rs 43 WACIOS MP arse KERN 43 Generated symbols artis CE EE WE Ee RR De NR Rad 44 Technical description of the related tools 44 The HDrarieS cia aaa ia 45 Stand arabes y oot DU Se OON eft Ie rente Pbi ipei 45 ca Ep E 45 o sect ny dite Ea ehe Suse te ipe editur tbe Res UL Dus eee us tcd 46 CLY ped eee oth e REUS tal dr Bei ides 47 Stdare IT Funds Esquema Mee Bade Ri ee teehee SIG e Jute aw bn 47 E Ho Stet culpa igual bea A eR de desfile 47 mAN 3 shat he Se a ans Ee USED ma v PEST ET La ERA 47 A eA Parte O er aad Pte eth orl O 47 Io Dr uo EA AE ARES 47 reg51 h reg52 h reg535 h reg552 h 89C51RD2 h ATMEL 48 SYVSOI A II Newari wah alate Erat 48 KAI Sper Oat e o CR ta Pa en a ae 48 Appendix A Migrating from other compilers 48 Memory usage memory models 0 cece cee ences 48
14. Tab 4 e EUR bc IEEE DIE Rea He MISE Tab estos eoim ran Cre qc meo or tus PE pede rane Lied cisci e drop Workspaces and Save 3 cet d E RR KERN SERIE S EN TCR qu RR The DEBATE edo o se Ee td DL BAT for downloading to FlexGate MINI535 or compatible boards DL BAT for downloading to the MSC121x using the original TI downloader DL BAT for downloading via ATMEL Flip batch version More about C the ANSI compatibility of uC 51 More Hemos dee ls s pedum per EE eo Lima Deca dta tu Ren Basic data of nC 51 BHO TODO oett eoe dt EE dee eS e eon d ds Datatypes serra ls de Rak are Pia qoibos e Sox ES ae ethane ogre eas unk ee E Integral types samot A O als ee Floating point precision 2 5 leni brad he bess POISE types ata eee Ree ota EAS hee eee etra Memory models scott Oca Role a Duke ene Diem e e orescence BI Rn cese 8051 memory modifiers sara AAA Understanding memory modifiers memory spaces and segmentation Last words about constant strings o cecus Patan eee toad OE ee eho Memory modifiers in typedefs ai A a eR iR Regist r A A aod dob QE RE rae IDtGrTUpls IO soe aca e ccr ERE e A EA Dealing with call graphs 355 per puce Deo m eda A is Using the pipi formatter Ad PRESS A word about strings in general 2 22 05 o oo ge eee REY a Mixing C amd Assembler cec erar bo E ate me C m Dee ed How to use assemblea o ti EDAM A O A a tA pida A very s
15. assembler s technical reference Of course the differences concern only assembler directives and number representation the mnemonics are full compatible to the standard A few short hints for using the Assembler 51 continuous blocks of code should be placed in segments each segment starts with a segment NAME OPTIONS directive Segments of the same name will be joint by the linker The OPTIONS may be sclass SCLASS org ORG size SIZE notext SCLASS is dram iram xram without SCLASS the segment is code ORG sets the segment to an absolute position the linker may add an additional offset due to it s rCODE XRAM parameter With SIZE the size of the segment will be fixed notext is only of use for data segments If notext is not set a mirror segment with initialisation data is added in the code segment this mechanism is used by the startup routine to initialise the data segments The labels of a segments can by exported with export or importet with import A more detailed description for the assembler is in a later chapter A very special case for mixing C and Assembler with fixed symbols using 2 While working with uC 51 we discovered a counterintuitive problem while mixing assembler and C in conjunction with fixed variables The background was for a monitor we needed some fixed variables located in the unused register bank 3 The driver contains C and assembler The problem is that the com
16. code memory access by a 16 Bit pointer near datais in the internal RAM locations 0 127 access by an 8 Bit pointer inear data is in the internal RAM locations 0 255 access by an 8 Bit pointer Using inear is less effective than near because access is always done by an indirection It is well suited i e for global arrays in the internal RAM The advantage for inear is that it might be located in the upper half of the internal RAM whereas near and all local variables in the small memory model must be located in the lower half If the internal space is low on the controller consider the use of inear far or generic a far modified pointer may point to everything Currently far pointer are only virtual pointers You can not declare a variable as far this will be possible in future version In some cases the far keyword may be left out such pointers are called generic pointers the same is for local data types because there is no explicit modifier Understanding memory modifiers memory spaces and segmentation On common PCs there is no need for memory modifiers because all data can be accessed over a single usually 32 Bit pointer type the memory is flat A few years ago in the days of the good old 16 Bit PCs modifiers were quite common Even in some header files they still live on although without any effect For uC 51 we implemented modifiers as an option for the wise If you do not want to deal with
17. format string in an earlier chapter int printf far char pfmt print using putc int sprintf far char dest far char pfmt print to a string int puts far char ps result is always 1 ANSI The following two functions implement a pseudo random number generator based on a linear congruent algorithm The sequence will always be the same depending on seed A 4 Byte global variable will be used to keep the last result sourcecode in LIB LIB_C RAND C unsigned int rand void pseudo random number between 0 65535 Two new non ANSI standard functions have been added unsigned int rand8 void pseudo random number between 0 255 unsigned int randl void pseudo random decision between 0 1 void srand unsigned long seed set starting value for the sequence Remark in embedded design often the standard rand is too slow For this we have added the rand8 and rand1 function The timing on a standard 8051 is abt rand 500 cycles rand8 250 cycles rand1 35 cycles So rand1 is fast enough even for a audio noise generator Conversion functions for strings to integer or long values int atoi far char pc long int atol far char pc The following functions are non standard but often quite useful putsl is like puts except it does not add the new line char at the end The inputse can be used to retrieve a 45 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005
18. in both models anywhere By default 1f nothing else is specified they will be placed in the external RAM or in the code area if it is a constant But if using the memory modifies xdata code near inear and bit each variable can separately been placed anywhere you like Of course generic pointers can address the whole 256 16 MB address space in both models The names small and large denote only the size of the available memory for the local variables Nothing else 21 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual By default the compilers chooses the small model To use the large model the flag CSIFLAGS must be set to C51FLAGS large in UmShell Please note for uC 51 the memory model has no affect on where global variables are located unlike as in other compilers We suggest that you should use a typedef or a define to modify the memory type of global data depending on the memory model 8051 memory modifiers To distinguish between the different types of memory on the 8051 uC 51 defines some new keywords modifiers bit as unsigned char bit this data type uses only 1 bit Ideal for global flags The 8051 allows up to 128 bits for data 128 bits are reserved for Special Function Bits SFB Many of them have commonly used names like RI xdata data with this modifier is located in the external ram access to it needs a 16 Bit pointer code data is in the
19. not allowed to have variable argument lists The execution speed of reentrant functions is somewhat slower than non reentrant ones if there are local arguments to be saved because all reentrant functions share one memory space for local variables and passed non register arguments Indirect functions Indirect functions may be used in the common manner there is only one limitation indirect functions are limited to 6 Bytes for arguments All indirect functions will become a root of a call graph so the linker will not share memory for local variables between them Variadic functions Functions with variable argument lists are common C standard like printf Variadic functions must have a prototye There is one special exception for arguments variadic arguments are always promoted to integrals You need to consider this to access them later Integral promotion The ANSI standard defines the integral promotion It says that all calculations smaller than int are extended to int size and float to double On a 8 Bit microcontroller this will produce a huge overhead of code You can enable the integral promotion for uC 51 too by default it is disabled uC 51 uses a smart promotion scheme it will only extend the size of a result if it is required For functions integral promotion is omitted if a prototype for the function is given 30 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manua
20. related tools This chapter will work out some of the deeper details of the related tools It will follow in an later version of this documentation Bin2Hex Binary BIN to HEX converter This tool allows automatic conversion of BIN files into HEX files There is an interesting option s which will reduce the the HEX file s size by omitting FF bytes This feature is intended to be used for Flash downloads like the MSC121x family see remark at the comments for the V1 10 10 release A macro has been added for makefiles B2HFLAGS It may be setz to s Umake Make tool driven by UmShell Hdump Hex Dump Tool command line driven LibMan Library manager command line driven 44 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual The libraries Currently only the most important library functions have been added But the list is continu ously growing standard libraries stdio h This is one of the most important header files All functions work as the standard proposes The following two defines simplify the use of the 8051 s native data type and are quite common typedef unsigned int uint typedef unsigned char uchar void putc uchar reentrant reentrant because called indirect uchar getc void uchar kbhit void void putchar uchar reentrant same as putc and getc uchar getchar void printf and sprintf return the no of characters printed ANSI read more about the
21. stands for COM1 and T with B9600 will open a terminal with 9600 Bd after download If you want to change the MAKE Options do this in the MakeWiz If you don t want to write a new Workspace uncheck the Checkbox A closer discussion of MakeWiz s options and the DL BAT downloader batch file can be found in the next Chapter Nevertheless we recommend reading the following section about the older V1 10 version This is because MakeWiz is still based on the same system simply hiding the MA KE files from the user by it s GUI Quick start a micro tutorial The old V1 10 version This chapter will work out two different ways to start developing with uC 51 1 You might have a single chip controller a complete single chip controller board or a series production board which may require HEX or BIN files which include all neces sary system initialisation and are linked to start at the address 0000 2 You have some kind of development hardware available where software can be donwloaded and executed in an external RAM like our FLEXGATE MINI535 or compatible where the program must be linked to a special start address like for the two above where the start address for for downlodable programs must be 8000 For downloading a special monitor software is required we have supplied our monitor OS515 On these boards some initialisation may be omitted like the UART because this is already done by the monitor So you don t
22. the compiler to tailor the formatter to the minimum size The default definitions for the macros above are found in BIN BUILTINS MAK If you want to get help about additional parameters you can start the program Assembler Compiler Linker from command line with the parameter One of the most important items is A5IFLAGS d Usually the compiler writes a defini tion for the macro line at the beginning of each translated file Currently this macro does nothing else than make a call to location 0006 where the debugger is expected The assem bler then will expand this macro for each C source line in its output so you can single step through your program But if the software development is finished you should disable this feature because for each line 3 bytes are spend if you forget it this is not crucial because there is a default handler so your software won t crash The format of the numbers in the L51FLAGS can be either Ox decimal or for base 16 Make files simple This is a minimum description for make files The idea behind make is to have an recipe of how something is made from something else if the result is older than the sources in other words Make will only do what is really necessary Make is based on rules depending on file 34 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual name extensions You may find the default rules in BINBUILTINS MAK We have su
23. which points normally to wC 51 s include directory whereas FILE uses the directory relative to the current directory Included files may include further files bytes This directive will include a pure binary file i e a data table only the format ibytes FNAME is allowed error An optional text might follow this directive An error will be displayed and assembling is stopped Like if VERSION 1 error Only version 1 alloweed endif end Assembly is stopped All following text is ignored even if end is in an included file import Usage import SYMBOL FURTHER SYMBOLS To use a symbol defined in another sourcecode it must be imported otherwise the assembler would give an error This is done by import export Usage export SYMBOL FURTHER SYMBOLS y Exporting a symbol allows its global use If a symbol has import and export in the same sourcecode an export is assumed This is useful for libraries There is also the possibility to export assignments in uC 51 i e used for the startup first function This might be useful 40 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual 1 e for libraries Le If the PC library would import the SDA and SCL pins and not define them by itself the user could write the following export SDA SCL SDA P1 7 SCL P1 6 This would set SDA and SCL only for this project to P1 6 7 Other pins could be use
24. 1 V1 xx we have implemented for customers and as a test suite many reference applications One was a data logger controlling a RS485 network of remote sensor nodes The logger has a built in a cellular GSM modem 2MB Flash memory for program and data only 256 Bytes of internal RAM and a Real Time Clock For minimum power the modem is hooked to the cellular net only for short times If required the logger can send and receive calls and SMS The complete software required only about 15 kB of code and about 60 Bytes of the internal RAM No external memory is needed TCP IP Stack and Internet connecticity Since V1 20 the uC 51 offers integral support for Internet based applications WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Accessing the Internet requires a TCP IP stack For uC 51 this is no problem there is no need to spend a lot of money for a 3 rd Party software package that still requires a lot of time until it works uC 51 V1 20 comes with full integral TCP IP and Webserver support The TCP IP Stack was primarily designed for our FlexGate modules match box sized and with a built in 10 or 10 100 MB Ethernet you may find more information about the FlexGate family under WWW FLEXGATE COM and in the directories SRCWED2V and SRC FLEXGATE of the uC 51 installation The idea for the FlexGates was to have modules with a well known infrastructure on the one side and a true Web S
25. 20 User s Manual Results are passed in R7 R6 R7 H L or R4 R7 HH LL The assembler function may change all registers and may use bank 1 for temporaries 1f it 1s sure that the callers above have enabled bank 1 access which is the default If you pass more arguments to a function they will be stored in local memory for assembler usage this is not recommended it requires access to the call graph in this case it is better to pass a pointer to the assembler function How to use assembler There are two ways to write software in assembler The first put all assembler functions in one source file extension s51 a shown in some demos The second embed a block of assembler instructions in an asm endasm block of a C file This has the advantage that the C Preprocessor may be used too like in SRCARS232_21R5232_C2 C If there is only one line of assembler you can use the asmline directive The instruction follow immediately asmline nop or in the next line asmline nop It is possible to include assembler in a C function but this is not recom mended because it may disturb the optimiser which sometimes completely reorders the instructions of a function A good starting point is write a skeleton of your functions in C and use the compiler s output Our assembler syntax is slightly different from the standard we think that our syntax is better readable for information read the chapter about the
26. ART for these modes see SSRCIHELLOWMIELLO C Set up UART 9600 Bd for a generic 8051 8 11 0592 MHz PCON 128 Baudrate double SCON 124 8 Bit UART PC compatible TH1 250 Divisor 6 57600 6 9600 Bd TMOD 32 use timer 1 as baudrate generator TCON 64 ES 1 Enable Serial IRQ only if required and for Ser ioD EA 1 Enable general IRQs only if required and for Ser ioD The last version Ser ioK is a another polled Version But this version requires explicitly that the serial interrupt is not enabled because the TI Flag must always be set The advantage against the previous versions is that the CPU must not wait until a character is transmitted This is the initialisation from SRC SINGLECH SG_HELLO C Set up UART 9600 Bd for a generic 8051 11 0592 MHz PCON 1285 Baudrate double SCON 126 8 Bit UART PC compatible TI FLAG set TH1 250 Divisor 6 57600 6 9600 Bd TMOD 32 use timer 1 as baudrate generator TCON 64 dto Of course you can write your own Serial IO driver as stated below Simply choose the same function names and your functions will be used and all libraries will be ignored Additional linker arguments can be specified as used The last entry allows additional OBJ Files and additional Libraries Add additinal OBJ Files simply by their names libraries must have a leading l An example can be found in MRCWLCD2N CD2 D2C MAK whe
27. ICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Last words about constant strings Mostly the usage of memory modifiers is quite easy Constructing difficult types like initial ised pointers pointing to objects in different memory types is not very common in microcon troller programming But very often constant strings are used In uC 51 a constant string should be defined as follows const char pc HELLO string located in code ANSI portable code char pc HELLO string located in code 8051 recommended We recommend to use the first version because it is more portable The result is the same for both Note Other 8051 compilers mainly the market leaders allow constant strings as code char pc Oops some other compilers Attention Although this might be what the user wanted this is logically not correct because pc is treated as an array and not as a pointer It becomes obvious if the user really wants to use an initialised pointer Then the definitions raises an error on these other compilers like code char xdata pc 00ps Won t work some other compilers Memory modifiers in typedefs This is not recommended There is no situation where a memory modifier can not be put outside a typedef Register usage On the 8051 we have 4 register banks By default uC 51 uses the lower two banks 0 and 1 If not desired as it might be for interrupt functions the c
28. MISCISOFT_RTC C An interrupt is used to generate a precise timing 1 6 Same as above Te Now the terminal program should display the count down Press a key to see what happens If you have connected a LED to pin P3 5 and VCC over a 5k resistor you will see it blinking 8 Pressing a key will restart the counter MENUE MENUE2 demo a good starting point for own applications These two projects implement a small menue system Because of the usage of floating point and math libraries the code seems quite large compared to the program size but feel free to compare ist to Kxxx and Rxxxxxxxxx Usage is the same as above The MENUE2 adds as an additional feature a timeout to the input function A8988252 demo accessing the internal EZPROM This demo requires the very popular AT89S8252 Because of it s internal 2kB E2PROM it can save parameters and user data This demo shows also the use of assembly language in C functions Notes about the MAKEFILES The linker must start the program from 0000 This is not the default so it must be set with L51FLAGS r0 FLASHMON is nothing else than a simple terminal with some additional features 12 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual r0 0 would be correct too but since here no external RAM is availabe it is not necessary By default the compiler assembler will insert breakpoints after each C line If there is no debugger this will onl
29. The dc f inserts a number in the IEEE32 32 bit floating point format Some example dc b Hello World 13 10 0 Text CR lt LF gt 0 dc w init 0000 AB AB is 41 42 same as dc b A B dc w test Sppose test 8023 would be same as dc b 80 23 lt del rnit ABCD 4 byte constant olde 314159 2 718282 two floating points ds b ds w ds 1 ds f Usage ds X NUMBER The ds X directives do nothing than simple reserve the number of bytes words longs or floats NUMBER must be a constant value or expression For the reserved space bytes of the vale 255 are written NUMBER might be zero In this case nothing is written Macros A macro is a simple text replacement with some additional features A macro may contain other macros and usage of temporary labels Before a macro can be used it has to be defined inside a macro endmacro block Each macro can have up to 10 arguments 0 to 9 The number of supplied arguments is given in 0 the first argument is in 9 If using an undefined argument an error will be generated Even complete strings might be used as macro arguments Please note during the expansion of a macro the documentation level is decremented see hide show Temporary labels are generated for each expansion An example macro help text help text in a table dc b 1 2 0 The system Help ID String O0 endmacro Segment help tab sclass text
30. WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM HC 51 V1 20 04 User s Manual P UmShell C C UC51 src led led mak File Edit Search Make Options Help OA E f Makefile for the LED Demo C 2003 WWWJ WICKENHAEUSER COM ram ioj xi Fie Edit Search Options Window Help ju oe e S if c c putciva arg ap int lentt lelse ifto d 3f Umake C 1C10C511binicg5l1 led x led s5l e CAPS NUM 7 11 Jens File Editor fg1 http c Z File Edt View Settings indows OSHS eanl EEs MAAMA S A mae puts www FLEXGATE com TCP IP _DATE__ _TIME__ weeny A HTTP Server with o MakeWiz uC7 51 s MAKE File Wizard 2 dd xn COMPOSE IPi my ip 192 16 General Components C Compiler Assembler Linker Misc putc a tiis31 ad disp html if Init net puts lt N cs8300 c Target File BIN Source Files C 551 HTML GIFAJPEG Init 8300 printf My MAC 02x 0 fet hito y Led 8300 printf My IP u tu t tcpip net h RequestSend 8800 Ed y 3 E fgl http c CPP RUC gt e tcpip web_sery c mu puts MINI WEBSERVE Add Source File igi Hine CAPS NUM y form html Ac515 ad535 c Enable ALL or less E home html for i 0 i lt MAX_SOCK i Delete Source File sec ff Now Net is ready t ad_disp html MI Sas a ese fortzs m um home html net c net h J E n
31. a logging applications where speed and software size usually is not crucial but where other things like floating point math and modular structured software are more important Still focusing on small devices we decided to embed the Internet in further developments For this a high efficient and optimising compiler was needed This was the trigger for the uC 51 V1 xx It comes with a totally new code generator generates a very high efficient code is easy to use and is full ANSI compatible with only a very few restrictions due to hardware limitations Target processors uC 51 is suited for all members of the 8051 family There are no special requirements like the need of external RAM We are using uC 51 on ATMEL s 89C1051 as well as on larger systems with banked memory like our FlexGate 512kB and or data loggers currently 2 MB Ready to start header files and source codes are included for many popular 8051 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual family members including some very interesting mixed signal parts like TPs MSC1210 and the ADuC8xx family from Analog Devices and the devices from SiLabs Source code debugging with SiLabs CPUs formerly Cygnal Finding errors in software is difficult Our older solutions were based on code downloaded into XRAM which required special development boards like our MINIS35 MIDI RS232 80C535 Flash M1 FlexGate I Since V1 20 23 the uC 51 supports a ne
32. afety precaution So after each high level line C statement the monitor OS515 BIN is called This is a very nice feature for debugging software Unfortunately each breakpoint is three bytes of extra code and a little bit of time To disable this feature set either the definition ASIFLAGS in the project s makefile UmShell to g listing only or to something else The default is ASIFLAGS d g from BIN BUILTINS MAK Remark We are currently planning a new version of the SLD51 For a real breakpoint SLD51 will modify the ljmp 0006 by something else possible because the program is located in the RAM This is not possible for Flash memory Because nowadays many 8051 s are equipped with Flash memory we will modify the breakpoint system to a non destructive system The new SLD51 will be able to debug on all 8051 s directly on the field used board 41 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Note The above mixing of assembly and sourcecode is quite simple Because the compiler sometimes totally reorders the logical flow of a function the output might not be 100 synchronise in some cases This is not an error it s just a matter of lazy cosmetics macro endmacro Usage macro NAME The A51 is a macro assembler A macro is a simple text replacement with some additional features Programing with macros is described in the next part of this documentation Af else endif Us
33. age Jf CONDITION This directives are use for conditional assembly The else part is an option The condition must be full evaluable at assembly time You can not use labels for the condition Conditions might be nested like if DEBUG LEVEL if SUBVERSION 2 lcall testl2p else lcall test11 endif endif ifdef ifndef Usage ifdef SYMBOL and ifndef SYMBOL This directive simply checks if a SYMBOL is already defined It is quite similar to the if above An example If macro not already defined define it ifndef char out macro char out No No Ne Se Se mov A 1 parameter 81 into A lcall output and OUT endmacro now the macro is definitely defined endif char out X use the macro for output of a X hide show This two directives increment and decrement the documentation level of the assembler Only if this level is greater than zero a listing or sourcecode information is generated During expansion of a macro the level will be temporarily decremented So if you re interested in the expanded macros simply add an addition show The default level is 1 42 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual dc b dc w dc 1 dc f These directives insert numbers and strings in the output A comma is used as a delimiter For dc b strings may be used The byte order for dc w and dc l is Big Endian this means highbyte first
34. as V1 0 512kB of Flash memory or the data loggers with 2MB The access over generic pointers is done through library functions You may find their source code in LIB LIB_ASS MEM32 S51 Feel free to add your own memory space After that you must rebuild the libraries as described later in this document For our data loggers we have 23 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual mapped almost everything in this space the Flash with 2MB internal RAM even the PC peripherals have their own selector Summary All unmodified constant top level integral data and strings will be placed in code all other unmodified top level data will be paced in xram All unmodified pointers will become generic ones And what about this as a global definition char pc HELLO generic pointer located in xram initialised This is really difficult HELLO is a constant string OK So it will be located in the code space but what about pc Well it is definitely not constant because pc can be written So pu C 51 will spend a generic pointer 3 byte in the xdata for it The pointer will be initialised by uC 51 s startup function to point to HELLO Even if you qualify it as const char pc HELLO generic pointer located in xram init a generic pointer will be used This is because the const is not top level which means it might be changed by runtime to point to a
35. bler translates the compiler s output to an object file OBJ So the first step is the transition from C to OBJ For the next step the linker takes all object files at once and puts them together to a binary file BIN If there are still references left open the linker tries to get those missing references from the supported libraries LIB you may pass as many libraries as you want to the linker Together with the binary file a listing LST might be written and a memory map file MEM Both are intended to be read by debuggers or the user Basic data of pC 51 Bug report If you think of having found a bug please let us know We will try as fast as possible to solve it Please include a small source to track the bug Please send bug reports only to UC51 WICKENHAEUSER DE Data types uC 51 is offers the following data types Integral types char 8 Bit 0 255 chars are treated as unsigned this is ANSI compatible unsigned char as above signed char 8 Bit 128 127 please note as a constant 128 is int ANSI short 16 Bit 32768 32767 please note as a constant 32768 is long ANSD 20 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual int as above unsigned int 16 Bit 0 65535 long 32 Bit 214783648 2147483647 unsigned long 32 Bit 0 4294967295 float 32 Bit IEEE format char unsigned bit 1 Bit the modifier bit is no ANSI keyword all data is rep
36. constant object in other memory types like xdata or near So the memory type must be included requiring a generic pointer But if you qualify it as code char pc HELLO code pointer located in xram initialised uC 51 knows that pc will always point to code so a code pointer 2 bytes is sufficient the same is for xdata char pc HELLO xdata pointer located in xdata init For an explicit memory determination you may use the memory modifiers xdata int a a is xdata this is the dafault too near char u u is near access is fastest inear char x x is in the inear access is a little bit slower inear buf 50 if more internal memory is needed inear is the best choice unsigned char flag motor state On or off code float 3 2 23 3 45 5 99 a look up table Memory modifiers for pointers follow the same rules as the ANSI const and volatile modifiers code char code pc HELLO This will fix pc as a bullet proof 16 Bit code pointer pointing to code xdata char near xp xp is in near but xp is xdata far char fp fp is in xdata default the far is obsolete but may be more readabl Summary Modifying the memory type in some situation will result in an optimised memory access UC 51 will track the modifiers over a random number of indirection s But don t exaggerate it the compiler will have the better overview than the user 24 WWW W
37. cs The syntax uses the common standard Mnemonics and is sensitive Mnemonics itself are not case sensitive but any used symbols you may write mov a 0 or mov a 0 or mov ACC 0 but not mov acc 0 because ACC is a symbol defined in an include file As a convention all of the 8051 s SFRs are upper case letters In cases where a number is expected you may even use a calculation like simply writing mov R6 a you could write could be useful in macros use braces WORKREG 5 mov R WORKREG 1 a Names variables and labels All names must be composed as in C first char _ a Z or A Z rest may contain numbers A name must not exceed 64 characters else this will lead to an error message Labels have a following colon and are treated as addresses A variable is a symbol that can hold a value assignment Multiple assignments for the same symbol are allowed nr 11 mov A nr nr XS 11 nr 21 mov A 421 s cnr x 21 Temporary labels may have a as first sign Temporary labels behave like normal labels except they will never appear in a listing Numbers The assembler will accept many different formats 123 regular decimal number X 8 bit number ASCII character AB 16 bit number like ASCII character A 256 B 0x100 Hex number 256 dec C language syntax 100 Hex number 256 dec Motorola syntax 37 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual 0100h He
38. d More information about using sourcecodes from other compilers with uC 51 can be found in the appendix and in the included demos Full version The full version is offered through our web shop and through different distributors Please visit our website for detailed information WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Support Versions A license for uC 51 is valid for all minor releases of this version here V1 You can download new releases for free from our website Questions about the actual release should be sent to UC51 WICKENHAEUSER DE Support is only possible by e mail You will find a list of improvements changes of new version 2V1 10 in the supplement About us Wickenh user Elektrotechnik is a small company located in the southern part of Germany This is our address Wickenh user Elektrotechnik Juergen Wickenhaeuser Nikolaus Lenau Str 20 D 76199 Karlsruhe Germany Phone 49 0 721 98849 0 Fax 49 0 721 98849 29 E mail SERVICE WICKENHAEUSER DE for administrative contacts only UC51 WICKENHAEUSER DE for nC 51 related correspondence Your support is wanted Credits Many thanks to all the people who have helped us to develop this software Escpecially to Jens Altmann for the permission to use his JFE Jen s File Editor The future There are lots of improvements optimisations tools demos on our list One is t
39. d de installation uC 51 will work on any WinOx or better computer There is no special requirement This software may be completely removed by the computer s standard de installation routines Merely files which have been produced by the use of this software are excluded from de installation If desired remove them manually Important Please note that uC 51 must be installed in a path without whitespace charac ters i e C MyFiles uC51 but not C My FilestuC511 because uC 51 s MAKE system is currently not able to handle such filenames FAN A A JFE MakeWiz Edit UmShell SLD51 FlashMon Quick start Desktop symbols The uC 51 package was designed as a flexible environment Therefore it consists of several independent programs e JFE Jen s File Editor a powerful and comvenient general Editor e MakeWiz A Make Wizard for managing Projects Graphical version e pEdit an easy to use multi file editor with some nice features WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 5 V1 20 User s Manual e UmShell the user interface for uC 51 s make system It will do the job to produce the binary or Hex file out of your sources Similar function like MakeWiz but more flexible and not graphical e FlashMon downloader for systems using the OS515 sourceode included in the demos e SLD5l source level debugger requires OS515 and download of code to RAM In most cases you will have JFE and Mak
40. d for other projects without changing the library Note If dealing with compiler generated symbols you must consider that the compiler will add a leading to each symbol So the function test in C correspondents to the symbol test in assembler file The directive file HLL_FILENAME tells the assembler that a high level language sourcefile currently only uC 51 corresponds to this assembler file Only one file directive is allowed in an assembler sourcefile line and a word about source level debugging The directive line NUMBER tells the assembler that all following mnemonics correspon dent to line no NUMBER of the sourcefile previously set by a file directive If the assem bler is instructed to produce a listing commandline s or to include high level sourcecode information in the object file commandline g the assembler will include the appropriate high level lines Otherwise nothing will happen But line has a second very important function It may be used to lard the binary file with breakpoints if the assembler is instructed to expand the macro _ line by command line s d and a macro with the name line is called with NUMBER as an argument By default the uC 51 includes a definition for this macro as ljmp 0006 the argument NUMBER is currently not used At address 0006 there will be either the OS515 BIN or a simple ret instruction added by LIBILIB_CISTARTUP C as a s
41. dencies for UmShell this is lt F8 gt Make files simple 2 nd Ok until now makefiles are easy to use but probably many users might even prefer to have something like drag and drop and some forms where all the settings can be done by clicking In a future version we will support UmShell with some kind of expert This expert will hide the makefile from the user and he will only see some project space But for the current version we decided to spend as much time as possible in a high quality compiler and thus keeping the price for the package low 35 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Implicit and explicit rules Umake does support two kind of rules implicit and explicit Implicit rules are those that are the same as the default rules Default rules are declared by the extension s51l bin ur A51 e s51 i INCLUDE A51FLAGS L51 e o bin 0bj 1 STDLIB L51FLAGS m s This is one of the default rules It will convert any S51 file into a BIN file An implicit rule is used by supplying a target and some sources If one of the sources filename without the extension matches the appropriate implicit rule will be used Le if you want to make a file A BIN out of A S51 you can simply enter in your makefile a bin a s51 An explicit rule is something where you supply commands for this special use I e if you have the example from before but yo
42. der s keywords define sfr near unsigned char needs an absolute address define sbit unsigned char bit dto 48 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 5 V1 20 User s Manual define data near internal lower RAM 128 bytes define idata inear indirect internal RAM 256 bytes define bit unsigned char bit Absolute addresses Assigning an absolute address to a variable is done by the operator i e near unsigned char PO E 0x80 After only a number a constant expression or a defined constant i e define SCL 0xB0 7 unsigned char bit scl bit SCL is allowed Interrupts Interrupts might be written in uC 51 The vector is not included in the declaration binding an interrupt to a function requires the macro IRQ_VECTOR as mentioned in the previous text Assembly language uC 51 s assembler uses other directives However mnemonics are full compatible to the 8051 standard Best way to convert assembler files to uC 51 is to use a text editor and some bulk search and replace Constant strings As stated in the paragraph about memory types there is a logical incompatibility in some other compilers concerning constant strings They allow the definition of a constant string as code char pc Oops some other compilers Attention uC 51 will accept this and it will run as expected nevertheless uC 51 will treat pc as a pointer to code located in xram Whereas the definiti
43. e source code and the appropriate make file OS515 BIN expects a LED on port P3 5 to let it blink if it is ready After a hardware reset the LED first flashes some times faster then keeps flashing slower If an error occurs data transmission the LED will flash irregularly In this case reset the hardware Of course the included demos for the two mixed signal micro controllers can only be used on their development boards or similar boards Hello World Now start u Edit Go our enclosed editor Enter the following include lt stdio h gt void main void printf Hello World n Save this text in SRC HELLO HELLO C might be already there Don t close n Edit Now start UmShell EN This is the second part of the current IDE UmShell is based on an industrial approved system named Make For a beginner it might look a little bit strange but Make is a very powerful tool and in the background of most other IDE s a Make tool is working Think of Make as just a simple recipe how to build a target In this case the make file has only one line Hello bin hello c This tells Make that HELLO BIN is to be made from HELLO C 14 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 5 V1 20 User s Manual By default UmShell knows a set of rules how to translate one extension to another i e C to BIN In addition to that Make uses Macros Think of them as variables By default s
44. e to your program Symbols in objects files always have a higher priority than library symbols If you overwrite an assembler symbol the linker will use your definition but it will present you a warning which you might ignore The job of startup The startup function is responsible for the initialisation of the microcontroller s stack and all types of RAM and even Bits All variable spaces are either set to 0 or initialised by their initial values You may customise the startup function to perform some extra work find it in LIB LIB_CY it is not a real C function but it requires the C preprocessor Sometimes the user might be interested to run one specific routine before doing all the initial ising One example is the C515 s impacient watchdog It has a timeout of only 65 msec But if there is a lot of data to initialise it might take longer than this period The result would be a constantly triggered watchdog reset To omit such things the user can specify a custom function It is called immediately after reset but internal RAM is already cleared and the stackpointer is set so it might be even written in C This tells the linker that a custom function must be called first asm export STARTUP FIRST STARTUP FIRST 1 fendasm 3l WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual The function itself The name is given void startup first void For the C515 our solution was
45. eWiz or uEdit and UmShell and either Flash Mon SLD51 or a 3 rd party downloader running at the same time Obtaining a license for the full version distributors Please regard our distributors Some distributors offer also the required hardware for develop ment and or series productions The current list is found in the appendix Installing the full version If uC 51 is installed it will run first in the 8kb limited demo mode If you are owner of a license for the full version you first have to register your installation Each license gives your the right to install wC 51 on two 2 different computers provided that the software is only used on one computer at the same time From your vendor you will get a 12 digit code that we will named Keyl here Registering uC 51 is a two step process 1 First you must start KEY51 EXE If a valid license is found for this computer the data will be displayed else you must enter the Keyl With this information KEYSI EXE will collect some computer specific data and generate a new key which has 20 digits Key2 This Key2 must be sent to us by e mail where it is processed by a machine in short intervals a few minutes If you cannot send e mails from this computer you must send us the Key2 manually as an e mail 2 If everything is ok you will receive a license file with the name UC51 KEY as a reply You must copy this file into the BIN
46. ecode for the Flash Toolbox added Flash TB S51 e Header files for ATMEL s AT89C51xD2 added V1 20 01 e Added command line support for FlashMon parameters FILENAME cXX bXX e Add docu for the FlexGate TCP IP Stack e Added links to all docs in the start menue V1 20 02 e Corrected the large memory model switch bug in MakeWiz Minor changes e Headers for AT89C51RDs Atmel h 32 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual e Headers for AT89C51CC03 Atmel h and def v1 20 03 Added OMF51 Support for SiLabs IDE e Added header files for SiLabs C8051Fxxx V1 20 04 e Added source codes and doku for the FlexGate III src ed2 flex gatelIL pdf Still to do or under current development Doku TCP IP Stack for 100 10 Mbit devices Complete TCP IP Stack docu for newly added UDP Phy Layer Support e Add more demos and doku for SiLabs Appendix D A demo of p C 51 s optimiser In this appendix we made a comparison with the KXXX compiler V6 21 You can trace the results they offer a 2kB limited demo version The test function is some kind of bit banger shift something in and out This is the result of KXXX V6 21 it needs 35 bytes to solve the problem near unsigned char bit out bit near unsigned char bit in bit Simple 8 Bit Banger unsigned char test unsigned char ob Ant ij unsigned char ib for 1 0 1 lt 8 1 out bit 0b amp 128 ib lt lt 1
47. er size NUMBER Defines the maximum size for this segment For multiple set size only the largest directive is used The compiler makes intensive use of this directive to manage local variables Parameter fill If set the linker will always set the size of the segment to its maximum size makes only sense in combination with parameter size Parameter notext Normally there is no way for the linker to initialise non code segments like RAM So the linker puts all initialisations data in a mirror segment This mirror segment might be accessed by the startup function to copy it to the RAM Parameter page NUMBER If this parameter is given the segment will be completely located inside a page of the given NUMBER As an example if the segment uses acall and ajmp instructions NUMBER must be 2048 A fixed value can be set for the segment parameter size Normally for NUMBER only powers of 2 are used 39 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Parameter align NUMBER This parameter specifies the condition for the first byte of the segment Le if a segment must start at an even address NUMBER must be 2 align and page might be used in any combination include There are two versions include lt FILE gt and include FILE Both version include a text file in the assembly The difference is lt FILE gt uses the path given to the assembler by command line option i
48. erver on the other side With only a very low overhead the user can access the application on the FlexGate with a standard Internet browser or by e mail uC 51 comes with an own HTML compiler hence you can even include HTML GIF and JPEG files in projecs as well as accessing C variables in dynamically generated webpages by simply using their name Using the TCP IP Stack is explained in separate documents in the directories SRCWED2V and SRC FLEXGATEY All these documents are included completely since V1 20 01 Our new FlexGate III 100 10 Mbit Ethernet Fast CPU 64kB Flash 2kB XRAM 2kB E2Prom Low Cost A FlexGate I in action The core module is about 3x5 cm out of production replaced by FlexGate IMI WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual But returning to the topics there is still a lot of room for further optimisation in uC 51 We will implement as much as possible Limitations of the demo version The demo version comes with only two restrictions the maximum size of the generated code is normally limited to 8kB This is more than enough for real world applications 8 kB allows the use of floating point routines and printf functions In one of the demos shipped with uC 51 we have implemented a complete spectrum analysis in only about 6 kB The second restriction is the demo version may only be used for educational or evaluation purposes uC 51 does not ma
49. etutil c Q9 net match uint Q9 net match ulong reply html web serv c gendyn html poll webserver url getarg no url getarg str webpage bind xl mahnana nama ENOUGH TIME IN THIS Note Target File is always a BIN File if an additi select this as an Option in the Misc Tab res poll_webserver if ress amp OxFFO00 EVEN socket uchar res Iv Save Che pc webpage name oooo tci E ANSI C development system for the 8051 family of microcontrollers with integral TCP IP support Preface 1 HISIOD ick caa E Rb ER D ICE GL c AD Oe vacca eed 1 Target DIOGOSSOIS o e e eb UN ESSE 1 Source code debugging with SiLabs CPUs formerly Cygnal 2 Gode dualiby x panied esters pra beatur pA Lor ae DM ES tg a DL ede a 2 TCP IP Stack and Internet connecticity o oooooooooomoomoo 2 Limitations of the demo version sslullseseeeee eene 4 Sourcecode compatibility with other compilers o oo o ooooo 4 BUIVGKSION rs Ea bt eee petas RAS 4 SUPPOrb Versions Calas REEF Men Deed ooo e esu Re 5 ADDDEDS AAN A tnde rt pia qd 5 Your s ppoftis Wanted 55x 1o RS ed da a ERU ND ERE 5 A DS 5 TASTUIS rra Sp dades as 5 IDISCIAIMG sd a ds E o ME dM ML LE eo O e a 5 EOTS A o go cea eels E UG IA wie cap a de Ya ce pascal sd 6 Trademarks cu vasco o a Der a e rci sn 6 MIST o aM Sc Mert tUa tee AE qu HC ce ba 6 Insta
50. extension the second is the path of the project Here are three examples for own DL BAT DL BAT for downloading to FlexGate MINIS35 or compatible boards Here the Flashmon will do the whole job Flashmon can have up to three parameters The FILENAME to download e cXX where XX is the COMXX port e bYYYY where is the baudrate If a parameter is missing its value is taken from FlashMon s INI File EM Download to FlexGate into RAM 1 2 EM Please note EM Parameter 1 Target Filename without Extension EM Parameter 2 Project Path D uuu c Er z For use with FlashMon EM FlashMon Parameters EM cNR select COM NR EM bBAUD select Baudrate BAUD EM here COM taken from INI File EM FlashMon is two directories above and one down from here bin flashmon 1 bin b115200 115200 is a FlexGate 1 MINI535 needs 9600 B Uu uu 18 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual DL BAT for downloading to the MSC121x using the original TI downloader Here the original downloader from TI must be installed The programming mode is entered by asserting a RESET signal while the PSEN pin is pulled low over a 1k resistor The TI downloader can assert this sequence but if there is no hardware support the user must enter this state manually befor starting the DL BAT REM Download 1 Path 2 REM Please n
51. f the formatter doprnt in the file LIBALLIB CIDOPRNT C Feel free to modify it The system is to pass a character handler the format string and the caller s arguments to the formatter Currently the printf formatter accepts formatting instructions of the type flags width prec 1 L type char flags optional Left justifies the result pads on the right with blanks If not given it right justifies the result pads on the left with zeros or blanks Signed conversion results always begin with a plus or minus sign blank If value is nonnegative the output begins with a blank instead of a plus negative values still begin with a minus width optional Minimum number of characters to print padding with blanks or zeros prec optional Maximum number of characters to print for integers minimum number of digits to print 11 L optional Treat the following type as 32 bit instead of 16 bit type char u Unsigned format d Signed format X Hex format lower case letters c Single character X Hex format upper case letters f Floating point format form dddd dddd e Scientific format form d dddd e ddd E Scientific format form d dddd E ddd g Same as e G Same as g S A string the itself As you see the formatter is quite complete The formatter will always return the number of written bytes number of calls of for the character handler 27 WWW
52. gister as an up counter On the ADuC the 16 bit overflow causes an increment of the DPP register Because the assembler instruction mov DPTR value does not change the DPP all further DPTR indirections like access to internal XRAM may fail because DPP gt 0 now implies access to external XRAM string h A few ANSI standard string functions int strlen far char px int strcmp far char pa far char pb int memcmp far char pa far char pb int n far char strcpy far char pdst far char psrc A non ANSI byte move note src is the first argument But also quite common void bmove far void _psrc far void _pdest unsigned int count Remark all memory move functions use generic pointer so memory can be moved from and to everywhere If the memory type of the source and destination is known i e both external RAM a more specific move function could run very much faster We will supply these in the next version of uC 51 46 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual ctype h char tolower char c char toupper char c stdarg h Defines ANSI compatible access to variadic arguments va start y y va_arg lx y va end x bin safe h This file declares only one function for the binary safe as stated before unsigned char bin safe void success return 0 math h All math functions have a precision of at least 7 significant digits All algorithms use indus
53. gment _ bang _bang leaf function unsigned char bang unsigned parameter ob in R7 assigned to R5 mov R5 AR7 variable ib assigned to register R1 gt gt Simple 8 Bit Banger gt unsigned char bang unsigned char ob mov R3 8 3 gt int i gt unsigned char ib gt for 1 0 1 lt 8 1 mov A R5 rlc A mov 134 C gt out_bit 0b amp 128 gt ib lt lt 1 mov A R1 add A R1 mov R1 A m if in bit ibl 1 jnb 135 7 orl AR1 1 2T HE ob 1 mov A R5 add A R5 mov R5 A 2 djnz R3 3 1 gt return ib mov R7 AR1 ret end of function bang used R 1 3 5 7 BR ACC PSW uC 51 s optimisers are still not fully implemented some parts are still completely missing The compiler is yet a learning child Many of the optimisers are founded on some kind of expert system As you might see the system is working but the collections of rules these 54 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 5 V1 20 User s Manual expert systems are based on are still quite small and in other cases the results will not be as much as 40 better But uC 51 has the ability to do it and we have first V1 xx yet END 55
54. gned char Predefined symbols The compiler defines some preprocessor symbols which are common standard except for UC and 18051 DATE today s date the __ are two _ TIME _ and time FILE the name of the source file LINE and the current line no STDC__ definedas STDC UC defined as UC this is uC 51 specific _18051 defined as 1 this is uC 51 specific only one leading _ Some important options command line pragma The compiler can be controlled either by command line or by pragma directives For the command line options the compiler will show a full list if called as UC51 Here the most 32 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual important options are described You can pass them to the compiler in a makefile by using the variable C51FLAGS 8 size speed a W dMACRO b0 nograph noline Debug level 1 default or 2 If set to 2 the compiler will include more source info in the output but the code might be less optimised Optimise for size this is the default Optimise for speed Suppress strict warnings Suppress all warnings Define a Macro to assign a value use dMACROZVALUE Use only register bank O by default O and 1 will be used Disable the call graph Will need a lot of RAM Don t emit code for the macro line You can supply an own version for this macro see Technical description of the assembler
55. hat MAKE Files now are hidden from the user The complete uC 51 development system is based on these MAKE Files Such a file is a recipe that describes how to build a BINARY or HEX file MAKE is a very flexi ble system but because it is text based it is a little bit difficult to manage here with UmShell Hence we added the MakeWiz since V1 20 This is a GUI for maintaining MAKE WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual files MakeWiz has some little restrictions against UmShell the most important is It can maintain only Single Target MAKE Files But most important is MakeWiz can generate so called Workspaces for the JFE Jen s File Editor A Workspace consists of several Files and optionally some tool functions A workspace has the file extension WSP But still the Make Process is based on the MAKE File A Workspace may contain less or more Files than the appropriate MAKE File Lets start with the classical Hello World e First start the MakeWiz then select the file SRC HELLO HELLO MAK Now make any small change like inserting a space character in the project remarks to enable the Save Changes Button e Check the Checkbox Write JFE Workspace and click on Save Changes e Now a Workspace SRC HELLO HELLO WSP will be generated Start the JFE Editor and open the new Workspace with Open Workspace e Press Make to generate the Binary File HELLO BIN Now the screen s
56. have to care about different baudrates or crystal frequencies As an additional advantage you have very small turnaround times the time between two changes and a low cost debugging solution like our SLD51 can be used If the program 10 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual or algorithm is working as expected it can be used on a single chip controller or series production board as well Way 1 Single chip microcontrollers series production boards For single chip controllers we have prepared a few demos in the directory MRCONSINGLECH If you have a suited hardware you can immediately test them If not we recommend to continue reading the next paragraph Way 2 In this directory are several projects that have been especially designed for single chip controllers This means after compiling the HEX or BIN file can directly be programmed into the chip either by ISP in Circuit Programming or by simply using a standard programmer This projects may be a good starting point for your own developments Hardware requirements You only need a single chip controller with a RS232 The controller should have a crystal frequency suitable to generate a standard baudrate For this we recommend 11 0592 MHz but others are possible too like 18 432 MHz 22 1184 MHz e For the demo KITCLOCK even a 2kB ATMEL AT89C2051 is sufficient e The demo A89S8252 requires a AT89S8252 which has an 2
57. he Graphical User Interface for uC 51 Although the included one is quite sufficient putting it all under one IDE might be a little more convenient Additionally we want to expand the FlexGate family by some members and port the uC to other cores Disclaimer If you disagree in any of the following items installation and use of this software is not permitted WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Errors Our software and hardware has been carefully developed and tested But it is a well known fact that at the contemporary state of technology it is not possible to guarantee that a product is completely free of errors For that reason we decline any liability loss or damage caused directly or indirectly by our software and or use of our hardware The use is at your own risk Trademarks All terms mentioned in this software and the complementary documentation that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriate marked But we can not attest the accuracy of this information Use of a term should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark Internet All references to Internet addresses are given by best knowledge However we want to emphasise particularly that the contents of those addresses usually are beyond our influence Therefor we dissociate us explicitly from any referenced contents if they are an offence against any current laws Installation an
58. hould look something like that H ioll Wi Ele Edit View Settings 3 ES DOSES B eolele o gt m5 dA Xi xe MAKE REMAKE DLBAT hello c Update 9600 Bd for a generic 8051 running 11 0592 MHz finclude lt reg5l h gt MakeWiz C 51 s MAKE File W izard olx C Compiter Assembler Linker Misc Set up UART Find the desc PCON 128 Baudrate doubl 3 SCON 124 8 Bit UART pc TatgetFile BIN Source Files C S51 HTML GIFAIPEG THl 250 Divisor 6 571 helo z TMOD 32 use timer 1 as bi TCON 64 ES 1 Enable Serial IRQ i E l Enable general IRQs ac ee M eae ee Add Source File ARRARARRRRRA RARA RARA RRA Delete Source File printf Hello World n getc Wait for a key to Note Target File is always a BIN File if an additional HEX File is required select this as an Option in the Misc Tab Sclass text start 8000 end 8387 size 388 d class xram start c000 end dffe size lfff Scl dram start 20 d 2f size 10 dec 1l x y x er Eg E cus El Write JFEWorkspace Filer v Gaye Phanges Lancel E xit t DEMOVERSION only for evaluation and non commerc j 11 04 of 8192 bytes used Dutput Search results gt Let e 2372Bye RW DOS y The HELLO BIN is by default compiled and linked for boards that allow download of software in
59. in registers What s going on After reset the controller will jump to main trough a ljmp The first thing in main is to call startup This routine will initialize the global data of the program and initialize the stack pointer Then it will return to main After main is done startup will be called again So if you want to call assembler functions from C you will find the controller s infra structure well prepared You even can even use this to get assembler data initialised by startup as we did in some demo and library functions Because the user might define variable of the same name as CPU registers like A and B we decided to user a leading _ in all compiler exported definitions A call from C to a function test will result as an Icall _test the compiler will write an assembler source code as output The assembler can access all global C variables and vice versa but don t forget the consider the Parameter passing in registers is very easy All parameters are passed in bank 0 There are 4 groups of each 2 Bytes sstarting from R7 R6 L H to R1 2 L H Allocation is done left to right where R7 is the first If 1 Par is a Byte it is in R7 if it is 2 Bytes it is in R6 R7 H L The next Parameter will allocate R5 or R4 R5 H L If a parameter has 4 Bytes it will allocate either R4 R7 HH LL if it is free or R3 RO 28 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1
60. kB E2PROM on board e All other demos will run fine on a generic 8051 will fit too AT89C52 AT89S8252 P89C52 even the MSC1210 can be used NOTE you can not directly connect the RS232 to a controller because the level is 12 Volt A level shifter must be used Either a standard MAX232 compatible part or a discrete solution as found on our MINI535 module docu in ASRCIMINIS351M535_V3 PDF First demo SC HELLO a single chip Hello World Usage 1 Start UmShell EN and open the makefile SC HELLO MAK 2 Ifthe values for crystal or baudrate differ from your board press F2 correct the values and press F2 again You can take a look on the C sourcecode just open SC HELLO C with our uEDIT H or any other text editor 3 Now press lt F9 gt to make the HEX and BIN file both contain identical data 11 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual 4 Then program your single chip processor with the HEX or BIN file 5 Start a terminal program we suggest using our FLASHMON simply check the correct baudrate 6 Connect the RS232 to the single chip processor and switch power on 7 Now you should get the Hello World each time a key is pressed Second demo KITCLOCK a kitchen clock This simple project implements a kitchen clock Once started it will count down from 30 downto 0 displaying one value each second this program is a simplified version of the ASRCI
61. ke any hidden changes on the installed computer like copying DLLs to the system directories or writing unsolicited entries in the registry You can remove it 100 if using the included uninstaller Note the term normally means that for some special modules the demo version will allow more code and or may be used for commercial usage too For example for the FlexGate I the demo version can be used for code sizes up to 64kB this is similar to the full version and download to Flash non volatile code storage or RAM fast download and debugging during the development phase Infos about these exceptions can be found in the appropriate module documentation Sourcecode compatibility with other compilers uC 51 is a full ANSI C compiler So it will accept any ANSI C compliant sourecode with only a very few 8051 specific restrictions However due to the limitations of the 8051 each manufacturer has made specific extensions to his implementation We want to emphasise that the uC 51 was never designed as clone or 1 1 replacement of existing Compilers As stated earlier the uC 51 was primarily designed for our own in house developments One of our most important design topics was to make uC 51 an highly portable and easy to use compiler and not yet another clone of any other very specific implementation But in most cases sourcecodes from other 8051 compilers can be compiled without any problems if only a few items are regarde
62. l Old style functions They may be used in the common old way but all arguments are automatically treated by integral promotion even if there is a prototype following Mixing old style and new style declarations in different files may lead to undesired results Defining your own SFR s defining absolute addresses with One of the reasons for the success of the 8051 family is that new family members simply have more or other special function registers SFR To use a special family member we have supplied some register definition files like INCLUDEWEGSI H or REG52 H or REG535 H To extend or modify the given definition files there are two ways The first way might be used if it is important to have the definition for assembler as well as for C First add the definition for Assembler like WPM_BIT P3 4 Then in a second line this definition must be mapped to the appropriate C symbol because C adds an WPM BIT WPM_BIT In the last step the new symbol must have a declaration for the compiler extern unsigned char bit WPM_BIT The Second way is more easy but it declares the new symbol only for C use simply add the definition to the declaration unsigned char WPM BIT 0x85 That s all Overwriting library functions You may overwrite C library functions those with a as first character For instance if you think you have a better sin function than ours simply add your own as an OBJ fil
63. ll will run fine as used before Because the license file UC51 KEY is not installed automatically it will not be touched by the uninstaller you don t have to take special care about it Your license will be valid for the new version as well provided it is the same major version as the previous one Transferring a license New since V1 10 12 We decided to make installing your personal licenses more easy If you now once have a valid license file UC51 KEY you an copy it into the BIN directory of your other installation If you now start the KEY51 EXE it will tell you that a valid license file has been found but not for this computer Then you can simply enter your 12 digit Keyl which you have obtained from your distributor If it is correct it will register the UCSI KEY for this computer Please note We are a very small company and the price of the uC 51 is very low So please regard the copyrights and the license agreement Please do not make illegal copies of the uC 51 and the contributed software Documentation The complementary documentation is available as separate files Please read the documenta tion carefully prior to the use of the software You will find the latest remarks in the file README TXT Quick start a micro tutorial The NEW V1 20 version V1 20 comes with a new IDE But still all other the old Software is included feel free to use both version together The main feature of V1 20 is t
64. llation and de installation 6 Quick start Desktop symbols seseeeeee eh 6 Obtaining a license for the full version distributors oo ooooooooooooo o 7 Installing the full version srs voe E AAA AAA A NEU a ER 7 Updates Installing new versions Keeping a license ooooooomooomomo 8 Transferring a license New since V1 10 12 lt a pl 8 DOCUMENTO a A AAA Safe ista a OO o a cf guts 8 Quick start a micro tutorial The NEW V1 20 version _ y Quick start a micro tutorial The old V1 10 version 0 Way 1 Single chip microcontrollers series production boards 11 Hardware tequirenients os sasse note sr RETURN A EY PES EFE 11 First demo SC HELLO a single chip Hello World o oo ooo ooo ooo oo 11 Second demo KITCLOCK a kitchen clock 0 00 0 00 0000 12 MENUE MENUB2 demo a good starting point for own applications 12 A89S8252 demo accessing the internal E2PROM 0000 12 Notes about the MAKEFILES 222 tre i a e oar at Budi de ee 12 Way 2 Microcontroller hardware special development boards 13 A enlarge babel tsa e aap ens SSA 14 MakeWiz a closer description The General Tab vaa A ted AAA A IA The Components Tab secar EA eo eme pe NS The G C OImipllar T aD 2v race tio a eS A b CA ORE The Assembler clin r hale A cett eec I i ala Nast CDS The Linker
65. ly very limited resources you could easily develop algorithms on your PC and then later transfer the software to the 8051 Large parts of the floating point libraries and other stuff of uC 51 have been designed with Borland C 5 the source code may be compiled with Borland C as well as with n C 51 Because of uC 51 s optimiser the generated code size is only slightly more than if coded by 19 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual hand in Assembler Another example of portable code is the demo SRC DFHT DFHT C for which the PC s EXE is included We think it is the best solution to write library functions in C and then optimise the compiler to produce handcrafted quality Although it is more difficult at first it will pay of because the optimiser will surely reuse what he learnt by this More demos In SOURCES some more demos are found All of them can be compiled by loading their Make file in UmShell The folder SRCVASI does contain only one Make file for different projects select the target in the selection box of UmShell What s going on Now as you know how to write a C program it might be interesting to track it s way to a binary In the first step all C files are translated by the compiler UC51 EXE The compiler may require some system include files usually INCLUDE The compiler produces a plain assembler source file S51 Immediately after that the Assem
66. m lt irq52 h gt is needed See SRCIMISCISOFT_RTC C as an example Inerrupts at program start main uC 51 s startup function see WLIBALIB_CASTARTUP C disables all interrupts by and ing 90 to the sfr IE This disables IRQs in general and all individual IRQ sources of the generic 8051 except the serial IRQ if it was enabled This might have come from using a downloader to transfer the software like our FLASHMON which requires IRQs for debugging For the FLASHMON normally the user will not recog nise the enabled IRQ in his software because the serial IRQs are cought by the FLASHMON instead of jumping to the mirrored user s software in RAM For this the F0 flag in the PSW sfr PSW 5 is used Some other compiler like KXXX clear this flag at program start although there is no reason to do this So downloaded programs from other compilers might receive serial IRQs even if they have no vector installed which is likely to stall the software Dealing with call graphs Call graphs are graphs which describe the logical hierarchy of a program Because each program begins with a main function main is always a root of the call graph After the call graph is built the linker knows about the used local space An example if main calls two functions a and b both may share the same local data if none of them calls each other In other situations they may only share parts of the data or none at all This information i
67. memory modifiers just don t use them The price you have to pay is code size memory usage and speed An example the Dhrystone demo SRC DHRY DHRY C which is one of 22 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual the standard demos of ancient times does not use them Nevertheless uC 51 compiles it But if you let it run it will be quite slower than it could be Some competitors offer additional memory models which are better suited for such kind of source code but they usually are of limited practical use because they have other disadvantages and lesser portability For an explanation of memory modifiers let s start without them and look at the following code If you don t want to take an as close look at the internals don t worry The simple usage of uC 51 does not require this int a integer in xram char pre name 2 Bart constant string placed in xdata code char last name 2 Simpson constant string placed in code void say hi char pc char pd printf Hello s s n pc pd void do_it void char no 1 local array placed in xram or near depending on memory model no 0 0 say_hi pre_name last_name say_hi no King Kong a pre name and last_name are so called top level definitions They represent the data itself a and pre name are global variables with read and write access uC 51 will place them in the external RAM xdata
68. n for accessing 2 bytes SFRs such as the DPTR or TH L pairs void nop void will insert a pure NOP instruction SFR16 READ a read 16 bits from sfr a SFR16 WRITE a b write 16 bits b to sfr a kar h Include this header file if using sourcecodes from other compilers Appendix A Migrating from other compilers As stated before uC 51 was designed to be as close to the ANSI standard as possible on the 8051 That is why most items in converting sourcecodes from other compilers concern non standard language extensions of these compilers Usually the uC 51 compiler will tell you what it does not like Some of the most important things you should know Memory usage memory models uC 51 offers only two memory models small this is the default and large The only differ ence between the two models is the type of memory for the local variables For small it is the internal RAM for large it is external RAM Non constant Global variables will always be placed in external RAM except something else is explicitly specified Globals might be placed in the internal RAM by the memory modifier near in the indirect internal RAM with inear Constant global variables are located in the code memory Bit variables are declared as unsigned char bit A useful header file We have supplied a header file kar h that you may include if using sourcecodes form other compilers It defines some of the market lea
69. native Some of our boards like the FlexGate offer two different memory models memory model one allows download to RAM like the following picture memory model two offers several different 64kB banks of Flash memory for the code the RAM is totally free for data Switching between the two memory models is handled by our OS535 BIN together in combination with a programmable logic chip That s why they are best suited for develop ment and field use Here we assume that you use a board with the following hardware structure like our MINI535 FLASH MI FlexGate where you can download the binary files with the 13 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual included tools FLASHMON WA and or SLDS51 m SFFFF Code amp Data joint tog 8000 as XRAM for download 7FFF fien OS515 BIN 0000 7 77 LL Eprom Data Code The CPU should be a 80C535 C515 8051 compatible or a generic 8051 Most of the demos require a 11 0592 to 12 0 MHz crystal If you have an 80C535 or an C515 with 12 0 MHz you can start immediately Burn the file SRC OS OS515 BIN to an Eprom format is binary For other commonly used CPUs or crystals the OS515 BIN supports a switch but nevertheless it must be rebuilt as shown below The board must have a serial port RS232 If your hardware does have other memory layout you can easily adapt the OS515 BIN by following the remarks in th
70. ome macros are predefined i e L51FLAGS may hold extra settings to be passed to the linker Back to the demo you may enter the rule above or simply open the prepared make file SRCHELLOWELLO MAK in UmShell Pressing lt F9 gt will generate the program It will have something about 300 bytes in size Now start the Soure Level Debugger SLD51 Select SRC HELLO HELLO BIN for download maybe you must select the appropriate baud rate for your board first if it is not 9600 Bd After downloading you may start by clicking on the shoe A The program will run in an endless loop printing Hello World You can single step through the assembler commands C files and set breakpoints with the mouse Note Currently there is no way to step over a breakpoint First disable it step over it then enable it again After a software stop through a breakpoint you need two assembler single steps just press lt F2 gt twice Because are simulated by an ljmp instruction written to the external RAM Because ljmp needs 3 Bytes it is not possible to set a breakpoint everywhere For the future we will revise the debugger totally that it even might be able to debug programs in Flash memory Important Most of the demo makefiles will generate a pure binary file suitable to be with FLASHMON or SLD51 Other 3 rd party downloaders might only support Hex files To instruct the UmShell to make a Hex file from the always gene
71. ompiler can be instructed only to use bank 0 An example for this can be found in SRCIMISCISOFT_RTC C Bank 2 and 3 are completely free We suggest to reserve them for debuggers protocol stacks and other background stuff Of course they can be used as regular space in the near memory But currently the linker can not do this automatically because it can not locate near segments below the bit segment For this the easiest way is to partition those at maximum 16 Bytes manually i e near char buf a 8 16 near char buf b 8 24 This will reserve two buffers in the bank 2 and 3 area the directive is described later 25 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Important startup will not clear any register banks So if using register bank 2 and or 3 as shown above they must be initialised if necessary On the other hand this feature could be useful in some cases i e for persistent variables magic values or other things which should not be touched by a intended or unintended reset Interrupts in C Interrupts may be written in C uC 51 is keeping a list of the trashed registers during a function and will only save the trashed registers To declare a function an interrupts function the interrupt keyword must be added after the declaration The function must have a proto type To assign the function to an interrupts the macro IRQ VECTOR function cpu irqad dress fro
72. on code char pc HELLO string located in code 8051 recommended will declare pc as a constant string requiring no ram Appendix B Distributors Dontronics Australia www dontronics com Grifo Italy www grifo it www grifo com HW CZ Czech www hw cz www hw server com Blitzlogic Malaysia www blitzlogic com Lextronic France www lextronic fr 49 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 5 V1 20 User s Manual Batronix Germany www batronix de www batronix com 8052 com s online store www 8052 com store Appendix C Revision history v1 10 e First official release V1 10 1 V1 10 2 Fixed some minor bugs V1 10 3 e Made some corrections in the documentation e Added more demos especially Single Chip controllers V1 10 4 Fixed some minor bugs e Added more demos for the MSC1210 from Texas Instruments V1 10 5 e Added some comments in several demos V1 10 6 e Updated docu and demos for the C515 CPU with CAN Bus used on MINI535 V3 2 V1 10 7 e Updated docu mainly about constant strings Fixed some minor bugs V1 10 8 e Corrected library ser iod lib for serial I O using the SLD51 debugger some non visible characters invoked the debugger e UmShell added a tool farg exe to omit some problems with the echo called from uMake if uC 51 is installed to other drives than Windows V1 10 9 e Added text about updates in the documentation Fixed a very ra
73. ote REM original TI Downloader must be installed REM TI Downloader Parameters REM F filname X nearest crystal frq in Mhz REM P COM nr B terminal baudrate REM TI Downloader Switches REM T open Terminal after download H erase HCR register download F 1 hex X11 P1 T B9600 DL BAT for downloading via ATMEL s Flip batch version The ATMEL AT89C51RD2 ED2 etc uses a system similar to the MSC121x Here it is called autoisp REM DL BAT for the AT89C51ED2 C Programme ATMEL FLIP 2 2 4 bin batchIsp exe device AT89C51ED2 autoisp 0 0 operation onfail abort erase f loadbuffer 2 1 hex program verify Qif ERRORLEVEL 1 goto error REM Flashom used as Terminal COM and Baudrate unchanged flashmon goto exit error REM ERROR REM ERROR REM ERROR exit exit More about C the ANSI compatibility of pC 51 To learn more about the C language we recommend to contact a bookstore or a public library Another endless source of information is the Internet Many primers and interesting articles may be found For the future a step by step manual ideal for educational purposes will be available We have designed the uC 51 for easy use and we have tried to get optimal compatibility with ANSI C Of course on a micro controller you won t find functions for disk access or similar But if you keep in mind that a 8051 has on
74. pecial case for mixing C and Assembler with fixed symbols using Reentrant functions etc Eier eb REO e dec Ah RUE A Indirect functions arts EAS ORE Rp VAR PESO SURE a ERI atq ERE Variadic TUMCHONS aod o x Yu E TR DDR UR RC e a un vao o Seg d ens Integral promotion 159 he Gow a A NAT hr e S Old style functions FE A A SO SRI DER CREE aie 31 Defining your own SFR s defining absolute addresses with 31 Overwriting library functions oa eto e doe NR PECORI aie e oed 31 The job of startup a ttp ctr lie ate D a LU A 31 Ihe Binary sate Bin Sate cedere oe dc ed NE E RS 32 Efficient coding 2 0 sema Cete rrr ub P ae a de eae A eb RR der eod as 32 Predefined symbols toca ase ect rs 32 Some important options command line Zpragma 32 UmShell 8 Umake ccs 33 The most important Flags in Make files ooooooooooo o 34 Make files simple E A Reb esed 34 Make tiles simple 2 Td went tnt DRE ha Eve eH RE fe E DENS 39 Implicit and explicit rules i sd duo e Aira 36 Designing own rules vato ia trao eerte e or dl I pod 36 Technical description of the compiler UC51 EXE 36 Technical description of the assembler AB1 EXE 37 MISMOS HN e M 37 Names variables and labels oooooooooocmoommmoroos 37 A nm 37 Operators asno sai band aa e lo See aa ed oe de 38 Directives prosa ja ARA A 38 Sement glee oa ae or edat so Delq a Me Dale cence Rot a aep U se Apo age p oi
75. piler will never use the variable by name if a fixed adress is given this means iri val 123 will be replaced by mov 1E 123 but for assem bly language the programmer would expect mov iri val 123 to be correct because all the names of global C variables are exported to assembly with a leading _ But here this won t work because the compiler will not add this definition for a variable if it already 29 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual knows the address The easiest way for a workaround is to add the missing definition for this rare case by hand For fixed Adr in Bank3 used extern near uchar iri_val G 0x1E Last recived Byte if extern near uchar iri flag byte OxlF Ready Flag if set Char available used as Byte IAP Definitions for assembler usage of fixed symbols define iri val 1e define iri flag byte 1f Reentrant functions Reentrant functions are seldom required To learn more about them see MISC FACULTY C There is only one special case where reentrant functions are really required this is when a function is called indirect as well as direct like putc it may be used direct to send single chars to the UART but it is also used as a parameter for the printf formatter which calls it indirect Our advice is don t care about reentrant functions unless the linker explicitly tells you to use them On the 8051 reentrant functions are
76. ping into cold water This development system has a long history the generated code is very stable and highly optimised Until now many industrial developments have been done with it The included source code libraries and demos cover a broad range from writing applications in full ANSI C for the smallest avail able 8051 CPUs ATMEL s 89C1051 with as little as 1kB of code space and only 64 bytes of internal RAM up to the largest uC 51 is able to manage memory sizes up to 16 MB from Maxim s 1 Wire Bus over the PC Bus up to Ethernet We primarily developed uC 51 for our own in house developments and needs as a reliable tool Almost daily uC 51 is used by ourselves for all kind of industrial applications and these test beds are not easy Besides of that many useful functions arise like our PC Bus library or the binary safe function that locks a whole binary file against modifications or can verify the correctness of an update that was sent over an unreliable line like radio modems etc History The idea for writing compilers was born a few years ago We had written a small BASIC compiler for use with 8051 based microcontroller Although this uBASIC 51 was quite simple writing software for the 8051 s suddenly became much easier than in Assembler But with the projects the demands grew too So the uC 51 B Version was developed Although the B Version s code generator was quite ineffective it was ideally suited for dat
77. pplied rules for the most common tasks here in like Making a bin out of c or s51 Making a obj out of c or s51 Making a bin out of obj and lib Making a hex out of bin Making a omf out of bin Using a rule in a make file always starts with the result followed by a colon Then the sources follow To select a rule Make must detect the Target s filename in the sources 1 e happy bin fast obj happy obj newlink obj If any of the three sources are younger than happy bin Make will try to find a rule how to make happy bin It will detect that happy is in happy obj so it will use the rule for Making bin out of obj In case of success the file time stamps will reflect this Guess what the following line will do happy hex happy bin Or happy omf happy bin In some cases Make is not able to detect all dependencies i e if you change header files for a source code but Make does not know about this dependency it could be advised to watch for this but often one is too lazy to tell that In this case you can tell Make to rebuilt the whole project without regarding the dependencies The place where a macro is defined is not important because first the make file is totally read It is allowed to overwrite macros or to use other macros as parameters in brackets with a leading A simple is replaced by the filename of the destination without file exten sion a is replaced by all depen
78. rated binary file simply add a new line in the makefile Here the additional line would be hello hex hello bin More infos about makefiles is given in one of the following paragraphs MakeWiz a closer description MakeWiz was designed to manage Make Files In the old V1 10 version Make Files had to been loaded managed and executed with UmShell Although UmShell is a quite versatile tool it is more convenient for most users to use a GUI instead of a textual MAKE File By adding the JFE Editor to the V1 20 the UmShell can be omitted for most projects excep tions are Multi Target Projects Projects with own Rules and Libraries This chapter will describe all the MakWiz parameters 15 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual The General Tab Here you can select existing MAKE Files or create a new one The Project Remarks will be added as comments in the MAKE File The Components Tab A project will consist of at least one Source file Source files are files that generate code Other files might be Header Files such as DEF H or INC that generate no code In the left combo box one of the Source file names can be selected as the target name A binary file for the target BIN will always be generated If required an additional HEX file will be generated see Tab Misc The C Compiler Tab The CPU Speed is the time in nsec a generic 8051 will need for one ins
79. re error concerning common subexpressions in xdata memory e Added definitions for putchar and getchar in stdio h 50 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Fixed the macro name for pre startup functions to STARTUP_FIRST in the docu see The job of startup Corrected the docu for pragma cpu51 directives Added include file sys51 h for system specifics like _nop_ The rand function has been changed to use binary polynominals thus making it quite faster with improved spectrum Two practical although non ANSI functions have been added rand8 which gives an 8 bit uchar random value and randl which is very fast and gives a simple binary decision 0 1 see stdio h for details Added a note about the initialisation values of register banks 2 and 3 which might be used for global variables see register usage old I2C LCD project removed and replaced by new LC Display for universal I O PC Ports LCD2 Added documentationd and demos for the ELEKTOR METER see SRCIMSCI201ELMET PDF wait ms generalised This standard function will now wait quite precise on any 8051 core For this the macro CPU_NSEC must be defined as shown in many demos This macro holds the mean instruction time in nsec for a 12 MHz generic 8051 this is 1000 Soem examples for CPUs like for a 24 MHz generic 8051 it is 500 or for a 11 0592 MHz MSC121x high speed core it is about 620
80. re the I2C Library is added for the demo 17 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual The Misc Tab If Use Smart Printf is checked a tailored printf function will be added Le if there are no floating point formats used the code for printing floating points will not be added Uncheck if not desired Always a BIN File will be written To convert it into a HEX File check the Box If the HEX File must be downloaded to a Flash memory the 2 nd Checkbox can be enabled The all records containing FF are omitted This is because almost all Flash memories must will automatically hold FF after erasing Check this option for download to MSC121x ATMELAT89CC51xx ADuC8xx and others Instead of HEX Files which do not contain any debugging information it is possible to generate OMF51 Format This format contains the same information than a HEX File with additionally source code information The OMF51 Format was especially added for use with SiLabe CPUs Workspaces and Save After all changes have been made a new MAKE File must be written Normally a JFE Workspace must only be written once because the tool buttons Make Re Make automatically refer to the MAKE File The DL BAT This batch file is always added to a JFE workspace It is intended to use the DL BAT if downloading to target board is possible The DL BAT is called with two parameters The first is the pure target name without file
81. resented in the big endian format Data types not mentioned here are mapped to the next smaller types like double to float long long to long The data type bit is 8051 specific It has the values only 0 and non 0 the integral represen tation is 1 but the integral value 123 is seen as non 0 too Floating point precision The floating point routines are based on IEEE proceedings Rounding is performed as proposed All mathematical library functions like sin have been implemented by using industrial approved algorithms and approximations Pointer types generic far pointer 32 Bit explained later may point to everything xdata pointer 16 Bit external ram code pointer 16 Bit code memory near pointer 8 Bit internal RAM address 0 127 inear pointer 8 Bit internal RAM address 0 255 bit pointer not an allowed type Memory models uC 51 supports two memory models small and large in the small model all local variables are located in the internal RAM near This is the fastest model Unfortunately there are only 128 Bytes If large blocks must be allocated as local variables the large model must be used Currently it is not possible to mix both models in one application Both memory models use the call graph scheme for minimum RAM usage The type of the memory which is used for the local variables and parameters is the only difference for the two memory models Global variables can be placed
82. s represented by the call graph Call graphs can either be totally exclusive or identical Reasons for having more than one call graph in a program are interrupts or Assembler called C functions If the linker detects irregu larities in the call graph it is not able to build the binary The depth of a call graph will represent the amount of used stack On the a 8051 each call takes 2 bytes so the depth of the call graph is about the same as the required stack space this is why each call takes two levels in the call graph Of course the compiler will at first try to use registers for parameters and variables Only if more space is needed local variables are allocated Using the printf formatter Formatted output is a too precious routine to waste it to a single printf implementation For this our printf simply calls a formatter function with its arguments and an additional output 26 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual function By using this mechanism it is very easy to generate a formatted output to almost everywhere One example is SRC RS232_2 RS232_C2 C where a function com2 printf is defined with only a few lines On our data loggers we use a flash printf to write format ted messages to the Flash memory For our LC Displays a cd printf is supported For u C 51 s libraries the sprintf functions is based on this formatter You can find the complete source code o
83. se this is the default value for empty Flash memory So if using Flash memory speed up the download by setting the macro B2HFLAGS s in your makefile 51 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual v1 10 11 This version is mainly a service release and should really be the last before the V1 20 with a new GUI will be released which is currently already under construction e The linker reserved sometimes a few unused bytes in the internal RAM e wait ms not useable on ADuC s CPU form Analog Devices e Added and completed include files for ADuC 812 831 841 e added forgotten sys51 h to the installation V1 10 12 e Fixed some minor cosmetically bugs e Added header files for 80C552 89C51RD2 ATMEL in Nnclude e Added the ELMET485 demo for the ELEKTOR board s RS485 e Added licence transfer see Transferring a license V1 10 13 e Added a short note in Interrupts in C about IRQs at startup Might be important to find mysterious bugs V1 10 15 V1 10 14 omitted First time the new TCP IP Stack was included although without docu e WebCode HTML gt 0BJ converter added e JFE Editor added V1 20 20 V1 10 16 19 omitted e Added the MakeWiz ELM FLEX Demo added MSC1210 based Webserver with 16kB demo code extension e Demos for the uPSD Family from ST added Header Hiles for the ADuC family moved to include Header Files for the MSC121x family moved to include e Sourc
84. should be used The names for the data segments are given and so the startup function can initialise them properly the IRQ driven serial I O driver LIB_ASSISERIOD S31 uses this technique to declare a byte variable in the nearbss segment This segment is cleared by startup 38 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual On demand the linker will generate additional symbols allowing access to internal data of the segments like size load address This feature is normally not used Note The linker will remove all unused segments only referenced segments of segments containing an org parameter will be linked to the binary Parameter org NUMBER Sets an absolute address for this segment Only once per segment allowed The program will start with the first label of the segment with org 0000 This value might be added by and offset from the linker like for our development boards The linker offset is set to 8000 by default where the RAM starts and the program will be downloaded to Parameter sclass NAME Sets the memory class of the segment If no sclass is given the default sclass is text Allowed NAMEs for the 8051 text Code constants EPROM This is also the default storage class xram The external RAM bit The bit field in the internal RAM from 20 2F dram The internal direct accessible RAM from 0 7F iram The internal indirect accessible RAM from 0 FF Paramet
85. to the RAM starting at 8000 by using our OS535 BIN on Wickenhaeuser Boards like the FlexGate I Hence the UART ist not initialised For a Hello World demo for Single Chip CPUs like the MSC121x Family from Texas Instruments use MSRCONSINGLECHNSC HELLO MAK instead That s all You can now download the generated Binary file if your board is compatible to OS535 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual A MakeWiz generated Workspace contains always three tool buttons Note that JFE will save all changed files prior to executing one of the tools Make Will generate the target file This is the normal and fastest way because only files that have been changes since the last run will be compiled Re Make is required if files have been changed that are not explicitly listed in the project i e Header Files Re Make will force a total recompilation of project The last Button DL BAT can be used for starting an own downloader An example ist the Original Downloader from Texas Instruments for the MSC121x family named download exe The user himself is responsible for the contents of the DL BAT The target s file name without extension is the one and only parameter for DL BAT Le for the MSC121x downloader A DL BAT for this CPU could look like download F 1 hex X11 P1 T B9600 where 1 hex will become the name of the HEX file to download X11 stands for a aprox 11 MHz crystal P1
86. truction cycle For 12 MHz crystal this is 1000 Cores with high speed cores such as the MSC121x may vary here the required value must be estimated The CPU Speed is required for the wait ms function and very raw for the I2C Bus delay loops Additional arguments can be passed to the Compiler in the next line An example is the definition of an external macro like dAD515 is the same as having a define AD515 in the C code or dBAUDRATE 9600 is the same as define BAUDRATE 9600 Seperate the additional arguments by a Space character The lower three combo boxes control the optimisation memory model and Debug infos The different memoyr models small and large are described in one of the following chapters We recommend the small model because it is the fastest and most compact The large will only be required for very large programs The Compiler Debug Level is equal to the Compilers parameter g This information is primarily required for writing a listing It will seldom generate larger code in some rare cases the option No debug info could spare some extra bytes The last option Variables and C Source lines will be required for the coming Flash SLD51 in V1 30 The Assembler Tab The first Checkbox Expand Debug Code controls whether the Assembler will include the a macro __line after each source line This works fine with the old Debugger SLD51 but is only unnecessary code ballast if you don t have
87. u would like to use another linking assembler simply write a bin a s51 my assli o bin obj Designing own rules Because Make is one of the most versatile ways to make something you can easily expand it by own rules Think of the following scenario you have just written a new converter which is able to generate a OBJ file out of a HTML file might be necessary for an embedded webserver This program might have the name HTML2OBJ and is called with source and destination file name The generalize this an implicit rule could be used htm obj HTML20BJ e htm s51 first produce an assembly file A51 e s51 iS INCLUDE A51FLAGS then make an OBJ out of it Here the macro HTML2OBJ is holding the path of ther HTML2OBJ EXE see BIN BUILTINS MAK And from now on you could even link HTML to your application That s exactly the way it works since V1 20 Technical description of the compiler UC51 EXE This chapter will work out some of the deeper details of the compiler It will follow in an later version of this documentation 36 WWW WICKENHAEUSER COM 11 05 200511 05 2005 uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual Technical description of the assembler A51 EXE The A51 is a macro assembler It was designed as a reliable and stable workhorse and as for the compiler the A51 is almost totally independent from the 8051 too A51 operates as a single pass assembler Thus making it very fast Mnemoni
88. uC 51 V1 20 User s Manual input from the user to the string where pc points to of size max The result is the length of the user s input at maximum this is max 1 The string has a 0 char at the end void putsl far char ps Non Standard unsigned char inputse far char pc unsigned char max Non Standard Remark inputse is used in the demo SRC MINI535 M535V3 C A standard wait function has been added void wait ms unsigned int This function will always wait a given time in msec This is accomplished by a macro CPU NSEC which holds the mean instruction time for a 1 cycle instruction in nsec for a 12 MHz generic 8051 this is 1000 which is the default too a 24 MHz generic 8051 would have 500 See comments for V1 10 9 too This parameter can be found in MakeWiz s C Compiler Tab Please note For some High speed cores this value might differ i e the MSC1210 requires CPU SEC set to 620 although running with a 11 0592 MHz crystal see SRC MSC ELMET MAK and additonally the nsec value will only be accepted if lt 1000 For very slow CPUs leave nsec to its default and calculate waiting times manually i e for a 2 MHZ 8051 call wait ms 10 to wait 60 msec Important A problem was discovered on the ADuC s from Analog Devives may occure on other CPUs with a 3 byte DPTR register too because the 3 byte DPTR of the ADuC is not totally compatible with the generic 8051 wait ms uses the DPTR re
89. w output format called OMF51 This file format can be used especially with the High Speed CPUs from SiLabs Silicon Laboratories for Source code debugging Code quality uC 51 is based on a universal modelling system capable of modelling all kind of 8 16 32 bit processor cores But more important is that this system was especially designed to deal with non linear architectures like the 8051 s Harvard architecture with separated code and data space uC 51 is the first implementation for this system and the results are very good There is only a very small part in the software especially dedicated to the 8051 but the generated code can easily compete with the market leaders as they describe themselves In some cases the code is even better i e uC 51 V1 10 translates the SIEVE demo SRCSSIEVENSIEVE C which is one of the standard demos with a module size of 142 bytes the closest competitor needs 6 more the total code size is only 897 bytes no one of the market leaders does beat this Read more about un C 51 s optimisation techniques and a comparison with other compilers in the appendix of this documentation If demanded like here the compiler utilises a call graph scheme for minimum usage of the precious resources for the 8051 this is undoubted the internal RAM In combination with a data flow optimisation the amount of allocated internal RAM is astonishing low Before publishing uC 5
90. x number 256 dec Intel syntax version 1 0100H Hex number 256 dec Intel syntax version 1 100h Hex number 256 dec Intel syntax version 2 100H Hex number 256 dec Intel syntax version 2 0100 Octal base 8 number 83 dec C language syntax 111 Binary number 7 dec 70000111 Binary number 7 dec 0111b Binary number 7 dec Intel syntax version 1 0111B Binary number 7 dec Intel syntax version 1 111b Binary number 7 dec Intel syntax version 2 111b Binary number 7 dec Intel syntax version 2 We recommend the formats with and They are the most readable ones Operators The A51 uses the same operators and hierarchy as C except bit addressing Braces highest Priority Bit addressing like ACC 7 highest bit of ACC 1 Multiplication division module As sign lt lt gt gt Shift operators lt gt gt lt Comparison value is 1 if true O for false amp Binary and Binary exclusive or Binary or SiS Logical and I Logical or Directives segment Usage segment NAME Parameter Jon Open an existing or a new segment NAME The linker will collect all segments with the same NAME and treat them as an unit The compiler will generate a segment for each C function We recommend to use as NAME the name of the function or entry label plus a leading For functions each function should have its own segment for the code whereas for data of the same type only one segment
91. y give some unwanted extra code To instruct the Assembler to not include breakpoints but generating a listing the macro ASIFLAGS must be set ASIFLAGS g To make baudrate and crystal frequency a parameter which can be passed to uC 51 a defini tion d is used C51FLAGS dBAUDRATE 9600 dXTAL 11059200 For single chip applications our debugger SLD51 can not be used So it is best to use the fast serial i o library ser_iok lib with sourcecode in LIB LIB_ASS SER_IOK S51 Because this is not the default it must be set in the makefile SERIOTYPE k ser iok lib requires an UART initialisation with bit TI set At last some rules for the HEX and BIN file follow Way 2 Microcontroller hardware special development boards As stated before uC 51 is a development system for all 8051 family members But for devel oping and testing a convenient way is to use a special board where you can download and run binary files in an external RAM Of course there are alternatives like using an emulator or doing a pure software simulation decide this for your own Later if the program or the tested functions are running as expected they might be directly used on or programmed to the dedicated target system Note We recommend to use such a special development board for developing functions and algorithms in the RAM Finally you may use them on the intended boards where debugging might be more difficult Alter

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents

BoConcept Model 2100 Assembly Instruction  Showcase Processor  07-413 NS-LCD42 QSG.indd  Oro/Plata/Bronce - Pinturas Blatem  "取扱説明書"  Rotel RA1210 User's Manual    取扱説明書 - TOEX  Sharp AR-M316 multifunctional  

Copyright © All rights reserved. Failed to retrieve file