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Prism 6.1 User's Guide

1. main ak julis 1 Peelers sein E julia i precedore main juliae 105 Program exited with 1 tprasme pelet itr on i FIGURE 2 4 Command Window With History Region The command window is a separate pane within the main window You can resize this window using the resize box at the top right of the window and scroll through it If you don t intend to issue commands in the command window you may want to make this window smaller so that you can display more code in the source window If you use the command window frequently you may want to make it bigger If you change the size of the window the new size is saved when you leave the Prism environment Using the Command Line You type commands on the command line at the bottom of the command window You can type in this box whenever it is highlighted and an J shaped cursor called an L beam appears in it See Text Entry Keyboard Alternatives on page 21 for a list of keystrokes you can use in editing the command line Press Return to issue the command Type Control C to interrupt execution of a command or choose the Interrupt selection from the Execute menu You can issue multiple commands on the Prism command line separate them with a semicolon One exception If a command takes a file name as an argument you cannot follow it with a semicolon because the Prism environment can t tell if the semicolon is part of the file name The Prism environment keeps
2. Displays the number of values within the bar Number of values in all bars Displays the number of values within the entire dataset Percent of values in this bar Displays the values within the bar as a percentage of the entire dataset Percent of values up to and including this bar Displays a cumulative percentage The value is the total of the selected bucket and all buckets to the left of it as a percentage of the complete data set Chapter6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 203 These values are displayed in a Histogram Bar Statistics dialog box as shown in FIGURE 6 10 FIGURE 6 10 Histogram Bar Statistics Dialog Box Specifying the Metric of the Histogram You can select alternative values for the histogram metric For example you could choose Latency the default Time Order or specific fields in either event of the selected interval Define the axis values by choosing from the list located below the histogram graph The values in those lists are m Latency a Time Order m Event 1 Specify the event field m Event 2 Specify the event field The data fields of the event become available for selection in the second list of the same row This allows you to use a data value of a selected event as a metric of the histogram graph 204 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Controlling the Scale of TNF Data Collection During the collection phase of performance analysis the Prism environment creat
3. Perform one of the following Look for the name in the Current Set box at the top right of the Psets window Look in the status region in the Prism environment s main window Type prism all pset This displays the current set Examine the prism prompt on the command line of the graphical mode and in the commands only mode of the Prism environment For example the Prism environment s response to the pset command in the previous section would look like this prism all pset foo prism foo Note In giving examples of Prism commands the prism prompt is used only when necessary to show the effect of a command Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 69 70 v To List the Processes in the Current Pset Type prism all show pset For example prism foo show pset pset current is defined as foo The set contains the following processes 1 2 The Psets window also displays the processes in the current pset Current Pset and Dynamic Psets Predefined Psets on page 58 describes dynamic psets predefined sets like running stopped and interrupted whose contents the Prism environment automatically updates during the execution of the program If you specify a dynamic pset as the current pset you create a static pset that consists of the processes that are members of the dynamic set at the time you issue the pset command or otherwise choose it to be the curr
4. Type prism all print array_handle or prism all display array_handle At this point the Prism environment recognizes a as a Sun S3L array You could now use the Prism environment to display the values of a using the print command prism all printa a 0 1 0 0 000000 1 000000 O0 1 1 0 1000000 1 100000 O0 1 2 0 2000000 1 200000 t In all respects you could use a as you would use any array in the Prism environment For example you can use a as an array variable prism all assign a 9 prism all print a a 0 1 0 9 000000 9 000000 0 1 1 9 000000 9 000000 0 1 2 9 000000 9 000000 Sun S3L arrays are distributed across multiple processes Since each process has an identical view of a the Prism environment prints the values of the array only once However when the Prism environment prints a regular array larr it prints the values of larr separately for each process For regular arrays such as larr the values of the array can differ in each process since every process has its own copy Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 For example prism all print larr larr Pset 0 1 2 1 1 0 000000 1 000000 1 2 2 1 0 1000000 1 100000 1 2 3 1 0 2000000 1 200000 Pset 1 13 25 1429 000000 1 000000 1325 242 1327352 2000000 1 200000 prism all ini all 0 0 1000000 1 100000 0 assign larr larr 5 pset 0 print larr larr Pset 0
5. 1 2 1 1 0 000000 5 000000 1 2 2 1 0 5000000 5 500000 1 2 3 1 1 000000 6 000000 Pset 1 1 2 1 2 0 000000 1 000000 1 2 2 2 0 1000000 1 100000 1 2 3 2 0 2000000 1 200000 The Prism environment prints expressions involving Sun S3L parallel arrays after having issued the type command only once unless they include a variable in the user program Their values are the same for all processes prism all SDRE 10 a 1 10 a 1i 0 1 0 1 000000000000000 9 000000000000000 0 1 1 0 00000000000000000 10 00000023841858 0 1 2 1 000000029802322 11 00000047683716 prism all print a a 0 1 0 0 000000 1 000000 0 1 1 0 1000000 1 100000 0 1 2 0 2000000 1 200000 Chapter 5 Visualizing Data 177 However if you use a Sun S3L array in an expression that includes a variable then the Prism environment replicates the array on each process and then evaluates the array separately on each process This example adds a variable w to a The Prism environment prints the results for both processes prism all print w w 1 2 0 0 prism all print atw atw Pset 0 0 1 0 1 0 000000000000000 000000000000000 0 1 1 1 0 1000000014901161 100000023841858 0 1 2 1 0 2000000029802322 200000047683716 Pset 1 0 1 0 2 0 000000000000000 000000000000000 0 1 1 2 0 1000000014901161 100000023841858 0 1 2 2 0 2000000029802322 200000047683716 v To Visualize
6. Change the setting of the Prism resource Prism cppPath specifying the path to your C preprocessor as its setting Typically this setting is 1ib Thus you would set the resource as follows Prism cppPath 1lib Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 See Changing Prism Environment Defaults on page 229 for information on setting the Prism environment s resources Note however that the commands only mode of the Prism environment is not aware of the settings of Prism resources such as Prism cppPath unless the settings are contained in the system wide Prism app defaults file Using the Tear Off Region You can place frequently used menu selections and commands in the tear off region below the menu bar in the tear off region they become buttons that you can click on to execute functions FIGURE 9 1 shows the buttons that are there by default Load Pun Display THF Data Print Everts Shell FIGURE 9 1 The Tear Off Region Putting menu selections and commands in the tear off region lets you access them without having to pull down a menu or issue a command from the command line Changes you make to the tear off region are saved when you leave the Prism environment see Where the Prism Environment Stores Your Changes on page 228 Adding Menu Selections to the Tear Off Region You can add menu selections to the tear off region from either the menu bar or the command line To Add a Menu Selection to the Tea
7. Fortran variable is not allocated associated You can find the state of a pointer using the what is command Assume pn1 has not been associated prism all whatis pnl node pn1 unallocated 90 pointer Assume pni has been associated with a value prism all whatis pnl node pn1 90 pointer Pointers to Arrays The Prism environment supports pointers to arrays in the same way that it supports simple pointers The Fortran 90 language constraints apply For example Fortran 90 allows pointer assignment between pointers to arrays Assignment to arrays having different ranks is not allowed For example given these declarations real dimension 10 target r_arrl real dimension 20 target r_arr2 real dimension pointer p_arrl p_arr2 Appendix B C and Fortran 90 Support 255 256 you can use Prism commands with these Fortran 90 pointers to arrays prism all prism all prism all prism all print p_arrl whatis p_arr2 assign p_arrl gt r_arrl assign p_arrl1 1 2 7 Pointers to Sections of an Array in Fortran 90 The Prism environment does not handle Fortran 90 pointers to array sections correctly For example array_ptr gt some_array 1 10 3 The Prism environment will print some elements of the array although it will not print the correct elements or the correct number of elements Allocatable Arrays The Prism environment supports allocatable arrays in
8. This sends output to a window dedicated to output for this command If you subsequently issue the same command no matter what its arguments are and specify that output is to be sent to the dedicated window this window will be updated For example list on ded displays the output of the list command in a dedicated window Some commands that have equivalent menu selections display their output in the standard window for the menu selection a snapshot abbreviated sna This creates a window that provides a snapshot of the output If you subsequently issue the same command and specify that output is to be sent to the snapshot window the Prism environment creates a separate window for the new output The time each window was created is shown in its title Snapshot windows let you save and compare outputs a windowname This creates a window with a name you have created Windowname appears in the title of the window This is useful if you want a particular label for a window For example if you were doing a stack trace at line 22 you could issue this command where on line22 to label the window with the location of the stack trace Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Logging Commands and Output You can use the log command along with the source command to replay a session in the Prism environment see the next section If you want to do this you must edit the log file to remove Prism output Use the log file for log
9. You can use the keyboard to perform many of the same functions you can perform with a mouse This section lists these keyboard alternatives Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 19 20 In general to use a keyboard alternative the focus must be in the screen region where you want the action to take place The focus is generally indicated by the location cursor which is a heavy line around the region General keyboard alternatives to mouse control are listed below TABLE 2 1 General Keyboard Alternatives to Mouse Control Key Name Tab Shift Tab Return Arrow keys F1 F10 Meta Control C Esc Description Use the Tab key to move the location cursor from field to field within a window or dialog box The buttons in a window or box constitute one field The location cursor highlights one of the buttons when you tab to this field Use the Shift Tab keys to perform the same function as Tab but move through the fields in the opposite direction Use the Return key to choose a highlighted choice in a menu or to perform the action associated with a highlighted button in a window or dialog box Use the up down left and right arrow keys to move within a field For example when the location cursor highlights a list you can use the up and down arrow keys to move through the choices in the list In some windows that contain text pressing the Control key along with an up or down arrow key scrolls the text one ha
10. prism 1 cycle prism 2 cycle prism 3 cycle prism 0 To Cycle Through the Processes in a Pset From the Source Window Pop Up Menu Choose Cycle from this menu This advances to the next member of the cycle pset Cycle Visualizer Window The Prism environment includes a Cycle window type for visualizing data When you print a variable s value to the Cycle window the value changes to that of the variable in the new process whenever you cycle through the members of the cycle pset For more information see Visualizing Multiple Processes on page 160 Hiding Threads From Psets The pset command takes two thread specific options hide and unhide These options control membership in a set of hidden threads Threads in the set of hidden threads never appear in any pset and debugging commands are never sent to them regardless of the definition of the current set Once hidden those threads are represented by empty stripes in the Psets window and Where graph By default the set of hidden threads consists of threads 2 3 and 4 in all ranks These are auxiliary threads created by any program that is linked with libthread so and are rarely interesting to a programmer These procedures are valid only when debugging a multithreaded program Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 75 Y To Hide Threads From Psets Type prism all pset hide pset_expression The Prism environment evaluates pset_expres
11. prism all print b pvar1 prints the binary representation of pvar1 in the Command window prismall display x pvar2 on dedicated displays the hexadecimal values of pvar2 in a dedicated window The default radix is decimal unless you have used the set radix command to change it see To Change the Default Radix on page 123 Working With Visualizers The window that contains the data being printed or displayed is called a visualizer FIGURE 5 3 shows a visualizer for a three dimensional array Chapter5 Visualizing Data 129 130 Zr pset all 0 3 751779 0 4101968 0 4449411 0 4794107 0 5136057 0 5475259 0 5811716 0 6145425 0 6476389 0 6804605 0 7130075 0 7452798 0 7772775 0 8090006 0 8404489 0 8716226 0 9025217 14 75252 14 41205 14 07282 13 73487 13 39826 13 06303 12 72923 12 39691 12 A619 0 3397306 0 3747495 0 4094937 0 4439633 0 4781583 0 5120786 0 5457242 025790952 0 6121915 0 6450132 0 6775602 0 7098325 0 7418302 0 7735532 0 8050016 0 8361753 14 91000 14 57488 14 24089 13 90808 13 57649 13 24618 12 91720 12 58959 12 26340 11_ 932868 0 3045579 0 3395768 0 3743210 0 4087906 0 4429856 0 4769059 0 5105515 0 5439225 0 5770188 0 6098405 0 6423874 0 6746598 0 7066575 0 7383805 0 7698289 15 05440 14 72475 14 39612 14 06856 13 74211 13 41684 13 09279 12 77000 12 44853 12 12842 14_ 8na72 FIGURE 5 3 Visualizer for a T
12. 244 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 APPENDIX A The Commands Only Mode of the Prism Environment You can run the Prism environment in a commands only mode without the graphical interface This is useful if you don t have access to a terminal or workstation running X All of the functionality of the Prism environment is available in commands only mode except features that require graphics for example visualizers See Specifying the Commands Only Option on page 245 If you are using an Xterm you can also run a commands only mode of the Prism environment that lets you redirect the output of certain commands to X windows This may be preferable to users who are used to a command line interface for debugging but want to take advantage of some of the Prism environment s graphical features See Running the Commands Only Mode of the Prism Environment From an Xterm The CX Option on page 248 For further information on individual commands read the sections of the main body of this guide dealing with the commands and read the reference descriptions in the Prism Reference Manual Specifying the Commands Only Option To enter commands only mode specify the C option on the prism command line You can also include other arguments on the command line for example you can specify the name of a program so that the Prism environment comes up with that program loaded X toolkit options are of course meaningless See
13. By default the lengths of all vectors scale linearly with magnitude varying between the minimum and maximum vector lengths FIGURE 5 10 shows a vector visualizer 138 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 cmpIx zi zr pset all tt t t CAPR OAC ded UT PICS fe eee Gt ad Tl Tenet Tete Te hy te ty A 6 cS F thra a a i Arey se yer erne A Reb BeL_era ana mew fb PRY RY Aners SNe at tree dy ame fy rm a 6 6 6 H 6 e A 6 6 6 on Con NGO SID Mee Tdte te eee Te te as Fete ae Gh G0 a a a ae hee eh led at teeth Site ae oranges Maar dee oie ard te nei hee nett T T amp lt a kad Lan x gt 4 2 a ma ae vi PRAAIVV L IFA Hw APPT Pept II 5 x 5 a A z ms 5 La w a ta T Sa oe 44 34 44 4y Num RR er eee d d d ANB RR ee ee we Name here of RNR Re eee A A A ARN RRR ee oS AN eRe ewe A AA iJ aw PAPPAPAINNYNN EVE TTP Ett t et k e le haa ll cl all oad ll al BUSY I sew a YRUYYVIFS 777 HOOK E HHH EEE HEY d Hee ELE EY ee al ol call ol called fer ter de ie ier ee FIGURE 5 10 Vector Visualizer wv To Set Parameters Choose Parameters from the Options menu In the dialog box you can change various defaults that the Prism environment uses in setting up the display window see FIGURE 5 11 If a parameter is grayed out or missing it does not apply to the current repre
14. Executing a Program in the Prism Environment on page 48 a Using Psets in the Prism Environment on page 54 a Using the Prism Environment With Sun MPI Client Server Programs on page 82 a Choosing the Current File and Function on page 82 m Creating a Directory List for Source Files on page 84 Loading a Program Before you can execute or debug a program in the Prism environment you must first load the program into the Prism environment You can load only one program at a time As described in Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment you can load a program into the Prism environment by specifying its name as an argument to the prism command If you don t use this method you can load a program once you are in the Prism environment by using one of the methods discussed next 43 44 v To Load a Program From the Menu Bar 1 Choose the Load selection from the File menu It is also by default in the tear off region A dialog box appears as shown in FIGURE 3 1 Load i Load Program Filter e hpc rte sand mbarton tests recurse Directories _ Programs hpcirte sand mbartonitests recursel primes Mpeielsandmbartomestsirecursel i G nmes cre recurse Selection primes exg Load Filter Cancel Help FIGURE 3 1 Load Program Filter Double click on the program name if the name appears in the Programs scrollable list Or you can pu
15. Issuing Solaris Commands You can issue Solaris commands from within the Prism environment v To Issue Solaris Commands From Within the Prism Environment Perform one of the following m From the menu bar Choose the Shell selection from the Utilities menu The Prism environment creates a Solaris shell The shell is independent of the Prism environment you can issue Solaris commands from it just as you would from any Solaris shell The type of shell that is created depends on the setting of your SHELL environment variable Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 39 40 a From the command window Issue the sh command on the command line With no arguments it creates a Solaris shell If you include a Solaris command line as an argument the command is executed and the results are displayed in the history region Some Solaris commands have equivalents in the Prism environment as described below Changing the Current Working Directory By default your current working directory within the Prism environment is the directory from which you started the Prism environment Type prism all pwd This finds the current working directory Type prism all ed directoryname This changes the current working directory For example prism all ed sistare bin changes your working directory to sistare bin prism all ed changes your working directory to the parent of the current working directory Issue
16. Using the Customize Utility on page 224 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Changing the Text Fonts You may need to change the fonts the Prism environment uses if for example its fonts aren t available on your system Use the resources described below to do this Vv To List the Names of the Fonts Available on Your System Type xlsfonts You should try to substitute a font that is about the same size as the default value of the Prism environment substituting a font that is much larger can cause display problems since the Prism environment does not resize windows and buttons to accommodate the larger font v To Specify the Fonts for Prism Perform the following m Edit the Prism textFont resource This specifies the resource that the Prism environment is to use in displaying the labels of histograms and text in visualizers By default the Prism environment uses a 12 point fixed width font for this text You can also change the setting of this resource via the Customize utility see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 m Change the setting of the Prism XmText fontList resource to change the font used to display most of the running text in the Prism environment such as the source code in the source window By default the Prism environment uses a 12 point fixed width font for this text m Change the setting of the Prism fontList resource to change the font used for everything else for example me
17. current definition 6 9 12 members 6 9 12 current process 6 cycle definition 6 9 12 members 6 9 12 current process 6 all definition all members 0 31 current process 12 Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 67 68 Deleting Psets To Delete Psets You can delete named psets that you have defined You cannot delete any predefined pset except cycle see The cycle Pset on page 73 To delete a pset Perform one of the following a From the Psets window Choose the Delete selection from the Options menu This displays a list of psets that you can delete Click on the name of the pset you want to delete If it is currently displayed in the Psets window it disappears m From the command line Issue the delete pset command using a pset qualifier to specify the name of a user defined pset For example prism all delete pset xon deletes the pset named xon See Events Taking Pset Qualifiers on page 95 for a discussion of the effect of deleting a pset on events that have been defined to affect the members of that set The Current Pset The command syntax described in Defining Psets on page 59 lets you apply a command to a specific pset If you don t use this syntax the command is applied to the current pset current is a predefined pset name in the Prism environment In addition many graphical actions in the Prism environment apply only to the members of the current s
18. v To Supply mprun Arguments When You Launch the Prism Environment 16 v To Specify Runtime Environment Specific Options After Startup 17 Prism 6 1 Reference Manual March 2000 v To Specify a Preferred Host by Name Running LSF 17 v To Specify a Preferred Partition by Name Running CRE 18 Executing Commands Within the Prism Environment 19 Using the Mouse 19 Using Keyboard Alternatives to the Mouse 19 Issuing Commands 21 Using the Menu Bar 21 Keyboard Accelerators 22 Using the Source Window 22 Moving Through the Source Code 23 v To Search for Text in a String or Regular Expression 23 v To Display Different Files 23 Selecting Text 24 Splitting the Source Window 24 v To Split the Source Window 24 v To Return to a Single Source Window 25 Using the Line Number Region 26 Using the Command Window 27 Using the Command Line 28 Using the History Region 29 v To Specify the Maximum Number of Lines in the History Region 29 v___ To Select Text in the History Region 29 v To Re Executea Command 29 Redirecting Output 29 v To Redirect Output to a File 30 v To Redirect Output toa Window 30 Logging Commands and Output 31 Contents v vi Writing Expressions in the Prism Environment 32 How the Prism Environment Chooses the Correct Variable or Procedure 32 v To Display the Fully Qualified Name of a Variable 33 Using Fortran Intrinsic Functions in Expressions 34 Using C Arrays in Expressions 35 Using Array Section Syntax in C Arrays 36 Hints
19. Change the setting of the Prism procThresh resource This specifies a different maximum number of procedures Set the resource to 0 to specify that there is to be no maximum Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 CHAPTER 10 Troubleshooting This chapter discusses ways in which you can recognize and avoid potential difficulties when using the Prism environment Troubleshooting Tips You can improve the effectiveness of your Prism sessions by using the following troubleshooting tips Launch the Prism Environment Without Invoking bsub or mprun Launch the Prism environment the correct way by invoking it directly For example to launch the Prism environment and load four a out processes prism n 4 a out Do not attempt to launch Prism as an argument to bsub or mprun o bsub n 4 prism a out It is unnecessary to launch the Prism environment as an argument to bsub or mprun since it invokes bsub and mprun internally Therefore using bsub or mprun to launch the Prism environment is redundant If you specify a Prism n argument larger than one launching the Prism environment as an argument to bsub or mprun causes too many instances of the Prism environment to be launched 241 242 Avoid Using the xs Compiler Option Loading code compiled with the xs option can require long load times The Prism environment does not require that you compile code with the xs option Keep o Files after Compilation If
20. Choosing the Print or Display selection from the Debug menu prints or displays data for processes in the current pset If there is only one process in the pset the visualizer that is displayed is no different from the visualizer you would see in the scalar mode of the Prism environment If there is more than one process in the pset the Prism environment adds a dimension to the visualizer The extra dimension represents the processes in the set For example if the variable is scalar the Prism environment displays a one dimensional array that represents the value of the variable in each process If you are printing a one dimensional array the Prism environment uses a two dimensional visualizer For C programs axis 0 represents the processes For Fortran 77 programs the highest numbered axis represents the processes The Prism environment can aggregate data from multiple processes only if the expression has the same size and number of dimensions in each process if it doesn t the Prism environment prints an error message In the example shown in FIGURE 5 20 the variable board is an 8x8 array representing a chess board the current pset contains four processes Therefore the Prism environment displays a three dimensional visualizer Axis 0 represents the processes The figure shows the values of board in the first process in the set You would drag the white bar in the slider portion of the data navigator to display the values in the
21. Entering the Prism Environment on page 10 for more information on command line options When you have issued the command prism C n 4 a out 245 246 you receive this prompt prism all You can issue most Prism commands at this prompt except for commands that apply specifically to the graphical interface these include pushbutton tearoff and untearoff Issuing Commands You operate in the commands only mode of the Prism environment just as you do when issuing commands on the command line in the graphical mode of the Prism environment output appears below the command you type instead of in the history region above the command line You cannot redirect output using the on window syntax You can however redirect output to a file using the filename syntax The commands only mode of the Prism environment supports the editing key combinations supported by the graphical mode of the Prism environment plus some additional combinations Here is the entire list m Ctrl A Moves to the beginning of the line m Ctrl B or Ctrl H Moves back one character m Ctrl C Interrupts execution m Ctrl D Deletes the character under the cursor m Ctrl E Moves to the end of the line m Ctrl F Moves forward one character a Ctrl J or Ctrl M Signals done with input equivalent to pressing the Return key m Ctrl K Deletes to the end of the line m Ctrl L Refreshes the screen a Ctrl N
22. Note that changing the cycle pset erases any previous cycling information For example if you do the following 1 Make foo the current set and cycle partway through it 2 Make bar the current set 3 Once again make foo the current set Then you start at the beginning again when you cycle through the members of foo To Cycle Through the Processes in the cycle Pset From the Psets Window Use the Cycle arrows at the top left of the window to cycle through the members of the cycle set Click on the right arrow to cycle up through the members of the set click on the left arrow to cycle down through the members Clicking on a Cycle arrow a Advances the current process in the cycle pset to be the next member in the set a Makes the current pset consist of only this process To Cycle Through the Processes in a Pset from the Command Line Type prism all cycle This has the same effect as clicking on the right cycle arrow in the Psets window Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 In a nonthreaded program the cycle command sets the current process to the next one in the current pset In a threaded program it sets the current process to be the next valid thread on the current rank and steps to the next rank when appropriate For example this Prism session defines a pset makes it the current set and then cycles through its members prism all define pset foo 0 3 prism all pset foo prism foo cycle
23. Printing or displaying to a graphical window creates a visualizer which provides you with various options as to how to represent the data Visualization Methods The Prism environment provides these methods for choosing what to print or display m By choosing the Print or Display selection from the Debug menu in the menu bar see To Print or Display a Variable or Expression at the Current Program Location on page 124 a By selecting text within the source window see To Print or Display From the Source Window on page 125 a By adding events to the Event Table see To Print or Display From the Event Table on page 126 a By issuing commands from the Command window see To Print or Display From the Command Window on page 127 122 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 In all cases choosing Display adds an event to the event list since displaying data requires an action to update the values each time the program is stopped Note that since Display updates automatically the only way to keep an unwanted display window from reappearing is to delete the corresponding display event You create print events only via the Event Table and the Events menu To Change the Default Radix Type prism all set radix number Specifying as a setting 2 binary 8 octal or 16 hexadecimal For example prism all set radix 16 changes the default representation to hexadecimal To reset the default to decimal
24. and Use Xterm there are only two possible settings true and false clicking on the button labeled with the resource s name toggles the current setting Whenever you make a change in a text entry box Apply and Cancel buttons appear to the right of it Click on Apply to save the new setting it takes effect immediately Click on Cancel to cancel it the setting changes back to its previous value vV To Close the Customize Window Click on Close or press the Esc key Resources You can customize the X Window System resources that the Prism environment and other X applications uses Edit Geometry Use this resource to specify the X geometry string for the editor created by the Edit and Email selections from the Utilities menu The geometry string specifies the number of columns and rows and optionally the left and right offsets from the corner of the screen The Prism environment s default is 80x24 that is 80 rows and 24 columns See your X documentation for more information on X geometries Editor Use this resource to specify the editor that the Prism environment is to invoke when you choose the Edit selection from the Utilities menu Click on the Editor box to display a menu of possible choices If you leave this field blank the Prism environment uses the setting of your EDITOR environment variable to determine which editor to use Error Bell Use this resource to specify how the Prism environment is to
25. attach a separate debugger to each Sun MPI process To Run a Program Perform one of the following m From the menu bar If you have no command line arguments you want to specify choose the Run selection from the Execute menu execution starts immediately The Run selection by default is in the tear off region Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 If you have command line arguments choose the Run args selection from the Execute menu A dialog box is displayed in which you can specify any command line arguments for the program see FIGURE 3 2 If you have more arguments than fit in the input box they scroll to the left Click on the Run button to start execution 4 Run fangs Tomai ine arg ier Hun Cannel Help FIGURE 3 2 Run args Dialog Box a From the command window Type the run command including any arguments to the program on the command line You can abbreviate the command to r If you have already run the program you can issue the rerun command to run it again using the same argument list you previously passed to the program In both cases you can redirect input or output using lt or gt in the standard Solaris manner When the program starts executing the status region displays the message running You can continue to interact with the Prism environment while a program is running but many features will be unavailable Unavailable selections are grayed out in menus If you issue a command that
26. breakpoint set at that line a Displays a b if some but not all of the processes in the current pset have a breakpoint set at that line a Displays a T if all processes in the current pset have a tracepoint set at that line a Displays a t if some but not all of the processes in the current pset have a tracepoint set at that line If there is a mixture of breakpoints and tracepoints set on the line the Prism environment uses the B b T t sequence to determine what letter to display For example if a line has a breakpoint set in one process and a tracepoint set in all processes the Prism environment displays a b You can shift click on the letter in the line number region to display the complete event or events associated with it If you right click in the line number window you display the source window pop up menu discussed in the previous section Right click anywhere in the main window to close this menu Using the Command Window The command window is the area at the bottom of the main window in which you type commands and receive Prism output The command window consists of two boxes the command line at the bottom and the history region above it FIGURE 2 4 shows a command window with a command on the command line and messages in the history region Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 27 28 procedure sain a julis z Prod majn si I 1 peedure main Procedure main 1 procedure sadn
27. by issuing the command stop or when You ll probably find it most convenient to use the line number region for setting simple breakpoints however the other two methods give you greater flexibility for example in setting up a condition under which the breakpoint is to take place In all cases an event is added to the list in the Event Table If you delete the breakpoint using any of the methods described in this section the corresponding event is deleted from the event list If you set a breakpoint at a program location a B appears next to the line number in the line number region Using the Line Number Region To use the line number region to set a breakpoint the line at which you want to stop execution must appear in the source window If it doesn t you can scroll through the source window if the line is in the current file or use the File or Func selection from the File menu to display the source file you are interested in YV To Set a Breakpoint in the Line Number Region 1 Position the mouse pointer to the right of the line numbers The pointer turns into a B 2 Move the pointer next to the line at which you want to stop execution Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 99 100 3 Left click the mouse A B is displayed indicating that a breakpoint has been set for that line A message appears in the command window confirming the breakpoint and an event is added to the event list The source line you choose must
28. eval pset If you make a variable pset your current set its membership is determined by the most recent eval pset command you have executed for the set If you have not executed an eval pset command to update the set s membership the membership continues to be what it was when you created the set The Current Process Each pset has a current process which serves as the scoping point for Prism commands By default the current process is the lowest rank process and in threaded programs the lowest numbered thread in the pset The current process has a variety of uses in the Prism environment m The source window displays the source code executing in the current process of the current pset m The Where graph centers around the call stack of the current pset s current process see Displaying the Where Graph on page 108 m The current process determines the scope used in interpreting the names of variables see Scope in the Prism Environment on page 73 To Change the Current Process When you change a current process by any of the methods described below the pset keeps this new current process until you explicitly change it That is if you switch to a different current set then switch back to the original set the original set will still have the same current process Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 71 72 Perform one of the following a From the Psets window Use one of these methods to change
29. ii H break running evens all 4 members 8 members 16 members ii interrupted stopped fourths 8 members 12 members 4 members FIGURE 3 4 Psets Window nonthreaded 56 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 current cycle 12 members 12 members HA _ HH break 8 members interrupted FIGURE 3 5 Psets Window threaded The various components of the window are described in detail in later sections Here is a brief overview m The main area of the window shows psets and their members In nonthreaded psets processes that are members of a set are shown as black or colored cells within a rectangle that represents the entire set of processes that make up the message passing program Threads of a threaded pset are shown as colored stripes By default threads 2 3 and 4 in all ranks belong to the hide set These are auxiliary threads created by any program that is linked with libthread so and are rarely interesting to a programmer For further information about hiding threads see Hiding Threads From Psets on page 75 m The current process or thread see The Current Process on page 71 for each pset is shown in gray or on a color workstation a darker shade of the color in the other squares The current pset see The Current Pset on page 68 is shown in the upper left corner of the window The name of the current pset and the number of the current process are displayed in the small window in the uppe
30. move_cursor_to Key gt a move_cursor_to_ Key gt e move_cursor_to prev_char beginning_of_text end_of_text The definitions with osf in them are special Motif keyboard symbols YV To Change Keyboard Translations for Dialog Boxes With Several Text Fields Change the settings in the Prism textManyFieldTranslations resource Its default definition is Prism textManyFieldTranslations lt Key gt osfDelet lt Key gt osf lt Key gt Return lt Key gt KP_ Enter delete previo us character BackSpace delete pr next tab group next tab group Ctrl lt Key gt u Ctrl lt Key gt k rase_to_beginn Ctrl lt Key gt d Ctrl lt Key gt f Ctrl lt Key gt h Ctrl lt Key gt b Ctrl lt Key gt a Ctrl lt Key gt e 236 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 rase_to_end delete_char_at vious character ing cursor_position move_cursor_to next_char move_cursor_to prev_char move_cursor_to prev_char move_cursor_to move_cursor_to beginning_of_text end_of_text If you make a change to any field in one of these resources you must copy all the definitions Changing General Motif Keyboard Translations The Prism environment uses the standard Motif translations that define the general mappings of functions to keys They are shown below defaultVirtualBindings osfActivate lt Key gt Return osfAddMo
31. serv s Ce produit ou document est prot g par un copyright et distribu avec des licences qui en restreignent l utilisation la copie la distribution et la d compilation Aucune partie de ce produit ou document ne peut tre reproduite sous aucune forme par quelque moyen que ce soit sans l autorisation pr alable et crite de Sun et de ses bailleurs de licence s il y en a Le logiciel d tenu par des tiers et qui comprend la technologie relative aux polices de caract res est prot g par un copyright et licenci par des fournisseurs de Sun Des parties de ce produit pourront tre d riv es des syst mes Berkeley BSD licenci s par l Universit de Californie UNIX est une marque d pos e aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays et licenci e exclusivement par X Open Company Ltd La notice suivante est applicable Netscape Communicator c Copyright 1995 Netscape Communications Corporation Tous droits r serv s Sun Sun Microsystems le logo Sun AnswerBook2 docs sun com Solaris Sun HPC ClusterTools Prism Sun Performance WorkShop Fortran Sun Performance Library Sun WorkShop Compilers C Sun WorkShop Compilers C Sun WorkShop Compilers Fortran Sun Visual WorkShop et UltraSPARC sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques d pos es ou marques de service de Sun Microsystems Inc aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays Toutes les marques SPARC sont utilis es sous licence et sont des marques de fabrique ou des marque
32. setenv MPI_INIT_TIMEOUT time to lengthen or disable the timeout time When you set MPI_INIT_TIMEOUT to a positive integer the timeout value is set to that time in seconds When you set MPI_INIT_TIMEOUT to 0 or a negative integer the timeout is disabled The default value is 600 seconds 10 minutes For example to disable timeouts in a C shell setenv MPI_INIT_TIMEOUT 1 Again in a C shell to set timeouts to 5 minutes setenv MPI_INIT_TIMEOUT 300 10 Entering the Prism Environment The Prism environment supports both multiprocess and single process programs Use the multiprocess mode MP Prism environment with message passing programs or threaded single process programs Use the scalar mode with nonthreaded single process programs For more information about scalar mode see Appendix C Scalar Mode Launching the Prism Environment The Prism environment offers many features such as process sets or psets exclusively for multiprocess programs or threaded single process programs These features are called collectively the multiprocess mode of the Prism environment When you specify the multiprocess mode of the Prism environment the Prism environment starts displaying the main window shown in FIGURE 1 1 By default the Prism environment executes from opt SUNWhpc bin Note Do not launch the Prism environment as an argument to the bsub command LSF or the mprun command CRE It creates
33. to the right of the data The number to the right of the buttons for the File and Options menus indicates the coordinate of the first element that is displayed The elevator in the scroll bar indicates the position of the displayed data relative to the entire data set For two dimensional data the data navigator is a rectangle in the shape of the data with the axes numbered The white box inside the rectangle indicates the position of the displayed data relative to the entire data set You can either drag the box or click at a spot in the rectangle The box moves to that spot and the data displayed in the display window changes For three dimensional data the data navigator consists of a rectangle and a slider each of which you can operate independently The value to the right of the slider indicates the coordinate of the third dimension Changing the position of the bar along the slider changes which two dimensional plane is displayed out of the three dimensional data For data with more than three dimensions the data navigator adds a slider for each additional dimension To Change the Axes You can change the way the visualizer lays out your data by changing the numbers that label the axes Click in the box surrounding the number it is highlighted and an I beam appears Type in the new number of the axis you don t have to delete the old number The other axis number automatically changes for example if you change axis
34. v To Expand All Pointers ina Node 150 v To Expand All Pointers Recursively From the Selected Node on Down 151 v To Pan and Zoom 151 xii Prism 6 1 Reference Manual March 2000 v To Delete Nodes 152 More About Pointers in Structures 152 Augmenting the Information Available for Display 153 v To Update and Close a Structure Visualizer 155 Printing the Type of a Variable 155 v To Print the Type of a Variable From the Menu Bar 155 v To Print the Type of a Variable from the Source Window 155 v To Print the Type of a Variable from the Command Window 156 What Is Displayed 156 v To Modify Visualizer Data 156 Changing the Radix of Data 157 v To Change the Radix of a Value 157 v To Print the Names and Values of Local Variables 157 Printing Pointers as Array Sections 158 v ToPrintan Array by Section 158 v To View a Pointer as a One Dimensional Array 159 v To Dereference an Array of Pointers 159 v ToCast Pointers 159 Visualizing Multiple Processes 160 v To Find Out the Value and Process Number for an Element 162 v To Opena cycle Visualizer Window 163 Visualizing MPI Message Queues 163 v To Launch the MPI Queue Visualizer 164 To Select the Queue to Visualize 164 To Zoom Through Levels of Message Detail 164 To Control the Values of Message Labels 168 lt 4 a4 lt lt To Sort Messages 169 Contents xiii xiv To Display Message Fields 170 Interpreting Message Dialog Fields 170 Displaying Communicator Data 171 v To Change Communica
35. you cannot expand the pointer again This prevents infinite loops on circular data structures 152 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m A pointer containing a bad address has an X drawn over its button Augmenting the Information Available for Display You can provide a special function for each of your data types that makes additional information available to the Prism environment This enables the Prism environment to more accurately display the contents of structures with that data type For C or C union types you can identify which member of the union is valid For a pointer within a structure you can specify that the pointer s target is an array of elements rather than a single element and you can further specify the length of the array You must embed these specifications within a special function that is compiled and linked with your program being debugged The function has the following form void prism_define_typename typename ptr where typename is the tag name of one of your structure data types Thus you can define one such function for each of your data types When the Prism environment displays a variable of this type it checks whether an augmentation function is defined in the program If so the Prism environment calls the function passing a pointer to the instance of the structure being displayed Your function can then look at the instance to choose valid union members and to size dynamic arrays
36. 116 commands 117 adjustable arrays printing 123 alias command 220 223 aliases creating 223 ALL intrinsic function 35 all pset 65 ANY intrinsic function 35 app defaults file 224 235 arrow keys 20 using to scroll through source window 23 assembly code displaying in split source window 25 assign command 117 156 not available when examining node core files 47 attach command 263 can t be used in actions field 91 augmenting data type information 153 B base changing for a specific value 157 changing the default 123 changing via the Options menu 144 specifying in print or display command 129 b jobs command 47 break pset 58 96 breakpoints deleting 100 101 104 setting 99 using commands to set 102 using the event table and Events menu to set 100 browser default for displaying help 239 C C support 249 calling C methods 252 cast syntax 251 class member variables 250 class methods 249 class scope 251 inlined methods 252 265 linkage mangled names 249 method names 251 methods of a class 250 overloaded method names 250 template classes 250 template functions 250 variables of class type 250 variables of type reference 252 call command 117 call stack displaying 106 moving through 107 cd command 40 CDE 8 changes where Prism stores 228 CMP LX intrinsic function 35 138 colormap visualizers 5 136 changing the colors for 234 changing the size of the defaul
37. 2 3 TABLE 2 3 Keyboard Accelerators for Main Menu Selections Accelerator Function Control F1 Run Control F2 Continue Control F3 Interrupt Control F4 Step Control F5 Next Control F6 Where Control F7 Up Control F8 Down 22 Using the Source Window The source window displays the source code for the executable program loaded into the Prism environment Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program describes how to load a program into the Prism environment and how to display the different source files that make up the program When you execute the program and execution then stops for any reason the source window updates to show the code being executed at the stopping place The Source File field at the top of the source window lists the file name of the file displayed in the window Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 The source window is a separate pane within the main window of the Prism environment You can resize it by dragging the small resize box at the lower right of the window If you change its size the new size is saved when you leave the Prism environment You cannot edit the source code displayed in the source window To edit source code within the Prism environment you must call up an editor see Chapter 7 Editing and Compiling Programs Moving Through the Source Code As mentioned above you can move through a source file displayed in the source window by using the scroll bar on the right side
38. 3735 10 Guide Prism Prism 6 1 Reference Manual 806 3737 10 Ordering Sun Documentation Fatbrain com an Internet professional bookstore stocks select product documentation from Sun Microsystems Inc For a list of documents and how to order them visit the Sun Documentation Center on Fatbrain com at http wwwl fatbrain com documentation sun Accessing Sun Documentation Online The docs sun com web site enables you to access Sun technical documentation on the Web Documentation for field test software is not generally available at this site You can browse the docs sun com archive or search for a specific book title or subject at http docs sun com Preface xxiii Sun Welcomes Your Comments We are interested in improving our documentation and welcome your comments and suggestions You can email your comments to us at docfeedback sun com Please include the part number of your document in the subject line of your email xxiv Prism 6 1 Users Guide March 2000 CHAPTER 1 The Prism Environment The Prism programming environment is an integrated graphical environment within which users can develop execute and debug programs It provides an easy to use flexible and comprehensive set of tools for performing all aspects of serial and message passing programming Prism software operates on terminals or workstations running the Solaris operating environment under either OpenWindows environ
39. 6 4 Timeline Window Mouse Commands Command Description Middle Click Center view around point Scroll Bars Scroll view of graph at current zoom factor Scale Bars Adjust zoom factor of each axis independently TABLE6 5 Navigation Control Mouse Commands Command Description Left Arrow Button Select previous event Right Arrow Button Select next event Pull down Menu Select navigation criteria TABLE 6 6 Event Table Mouse Commands Command Description Left Click Select an event Up Down Arrows Select next previous event in table Keyboard Exiting tnfview From the File menu choose Exit to exit tnfview Exiting tnfview eliminates data generated during the current tnfview session The tnfview program does not save generated datasets bookmarks described in Bookmarking Events on page 194 or any settings chosen during the session Your original trace file remains unchanged Using the tnfview Plot Window Clicking on the Graph button of the Timeline window opens the tnfview plot window with the Plot tab selected Once you have created and selected a dataset from the events or intervals in your trace file tnfview displays a scatter plot of that dataset You can display in addition to scatter plot graphs tables and histograms of the dataset You can also modify parameters axis values of each graph Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 195 ee ee ee SO DO Be MA Sand and titres rns FIGURE 6 3 S
40. For information about intercommunicators see the MPI_Intercomm_create man page a Ranks The list of ranks possibly annotated with job identifiers if the communicator was created via an MPI client server rendezvous or an MPI_Spawn The ranks displayed for a communicator are relative to MP I_COMM_WORLD rather than relative to the communicator s parent FIGURE 5 26 Communicator Dialog Box Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Display Data Types Click on the Datatype View button in a Message dialog box FIGURE 5 27 shows the Data Type dialog box The fields of this dialog box are a Type The description of the data type such as struct or contiguous m Address The address of the corresponding MPI_Datatype object in the MPI program a Size The size in bytes of a single element of this data type Contiguous An indication that the bytes of this data type are contiguous and may be sent or received without any intermediate packing or unpacking If the data type is not contiguous the label changes to Non contiguous a Additional information that is specific to the data type representing arguments that were passed to MPI to create the data type This can include offsets block sizes pointers to other data types and so forth In this example Displacement Blocklength and Oldtype refer to arguments the programmer used when creating the MPI struct data type Click on buttons that name other
41. March 2000 The Prism environment evaluates the pset expression from left to right If a process is a member of the first part of the expression it is not evaluated in the rest of the expression In the above example if a process is a member of foo its value of x is printed the Prism environment does not check its membership in bar Specify the difference of two psets by using a minus sign For example prism all print x pset stopped foo prints x in all processes that are stopped except those belonging to the pset foo Note that you can use predefined psets to define new psets Except for pset a11 when you use a predefined pset to define a new pset the Prism environment uses the instantaneous value of the predefined pset Thus even if the predefined pset changes the user defined pset remains unchanged until the user forces re evaluation with a Prism command such as eval pset To specify the intersection of two psets use the amp amp amp or symbol For example prism all print x pset foo amp bar prints x in processes that are members of both pset foo and pset bar If a process returns false for the first part of the expression it is not evaluated further In the above example if a process is not a member of foo the Prism environment doesn t bother checking its membership in bar it won t be printed in any case The Prism environment must evaluate a pset expression in each process at the time the command is ex
42. Navigation Menu Categories Menu Category Definition current probe time current tid current lwpid current cpu current pid current vid Probe name Strict time sequence by millisecond Solaris thread ID Solaris lightweight process ID Always zero for user level traces Solaris process ID Virtual thread ID A logical thread ID assigned when trace files from different nodes are merged Note that the virtual thread ID is the same as the MPI rank of each process m The navigation categories are shown in TABLE 6 3 a Next Previous Buttons Displays each subsequent event s data field values in the tnfview Event Table or adds the current event s data field values to the events already listed in the tnfview Event Table if one or more events are already listed Simply clicking on an event empties the Event Table of prior entries so that the Event Table contains only the data fields of the most recently selected event m Scale Sliders Adjusts the scale of either the X or Y axis or both of the timeline zooming in or out Note that the timeline Y axis is scaled by virtual ID which is equivalent to processor rank in MPI programs Graph Button Opens the plot window in which you can create modify display and analyze datasets based on events and event pairs intervals Print Button Opens the Print dialog box in which you specify the printer prints the timeline view Opening TNF Trace Fi
43. Points in Methods You cannot use a method name that has some forms of non C identifier syntax to set a breakpoint For example this fails with a syntax error prism all stop in class_name operator You must instead use stop at line syntax These method names are correctly identified in a stack trace however Appendix B C and Fortran 90 Support 251 Unsupported C Features You cannot use the Prism environment to debug C programs containing the features described in this section Inlined Methods Used in Multiple Source Files Using the Prism environment you cannot set a breakpoint in an inlined method that is used in multiple source files Only one of the several debuggable copies of the inlined function gets the breakpoint Calling C Methods The Prism environment does not support calling C methods using any syntax Variables of Type Reference The Prism environment does not support printing variables of type reference such as int amp xref Also variables of type reference appear as unknown type in stack traces 252 Fortran 90 Support in the Prism Environment The Prism environment provides support for debugging Fortran 90 programs This chapter describes the degree of support for Fortran 90 provided by commands of the Prism environment a Fully Supported Fortran 90 Features on page 252 a Partially Supported Fortran 90 Features on page 257 m Unsupported Fortran 90 Features on pag
44. Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 H help system overview of 6 using 216 histogram visualizers 133 parameters for 141 history region 27 changing the default length of 29 using 29 Host Prism 11 l I O 49 specifying the Xterm for 227 238 ILEN intrinsic function 35 IMAG intrinsic function 35 infinities detecting 37 initialization file 15 31 interrupt command 51 Interrupt selection 28 ending a wait in MP Prism 52 in MP Prism 51 interrupted pset 51 58 64 isactive intrinsic 62 63 K keyboard accelerators 22 keyboard alternatives to the mouse 19 L languages supported in Prism 8 layout intrinsic 178 179 layouts visualizing 178 layouts visualizing 178 LD_LIBRARY_PATH 184 leaving Prism 41 line number region 4 26 list command 247 load command 45 can t be used in actions field 91 Load selection 44 loading a program 43 local variables printing names and values of 157 location cursor 20 log command 219 logging commands and output 31 make command 213 make utility 212 227 makefile creating 212 using 212 Man Pages selection 217 manual pages viewing 217 Mark Stale Data 227 MAXLOC intrinsic function 128 MAXVAL intrinsic function 35 memory examining the contents of 117 menu bar 3 using 21 menu threshold for Sun HPF generic procedures 227 message queues visualizing 163 to 173 communicator colors 171 communicator data 171 communicator dialog
45. Prism Environment With Sun MPI Client Server Programs You can use a Prism session to debug only one Sun MPI job at a time Therefore if an MPI job spawns or connects to another job using MPI_Comm_accept and MPI_Comm_connect to implement client server communication for example the current Prism session nonetheless has control only of the parent or server MPI job It cannot debug the children or clients of that job To debug a child or client program it is necessary to launch an additional Prism session To use the Prism environment to debug a Sun MPI program the program must be written in the SPMD single process multiple data style that is all processes that make up a Sun MPI program must be running the same executable Note MPI_Comm_spawn_multiple can create multiple executables with only one job id therefore you cannot use the Prism environment to debug jobs with different executables that have been spawned with this command 82 Choosing the Current File and Function The Prism environment uses the concepts of current file and current function The current file is the source file currently displayed in the source window The current function is the function or procedure displayed in the source window You might change the current file or function if for example you want to set a breakpoint in a file that is not currently displayed in the source window and you don t know the line number at which to set the breakpoin
46. TNF performance analysis the Prism environment calculates the difference between clocks on different nodes and uses this calculation to adjust TNF timestamps Since clock frequencies drift over time the Prism environment recalculates the difference at regular intervals defined by PRISM_TNF_CLOCK_PERIOD The shorter this period the more accurate the clock adjustment will be The clock difference calculation adds some overhead to the system and may perturb the performance of the program being profiled so it may sometimes be desirable to modify the value of PRISM_TNF_CLOCK_PERIOD to avoid this perturbation For example to set the clock calculation period to four minutes setenv PRISM_TNF_CLOCK_PERIOD 240 Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 185 186 Enabling rsh For TNF profiling you must enable rsh for use between all the nodes involved in the program run To do this ensure that the names of the nodes have been added to your rhosts file See the rsh man page for details If the node names do not exist in your rhosts file you will receive messages such as permission denied MPI Performance Analysis Commands The Prism environment supplies several commands that allow you to control MPI performance analysis Only two commands are essential as long as you accept their default behavior The two essential commands are tnfcollection on and tnfview described later in this chapter If you choose to exercise greater c
47. Window m From the command window Issue the file command with the name of a file as its argument The source window updates to display the file Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 83 v To Change the Current Function or Procedure Perform one of the following m From the menu bar Choose the Func selection from the File menu A window is displayed listing the functions in the program in alphabetical order Fortran procedure names are converted to all lowercase Click on one and it appears in the Selection box click on OK and the source window updates to display the function Or simply double click on the function name in the list You can also edit the function name in the Selection box By default the Func window displays only functions in files compiled with the g switch To display all functions in the program click on the Select All Functions button The button then changes to Show g Functions click on it to return to displaying only the g functions m From the command window Issue the func command with the name of a function or subroutine as its argument The source window updates to display the function a From the source window Select the name of the function in the source window by dragging the mouse over it while pressing the Shift key When you let go of the mouse button the source window is updated to display the definition of this function Note Include only the function name not it
48. Xterm window see Program I O on page 49 To detach from a running process issue the command detach from the command line of the Prism environment The process continues to run in the background from the point at which it was stopped in the Prism environment it is no longer under the control of the Prism environment Note that you can detach any process in the Prism environment via the detach command not just processes that you have explicitly attached Note Use the ki11 command to terminate the process or job rather than releasing it to run in the background currently running within the Prism environment Viewing the Call Stack In the scalar mode of the Prism environment choosing Where from the Debug menu displays the call stack for the program see To Display the Call Stack on page 106 Note that a multiprocess or multithreaded program can have multiple call stacks one for each process or thread To show the relationships among these call stacks the MP mode of the Prism environment provides a Where graph For information about the Where graph in the MP mode of the Prism environment see Displaying the Where Graph on page 108 Appendix C Scalar Mode 263 264 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Index SYMBOLS 220 52 262 prism_defaults 228 prisminit 15 31 32 190 219 220 command 23 220 bin make 212 227 gt 52 262 command 23 A accessibility of variables
49. a list of Prism commands You can click on a command s link marker to obtain its reference description a Choose Tutorial to display a tutorial that will teach you the basics of the Prism environment Getting Help on Using the Mouse Some Prism windows include an icon of a mouse Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Click on this icon to display information about using the mouse in the window Obtaining Help From the Command Window To Obtain Help From the Command Window Type prism all help commands This displays a list of Prism commands and editing key combinations Type prism all help commandname This displays help on that command Type prism all help This displays a brief message about how to use command line help Obtaining Online Documentation The Prism environment s documentation is available both in print and Sun AnswerBook forms Prism also comes with a Solaris style manual page Viewing Manual Pages To Obtain a Manual Page Choose the Man Pages selection from the Doc menu This brings up xman a standard X program for viewing manual pages xman operates independently of the Prism environment Help for xman appears in the xman window as shown in FIGURE 8 1 You can use xman to view any Solaris manual pages available on your Sun system Chapter8 Getting Help 217 218 Note If xman is not available on your system you will not be able to use this feature options s
50. and repositions the source window at this function It also affects the scope that the Prism environment uses for interpreting the names of variables you specify in expressions and commands For information about scope in the Prism environment see Scope in the Prism Environment on page 73 Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 107 108 V To Move Through the Call Stack Perform one of the following m From the menu bar Choose Up or Down from the Debug menu Up moves up one level in the call stack Down moves down one level These selections are available by default in the tear off region m From the command window Issue the up command on the command line to move up one level If you specify an integer as an argument you move up that number of levels Issue the down command to move down one level specifying an integer moves down that number of levels a From the Where window If the Where window is displayed clicking on a function in it changes the stack level to make that function current Displaying the Where Graph When using the Prism environment to debug a multiprocess program choosing Where from the Debug menu displays the call stacks for the program a multiprocess program can have multiple call stacks one for each process A threaded program can have a separate stack for each thread in each process To show the relationships among these call stacks the Prism environment provides a Where graph this window dis
51. choices are described below You can control aspects of the way these visualizers appear by changing their parameters as described later in this section a Choose Text to display the values as numbers or letters This is the default a Choose Histogram to display the values of an array or parallel variable in a histogram See FIGURE 5 5 for an example The vertical axis displays the number of data points the horizontal axis displays the range of values The Prism environment divides up this range evenly in creating the histogram bars It prints summary data above the histogram Shift click on a histogram bar to display the range and number of data points it represents Note that the histogram represents all the values of the variable not just those shown in the two dimensional slice of data that happens to be displayed in other representations Chapter 5 Visualizing Data 65307 values between 15 923 and 18 9207 229 exceptions Nan or Inf FIGURE 5 5 Histogram Visualizer a Choose Dither to display the values as a shading from black to white Groups of values in a low range are assigned more black pixels groups of values in a high range are assigned more white pixels This has the effect of displaying the data in various shades of gray FIGURE 5 6 shows a two dimensional dither visualizer The lighter area indicates values that are higher than values in the surrounding areas the darker area indicates values that are
52. code For information about creating TNF probes see the Solaris man page TNF_PROBE 3X You can use the Prism environment s TNF analysis features to identify situations in which the synchronization in your MPI program is poor For example a receiver may wait for data from its corresponding sender leaving processes idle You can use the Prism environment s MPI performance analysis features to identify which routines are responsible for performance differences Then you can use what you ve learned about your program to adjust your algorithm and improve your program s performance For further information about the TNF instrumented Sun MPI library see Appendix C of the Sun MPI Programming and Reference Guide For a general discussion of profiling methodology emphasizing the use of timers as well as discussions of profiling utilities not discussed in the current chapter see the Sun HPC ClusterTools Performance Guide Note The Prism environment works with both 64 bit or 32 bit binaries on Solaris 7 However it cannot do performance analysis of 32 bit binaries unless you use the 32 option when you start the Prism environment on Solaris 7 with the 32 bit program For further information see Use the 32 Option to Load 32 Bit Binaries For Performance Analysis on Solaris 7 on page 243 182 Getting Started To start using the Prism environment s TNF performance analysis load your Sun MPI program into the Prism envi
53. considerably unless you combine it with the at line syntax See Writing Expressions in the Prism Environment on page 32 for more information on writing expressions in the Prism environment m cmd Is any Prism command except attach core detach load return run or step This argument specifies the actions if any that are to accompany the execution of the stop or trace For example print a prints the value of a If you include multiple commands separate them with semicolons a n Is an integer that specifies how many times a triggering condition is to be reached before the stop or trace is executed see Overview of Events on page 87 for a discussion of triggering conditions This is referred to as an after count The 102 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 default is 1 Once the stop or trace is executed the count is reset to its original value Note that if there is both a condition and an after count the condition is checked first The first option listed specifying the location or the name of the variable must come first on the command line the other options if you include them can be in any order For the when command you can use the keyword stopped to specify that the actions are to occur whenever the program stops execution When you issue the command an event is added to the event list If the command sets a breakpoint at a program location a B appears in the line number region next to the
54. consisting of those processes in which x is not equal to 0 Note that x must be active in all processes for this syntax to work As described above you can use the intrinsic isact ive to ensure that x is active in the processes that are evaluated For example prismall define pset xon isactive x amp amp x NE 0 Both versions create a variable pset whose contents will change based on the value of x See below for more discussion of variable psets Finally note that all processes must be stopped for this syntax to work To ensure that the definition applies only to stopped processes use this syntax prism all define pset xon stopped amp amp isactive x amp amp x NE 0 Dynamic user defined psets are deleted when you reload a program To get a list of these psets before reloading issue the command show psets You can then use this list to help reissue the define pset commands See Viewing Psets Contents From the Psets Window on page 65 for more information about show psets The Prism environment evaluates the membership of a variable pset when it is defined If no processes meet the condition for example because the program is not active the Prism environment prints appropriate error messages but the set is defined To Evaluate Variable Psets Type prism all eval pset psetname For example prism all eval pset xon evaluates the membership of the pset xon This causes the display for the pset to
55. contain executable code if it does not you receive a warning in the command window and no B appears where you clicked Shift click on the letter in the line number region to display the complete event or events associated with it See Using the Line Number Region on page 26 for more information on the line number region See Using the Line Number Region on page 99 for a discussion of the line number region in the Prism environment To Delete Breakpoints Using the Line Number Region Left click on the B that represents the breakpoint you want to delete The B disappears a message appears in the command window confirming the deletion What Happens in a Split Source Window As described in Moving Through the Source Code on page 23 you can split the source window to display source code and the corresponding assembly code You can set a breakpoint in either pane of the split source window The B appears in the line number region of both panes unless you set the breakpoint at an assembly code line for which there is no corresponding source line Deleting a breakpoint from one pane of the split source window deletes it from the other pane as well Using the Event Table and the Events Menu Choose the Stop lt loc gt or Stop lt var gt selection from the Events menu These choices are also available as Common Events buttons within the Event Table itself see Adding an Event on page 92 v To Set a Br
56. drag the box or click at a spot in the rectangle The box moves to that spot and the display window shows the psets in this area of the total display To display more psets at the same time click on the Zoom up arrow to the right of the navigator rectangle This reduces the size of the boxes representing the psets Clicking on the Zoom down arrow increases the size of these boxes By default the boxes are at their highest zoom setting Viewing Pset Contents From the Command Line To Print the Contents of the Specified Pset Type prism all show pset psetname For example the command prism all show pset stopped might produce this response The set contains the following processes 0 3 The show pset command is discussed further in To Find Out the Current Pset on page 69 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 The show psets command displays the contents and status of all psets prism all show psets foo definition 0 31 2 members 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 current process 0 break definition break members nil current process none done definition done members 0 31 current process 0 interrupted definition interrupted members nil current process none error definition error members nil current process none running definition running members nil current process none stopped definition stopped members nil current process none
57. environment To Set the Context Type prism all where expression print variable or prism all where expression display variable You can precede the print or display command with a where statement that can make elements of a variable or array inactive Inactive elements are not printed in the Command window Overview of Data Visualization on page 122 describes how they are treated in visualizers Making elements inactive is referred to as setting the context The expression must evaluate to true or false for every element of the variable or array being printed For example prism all where i gt 0 print i prints in the Command window only the values of i that are greater than 0 You can use certain Fortran intrinsics in the where statement For example prism all where a eq maxval a print a prints the element of a that has the largest value This is equivalent to the MAXLOC intrinsic function See Writing Expressions in the Prism Environment on page 32 for more information on writing expressions in the Prism environment Note that setting the context affects only the printing or displaying of the variable It does not affect the actual context of the program as it executes Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Specify the Radix Type prism all print radix variable or prism all display radix variable radix can be b binary d decimal x hexadecimal or o octal For example
58. environment to start a new browser Set Prism helpUseExisting to true to return to the default behavior Changing the Way the Prism Environment Handles Fortran 90 Generic Procedures There are two resources you can use to change the way the Prism environment handles Fortran 90 generic procedures By default the Prism environment displays a menu in the commands only mode of the Prism environment or a dialog box when you attempt to set a breakpoint in a Fortran 90 generic procedure vV To Suppress the Display of Menus or Dialog Boxes When Setting Breakpoints in Fortran 90 Generic Procedures Perform one of the following m Change the setting of the Prism resource Prism procMenu to false This setting specifies that the Prism environment is to set the breakpoint in every one of these procedures without displaying a menu or dialog box m Change the setting of the resource Prism procMenu using the Customize utility see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 By default the commands only interface of the Prism environment displays a maximum of 22 procedures in a menu when you attempt to perform an action like setting a breakpoint on a Fortran 90 generic procedure If there are more than this number of specific procedures the Prism environment asks you whether you want to specify the name of a specific procedure or to view a menu Y To Display a Different Maximum Number of Fortran 90 Generic Procedures
59. file creating 228 visualizers 5 129 closing 144 comparing values in 147 displaying a ruler for 142 displaying from the source window 24 field width of 140 in MP Prism 160 saving restoring and comparing 145 setting the context for 143 statistics for 142 structure 149 treatment of stale data in 227 types of 133 updating 144 working with 129 visualizing layouts 178 W Wait Any selection 52 wait command 51 any argument 52 Index 273 every argument 51 Wait Every selection 52 watchpoint 88 whatis command 156 255 256 257 Whatis selection 155 when command 117 where command in MP Prism redirecting output to X window 248 where command 107 117 Where graph 108 263 and the current process 71 moving through 115 panning and zooming in 110 shrinking portions of 114 view information about threads 114 visualizing in commands only Prism 248 Where selection 107 in MP Prism 108 263 Where window 107 108 whereis command 34 which command 33 windowing environments supported Common Desktop Environment CDE 8 OpenWindows 8 X X resource database adding Prism resources to 231 X toolkit command line options 14 X Window System 1 xman 217 xrdb 231 Xterm specifying for I O 238 pecitying 274 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000
60. for more information a Choose Diff or Diff With to compare the visualizer s values with values stored in a file See To Compare the Data on page 147 for more information a Choose Snapshot to create a copy of the visualizer which you can use to compare with later updates m Choose Close to cancel the visualizer Using the Options Menu Click on Options to pull down the Options menu See FIGURE 5 4 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 zr pset all 0 7130075 0 7452798 O 7772775 0 8090006 0 8404489 0 8716226 0 9025217 14 75252 14 41205 14 07282 13 73487 13 39826 13 06303 s12072923 12 39691 129 NARI OEL e 0 3397306 0 3747495 0 4094937 0 4439633 0 4781583 0 5120786 0 5457242 0 5790952 0 6121915 0 6450132 0 6775602 0 7098325 0 7418302 0477395532 0 8050016 0 8361753 14 91000 14 57488 14 24089 13 90808 13 57649 13 24618 12 91720 12 58959 12 26340 11 93868 FIGURE 5 4 Options Menu in a Visualizer To Choose the Representation 0 3045579 0 3395768 0 3743210 0 4087906 0 4429856 0 4769059 0 5105515 0 5439225 0 5770188 0 6098405 0 6423874 0 6746598 0 7066575 0 7383805 0 7698289 15 05440 14 72475 14 39612 14 06856 13 74211 13 41684 13 09279 12 77000 12 44853 12 12842 Choose Representation from the Options menu That displays another menu that gives the choices for how the values are represented in the display window The
61. is preceded by a backquote Examples of the Prism environment s identifier syntax are shown in TABLE 2 4 TABLE 2 4 Prism Identifier Syntax Syntax Description a Specifies the variable a in the current scope An error will be reported if no variable a exists in the current scope a Specifies the variable a in the global scope a Specifies the variable a in the global or file static scope foo c a Specifies the variable a in file foo c Eose foo a Specifies the a in the procedure foo in the file foo Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 33 34 TABLE 2 4 Prism Identifier Syntax Continued Syntax Continued Description foo a Specifies the variable a in function foo if foo is active a out foo c foo a Specifies the variable a in function foo in file foo c in load object a out a out foo c foo line a Specifies the variable a in function foo at line number line in file foo c in load object a out foo x foo cc Bar print 71 dummy Specifies the variable dummy in member function print of class Symbol at line number 71 in file foo cc in load object foo x foo c line Specifies the line number line in the file foo c Note the use of double quotes Partially qualified names do not begin with but have a in them For example foo a In this case the Prism environment looks up the function name on the left first and picks the innermost symbol with that name that is v
62. is often important to obtain a visual representation of the data elements that make up an array or parallel variable In the Prism environment you can create visualizers that provide standard representations of variables or expressions For example a In the text representation the data is shown as numbers or characters m In the colormap representation each data element is mapped to a color based on a range of values and a color map that you specify This representation is available only on color workstations m In the threshold representation each data element is mapped to either black or white based on a cutoff value that you can specify A data navigator lets you manipulate the display window relative to the data being visualized Options are available that let you update a visualizer or save a snapshot of it See Chapter 5 Visualizing Data for a discussion of visualizing data Visualizing Multiple Processes on page 160 covers aspects of visualization unique to the MP Prism environment Analyzing Program Performance The Prism environment provides support for Trace Normal Form TNF performance analysis for Sun MPI message passing programs By redirecting the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable you can use a TNF instrumented Sun MPI library to generate data on the performance of your Sun MPI routines Then you can display and analyze the TNF data in timeline graphs scatter plots histograms and tables See
63. issue the command prism all set radix 10 By default the Prism environment prints and displays values as decimal numbers You can override the default for an individual print or display operation See To Print or Display From the Command Window on page 127 and Using the Options Menu on page 132 The default setting also affects the display of argument values in procedures in the call stack see To Display the Call Stack on page 106 Data Visualization Limits Note these points in visualizing data m You cannot print or display any variables after a program finishes execution m Visualizers do not deal correctly with Fortran adjustable arrays The size is determined when you create a visualizer for such an array Subsequent updates to the visualizer will continue to use this same information even though the size of the array may have changed since the last update This will result in incorrect values in the visualizer Printing or displaying values of an adjustable array in the Command window or to a new window will work however Chapter5 Visualizing Data 123 Choosing the Data to Visualize This section describes the methods the Prism environment provides for printing and displaying data v To Print or Display a Variable or Expression at the Current Program Location 1 Perform one of the following a To print a variable or expression at the current program location chose Print from the Debug menu It i
64. other processes in the set Note that for a two dimensional Fortran Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 array where axis 3 would represent the processes you might want to rearrange the display axes so that axis 3 is on the slider You can do this by clicking in the box to the left of the slider and changing the number to a 3 FIGURE 5 20 Visualizer in the Prism Environment Threshold Representation Chapter5 Visualizing Data 161 v To Find Out the Value and Process Number for an Element Shift click on the element Printing to the history region or in the commands only mode of the Prism environment works the same way Axis 0 represents the processes Here is some of the history region output for the data shown below prism all print board board process 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 3 0 0 0 5 7 10 4 0 1 0 4 0 1 5 7 0 2 0 4 0 2 5 7 0 3 0 4 0 3 5 7 0 4 0 4 0 4 5 7 0 5 0 4 0 5 5 7 0 6 0 4 0 6 5 7 0 7 0 4 0 7 5 7 process 1 1 0 0 4 4 1 0 3 0 1 0 5 7 10 4 1 1 0 4 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 an Ocqo0oo0oo0oo0oo0oROoDoJANUON The elements of axis 0 do not necessarily correspond to the numbers of the processes they represent For example if you were visualizing a variable in pset 1 3 5 7 element 0 of axis 0 would represent process 1 element 1 would represent process 3 and so forth The Prism environment provides a Cycle visualizer window you can use t
65. prism all show pset alll Pset alll is defined as all 1 1 The set contains the following threads 0 2 1 5 6 1 5 6 v To Create a Bounded Pset from an Unbounded Pset You can specify a constant pset or snapshot of the membership of an unbounded pset using the snapshot pset_expression argument with any command that takes a pset qualifier Type prism all command pset_name pset snapshot expression For example prism all pset The current set was created by evaluating the Pset all once at the time when it became the current set The set contains threads 0 2 1 prism all define pset snapl snapshot all 1 1 prism all show pset snapl Pset snapl is defined as snapshot all 1 1 The set contains the following threads 0 2 1 80 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Then after running the program for a while the membership of a11 1 1 and snap1 differ prism all show pset all The set contains the following threads 0 2 1 5 6 prism all show pset snapl Pset snapl is defined as snapshot all 1 1 The set contains the following threads 0 2 1 However you can force the update of the membership of pset snap1 by issuing the eval pset command For example prism all eval pset snapl prism all show pset snapl Pset snapl is defined as snapshot all 1 1 The set contains
66. program When a program stops execution the source window updates to show the code currently being executed You can select variables or expressions in the source code and print their values or obtain other information about them The line number region is associated with the source window You can click to the right of a line number in this region to set a breakpoint at that line The command window at the bottom of the main the Prism environment window displays messages and output from the Prism environment You can also type commands in the command window rather than use the graphical interface General aspects of using these areas are discussed in Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment Loading and Executing Programs You can load an executable program into the Prism environment when you start it up or any time afterward Once the program is loaded you can run the program or step through it You can also interrupt execution at any time You can also attach to a running program or associate a core file with a program See Executing a Program in the Prism Environment on page 48 for a discussion of these topics 4 Debugging The Prism environment allows you to perform standard debugging operations such as setting breakpoints and traces and displaying and moving through the call stack Chapter 4 Debugging a Program discusses these topics Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Visualizing Data It
67. program is multithreaded it prints the value of x in all threads in process 0 Specify an individual thread number An individual thread can constitute a pset Thus prism all print x pset 0 1 prints the value of x in thread 0 1 Specify the name of a pset Name a pset using the define pset command as described in the section Naming Psets below Thus prism all print x pset foo prints x in the threads you have defined to be members of pset foo Specify a list of process numbers Separate the numbers with commas Thus prism all print x pset 0 4 7 prints x in processes 0 4 and 7 Ranges and strides are allowed Use a colon between two process numbers to indicate a range Use a second colon to indicate the stride to be used within this range Thus prism all print x pset 0 10 prints x in processes 0 through 10 And prism all print x pset 0 10 2 prints x in processes 0 2 4 6 8 and 10 You can also combine comma separated process numbers and range specifications For example prism all print x pset 0 1 3 5 8 prints x in processes 0 1 3 4 5 and 8 Specify a union difference or intersection of psets To specify the union of two psets use the symbol or For example prism all print x pset 0 2 8 10 prints x in processes 0 1 2 8 9 and 10 prism all print x pset foo bar prints x in processes that are members of either pset foo or pset bar Prism 6 1 User s Guide
68. program on the prism command line To Associate a Core File With a Loaded Program Type prism all core corefile Where corefile is the name of the corresponding core file The Prism environment s core command is not available when using the Prism environment with message passing programs Instead you must specify the name of the process core file from the Prism command line In either case the Prism environment reports the error that caused the core dump and loads the program with a stopped status at the location where the error occurred You can then work with the program within the Prism environment You can for example examine the stack and print the values of variables You cannot however continue execution from the current location To Examine a Core File of a Local Process You can use the Prism environment to examine a core file created by a message passing program Type prism program corefile Type prism all where This produces a stack trace prism all print variable This lets you inspect the state of your process at the time the core dump was taken Note these restrictions Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m You actually start the Prism environment in scalar mode rather than in multiprocess mode MP Prism mode since there is only one core file Thus you cannot use process sets psets or other features of MP Prism mode m You cannot issue any execution commands for example run co
69. quit Click on OK if you re sure otherwise click on Cancel or press the Esc key to stay in the Prism environment Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 41 a From the command window Type the quit command on the command line You aren t asked if you re sure you want to quit If you have created subprocesses while in the Prism environment for example a Solaris shell The Prism environment displays this message before exiting Se processes __ A Prism sub processes are still running Terminate them also FIGURE 2 6 Sub process Warning 2 Take one of the following actions m Choose Yes the default to leave the Prism environment and terminate the subprocesses a Choose No to leave the Prism environment without terminating the subprocesses m Choose Cancel to stay in the Prism environment 42 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 CHAPTER 3 Loading and Executing a Program This chapter describes how to load and run programs within the Prism environment For this chapter you should already have an executable program that you want to run within the Prism environment You can also develop a new program by calling up an editor within the Prism environment see Chapter 7 Editing and Compiling Programs See the following sections m Loading a Program on page 43 a Associating a Core File With a Loaded Program on page 46 m Attaching to a Running Message Passing Process on page 47 a
70. shown in FIGURE 2 5 is displayed Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 37 38 Generic Procedure f90_user_op_generic xf90_user_op_generic f90 fadd real 4 realadd f90_user_op_generic x f90_user_op_generic f90 fadd integer 4 intadd FIGURE 2 5 Generic Procedure Dialog Box The commands only interface of the Prism environment prompts you as in this example prism all stop in fadd More than one identifier fadd Select one of the following names 0 Cancel 1 90_user_op_generic x f90_user_op_generic f90 fadd real 4 realadd 2 f 90_user_op_generic x f90_user_op_generic f 90 fadd integer 4 intadd gt gt Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 If you press the Return key you would see a menu like this Select one of the following names 0 Cancel 1 90_user_op_generic x f90_user_op_generic f90 fadd real 4 realadd 2 90_user_op_generic x f90_user_op_generic f90 fadd integer 4 intadd gt If you choose 0 or press Return the command is cancelled If you choose other numbers the Prism environment sets the breakpoint s in the specified procedure s For example Select one of the following names 0 Cancel 1 90_user_op_generic x f90_user_op_generic f90 fadd real 4 realadd 2 90_user_op_generic x f90_user_op_generic f90 fadd integer 4 intadd SOL 1 stop in fadd prism
71. signal errors Choosing t rue tells the Prism environment to ring the bell of your workstation Choose false the Prism environment s default to have the Prism environment flash the screen instead Error Window Use this resource to tell the Prism environment where to display the Prism environment s error messages Choose command the Prism environment s default to display them in the command window Choose Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 dedicated to send the messages to a dedicated window the window will be updated each time a new message is received Choose snapshot to send each message to a separate window Make Use this resource to tell the Prism environment which make utility to use when you choose the Make selection from the Utilities menu The Prism environment s default is the standard Solaris make utility usr ccs bin make Click on the Make box to display a menu of possible choices Mark Stale Data Use this resource to tell the Prism environment how to treat the data in a visualizer that is out of date because the program has continued execution past the point at which the data was displayed Choose true the default to have the Prism environment draw diagonal lines over the data choose false to leave the visualizer s appearance unchanged Procedure Menu Use this resource to specify whether a menu is to be displayed when you set a breakpoint in a Fortran 90 generic procedure If you choose
72. the Prism useXterm resource to false Instead I O will go to the Xterm from which you invoked the Prism environment You can also change the setting of this resource via the Customize utility see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 Changing the Way the Prism Environment Signals an Error By default the Prism environment flashes the command window when there is an error To Force the Prism Environment to Ring the Bell on Errors Perform one of the following m Set the resource Prism errorBell to true m Change the setting of the Prism errorBell resource using the Customize utility see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 Changing the make Utility to Use By default the Prism environment uses the standard Solaris make utility bin make To Specify an Alternative Make Utility Perform one of the following m Change the setting of the resource Prism make This resource specifies the path name of another version of make to use a Change the setting of the Prism make resource using the Customize utility see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Changing How the Prism Environment Treats Stale Data in Visualizers By default the Prism environment prints diagonal lines over data in visualizers that has become stale because the program has continued execution from the spot where the data was collected To Force the Prism Environment Not to Depict Stal
73. the commands that you issue in a buffer Type Control P to display the previous command in this buffer Type Control N to display the next command in the buffer You can then edit the command and issue it in the usual way During long running commands for example when you have issued the run command to start a program executing you may still be able to execute other commands If you issue a command that requires that the current command complete execution you receive a warning message and the Prism environment waits for the command to complete Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Using the History Region Commands that you issue on the command line are echoed in the history region above the command line The Prism environment s response appears beneath the echoed command The Prism environment also displays other messages in this area as well as command output that you specify to go to the command window Use the scroll bar at the right of this box to move through the display To Specify the Maximum Number of Lines in the History Region Type prism set history value The default is 10 000 For example set Shistory 2000 reduces the number of lines to 2000 The Prism environment uses up memory in maintaining a large history region A smaller history region therefore may improve performance and prevent the Prism environment from running out of memory To Select Text in the History Region Select text using on
74. the current process via the Psets window a Click on the cell representing the process in the displayed pset The cell turns a darker shade of the color for the other processes or on a non color workstation gray To change the current process in the current pset you can also edit the number in the box under Process or Thread if the loaded program is a threaded program at the top right of the window then press Return From the command line Issue the process command to specify another current process for the current pset For example prism all process 2 The current process is now 2 The syntax of the process command includes both process number and thread ID prism all process process_number thread_ID where thread_ID is a single thread identifier and process_number is the number of a single process If thread_ID is omitted it defaults to the lowest numbered thread ID on that process which is part of the current pset For example pset 1 4 2 2 3 In this case the current pset is 1 2 the current process 1 3 3 2 and 3 3 Then if you issue the following command prism all process 3 the current process changes from 1 2 to 3 2 By default the lowest numbered thread from the lowest numbered process in the pset is the current process You can use the process command to change only the current thread For example prism 1 4 process 1 3 prism 1 3 As shown in this example when ope
75. the same way that it supports pointers to arrays Fortran 90 support includes the Prism commands print and whatis The Prism environment also supports slicing and striding Fortran 90 allocatable arrays For example to print a section of allocatable array alloc_array prism all print alloc_array 1 30 2 Fortran 90 language constraints apply For example Fortran 90 allows allocating or deallocating memory for an allocatable array but does not allow making an allocatable array point to another object Therefore the Prism environment does not recognize pointer assignment gt to allocatable arrays Array Sections and Operations on Arrays The Prism environment supports Fortran 90 operations on arrays or array sections and assignment to continuous sections of arrays prism all assign a bt c prism all assign a 3 7 b 2 10 2 c 8 8 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Masked Array Operations The Prism environment supports Fortran 90 masked print statements prism all where arr gt 0 print arr Variable Attributes The Prism what is command shows variable attributes These attributes include allocated and associated attributes for pointers or the function variable attribute displayed for a RESULT variable in Fortran 90 For example given this declaration function inc i result j integer i integer k integer j k itl j k end function inc the whatis command displays the functi
76. true the default a menu of possible procedures is displayed from which you can choose the procedure s in which the breakpoint is to be set Choose false if you want to set the breakpoint automatically in all the generic procedures Menu Threshold Use this resource to specify the maximum number of procedures that are to be displayed in a menu when you perform an action for example setting a breakpoint on a Fortran 90 generic procedure The default is 22 Enter 0 to indicate that there should be no maximum If the number of procedures exceeds the specified threshold you are prompted to either enter the procedure name or display the menu Text Font Use this resource to specify the name of the X font that the Prism environment is to use in displaying the labels of histogram bars and text in visualizers The default 8x13 is a 12 point fixed width font To list the fonts available on your system issue the Solaris command x1sfonts Specifying a font much larger than the default can cause display problems because the Prism environment doesn t resize windows and buttons to accommodate the larger font Use Xterm Use this resource to tell the Prism environment what to do with the I O of a program Specify true the Prism environment default to tell the Prism environment to create an Xterm in which to display the I O Specify false to send the I O to the Xterm from which you started the Prism environment Visualizer Color File U
77. window of the Prism environment with a program loaded It is within this window that you debug and analyze your program You can operate with a mouse use keyboard equivalents of mouse actions or issue keyboard commands 2 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Line number region Command window oe Kad TL 7 H 75 iM rel 7 7 ae l a ii i as ae a ae a ar ji gr gI 4 J5 gE a7 on Tear off region Status region ff This is called tha main fonction to anstielice the werk Teid ind t_waekfink if i ff This is tha wirk fuaction thet mach thrasd wiil ececabe a Source meii de weak int i window A threed cantrol debe 7 ep ff This most be called by the ania reitina before theeads ace created moi ind t_adeted int ram thresdii t wiber 1mitjisp HEL WILL i EM aS SS SS SSS EES ESSE FIGURE 1 1 The Prism Programming Environment s Main Window Clicking on items in the menu bar displays pulldown menus that provide access to most of the Prism environment s functionality You can add frequently used menu items and commands to the tear off region below the menu bar to make them more accessible Chapter 1 The Prism Environment 3 The status region displays the program s name and messages about the program s status The source window displays the source code for the executable program You can scroll through this source code and display any of the source files used to compile the
78. windows from within windows that you pop up in this way Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 APPENDIX B C and Fortran 90 Support C Support in the Prism Environment The Prism environment provides limited support for debugging C programs a Fully Supported C Features on page 249 a Partially Supported C Features on page 251 m Unsupported C Features on page 252 Fully Supported C Features With few limitations you can use the Prism environment to debug C programs containing the features described in this section Data Members in Methods You can simply type print member to print a data member when in a class method C Linkage Names You can set breakpoints using the stop in command with functions having either C or C linkage mangled names 249 250 Methods of a Class You can use the Prism environment stop in func and list commands with methods of a class prism all stop in class_name method_name prism all func class_name method_name prism all list class_name method_name Class Member Variables The Prism environment supports assignment to class member variables Variables of Class Type and Template Classes You can use the whatis and print commands with variables of class type and template classes this Identifier The Prism environment recognizes the this identifier in C methods Its value also appears in stack back traces Overload
79. you have not used xs during compiling do not move or delete the o files of the program that you want to load into the Prism environment If you move or delete o files the Prism environment can find no debugging information for the functions in those files even though the final executable was compiled with the g option Expect a Pause After Issuing the First run Command The multiprocess mode of the Prism environment MP Prism may pause for an unexpectedly long time after you issue the run command During this pause the user interface is unresponsive This pause is unavoidable The pause is due to the delay caused while loading the LSF or CRE environments The run command will go to completion Monitor Your Use of Color Resources The Prism environment may issue messages indicating that it needs additional color resources For example Can t allocate color for snow2 When that happens shut down any unnecessary color applications and try again To reduce the likelihood of exhausting color resources you can launch the Prism environment with the install argument This creates a private colormap for the Prism environment at startup Expect Only Stopped Processes to Be Displayed in the Where Graph The Prism environment does not show all processes in the Where graph The Where graph shows only the stacks of stopped processes Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Use Only the MP Mode of the Prism Environment to Load MPI Progr
80. 01 Setting a Breakpoint Using Commands 102 v To Set a Breakpoint Using Commands 102 v To Set a Breakpoint Using Machine Instructions 103 v To Delete Breakpoints Using the Command Window 104 Tracing Program Execution 104 v To Trace Program Execution Using the Event Table and the Events Menu 104 To Delete Traces Using the Event Table 105 To Trace Program Execution Using Commands 105 To Trace Machine Instructions 106 lt 4 a4 lt lt To Delete Traces Using the Command Window 106 Displaying and Moving Through the Call Stack 106 v To Display the Call Stack 106 Moving Through the Call Stack 107 v To Move Through the Call Stack 108 Displaying the Where Graph 108 v To Display the Where Graph 108 v To Display Processes Containing a Specific Function in Their Call Stacks 109 To Move the Position Displayed in the Where Graph 110 v To Display More of the Where Graph 110 Prism 6 1 Reference Manual March 2000 v To Display Additional Information About a Box in the Where Graph 111 To Increase the Size of the Where Graph s Function Boxes 112 To View Information About Individual Threads 114 To Shrink Selected Portions of the Where Graph 114 To Move Through the Where Graph 115 lt 4 a lt lt al To Make a Function the Current Pset 115 Combining Debug and Optimization Options 115 Interpreting Interaction Between an Optimized Program and the Prism Environment 116 Accessing Variables in Optimized Routines 116 Examini
81. 1 SPARCompiler Fortran 77 4 2 and 5 0 SPARCompiler Fortran 90 4 2 and 5 0 SPARCompiler C 4 0 4 2 and 5 0 SPARCompiler C 4 2 and 5 0 Compiling and Linking Your Program To use the Prism environment s debugging features compile and link each program module with the g compiler option to produce the necessary debugging information Note The g option overrides certain optimizations For example in C the g option turns on debugging and turns off inlining of functions The g0 zero option turns on debugging and does not affect inlining of functions You cannot debug inline functions with this option For another example in Fortran 77 the g conflicts with the auto inlining and depend options Combining Compiler Options If you compile programs with both the debugging option g and an optimization option such as xO 1 2 3 4 5 the combined options change the behavior of several Prism commands For information about the effects of combining the debug option with optimization options see Combining Debug and Optimization Options on page 115 Setting Up Your Working Environment To enter the Prism environment you must be logged in to a terminal or workstation running OpenWindows or the Common Desktop Environment CDE Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 DISPLAY Variable Make sure that your DISPLAY environment variable is set for the terminal or workstation from which you are running OpenWindows or CDE
82. 1 to 2 axis 2 automatically changes to become axis 1 Using the Display Window in a Visualizer The display window shows the data being visualized In addition to using the data navigator to move through the data you can drag the data itself relative to the display window by holding down the left mouse button this provides finer control over the display of the data Chapter 5 Visualizing Data 131 132 To find out the coordinates and value of a specific data element click on it while pressing the Shift key Its coordinates are displayed in parentheses and its value is displayed beneath them If you have set a context for the visualizer you also see whether the element is active or inactive see Using the Options Menu on page 132 Drag the mouse with the Shift key pressed and you see the coordinates value and context of each data element over which the mouse pointer passes You can resize the visualizer to display more or less data either horizontally or vertically To Use the File Menu Click on File to pull down the File menu Perform one of the following m Choose Update from this menu to update the display window for this variable using the value s at the current program location See Updating and Closing the Visualizer on page 144 for more information on updating a visualizer m Choose Save or Save As to save the visualizer s values to a file See To Save the Values of a Variable on page 145
83. 128 Kbytes is insufficient for your needs you can increase the amount of the storage available by using the size parameter of the tnffile command If your trace buffer files are too small once the buffer fills up your data will begin to overwrite older data in the trace buffer If your trace buffer files exceed the size of your target directory the data collection process will fail at that stage before creating the final data file required by tnfview When you have limited space available in your trace buffer directory you can shorten the collection time using the tnfcollection command as an event action specifier for further information about using the tnfcollection command as an event action specifier see Actions in Events on page 97 or you can limit the types of events collected using the tnfenable command for further information about using the tnfenable command to selectively control which probes are enabled see Enabling Probes Selectively on page 208 You can also define another location for the trace buffer files by setting an environment variable PRISM_TNFDIR to the location you choose For example setenv PRISM_TNFDIR home user tnfdata tmp Note If you set PRISM_TNFDIR to an NFS mounted directory your performance analysis data will be affected by the extra time required for writing the data to non local directories LD_LIBRARY_PATH The Prism environment uses the value of the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environmen
84. 186 size argument 206 tnflist command 186 tnfview command Plot window creating intervals 196 event datasets 196 histogram bar statistics 204 histogram metric 203 histogram view 202 scatter plot view 195 table view 201 Timeline window Bookmark selection 194 Event Table 192 Graph button 193 Navigation menu 193 Next Previous buttons 193 Print button 193 Scale sliders 193 tnfview command 186 Trace lt cond gt 105 Trace lt loc gt 104 Trace lt var gt 105 trace command 102 105 117 Trace Normal Form TNF 182 event intervals 181 Sun MPI Library 187 TNF probe groups 187 Trace selection 104 tracei command 102 117 traces deleting 106 in MP Prism requirement that processes synchronize 97 tracing program execution 104 triggering conditions for events 88 Tutorial selection 216 U unalias command 223 UNIX commands issuing 39 unset command 224 unsetenv command 41 untearoff command 222 246 up command 108 Up selection 108 use command 85 Use selection 45 85 Using Help selection 216 V variables choosing the correct 32 comparing values of 147 printing the type of 155 restoring the values of from a file 146 saving the values of to a file 145 setting up alternative names for 223 variables accessibility of 116 varsave command 117 145 vector visualizers 138 minimum and maximum of 141 visualization parameters 139 Visualizer Color File 227 visualizer color
85. 19 120 0 3X displays three registers the output is displayed as hexadecimal longwords The registers in the UltraSPARC processor are listed in TABLE 4 2 TABLE 4 2 UltraSPARC Registers Name Register g0 S g7 Global registers 64 bits 00 o07 Output registers 64 bits 10 17 Local registers i0 i7 Input registers Spsr Processor state register Spc Program counter npc Next program counter Sy Y register Swim Window invalid mask tbr Trap base register f0 f31 Floating point registers fsr Floating status register 64 bits SfO0f1 f62f63 xg0 xg7 xo0 x07 xfsr Sfprs Ststate Sfp Ssp Floating point registers Upper 32 bits of g0 g7 SPARC V8 plus only or higher Upper 32 bits of o0 07 SPARC V8 plus only or higher Upper 32 bits of fsr SPARC V8 plus only or higher Floating point registers state SPARC V8 plus only or higher Trap state register SPARC V8 plus only or higher Frame pointer synonym for i 6 Stack pointer synonym for 06 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 CHAPTER 5 Visualizing Data This chapter describes how to examine the values of variables and expressions in your program This is referred to as visualizing data In addition it describes how to find out the type of a variable and change its values See the following sections Overview of Data Visualization on page 122 Choosing the Data to Visualize on page 124 Worki
86. 19 for information on prisminit Specifying the Host Environment vV To Specify Where the Host Prism Environment Is To Run Type prism n processnumber For example o prism n 4 The number 4 specifies the number of processes to run The Prism environment starts Host Prism on the node to which you are logged in See Entering the Prism Environment on page 10 for more information on starting the Prism environment and see the Sun MPI Programming and Reference Guide for more information on starting Sun HPC programs in general Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 15 16 Specifying a Number of Processes Greater Than the Number of Processors To Start More Processes Than You Have Processors Type prism W program The Prism environment can start the number of processes you specify even when that number exceeds the number of processors By default the Prism environment launches one process per processor For example prism n 4 W a x starts four processes regardless of the number of processors Specifying Runtime Environment Options To Supply bsub Arguments When You Launch the Prism Environment Type prism bsubargs options program This provides the Prism environment when using the LSF environment with bsub arguments For example using the C shell csh you can specify a preferred host by name prism n 4 W bsubargs m argos a x Here you requested four processes to be launched
87. 238 v To Specify an Alternative Make Utility 238 Contents xvii Changing How the Prism Environment Treats Stale Data in Visualizers 239 v To Force the Prism Environment Not to Depict Stale Data With Diagonal Lines 239 Specifying the Browser to Use for Displaying Help 239 v To Specify an Alternative HTML Browser for Displaying Online Help 239 v To Force the Prism Environment to Start a New Help Browser 240 Changing the Way the Prism Environment Handles Fortran 90 Generic Procedures 240 v To Suppress the Display of Menus or Dialog Boxes When Setting Breakpoints in Fortran 90 Generic Procedures 240 v To Display a Different Maximum Number of Fortran 90 Generic Procedures 240 10 Troubleshooting 241 Troubleshooting Tips 241 Launch the Prism Environment Without Invoking bsub or mprun 241 Avoid Using the xs Compiler Option 242 Keep o Files after Compilation 242 Expect a Pause After Issuing the First run Command 242 Monitor Your Use of Color Resources 242 Expect Only Stopped Processes to Be Displayed in the Where Graph 242 Use Only the MP Mode of the Prism Environment to Load MPI Programs 243 Verify That opt SUNW1sf binIsin Your PATH 243 Use the 32 Option to Load 32 Bit Binaries For Performance Analysis on Solaris 7 243 A The Commands Only Mode of the Prism Environment 245 Specifying the Commands Only Option 245 Issuing Commands 246 xviii Prism 6 1 Reference Manual March 2000 Useful Commands 247 Leaving the C
88. 5 Changing a Resource Setting 225 v To Set a Value for a Prism Resource 226 v To Close the Customize Window 226 Resources 226 Where the Prism Environment Stores Your Changes 228 Prism 6 1 Reference Manual March 2000 Changing Prism Environment Defaults 229 Adding Prism Resources to the X Resource Database 231 v To Add Resource Settings to the X Resource Database 231 v To Signal That There Is No More Input 232 Specifying the Editor and Its Placement 232 v To Specify an Editor and Its Placement 232 Specifying the Window for Error Messages 232 v To Specify the Window for Error Messages 232 Changing the Text Fonts 233 v To List the Names of the Fonts Available on Your System 233 v To Specify the Fonts for Prism 233 Changing Colors 233 v To Change the Colors Used for Colormap Visualizers 233 v To Change the Prism Environment s Standard Colors 234 v Changing the Colors of MPI Communicators in the MPI Queue Visualizer 234 Changing Keyboard Translations 235 v To Change Keyboard Translations for Dialog Boxes With a Single Text Field 236 v To Change Keyboard Translations for Dialog Boxes With Several Text Fields 236 v To Change a General Motif Keyboard Translation 237 Changing the Xterm to Use for I O 238 v To Force the Prism Environment Not to Create a New I O Window 238 Changing the Way the Prism Environment Signals an Error 238 v To Force the Prism Environment to Ring the Bell on Errors 238 Changing the make Utility to Use
89. 8 current working directory changing and printing 40 Customize selection 224 Customize utility using 224 cycle command 74 163 cycle pset 73 163 Cycle window 75 162 D data navigator 5 using 131 data type indormation augmenting 153 dbx 21 dedicated window 30 126 define pset command 62 cannot be used in event actions 98 delete command 106 247 delete pset command 68 cannot be used in event actions 98 Delete selection 93 105 detach command 48 263 can t be used in actions field 91 disable command 94 display command 117 127 redirecting output to X window 248 specifying the radix in 129 with varfile intrinsic 147 Display dialog box 126 DISPLAY environment variable 9 Display selection Debug menu 124 in MP Prism 160 display window using 131 displaying difference from printing 122 from the command window 127 from the event table 126 dither visualizers 134 done pset 58 down command 108 Down selection 108 dump command 117 157 158 E eachinst keyword 91 eachline keyword 91 edit geometry 226 Edit selection 226 232 editing source code 211 editor specifying default 232 EDITOR environment variable 211 226 effects of optimization 116 enable command 94 environment variables setting and displaying 40 error bell 226 error messages specifying window for 232 error pset 58 error window 226 errors Prism s behavior after 238 eval pset comm
90. 95 96 source files creating a directory list for 84 source window 4 scrolling 23 splitting 24 using 22 special function prism_define_typename 153 status messages 50 status region 4 step command can t be used in actions field 91 in MP Prism 50 262 Stop lt cond gt 101 Stop lt loc gt 101 Stop lt var gt 101 stop command 249 250 stopi command 102 103 stopped keyword 91 stopped pset 58 61 64 structures visualizing 149 augmenting data type information 153 272 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 in commands only Prism 248 SUM intrinsic function 35 Sun MPI Client Server programs using MP Prism with 82 surface visualizers 137 minimum and maximum of 141 T Tab 20 task ID 47 tearoff command 220 246 Tear off dialog box 222 tear off region 3 221 222 Tear off selection 221 tearoffcommand 222 text selecting in source window 24 text font 227 text visualizers 5 133 precision of 140 text widgets changing keyboard translations in 236 this identifier 250 thread identifiers referring to nonexistent 81 threads 54 hidden 75 libmpi_mt library 11 libthread library 11 unbounded psets 78 threads argument 11 threshold visualizers 5 135 threshold of 141 Timeline window 192 TNF probes 181 TNF_PROBE macro 187 tnfcollection command 186 event action specifier 190 206 tnfdebug command 186 tnfdisable command 186 tnfenable command 184 186 190 tnffile command
91. Change the Radix Choose Radix from the Options menu This changes the radix used in the text representation of a value Choose one of the items from the submenu Decimal Hex Octal and Binary The value to the specified radix changes The Prism environment continues to use this radix if the visualizer is updated By default the Prism environment displays values in decimal You can change this default via the set radix command see To Change the Default Radix on page 123 You can also override it for a specific print or display command see To Print or Display From the Command Window on page 127 Updating and Closing the Visualizer If you created a visualizer by issuing a display command it automatically updates every time the program stops execution Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 If you created the visualizer by issuing a print command its display window is grayed out when the program resumes execution and the values in the window are outdated vV To Update Values Choose Update from the visualizer s File menu Y To Close the Visualizer Choose Close from the File menu or press the Esc key Saving Restoring and Comparing Visualizers You can save the values of a variable or expression to a file You can subsequently visualize these values and compare them with the values in another visualizer for example the same variable later in the run or during a totally separate execution
92. Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data for a discussion of MPI performance analysis Chapter1 The Prism Environment 5 Editing and Compiling You can call up the editor of your choice within the Prism environment to edit source code or any other text files If you change your source code and want to recompile the Prism environment also provides an interface to the UNIX make utility Editing and compiling are described in more detail in Chapter 7 Editing and Compiling Programs Obtaining Online Help and Documentation The Prism environment features a comprehensive online help system Help is available for each menu window and dialog box in the Prism programming environment In addition to help on the Prism environment itself the Prism programming environment online documentation is provided in the Sun AnswerBook2 Online help and documentation are described in more detail in Chapter 8 Getting Help 6 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment You can change aspects of the way the Prism environment operates You can create customized command buttons in the tearoff region of the main the Prism programming environment window create aliases for commands and variables and change the Prism environment default settings These customizations are discussed in Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 CHAPTER 2 Using the Prism Envi
93. Commands Only Mode of the Prism Environment Issue the quit command to leave the commands only mode of the Prism environment and return to your Solaris prompt Appendix A The Commands Only Mode of the Prism Environment 247 248 Running the Commands Only Mode of the Prism Environment From an Xterm The CX Option Issue the prism command with the CX option from an Xterm to start up an instance of the commands only mode of the Prism environment that lets you redirect the output of certain commands to X windows The information presented earlier in this chapter about the commands only mode of the Prism environment also applies to this version except that this version lets you redirect output using the on window syntax You can redirect the following output to X windows a Visualizers including structure visualizers print or display command a Where graph MP Prism environment only where command a Psets window MP Prism environment only show psets command To redirect the output issue the appropriate command with the on dedicated or on snapshot syntax just as you would in the graphical mode of the Prism environment For example this command displays a visualizer for x in a dedicated window prism all print x on dedicated You can specify the type of the visualizer as well by adding as type after the on window argument For example prism all print x on dedicated as colormap In addition you can display help
94. Displays the next command in the commands buffer m Ctrl P Displays the previous command in the commands buffer m Ctrl U Deletes to the beginning of the line When printing large amounts of output the commands only mode of the Prism environment displays a more prompt after every screen of text Answer y or simply press the Return key to display another screen answer n or q followed by another Return to stop the display and return to the prism prompt Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 You can adjust the number of lines the Prism environment displays before issuing the more prompt by issuing the set command with the page_size variable specifying the number of lines you want displayed For example issue this command to display 10 lines at a time prism all set page_size 10 Set the Spage_size to 0 to turn the feature off the Prism environment will not display a more prompt Useful Commands This section describes some commands that are especially useful in the commands only mode of the Prism environment Use the list command to list source lines from the current file For example prism all list 10 20 prints lines 10 through 20 of the current file Use the show events command to print the events list Use the delete command to delete events from this list Use the set command with the print_width variable to specify the number of items to be printed on a line The default is 1 Leaving the
95. Editing Interval Definitions If you select an interval and click the Edit this interval definition button the Interval Editor window opens see FIGURE 6 5 You can change the displayed events and data by selecting items from the lists shown by clicking the adjoining Change buttons a Name The interval name m First Event The event that triggers data collection for this interval when the interval has been enabled m Second Event The event that stops data collection for this interval when the interval has been enabled m Second Event is on same thread Toggle whether events can be on different threads m Optional Match by Event Data Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 197 198 First Event Data The element of the first event to be matched a Second Event Data The element of the second event to be matched Note The tnfview interval editor does not permit you to specify the MPI rank VID of events in the composition of intervals FIGURE 6 5 Interval Editor Collecting an Interval Dataset If you select an interval from the Interval Definitions list then click the Create a dataset from this interval definition button a new entry will appear on the Choose Dataset menu You can then display and manipulate the dataset Selecting a Dataset to Plot If you select an event or interval from the list under Choose Dataset the graph displays a scatter plot tabl
96. For example if your workstation is named valhalla you can issue this command if you are running the C shell setenv DISPLAY valhalla 0 PATH Variable Sun HPC ClusterTools requires that two directories be set in your PATH variable The default locations of the two directories are opt SUNWhpc bin opt SUNW1sf bin PRISM _BROWSER_SCRIPT Variable The Prism environment uses the default HTML browser on your system to display Prism online help If launching a browser at a prompt in your local environment calls up a script rather than invoking the browser directly you must set the environment variable PRISM_BROWSER_SCRIPT to yes before starting the Prism environment setenv PRISM_BROWSER_SCRIPT yes If you do not set this variable in this situation once the Prism help system responds the browser may be brought up but may halt without displaying any help entries For information about the configuration of Sun HPC ClusterTools at your location see your Sun HPC ClusterTools system administrator MPI _INIT_TIMEOUT Variable Sun MPI has timeouts built into the software to help detect when there are problems starting an MPI job However you may trigger these timeouts erroneously when you are debugging programs such as when using the Prism environment You should disable the timeouts prior to using the Prism environment on a Sun MPI program Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 9 v To Set Sun MPI Timeouts Type
97. Guide March 2000 v To View a Pointer as a One Dimensional Array Type prism all print pointer section_specifier Specify a section when printing the pointer For example prismall print pa 1 5 2 pa 1 5 2 2 33 si 35 v To Dereference an Array of Pointers Type prism all pointer section_specifer If the array element is a pointer then the Prism environment allows you to the dereference the section For example prism all par 1 5 2 Ac3 8 6 4 v To Cast Pointers Type prism all print type pointer section _specifier For example prism all print double ptr 1 4 2 double ptr 1 4 2 1 2 1 100000000000000 3 100000000000000 Currently the Prism environment supports only one level of dereferencing Assuming this declaration Chapter5 Visualizing Data 159 int appi 2 The Prism environment does not support prismall print appi 0 1 Although the Prism environment allows one level of dereference for sections the Prism environment does not support indexing Thus the Prism environment allows prismall print par 1 5 2 but the Prism environment does not allow prism all print par 1 5 2 0 160 Visualizing Multiple Processes When you print or display an object in the Prism environment the data is shown for all processes in the pset you specify in the current pset if you do not include a pset qualifier
98. Prism 6 1 User s Guide Qe SUN microsystems THE NETWORK IS THE COMPUTER Sun Microsystems Inc 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto CA 94303 4900 USA 650 960 1300 Fax 650 969 9131 Part No 806 3736 10 March 2000 Revision A Send comments about this document to docfeedback sun com Copyright 2000 Sun Microsystems Inc 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto California 94303 4900 U S A All rights reserved This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use copying distribution and decompilation No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors if any Third party software including font technology is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems licensed from the University of California UNIX is a registered trademark in the U S and other countries exclusively licensed through X Open Company Ltd For Netscape Communicator the following notice applies c Copyright 1995 Netscape Communications Corporation All rights reserved Sun Sun Microsystems the Sun logo SunStore AnswerBook2 docs sun com Solaris Sun HPC ClusterTools Prism Sun Performance WorkShop Fortran Sun Performance Library Sun WorkShop Compilers C Sun WorkShop Compilers C Sun WorkShop Compilers Fortran Sun Visual WorkShop and UltraSPARC are trade
99. Start the Prism environment in the CRE environment 2 Type prism all mprunargs options For example prism all mprunargs p delos 3 Remove any existing mprun options you have specified by issuing the command prism all mprunargs off Within the Prism environment this removes options you have set via the command line Issuing the mprunargs command with no options shows the current mprun options Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Note The mprunargs command accepts a single string argument Since this argument is issued within the Prism environment using the shell specific syntax appropriate for the mprunargs option causes errors Executing Commands Within the Prism Environment Within the Prism environment you can perform most actions in one of three ways a By using a mouse see Using the Mouse on page 19 a By using keyboard alternatives to the mouse see Using Keyboard Alternatives to the Mouse on page 19 a By issuing commands from the keyboard see Issuing Commands on page 21 Using the Mouse You can point and click with a mouse in the Prism environment to choose menu items and to perform actions within windows and dialog boxes The Prism environment assumes that you have a standard three button mouse In any window where you see this mouse icon you can left click on the icon to obtain information about using the mouse in the window Using Keyboard Alternatives to the Mouse
100. You communicate this information back to the Prism environment by calling the following defined in prism h in opt SUNWhpc include void prism_add_array char member_name int len This call specifies that the pointer named member_name points to an array of length len The pointer s name member_name is the name of one of the members of the structure as found in the structure s C or C declaration The results are undefined if member_name is not a pointer void prism_add_union char name char valid_member This call specifies that the member named name is of type union and of all the members of this union only valid_member is to be displayed Both name and valid_member are names as found in the C or C declarations of structs or unions Note To augment the information that the structure visualizer displays using these function calls you must link your program with the library Libprism a in opt SUNWhpc 1lib Chapter5 Visualizing Data 153 154 Assume that data in the declaration below is a dynamic array struct Vector int len int data The function you write looks like this include prism h void prism define_Vector struct Vector v prism_add_array data v gt len Assume that the member type discriminates the union value in this example fl enum Type INT DOUBLE struct Value enum Type type union int i double d value The func
101. You enable rsh by ensuring that your rhosts file is correct 3 Commands The Prism environment supplies several TNF commands see MPI Performance Analysis Commands on page 186 in addition to the commands listed in Getting Started on page 182 4 Probes The Prism environment allows you to specify the precise probes to use in your analysis identifying probes by name by wildcard or by group The following sections describe these three categories Note You do not need to compile your program with the g argument to use the TNF performance analysis features of the Prism environment Environment Variables The Prism environment uses the values of three environment variables for performance analysis PRISM_TNFDIR LD_LIBRARY_PATH and PRISM_TNF_CLOCK_PERIOD The Prism environment also requires that you ensure that your rhosts file is correct Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 183 184 PRISM_TNFDIR The Prism environment uses space in a target directory by default usr tmp to store the temporary data generated by the TNF probes The Prism environment s performance analysis generates large volumes of data particularly for long running programs or programs with high process counts As a result performance analysis can fail if insufficient disk space is available in the target directory By default the Prism environment sets aside 128 Kbytes of storage in the target directory for TNF data If
102. age 22 Issuing Commands You can issue commands in the Prism environment from the command line in the command window Most commands duplicate functions you can perform from the menu bar you can use the command or the corresponding menu selection Some functions are only available via commands See the Prism 6 1 Reference Manual for complete information about Prism commands Using the Command Window on page 27 describes how to use the command window Many commands have the same syntax and perform the same action in both the Prism environment and the Solaris debugger dbx There are differences however you should check the reference description of a command before using it Using the Menu Bar The menu bar is the line of titles across the top of the main window of the Prism environment Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 21 Each title is associated with a pulldown menu from which you can perform actions within the Prism environment Keyboard Accelerators A keyboard accelerator is a shortcut that lets you choose a frequently used menu item without displaying its pulldown menu Keyboard accelerators consist of the Control key plus a function key you press both at the same time to perform the action The keyboard accelerator for a menu selection is displayed next to the name of the selection if nothing is displayed there is no accelerator for the selection The keyboard accelerators on a Sun keyboard are listed in TABLE
103. all trace at 12 if x gt 10 This creates a trace event for the members of the current pset Note that this last command applies only to the members of the current pset To apply it to all processes use the syntax prism all trace at 12 if x gt 10 pset all Many commands of course cannot logically take a pset qualifier You get an error message if you try to issue one of these commands with a pset qualifier Using Unbounded Psets in Commands When running threaded programs in the Prism environment you can encounter unbounded psets An unbounded pset is one that contains the value of all in the thread part of a pset specifier The membership of such psets varies unpredictably The term unbounded distinguishes such psets from those whose membership varies deterministically referred to as variable psets see Naming Psets on page 62 For example pset 3 all The size of such an unbounded pset is not constant since it contains all threads created during the life of the program The size of this set will change as threads are created and destroyed Pset expressions that omit specifying the thread part implicitly mean all threads so that pset 2 means pset 2 a11 and pset all means pset all al1 both of which are unbounded sets Pset expressions that are composed of one or more unbounded psets are also unbounded Note The use of a11 in only the process part of a pset specifier does not create an unbounded set The P
104. alysis on page 183 a Collecting Performance Data on page 188 a Displaying Performance Data on page 191 a Controlling the Scale of TNF Data Collection on page 205 m Performance Analysis Tips on page 207 a Additional Information on page 209 Overview of MPI Performance Analysis Since a few parts of your program will account for most of the run time only those parts need be optimized Thus it is important to be able to identify time consuming parts of your code evaluate their performance and characterize those parts so that tuning can be effective The Prism environment helps you to determine how efficiently the various parts of your Sun MPI program run and where your program s performance can be improved It does this by providing data on MPI communication events and on pairs of such events called intervals The Prism environment generates this information when running Sun MPI programs with a specially instrumented version of the Sun MPI library The instrumented library includes macro codes that act as selectively controllable tracepoints probes 181 The probes employ Trace Normal Form TNF an extensible system for instrumenting program code Each API level routine in the library has been instrumented with a start probe and an end probe You can also add TNF probes directly to your code if your programs are written in C or C TNF does not support the direct insertion of probes into Fortran
105. ample TABLE 9 1 Sample Visualizer Colors Red Green Blue 0 0 0 255 0 0 255 255 0 0 255 0 0 255 255 0 0 255 255 0 255 255 255 255 100 100 100 Like the default settings this file specifies black for values below the minimum white for values above the maximum and gray for values outside the context But the file reverses the default spectral map for other values from lowest to highest values are mapped red yellow green cyan blue magenta Where the Prism Environment Stores Your Changes The Prism environment maintains a file called prism_defaults in your home directory In it the Prism environment keeps a Changes you make to the Prism environment via the Customize utility m Changes you make to the tear off region a Changes you make to the size of the panes within the main Prism window Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Do not attempt to edit this file make all changes to it through the Prism environment itself If you remove this file you get the default configuration the next time you start the Prism environment Changing Prism Environment Defaults As mentioned in the previous section you can change the settings of many Prism resources either by using the Customize utility or by adding them to your X resource database This section describes how to add a Prism resource to your X resource database An entry is of the form resource name value where resource name is the name of the Prism resourc
106. ams Attempting to use the scalar mode of the Prism environment to run an MPI program can cause the Prism environment to abort the process and issue messages such as these unknown MPI_COMM_ WORLD unknown ERROR in MPI_Init unclassified error RTE_Init_lib Job must be submitted to CRE No such job Aborting To run an MPI program you must launch the MP mode of the Prism environment You launch it by specifying a number of processes to run Use the n option to specify the number of processes For example o prism n 4 a out launches the MP mode of the Prism environment and loads a out Verify That opt SUNW1sf bin Is in Your PATH If LSF is your default run time environment and if the directory containing LSF executables is not set in your PATH variable attempting to launch the MP mode of the Prism environment will fail For example hpc 450 3 44 gt prism n 0 amp 1 26614 hpc 450 3 45 gt opt SUNWhpc bin prism bsub not found 1 Exit 1 prism n 0 Use the 32 Option to Load 32 Bit Binaries For Performance Analysis on Solaris 7 The Prism environment works with both 64 bit or 32 bit binaries on Solaris 7 However it cannot do performance analysis of 32 bit binaries To workaround that problem use the 32 option For example o prism 32 n 4 a out amp Chapter 10 Troubleshooting 243 The 32 option ie unnecessary if you are not using the Prism environment to do performance analysis
107. and 63 71 97 event list 90 104 Event Table description of 89 using 89 Event Table selection 89 events adding 92 and deleted psets 98 deleting 93 disabling 94 editing 93 enabling 94 maintaining across reloads 94 saving 94 triggering conditions for 88 Events menu 92 execution pointer 26 in MP Prism 52 262 expressions writing in Prism 32 F Fl key 20 215 Index 267 file command 83 File menu in visualizers Diff and Diff With selections 148 Save and Save as selections 146 using 132 File selection 23 83 84 99 focus 20 fonts changing the default 233 Fortran 90 generic procedures changing the way Prism handles 240 using 37 Fortran 90 support allocatable arrays 256 print command 256 whatis command 256 array sections 256 array valued functions 260 derived types 253 259 Fortran 77 intrinsics 258 generic functions 253 259 internal procedures 258 masked array operations 257 pointer assignment 254 allocatable arrays 256 pointer assignment error checking 260 pointers to arrays 255 slicing and striding arrays 256 user defined operators 257 variable attributes 257 whatis command 255 Fortran intrinsic functions 34 func command 84 Func selection 23 24 84 99 function definition displaying in the source window 24 functions choosing the correct 32 G g compiler option 8 Glossary selection 216 graph visualizers 136 minimum and maximum of 141 268
108. ands 78 Using Snapshots of Unbounded Psets in Commands 79 v To Create a Bounded Pset from an Unbounded Pset 80 Prism 6 1 Reference Manual March 2000 Referring to Nonexistent Thread Identifiers 81 Using the Prism Environment With Sun MPI Client Server Programs 82 Choosing the Current File and Function 82 v To Change the Current File 83 v To Change the Current Function or Procedure 84 Creating a Directory List for Source Files 84 v To Add a Directory to the Search Path 84 Debugging a Program 87 Overview of Events 87 Using the Event Table 89 Description of the Event Table 89 Adding an Event 92 v To Add an Event Editing Field by Field 92 v To Add an Event Using Common Events Buttons 92 Deleting an Existing Event 93 v To Delete an Existing Event Using the Event Table 93 Editing an Existing Event 93 v To Edit an Existing Event 93 Disabling and Enabling Events 94 v To Disable an Event 94 v To Enable an Event 94 Saving Events 94 v To Save Events to a File 95 Events Taking Pset Qualifiers 95 v To Specify a Pset Qualifier 95 v To Continue All the Processes in a Pset 96 v To Display Events by Process 98 Contents ix x Setting Breakpoints 99 Using the Line Number Region 99 v To Set a Breakpoint in the Line Number Region 99 v To Delete Breakpoints Using the Line Number Region 100 Using the Event Table and the Events Menu 100 v To Set a Breakpoint Using the Event Table 100 v To Delete Breakpoints Using the Event Table 1
109. anslations Prism useXterm Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 selections etc Specifies the background color of all graphics windows such as the structure browser Where graph and visualizer Specifies the interior fill color for objects in graphics windows that have 3 D shadow borders Specifies the browser to use for displaying help Specifies whether to use a currently running browser for displaying help Specifies the main background color for Prism Specifies the make utility to use Specifies how Prism is to mark stale data in visualizers Specifies whether a menu is displayed when setting a breakpoint in a Fortran 90 generic procedure Changes the maximum number of specific procedures automatically shown when performing an action on a Fortran 90 generic procedure Specifies the size of the default spectral color map for color visualizers Specifies the background color for widgets containing text Specifies the text font to use for certain labels Specifies the keyboard translations for dialog boxes that contain several text fields Specifies the color used to highlight the master pane in a split source window Specifies the keyboard translations for dialog boxes that contain one text field Specifies whether to use a new Xterm for I O TABLE 9 2 Prism Resources Continued Resource Use Prism vizColormap Specifies the colors to be used in colormap visualizers Prism vizRep
110. ar buffers As the file fills up with trace data records older records are overwritten Once the data collection process has been completed and the data has been merged in the final trace file the Prism environment issues a warning message reporting that older records in the trace buffer have been overwritten if that is the case For example Maximum file size reached som vents have been lost Since the TNF trace data buffer is limited in size beware of allowing the trace data from the probes you are interested in to be overwritten by trace data from subsequent probes For example data from interesting events may be lost if those events occurred just prior to an area of your code that generates a lot of probe data To reduce the chance that your probe data buffers are overwhelmed by especially busy sections of your code use the tnfcollection command as an event action specifier as described in Collecting Performance Data on page 188 to focus attention on the most interesting routines You can also set the optional tnffile size argument to as large a value as your usr tmp allows By enlarging the size of the trace data buffers with this command you can reduce some of the probability that interesting data will get overwritten It is difficult to predict the precise number of records that will fit in a given buffer size Some probes report extra data probe records vary in length However the average event generates a record roughl
111. arent of a selected node topwidget 0x639b00 draw 0x615d20 0x639b00 nav 0x63d930 widget_class Oxe left_x 0 parent 0x0 xrm_name 345 349 being_destroyed 1055 destroy_callbacks constraints 0x0 x 443 y 283 width 619 height 501 border_width 0 Managed 0 FNE sensitive 1 z ancestor_sensitive Font Ox3d2a78 event_table Ox62 root 0x63d000 tm f current 0x63d000 translations C nodes 0x62a2e0 proc_table OxC current_state lastEventTime accelerators OxC 1 handar nival FIGURE 5 18 Structure Visualizer With One Pointer Expanded YV To Expand All Pointers in a Node Perform one of the following m With the mouse Double click or Shift left click on the node a From the keyboard Press the Shift key along with the right arrow key 150 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m From the Options menu Click on Expand The cursor turns into a target move the cursor to the node you are interested in and left click Vv To Expand All Pointers Recursively From the Selected Node on Down Perform one of the following m With the mouse Triple click or Control left click on the node a From the keyboard Press the Control key and the right arrow key m From the Options menu Click on Expand All The cursor turns into a target move the cursor to the node you are interested in and left click v To Pan and Zoom Perform one of the following m Left click and dra
112. ariable or expression from the Command window m Type prism all display This display the value s The display command prints the value s of the variable or expression immediately and creates a display event so that the values are updated automatically whenever the program stops The commands have this format where expression command variable variable The optional where expression syntax sets the context for printing the variable or expression see below In the syntax command is either print or display and variable is the variable or expression to be displayed or printed Redirection of output to a window via the on window syntax works slightly differently for display and print from the way it works for other commands see To Redirect Output to a File on page 30 for a discussion of redirection Separate windows are created for each variable or expression that you print or display Thus the commands display x on dedicated as colormap display y 4 on dedicated as histogram display 0 128 2 z on dedicated as text create three windows each of which is updated separately Chapter5 Visualizing Data 127 128 v To Print or Display the Contents of a Register Type prism all print Sname or prism all display name For example prism all print pc prints the program counter register See To Display the Contents of Registers on page 119 for a list of register names supported by the Prism
113. ata Type The MPI data type of the message with the size of a single data type element in bytes Click on the Data Type View button to display the Data Type dialog box See To Display Data Types on page 173 for more information about the Data Type dialog box The View button is available only for user defined data types Contents The contents of the message Click on the triangular button to open or close the contents area Click on More repeatedly to scroll through more of the message until the whole message has been displayed When the Message dialog box displays a posted receive it displays the value of the buffer address as null indicating that no buffer has been allocated and disables the Contents button When the Message dialog box displays an unexpected receive it shows the delivered message with no data type This characteristic is due to MPI design since a posted receive declares the data type Here too the Contents button is disabled and the visualizer displays the value of the buffer address as null Displaying Communicator Data The Prism environment displays MPI Communicators in the Communicators region of the MPI queue visualizer window The visualizer does not display all the communicators that have been created in an MPI program rather it displays only communicators referenced by currently posted messages Thus if no messages are visible then the visualizer displays no communicators The Prism environment d
114. atus command 53 pushbutton command 220 222 246 pwd command 40 Q qualified names 33 using 33 quit command 42 247 Quit selection 41 quotation marks 17 R radix changing for a specific value 157 changing the default 123 changing via the Options menu 144 specifying in print or display command 129 RANK intrinsic function 35 REAL intrinsic function 35 registers examining the contents of 117 128 reload command 45 requirements MPI Performance Analysis 183 rerun command 49 resize box 28 resolving names 32 return command can t be used in actions field 91 Run args selection 49 Run button 49 run command 49 can t be used in actions field 91 Run selection 48 running pset 58 S S3L arrays visualizing layouts of 178 S3L parallel array 173 array handle 174 data types 174 scope in MP Prism 73 scope pointer 27 set command 224 Sd_precisionand f_precision variables 140 Shistory variable 29 Index 271 Spage_size variable 247 Sprint_width variable 247 Sprompt_length variable 70 Sradix variable 106 setenv command 41 sh command 40 Shell selection 39 shell syntax quotation marks 17 show events command 94 95 98 102 104 106 247 show pset command 66 68 70 show psets command 56 63 67 redirecting output to X window 248 SIZE intrinsic function 35 snapshot window 30 126 snapshots unbounded psets 79 source code editing 211 moving through 23 source command
115. bal Thus you could use this syntax to ensure that x is printed prism all print x pset stopped amp amp isactive x Naming Psets You can assign a name to a pset This is convenient if you plan to use the set frequently in your Prism session Use the syntax described above in Defining Psets to specify the pset You can use any name except the names that the Prism environment pre defines see Predefined Psets on page 58 The name must begin with a letter it can contain any alphanumeric character plus the dollar sign and underscore _ m From the Psets window Choose Define Set from the Options menu A dialog box is displayed that prompts for the name and definition of the pset Click on Create to create the pset m From the command line Issue the define pset command For example prism all define pset odd 1 31 2 creates a pset called odd containing the odd numbered processes between 1 and 31 prism all define pset gui_thread 1 1 creates a pset from the first thread in process one prismall define pset io_thread 1 2 creates a pset from the second thread in process one prismall define pset workers all all gui_thread io_thread creates a pset from an expression that takes the intersection of all ranks and all threads subtracting the two psets defined in the two previous examples prismall define pset xon x NE 0 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 defines a pset
116. be updated in the Psets window Note that this evaluation will fail if m Processes are running that need to be polled in evaluating the pset or a The pset s definition contains a variable that is not active in any of the processes being polled For example if you type this command prism all define pset foo x gt 0 you must make sure that all processes are stopped and x is active on all processes when you type the command prism all eval pset foo To ensure that the evaluation succeeds use the more complicated syntax Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 63 prism all define pset foo stopped amp amp isactive x amp amp x gt 0 This ensures that the evaluation takes place only in processes that are stopped and in which x is active If an evaluation fails the membership of the pset remains what it was before you issued the eval pset command You can use the eval pset command in event actions see Events Taking Pset Qualifiers on page 95 Note the difference between dynamic and variable psets The membership in both can change as a program executes Dynamic psets are predefined sets like stopped and interrupted the Prism environment automatically updates their membership as the program executes Variable psets are defined by the user and the user must explicitly update their membership by issuing the eval pset command Combining Named Psets and Pset Expressions You can use combinatio
117. bes that you define nor the names of probe groups that you define should start with mpi_ Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 187 Collecting Performance Data The Prism environment s MPI performance analysis involves several steps The tnfcollection and tnfview commands shorten the sequence of steps by assuming several automatic default values If you chose not to accept the default behavior of the tnfcollection and tnfview commands you can override the default behavior by issuing the individual performance analysis commands with values of your own choice before issuing the Prism environment s run command For a complete list of the performance analysis commands see TABLE 6 1 v To Run Performance Analysis 1 Issue the tnfcollection on command or select Collection from the Performance menu a Adds opt SUNWhpc lib tnf to your LD_LIBRARY_PATH m Establishes a default file name for the TNF data If you prefer to control the naming of TNF data files you can define your own TNF data file name with the tnffile command before issuing the Prism environment s run command Using tnffile you can specify the name of the final trace data file and the size of the trace data collection buffers The file name substitutes for the automatically generated file name created by the tnfcollection on command The size argument allows you to specify the size of the data collection buffers used by each process of your program However if you sp
118. bles with 16 significant digits and floating point values with 7 significant digits You can change this default by issuing the set command with the d_precision variable for doubles or _precision variable for floating point values For example prism all set d_precision 11 sets the default precision for doubles to 11 significant digits Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Minimum and Maximum For colormap representations use these variables to specify the minimum and maximum values that the Prism environment is to use in assigning color values to the data elements Data elements that have values below the minimum and above the maximum are assigned default colors For graph surface and vector representations these parameters represent the bottom and top of the range that is to be represented Values below the minimum are shown as the minimum values above the maximum are shown as the maximum By default the Prism environment uses the entire range of values for all these representations Threshold For threshold representations use this variable to specify the value at which the Prism environment is to change the display from black to white Data elements whose values are at or below the threshold are displayed as black data elements whose values are above the threshold are displayed as white By default the Prism environment uses the mean of the data as the threshold The parameters for the histogram represe
119. box 172 Data Type dialog box 173 label values 168 Message dialog box 170 nonblocking sends and receives 163 sort critieria 169 stopped ranks 164 unexpected receives correctness problems 163 performance problems 163 zoom levels 164 Meta key 20 MINVAL intrinsic function 35 Motif keyboard translations changing 237 mouse getting help on using 216 using 19 MP Prism attaching in 47 262 commands only version 53 customizing 220 executing a program in 48 prompt in 69 shortening 70 scope in 73 visualizing data in 160 MPI Performance Analysis requirements 183 MPI queues See message queues MPISPMD style requirement 82 MPI_Comm_accept 82 MPI_Comm_connect 82 MPI_Comm_spawn_multiple 82 N names resolving 32 NaNs detecting 37 Netscape 239 next command in MP Prism 262 nothreads argument 11 O online documentation 217 obtaining in commands only Prism 247 optimization effects of 116 Options menu in visualizers using 132 output logging 31 redirecting in CX version of Prism 248 Overview selection 216 Index 269 P parallel array 173 PATH environment variable 9 Performance Analysis Commands 186 arguments 187 print command 117 127 249 250 256 redirecting output to X window 248 specifying the radix in 129 with varfile intrinsic 147 Print dialog box 124 Print selection Debug menu 124 in MP Prism 160 Print selection Events menu 125 printenv command 41 printing
120. can omit spaces and the ellipsis that indicates the selection displays a window or dialog box If the selection name is ambiguous put the menu name in parentheses after the selection name For example prism all tearoff print events adds a button for the Print selection from the Events menu to the tear off region Adding Prism Commands to the Tear Off Region v To Add a Command to the Tear Off Region Type prism all pushbutton label command The label must be a single word The command can be any valid Prism command along with its arguments For example Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 prism all pushbutton printa print a on dedicated adds a button labeled printa to the tear off region Clicking on it executes the command print a on dedicated To remove a button created via the pushbutton command you can either click on it while in tear off mode or issue the untearoff command as described above Creating Aliases for Commands and Variables The Prism environment provides commands that let you create alternative names for commands variables and expressions To create an Alias for a Prism Command Type prism all alias new name command For example prismall alias ni nexti makes ni an alias for the next i command The Prism environment provides some default aliases for common commands Issue alias with no arguments to display a list of the current aliases To Remove an Alias Typ
121. cannot be executed while the program is running it is queued until the program stops Program I O By default the Prism environment creates a new window for a program s I O This window persists across multiple executions and program loads giving you a complete history of your program s input and output If you prefer you can display I O in the Xterminal from which you invoked the Prism environment see Resources on page 226 Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 49 50 Status Messages The Prism environment displays the status messages before during and after the execution of a program as listed in TABLE 3 1 TABLE 3 1 Status Messages Message Meaning error Prism has encountered an internal error connected Prism has connected to other nodes to work on a message passing program connecting Prism is connecting to other nodes in order to work on a message passing program initial Prism is starting up without a program loaded interrupted The program has been interrupted loading Prism is loading a program not started running stopped terminated The program is loaded but not yet started The program is running The program has stopped at a breakpoint or signal The program has run to completion and the process has gone away Stepping and Continuing Through a Program When using the Prism environment to debug a multiprocess program such as a Sun MPI program menu actions such as Step a
122. catter Plot View To create a dataset use the features on the left panel of the plot window You can m Create a dataset from a single probe m Create a new blank interval a Edit the currently selected interval definition m Create a dataset from the currently selected interval definition Creating an Event Dataset Click the Choose a type of event button to open the Event Selection window see FIGURE 6 4 The window displays a list of the event types probes defined in the current tracefile Selecting a set of events such as the set of all MPI_Send_start events then clicking on Done causes the plot window to automatically display a scatter plot of the dataset of all MPI_Send_start events The plot window also supplies a histogram opened using the Histogram tab of the event set The table shows only interval latencies Nothing is displayed for single events in the table 196 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 saecthel Ge mutex mant micro ss pend end microlock suspend start i ree bo ea meib a_a aT imil aiei mf ma classes Done Apply Cancel FIGURE 6 4 Event Selection Window Creating a New Interval You create new intervals by clicking the Create a new blank interval button in the plot window You can then proceed to edit the new interval s definition By pairing events in intervals you can create the tools to measure the parts of your MPI code that you are most interested in analyzing
123. cd with no arguments to change the current working directory to your login directory The Prism environment interprets all relative file names with respect to the current working directory The Prism environment also uses the current working directory to determine which files to show in file selection dialog boxes Setting and Displaying Environment Variables You can set unset and display the settings of environment variables from within the Prism environment just as you do in the Solaris environment Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Type prism all setenv VARIABLE value This sets environment variable VARIABLE equal to value For example setenv EDITOR emacs sets your EDITOR environment variable to emacs Type prism all unsetenv VARIABLE This removes the setting of environment variable VARIABLE For example unsetenv EDITOR removes the setting of the EDITOR environment variable Type prism all printenv VARIABLE This prints the setting of environment variable VARIABLE For example prism all printenv EDITOR prints the current setting of the EDITOR environment variable Or issue printenv or setenv with no arguments to print the settings of all your environment variables Leaving the Prism Environment v To Quit the Prism Environment 1 Perform one of the following m From the menu bar Choose the Quit selection from the File menu You are asked if you are sure you want to
124. ce window to deselect selected text Right click in the source window to display a menu that includes actions to perform on the selected text see FIGURE 2 1 For example select Print to display a visualizer containing the value s of the selected variable or expression at the current point of execution See Chapter 5 Visualizing Data for a discussion of visualizers and printing To close the pop up menu right click anywhere else in the main window Zhi OxfFebFo00 et 421 0x388 e1 Oxffebf FES Zsp gl xsp hitOx140000 410 410 4 410 fp 210 410 hitOxd40000 11 10 g0 o0 Display 11 420 Zol bzero PLT Whatis zhitoxco0o0 x10 Sele 410 4 410 Show source pane fp 10 10 H gt zhi 0x40000 11 Hide this source pane 10 0 00 11 g0 ot FIGURE 2 1 Pop up Menu in Source Window You can display the definition of a function by pressing the Shift key while selecting the name of the function in the source window This is equivalent to choosing the Func selection from the File menu and selecting the name of the function from the list see Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program Do not include the arguments to the function just the function name Splitting the Source Window You can split the source window to simultaneously display the source code and assembly code of the loaded program Follow these steps to split the source window Y To Split the S
125. changing the default precision for 140 difference from displaying 122 from the command window 127 from the event table 126 from the source window 24 125 specifying the number of items to be printed on a line 247 Prism commands only 13 245 to 248 entering 10 initializing 219 languages supported in 8 leaving 41 look and feel of 2 overview of 1 prism command bsubargs argument 16 C option 14 245 CX option 248 W argument 16 Prism defaults changing 229 Prism resources table of 229 Prism defaultVirtualBindings resource 237 Prism fontList resource 230 233 Prism XmText fontList resource 231 233 Prism commlColor resource 229 Prism comm2Color resource 229 Prism comm3Color resource 229 270 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Prism commOtherColor resource 229 Prism cppPath 220 Prism cppPath resource 229 Prism dialogColor resource 229 234 Prism editGeometry resource 229 232 Prism editor resource 229 232 Prism errorBell resource 229 238 Prism errorwin resource 229 232 Prism graphBGColor resource 230 234 Prism graphFillColor resource 230 234 Prism helpBrowser resource 230 239 Prism helpUseExisting resource 230 240 Prism mainColor Resource 234 Prism mainColor resource 230 Prism make resource 230 Prism markStaleData resource 230 239 Prism procMenu resource 230 240 Prism procThresh resource 230 240 Prism spectralMapSize resource 230 234 Prism textBgColor reso
126. creating and deleting events and are described below Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 91 92 The area headed Common Events contains buttons that provide shortcuts for creating certain standard events Click on Close or press the Esc key to cancel the Event Table window Adding an Event You can either add an event editing field by field or you can use the Common Events buttons to fill in some of the fields for you You would add an event from the beginning if it weren t similar to any of the categories covered by the Common Events buttons To Add an Event Editing Field by Field Click on the New button All values currently in the fields are cleared Fill in the relevant fields to create the event Click on the Save button to save the new event It appears in the event list To Add an Event Using Common Events Buttons Click on the button for the event you want to add for example Print This fills in certain fields for example it puts print on dedicated in the Actions field and highlights the field or fields that you need to fill in for example it highlights the Location field when you click on Print because you have to specify a program location Fill in the highlighted field s You can also edit other fields if you like Click on Save to add the event to the event list Most of these Common Events buttons are also available as separate selections in the Events menu This lets you add
127. data types to display the Data Type dialog box for that other type FIGURE 5 27 Data Type Dialog Box Displaying and Visualizing Sun S3L Arrays In a multiprocess Sun MPI program a parallel array is an array whose elements may be distributed among the processes of the program every process holds only part of the global array The Prism environment can extract the global dimensionality and Chapter5 Visualizing Data 173 174 distribution information from these arrays and manipulate them as single entities For the purpose of this discussion arrays that are not distributed arrays that belong in their entirety to a single process are referred to as regular arrays Sun S3L s parallel array syntax is based on array handles which define the properties of the parallel array By default the Prism environment recognizes an array handle as a simple variable In Fortran 77 and Fortran 90 the array handle is a variable of type integer 8 In C the array handle is type S3L_array_t The following examples assume this code TABLE 5 4 S3L Array Demonstration Program c c Copyright c 1998 by Sun Microsystems Inc c All rights reserved i program test_prism_s3l include s31 s3l f h In f77 programs s3l arrays are integer 8 integer 8 a c integer 4 ext 2 local 2 ier Initialize the S3L library and the prism s3l interface i call s3l_init ier c c Declare a parallel S3L array of size 2 x 3 c with the second
128. de Shift lt Key gt F8 osfBackSpace lt Key gt BackSpace osfBeginLine lt Key gt Home osfClear lt Key gt Clear osfDelete lt Key gt Delete osfDown lt Key gt Down osfEndLine lt Key gt End osfCancel lt Key gt Escape osfHelp lt Key gt Fl osfiInsert lt Key gt Insert osfLeft lt Key gt Left osfMenu lt Key gt F4 osfMenuBar lt Key gt F10 osfPageDown lt Key gt Next osfPageUp lt Key gt Prior osfRight lt Key gt Right osfSelect lt Key gt Select osfUndo lt Key gt Undo osfUp lt Key gt Up v To Change a General Motif Keyboard Translation Change its entry in the defaultVirtualBindings resource For example if your keyboard doesn t have an F10 key you could edit the osfMenuBar line and substitute another function key Note these points in changing this resource a All entries in the resource must be included in your resource database if you want to change any of them otherwise the omitted entries are undefined m The entries in this resource apply to all Motif based applications If you want your changes to apply only to the Prism environment change the first line of the resource to Prism defaultVirtualBindings Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 237 238 Changing the Xterm to Use for I O By default the Prism environment creates a new Xterm for input to and output from a program To Force the Prism Environment Not to Create a New I O Window Set
129. default are displayed as gray You can change this default see Changing Colors on page 233 Context has no effect on dither and threshold visualizers FIGURE 5 14 shows the Set Context dialog box Chapter5 Visualizing Data 143 144 H where _ J Where everywhere FIGURE 5 14 Set Context Dialog Box By default all elements of the variable are active this is the meaning of the everywhere keyword in the text entry box To change this default you can either edit the text in the text entry box directly or click on the Where button to display a menu The choices in the menu are everywhere and other m Choose everywhere as mentioned above to make all elements active m Choose other to erase the current contents of the text entry box You can then enter an expression into the text entry box In the text entry box you can enter any valid expression that will evaluate to true or false for each element of the variable The context you specify for printing does not affect the program s context it just affects the way the elements of the variable are displayed in the visualizer See Setting the Context above for more information on context See Writing Expressions in the Prism Environment on page 32 for more information on writing expressions in the Prism environment Click on Apply to set the context you specified Click on Cancel or press the Esc key to close the dialog box without setting the context To
130. dimension distributed c ext 1 2 ext 2 3 local 1 1 local 2 0 call s3l_declare a 2 ext S3L_float local S3L_USE_MALLOC ier c c Initialize the array randomly by using S3L_rand_lcg c call s3l_rand_lcg a 123456 ier Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 TABLE 5 4 S3L Array Demonstration Program Continued w 1 0 c c free the resources associated with the parallel S3L array call s3l_free a ier c finalize the S3L library call s3l_exit ier c stop end Note that before using the type command the whatis command reports that the Sun S3L array handle a has been declared an integer 8 in the Fortran program in TABLE 5 4 To Display the Data Type of an Array Handle Type prism all whatis array_handle This shows that the array handle a is a variable of type integer 8 prism all whatis a integer 8 a To Create an S3L Parallel Array Type prism all type data_type array_handle This identifies array_handle as a Sun S3L parallel array and specifies its basic data type Basic data types are int float double complex8 and complex16 The example below executes the type command associating the Sun S3L handle a with the basic data type float the same type used to declare the element type of the Sun S3L array in your program prism all type float a a defined as float a Chapter5 Visualizing Data 175 176 v To Display and Visualize Sun S3L Parallel Arrays
131. dition locally that is separately for each process Similarly if a and b are arrays prism all stop if sum a gt sum b stops execution for a process in the current set if the sum of the values of a in that process is greater than the sum of the values of b All processes that are stopped at breakpoints are members of the predefined pset break To Continue All the Processes in a Pset Type prism all cont For example prism all cont pset notx Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Events and Dynamic Psets If you use a dynamic pset as a qualifier for an event its membership is evaluated when you issue the command defining the event Thus the command prism all stop at 10 pset interrupted creates a breakpoint only in the processes that are interrupted at the time the command is issued If no processes are currently interrupted you receive an error message One result of this is that you cannot define events that involve dynamic psets before the program starts execution Events and Variable Psets If you use a user defined variable pset as a qualifier its membership is determined by the most recent eval pset command you issued for that pset As is the case with dynamic psets you cannot define events that involve variable psets before the program starts execution Actions in Events Events in the Prism environment can take action clauses For example in a message passing program the following action clau
132. e a If you always want to log command output put a log command in the file see Section Logging Commands and Output on page 31 219 220 a If you want to use your own aliases for Prism commands put the appropriate alias commands in the file see Creating Aliases for Commands and Variables on page 223 Note that you don t need to put pushbutton or tearoff commands into the prisminit file because changes you make to the tear off region are automatically saved when you leave the Prism environment see Customizing MP Prism Mode on page 220 In the prisminit file the Prism environment interprets lines enclosed between C style comment characters and as comments If is the final character on a line the Prism environment interprets it as a continuation character Customizing MP Prism Mode Using the prisminit file you can reserve commands in your prisminit file exclusively for debugging multiprocess programs by bracketing the commands with ifdef MP and endif For example alias c cont ifdef MP pset 0 alias c cont wait every endif These commands define c to aliases differently in the scalar and MP multiprocess modes of the Prism environment and set the initial pset to 0 zero in the MP Prism mode To provide this feature the Prism environment must preprocess the prisminit file by default it does not do this To Force the Prism Environment to Preprocess the prisminit File
133. e prism all unalias new name For example prismall unalias ni removes the alias created above Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 223 v To Set Up an Alternative Name for a Variable or Expression Type prism all set variable expression For example prism all set alan annoyingly _long_array_name abbreviates the annoyingly long array name to alan You can use this abbreviation subsequently in your program to refer to this variable Use the unset command to remove a setting For example prism all unset alan removes the setting created above Changes you make via alias and set last for your current Prism session To make them permanent you can add the appropriate commands to your prisminit file see Initializing the Prism Environment on page 219 224 Using the Customize Utility Many aspects of the Prism environment s behavior and appearance for example the colors it displays on color workstations and the fonts it uses for text are controlled by the settings of Prism resources The default settings for many of these resources appear in the file Prism in the X11 app defaults directory for your system Your system administrator can change these system wide defaults You can override these defaults in two ways m For many of them you can use the Customize selection from the Utilities menu to display a window in which you can change the settings This section describes t
134. e This kind of event is sometimes referred to as a watchpoint It slows execution considerably since the Prism environment has to check the value of the variable after each statement is executed a At every line or assembly language instruction m Whenever a program is stopped For example you can define an event that tells the Prism environment to print the value of x whenever the program stops Such events are referred to as triggering conditions In addition you can qualify an event as follows m So that it occurs only if a specified condition is met For example you can tell the Prism environment to stop at line 25 if x is not equal to 1 Like watchpoints this kind of event slows execution m So that it occurs only after its triggering condition has been met a specified number of times For example you can tell the Prism environment to stop the tenth time that the program reaches the function foo Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 You can include one or more Prism commands as actions that are to take place as part of the event For example using Prism commands you can define an event that tells the Prism environment to stop at line 25 print the value of x and do a stack trace Using the Event Table The Event Table provides a unified method for controlling the execution of a program Creating an event in any of the ways discussed later in this chapter adds an event to the list in this table You can also d
135. e and value is the setting TABLE 9 2 lists the Prism resources TABLE 9 2 Prism Resources Resource Prism Prism comm1Color comm2Color Prism comm3Color Prism Prism Prism Prism Prism Prism Prism commOtherColor cppPath dialogColor editGeometry editor errorBell errorwin Use Specifies the color of the first communicator displayed in the MPI queue visualizer Specifies the color of the second communicator displayed in the MPI queue visualizer Specifies the color of the third communicator displayed in the MPI queue visualizer Specifies the color of the fourth communicator displayed in the MPI queue visualizer Specifies the path to your C preprocessor Specifies the color for dialog boxes Specifies the size and placement of the editor window Specifies the editor to use Specifies whether the error bell is to ring Specifies the window to use for error messages Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 229 TABLE 9 2 Prism Resources Continued Resource Use Prism fontList Specifies the font for labels menu Prism graphBGColor Prism graphFillColor Prism helpBrowser Prism helpUseExisting Prism mainColor Prism make Prism markStaleData Prism procMenu Prism procThresh Prism spectralMapSize Prism textBgColor Prism textFont Prism textManyFieldTranslations Prism textMasterColor Prism textOneFieldTr
136. e for intervals only or histogram depending on which tab of the Show Dataset pane is currently selected The Choose Dataset menu distinguishes single event datasets from double event interval datasets by displaying 1 after the names of single event datasets and 2 after the names of interval datasets For example if MPI_Finalize_start is a single event dataset and MPI_Send is an interval dataset the Choose Dataset menu displays them MPI_Finalize_start 1 MPI_Send 2 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Adjusting the Scatter Plot Graph Axes You can select alternative values for the X and Y axes on the graph For example Latency the default value for the Y axis in the scatter plot graph is the difference in time between the first event in an interval and the second event You can replace Latency with other values such as Time Order or specific fields in either event of the selected interval Define the axis values by choosing from the lists in either the X axis or Y axis rows below the scatter plot graph The values in those lists are m Latency a Time Order m Event 1 Specify the event field m Event 2 Specify the event field The data fields of the event become available for selection in the second list of the same row This allows you to use a data value of a selected event as an axis of the graph Updating the Graph To update a scatter plot graph or histogram after changing an axis
137. e 258 Fully Supported Fortran 90 Features With few limitations you can use the Prism environment to debug Fortran 90 programs containing the features described in this section Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Derived Types With the exception of constructors the Prism environment supports derived types in Fortran 90 For example given these declarations type point3 integer X Y Z end type point3 type point3 var var2 you can use Prism commands with these Fortran 90 variables prism all prism all prism all prism all prism all prism all print var whatis var whatis point3 assign var var2 print var x assign var x 70 Generic Functions The Prism environment fully supports generic functions in Fortran 90 For example given the generic function fadd declared as follows interface fadd integer function intadd i j integer 4 intent in i j end function intadd real function realadd x y real intent in x y end function realadd end interface you can use Prism commands with these Fortran 90 generic functions prism all p fadd 1 2 prism all whatis fadd prism all stop in fadd Appendix B C and Fortran 90 Support 253 254 In each case the Prism environment asks you which instance of fadd your command refers to For example prism all whatis fadd More than one identifier fadd Select one of the following na
138. e Data With Diagonal Lines Perform one of the following m Change the setting of the resource Prism markStaleData to false m Change the setting of the Prism markStaleData resource using the Customize utility see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 Specifying the Browser to Use for Displaying Help There are several resources you can use to affect the way help is displayed By default graphical mode of the Prism environment uses the Netscape browser to display help information see Using the Browser based Help System on page 216 To Specify an Alternative HTML Browser for Displaying Online Help Set the Prism helpBrowser resource to the executable name of the other browser The name of the browser must be on your path The graphical mode of the Prism environment supports Mosaic and Netscape browsers You can include in the setting any browser specific options that you want passed to the browser when the Prism environment starts it up These options do not take effect if the Prism environment uses an existing browser If you already have a browser running when you request help from the Prism environment by default the Prism environment displays the help information in this browser Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 239 240 vV To Force the Prism Environment to Start a New Help Browser Perform the following Set the resource Prism helpUseExisting to false This forces the Prism
139. e command reports all active stack frames that have a stack pointer The where command does not report routines that have no frame pointer and routines that have been inlined Examining the Contents of Memory and Registers You can issue commands in the command window to display the contents of memory addresses and registers v To Display Memory Specify the address on the command line followed by a slash For example Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 117 118 prism all 0x10000 If you specify the address as a period the Prism environment displays the contents of the memory address following the one printed most recently Specify a symbolic address by preceding the name with an amp For example prism all amp prints the contents of memory for variable x The Prism output for example might be 0x000237f 8 0Ox3 800000 The address you specify can be an expression made up of other addresses and the operators and indirection unary For example prism all 0x1000 100 prints the contents of the location 100 addresses above address 0x1000 After the slash you can specify how memory is to be displayed Formats that are supported are listed in TABLE 4 1 TABLE 4 1 Memory Address Formats Format Description d Print a short word in decimal D Print a long word in decimal o Print a short word in octal O Print a long word in octal x Print a short word in hexadecimal xX Print a long word i
140. e file position at the command line or in the GUI is updated as a result of up or down commands ending in a debuggable optimized routine Accessing Variables in Optimized Routines Due to the effects of optimization on variable location in executable programs that have been compiled with optimization not all variables can be accessed by the Prism environment at all times The accessibility of variables can be defined by whether the variables can be used in expressions that require the right value of the variable such as print X or call foo X or the left value of the variable such as assign X 1 The limits of accessibility can be described by the flow of control in an optimized program When the flow of control is in a routine compiled with both g and an optimization flag Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 If the control flow is at the first machine instruction of the routine which has not yet been executed then all global variables and the routine s arguments are accessible No other local variable is accessible If the first machine instruction of the current routine has already been executed then only the global variables are accessible No local variable is accessible The following commands can use only accessible variables assign call display dump print trace tracei varsave when wher The where stack will display values only for accessible arguments and 22 for all the others The wher
141. e of these methods m Double click to select the word to which the mouse pointer is pointing a Triple click to select the line on which the mouse pointer is located m Press the left mouse button and drag the mouse over the text to select it Click the middle mouse button to paste the selected text into other text areas To Re Execute a Command Triple click on a line in the history region to select it Click the middle mouse button with the mouse pointer still in the history region Middle click with the mouse pointer on the command line The selected text appears on the command line but is not executed This gives you a way to edit the text before executing it Redirecting Output The commands whose output you cannot redirect are run edit make and sh Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 29 30 Note Although the run command cannot be redirected using on or run can be redirected using gt and other shell redirections To Redirect Output to a File Type prism where filename For example where where output puts the output of a where command a stack trace into the file where output in your current working directory within the Prism environment This method works for most commands To Redirect Output to a Window Type prism where on window where window can be a command abbreviated com This sends output to the command window this is the default a dedicated abbreviated ded
142. eads are created and destroyed The Prism environment handles the psets that apply to the wait every stop and trace commands in a similar manner When using a constant bounded pset the Prism environment records the membership of the pset when the command is issued When using an unbounded pset the Prism environment re evaluates the pset each time the command executes prismall stop at 10 pset foo where foo is an unbounded pset Each time a thread executes line 10 the Prism environment revaluates pset foo and stops the thread if it is a member of foo Using Snapshots of Unbounded Psets in Commands The Prism environment allows you to control the contents of psets derived from unbounded sets of threads You can specify a constant membership of such a pset by capturing snapshots of the unbounded sets Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 79 Here is an example of how the contents of unbound psets can vary prism all pset The current set was created by evaluating the Pset all once at the time when it became the current set The set contains threads O12 1s prism all define pset alll all 1 1 prism all show pset alll Pset alll is defined as all 1 1 The set contains the following threads 0 2 1 Then after running the program for a while the membership of all and alll both change prism all show pset all The set contains the following threads 0 2 1 5 6
143. eakpoint Using the Event Table Perform one of the following Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m Stop lt loc gt prompts for a location at which to stop the program You can also specify a function or procedure the program stops at the first line of the function or procedure dialog ee FIGURE 4 3 Stop lt loc gt Dialog Box m Stop lt var gt prompts for a variable name The program stops when the variable s value changes The variable can be an array in which case execution stops any time any element of the array changes This slows execution considerably In addition Stop lt cond gt is available as a Common Events button It prompts for a condition which can be any expression that evaluates to true or false see Writing Expressions in the Prism Environment on page 32 for more information on expressions The program stops when the condition is met This slows execution considerably You can also use the Event Table to create combinations of these breakpoints for example you can create a breakpoint that stops at a location if a condition is met In addition you can use the Actions field of the Event Table to specify the Prism commands that are to be executed when execution stops To Delete Breakpoints Using the Event Table Perform one of the following m From the Events menu choose Delete m From the Event Table use the Delete button For more information about deleting events see Deletin
144. ecify a file name that already exists the Prism environment issues an error message file already exists and ignores the tnffile command m Sets the minimum size for data collection buffers 128 Kbytes a Enables all probes If you issue the tnfcollection on command before issuing the Prism environment s run command all probes will be enabled when your target program runs unless you then issue specific tnfenable or tnfdisable commands before issuing the Prism environment s run command The probes specified in any explicit tnfenable commands will be the only probes enabled replacing the default set of all probes a Turns on TNF data collection 2 Issue the run command At the conclusion of the run the Prism environment collects the information from each process and merges the data in the named TNF data file 188 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 3 Issue the tnfview command after the program completes to display the current TNF data file You can also launch the TNF viewer by selecting Display TNF Data from the Prism environment s Performance menu Note You can repeat steps two and three as often as you wish Each time that you run your program the Prism environment creates another TNF data file Naming TNF Data Files and Controlling Data Collection Buffer Size If you use the filename argument of the tnffile command to specify the name of the TNF data file such as myfile tnf The Prism environment will remembe
145. ecifying the setting of a bsub option via the bsubargs command or an mprun option via the mprunargs command overrides the setting of the same option you have established via the prism command line If it is an option that has otherwise not been specified it is added to the existing settings Note The strings given to bsubargs or mprunargs should not contain the 1 Ip or n flags because the Prism environment internally generates values for them and the results will be undefined v To Specify a Preferred Host by Name Running LSF 1 Enter the Prism environment in the LSF environment Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 17 18 2 Type prism bsubargs options For example prism all bsubargs m argos 3 Remove any existing bsub options you have specified by typing prism all bsubargs off This removes options you have set via the shell command line Issuing the bsubargs command with no options shows the current bsub options Note The bsubargs command accepts a single string argument Since this argument is issued within the Prism environment using the shell specific syntax appropriate for the bsubargs option causes errors Also each time that you issue the bsubargs command the previously specified bsub options are replaced To keep a list of options in effect you must specify the entire list whenever you change any item in that list v To Specify a Preferred Partition by Name Running CRE 1
146. ections Hina Hal XMAN ds an X Window System manual browsing tool built upon the XToolkit CREDITS Vers ior Use Show Version memu 1 ten Based Upon Wean for Hie by by Barry She Shain Boston Univ ritten By Chris D y Coansortiun Copyright 1955 195 a LER Institute of Technology GETTIWG STARTED By default Kma starts by creating a sall window that contsins three buttons places on which to click a pointer buttan Two of these buttons Help and Quit are self explanatory The third Manual Page creates a nab manual page broncar window you may Wee thie BUEN to oper a rea menue page any Tine mnan 1S rimina A nes manual page starts up displaying this help informaation The manual page Contains three sections In the per left comer are two Ben buttoie bhean tho masa da clicked on either of thease buttons a nan 1s pooped uo Tha cartents of these menus ds deseribed bales Directly to the rint of the menu buttons is an informational display This display usually contains the nane of the directory or manual pege baing displayed It is also used to display warning GCSES and the gurran vercion oF wean The last are largest section 16 The Ria tnaa ai acter This section of the lization Ga1taine 27 ther list of manial pages to choose from or the test of a manial page To a aman just pull down the sections manu to select a marual scilo once tha section is ae aleetan click the Taft pointer button oa the nama oF the ma
147. ecuted the processes must be stopped for the Prism environment to do this The evaluation fails if any of the processes being evaluated are running Using the predefined pset stopped on the left of an intersection expression is a useful way of ensuring that a command applies only to stopped processes Thus print x pset stopped amp foo prints x only in the members of foo that are stopped Specify a condition to be met Put braces around an expression that evaluates to true or false in each process Processes in which the expression is true are part of the set Thus prism all print x pset y gt 1 prints x in processes where y is greater than 1 And prism all print x pset all 1 prints x in all processes except those in which y is equal to 1 Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 61 62 a Membership in a some psets can change based on the current state of your program such a pset is referred to as variable See To Evaluate Variable Psets on page 63 to learn how to update the membership of a variable pset For this syntax to work the variable must be active in all processes in which the expression is evaluated If the variable isn t active in a process you get an error message and the command is not executed To ensure that the command is executed use the intrinsic isactive in the pset definition The expression isactive variable returns t rue if variable is on the stack for a process or is a glo
148. ed Method Names The Prism environment allows you to set breakpoints in overloaded method names A list pops up from which you can select the correct method Template Functions The Prism environment allows you to set breakpoints in template functions A list pops up from which you can select the correct function Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Scope Operator in the Prism Environment s Identifier Syntax The Prism environment s identifier syntax recognizes the C scope operator For example prism all whereis dummy variable symbol x symbol cc Symbol print 71 dummy Partially Supported C Features With significant limitations you can use the Prism environment to debug C programs containing the features described in this section Casts The Prism environment recognizes casting a class pointer to the class of a base type only for single inheritance relationships For example the Prism environment recognizes the following cast syntax when printing variable P prism all print struct class_name P prism all print class class_name P prism all print class_name P Static Class Members You can print static class members when the current scope is a class method You cannot print static class members when not in class scope For example the following command will fail if you issue it outside of the scope of class_name prism all print class_name var_name Break
149. ed or Nonthreaded View of Programs The multiprocess mode of the Prism environment identifies programs as threaded if they have been linked to the 1ibmpi_mt library or the 1ibthread library Direct the Prism environment to view programs as threaded that are not linked to one of these libraries by using the threads argument If the loaded program does not use threads the threads argument has no effect Direct the Prism environment to view programs as nonthreaded that are linked to libmpi_mt or libthread by using the nothreads argument Viewing a program as nonthreaded means viewing only the main stream of execution in that program When the Prism environment opens an nonthreaded view of a program that directly or indirectly through library calls uses threads it issues a warning that thread debugging has been disabled The Prism environment issues this warning for all programs linked with libmpi Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 11 12 v To Specify a Threaded View of Programs Type prism n processnumber threads program For example o prism n 4 threads a out This starts the Prism environment with a program a out compiled without a link to libmpi_mt but enabling the Prism environment to view threads Issuing the prism command with the threads argument causes the Prism environment to view loaded programs as threaded programs even though those programs have not been linked to the 1ibmpi_mt library Fo
150. ent execution point m AB appears in the line number region next to every line at which execution is to stop You can set simple breakpoints directly in the line number region all methods for setting breakpoints are described in Setting Breakpoints on page 99 m A T appears in the line number region next to a line for which the Prism environment is tracing execution See Tracing Program Execution on page 104 to learn how to trace program execution Shift click on B or T in the line number region to display the event associated with the breakpoint or tracepoint See Overview of Events on page 87 for a discussion of events 26 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m The symbol is the scope pointer it indicates the current source position that is the scope The Prism environment uses the current source position to interpret names of variables When you scroll through source code the scope pointer moves to the middle line of the code that is displayed Various Prism commands also change the position of the scope pointer m The symbol is used when the current source position is the same as the current execution point this happens whenever execution stops When a message passing program is loaded the Prism environment displays additional information about breakpoints and tracepoints With a message passing program the Prism environment a Displays a B next to a line number if all processes in the current pset have a
151. ent set To make this clear the prism prompt changes to list the processes that are members of this static set For example if processes 0 1 and 13 are the only processes that are stopped the pset command has this effect prism all pset stopped prism 0 1 13 Output of the show pset command is explicit under these circumstances prism all pset stopped prism 0 1 13 show pset The current set was created by evaluating the pset stopped once at the time when it became the current set The set contains the following processes 0 1 13 Issuing the pset command with no arguments displays the same information Note that the prism prompt can become quite long if there are many processes in a current pset derived from a dynamic pset By default the prompt length is limited to 25 characters You can change this default by issuing the set command with the Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 S prompt_length variable specifying the maximum number of characters to appear in the pset part of the prompt For example this command shortens the prompt long_pset_name to long_pset prism long_pset_name set prompt_length 9 prism long_pset Current Pset and Variable Psets Defining Psets on page 59 describes how to create variable psets user defined psets whose membership can change in the course of program execution To Update the Membership of a Variable Pset Type prism all
152. epresents m Shift click elsewhere in the pset rectangle for example on a border to display all the ID numbers of the processes in the pset m Shift middle click on a cell to view the process s Solaris pid and the hostname of the node on which it is running m Shift middle click elsewhere in the rectangle to display the entire list of pids and hostnames for the processes in the pset To Display a Pset Choose the Show selection from the Options menu in the Psets window This displays a list of psets the predefined psets are at the top followed by any user defined set names Click on a set name and that set is displayed in the window To Hide a Pset Choose the Hide selection from the Options menu This displays the list of predefined and user defined psets Click on a set name to remove that set from the display Note that hiding a pset doesn t otherwise affect its status it still exists and can be used in commands Note also that there are choices All Sets and all in the Show and Hide submenus The All Sets choice refers to all psets the all choice refers to the predefined pset a11 Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 65 66 Vv To View Psets Not Shown in the Display Window 1 Use the navigator rectangle to the right of the Cycle arrows to pan through the psets The white box in the rectangle shows the position of the display area relative to all the psets that are to be displayed If Either
153. ere simply type its name in the Save As box and click on OK If you want to put the file in another directory click on the directory The parent directories of the current working directory are shown above it in the Directories list its subdirectories are listed beneath it This will display the subdirectories of the directory you clicked on You can traverse the directory structure in this manner until you find the directory in which you want to put the file or you can simply type the entire path name in the Save As box Choose the Save selection to save the values in the file you most recently specified If you haven t specified a file the values are saved in a file called noname var in your current working directory in the Prism environment v To Restore the Data This intrinsic brings values you have saved to a file back into the Prism environment 146 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Type prism all command varfile filename where filename is the name of the file that contains the values you want to restore Note The varfile intrinsic is not available for use with message passing programs You can use the varfile intrinsic anywhere you could have used the original variable or expression that you saved to a file For example if you saved x prism all varsave x var x then the command prism all print varfile x var is equivalent to prism all print x Note that this allows you t
154. ernatively you can click on the De iconify Node button next to the Zoom arrows at the top of the Where graph This changes the mouse pointer to a target You can then left click on a function to iconify it and its children If it is already iconified left clicking on it will re expand it and its children To cancel the operation left click anywhere outside of the boxes surrounding the functions V To Move Through the Where Graph When you first display the Where graph the main function is highlighted Left click on a function to highlight it Or move through the Where graph via the keyboard m Use the up arrow key to move to the parent of the highlighted function a If line numbers are visible in the highlighted function by default the leftmost number is selected by having a box drawn around it Use the left and right arrows to select other line numbers in the function You can then use the down arrow key to highlight the function called at the selected line v To Make a Function the Current Pset Press the spacebar while in the Where graph The following actions occur m The current function changes to the function that is highlighted in the Where graph m The highlighted function in the source window is displayed a Anew current pset is created with the same name as the function and containing the processes with this function in their call stack The current process of this current set is the lowest numbered process in the
155. es Click on the Zoom up arrow This increases the size of the function boxes and includes more information in them FIGURE 4 8 shows the Where graph of FIGURE 4 5 zoomed in In this case the Where graph shows for each function the processes that have that function in their call stack As in the Psets window the processes are represented as bitmaps of cells numbered starting at the upper left increasing from left to right and then jumping to the next row 112 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 FIGURE 4 8 Where Graph Zoomed In Zooming in another level shows all arguments for all processes Chapter4 Debugging a Program 113 114 FIGURE 4 9 Where Graph of a Threaded Program Zoomed in to Show Thread Stripes If your Where graph displays a threaded program you can zoom in to the level shown in FIGURE 4 9 To View Information About Individual Threads Shift click on the individual stripes This displays information about the corresponding threads To Shrink Selected Portions of the Where Graph You can shrink selected portions of the Where graph This is useful if you want to see the overall structure of the graph but in addition want to focus on certain functions Perform one of the following a Middle click on a function to iconify it and all of its children Middle click on an iconified function to re expand it and its children to the current zoom level Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m Alt
156. es A few considerations a TNF output files can be saved and viewed but not updated m You can re display TNF trace files You should take the normal precautions to name your trace files in order to avoid confusing versions of trace data gathered in different sessions m To display data from multiple TNF files open multiple instances of tnfview Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 207 208 Enabling Probes Selectively Enable probes based on the characteristics of your source code For example if you are interested in the performance of a specific function in your code and the routines that precede and follow that function are collective routines enable the collective probes When examining a trace file from an MPI program in tnfview look for events in the Timeline view where synchronization is poor or where processes are idle Look for places where sends receives or waits spend too much time idle Create intervals of the start and end probes of blocking sends receives and waits then generate a histogram and look for the taller columns In many if not all programs enabling only probes on point to point routines and collectives will provide enough information to initiate performance analysis Anticipating Timing Problems You may change the timing characteristics of your program by adding probes even when those probes are disabled This can be especially significant when your code includes loops that contain MPI cal
157. es as many trace data files as there are processes in your Sun MPI program When your program has completed the Prism environment merges these files in a final data file You can view this merged file in the Prism environment s TNF data browser tnfview HRRRRRBRE A RRRRRERI sae esac tn duslintuvas 11 ee ESET process 1 HOKGHC HHRHHRHE aM M aa ng r we EN EEEE e Be ee ERAH If che Seem tebe wees SS oD ems of ae SS SSE tnfview Trace cata files FIGURE 6 11 TNF Data Collection Phase Diagram However the scale of data collection can overwhelm disk storage resources The following sections are intended to help you to understand how this can happen and how to control the scale of data collection Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 205 206 Collecting Trace Data The Prism environment creates one trace collection data file per process in your Sun MPI program Sun HPC ClusterTools supports Sun MPI programs with as many as 1024 processes on LSF or as many as 256 processes on the Cluster Runtime Environment CRE You can specify the size of the trace data collection files with the size argument of the tnffile command The trace data collection files are allocated a fixed size not a variable size limit For example to increase the size from the default value of 128 Kbytes to two megabytes prism all tnffile myfile tnf 2048 Trace data collection files operate as circul
158. esentation of the selected dataset See FIGURE 6 8 for an example Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 201 gece prutege Bonum seers Te AAA IS ade RE ol Pe Ae ce D a Eri ian Bs a mi a a a a e a a i md d i d ai ad JJI Tapp ETE T E ERS FIGURE 6 8 Table View The Table view displays four columns m Interval Count Number of intervals m Latency Summation Time in milliseconds m Latency Average Time in milliseconds a Intervals with data_element You can choose the value for this column using the list that is revealed when you click the button next to the Group intervals by this data element label Opening the Histogram View Clicking the Histogram tab on the Plot window opens a histogram presentation of the selected dataset For example 202 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 3080 40 cio 60 Fos Lateecy nn FIGURE 6 9 Histogram View Clicking on a Bucket in the Histogram Click the left mouse button on a bar in the histogram graph to display three sets of values for the data points represented by that bar These values are Statistics for bar Displays the number of the bar counting from zero to 29 This bar contains values Displays the range of the data in the bar a Any value in this bucket must be greater than or equal to the first value a Any value in this bucket must be less than the second value Number of values in this bar
159. esets the predefined pset interrupted so that it includes the newly interrupted processes Processes leave this pset when they continue execution m Select Interrupt from the Execute menu This will interrupt processes in the current pset that are running To Wait for a Specified Process or Set of Processes to Stop Execution Type prism wait A process is considered to have stopped if it has entered the done break interrupted or error state There are two versions of the wait command m Use the syntax wait or wait every to wait for every member of the specified pset to stop If no pset is specified the command applies to the current pset Thus prism notx wait every Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 51 52 waits for every process in the pset notx to stop The current process will be whatever it would normally be see The Current Pset on page 68 This is the default behavior of the wait command m Use the syntax wait any to wait for any member of the specified pset to stop If no pset is specified the command applies to the current pset When the first process stops it becomes the current process of this pset Thus prism all wait any pset foo waits for the first process in pset foo to stop There are corresponding Wait Any and Wait Every selections in the Prism environment s Execute menu They apply to the processes of the current set Note that if you prefer that step and next commands wait f
160. et You cannot change the current pset to one that has no members If you try to do so nothing happens in the Psets window and you get a message like this one in the history region of the command window Cannot set current pset to running it is empty When a program is first loaded the current pset is the default pset a11 To Change the Current Pset Perform one of the following m From the Psets window There are several ways of changing the current pset via the Psets window a Ifthe set is displayed in the Psets window simply double click anywhere in its display for example on its name or in the box beneath its name Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 a Choose the Set Pset selection from the Options menu This displays a list of psets Click on the name of the set you want to be current a Edit the name of the pset in the box below Current Set at the top right of the Psets window then press Return When you change the current set the new name appears in the Current Set box in the Psets window and the current set shown at the top left of the psets area changes to reflect the contents of the new set From the command line Type prism all pset pset_specifier prism all pset foo changes the current pset to foo You can also use the pset command with the pset specification syntax described in Defining Psets on page 59 For example prism all pset 0 15 3 v To Find Out the Current Pset
161. for Detecting NaNs and Infinities 37 v To Find Out if xIsa NaN 37 v ToFind Out if x Is an Infinity 37 Using Fortran 90 Generic Procedures 37 Issuing Solaris Commands 39 v To Issue Solaris Commands From Within the Prism Environment 39 Changing the Current Working Directory 40 Setting and Displaying Environment Variables 40 Leaving the Prism Environment 41 v To Quit the Prism Environment 41 Loading and Executing a Program 43 Loading a Program 43 v To Load a Program From the Menu Bar 44 v To Load a Program From the Command Window 45 What Happens When You Load a Program 45 v To Load Subsequent Programs 45 Associating a Core File With a Loaded Program 46 v To Associate a Core File With a Loaded Program 46 v To Examine a Core File of a Local Process 46 Attaching to a Running Message Passing Process 47 v To Attach to a Running Message Passing Program 47 Prism 6 1 Reference Manual March 2000 Executing a Program in the Prism Environment 48 v ToRunaProgram 48 Program I O 49 Status Messages 50 Stepping and Continuing Through a Program 50 Interrupting and Waiting for Processes 51 v To Interrupt the Execution of a Process or Set of Processes 51 v To Wait for a Specified Process or Set of Processes to Stop Execution 51 v ToEnd the Wait 52 Execution Pointer 52 v To Display a Pop Up Window Showing the Executing Process es 53 v___ To Find out Execution Status 53 Executing Programs With the Commands Only Interface 53 Using Psets in the Prism E
162. g an Existing Event on page 93 Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 101 Setting a Breakpoint Using Commands vV To Set a Breakpoint Using Commands Type prism all stop Or prism all when The when command is an alias for the stop command The syntax of the stop command is also used by the stopi trace and tracei commands which are discussed below The general syntax for all the commands is command variable at line in func if expr cmd cmd after n where command As mentioned above can be stop stopi when trace or tracei a variable Is the name of a variable The command is executed in other words the event takes place if the value of the variable changes If the variable is an array an array section or a parallel variable the command is executed if the value of any element changes This form of the command slows execution considerably You cannot specify both a variable and a program location m line Specifies the line number where the stop or trace is to be executed If the line is not in the current file use the format at filename line number m func Is the name of the function or procedure in which the stop or trace is to be executed m expr Is any language expression that evaluates to true or false This argument specifies the logical condition if any under which the stop or trace is to be executed For example if a GT 1 This form of the command slows execution
163. g through the data navigator or the display window to pan through the data m Left click on the Zoom arrows to zoom in and out on the data m Click on the down arrow to zoom out and see a bird s eye view of the structure Click on the up arrow to get a closeup a Left click on a node in a zoomed out structure visualizer to pop up a window showing the full contents of the node For information about navigating through visualizers see Using the Data Navigator in a Visualizer on page 131 and Using the Display Window in a Visualizer on page 131 FIGURE 5 19 shows part of a complicated structure visualizer after zooming out Chapter 5 Visualizing Data 151 et ar t oo ed col eal ie mi ee tt ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll al FIGURE 5 19 Zooming Out in a Structure Visualizer The selected node is centered in the display window whenever you zoom in or out v To Delete Nodes To delete a node except the root node a With the mouse Middle click on a node except the root node a From the Options menu Click on Delete The cursor turns into a target move the cursor to the node you want to delete and left click Deleting a node also deletes its children if any More About Pointers in Structures Note the following about pointers in structure visualizers m Null pointers have ground symbols next to them a If you have previously expanded a pointer it has an arrow next to its button
164. gestions 209 Additional Information 209 Editing and Compiling Programs 211 Editing Source Code 211 v To Start the Default Editor on the Current Source File From Within the Prism Environment 211 Using the make Utility 212 Creating the Makefile 212 Using the Makefile 212 v To Run make From the Menu Bar 212 v To Run make From the Command Window 213 Getting Help 215 The Prism Online Help Systems 215 v To Get Help in the Prism Environment 215 Using the Browser based Help System 216 Choosing Selections From the Help Menu 216 Contents xv xvi Getting Help on Using the Mouse 216 Obtaining Help From the Command Window 217 v To Obtain Help From the Command Window 217 Obtaining Online Documentation 217 Viewing Manual Pages 217 v To Obtain a Manual Page 217 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 219 Initializing the Prism Environment 219 Customizing MP Prism Mode 220 v To Force the Prism Environment to Preprocess the prisminit File 220 Using the Tear Off Region 221 Adding Menu Selections to the Tear Off Region 221 v To Add a Menu Selection to the Tear Off Region 221 Adding Prism Commands to the Tear Off Region 222 v To Add a Command to the Tear Off Region 222 Creating Aliases for Commands and Variables 223 v Tocreate an Alias fora Prism Command 223 v ToRemovean Alias 223 v To Set Up an Alternative Name for a Variable or Expression 224 Using the Customize Utility 224 v To Launch the Prism Customize Utility 22
165. ging commands and output from within the Prism environment Type prism log filename This specifies the name of a log file The log file filename will be located in the current directory This can be helpful in saving a record of a Prism session For example log prism log logs output to the file prism log Type prism log filename This appends the log to an existing file Type prism log off This turns off logging Use one of the following methods to execute Prism commands from a file m Type prism lt input file The input file is a file such as a log file from which the Prism environment is to read and execute commands upon startup For more information about input files see Specifying Input and Output Files on page 14 m Save the commands permanently ina prisminit file If you have created a prisminit initialization file the Prism environment automatically executes the commands in the file when it starts up See Initializing the Prism Environment on page 219 for information on prisminit m Type prism all source filename Using the source command allows you to rerun a session you saved via the log command You might also use source if for example your program has a long argument list that you don t want to retype constantly Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 31 For example prism source prism cmds reads in the commands in the file prism cmds They are executed as if yo
166. gram using the scalar mode of the Prism environment By default the prism command invokes the scalar mode unless you specify the n np bsubargs or mprunargs arguments 261 Do not launch the Prism environment as an argument to the bsub command LSF or the mprun command CRE It creates redundant instances of the Prism environment For information on bsub see the LSF Batch User s Guide For information about mprun see the Sun MPI User s Guide You can specify other options on the prism command line For example you can specify the C option to bring up the Prism environment with the commands only interface or the CX option from an Xterminal to bring it up with the commands only interface but be able to send the output of certain commands to X windows 262 Stepping and Continuing Through a Serial Program When operating on a serial program the scalar mode of the Prism environment like most other debuggers waits for a step next or cont command to finish executing before letting you issue most other commands Execution Pointer In the scalar mode of the Prism environment the gt symbol in the line number region points to the next line to be executed see Using the Line Number Region on page 26 In a message passing program there can be multiple execution points within the program The MP mode of the Prism environment marks all the execution points for the processes in the current set by a gt in
167. hange this To specify the HTML browser you want to use for the graphical mode of the Prism environment set the Prism environment resource Prism helpBrowser to the executable name of the browser For detailed information about customizing this feature of the Prism environment see Specifying the Browser to Use for Displaying Help on page 239 If you don t have a browser running the Prism environment starts one If you have a browser currently running as you use the Prism environment by default the Prism environment displays the help information in that browser You can change this behavior using the Prism helpUseExisting resource For detailed information about customizing this feature of the Prism environment see Specifying the Browser to Use for Displaying Help on page 239 Note See Setting Up Your Working Environment on page 8 for important information about setting up your environment for the Prism environment s use of your default browser to display the Prism environment s online help files Choosing Selections From the Help Menu The Help menu provides information in a variety of ways a Choose Using Help to display an overview of the Help system m Choose Overview to display an overview of the features of the Prism environment Choose Glossary to display a list of terms used in the Prism environment You can click on a term to find out more about it a Choose Commands Reference to display
168. hat rank Prism re evaluates the queue every time the rank stops To Zoom Through Levels of Message Detail Click the Zoom buttons to navigate through four levels of message detail The MPI queue visualizer opens by default at zoom level three The levels are Examples of the zoom levels are Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 1 FIGURE 5 21 shows a single pixel per message This zoom level is useful when examining very large MPI jobs FIGURE 5 21 Queue Visualizer at Zoom Level One Chapter5 Visualizing Data 165 2 FIGURE 5 22 shows a simple box per message the size of the box increases with the size of the message FIGURE 5 22 Queue Visualizer at Zoom Level Two 166 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 3 FIGURE 5 23 shows a single label on message Clicking the buttons on the Show menu toggles the labels Label choices are Source Destination and Tag Hr aoe aati ate nnig FIGURE 5 23 Queue Visualizer at Zoom Level Three Chapter 5 Visualizing Data 167 4 FIGURE 5 24 shows the entire message FIGURE 5 24 Queue Visualizer at Zoom Level Four v To Control the Values of Message Labels Perform one of the following m Click the toggle buttons under Show on the MPI queue visualizer This controls the value of the message labels m Select Source Dest to show the source or destination rank for the message m Select Tag to show the MPI tag of the message Clicking the Show toggle affects the d
169. he output of certain Prism commands to X windows See Appendix A The Commands Only Mode of the Prism Environment for information about the commands only interface of the Prism environment Specifying X Toolkit Options You can include most standard X toolkit command line options when you issue the prism command for example you can use the geometry option to change the size of the main Prism window See your X documentation for information on these options Also note these limitations a The font title and rv options have no effect a The bg option is overridden in part by the setting of the Prism textBgColor resource which specifies the background color for text in the Prism environment see Changing Colors on page 233 X toolkit options are ignored if you use C to run the Prism environment with the commands only interface Specifying Input and Output Files To Specify an Input File Type prism lt input file This specifies a file from which the Prism environment is to read and execute commands upon startup Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Specify an Output File Type prism gt log file This specifies a file to which the Prism environment commands and their output are to be logged If you have created a prisminit initialization file the Prism environment automatically executes the commands in the file when it starts up See Initializing the Prism Environment on page 2
170. hile pressing the left mouse button 2 Hold down the right mouse button A pop up menu appears Chapter5 Visualizing Data 155 156 3 Choose Whatis from this menu Information about the variable appears in the Command window To Print the Type of a Variable from the Command Window Type prism all whatis type variable If you specify a type struct class enum or union before the name of the variable the Prism environment treats variable as a type name The type keywords resolve ambiguities where there are types and variables with the same name What Is Displayed The Prism environment displays the information about the variable in the Command window For example whatis primes logical primes 1 999 To Modify Visualizer Data Type prism all assign variable value This assigns new values to a variable or an array For example prism all assign x 0 assigns the value 0 to the variable x You can put anything on the left hand side of the statement that can go on the left hand side in the language you are using for example a variable or a Fortran array section If the right hand side does not have the same type as the left hand side the Prism environment performs the proper type coercion Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Changing the Radix of Data Y To Change the Radix of a Value Type prism all value base This changes the radix of a value in the Prism environment The va
171. his method m A more general method is to add an entry for a resource to your X resource database as described in the next section Using the Customize utility is much more convenient however Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Launch the Prism Customize Utility Choose Customize from the Utilities menu This displays the window shown in FIGURE 9 3 1 ee eee ee ay eT FIGURE 9 3 Customize Window Changing a Resource Setting On the left of the Customize window are the names of the resources Next to each resource is a text entry box that contains the resource s setting if any To the right of the fields are Help buttons Clicking on a Help button or anywhere in the text entry field displays help about the associated resource in the box at the top of the window Chapter9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 225 226 v To Set a Value for a Prism Resource Perform one of the following For Edit Geometry Menu Threshold Text Font and Visualizer Color File you enter the setting in the resource s text entry box For Editor Error Window and Make you can left click on the button labeled with the resource s name This displays a menu of choices for the resource Clicking on one of these choices displays it in the resource s text entry box For Editor and Make you can also enter the setting directly in the text entry box For Error Bell Procedure Menu Mark Stale Data
172. hree Dimensional Array The visualizer consists of two parts the data navigator and the display window There are also File and Options pulldown menus The data navigator shows which portion of the data is being displayed and provides a quick method for moving through the data The appearance of the data navigator depends on the number of dimensions in the data It is described in more detail in Using the Display Window in a Visualizer on page 131 The display window is the main part of the visualizer It shows the data using a representation that you can choose from the Options menu The default is text that is the data is displayed as numbers or characters FIGURE 5 3 is a text visualizer The display window is described in more detail in Using the Options Menu on page 132 The File menu lets you save update or cancel the visualizer see To Use the File Menu on page 132 for more information The Options menu among other things lets you change the way values are represented see Section Using the Options Menu on page 132 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Using the Data Navigator in a Visualizer The data navigator helps you move through the data being visualized It has different appearances depending on the number of dimensions in your data If your data is a single scalar value there is no data navigator For one dimensional arrays and parallel variables the data navigator is the scroll bar
173. ical axis since they change depending on the height of each element However you can press the Shift key and left click to display the coordinates and value of an element zr pset all FIGURE 5 12 Threshold Visualizer With a Ruler Y To Display Statistics Choose Statistics from the Options menu This displays a window containing statistics and other information about the variable being visualized The window contains m The name of the variable a Its type and number of dimensions 142 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 a The total number of elements the variable contains and the total number of active elements based on the context you set within the Prism environment see the next section for a discussion of setting the context m The variable s minimum maximum and mean these statistics reflect the context you set for the visualizer FIGURE 5 13 gives an example of the Statistics window FIGURE 5 13 Statistics for a Visualizer For complex numbers the Prism environment uses the modulus To Use the Set Context Dialog Box Choose Set Context from the Options menu In this dialog box you can specify which elements of the variable are to be considered active and which are to be considered inactive Active and inactive elements are treated differently in visualizers a In text graph surface and vector visualizers inactive elements are grayed out Incolormap visualizers inactive elements by
174. ing or displaying To Print or Display From the Source Window Select the variable or expression by dragging over it with the mouse or double clicking on it To print without bothering to display the menu press the Shift key while selecting the variable or expression Right click the mouse to display a pop up menu Click on Print in this menu This displays a snapshot visualizer containing the value s of the selected variable or expression at that point in the program s execution Click on Display This displays a visualizer that is automatically updated whenever execution stops Note The Prism environment prints the correct variable when you choose it in this way even if the scope pointer sets a scope that contains another variable of the same name To Print or Display From the Events Menu Select Print on the Events menu You can use the Events menu to define a print or display event that is to take place at a specified location in the program Fill out the fields in the Print dialog box The Print dialog box prompts for the variable or expression whose value s are to be printed the program location at which the printing is to take place and the name of the window in which the value s are to be displayed Chapter5 Visualizing Data 125 126 Eepression Window dicated pea Caneel ne FIGURE 5 2 Print Dialog Box Window names are dedicated snapshot and command you can also make
175. ion otherwise what you type replaces the contents of your database The new settings take effect the next time you start the Prism environment To Signal That There Is No More Input Type Ctrl D Consult your X documentation for more information about xrdb Specifying the Editor and Its Placement To Specify an Editor and Its Placement Change the following m Change the setting of the Prism editor resource This resource specifies the editor that the Prism environment is to invoke when you choose the Edit selection from the Utilities menu or issue the corresponding command m Change the setting of the resource Prism editGeometry This resource specifies the X geometry string for the editor created by the Edit selection from the Utilities menu The geometry string specifies the number of columns and rows and the left and right offsets from the corner of the screen You can also change the settings of these resources via the Customize utility see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 for more information Specifying the Window for Error Messages To Specify the Window for Error Messages Change the setting of the Prism errorwin resource This resource specifies the window to which the Prism environment is to send error messages Predefined values are command dedicated and snapshot You can also specify your own name for the window You can also change the setting of this resource via the Customize utility see
176. ioned at the current execution point as seen in the source window this depends on the editor After the editor has been created it runs independently This means that changes you make in the current file are not reflected in the source window To update the source window you must recompile and reload the program You can do this using the Make selection from the Utilities menu as described below 212 Using the make Utility The Prism environment provides an interface to the standard Solaris tool make The make utility lets you automatically recompile and relink a program that is broken up into different source files See your Solaris documentation for an explanation of make and makefiles Creating the Makefile Create the makefile as you normally would Within the Prism environment you can choose the Edit selection from the Utilities menu to bring up a text editor in which you can create the file see Editing Source Code on page 211 Using the Makefile After you have made changes in your program you can run make to update the program The Prism environment uses the standard Solaris make utility usr ccs bin make unless you specify otherwise You do this by using the Customize utility to change the setting of a Prism resource see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 v To Run make From the Menu Bar Perform the following Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 make E Makefile 1 Targat Olpscbor
177. iprog 15232 This starts the Prism environment and attaches to the running processes in job 15232 See the LSF Batch User s Guide for further information about b jobs See the Sun MPI User s Guide for further information about mpps You attach to a single process of a message passing program by specifying its process ID If you do this however you won t be able to view or debug what is happening in the other processes If you attach to a program under the Prism environment your job will be automatically detached from the Prism environment if you quit or run another program You can detach from the job by issuing the detach command from within the Prism environment The Prism environment only lets you detach when all the processes in the job are stopped The detach operation itself sets them all running again outside control of the debugger 48 Executing a Program in the Prism Environment You start execution of a program in the Prism environment by issuing the run command or choosing the Run or Run args selection from the Execute menu You can also attach to an already running program using the attach command as described in Attaching to a Running Message Passing Process on page 47 Note the key advantage of using the Prism environment with a Sun MPI program The Sun MPI program is viewed as a single parallel program all processes of the parallel program are visible from within a single Prism session You do not have to
178. isible from your current location This is useful primarily in referring to variables in routines on the call stack Use the whereis command to display a list of all the fully qualified names that match the identifier you specify The Prism environment assigns its own names using the function line syntax where function is the function and line is the line number where the variable declaration appeared to variables in local blocks of C code This disambiguates variable names in case you reuse a variable name in more than one of these local blocks When debugging Fortran the Prism environment attempts to be case insensitive in interpreting names but will use case to resolve ambiguities Using Fortran Intrinsic Functions in Expressions The Prism environment supports the use of a subset of Fortran intrinsic functions in writing expressions the intrinsics work for all languages that the Prism environment supports except as noted below The intrinsics along with the supported arguments are Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 ALL logical array Determines whether all elements are true in a logical array Works for Fortran only ANY logical array Determines whether any elements are true in a logical array Works for Fortran only CMP LX numeric arg numeric arg Converts the arguments to a complex number If the intrinsic is applied to Fortran variables the second argument must not be of type complex or double do
179. isplay of messages at zoom level three only 168 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Sort Messages Choose selections from the Sort Rows By and Sort Columns By option menus This sorts messages by row or by column according to several criteria Choose selections from the Sort Rows By and Sort Columns By option menus TABLE 5 1 Column Sort Criteria Sort Criteria Description Order posted Sort messages by the order in which messages are posted by the MPI program with the earliest posted on the left This is the default The implementation of MPI Sends of large messages may queue and dequeue the message several times once the rendezvous begins at which point the posted order seen in the visualizer no longer matches the programmatic order At present there is no way to distinguish such messages Source Destination Sort by the source rank for receives and the destination rank for sends Tag Sort by the messages tag values Size Sort by size in bytes from small to large Communicator Sort by communicator address Protocol Group together messages sent with the same transport protocol Protocols are loopback shared memory RSM and TCP TABLE 5 2 Row Sort Criteria Sort Criteria Description Rank Sort rows from the smallest to the largest process rank the default Message Count Sort by the number of messages posted Message Volume Sort by the sum of the sizes in bytes of all messages for each rank The MPI q
180. isplay the Event Table and use it to m Add new events a Delete existing events m Edit existing events You display the Event Table by choosing the Event Table selection from the Events menu This section describes the general process of using the Event Table Description of the Event Table FIGURE 4 1 shows the Event Table Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 89 Tela 1 stop at julia c 105 print ittr on dedicated pset all New Save Stop lt loc gt Stop lt cond gt Trace Trace lt var gt FIGURE 4 1 Event Table The top area of the Event Table is the event list a scrollable region in which events are listed When you execute the program the Prism environment uses the events in this list to control execution Each event is listed in a format in which you could type it as a command in the command window It is prefaced by an ID number assigned by the Prism environment For example in FIGURE 4 1 the events have been assigned the IDs 1 and 2 The middle area of the Event Table is a series of fields that you fill in when editing or adding an event only a subset of the fields is relevant to any one event The fields are a ID This is an identification number associated with the event You cannot edit this field Location Use this field to specify the location in the program at which the event is to take place Use the syntax filename line number to identify the source file and the line within
181. isplays as many as three distinct communicators Each communicator is color coded and messages are drawn using the color of their communicator If more than three communicators are present then the excess are grouped together under a single color labeled Others v To Change Communicator Colors Set the following X resources in the Prism application defaults file a Prism comm1Color a Prism comm2Color Chapter 5 Visualizing Data 171 172 Prism comm3Color Prism commOtherColor For information about modifying values in the Prism applications defaults file see Changing Prism Environment Defaults on page 229 Vv To Display Communicator Data Press any of the Communicator buttons This reveals the Communicator dialog box FIGURE 5 26 shows the Communicator dialog box The Communicator dialog box includes Name m Address The address of the communicator m Fortran handle The Fortran identifier for the communicator if defined Built in communicators such as MPI_COMM_WORLD have predefined Fortran handles Other communicators are assigned a Fortran handle only if they are used in a Fortran subroutine a Topology The options are a Cartesian Communicators created using MPI_Cart_create a Graph Communicators created using MPI_Graph_create a None All others a Size The number of ranks a Remote Size Shown only for intercommunicators the size of the remote group the number of ranks
182. l for example in a two dimensional array graphs are shown for each separate one dimensional slice of the two dimensional plane FIGURE 5 8 shows a graph visualizer for a one dimensional slice of an array 136 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 FIGURE 5 8 One Dimensional Graph Visualizer a Choose Surface if your data has more than one dimension to render the three dimensional contours of a two dimensional slice of data In the representation the two dimensional slice of data is tilted 45 degrees away from the viewer with the top edge further from the viewer than the bottom edge The data values rise out of this slice FIGURE 5 9 is an example Chapter5 Visualizing Data 137 zr pset all cE FIGURE 5 9 Surface Visualizer Note If there are large values in the top rows of the data they may be drawn off the top of the screen To see these values flip the axes as described earlier in this section so that the top row appears in the left column a Choose Vector to display data as vectors The data must be a Fortran complex or double complex number or a pair of variables to which the CMPLX intrinsic function has been applied see Using Fortran Intrinsic Functions in Expressions on page 34 The complex number is drawn showing both magnitude and direction The length of the vector increases with magnitude There is a minimum vector length of five pixels because direction is difficult to see for smaller vectors
183. le to enable all point to point probes in the TNF instrumented Sun MPI library Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 189 190 prism all tnfenable mpi_pt2pt Turning on the Collection Process in Subsets of Your Code You can use the tnfcollection command as an event action specifier focusing the effect of TNF data collection on the places in your program that matter most For example set breakpoints before and after an interesting part of your program a section that contains collective probes prism all tnfenable mpi_coll prism all stop at foo tnfcollection on prism all stop at bar tnfcollection off The Prism environment collects TNF trace data only where you tell it to For more information about event action specifiers see Actions in Events on page 97 Using a prisminit File to Start the Collection of Performance Data If you use a specific directory to run TNF performance analysis you can set up a prisminit file in that directory containing a typical set of TNF related startup commands For example you could create a prisminit file containing these lines tnfcollection on run wait tnfview For further information about prisminit files see Initializing the Prism Environment on page 219 Controlling the Merging of Trace Data If you want to collect trace data in one session and view the data in another session quitting the Prism environment before your program runs to comp
184. les The Open Tracefile selection on the File menu opens the Open File dialog box Use this dialog box to select a trace file for performance analysis Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 193 194 Open File Alter Thes faba rtorw Scraps bni i Dinentories Files Botosani o Thain sorap nil Emani inn o_ont H ao C Ei Sober tom fhoseebartory scraps tet ate ini Ok Mier Cae Heip FIGURE 6 2 Open File Dialog Box Bookmarking Events You can set a bookmark in the Timeline window on any selected event Such bookmarks enable you to return to a specific view in the Timeline window Bookmarks remain only for the duration of the current session Once a bookmark has been set you can select it from the Bookmark menu Selecting a bookmark will return you to the event restoring the contents of the Event Table and the zoom and scroll factors that were in effect when the bookmark was set Navigating and Controlling the tnfview Timeline Window The tnfview Timeline Window uses a set of mouse commands for each region of its window The tnfview mouse commands for each region are shown in TABLE 6 4 through TABLE 6 6 TABLE 6 4 Timeline Window Mouse Commands Command Description Left Click Select an event and clear previous selections Shift Left Click Select an additional event and add it to the set of selected events Middle Drag Select area for zoom Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 TABLE
185. letion and without invoking tnfview your trace data may be lost Before the Prism Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 environment saves trace data in the TNF data file making it available for analysis in tnfview the Prism environment merges all of the trace data from multiple data buffers The Prism environment merges trace data only when the program has run to completion or when tnfview has been invoked Therefore if you collect trace data in one session without letting the program run to completion and expect to view that data in a later session your data will not be merged and saved in your trace data file Displaying Performance Data The tnfview program supplies several different ways to view TNF probe data You start tnfview by selecting Display TNF Data from the Performance menu or by issuing the tnfview command from the Prism environment command line For example prism all tnfview myfile tnf You do not need to specify a file name as an argument to the tnfview command unless you want to select an alternative TNF data file created earlier or in another session The Prism environment will remember the TNF data file name created most recently during the current session The main window of tnfview displays a timeline view of the TNF probe trace data A secondary window the plot window displays several graphical views of datasets that you can create from the probe trace data The three views provided by the plot wi
186. lf page Use the F1 key instead of the Help button to obtain help about a window or dialog box Use the F10 key to move the location cursor to the menu bar Use the Meta key along with the underlined character in the desired menu item to display a menu or dialog box equivalent to clicking on the item with the mouse The Meta key has different names on different keyboards on some it is the Left or Right key Use the Control C key combination to interrupt command execution Use the Esc key instead of the Close or Cancel button to close the window or dialog box in which the mouse pointer is currently located Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 The keys and key combinations described in TABLE 2 2 work on the command line and in text entry boxes that is fields in a dialog box or window where you can enter or edit text TABLE 2 2 _Text Entry Keyboard Alternatives Key Name Description Back Space Deletes the character to the left of the I beam cursor Delete Same as Back Space Control A Moves to the beginning of the line Control B Moves back one character Control D Deletes the character to the right of the I beam cursor Control E Moves to the end of the line Control F Moves forward one character Control K Deletes to the end of the line Control U Deletes to the beginning of the line In addition you can use keyboard accelerators to perform actions from the menu bar see Keyboard Accelerators on p
187. loaded What Happens When You Load a Program Once a program is successfully loaded m The program s name appears in the Program field in the main window m The source file containing the program s main function appears in the source window m The Load dialog box disappears if you loaded the program using this box m The status region displays the message not started You can now issue commands to execute and debug this program If the Prism environment can t find the source file it displays a warning message in the command window Choose the Use selection from the File menu to specify other directories in which the Prism environment is to search see Creating a Directory List for Source Files on page 84 vV To Load Subsequent Programs Perform one of the following m If you have a program loaded and you want to switch to a new program simply load the new program the previously loaded program is automatically unloaded If you want to start fresh with the current program issue the reload command with no arguments the currently loaded program is reloaded into the Prism environment Note You can load only one program at a time Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 45 46 Associating a Core File With a Loaded Program As mentioned in Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment you can have the Prism environment associate a core file with a program by specifying its name after the name of the
188. location Examples of the stop Command To stop execution the tenth time in function foo and print a prismall stop in foo print a after 10 To stop at line 17 of file bar if a is equal to 0 prism all stop at bar 17 if a To stop whenever a changes prism all stop a To stop the third time a equals 5 prism all stop if a eq 5 after 3 To print a and do a stack trace every time the program stops execution prism all when stopped print a where To Set a Breakpoint Using Machine Instructions Type prism all stopi Use the syntax described above and specifying a machine address For example prism all stopi at 0x1000 stops execution at address 1000 hex The history region displays the address and the machine instruction The source pointer moves to the source line being executed Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 103 V To Delete Breakpoints Using the Command Window 1 Type prism all show events This prints out the event list Each event has an ID number associated with it 2 Type prism all delete ID ID List the ID numbers of the events you want to delete separate multiple IDs with one or more blank spaces For example delete 1 3 deletes the events with IDs 1 and 3 Use the argument a11 to delete all existing events Tracing Program Execution You can trace program execution by using the Event Table or Events menu or by issuing commands All methods add a
189. lower than surrounding values m You can left click on a histogram visualizer bar to get a pop up window showing its contents For complex numbers the Prism environment uses the modulus 134 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 ier psetat File Options p FIGURE 5 6 Dither Visualizer a Choose Threshold to display the values as black or white By default the Prism environment uses the mean of the values as the threshold values less than or equal to the mean are black and values greater than the mean are white FIGURE 5 7 shows a threshold representation of a three dimensional array For complex numbers the Prism environment uses the modulus Chapter5 Visualizing Data 135 FIGURE 5 7 Threshold Visualizer m Choose Colormap if you are using a color workstation to display the values as a range of colors By default the Prism environment displays the values as a continuous spectrum from blue for the minimum value to red for the maximum value You can change the colors that the Prism environment uses see Changing Colors on page 233 For complex numbers the Prism environment uses the modulus a Choose Graph to display values as a graph with the index of each array element plotted on the horizontal axis and its value on the vertical axis A line connects the points plotted on the graph This representation is particularly useful for one dimensional data but can be used for higher dimensional data as wel
190. ls Changing which probes you have enabled or disabled also changes the timing of your program Perturbations can be especially significant when probing MPI routines that have very fine grained communications The operating overhead incurred when collecting processing and viewing performance analysis trace data has effects on both storage and time The volume of trace data can exceed the storage capacity of the target directory It may be important to monitor the capacity of usr tmp or an alternative directory if you have specified one to avoid encountering capacity limits The activity of generating probe records slows performance by a predictable amount Assuming that you run TNF instrumented code compiled by version 4 2 compilers on a 167 mHz SPARC the operating overhead introduced by TNF probes is shown below TABLE6 7 Operating Overhead Introduced by TNF Probes Probe Status SPARC Instructions Time in nanoseconds Disabled 5 12 Enabled 24 27 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Miscellaneous Suggestions Highly cyclical code is a good example of code that can benefit from TNF performance analysis such as in a program that alternates between broadcasts and gathers For example look for evidence of bad load balancing such as barrier compute cycles where the compute phase in one rank is far shorter than others spending more time in barrier than the other ranks You can create intervals based on library routines
191. lue can be a decimal hexadecimal or octal number Precede hexadecimal numbers with 0x precede octal numbers with 0 zero The base can be D decimal xX hexadecimal or O octal The Prism environment prints the converted value in the Command window For example to convert 100 hex to decimal issue this command prism all 0x100 D The Prism environment responds 256 v To Print the Names and Values of Local Variables Type prism all dump routine Specify the name of a function or procedure to print the names and values of all local variables in that function or procedure If you omit the function name dump uses the current function If you specify a period dump prints the names and values of all local variables in the functions in the stack Chapter5 Visualizing Data 157 Printing Pointers as Array Sections The Prism environment allows you to print simple arrays by section The following examples assume these declarations and code double da 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 double pd da int a J 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 int pa a int par 10 int ppi par void ptr void da for i 0 i lt 10 i par i amp a 9 1i lt Sass assume that the program is stopped her v To Print an Array by Section Type prism all print arrayname section_specifier For example prism print a 1 5 2 a 1 5 2 E3 L SS 158 Prism 6 1 User s
192. ly the function at the program s current stopping point but you can change this See Choosing the Current File and Function on page 82 2 If this fails to resolve the name the Prism environment goes up the call stack and tries to find the name in the caller of the current function then its caller and so on following the scoping and visibility rules of the current language Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 3 If no match is found in any routine active on the stack the Prism environment searches the static and global name spaces If no match is found the Prism environment prints an error 4 If the name is not found in the call stack the Prism environment arbitrarily chooses one of the variables or procedures with the name in the source code When the Prism environment prints out the information it adds a message of the form using qualified name Qualified names are discussed below To Display the Fully Qualified Name of a Variable Type prism all which identifier This command displays the fully qualified name as described in Using Qualified Names Using Qualified Names You can override the way that the Prism environment resolves names by qualifying the name A fully qualified name starts with a back quotation mark The symbol farthest to the left in the name is the load object followed optionally by the file followed optionally by the procedure followed by the variable name Each element
193. mand and a further explanation of this pset break Contains the threads that are currently stopped at breakpoints stopped Contains all threads that are currently stopped It is the union of the sets error interrupted and break done Contains all threads that have terminated successfully For user threads not thread 1 the done set contains only zombie threads threads that are unjoined Once a thread is joined it ceases to exist These sets are dynamic that is as a program executes the Prism environment automatically adjusts the contents of each set to reflect the program s current state In addition there are two set names that have special meaning current and cycle They are discussed in The Current Pset on page 68 and The cycle Pset on page 73 respectively 58 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Defining Psets You can create psets in the Prism environment This section describes the syntax of pset creation Syntax for Defining a Pset This section describes the syntax you can use to specify a pset As described below you can assign a name to a pset you specify using this syntax this provides a useful shorthand for complicated pset specifications Psets can be composed from any of the following a An individual process or thread number m The name of a pset The new pset will have the same definition as the existing set m A list of process or thread numbers Separate the numbers
194. marks registered trademarks or service marks of Sun Microsystems Inc in the U S and other countries All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International Inc in the U S and other countries Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems Inc The OPEN LOOK and Sun Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems Inc for its users and licensees Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry Sun holds a non exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface which license also covers Sun s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun s written license agreements RESTRICTED RIGHTS Use duplication or disclosure by the U S Government is subject to restrictions of FAR 52 227 14 g 2 6 87 and FAR 52 227 19 6 87 or DFAR 252 227 7015 b 6 95 and DFAR 227 7202 3 a DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED AS IS AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON INFRINGEMENT ARE DISCLAIMED EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID Copyright 2000 Sun Microsystems Inc 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto Californie 94303 4900 U S A Tous droits r
195. ment or the Sun Common Desktop Environment CDE In addition a commands only option allows you to operate on any terminal but without the graphical interface Overview You can either load an executable program into the Prism environment or start from the beginning by calling up an editor and a UNIX shell within the Prism environment and using them to write and compile the program Once an executable program is loaded into the Prism environment you can among other things m Execute the program m Debug the program m Visualize data from the program a Analyze the performance of message passing programs The Prism environment is primarily a debugger and programming environment for multiprocess programs the MP Prism environment Multiprocess programs can be either message passing programs Sun MPI programs for example or threaded serial programs The Prism environment also supports the debugging and development of nonthreaded serial programs When running nonthreaded serial programs under the Prism environment the view presented to the user is usually that of a single serial program When running multi process programs under the Prism environment features that are specific to multiple process programs such as pset support are available For information about using the Prism environment with nonthreaded serial programs see Appendix C The Look and Feel of the Prism Programming Environment FIGURE 1 1 shows the main
196. mes 0 Cancel 1 90_user_op_generic exe 90_user_op_generic f90 fadd real 4 realadd 2 90_user_op_generic exe 90_user_op_generic f90 fadd integer 4 intadd gt 1 real 4 function fadd x y dummy argument real 4 x dummy argument real 4 y Simple Pointers In addition to the standard assignment operator the Prism environment supports the new Fortran 90 pointer assignment operator gt For example program pnode type node integer x y type node pointer next end type node type node target nl n2 n3 type node pointer pnl pn2 pnl gt nl pn2 gt n2 i 0 end The following examples assume that a breakpoint has been set at the last statement i 0 and show how the Prism environment supports Fortran 90 pointers print pn1 Prints the value pointed to by pn1 in this case n1 print pn1 x Prints the value of the member x in the object pointed to by pn1 in this case n1 x assign pnl x 3 Assigns n1 x 3 assign pni n3 Assigns n3 to the value pointed to by pn1 this has the same effect as assign nl n3 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m assign pnl gt n3 Makes pni point to n3 m assign pnl gt pn2 Makes pn1 point to the same object as pn2 Interactive Examples of Support for Fortran 90 Pointers If pn1 does not point to any value an attempt to access it will result in an error message prism all p pnl
197. n considerably unless you also specify a location at which the condition is to be checked a After Use this field to specify how many times a triggering condition is to be met for example how often a program location is reached before the event is to take place The Event Table updates during execution to show the current count that is how many times are left for the triggering condition to be met before the event is to take place Once the event takes place the count is reset to the original value The default setting is 1 and the event takes place each time the condition is met See Overview of Events on page 87 for a discussion of triggering conditions a Stop Use this field to specify whether or not the event is to halt execution of the program Putting a y in this field creates a breakpoint event putting an n in this field creates a trace event m Inst Use this field to specify whether to display a disassembled assembly language instruction when the event occurs m Silent Use this field to specify whether or not the event is to cause a message to appear in the command window when it occurs m Enabled Use this field to specify whether the event is enabled Putting an n in this field disables the event it still exists but it does not affect program execution a Pset Use this field to specify the intended pset for events that take pset qualifiers The buttons beneath these fields are for use in
198. n event to the Event Table If you trace a source line the Prism environment displays a T next to the line in the line number region As described earlier tracing is essentially the same as setting a breakpoint except that execution continues automatically after the breakpoint is reached When tracing source lines the Prism environment steps into procedures if they were compiled with the g option otherwise it steps over them as if it had issued a next command v To Trace Program Execution Using the Event Table and the Events Menu Choose the Trace Trace lt loc gt or Trace lt var gt selection from the Events menu These choices are also available as Common Events buttons within the Event Table itself m Trace displays source lines in the command window before they are executed m Trace lt loc gt prompts for a source line The Prism environment displays a message immediately prior to the execution of this source line 104 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m Trace lt var gt prompts for a variable name A message is printed when the variable s value changes The variable can be an array an array section or a parallel variable in which case a message is printed any time any element changes This slows execution considerably In addition Trace lt cond gt is available as a Common Events button It prompts for a condition which can be any expression that evaluates to true or false see Writing Expressions i
199. n hexadecimal b Print a byte in octal g Print a byte as a character s Print a string of characters terminated by a null byte Print a single precision real number F Print a double precision real number i Print the machine instruction The initial format is X If you omit the format in your command you get either x if you haven t previously specified a format or the format you specified previously You can print the contents of multiple addresses by specifying a number after the slash and before the format For example Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 prism all 0x1000 8x displays the contents of eight memory locations starting at address 0x1000 Contents are displayed as hexadecimal long words To Display the Contents of Registers You can examine the contents of registers in the same way that you examine the contents of memory Specify a register by preceding its name with a dollar sign For example prism all 0 prints the contents of the f0 register Specify a number after the slash to print the contents of multiple registers For example prism all 0 3 prints the contents of registers 0 1 and 2 The order in which the registers are displayed is that shown in TABLE 4 1 You can also specify a format as described above The format specifier controls the display of the output it doesn t affect how much of the register contents is displayed Thus Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 1
200. n the Prism Environment The Prism environment allows you to you view your program at the level of an individual process or individual thread Note To view a program at the process level means to view the program at the level of the main thread You can use the Prism environment to view groups of such processes or threads or all processes and threads that make up the program For example at times it may be useful to look at the status of process 0 or thread 0 1 because you have reason to believe there is a problem with it At other times you may want to look at all processes or threads that have encountered an error or at all processes or threads in which the value of a particular variable exceeds a certain number These groups of threads remember processes are equivalent to main threads in nonthreaded programs typically chosen because they have some useful characteristic in common are referred to as psets pronounced pee sets The Prism environment treats a pset as a unit For example you can use the name of a pset as a qualifier for many commands The command is then executed for each thread in the set For example you can set a breakpoint that applies only to the threads in a specified pset See Hiding Threads From Psets on page 75 for more information In addition many graphical actions apply only to the threads in a pset If you don t need to view your program at the level of an individual thread or a sub
201. n the Prism Environment on page 32 for more information on writing expressions The program displays a message when the condition is met This also slows execution considerably For variations of these traces you can create your own event in the Event Table You can also use the Actions field to specify Prism commands that are to be executed along with the trace To Delete Traces Using the Event Table Choose the Delete selection from the Events menu or use the Delete button in the Event Table For more information about deleting existing events see Deleting an Existing Event on page 93 To Trace Program Execution Using Commands Type prism all trace Issuing trace with no arguments causes each source line in the program to be displayed in the command window before it is executed The trace command uses the same syntax as the stop command see Setting a Breakpoint Using Commands on page 102 For example To trace and print a on every source line prism all trace print a To trace line 17 if a is greater than 10 prism all trace at 17 if a GT 10 In addition the Prism environment interprets prism all trace line number as being the same as prismall trace at line number Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 105 v To Trace Machine Instructions Type prism all tracei address When tracing machine instructions the Prism environment follows all procedure calls down The tracei command has the same sy
202. ncludes the fields defined for each probe You can specify probes using arguments that include shell pattern matching wildcards such as the asterisk These wildcards take the form described in the fnmatch 5 man page You can also specify probes by group name The TNF probe groups defined in the TNF instrumented version of the Sun MPI library are listed in TABLE 6 2 TABLE 6 2 Sun MPI Library TNF Probe Groups Probe Group Description mpi_api All API level MPI functions mpi_pt2pt Functions that initiate point to point communications mpi_blkp2p All blocking point to point calls mpi_nblkp2p All nonblocking point to point calls mpi_coll Collective routines mpi_procmgmt Functions that deal with spawning and connecting to jobs mpi_comm Functions that create and manipulate communicators mpi_datatypes Functions that manipulate types or data in respect to types mpi_request Functions that create or operate on requests mpi_topo Functions that create and manipulate topology layouts If you choose to insert TNF probes into your own code you must define your own probe group identifiers Group identifiers are required in order to use the group name as an argument to the tnfenable tnfdisable tnfdebug and tnflist commands To add group identifiers to any probes that you create use the keys argument to the TINF_PROBE macro For information about the TNF_PROBE macro see the TNF_PROBE 3X man page Note Neither the names of pro
203. nd Compiling 6 Obtaining Online Help and Documentation 6 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 6 Using the Prism Environment 7 Before Entering the Prism Environment 7 Supported Languages and Compilers 8 Compiling and Linking Your Program 8 Combining Compiler Options 8 Setting Up Your Working Environment 8 v ToSetSunMPI Timeouts 10 iv Entering the Prism Environment 10 Launching the Prism Environment 10 v To Launch the Prism Environment in Multiprocess Mode 11 Specifying a Threaded or Nonthreaded View of Programs 11 v To Specify a Threaded View of Programs 12 v To Specify an Nonthreaded View of Programs 12 v To Load a Threaded Single Process Program 12 Attaching toa Process 13 Associating a Program or Process With a Core File 13 v To Associate a Program or Process With a Core File at Startup 13 Starting With the Commands Only Interface 13 v To Start With the Commands Only Interface 14 v To Start With the Commands Only Interface Redirecting Output 14 Specifying X Toolkit Options 14 Specifying Input and Output Files 14 v To Specify an Input File 14 v To Specify an Output File 15 Specifying the Host Environment 15 v To Specify Where the Host Prism Environment Is To Run 15 Specifying a Number of Processes Greater Than the Number of Processors 16 v To Start More Processes Than You Have Processors 16 Specifying Runtime Environment Options 16 v To Supply bsub Arguments When You Launch the Prism Environment 16
204. nd Next apply to the processes or threads belonging to the current set of processes or threads The Prism term for a set of processes or threads is pset For information about how you specify whether to view a program at the thread level see Specifying the Host Environment on page 15 The Prism environment supports several kinds of predefined psets as well as user defined psets For information about psets see Using Psets in the Prism Environment on page 54 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Interrupting and Waiting for Processes It is useful in debugging multiprocess programs to wait for a specific process or set of processes to stop executing or to be able to interrupt execution of individual processes Because message passing programs are distributed among multiple separate machines extra consideration must be given to controlling selected subsets of processes The Prism environment therefore provides the commands interrupt and wait To Interrupt the Execution of a Process or Set of Processes Perform one of the following m Type prism all interrupt The Prism term for a set of processes is pset For information about psets see Using Psets in the Prism Environment on page 54 For example prism all interrupt pset 0 interrupts execution of process 0 prism all interrupt pset running interrupts all processes in the predefined process set pset running Using the interrupt command r
205. ndow are m Scatter plot view m Table view Histogram view FIGURE 6 1 shows the main window of the TNF Viewer with a 16 process MPI program loaded It is within this window that you examine the sequences of events displayed as colored shapes that make up your program s execution This window requires you to operate primarily with a mouse Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 191 Go to Navigation Graph previous menu button event Go to Selected next Print event event button Scale Y axis Scroll Y axis ra Borads felt Timeline view Event Table Scale X axis Scroll X axis FIGURE 6 1 Timeline View Using the tnfview Timeline Window The main tnfview screen displays the timeline of events generated by your program Events of different types are represented by different colored shapes Clicking on a single event selects it Shift clicking selects additional events The main window of tnfview has several control and display areas in addition to the timeline graph m Event Table Selecting an event causes the event s data fields to be displayed in the tnfview Event Table below the timeline graph Shift click additional events to add events to the Event Table 192 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m Navigation Menu After you have selected an event you can browse through the other events in the timeline moving to the next or previous event in the same navigation category TABLE6 3 Timeline
206. ng With Visualizers on page 129 Saving Restoring and Comparing Visualizers on page 145 To Visualize the Layouts of S3L Parallel Arrays on page 178 Visualizing Structures on page 149 Printing the Type of a Variable on page 155 Changing the Radix of Data on page 157 To Print the Names and Values of Local Variables on page 157 Printing Pointers as Array Sections on page 158 Visualizing Multiple Processes on page 160 Visualizing MPI Message Queues on page 163 Displaying and Visualizing Sun S3L Arrays on page 173 121 Overview of Data Visualization You can visualize either variables including arrays structures pointers etc or expressions see Writing Expressions in the Prism Environment on page 32 for information about writing expressions in the Prism environment In addition you can provide a context so that the Prism environment handles the values of data elements differently depending on whether they meet the condition you specify Printing and Displaying The Prism environment provides two general methods for visualizing data m Printing data shows the value s of the data at a specified point during program execution a Displaying data causes its value s to be updated every time the program stops execution Printing or displaying to the history region of the Command window prints out the numeric or character values of the data in standard fashion
207. ng the Contents of Memory and Registers 117 v To Display Memory 117 v To Display the Contents of Registers 119 Visualizing Data 121 Overview of Data Visualization 122 Printing and Displaying 122 Visualization Methods 122 v To Change the Default Radix 123 Data Visualization Limits 123 Choosing the Data to Visualize 124 v ToPrint or Display a Variable or Expression at the Current Program Location 124 To Print or Display From the Source Window 125 To Print or Display From the Events Menu 125 To Print or Display From the Event Table 126 To Print or Display From the Command Window 127 lt 4 a lt lt al To Print or Display the Contents of a Register 128 Contents xi v _ToSet the Context 128 v To Specify the Radix 129 Working With Visualizers 129 Using the Data Navigator ina Visualizer 131 v To Change the Axes 131 Using the Display Window in a Visualizer 131 v To Use the File Menu 132 Using the Options Menu 132 To Choose the Representation 133 To Set Parameters 139 To Display a Ruler 142 To Display Statistics 142 To Use the Set Context Dialog Box 143 lt 4 lt lt lt 4 To Change the Radix 144 Updating and Closing the Visualizer 144 v To Update Values 145 v ToClose the Visualizer 145 Saving Restoring and Comparing Visualizers 145 v To Save the Values of a Variable 145 v To Restore the Data 146 v To Compare the Data 147 Visualizing Structures 149 Expanding Pointers 150 v To Expand a Single Pointer 150
208. ng the use of timers as well as discussions of profiling utilities not discussed in the current chapter such as prex and tnfdump see the Sun HPC ClusterTools Performance Guide Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 209 210 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 CHAPTER 7 Editing and Compiling Programs You can edit and compile source code by invoking the appropriate utilities from the Prism environment See the following sections a Editing Source Code on page 211 m Using the make Utility on page 212 Editing Source Code The Prism environment provides an interface to the editor of your choice You can use this editor to edit source code or anything else To Start the Default Editor on the Current Source File From Within the Prism Environment Perform one of the following a From the menu bar Choose the Edit selection from the Utilities menu m From the Prism command window Type prism all edit file name function name You can specify which editor the Prism environment is to call by using the Customize utility to set a Prism resource see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 If this resource has no setting Prism uses the setting of your EDITOR environment variable Otherwise the Prism environment uses a default editor as listed in the Customize window 211 The editor is invoked on the current file as displayed in the source window If possible the editor is also posit
209. ns of named psets and pset expressions to isolate the threads of interest For example pset 1 3 Thread 3 in process 1 pset 1 10 3 Thread 3 in processes 1 to 10 pset 1 1 2 2 5 Process 1 thread 1 and process 2 threads 2 3 4 and 5 pset 1 all All threads in process 1 pset 1 All threads in process 1 pset 4 Thread 4 in all processes Same as all 4 pset 1 2 3 4 All threads in process 1 threads 3 and 4 in process 2 pset 1 2 3 4 All threads in processes 1 and 4 thread 3 in process 2 pset isactive var amp amp var 1 All threads in which the variable var is on the stack for a process or is a global and has value 1 Each of the following specify the same pset pset var_i 3 var_j 4 pset var_i 3 amp var_j 4 pset var_i 3 amp amp var_j 4 64 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Viewing Psets Contents From the Psets Window The easiest way to view the contents of psets is to use the Psets window By default the window displays the current pset which starts out being the predefined pset a11 and the psets break running and error When you create a new pset via the define pset command that set is also displayed automatically The processes within a pset are numbered starting at the upper left increasing from left to right and then jumping to the next row You can display information about them as follows m Shift click on a cell to view the Prism ID number of the process it r
210. nt or step a You cannot change the values of variables via the assign command a You cannot use the core command to examine a core file once you have started the Prism environment in MP Prism mode If multiple processes dumped core the resulting core file may be overwritten and therefore invalid Attaching to a Running Message Passing Process You can load the processes of a message passing job into the Prism environment To Attach to a Running Message Passing Program Obtain the job ID of the processes m If you are using the LSF environment by issuing the bjobs command You can also get the job ID from the bsub command when it starts the job m If you are using the CRE environment by issuing the mpps command You can also get the job ID from the mprun command when it starts the job For example using the LSF environment host4 0 54 gt bjobs JOBID USER STAT QUEUE FROM_HOST EXEC_HOST JOB_NAME SUBMIT_TIME 15232 jay RUN hpc host4 0 host4 0 chess Sep 24 13 35 host4 1 Type prism options program job_ID Note that job_ID ias the ID of the processes not an individual process ID Use the n or np c p option when you request that the Prism environment attach to a job Without one of these options the Prism environment assumes that the ID number is a process ID rather than a job ID Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 47 For example prism n 2 mp
211. ntation are Bar Width Specifies the width in pixels of each histogram bar except for the bars representing infinities and NaNs which must be wide enough to fit the Inf or NaN label underneath The default is 10 pixels Bar Height Specifies the height in pixels of the largest histogram bar The default is 100 pixels Minimum Specifies the minimum value to be included in the histogram By default the actual minimum value is used Maximum Specifies the maximum value to be included in the histogram By default the actual maximum value is used If you specify a different minimum or maximum values below the minimum or above the maximum are not displayed in the histogram but are counted as outliers instead the number of outliers is displayed above the histogram Max Buckets Specifies the number of buckets into which values are to be poured in other words the number of histogram bars to be used The default is 30 The Prism environment may use fewer to make the horizontal labels come out evenly Chapter5 Visualizing Data 141 Yv To Display a Ruler Choose Ruler from the Options menu This toggles the display of a ruler around the data in the display window The ruler is helpful in showing which elements are being displayed FIGURE 5 12 shows a three dimensional threshold visualizer with the ruler displayed In the surface representation the ruler cannot indicate the coordinates of elements in the vert
212. ntax as the stop command see Setting a Breakpoint Using Commands on page 102 The history region displays the address and the machine instruction The execution pointer moves to the next source line to be executed To Delete Traces Using the Command Window Type prism all show events This obtains the ID associated with the trace Type prism all delete ID For further information see Setting a Breakpoint Using Commands on page 102 106 Displaying and Moving Through the Call Stack The call stack is the list of procedures and functions currently active in a program The Prism environment provides you with methods for examining the contents of the call stack See Displaying the Where Graph on page 108 for a discussion of displaying the call stack graphically in the Prism environment To Display the Call Stack Values of arguments in displayed procedures are shown in the default radix which is decimal unless you change it via the set radix command see To Change the Default Radix on page 123 Perform one of the following Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m From the menu bar Choose the Where selection from the Debug menu The Where window is displayed see FIGURE 4 4 The window contains the call stack it is updated automatically when execution stops or when you issue commands that change the stack recurse0 x 188 y 212 z 188 line 9 in recurse c
213. nts This displays the event list Redirect the output to a file For example prism all show events primes events 2 Edit this file to remove the ID number at the beginning of each event This leaves you with a list of Prism commands 3 Type prism all source filename This reads in and executes the commands from filename For example prismall source primes events Events Taking Pset Qualifiers Events in the Prism environment can take a pset qualifier Yv To Specify a Pset Qualifier Type the pset name in the Pset field in the Event Table as shown in FIGURE 4 2 Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 95 96 FIGURE 4 2 Pset Field in Prism s Event Table If you don t supply a pset qualifier the event applies to the current pset If you create the event before changing the current set the event applies to the default set which is all For example prism all stop in receive pset notx sets a breakpoint in the receive routine for the processes in the set not x Each process in the set stops when it reaches this routine It is possible of course that some processes may never reach this routine This becomes an issue when you include actions in an event see below Here is another example prism all stop if x gt 10 This command stops execution for any process in the current pset if the process s value for the variable x is greater than 10 The Prism environment evaluates the expression in the con
214. nu selections pushbuttons and list items By default the Prism environment uses a 14 point Helvetica font for this text Changing Colors The Prism environment provides several resources for changing the default colors it uses when it is run on a color workstation YV To Change the Colors Used for Colormap Visualizers Perform the following Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 233 Change the setting of the Prism vizColormap resource to specify a file that contains the colors to be used in colormap visualizers You can also change the setting of this resource via the Customize utility see Using the Customize Utility on page 224 See Resources on page 226 for a discussion of how to create a visualizer color file Change the setting of the resource Prism spectralMapSize to specify how large the default spectral color map is to be for colormap visualizers The default is 100 entries You would typically use this resource to specify fewer entries if this number causes problems on your workstation To set the default to 50 for example set the resource in your X resource database as follows Prism spectralMapSize 50 vV To Change the Prism Environment s Standard Colors Perform the following Change the setting of the Prism dialogColor resource to change the background color of dialog boxes Change the setting of the Prism textBgColor resource to change the background color for text in butt
215. nual page i icp Vike t mae kman wii ap E k p re the eal ting with the manual page that been select FIGURE 8 1 xman Window Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 CHAPTER 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment This chapter discusses ways in which you can change various aspects of the Prism environment s appearance and the way the Prism environment operates See the following sections a Initializing the Prism Environment on page 219 m Using the Tear Off Region on page 221 a Creating Aliases for Commands and Variables on page 223 m Using the Customize Utility on page 224 m Changing Prism Environment Defaults on page 229 ee Initializing the Prism Environment Use the prisminit file to initialize the Prism environment when you start it up You can put any Prism commands into this file When the Prism environment starts it executes these commands echoing them in the history region of the command window When starting up the Prism environment first looks in the current directory for a file called prisminit If the file is there the Prism environment uses it If the file isn t there the Prism environment looks for it in your home directory If the file isn t in either place the Prism environment starts up without executing a prisminit file The prisminit file is useful if there are commands that you always want to execute when starting the Prism environment For exampl
216. nvironment 54 Using the Psets Navigator 55 Using the Psets Window 56 v To Display the Psets Window 56 Predefined Psets 58 Defining Psets 59 v To Specify a Pset as an Argument toa Command 59 v To Specify a Pset as a Subset of a Pset Clause 59 v To Evaluate Variable Psets 63 Viewing Psets Contents From the Psets Window 65 v To Display a Pset 65 v ToHideaPset 65 v To View Psets Not Shown in the Display Window 66 Viewing Pset Contents From the Command Line 66 Contents vii viii v To Print the Contents of the Specified Pset 66 Deleting Psets 68 v To Delete Psets 68 The Current Pset 68 v To Change the Current Pset 68 v To Find Out the Current Pset 69 v To List the Processes in the Current Pset 70 v To Update the Membership of a Variable Pset 71 The Current Process 71 v To Change the Current Process 71 v To Print the Current Process of the current Pset 73 Scope in the Prism Environment 73 The cycle Pset 73 v ToCreate a cycle Pset out of an Existing Pset 74 v To Cycle Through the Processes in the cycle Pset From the Psets Window 74 To Cycle Through the Processes in a Pset from the Command Line 74 v To Cycle Through the Processes in a Pset From the Source Window Pop Up Menu 75 Hiding Threads From Psets 75 v To Hide Threads From Psets 76 v To Make Hidden Threads Available to Psets Again 76 v To Show Currently Hidden Threads 76 Using Psets in Commands 77 v To Use a Pset Qualifier 77 Using Unbounded Psets in Comm
217. o display the values of a variable in the cycle pset see The cycle Pset on page 73 162 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Open a cycle Visualizer Window Type prism all print variable on cycle The Prism environment displays a window containing the value of variable in the current process of the current pset If you then issue the cycle command or otherwise cycle through the members of the cycle pset this window automatically updates to display the value of x in the next member of the set This provides a convenient way of examining a variable in a series of processes Visualizing MPI Message Queues The Prism MPI queue visualizer allows you to examine the message queues created by your Sun MPI program The visualizer shows you the status of messages generated by nonblocking send and receive routines that have not been reaped by a call to MPI_Test or MPI_Wait By showing you the state of the queue detailing the messages that have not completed the Prism environment gives you clues regarding where your program s logic can be tuned The Prism queue visualizer also shows you unexpected receive routines indicating performance or correctness problems m Performance An unexpected receive indicates the receipt of a message before a posted matching receive You may receive an extra copy of the message m Correctness An unexpected receive can arise due to an intended receive not having been posted or ha
218. o save a variable s values then print them during a later Prism session without having a program loaded or running v To Compare the Data You can compare a variable or expression whose values have been saved in a file with another version of the variable or expression This comparison could take place later in the same run of the program during a subsequent run or even during a second simultaneous Prism session You can also compare the values with those of another variable as long as both variables have the same base type that is you can t compare integers with floating point numbers Perform one of the following a From the command line Type prism all print varfile filename or prism all display varfile filename This performs a comparison between two versions of a variable or expression For example if you saved x in the file x var prism all varsave x var x then the command prism all print x varfile x var Chapter5 Visualizing Data 147 148 prints the difference between the current and saved values of x If an element is printed as 0 it is the same in both versions If it is nonzero its value is different in the two versions From a visualizer Choose the Diff or Diff With selection from a visualizer s File menu This performs a comparison between the visualizer s values and the values stored in a file Choose Diff With to choose the file containing the
219. ocess on page 47 for more information about attaching to and detaching from a running serial process or a message passing job Associating a Program or Process With a Core File You can associate a core file with a single process program or a process of a multiprocess program To Associate a Program or Process With a Core File at Startup Type prism program corefile or if you have launched the Prism environment and loaded a single process program Type prism core corefile See Associating a Core File With a Loaded Program on page 46 for more information about core files Note In the multiprocess MP mode of the Prism environment the Prism prompt includes the current pset such as prism a11 However unless a pset is required by the example this manual often uses the simpler prism Starting With the Commands Only Interface The Prism environment supports both a graphic user interface and a command line interface called the commands only interface Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 13 14 vV To Start With the Commands Only Interface Type prism C options program This allows you to bring up the Prism environment with the commands only interface on a terminal with no graphics capability To Start With the Commands Only Interface Redirecting Output Type prism CX options program This allows you to bring up the Prism environment with the commands only interface redirecting t
220. of the program This provides a convenient way of spotting changes in the values of a variable v To Save the Values of a Variable You can save the values of a variable or expression to a file for later use Perform one of the following m From the command line Use the command varsave to save the values of a variable or expression to a file Its syntax is varsave filename expression where filename is the name of the file to which the data is to be saved and expression is the variable or expression whose values are to be saved For example varsave alpha data alpha saves the values of the variable alpha in the file alpha data in your current working directory within the Prism environment varsave u kathy alpha2 data alpha 2 saves the results of the expression alpha 2 in the file with the path name u kathy alpha2 data Chapter5 Visualizing Data 145 m From a visualizer Use the Save or Save As selection from a visualizer s File menu to save the visualizer s values to a file If you choose Save As a dialog box appears in which you can specify the name of the file to which the values are to be saved see FIGURE 5 15 H load save l Directories File i _ l hpe prism doc aan Save As I OK Cancel Help FIGURE 5 15 Saving a Visualizer s Data to a File The highlighted directory is the current working directory If you want to put the file th
221. of the window You can also use the up and down arrow keys to scroll a line at a time or press the Control key along with the arrow key to move half a page at a time To return to the current execution point type Control X in the source window To Search for Text in a String or Regular Expression Type prism regexp or prism regexp The regexp command searches forward in the file for the string or regular expression that you specify and repositions the file at the first occurrence it finds The regexp command searches backward in the file for the string or regular expression that you specify To Display Different Files Choose the File or Func selection from the File menu See Choosing the Current File and Function on page 82 The Prism environment keeps a list of the files you have displayed With the mouse pointer in the source window do this to move through the list 1 To display the previous file in the list click the middle mouse button while pressing the left button You are returned to the location at which you left the file 2 To display the next file in the list click the right mouse button while pressing the left button Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 23 Selecting Text You can select text in the source window by dragging over it with the mouse the text is then highlighted Or double click with the mouse pointer pointing to a word to select just that word Left click anywhere in the sour
222. oints and traces are events You can specify before the execution of a program begins what events are to take place during execution When an event occurs 1 The execution pointer moves to the current execution point 2 A message is printed in the command window 3 If you specified that an action was to accompany the event for example the printing of a variable s value it is performed 4 If the event is a trace execution then continues If it is a breakpoint execution does not resume until you explicitly order it to for example by choosing Continue from the Execute menu The Prism environment provides various ways of creating these events for example by issuing commands or by using the mouse in the source window Setting Breakpoints on page 99 describes how to create breakpoint events Tracing Program Execution on page 104 describes how to create trace events Using the Event Table on page 89 describes the Event Table which provides a unified method for listing creating editing and deleting events See Events Taking Pset Qualifiers on page 95 for a discussion of events in the Prism environment You can define events so that they occur a When the program reaches a certain point in its execution For example at a specified line or function m When the value of a variable changes For example you can define an event that tells the Prism environment to stop the program when x changes valu
223. ommands Only Mode of the Prism Environment 247 Running the Commands Only Mode of the Prism Environment From an Xterm The CX Option 248 C and Fortran 90 Support 249 C Support in the Prism Environment 249 Fortran 90 Support in the Prism Environment 252 Scalar Mode 261 Starting the Prism Environment 261 v To Launch the Prism Environment in Scalar Mode 261 Stepping and Continuing Through a Serial Program 262 v To Attach To a Running Process From Within the Prism Environment 263 Viewing the Call Stack 263 Contents xix xx Prism 6 1 Reference Manual March 2000 Preface The Prism 6 1 User s Guide explains how to use the Prism environment to develop execute debug and visualize data in serial and parallel programs These instructions are intended for application programmers developing serial or parallel programs that are to run on a Sun HPC System It is assumed you know the basics of developing and debugging programs as well as the basics of the system on which you will be using the Prism environment Some familiarity with the Solaris debugger dbx is helpful but not required Prism is based on the X and OSF Motif standards Familiarity with these standards is also helpful but not required Using UNIX Commands This document may not contain information on basic UNIX commands and procedures such as shutting down the system booting the system and configuring devices See one or more of the follo
224. on host argos wrapping if necessary To Supply mprun Arguments When You Launch the Prism Environment Type prism mprunargs options program This provides the Prism environment when using the CRE environment with mprun arguments For example using the C shell csh you can specify a preferred host by name prism n 4 W mprunargs p delos a x Here you requested four processes to be launched on partition delos wrapping if necessary Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Note If the bsub option itself uses quotation marks refer to the documentation for your shell program for the syntax for handling quotes Specifying Runtime Environment Specific Options After Launching the Prism Environment Sun HPC ClusterTools supports two run time environments Platform Computing s Load Sharing Facility LSF and the Cluster Runtime Environment CRE The Prism environment runs on both environments vV To Specify Runtime Environment Specific Options After Startup 1 Identify the current environment by executing opt SUNWhpc etc hpc_rte For example hpc_rte sf 2 Return to the Prism environment 3 Issue environment specific commands Specify any bsub options when using the LSF environment or mprun options when using the CRE environment that you want to apply to your message passing program The Prism environment stores these options then applies them when you start up a multiprocess program Sp
225. on variable attribute of j prism all whatis j function variable integer 4 j Partially Supported Fortran 90 Features With significant limitations you can use the Prism environment to debug Fortran 90 programs containing the features described in this section User Defined Operators The Prism environment views user defined operators as functions If a new operator my_op appears in a Fortran 90 program then the Prism environment cannot deal with the operator my_op as an operator but it can deal with the function my_op Appendix B C and Fortran 90 Support 257 258 viewed as a generic function You cannot use operators named or or any other keyword operator but you can stop in functions that are used to define such operators For example interface operator add_op integer function int_add i j integer 4 intent in i j end function int_add real function real_add x y real intent in x y end function real_add end interface In this example the Prism environment does not support debugging the user defined function add_op prism all print 1 add_op 2 However the Prism environment supports the function add_op prism all print add_op 1 2 A list pops up allowing you to choose which add_op to apply Internal Procedures The following commands can take internal procedure names as arguments m stop in m whatis If there are several procedures with the
226. one of these events without having to display the entire Event Table The menu selections however prompt you only for the field s you must fill in You cannot edit other fields Individual Common Events buttons are discussed throughout the remainder of this guide You can also create a new event by editing an existing event see Editing an Existing Event on page 93 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Deleting an Existing Event You can delete events using the Event Table or the Delete selection from the Events menu To Delete an Existing Event Using the Event Table Click on the line representing the event in the event list or move to it with the up and down arrow keys This causes the components of the event to be displayed in the appropriate fields beneath the list Click on the Delete button You can also choose the Delete selection from the Events menu to display the Event Table You can then follow the procedure described above Deleting a breakpoint at a program location also deletes the B in the line number region at that location Editing an Existing Event You can edit an existing event to change it or to create a new event similar to it To Edit an Existing Event Click on the line representing the event in the event list or move to it with the up and down arrow keys This causes the components of the event to be displayed in the appropriate fields beneath the list Edit these fields Fo
227. ons dialog boxes etc Note that this setting overrides the setting of the X toolkit bg option Change the setting of the Prism textMasterColor resource to change the color used to highlight the master pane when the source window is split Change the setting of Prism graphFillColor to specify the interior fill color for objects in graphics windows that have 3 D shadow borders Change the setting of Prism graphBGColor to specify the background color of all graphics windows such as the structure browser where graph and visualizer Change the setting of the Prism mainColor resource to change the color used for just about everything else The defaults are Prism dialogColor Thistle Prism textBgColor snow2 Prism textMasterColor black Prism graphFillColor grey Prism graphBGColor light grey Prism mainColor light sea green V Changing the Colors of MPI Communicators in the MPI Queue Visualizer Perform the following Change the setting of the Prism comm2Color resource to change the color of the second communicator displayed in the MPI queue visualizer 234 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m Change the setting of the Prism comm1Color resource to change the color of the first communicator displayed in the MPI queue visualizer m Change the setting of the Prism comm3Color resource to change the color of the third communicator displayed in the MPI queue visualizer m Change the setting of the Prism commOtherColo
228. ontrol over the behavior of the process of MPI performance analysis you can exercise that control with the additional performance analysis commands The Prism MPI performance analysis commands are listed in TABLE 6 1 TABLE 6 1 Performance Analysis Commands Commands Description tnffile Creates the final target file and optionally sets the trace buffer s size for TNF probe data tnfenable Enables selected TNF probes tnfdebug Redirects TNF probe data to stderr This command requires that the Prism run command has been executed tnfdisable Disables selected TNF probes This command requires that the Prism run command has been executed tnfcollection Turns on off the TNF collection process tnflist Displays selected probes and their enabled state This command requires that the Prism run command has been executed tnfiview Displays for analysis the probe data contained in the TNF target file For detailed information about the syntax of the Prism environment s TNF commands see the examples in this chapter and the Prism Reference Manual Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 TNE Probes Several of the Prism environment s TNF commands tnflist tnfdebug tnfenable and tnfdisable take arguments specifying probes by name by wildcard and by group name The Sun MPI 4 1 Programming and Reference Guide contains a complete list of the names of the probes in the TNF instrumented Sun MPI library The list i
229. or processes to finish executing before letting you issue other commands you can issue them along with the wait command For example prism all step wait This executes the next line then waits for all processes in the current pset to finish execution If you use this command sequence frequently you can provide an alias for it via the alias command The Prism environment provides the default alias contw for these commands prism all cont wait To End the Wait Perform one of the following a Type Control C this does not affect processes that are running m Choose the Interrupt selection from the Execute menu this stops processes that are running as well as ending the wait Execution Pointer When using the Prism environment to debug a scalar program the gt symbol in the line number region points to the next line to be executed see Using the Line Number Region on page 26 In a multiprocess or multithreaded program there can be multiple execution points within the program The Prism environment marks all the execution points for the processes in the current set by a gt in the line number region or a if the current source position is the same as the current execution point Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Display a Pop Up Window Showing the Executing Process es es hift click on the execution pointer symbol This shows the process es for which the symbol is the execution pointer
230. ou cannot use an unbounded pset as the context for an event specification For information about unbounded psets see Using Unbounded Psets in Commands on page 78 Y To Display Events by Process Type prism all show events processnumber This displays all events associated with that process Issuing show events with no arguments has its standard behavior that is it prints out all events For example prism all show events 1 trace 2 when stopped print board prism all disable 1 event 1 disabled prism all show events 1 trace disabled 2 when stopped print board Events and Deleted Psets If you create an event that applies to a particular pset and subsequently delete the pset the event continues to exist Its printed representation however is changed so that it shows the processes that were members of the pset at the time you deleted the set 98 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Setting Breakpoints A breakpoint stops execution of a program when a specific location is reached if a variable or expression changes its value or if a certain condition is met Breakpoints are events that the Prism environment uses to control execution of a program This section describes the methods available in the Prism environment for setting a breakpoint You can set a breakpoint m By using the line number region a By using the Event Table and the Events menu m From the command window
231. ource Window 1 Load a program 24 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 2 Right click in the source window to display the pop up menu 3 Click on the Show source pane selection in the pop up menu This displays another menu 4 Choose the Show s source selection from the menu This causes the assembly code for your program to be displayed in the bottom pane of the window as shown in FIGURE 2 2 Bain driver Gets up an initial position does bave desgenang meerch and pointe raulis os it qoen Cit ange oher acg int maluti FIGURE 2 2 Split Source Window Vv To Return to a Single Source Window 1 Right click in the pane you want to get rid of Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environment 25 2 Choose Hide this source pane from the pop up menu Using the Line Number Region The line number region shows the line numbers associated with the source code displayed in the source window FIGURE 2 3 shows a portion of a line number region with a breakpoint set FIGURE 2 3 Line Number Region You will see the following symbols in the line number region m The gt symbol in the line number region in FIGURE 2 2 is the execution pointer When the program is being executed the execution pointer points to the next line to be executed for the most active function call or to the call site for functions higher on the stack If you move elsewhere in the source code typing Control x returns to the curr
232. parameter press the Refresh button Selecting a Point in the Scatter Plot Each point in the scatter plot corresponds to a data point in the displayed dataset Clicking on any data point in the scatter plot causes the timeline graph to select the corresponding event or interval displaying the detailed data of that event or interval in the Timeline window s event table For datasets with one event one event will be shown in the Timeline window If the dataset comes from an interval definition then each dot in the scatter plot represents two events and two events will be shown in the Timeline window For example clicking on the furthest outlying data point in the scatter plot graph shown in FIGURE 6 3 navigates the Timeline window to the corresponding event or interval as shown in FIGURE 6 6 Chapter 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 199 SGP SeR ce Ce 2 Bee PERE SeR See AOI ea time milliseconds FIGURE 6 6 Navigating the Timeline View to the Data Point Selected in the Scatter Plot View Then zooming in to the data points closest to the selected data point displays a finer grain view of the dataset To center the timeline display on the selected data point click it with the middle mouse button FIGURE 6 7 shows an example 200 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 FIGURE 6 7 Zooming In for a Finer Grain View of the Dataset Opening the Table View Clicking the Table tab on the Plot window opens a tabular pr
233. plays a snapshot of the dynamic call graph of the program The Where graph displays information about all processes that are not running To Display the Where Graph Perform one of the following m From the menu bar Choose Where from the Debug menu m From the command line Type where on dedicated A window like the one shown in FIGURE 4 5 is displayed Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 FIGURE 4 5 Where Graph The Where graph centers on the current process of the current pset that is the processes related to it are lined up in a single column In FIGURE 4 1 process 0 is the current process If you change the current process the Where graph rearranges itself The default zoom level of the Where graph shows the arguments for the current process At the bottom of each box are line numbers indicating where processes branch v_ To Display Processes Containing a Specific Function in Their Call Stacks Shift click in each function s box This displays a pop up window showing the numbers of the processes with this function in their call stack along with their arguments Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 109 110 Panning and Zooming in the Where Graph As FIGURE 4 6 shows the Where graph can get quite large so the Prism environment provides methods for panning through it and zooming in and out The white box in the navigator rectangle at the top of the window shows the position of the display area rela
234. r right side of the control panel Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 57 You can cycle through the cycle pset see The cycle Pset on page 73 by clicking on the left and right arrows labeled Cycle at the top left of the control panel If you have many psets and a large number of processes or threads you can use the Zoom arrows to zoom in or out on these psets The box next to the arrows shows what part of the entire display you are seeing you can drag the mouse through this box to pan through the display You can view and change the current pset and current process or thread via the boxes at the top right of the window The Options menu at the top left of the window lets you hide display create and delete psets See the discussions starting with Defining Psets on page 59 through To Delete Psets on page 68 The File menu lets you close the Pset s window Predefined Psets The Prism environment provides these predefined psets all Contains all the threads in the program it is the default current pset at start up The all pset does not contain threads that have terminated or were joined running Contains all threads that are currently executing error Contains all threads that have encountered an error interrupted Contains the threads that were most recently forcibly interrupted by the user See Interrupting and Waiting for Processes on page 51 for a discussion of the interrupt com
235. r Off Region Perform one of the following m From the menu bar Enter tear off mode by choosing Tear off from the Utilities menu A dialog box appears that describes tear off mode see FIGURE 9 2 Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 221 222 Tearolt Tear of Mode You are now in bear off mode Choosing a menu Bem adds a button bor that tem to the taar region beneath the menu bar Olickireg oft a bantam in the bear of region removes the button Click on Cista i this haw he ele the box and lois teer oll mode Clore Help FIGURE 9 2 Tear Off Region Dialog Box While the dialog box is on the screen choosing any selection from a menu adds a button for this selection to the tear off region Clicking on a button in the tear off region removes that button If you fill up the region you can resize it to accommodate more buttons To resize the region drag the small resize box at the bottom right of the region Click on Close or press the Esc key while the mouse pointer is in the dialog box to close the box and leave tear off mode When you are not in tear off mode clicking on a button in the tear off region has the same effect as choosing the equivalent selection from a menu a From the command window Use the tearoff and untearoff commands from the command window to add menu selections to and remove them from the tear off region Put the selection name in quotation marks case doesn t matter and you
236. r example you can change the Location field to specify a different location in the program Click on Replace to save the newly edited event in place of the original version of the event Click on the Save button to save the new event in addition to the original version of the event it is given a new ID and is added to the end of the event list Clicking on Save is a quick way of creating a new event similar to an event you have already created Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 93 94 Disabling and Enabling Events You can disable and enable events When you disable an event the Prism environment keeps it in the event list but it no longer affects execution You can subsequently enable it when you once again want it to affect execution This can be more convenient than deleting events and then redefining them To Disable an Event Perform one of the following a From the Event Table The Event Table has an Enabled field By default there is a y in this field meaning that the event being defined or edited is enabled Click on the field and change the y to an n to disable the event The event remains in the event list but is labeled disabled You can then edit the event as described in Editing an Existing Event on page 93 and change the field back to a y to enable the event once again m From the command line Issue the disable command to disable an event Use the event s ID as the argument You can obtain this ID from
237. r example you may want to use this option if your program uses threads in its I O or graphic user interface Using the threads option for a program that does not use threads has no effect To Specify an Nonthreaded View of Programs Type prism n processnumber nothreads program For example o prism n 4 nothreads a out This loads a message passing program threaded or nonthreaded with a program a out compiled with a link to libmpi_mt but viewing only the main thread By default the Prism environment treats loaded Sun MPI programs as though they are nonthreaded This allows you to debug multithreaded programs viewing only the main thread thread 0 For example you may want to use this option if your program generates threads automatically by making library calls that have threaded implementations To Load a Threaded Single Process Program Type prism n 1 program For example o prism n 1 primes x Specify the process number one even though the program runs on a single process See Loading a Program on page 43 for more information about loading a program Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Attaching to a Process You can also attach to a process or message passing job that is currently running However the Prism environment must run on the same system on which the process is running or the same cluster on which the job is running See Attaching to a Running Message Passing Pr
238. r resource to change the color of the fourth communicator displayed in the MPI queue visualizer The defaults are Prism commlColor chartreuse2 Prism comm2Color cyan2 Prism comm3Color magenta2 Prism commOtherColor purple Changing Keyboard Translations You can change the keys and key combinations that the Prism environment translates into various actions In general doing this requires an understanding of X and Motif programming You may be able to make some changes however by reading this section and studying the defaults in the Prism environment s file in your system s app defaults directory Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 235 Changing Keyboard Translations in Text Widgets Yv To Change Keyboard Translations for Dialog Boxes With a Single Text Field Change the settings of the Prism textOneFieldTranslations resource This controls default keyboard translations for dialog boxes that contain only one text field Its default definition is Prism textOneFieldTranslations lt Key gt osfDelet lt Key gt osf CUELA Ctrl lt ie LR ctrl lt Corl lt Ctri lt Corl Cctrls lt delete previous character vious character ning cursor_position next_char prev_char BackSpace delete pr Key gt u erase_to_begin Key gt k rase_to_end Key gt d delete_char_at Key gt f move_cursor_to Key gt h move_cursor_to Key gt b
239. r that file name If you then issue the tnfview command without specifying a file name argument the Prism environment will supply the file named in the prior use of the tnff ile command during the same session The second argument to the tnffile command the size argument allows you to control how large the trace data collection buffers will be for each process in your Sun MPI program The default size is 128 Kbytes For further information about the size of trace data files see Controlling the Scale of TNF Data Collection on page 205 Specifying Which TNF Probes to Enable During program execution only the enabled TNF probes contribute trace data to the performance analysis process By default programs start with TNF probes disabled You can enable all probes before issuing the Prism environment s run command by issuing the tnfcollection on command or by issuing the Prism environment s tnfenable command with an asterisk argument before issuing the Prism environment s run command Issuing the tnfenable command with anything other than an asterisk replaces that specification tnfenable is equivalent to specifying every probe with a list of the probes or probe groups that you have explicitly specified Once you have explicitly enabled probes by issuing the tnfenable command for example those probes remain enabled until you explicitly turn them off exit the loaded program or exit the Prism environment For examp
240. r_op_generic f90 main Appendix B C and Fortran 90 Support 259 Pointer Assignment Error Checking The error checking involved by the semantics of the gt operator is not fully supported If your program causes an illegal pointer assignment the Prism environment might not issue any error and the behavior of the program will be undefined Printing Array Valued Functions The Prism environment does not print the result of an array valued function 260 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 APPENDIX C Scalar Mode When viewing serial programs the Prism environment behaves differently than it does when viewing multiprocess programs In this situation the Prism environment operates in scalar mode The scalar mode of the Prism environment does not support psets since pset related features require multiple processes or threads This appendix provides descriptions of other differences between the MP mode and the scalar mode of the Prism environment Note You can use the Prism environment s pset features with threaded single process programs if you use the n 1 argument thereby specifying that you are using the Prism multiprocess mode when you launch the Prism environment to load the threaded single process program v Starting the Prism Environment To Launch the Prism Environment in Scalar Mode Type prism program This starts the Prism environment for a nonthreaded single process pro
241. rating on a multiprocess or multithreaded program the Prism command prompt displays the current pset When debugging a threaded program the Prism prompt includes the thread part where appropriate The Prism environment uses the current process and current thread in several ways Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 a The Prism environment s source window displays the source executing in the current process or current thread as appropriate a The Prism environment centers the where graph around the call stack of the current process or current thread as appropriate a The Prism environment uses the current process or current thread to resolve look up variable names as appropriate v To Print the Current Process of the current Pset Type prism all process Scope in the Prism Environment When using the Prism environment to debug a message passing program the scope of the current process determines the scope for resolving the names of variables See The Current Process on page 71 for a discussion of the current process If a command applies to a pset other than the current set the Prism environment uses the scope of that set s current process It is possible that other members of the pset will have different scopes from that of the current process or that its scope level will not even exist in these processes In these cases you receive an error message when you try to issue a command for example p
242. recurses x 189 y 211 z 189 line 9 in recurseS c recurse x 190 y 210 z 190 line 8 in recurse4 c recursea x 191 y 209 z 191 line 8 in recurse3 c recurse2 x 192 y 208 z 192 line 8 in recurse2 c recursel x 193 y 207 z 193 line 8 in recurse1 c recurse0 x 194 y 206 z 194 line 10 in recurse c recursed x 195 y 205 z 195 line 9 in recursesS c recurse x 196 y 204 z 196 line 8 in recurse4 c recurse3 x 197 y 203 z 197 line 8 in recurse3 c recurse2 x 198 y 202 z 198 line 8 in recurse2 c recursel x 199 y 201 z 199 line 8 in recurse1 c recurse0 x 200 y 200 z 200 line 10 in recurse c main arcg 1 argy Oxeffffa44 line 17 in recurse c Cancel FIGURE 4 4 Where Window a From the command window Type where on the Prism command line If you include a number it specifies how many active procedures are to be displayed otherwise all active procedures are displayed in the history region m From the command window Type where on snapshot on the Prism command line to put the history region output into a window Moving Through the Call Stack Moving up through the call stack means heading toward the main procedure Moving down through the call stack means heading toward the current stopping point in the program Moving through the call stack changes the current function
243. redundant instances of the Prism environment For information on bsub see the LSF Batch User s Guide For information about mprun see the Sun MPI User s Guide Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 V To Launch the Prism Environment in Multiprocess Mode Type prism n processnumber program The n argument specifies a number of processes to run If you specify m N processes specifying a processnumber greater than one The Prism environment launches as many processes of program as you specify m One process specifying a processnumber of 1 The Prism environment starts one process of program and views it in multiprocess mode m Zero specifying the processnumber 0 processes The Prism environment starts one process of program on each available node The multiprocess mode supports debugging message passing programs or multithreaded single process programs When you use launch the Prism environment in multiprocess mode you are actually starting multiple Prism processes in a client server model m There is one client Prism process for each process in the program The Prism process attaches itself to the process to collect information about it m There is a single server Prism process that communicates with the Prism processes and provides the interface to the user This process is referred to as Host Prism a The multiple Prism processes run on the same node as the program s processes Specifying a Thread
244. resentation Specifies the initial representation to be used when displaying data in visualizers Prism XmText fontList Specifies the text font to use for most running text Note that the defaults mentioned in the sections below are the defaults for the Prism environment as shipped your system administrator can change these in the Prism environment s file in your system s app defaults directory Note also that the commands only mode of the Prism environment is not aware of the settings of any Prism resources unless they are contained in the Prism environment s app defaults file This matters only for the resource Prism cppPath Adding Prism Resources to the X Resource Database The X resource database keeps track of default settings for programs running under X Use the xrdb program to add a Prism resource to this database vV To Add Resource Settings to the X Resource Database Perform one of the following m Use the merge option and to specify the resource and its setting from the standard input For example type the following command to specify a default editor the resource is described below xrdb merge Prism editor emacs a Put resource settings in a file then merge the file into the database For example if your changes are in prism defs you could issue this command xrdb merge prism defs Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 231 232 Note You must include the merge opt
245. rint or display that requires a consistent scope To solve the problem you can do one of the following m Restrict your pset so that it contains only members with the same scope a Ifthe current process s scope level does not exist in other processes in the set you can use the up command to move up its call stack to a point where it has a scope level that does exist in the other processes m If different processes in the set have different scopes you can issue the up and down commands as needed to ensure that they all have the same scope Commands such as pset and process that affect scope print the current function when you issue them The cycle Pset In debugging a message passing program you may often want to look in turn at each process within a pset for example to see what the problem is for each process in the error pset The cycle pset provides you with a convenient way of doing this Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 73 74 vV To Create a cycle Pset out of an Existing Pset Type prism all define pset cycle psetname If psetname is dynamic the cycle pset is statically fixed when you create it You can then cycle through each process in this pset to examine it in turn By default the cycle pset is equivalent to the current pset For more information about the define psets command see Defining Psets on page 59 For example prism all define pset cycle foo copies foo into the cycle pset
246. rism environment creates a constant number of processes at startup taken from the number of processes you specify when you start the Prism environment with a n or np argument For example pset all 1 is a bounded set Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 The Prism environment places several restrictions on the use of unbounded psets You cannot use an unbounded pset as the context for an event specification or a wait every command For an overview of information about event specifications see Overview of Events on page 87 For example both of these examples of the wait every commands are illegal prism all wait every pset all prism all pset all prism all wait every Similarly you may not use unbounded sets as the context for the stop or trace commands when these commands contain actions Examples prism all stop in foo print x pset all illegal prism all stop in foo pset all legal does not contain an action You make a pset current using the pset command For information about the current process see The Current Process on page 71 When you make a normal bounded pset current the Prism environment records the current membership of the pset and assigns the current pset this membership The members of the current pset remain unchanged until you issue a new pset command When an unbounded set has been made current the members of the current pset will change dynamically as thr
247. ronment This chapter describes general aspects of using the Prism environment Succeeding chapters describe how to perform specific functions within the Prism programming environment The best way to learn how to use the Prism environment is to try it out for yourself as you read this chapter See the following sections Before Entering the Prism Environment on page 7 Entering the Prism Environment on page 10 Executing Commands Within the Prism Environment on page 19 a i i m U sing the Menu Bar on page 21 sing the Source Window on page 22 sing the Line Number Region on page 26 sing the Command Window on page 27 riting Expressions in the Prism Environment on page 32 sing Fortran 90 Generic Procedures on page 37 Issuing Solaris Commands on page 39 Leaving the Prism Environment on page 41 Before Entering the Prism Environment This section describes the programming conditions under which you can make use of the Prism environment s features 8 Supported Languages and Compilers You can work on Sun Fortran C and C programs within the Prism environment However support for debugging Fortran 90 and C programs is limited For information on the specifics of the Prism environment support for Fortran 90 and C see Appendix B C Support in the Prism Environment The Prism environment supports these compilers in Sun HPC ClusterTools 3
248. ronment and issue these three commands m Select Collection from the Prism environment s Performance analysis menu or issue the tnfcollection on command from the Prism environment s command line For example prism all tnfcollection on m Select the Run command from the Prism environment s Execute menu or issue the run command from the Prism environment s command line For example prism all run Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 m Select Display TNF Data from the Prism environment s Performance analysis menu or issue the tnfview command from the Prism environment s command line For example prism all tnfview The details that describe the Prism environment s performance analysis and how you can gain greater control of those details are described in the rest of this chapter Managing MPI Performance Analysis Using the default settings you can use the Prism environment s MPI performance analysis on your Sun MPI program However you can gain greater control over the the collection of profiling data using several additional features 1 Environment The Prism environment s performance analysis features use the values of three environment variables PRISM_TNFDIR LD_LIBRARY_PATH and PRISM_TNF_CLOCK_PERIOD 2 Communications The Prism environment requires that you enable rsh for TNF profiling The Prism environment uses rsh to effect certain communications during profiling operations
249. rst dimension and 2 10 of the second dimension prism all print a 2 4 2 10 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Hints for Detecting NaNs and Infinities The Prism environment provides expressions that you can use to detect NaNs values that are not a number and infinities in your data These expressions derive from the way NaNs and infinities are defined in the IEEE standard for floating point arithmetic To Find Out if x Is a NaN Use the expression x ne x For example if x is an array issue the command prism all where x ne x print x to print only the elements of x that are NaNs The print command is discussed in Chapter 5 Visualizing Data Also note that if there are NaNs in an array the mean of the values in the array will be a NaN The mean is available via the Statistics selection in the Options menu of a visualizer see Chapter 5 Visualizing Data To Find Out if x Is an Infinity Type prism all x 0 0 ne 0 0 Using Fortran 90 Generic Procedures You can use Fortran 90 generic procedures in any Prism command or dialog box that asks for a procedure If you do so the Prism environment will prompt you for the name s of the specific procedure s you want to use For example you use the syntax stop in procedure to set a breakpoint in a procedure If you use this syntax for a generic procedure using the graphical interface of the Prism environment a dialog box like the one
250. s also by default in the tear off region a To display a variable or expression every time execution stops starting at the current program location choose Display from the Debug menu m When you choose Print or Display a dialog box appears FIGURE 5 1 shows an example of the Print dialog box Update dedicated window It anyi Create snapshot window Display in command window FIGURE 5 1 Print Dialog Box 2 In the Expression box enter the variable or expression whose value s you want printed Text selected in the source window appears as the default you can edit this text The dialog boxes also offer choices as to the window in which the values are to appear m You can specify that the values are to be printed or displayed in a standard window dedicated to the specified expression The first time you print or display the data the Prism environment creates this window If you print data and subsequently print it again this standard window is updated This is the default choice for both Print and Display m You can create a separate snapshot window for printing or displaying values This is useful if you want to compare values between windows 124 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 a You can print out the values in the Command window a Click on Print or Display to print the values of the specified expression at the current program location a Click on Cancel or press the Esc key to close the window without print
251. s arguments Note that if the function you choose is in a different source file from the current file changing to this function also has the effect of changing the current file 84 Creating a Directory List for Source Files If you have moved a source file or if for some other reason the Prism environment can t find it you can explicitly add its directory to the Prism environment s search path v To Add a Directory to the Search Path Perform one of the following Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 a From the menu bar Choose the Use selection from the File menu This displays a dialog box as shown in FIGURE 3 7 To add a directory type its path name in the Directory box then click on Add To remove a directory click on it in the directory list then click on Remove fhpe prism sde shows SEG96 julia fhpe rtefsand mbartonitests nibump Directory ee E Remove Close FIGURE 3 7 Use Dialog Box a From the command window Issue the use command on the command line Specify a directory as an argument the directory is added to the front of the search path Issue use with no arguments to display the list of directories to be searched Note No matter what the contents of your directory list are the Prism environment searches for the source file first in the directory in which the program was compiled Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 85 86 Prism 6 1 User s G
252. s d pos es de SPARC International Inc aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays Les produits portant les marques SPARC sont bas s sur une architecture d velopp e par Sun Microsystems Inc L interface d utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et Sun a t d velopp e par Sun Microsystems Inc pour ses utilisateurs et licenci s Sun reconnait les efforts de pionniers de Xerox pour la recherche et le d veloppement du concept des interfaces d utilisation visuelle ou graphique pour l industrie de l informatique Sun d tient une licence non exclusive de Xerox sur l interface d utilisation graphique Xerox cette licence couvrant galement les licenci s de Sun qui mettent en place l interface d utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et qui en outre se conforment aux licences crites de Sun CETTE PUBLICATION EST FOURNIE EN L ETAT ET AUCUNE GARANTIE EXPRESSE OU IMPLICITE N EST ACCORDEE Y COMPRIS DES GARANTIES CONCERNANT LA VALEUR MARCHANDE L APTITUDE DE LA PUBLICATION A REPONDRE A UNE UTILISATION PARTICULIERE OU LE FAIT QU ELLE NE SOIT PAS CONTREFAISANTE DE PRODUIT DE TIERS CE DENI DE GARANTIE NE S APPLIQUERAIT PAS DANS LA MESURE OU IL SERAIT TENU JURIDIQUEMENT NUL ET NON AVENU Ob mee a Adobe PostScript Contents Preface xxi The Prism Environment 1 Overview 1 The Look and Feel of the Prism Programming Environment 2 Loading and Executing Programs 4 Debugging 4 Visualizing Data 5 Analyzing Program Performance 5 Editing a
253. s in the current set The concept of the current pset is described in The Current Pset on page 68 The Current Process on page 71 describes the current process which is a distinguished process or thread within a pset Note In threaded programs the Prism environment extends the notion of current process to refer to the current thread of a pset The cycle Pset on page 73 describes the cycle pset which is a predefined pset with special characteristics Using the Psets Navigator You can navigate to any defined pset using the pull down menu and arrow keys on the main MP Prism window The pset navigator controls are shown at the bottom of FIGURE 3 3 FIGURE 3 3 Pset Navigator Controls Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 55 Using the Psets Window You can use the Psets window to view the current status of the processes in your program and to perform many of the actions associated with psets v To Display the Psets Window Perform One of the Following a From the menu bar Choose the Psets selection from the Debug menu a From the command window Type prism all show psets on dedicated FIGURE 3 4 shows the Psets window for a nonthreaded 16 process message passing program including several user defined psets FIGURE 3 5 shows the Psets window for a multithreaded program including the predefined psets Ee D 24 6 0 100 current error odds cycle 8 members 4 members 8 members 8 members
254. same name a list pops up from which to select the desired procedure Supported Intrinsics The Prism environment supports the same intrinsics in Fortran 90 that it supports in Fortran 77 See Using Fortran Intrinsic Functions in Expressions on page 34 Unsupported Fortran 90 Features You cannot use the Prism environment to debug Fortran 90 programs containing the features described in this section Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Derived Type Constructors The Prism environment does not support constructors for derived types type point3 integer x y z end type point3 type point3 var var2 The Prism environment does support assignment to derived types however For example prism all assign var var2 Although Fortran 90 allows the use of constructors the Prism environment does not support them The following example is not supported prism all assign var point3 1 2 3 Generic Functions If the generic function is defined in the current module such as interface fadd integer function intadd i j integer 4 intent in i j end function intadd real function realadd x y real intent in x y end function realadd end interface then only references to the fadd are supported but references to specific functions that define fadd are not For example prism all whatis intadd prism intadd is not defined in the scope 90_user_op_generic exe 90_use
255. se prints x for the pset foo when the members of foo are stopped at line 10 prism all stop at 10 print x pset foo Note Associating an action with an event forces a global synchronization at the breakpoint or tracepoint In the example above every process in pset foo must stop at line 10 before x can be printed If a member does not stop at line 10 the action never takes place In a trace event all processes in the pset must stop at the specified place and synchronize the action then takes place and the processes automatically continue execution You can include an eval pset command as an event action For example prism all stop in send eval pset sending evaluates the pset sending when all the members of the current pset are stopped in send You receive error messages if it is impossible to evaluate membership in a pset for example because a variable in the set definition is not active Note these limitations in using event actions Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 97 m You cannot include the following commands that manipulate psets a define pset m delete pset m process m pset a You cannot include a pset qualifier in the action The command in the action clause takes its pset from the pset of the event m You cannot include commands that affect program execution specifically a cont and contw run step and stepi m next and nexti m wait m You cannot include the load reload return and core commands m Y
256. se this resource to tell the Prism environment the name of a file that specifies the colors to be used in colormap visualizers If you leave this field blank the Prism environment uses gray for elements whose values are not in the context you specify for elements whose values are in the context it uses black for values below the minimum white for values above the maximum and a smooth spectral map from blue to red for all other values Default Visualizer Use this resource to tell the Prism environment which representation you want to use as your initial representation when you display data in a visualizer If you leave this field blank the Prism environment uses Text for the initial representation Chapter 9 Customizing the Prism Programming Environment 227 228 The file must be in ASCII format Each line of the file must contain three integers between 0 and 255 that specify the red green and blue components of a color The first line of the visualizer color file contains the color that is to be displayed for values that fall below the minimum you specify in creating the visualizer The next to last line contains the color for values that exceed the maximum The last line contains the color used to display the values of elements that are not in the context specified by the user in a where statement The Prism environment uses the colors in between to display the values falling between the minimum and the maximum See TABLE 9 1 for an ex
257. sentation 139 Visualizing Data Chapter 5 140 H Parameters 7 Visualization Parameters Field Width I 4 Precision 7 Minhaum i Maxiinum i Threshold i l Apply Cancel Help FIGURE 5 11 Visualization Parameters Dialog Box The parameters for all representations except the histogram representation are m Field Width Type a value in this box to change the width of the field that the Prism environment allocates to every data element For the text representation the field width specifies the number of characters in each column If a number is too large for the field width you specify dots are printed instead of the number For dither threshold colormap and vector representations the field width specifies how wide in pixels the representation of each data element is to be By default dither threshold and colormap visualizers are scaled to fit the display window Note however that for dither visualizers the gray shading may be more noticeable with a smaller field width For the graph representation the field width specifies the horizontal spacing between elements For the surface representation it specifies the spacing of elements along both directions of the plane m Precision Type a value in this box to change the precision with which the Prism environment displays real numbers in a text visualizer The precision must be less than the field width By default the Prism environment prints dou
258. set Combining Debug and Optimization Options When you use the Prism environment on programs that have been compiled with optimization options Prism commands behave differently and the visibility of variables in the optimized programs changes Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 115 116 Interpreting Interaction Between an Optimized Program and the Prism Environment When the control flow is inside a routine that has been compiled with both g and an optimization option a debuggable optimized routine the next and step commands change their behavior m next steps out of the current routine and stops in the next debuggable routine that differs from the original routine a step stops in the next debuggable routine including recursive calls of the original routine You can set breakpoints using the stop at command inside debuggable optimized routines only at the first line of such a routine If the routine name is foo and the first instruction in foo is ADDR_INSTR then the breakpoint is set as if you had used stop in foo or stopi at ADDR_INSTR Note that the following related commands are unaffected m nexti m stepi m stopi When the control flow returns to a debuggable optimized routine as a result of one of the following commands m return m stepout then the Prism environment assumes that the current position is at the first line of the current routine The Prism environment makes the same assumption when the sourc
259. set of threads you can also view its operation on all the threads that make up your program You can view psets in the Psets window as described in Using the Psets Window on page 56 and Viewing Psets Contents From the Psets Window on page 65 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Note The Prism environment assigns a logical ID number to each process that makes up a message passing program For example in an 8 process message passing program the individual processes would be numbered 0 7 These numbers are used to identify processes in psets In multithreaded programs the Prism environment identifies threads numerically For example the first thread in process 0 is thread 0 1 Do not confuse these numbers with the Solaris process IDs pids assigned by the system to the message passing processes As described in Predefined Psets on page 58 the Prism environment provides predefined psets for certain standard groups of threads for example the set of all threads in an error state is a predefined pset You can also define your own psets as described in Defining Psets on page 59 for example you can define a pset to be those threads in which variable x is greater than 0 To Delete Psets on page 68 describes how to delete psets If you don t specify a pset as a qualifier to a command that can take a pset qualifier the command is executed on the current pset many graphical actions also apply to thread
260. sion and adds the result to the set of hidden threads V To Make Hidden Threads Available to Psets Again Type prism all pset unhide pset_expression The Prism environment evaluates pset_expression and subtracts the result from the set of hidden threads vV To Show Currently Hidden Threads Type prism all pset hide 76 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Using Psets in Commands As mentioned at the beginning of Using Psets in the Prism Environment on page 54 you can specify pset qualifers with several Prism commands The following commands can take a pset as a qualifier address assign call catch cont contw display ignore interrupt lwps next nexti print pstatus return stepout step stepi stop stopi sync syncs thread threads trace tracei wait whatis where v To Use a Pset Qualifier Type prism command options pset_qualifier on window A command with a pset qualifier applies only to the processes in the set If you omit the qualifier the command applies to the processes in the current set For example prism all stop at 12 pset error sets a breakpoint at line 12 for the processes in pset error Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 77 78 prism all where pset 0 10 on dedicated displays the Where graph for processes 0 through 10 See Displaying the Where Graph on page 108 for a description of the Where graph For example prism
261. ss v To Run make From the Command Window Type prism all make arguments You can specify any arguments that are valid in the Solaris version of make Chapter 7 Editing and Compiling Programs 213 214 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 CHAPTER 8 Getting Help This chapter describes how to obtain information about the Prism environment and other Sun products available at your site See the following sections a The Prism Online Help Systems on page 215 a Obtaining Online Documentation on page 217 The Prism Online Help Systems v To Get Help in the Prism Environment Perform one of the following m Select an entry from the Help menu in the menu bar The Help menu provides help on several major topics See Choosing Selections From the Help Menu on page 216 m Select an entry from the Help menus and Help button in windows and dialog boxes These Help menus and help button provide instructions for using these screen areas Pressing the F1 key in a window or dialog box also displays a help screen m Use the command line help The syntax of command line help is prism all help commandname Command line help provides information about commands you can issue from the command window 215 216 Using the Browser based Help System The Prism environment displays its help files using your World Wide Web browser The default browser is Netscape although your system administrator can c
262. t In addition changing the current file and current function changes the scope used by the Prism environment for commands that refer to line numbers without specifying a file as well as the scope used by the Prism environment in identifying Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 variables see How the Prism Environment Chooses the Correct Variable or Procedure on page 32 for a discussion of how the Prism environment identifies variables The scope pointer in the line number region moves to the current file or current function to indicate the beginning of the new scope v To Change the Current File Perform one of the following m From the menu bar Choose the File selection from the File menu A window is displayed listing in alphabetical order the source files that make up the loaded program Click on one and it appears in the Selection box click on OK and the source window updates to display the file Or simply double click rapidly on the source file You can also edit the file name in the Selection box Note The File window displays only files compiled with the g switch build on297 patch usrisre cmd sgs libdl spare f commonidl c build on297 patchiusrisreflib libe spare portigen _eny_data c build on297 patch usrisreflib libe spare portigen _ftoll c build on297 patch usrisreflib libe spare portigen _ftoull c build on297 patch usrisrcflib libcispare ports xftw et am FIGURE 3 6 File
263. t variable to identify the directory containing the TNF instrumented Sun MPI library You can set this environment variable before launching the Prism environment or from the Prism environment s command line The tnfcollection on command sets LD_LIBRARY_PATH and adds opt SUNWhpc 1ib tnf automatically Note The LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable must be set before issuing the Prism environment s run command Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 You can change the value of this variable using the Prism environment s setenv command on the Prism environment s command line For example prism all setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH directory Setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH For 32 Bit Programs The standard location for this library for 32 bit programs running on either Solaris 2 6 or Solaris 7 environments is opt SUNWhpc 1ib tnf For example using the C shell setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH opt SUNWhpc 1lib tnf Setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH For 64 Bit Programs The standard location for this library for 64 bit programs on the Solaris 7 environment is opt SUNWhpc lib tnf sparcv9 For example using the C shell setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH opt SUNWhpc 1ib tnf sparcv9 PRISM_TNF_CLOCK_PERIOD The Prism environment uses the value of PRISM_TNF_CLOCK_PERIOD to define the period between clock samplings to determine the difference between clocks on different nodes Units are in seconds The default is 200 While running a program under
264. t 35 36 should print a hexadecimal pointer value Instead it prints two more than each element of a that is a 0 2 a 1 2 etc This allows you to do array operations and use visualizers on C arrays in the Prism environment The print command and visualizers are discussed in Chapter 5 Visualizing Data To get the C behavior issue the command as follows prism all print amp a 2 Using Array Section Syntax in C Arrays You can use Fortran 90 array section syntax when specifying C arrays This syntax is useful for example if you want to print the values of only a subset of the elements of an array The syntax is lower bound upper bound stride where m lower bound Specifies the lowest numbered element you choose along a dimension it defaults to 0 m upper bound Specifies the highest numbered element you choose along the dimension it defaults to the highest numbered element for the dimension m stride Specifies the increment by which elements are chosen between the lower bound and upper bound it defaults to 1 You must enclose the values in parentheses rather than brackets as in Fortran If your array is multidimensional you must separate the dimension specifications with commas within the parentheses once again as in Fortran For example if you have this array int a 10 20 then you can issue this command in the Prism environment to print the values of elements 2 4 of the fi
265. t its path name into the Selection box then click on Load To put the file s path name into the Selection box you can either type it directly in the box or click on its name in the Programs list The Programs list contains the executable programs in your current working directory see Changing the Current Working Directory on page 40 Use the Load Program Filter box to control the display of file names in the Programs list the box uses standard Solaris filters For example you can click on a directory in the Directories list if you want to change to that directory But the Programs list does not update automatically to show the programs in the new directory Instead the filter changes to directory name indicating that all files in directory name are to be displayed Click on Filter to display the file names of the programs Or simply double click on the directory name in the Directories list to display the programs in the directory If you want to use a different filter you can edit the Load Program Filter box directly For example change it to directory name prog to display only programs beginning with prog 3 Click on Cancel or press the Esc key if you decide not to load a program Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Load a Program From the Command Window Type prism all load program Use the name of the executable program as its argument For example prism all load myprogram The program you specify is
266. t spectral color map for 234 minimum and maximum values of 141 colors changing Prism s standard 234 command line 27 using 28 command options quotation marks 17 command window 4 using 27 commands adding to the tear off region 222 issuing 21 issuing multiple 28 logging 31 setting up alternative names for 223 Commands Reference selection 216 commands only mode 245 Common Events buttons 92 126 compiler options combining 8 compilers supported 8 compiling and linking 8 from within Prism 212 complex numbers 134 143 cont command 266 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 in MP Prism 262 context setting via print or display command 128 contw command 52 cannot be used in event actions 98 core command 46 can t be used in actions field 91 not available in MP Prism 47 core files associating with loaded programs 46 working with 13 COUNT intrinsic function 35 Ctrl A 21 246 Ctrl B 21 246 Ctrl C 20 28 246 ending a wait in MP Prism 52 Ctrl D 21 246 Ctrl E 21 246 Ctrl F 21 246 Ctrl H 246 Ctrl J 246 Ctrl K 21 246 Ctrl L 246 Ctrl M 246 Ctrl N 28 246 Ctrl P 28 246 Ctrl U 21 246 Ctrl X 23 Ctrl Z 54 current execution point returning to 23 current file 82 changing 83 current function 82 changing 84 changing via the Where graph 115 current process 71 72 current pset 68 and dynamic psets 70 and variable psets 71 changing via the Where graph 115 setting 6
267. that enable you to measure the timing of your own code not just the timing of the library routines themselves Create intervals that combine an _End event that precedes the routines you want to measure with a corresponding _Start event following those routines the reverse of normal order You can use the Prism environment s TNF performance analysis features with or without using the g compiler option For further information about the effects of using the g option see Compiling and Linking Your Program on page 8 For information on combining the g option with optimizations see Combining Debug and Optimization Options on page 115 Note Ragged edges can appear in your data Since message passing activity in different processes can vary the earliest time when a trace file contains interesting data can vary from process to process Additional Information For further information about TNF tracing with the Prism environment see the Prism Reference Manual and tnfview online help For information about Sun MPI see the Sun MPI Programming and Reference Guide For background information about TNF tracing see the Solaris 2 6 Programming Utilities Guide and the man pages prex 1 tnfdump 1 tnfxtract 1 TNF_DECLARE_RECORD 3X TNF_PROBE 3X libtnfct1 3xX tnf_process_disable 3X tracing 3X tnf_kernel_probes 4 and attributes 5 For a general discussion of profiling methodology emphasizi
268. the Layouts of S3L Parallel Arrays Type prism all print layout arrayname This returns the numbers of the nodes on which the data elements of an S3L array are located for example prism all print layout a layout a a oO OG erre NFO koo koo where a is an S3L array You can use the Fortran 90 array section syntax described in Using Array Section Syntax in C Arrays on page 36 to specify a range of elements within an S3L array 178 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Print or Display an S3L Array Using the layout Intrinsic Type prism all print layout arrayname on window as representation This creates a visualizer that is the same size and shape as S3L array arrayname The visualizer displays the rank of the process that is holding each value Note that you can specify any visualizer representation for example text dither or colormap to display the layout graphically Chapter5 Visualizing Data 179 180 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 CHAPTER 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data The Prism environment lets you collect and examine performance data on your Sun MPI program Collecting and analyzing performance data can help you discover and tune problem areas in your program See the following sections m Overview of MPI Performance Analysis on page 181 m Getting Started on page 182 a Managing MPI Performance An
269. the event list in the Event Table or by issuing the show events command For example this sequence of commands displays the event list then disables an event then re displays the event list prism all show events 1 trace 2 when stopped print board prism all disable 1 event 1 disabled prism all show events 1 trace disabled 2 when stopped print board To Enable an Event Type prism all enable event_ID This re enables event_ID Saving Events Events that you create for a program are automatically maintained when you reload the same program during a Prism session This saves you the effort of redefining these events each time you reload a program Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Note these points m The Prism environment prints a warning message if it can t maintain an event for example because the event is supposed to occur at a source line that no longer exists Obviously changing the program can also change the meaning of events a breakpoint set at line 32 for example may still be a valid event but it may not be the event you want if you have deleted lines earlier in the program a Disabled events become enabled when a program is reloaded m Events are deleted when you leave the Prism environment v To Save Events to a File You can use Prism commands to save your events to a file and then execute them from the file rather than individually 1 Type prism all show eve
270. the following threads 0 2 1 5 6 1 5 6 The following example shows a situation in which using an unbounded pset a11 generates an error Note that in a threaded program a11 is equivalent to the unbounded set of all al1l which is the union of all processes and all threads The use of the snapshot argument however avoids that error prism all 1 1 stop in func print 1 pset all Currently dynamic psets are not allowed in events Action is dropped from event 3 because of dynamic pset all 3 stop in func pset all prism all 1 1 stop in func print 2 pset snapshot all 4 stop in func print 2 pset snapshot all Referring to Nonexistent Thread Identifiers Pset expressions may refer to thread identifiers that do not yet exist in the running program For example the pset all 5 refers to thread 5 which will not exist before the program begins execution You can use such psets only in certain pset contexts such as setting a breakpoint In particular you cannot establish a current pset containing non existent threads For example prism all show pset all The set contains the following threads 0 3 1 prism all pset all 5 illegal there is no thread 5 yet Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 81 However you may use a pset qualifier containing non existent threads when setting a breakpoint For example prism all stop in foo pset all 5 prism all Using the
271. the line number region or a if the current source position is the same as the current execution point Shift click on this symbol to display a pop up window that shows the process es for which the symbol is the execution pointer Attaching to a Running Serial Process As described in Attaching to a Process on page 13 you can load a running process into the Prism environment by specifying the name of the executable program and the process ID of the corresponding running process on the command line of the Prism environment You can also attach to a running process from within the Prism environment Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Note To attach to the running process of a serial program the process must be running on the same node as the Prism environment To Attach To a Running Process From Within the Prism Environment Find out the process s ID by issuing the Solaris command ps Load the executable program for the process into the Prism environment Issue the attach command on the command line of the Prism environment using the process s process ID as the argument With either method of attaching to the process the process is interrupted a message is displayed in the command window giving its current location and its status is stopped You can then work with the program in the Prism environment as you normally would The only difference in behavior is that it does not display its I O in a special
272. this file If you just specify the line number the Prism environment uses the current file There are also three keywords you can use in this field 90 Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 a Use eachline to specify that the event is to take place at each line of the program this is the default a Use eachinst to specify that the event is to take place at each assembly language instruction a Use stopped to specify that the event is to take place whenever the program stops execution m Watch Use this field to specify a variable or expression whose value s are to be watched the event takes place if the value of the variable or expression changes If the variable is an array or a parallel variable the event takes place if the value of any element changes This slows execution considerably a Actions Use this field to specify the action s associated with the event The actions can be most Prism commands separate multiple commands with semicolons The commands that you can t include in the Actions field are attach core detach load return run and step m Condition Use this field to specify a logical condition that must be met if the event is to take place The logical condition can be any language expression that evaluates to true or false See Writing Expressions in the Prism Environment on page 32 for more information about writing expressions in the Prism environment Specifying a condition slows executio
273. tion you write would look like this include prism h void prism define_Value struct Value val if val gt type INT prism_add_union value i else prism_add_union value d There are no restrictions on the number or order of calls to prism_add_union and prism_add_array Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 vV To Update and Close a Structure Visualizer 1 Update the structure visualizer with a left click on Update in the File menu This updates a structure visualizer When you do this the root node is re read the Prism environment attempts to expand the same nodes that are currently expanded The same thing happens if you re print an existing structure visualizer 2 Close the structure visualizer with a left click on Close in the File menu Printing the Type of a Variable The Prism environment provides several methods for finding out the type of a variable v To Print the Type of a Variable From the Menu Bar Perform the following steps 1 Choose the Whatis selection from the Debug menu 2 The Whatis dialog box appears it prompts for the name of a variable 3 Click on Whatis This displays the information about the variable in the Command window 4 Click on Type The Prism environment treats name as a type name v To Print the Type of a Variable from the Source Window Perform the following steps 1 Select a variable by double clicking on it or by dragging over it w
274. tive to the entire Where graph To Move the Position Displayed in the Where Graph Perform one of the following m Drag the box m Click at a spot in the navigator The box moves to that spot and the window shows the Where graph in this area of the total display To Display More of the Where Graph Click on the Zoom down arrow to the right of the navigator This reduces the size of the boxes representing the functions and removes information FIGURE 4 6 shows the Where graph of FIGURE 4 5 zoomed out one level Note that the information about the current process s arguments is gone Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 FIGURE 4 6 Where Graph Zoomed Out One Level As you zoom further out the Where graph removes the line numbers and one more level after that removes the function names leaving only boxes connected by lines To Display Additional Information About a Box in the Where Graph Shift click on a box to display information about it If your program is multithreaded its call stacks are not rooted at main Thus at maximum zoom the Where graph displays the call stacks as multiple trees a forest rather than a single tree For example FIGURE 4 7 shows the Where graph of a multithreaded program Chapter 4 Debugging a Program 111 x z ttt ELEI L 7 4 4 T L EELEE E FIGURE 4 7 Where Graph Zoomed Out to the Maximum vV To Increase the Size of the Where Graph s Function Box
275. tor Colors 171 v To Display Communicator Data 172 v To Display Data Types 173 Displaying and Visualizing Sun S3L Arrays 173 v lt 4 a4 lt lt To Display the Data Type of an Array Handle 175 To Create an S3L Parallel Array 175 To Display and Visualize Sun S3L Parallel Arrays 176 To Visualize the Layouts of S3L Parallel Arrays 178 To Print or Display an S3L Array Using the layout Intrinsic 179 6 Obtaining MPI Performance Data 181 Overview of MPI Performance Analysis 181 Getting Started 182 Managing MPI Performance Analysis 183 Environment Variables 183 Enabling rsh 186 MPI Performance Analysis Commands 186 TNF Probes 187 Collecting Performance Data 188 v To Run Performance Analysis 188 Naming TNF Data Files and Controlling Data Collection Buffer Size 189 Specifying Which TNF Probes to Enable 189 Turning on the Collection Process in Subsets of Your Code 190 Using a prisminit File to Start the Collection of Performance Data 190 Controlling the Merging of Trace Data 190 Prism 6 1 Reference Manual March 2000 Displaying Performance Data 191 Using the tnfview Timeline Window 192 Using the tnfview Plot Window 195 Controlling the Scale of TNF Data Collection 205 Collecting Trace Data 205 Merging Trace Data Files 206 Managing Disk Space Requirements 207 Performance Analysis Tips 207 Reusing Performance Data Files 207 Enabling Probes Selectively 207 Anticipating Timing Problems 208 Miscellaneous Sug
276. tructure or a structure valued expression in a window a structure visualizer appears FIGURE 5 17 shows an example of a structure visualizer topwidget 0x639b00 draw 0x615d20 nav 0x63d930 changed 0x402ff8 win 54526292 gc Ox63db78 font Ox3d2a78 root 0x63d000 current 0x63d000 nodes Ox62a2e0 FIGURE 5 17 Structure Visualizer The structure you specified appears inside a box this is referred to as a node The node shows the fields in the structure and their values If the structure contains pointers small boxes appear next to them they are referred to as buttons Left click on a node to select it Use the up and down arrow keys to move between buttons of a selected node You can perform various actions within a structure visualizer as described below Chapter5 Visualizing Data 149 Expanding Pointers You can expand scalar pointers in a structure to generate new nodes You cannot expand a pointer to a parallel variable vV To Expand a Single Pointer Perform one of the following a With a mouse Left click on a button to expand the pointer For example clicking on the button next to the nav field in FIGURE 5 17 changes the visualizer as shown in FIGURE 5 18 m From the keyboard Use the right arrow key to expand and visit the node pointed to by the current button If the node is already expanded pressing the right arrow key simply visits the node Use the left arrow key to visit the p
277. u had actually typed them in the command window When reading the file The Prism environment interprets lines beginning with a pound sign as comments The prisminit file is a special file of commands if it exists the Prism environment executes this file automatically when it starts up See Initializing the Prism Environment on page 219 for more information 32 Writing Expressions in the Prism Environment While working in the Prism environment there are circumstances in which you may want to write expressions that the Prism environment will evaluate For example you can print or display expressions and you can specify an expression as a condition under which an action is to take place You can write these expressions in the language of the program you are working on This section discusses additional aspects of writing expressions How the Prism Environment Chooses the Correct Variable or Procedure Multiple variables and procedures can have the same name in a program This can be a problem when you specify a variable or procedure in an expression To determine which variable or procedure you mean The Prism environment tries to resolve its name by using these rules 1 It first tries to resolve the name using the scope of the current function For example if you use the name x and there is a variable named x in the current function or the current file the Prism environment uses that x The current function is ordinari
278. uble precision complex COUNT logical array Counts the number of true elements in a logical array Works for Fortran only SIZE array Counts the total number of elements in the array ILEN I Returns one less than the length in bits of the two s complement representation of an integer If I is nonnegative ILEN I has the value log2 I 1 if I is negative ILEN I has the value log2 I IMAG complex number Returns the imaginary part of a complex number Works for Fortran only AXVAL array Computes the maximum value of all elements of a numeric array INVAL array Computes the minimum value of all elements of a numeric array PRODUCT array Computes the product of all elements of a numeric array RANK scalar or array Returns the rank of the array or scalar REAL numeric argument Converts an argument to real type Works for Fortran only n UM array Computes the sum of all elements of a numeric array The intrinsics can be either upper or lowercase Using C Arrays in Expressions The Prism environment handles arrays slightly differently from the way C handles them In a C program if you have the declaration int a 10 and you use a in an expression the type of a converts from array of ints to pointer to int Following the rules of C therefore a Prism command like prism all print a 2 Chapter 2 Using the Prism Environmen
279. ueue visualizer displays messages without scaling the message labels to the exact size of the message lengths measured in bytes Collections of labels of small messages can appear disproportionately large when compared to the label of a single very large message measuring more total bytes Chapter5 Visualizing Data 169 170 v To Display Message Fields Click individual messages This open the Message dialog box shown in FIGURE 5 25 FIGURE 5 25 Message Dialog Box Interpreting Message Dialog Fields The fields in the Message dialog box are described in TABLE 5 3 TABLE 5 3 Message Dialog Box Fields Label Description Buffer The address of the message Size The length in bytes of the message Tag The MPI tag argument passed in the call to post the message Comm The name of the MPI communicator in which the message belongs or the communicator s address if it is unnamed Click on the Communicator View button to display the Communicator dialog box To The rank of the destination of the message Prism displays this field Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 only for posted sends TABLE 5 3 Message Dialog Box Fields Continued Label Description From The rank of the sender of the message Prism displays this field only for posted receives or unexpected receives Protocol The implementation method by which the message has been sent Possible values are loopback shared memory RSM and TCP D
280. uide March 2000 CHAPTER 4 Debugging a Program This chapter discusses how to debug programs in the Prism environment It also describes how to use events to control the execution of a program The principles that apply to debugging serial programs also apply to debugging message passing programs However debugging a message passing program can be considerably more complex than debugging a serial program since you are in effect debugging multiple individual programs concurrently The Prism environment s concept of psets lets you focus your debugging efforts on the processes that are of particular interest The following discussions distinguish features where necessary that apply exclusively to debugging the processes of message passing programs a Overview of Events on page 87 a Using the Event Table on page 89 m Setting Breakpoints on page 99 a Tracing Program Execution on page 104 a Displaying and Moving Through the Call Stack on page 106 m Combining Debug and Optimization Options on page 115 a Examining the Contents of Memory and Registers on page 117 Overview of Events A typical approach to debugging is to stop the execution of a program at different points so that you can perform various actions for example check the values of variables You stop execution by setting a breakpoint If you perform a trace execution stops then automatically continues 87 88 Breakp
281. up your own name The default is dedicated See To Redirect Output to a File on page 30 for a discussion of these names Click on OK The event is added to the Event Table When the location is reached in the program the value s of the expression or variable are printed The Display dialog box is similar but it does not prompt for a location the display visualizer will update every time the program stops execution To Print or Display From the Event Table You can use the Event Table to define a print or display event that is to take place at a specified location in the program Click on Print or Display in the Common Events buttons to create an event that will print or display data a If you click on Print the Location and Action fields are highlighted Put a program location in the Location field Complete the print event in the Actions field specifying the variable or expression and the window in which it is to be printed For example prism all print d2 on dedicated m If you click on Display the Location field displays stopped and the Actions field displays print on dedicated Complete the description of the print event as described above The variable or expression you specify is then displayed whenever the program stops execution Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 v To Print or Display From the Command Window Perform one of the following m Type prism all print This prints the value s of a v
282. urce 230 234 Prism textFont resource 230 233 Prism textManyFieldTranslations resource 230 236 Prism textMasterColor resource 230 234 Prism textOneFieldTranslations resource 230 236 Prism useXterm resource 230 238 Prism vizColormap resource 231 Prism vizcolormap resource 234 prism_add_array function 153 prism_define_typename function 153 probes TNF 181 procedure menu for Sun HPF generic procedures 227 process attaching to running 13 process command 72 73 cannot be used in event actions 98 process running loading 13 processes interrupting 51 waiting for 51 PRODUCT intrinsic function 35 programs loading into Prism 43 reloading into Prism 45 rerunning 49 pset command 69 70 73 cannot be used in event actions 98 hide option 75 unhide option 75 pset keyword 59 pset qualifier 77 cannot be used in event actions 98 psets bounded creating from an unbounded pset 80 cycling through the members of 74 defining 59 syntax for 59 deleting 68 dynamic 58 and events 97 and the current pset 70 contrasted with variable psets 64 naming 62 predefined 58 threads 54 unbounded 78 snapshots 79 using 54 using in commands 77 variable 62 78 and events 97 and the current pset 71 contrasted with dynamic psets 64 evaluating membership in 63 viewing the contents of 65 Psets selection 56 Psets window 65 changing the current pset via 68 using 56 zooming in 66 pst
283. v To Find out Execution Status Perform one of the following Type prism all pstatus This finds out the execution status of processes in the current pset For example prism all pstatus process 0 running process 1 stopped in procedure pawn_moves at chess c 49 process 2 interrupted in procedure construct_move at chess c 1187 process 3 interrupted in procedure rook_check at chess c 746 m Type prism all pstatus pset_qualifier This finds out the execution status of the specified pset For information about psets see Using Psets in the Prism Environment on page 54 Executing Programs With the Commands Only Interface Type prism all run This starts a program using the commands only interface The program starts up in the background Type prism all fg This brings the running into the foreground You cannot execute Prism commands while the program is executing in the foreground Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 53 Type Control Z This returns a running program to the background This key sequence sends the running program to the background and regains the prism prompt Type prism all quit This command terminates the debugging session Before quitting the Prism environment kills the debugging process if it was started with run or the Prism environment will detach from it if the program was previously attached 54 Using Psets i
284. values It displays a dialog box like the one shown below H load save Directories File j make state hpe Makefile prism README doc chess rograms chess c chess h chess o eval c eval o d globals c fy Diff With I _OK Cancel Help FIGURE 5 16 Diff With Dialog Box The dialog box has the same format as the Save As dialog box described in To Save the Values of a Variable on page 145 It lists the files found in your current working directory in the Prism environment Click on a file name then click on OK to choose the file Or type a file name in the Diff With text entry box and click on OK Choose Diff to compare the visualizers values to those in the most recently specified file if no file has been specified values are compared to those in the file noname var in your current working directory in the Prism environment Once you have specified a file via Diff or Diff With the Prism environment creates a new visualizer that displays the difference in values between the visualizer and the file If an element s value in the new visualizer is 0 the value is the same in both versions If it is nonzero it is different in the two versions Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 You can work with this visualizer as you would any visualizer For example you can change the representation and display summary statistics Visualizing Structures If you print a pointer or a s
285. ving been posted incorrectly such as with the wrong tag The program could deadlock due to errors In addition to viewing the status of messages you can also view the contents of the messages themselves to ensure that the correct data was transmitted Note The Prism environment does not display blocking sends and receives on message queues If a blocking routine such as an MPI_Send hangs your program you can use the Prism environment to display a stack backtrace to find the problem showing the MPI_Send present on the stack The Prism environment also does not display MPI generalized requests Chapter5 Visualizing Data 163 164 v To Launch the MPI Queue Visualizer Choose the MPI Msgs selection under the Prism Debug menu This selection is available only when a program linked to the Sun MPI library has been loaded into the Prism environment See FIGURE 5 23 for an example Each row of messages displayed in the message queue window corresponds to a process rank numbered from zero The following sections describe how each part of the MPI queue visualizer window affects the display of messages To Select the Queue to Visualize Choose an item from the View menu This selects the queues to visualize You can view three classes of MPI queues for each rank m Posted Sends m Posted Receives m Unexpected Receives You can view queues only when a rank has stopped Otherwise the visualizer displays the label running for t
286. wing for this information a AnswerBook2 online documentation for the Solaris operating environment m Other software documentation that you received with your system xxi Typographic Conventions TABLE P 1 Typographic Conventions Typeface or Symbol Meaning AaBbCc123 The names of commands files and directories on screen computer output AaBbCc123 What you type when contrasted with on screen computer output AaBbCc123 Book titles new words or terms words to be emphasized Command line variable replace with a real name or value Shell Prompts TABLE P 2 Shell Prompts Examples Edit your login file Use 1s a to list all files o You have mail ole a e Password Read Chapter 6 in the User s Guide These are called class options You must be root to do this To delete a file type rm filename Shell Prompt C shell machine_name C shell superuser machine_name Bourne shell and Korn shell Ss Bourne shell and Korn shell superuser xxii Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Related Documentation TABLE P 3 Related Documentation Application Title Part Number All Sun HPC ClusterTools 3 1 806 3731 10 Administrator s Guide All Sun HPC ClusterTools 3 1 User s Guide 806 3733 10 All Sun HPC ClusterTools 3 1 Product Notes 906 4182 10 Sun MPI Programming Sun MPI 4 1 Programming and Reference 806 3734 10 Guide S3L Sun S3L 3 1 Programming and Reference _ 806
287. with commas Use a colon between two process or thread numbers to indicate a range Use a second colon to indicate the stride to be used within this range m A union difference or intersection of psets To specify the union use the symbol or To specify the difference use the minus sign To specify the intersection use the symbol amp amp amp or m A snapshot of a pset expression Use the snapshot pset_expression argument to define a pset with a constant value in a multithreaded program which could otherwise change during program execution For more information about the snapshot intrinsic see Using Snapshots of Unbounded Psets in Commands on page 79 v To Specify a Pset as an Argument to a Command Type prism all command pset pset_specifier Put the pset_specifier clause at the end of the command line but before an on window clause if any Thus prism all print x pset error prints the values of the variable x in the predefined pset error See Visualizing Multiple Processes on page 160 for a discussion of printing variables in the Prism environment v To Specify a Pset as a Subset of a Pset Clause Perform one of the following Chapter 3 Loading and Executing a Program 59 60 Specify an individual process number An individual process can constitute a pset Thus prism all print x pset 0 prints the value of x in process 0 if the program is not multithreaded If the
288. y Omar Aga Reload After Make 9S Ye No Maka Cancel Help FIGURE 7 1 The make Window a Choose Make from the Utilities menu A window appears FIGURE 7 1 is an example a Edit the fields in the make window if necessary The window prompts for the names of the makefile the target file s the directory in which the makefile is located and other arguments to make If a file is loaded its name is in the Target box and the directory in which it is located is in the Directory box you can change these if you like If you leave the Makefile or the Target box empty make uses a default See your Solaris documentation for a discussion of these defaults If you leave the Directory box empty make looks for the makefile in the directory from which you started the Prism environment You can specify any standard make arguments in the Other Args box The dialog box also asks if you want to reload after the make Answering Yes the default automatically reloads the newly compiled program into the Prism environment if the make is successful If you answer No the program is not reloaded m To cancel the make while it is in progress click on the Cancel button If a make is not in progress clicking on Cancel closes the window m View the output from make The output is displayed in the box at the bottom of the Make window Subsequent makes use the same window unless you start a new make while a previous make is still in progre
289. y 16 bytes in length Tips for Controlling the Scale of Data Collection m Change lessen the number of probes that you enable a Change shorten the duration of the time during which collection is active Prism 6 1 User s Guide March 2000 Merging Trace Data Files The file size of the final merged trace data file is approximately equal to the number of processes times the buffer size However the final trace data file will be smaller if the individual trace data buffers are not full The loading of the final merged trace data file into tnfview can take a length of time proportionate to the size of the data file Managing Disk Space Requirements As described in PRISM_TNFDIR on page 184 the Prism environment uses usr tmp for storing trace data files Since that directory resides locally on each machine the processes that generate trace records can write their TNF probe records without being delayed by a network connection You can use another directory for trace data collection files To direct the Prism environment to create trace data files in your chosen directory set the PRISM_TNFDIR or TMPDIR environment variables to the directory you choose For example setenv PRISM_TNFDIR directory Performance Analysis Tips The following sections offer cautions and suggestions about using TNF probes to analyze the performance of your Sun MPI programs Reusing Performance Data Files You can reuse TNF trace fil

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