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USER'S GUIDE

1. O09 12 4 12 4 Moving Text Blocks be le Me de OO we he ee NO Saving or Abandoning Changes ED Exit 128 12 4 1 Line Numbers in the Memory Buffer 112 12 4 2 Inserting Text into the Memory Buffer 113 12 4 3 Displaying Buffer Contents at the Console 116 12 4 4 Moving the Character Pointer CP 117 12 4 5 Deleting Characters Sanes ahe wS Aan 12 4 6 Finding and Replacing Strings io se Aas aM tas Mas et alee 12 4 7 ED Macro Commands s e e e e e e e e e a 124 8 9 12 5 ED Error Messages gt s e es ow s ooa eses dw e l30 viii is xz QQ Ss ASCII and Hexadecimal Conversions File Types MP M 86 Control Character Summary MP M 86 Error Messages Checklist for Using Files MP M 86 Command Summary Drive and File Status Summary User s Glossary APPENDICES ix 132 139 141 147 153 155 SECTION 1 MP M 86 SIGN ON MESSAGES 1 1 MP M 86 System Generation Section 1 describes the messages that appear on the system consoles after bringing up the MP M 86 system Information in the messages is directly related to system generation the process in which MP M 86 is first brought up on a certain hardware configuration System generation is covered in detail in the MP M 86 System Guide This section discusses the elements of system generation that affect MP M 86 s sign on messages Over thirty utilities are supplied with MP M 86
2. 8 MPMSTAT ATTACH ABORT 9 10 8 1 8 2 8 3 TYPE 9 1 TOD 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 The MPMSTAT Command The ATTACH Command The ABORT Command ERA ERAQ REN The TYPE Command The ERA Command The ERAQ Command The REN Command PRINTER SPOOL STOPSPLR The TOD Command The PRINTER Command The SPOOL Command The STOPSPLR Command vii 59 60 60 61 61 61 62 62 65 67 68 71 72 74 75 77 78 79 79 TABLE OF CONTENTS continued 10 5 The SUBMIT Command s 4 s e e s e s o e e e oe o o 80 10 551 Creating the SUB File 4 e s s e gt gt gt 80 10 5 2 Operation of SUBMIT s 2 e e e e e Bl 10 5 3 Aborting SUBMIT aI eel aE a tel as a E ee a A 10 5 4 The INCLUDE SUBMIT Option took GI a Se zw See BS 11 The PIP Command ll l Introduction to PIP 4 s s s e me e s e e s e s e e 85 1l 2 PIP and Disk Files s es e s e s e e e o e e o o 87 11 4 PIP and Other Peripheral Devices s e e e e e 90 Lig Ss PIP Opti ns e e aei ces ak WO SO a e a a e we ct a a o2 1l1l 6 PIP Console Messages s e s s e o s o o o o o o o 97 12 ED The MP M 86 Editor 12 1 Introduction to ED e gt s s gt s s e e e e e e e e gt 103 12 2 ED Concepts and Operation e e e e e e e e e 105 12 3 Starting with ED e a e wos e woe e a aoe oee wae SEAT 12 4 ED Commands e
3. OPERATING SYSTEM USER S GUIDE MP M 86 Operating System USER S GUIDE Copyright 1981 Digital Research P O Box 579 167 Central Pacific Grove CA 93950 408 649 3896 TWX 910 360 5001 All Rights Reserved COPYRIGHT Copyright c 1981 by Digital Research All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced transmitted transcribed stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic mechanical magnetic optical chemical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of Digital Research Post Office Box 579 Pacific Grove California 93950 This manual is however tutorial in nature Thus the reader is granted permission to include the example programs either in whole or in part in his own programs DISCLAIMER Digital Research makes no representetions or warranties with respect to the contents hereof and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose Further Digital Research reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from time to time in the content hereof without obligation of Digital Research to notify any person of such revision or changes TRADEMARKS CP M is a registered trademark of Digital Research CP M 86 and MP M 86 are trademarks of Digital Research The MP M 86 User s Guide was prepared using the Digital R
4. where n is the number of characters the CP is to be moved A positive number moves the CP towards the end of the line and the bottom of the buffer A negative number moves the CP towards the top of the buffer Combine a C command with a T command to verify the CP s new location 10 more programs Please send me a list of 10 16ct Please send me a list of 10 t 9 utilities but know that soon I ll want 8 bt l Compudealer l bt If you wish you can enter an n large enough to move the CP to a different line Remember however that each line is separated by the invisible characters lt cr gt lt lf gt and you must compensate for their presence The L command moves the CP the specified number of lines After an L command the CP always points to the beginning of a line The formats of the L command are nL nL where n is the number of lines the CP is to be moved A positive number moves the CP towards the end of the buffer A negative humber moves the CP towards the beginning of the buffer For example the command L moves the CP to the beginning of the MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands previous line even if the CP originally points to a character in the middle of the line Use the special character 0 to move the CP to the beginning of the current line For example l 71t 8 you last week I am learning to use the MP M 8 31t ll the MP M software you keep in stock ll 8ct software you keep in sto
5. Figure 1 3 shows a listing of a sample MP M 86 disk directory in which the day file option has been enabled Use the TOD command described in Section 10 of this manual to set the date and time correctly 3D gt DIR 15 53 32 D DIR CMD User 0 Directory for User 3 D ABORT CMD ASM86 CMD CONSOLE CMD DIR CMD D DSKRESET CMD DDT86 CMD ED CMD ERA CMD D ERAQ CMD MPMSTAT RSP PIP CMD TOD CMD D ATTACH CMD GENSYS CMD REN CMD MPMLDR CMD D SDIR CMD SET CMD SHOW CMD SPOOL CMD D STAT CMD STOPSPLR CMD SUBMIT CMD MPMSTAT CMD D TYPE CMD Figure 1 3 Sample MP M 86 Directory The display just under the command line in Figure 1 3 is enabled by the day file option When the day file option is enabled it returns the time the drive from which the program was loaded the command program name and filetype and the user number from which it was accessed if it is other than the default user number In this case MP M 86 shows the time as 15 hours 53 minutes and 32 seconds 15 53 32 using a twenty four hour clock MP M 86 found the DIR CMD program on Drive D in user area 0 MP M 86 User s Guide 1 4 The Day File Option Resident System Processes and built in commands such as PRINTER and USER reside in the operating system There is no actual physical file on the disk Therefore MP M 86 cannot report a command program filename and filetype If the command line references a built in command there is no day file displa
6. I identification atributess 59 include command 83 insert mode in ED 113 invoking ED 107 J juxtapose 123 K kilobyte 36 48 kilobyte drive capacity 42 L label 61 label created 50 label functions 53 label password 53 label updated 50 library file 116 line numbers in ED 112 line editing control characters 110 local option 24 logged in 37 logical devices 91 lower case passwords 14 M MAKE XFCB option 59 memory allocation 65 memory allocation display 66 memory bank 65 memory partitions 66 memory pointer 105 memory requirements for ED 107 memory segment 9 65 modifier 24 moving the CP 117 MPMSTAT 65 multi programming 9 67 multiple command execution 80 N nested submit files 83 No file 71 none 54 0 open files 27 option keyword 25 option modifier 24 optional items 23 options 24 34 P page relocatable 18 passive functions 47 password 11 13 23 54 71 74 75 password error 14 password protection 21 49 51 52 55 password protection mode 62 PIP 85 PIP options 92 pointers 105 primary filename 11 12 printer 32 PRINTER 78 program ll programname 23 protection mode 21 54 49 52 Q queue 65 queue list 18 R read 54 Read Only 17 32 35 41 46 48 51 60 74 Read Write 17 35 48 60 record capacity 42 reedit 129 REN 75 rename file 75 reset drive 27 Resident S
7. After editing that section the user instructs ED to write out the edited section to the new file Then at the user s command ED copies another section of the large file into the memory buffer for the user to edit For this reason editing with ED is generally a one direction process you start at the beginning of the file and edit through to the end Although you may edit backwards through the memory buffer you may not reedit any sections ED has already written out to the new file without starting afresh at the top of the new file How ED keeps track of the original file the new file and the data in the memory buffer is described in Section 12 2 ED Concepts and Operation ED is a line oriented character editor that is it treats a file as a long chain of characters Characters are grouped together in lines ED defines a line as any characters after a carriage 104 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 1 Introduction to ED return line feed sequence lt cr gt lt lf gt up to and including the next lt cr gt lt lf gt When you press the carriage return key in insert mode the line feed is inserted automatically Section 12 3 gives a quick introduction of how to get started with ED Section 12 4 gives complete descriptions of all the ED commands Section 12 5 describes ED s error messages 12 2 ED Concepts and Operation To keep track of editing progress through the file ED uses four pointeis the source pointer the memory pointer the
8. Create file 11 103 113 creation date 50 creation time 57 D data file 11 data file search 20 date 77 Gay file option 1 3 DDT86 8 default drive 2 3 12 18 28 default password 14 55 defauit user area 18 31 default user number 3 12 18 28 DEL 6 delete 54 delete file 72 delimiter 15 detach 9 67 DIR 17 31 60 directory 31 directory attribute 16 35 46 60 directory display 22 directory label 49 52 53y 55 6l disk attributes 41 disk directory 31 disk drive 19 disk reset 27 40 Disk reset denied 27 disk space 40 44 disk status 41 47 display file contents 71 display while editing 116 distribution disk 3 drive 23 drive attributes 51 drive directory 31 drive label 21 53 61 drive options 53 drive specification 11 12 DSKRESET 27 E ED memory requirements 107 edit existing file 115 ERA 72 ERAQ 74 erase filename 72 executable file 11 execute multiple commands 80 extended file control block 17 45 59 74 F FCB 17 file 11 file attributes 16 40 43 51 file concatenation 89 file control block 17 43 file location conventions 17 File not found 20 32 file specification 11 12 23 file status 40 filename 11 23 filesp c 12 23 filetype 11l 13 23 formal parameters 81 82 free space 40 41 full format 35 G GENCMD 8 GENSYS 8 global options 24 34 global search 21
9. In these command lines the character string appears after the command letter and may be terminated by either a carriage return or a TZ When an ED command contains a character string the string may not exceed 100 characters Examples of character strings in ED commands are given in the descriptions of the F S N I and J commands When you are just starting to use ED you will probably enter only one command at a time However ED is easier to use if you combine commands on a single command line For example when you make a change you might want ED to display the corrected line so you can verify that the change was made correctly It saves 109 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands keystrokes and editing time to combine the editing and display commands on the same line Therefore most of the examples presented in this section combine ED commands When you combine several commands on a line ED executes them in the same order they are entered from left to right on the command line There are four restrictions to combining ED commands e The combined command line may not exceed 128 characters e If the combined command line contains a character string the string may not exceed 100 characters e When a command with a character string argument is to be followed by another command the character string must be terminated by a Z to separate it from the next command letter If the string is the last item on the command line it m
10. archived files by listing an A in their file attributes column MP M 86 also supports four user defined file attributes labeled Fl F2 F3 and F4 A SET command can set each of these attributes to either on or off SDIR and STAT list the number 1 4 of any of the user defined attributes which are set to on 3 4 XFCB Information MP M 86 can record certain optional information about a file in an Extended File Control Block XFCB MP M 86 uses a File Control Block FCB to help locate a file on disk In the XFCB MP M 86 can record a password and two time Stamps for the file One time stamp can record when the file was last updated The other time stamp can record either when the file was created or last accessed See the descriptions of the SDIR and SET commands in Sections 6 and 7 for a complete discussion of XFCBS password creation and time stamps 3 5 File Location Conventions This section describes the factors to consider when entering a command at your console especially if it appears that MP M 86 cannot find a specified file MP M 86 might answer your command line with a Can t Find File message even though you are sure your command file executable program file is on the disk The command program might return a No file message even though you are also sure your data file is on the disk Remember that you have 17 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 5 File Location Conventions multiple drives and you might not be logged into the
11. it is not necessary to enter a complete file specification as the source or destination sometimes only a drive specification is required For example if you want the destination file to have the same name as the source file you need only enter the destination drive specification and the complete source file specification as shown below OA gt PIP B A TOD CMD This kind of abbreviation also works if you specify the destination file specification and only a drive specification for the source PIP then searches the source disk for a file whose name matches the destination specification and if it finds one copies it to the destination disk Here is an example of such a command OA gt PIP B TOD CMD A Note that the file specification can be abbreviated even further if the source or destination it specifies is on your default drive For example the first command below makes a copy of TOD CMD from the default drive A to the destination drive B The second command copies the file APP1 A86 from drive B to the default drive A OA gt P P OA gt PIP I I When you give an ambiguous filename as the source specification PIP copies all files matching the ambiguous specification to the destination drive It adds the copies to the destination disk s directory giving them the same primary filenames filetypes passwords and attributes as they had on the source disk As it does this PIP lists each filename that satisfies the ambiguous ref
12. larger than this number require multiple directory entries Records Block This is the minimum amount of space that must be assigned to a file on this disk known as the block size 42 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 4 The STAT Command Table 6 2 continued Message Meaning Sectors Track Each track on the disk is logically divided into this number of 128 byte sectors Reserved Tracks This number of disk tracks are not available for data storage They are reserved for the MP M 86 system 6 4 2 File Attributes and Statistics To display the attributes and statistics of a single file enter the file reference in the STAT command as shown in the example below OA gt STAT B LETTER TEX Recs Bytes FCBs Attributes Name 16 16k 1 Dir Rw B LETTER TEX 16k 1 1 file 2 1k blocks Bytes Remaining On B 4 800k OA gt This display reports that LETTER TEX on drive B occupies 16 kilobytes of disk space grouped into 16 128 byte records It uses one File Control Block FCB in the disk directory FCB is the technical name for a directory entry Large files may require several directory entries FCBs The file has the DIRectory attribute meaning that it is not a system file It also carries the RW access attribute meaning that it is not write protected and that you can write to that file No other special file attributes are set for the file To display the above information for a group of files enter an ambiguous file refer
13. wildcard characters 15 16 write 54 write protected 46 X XFCB 17 45 59 74 168
14. 1 MP M 86 Logical Devices Name Device CON the console LST a list device or printer Each logical device is assigned a physical device You can specify any valid logical device as a source or destination in a PIP command tail PIP then copies data to or from the physical device associated with that logical device For example to list the file APP PRN on disk B at the system printer enter the PIP command shown below OA gt PIP LST B APP PRN PIP then copies the disk file to the physical device associated with LST generally a line printer Besides logical devices PIP also allows special names to be included as devices in a command tail In general these special devices perform specific tasks such as adding an end of file character to the end of the destination file or adding leading or trailing zeroes to a file Table 11 2 summarizes the special PIP devices Table 11 2 Special PIP Devices Name Function NUL A source device that sends 40 zeroes nulls to the destination device EOF A source device that sends an end of file character to the destination device PIP automatically adds a TZ to the end of all ASCII data transfers PRN A destination device that performs the following functions as data is copied expands tabs to every eighth character position numbers lines inserts an initial page eject and an additional page eject every 60 lines Same as LST with t8np 91 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 5 PIP Op
15. 2 ED Concepts and Operation Source File Memory Buffer Temporary File First Line Unprocessed l ent Free i Source Append Memory l Write Space Lines i Space ES S Se 1 ea eS res as et Doan ese ee ee ee ee ee Figure 12 2 ED s Pointers The character pointer CP indicates where editing can take place The CP is always in the memory buffer and can move anywhere within the buffer at the user s command Imagine that the CP is always between two characters An ED command with a positive numeric argument affects the characters after the CP towards the bottom of the file An ED command with a negative numeric argument affects the characters before CP towards the top of the file ED is sometimes called a context editor because it makes changes in the context of or in relation to the CP Section 12 3 introduces commands that move the CP while Sections 12 4 3 and 12 4 4 give more detail Table 12 1 shows how a few ED commands move the CP through the buffer In this table the location of the CP in memory is represented by the special character a Table 12 1 Moving the Character Pointer ED Command Effect Resulting Memory Buffer a move contents of file NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL into the buffer GOOD MEN llc move CP 11 characters NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOOD MEN 1 move CP down one line NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOOD MEN When invoked ED first allocates as much of memory as possible for the buffer
16. Guide 12 4 ED Commands To abort a macro command strike any key at the console However even if you enter display commands in the command string a macro usually executes too quickly for you to abort the command in anything but a haphazard fashion To make the abort facility more useful ED supports a wait command Z in macros The format of the Z command is nz where n is the number of seconds ED waits before executing the next command in the string The number must be positive A combination of F Z and T commands can give you time to read a display of each occurrence of the search string When you find the one you want to edit press any key to abort the macro In the following example the user has 5 seconds to abort when the string he wants is displayed He aborts the macro by pressing the y key mf MP M Z0t5z I am enjoying the MP M I am enjoying the MP M system I received from you last week I am learning to use the MP M more programs Please send me a list of ll the MP My BREAK AT Z ll Oo ONY AE ee oo ee ee oo To verify a search and replace command you must combine four commands in a macro F or N to find the string nT to type enough of the context for you to make a decision nZ to make ED wait while you decide and I to insert the change if you decide not to abort This has the advantage of letting you specify N for the search command which carries the macro through the remainder of the original fil
17. It then searches the disk directory for the filename given as an argument in its command tail If it does not find a matching filename ED displays the message NEW FILE and creates a temporary file filename If ED does find the filename it opens that file for editing Then ED creates a temporary file with the extension which will become the new file at the end of the editing session Finally ED displays its 106 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 2 ED Concepts and Operation prompt at the console To ED s prompt you can enter commands that copy characters from the original file to the memory buffer move the CP through the buffer display characters at the console change characters and write the edited characters out to the temporary file When you tell ED you have finished editing ED writes any characters remaining in the buffer or uncopied from the original file into the temporary file and closes both files Then ED deletes any back up file that may exist and renames the original file with the extension BAK Finally ED gives the temporary file the original filename specified in the ED command tail 12 3 Starting with ED Before starting an editing session remember that ED requires a certain amount of disk space to perform its editing task A general rule is to make sure that the unused portion of your disk is at least as big as the file you are editing larger if you plan to add characters to the file When ED finds a disk
18. Name Bytes Recs Attributes Prot Update Access ONE TEX 9k 71 Dir RW None THREE TEX 12k 95 Dir RW None TEX 10k 76 Dir RW None The access time stamps displayed show the time the file was last displayed or edited Note that merely displaying a filename in a directory listing does not constitute an access and is not recorded OA gt SET UPDATE ON The above command turns on update time stamps stamps record the time the file was last modified Update time If you are displaying both update and create date time stamps you will notice that editing a file changes both the update and create time stamps This is because the MP M editor see Section 12 does not update the original file but instead renames it with the file type BAK and creates a new version with the same name as the original The files shown below are updated by an accounting system The accounting system does not recreate the files but simply writes additional information to them This example shows a display of these files after turning on update time stamping 08 05 81 15 45 08 10 81 09 13 OB gt SDIR Directory For Drive B Name Bytes Recs Attributes Prot Update GENLED DAT 109k 873 Dir RW None 08 05 81 14 01 RECEIPTS DAT 59k 475 Dir RW None 08 08 81 12 11 INVOICES DAT 76k 608 Dir RW None 08 08 81 08 46 58 08 01 81 09 36 08 01 81 09 40 08 01 81 10 15 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 3 Date and Time Stamping of Files 7 3 2 Time Stamping of Existing Files To in
19. The STAT Command Syntax STAT STAT d STAT d RO STAT filespec STAT filespec SIZE STAT filespec RO STAT filespec RW STAT filespec SYS STAT filespec DIR STAT d DSK STAT d USR STAT VAL STAT can display or set the status of several different elements of your computer system At your request it reports the amount of free space left on a disk the amount of disk space occupied by a file or group of files and displays and sets file attributes The optional command tail tells STAT what to check or change The command tail is the portion of the STAT command following STAT If you just enter STAT without a command tail STAT displays the amount of free space on the default disk and any other disk accessed since the last DSKRESET OA gt DSKRESET OA gt STAT A RW Space 74k OA gt TYPE B LETTER TEX Compudealer 123 W Fourth St Inglevale CA Dear Compudealer QA gt STAT A RW Space 74k B RW Space 4 800k In general if you enter a drive specification in the STAT command STAT can either display the disk status or set the disk status to Read Only Section 6 4 1 describes STAT commands for disks If you enter a file specification in the STAT command STAT displays or sets file status 40 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 4 The STAT Command 6 4 1 Disk Attributes and Statistics If you do not need a list of free space on all drives accessed since the last DSKRESET but do need to know how much space is le
20. ZOlt 9 utilities PIP ED AND STAT but know that soon I ll The second method is to enter a U command before inserting text Upper case translation remains in effect until you enter a U command U also translates text inserted by other ED commands such as A and R which are discussed below F N J and are discussed in Section 12 4 6 and are also affected by a U command When you invoke ED and specify an existing file to edit ED checks to see that the file exists and opens it for copying However ED does not copy the file into the memory buffer until you specify the number of lines to be copied with an A command If ED successfully appends the number of lines you specify the CP points to the first character appended The general form for an A command is nA where the optional n may be a positive integer or one of the special characters or 0 If you do not specify n ED appends one line from the original file to the memory buffer When you specify a number ED appends that number of lines to the memory buffer When you specify ED reads the entire file into the buffer If ED fills the memory buffer before it copies the whole file it issues an error message because it was unable to complete the command The error message is BREAK gt AT A The gt symbol indicates that the memory buffer overflowed during execution of the A command Because the append was unsuccessful the CP points to the end of the memory buffer To reco
21. all user areas on the drive that have files assigned to them as shown in the example below OA gt SHOW USERS Active User 1 Active Files 0 2 3 4 48 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 5 The SHOW Utility The SHOW LABEL command returns a display of the optional directory label if it has been created The directory label is an entry within the directory and contains information that describes Special attributes of the disk to the operating system For example the label tells whether time stamping and password protection are turned on for that disk You can give the label a name to help identify the data that is Stored on that disk You can assign a password to the label to prevent unauthorized access to the SET label functions that turn on or off time stamping and password protection You create a directory label when you use a SET command to turn on password protection or time stamping for a drive Section 7 explains the SET commands in detail The following example illustrates the SHOW LABEL display Label for drive B Directory Passwds Make Stamp Stamp Label Created Label Updated Label Reqd XFCBS Create Update TOMSDISK on on on on 07 04 81 10 30 07 08 81 09 30 The first column Directory Label displays the name assigned to that drive directory by a SET NAME TOMSDISK command The second column Passwds Reqd shows that Password protection has been turned on for that drive with a SET PROTECT ON command If password protection i
22. all the TEX files on drive B Each TEX file is given a protection mode of WRITE to prevent unauthorized editing OB gt SET TEX PASSWORD SECRET PROTECT WRITE B ONE TEX Protection WRITE Password SECRET B TWO TEX Protection WRITE Password SECRET B THREE TEX Protection WRITE Password SECRET 0B gt SET only displays the password when a new password is assigned If you attempt to change the protection mode of a password protected file and do not include the password in the file reference SET Prompts for the password An advantage to this is that when MP M 86 prompts for the password it is not echoed to the console and so can not be read by other people watching the screen 7 2 3 The Default Password MP M 86 supports an additional password facility called the default password You can set a default password that will be automatically tried whenever a password is required for a file or directory label operation The default password only applies to the console at which it is set The default password is a convenience when your files all have the same password When you begin working you simply set the default password to your password and from then on you can access and edit your files without having to enter the password with each file specification The files are still protected from access by any other users on the system 55 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 2 Password Protection OA gt SET DEFAULT passw
23. am enjoying the MP M system I received from you last week I am learning to use the MP M utilities but know that soon I ll want more programs Please send me a list of the MP M compatible software you keep in stock SMP M ZDigital Research Z6 llt I am enjoying the Digital Research system I received from 8 you last week I am learning to use the MP M 9 utilities but know that soon I ll want 10 more programs Please send me a list of ll the MP M compatible software you keep in stock 6 The J command inserts a string after the search string then deletes any characters between the end of the inserted string to the beginning of a third delete to string This replaces the string between the search and delete to strings with the insert string The form of the J command is nJsearch stringTZinsert stringTZdelete to string where n is the occurrence of the search string If no number is specified ED searches for the next occurrence of the search string in the memory buffer If upper case translation is enabled by either a U command or an upper case J command letter ED looks for upper case search and delete to strings and inserts an upper case insert string Note that if you combine this command with other commands you must terminate the delete to string with a fZ The delete to string is optional in a J command but if you don t use it you must terminate the command with two fTZ s In the example below a J
24. an invalid checksum CLOSE FILE An error occurred when closing a file This message appears as part of another error message COPYING PIP displays this message before listing filenames that match an ambiguous source specification at the console CORRECT ERROR TYPE RETURN OR CTL Z PIP gives you a chance to correct an invalid H86 record when using the H option Type in the correct record or enter a TZ to terminate the copy 97 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 6 PIP Console Messages Table 11 4 continued Message Meaning DESTINATION IS R O DELETE Y N NOT DELETED Destinetion file has Read Only attribute The user can specify whether to delete the old RO file that has the same name as the specified destination Y or abandon the temporary file N If N is is specified PIP displays the NOT DELETED message and aborts the copy operation DISK READ A bad sector on the source disk was read Can mean wrong density DISK WRITE A bad sector error occurred while writing the destination file Can mean wrong density END OF FILE 1Z PIP encountered an unexpected end of file during a H86 file transfer FCB CHECKSUM The Destination FCB has been corrupted Can mean bad memory FILE NOT FOUND PIP cannot find a source file Check your command line INCOMPATIBLE MODE The file was opened by another process in an incompatible mode Locked or Read Only INTERNAL LOCK LIMIT EXCEEDED The maxim
25. appear as the source filename and filetype This is possible because PIP copies source files into a temporary file When the operation is complete PIP checks the directory for duplicate destination filenames deletes any it finds and renames the temporary file with the specified destination name 89 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 3 PIP and Passwords 11 3 PIP and Passwords If a file is password protected the password must be entered in the command line following the file to which it belongs The filename is separated from the password by a semicolon Consider the password as part of the filename when placing drive specifications passwords and options in command lines Only one password can be specified for ambiguous copy operations where any matching files are password protected When a password is required PIP tries the password specified in the command line MP M 86 tries the default password If the password fails the file is skipped and the failure noted When a destination filename is specified with a password that password is assigned to the destination file When a destination filename is specified with no password no password is assigned to the destination file When only the destination drive is specified the destination file receives the password that is assigned to the source file If the source file has no password the destination file receives no password File attributes are copied with the file This includes the Read Wr
26. command replaces Digital Research for MP M 123 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands 7 I am enjoying the MP M system I received from 7 jthe ZDigital Research Zsystem Z0lt 7 I am enjoying the Digital Research system I received from oF The J command is especially helpful when revising comments in assembly language source code Use a semicolon for the search string a TL to represent lt cr gt lt lf gt as the delete to string and the new comment as the insert string as shown below 236 SORT LXI H SW ADDRESS TOGGLE SWITCH 236 j ZADDRESS SWITCH TOGGLE Z L z01t 236 SORT LXI H SW ADDRESS SWITCH TOGGLE 236 In any search string for a F N S or J command you may use TL to represent a lt cr gt lt lf gt when your desired phrase extends across a line break You may also use I in a search string to represent a tab At the console the cursor moves to the next tab stop If multiple tabs or long strings make your command line longer than your console line length you may enter a TE to cause a physical carriage return at the console A TE returns the cursor to the left edge of the console but does not send the command line to ED When you finish your command press the carriage return key to send the command to ED Remember that no ED command line containing strings may exceed 100 characters 12 4 7 ED Macro Commands Combined ED commands are powerful but an ED macro command M can increase the u
27. commands several times it is more efficient to submit the commands as a group for sequential execution MP M 86 s SUBMIT command directs the entry and execution of a sequence of MP M 86 commands To use SUBMIT you must first create a file with a SUB filetype The SUB file contains MP M 86 commands for the SUBMIT program to execute Section 10 5 1 details the creation and contents of the SUB file The SUBMIT command line includes the SUB filename and optional parameters MP M 86 then executes the commands from this file rather than from user commands at the keyboard Section 10 5 2 elaborates on the operation of the SUBMIT program During execution MP M 86 monitors the keyboard and the SUB file for certain conditions to abort the process Section 10 5 3 discusses aborting SUBMIT and Section 10 5 4 describes the new INCLUDE SUBMIT command option 10 5 1 Creating the SUB File SUBMIT requires that the group of commands to be executed be submitted in a file with a filetype of SUB Therefore to use the SUBMIT program you must first create a file with a SUB filetype Create the SUB file as you would any text file by using MP M 86 s editor ED or any other editor In the editor enter the commands in the order you want SUBMIT to execute them Enter only one command per line For example a submit file START SUB may include the following commands STAT B ERA B BAK DIR B PIP B A TEX CMD When executed this list of commands re
28. compiler spooling Printing a file from disk The SPOOL program which is detached from a console can print a file from a disk This leaves your console free for other tasks while your file is being printed syntax Format for entering a given command SYStem attribute Attribute assigned to a file enabling that file to be accessed from other than the default drive and user number System files are generally placed on the system drive in user 0 because they are most easily and efficiently accessed from that location A file can have either the SYS attribute or the DIR attribute 161 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix H User s Glossary system console Same as console A console that displays an MP M 86 system prompt system drive Drive on which MP M 86 looks for files with the SYS attribute after checking the default or specified drive The system drive is specified at system generation systems program Program that contributes to the operating system package system prompt Symbol displayed by the operating system indicating that the system is ready to receive input See prompt terminal Generally the same as a console However some terminals are not capable of initiating programs and these terminals cannot be considered consoles time stamp Record of when a file was created accessed or updated In MP M 86 the SET command turns time stamp on see Section 7 The time and date information is appended to a file in the XFC
29. currently running at a given console TD detaches the currently executing process from the console at which the 1D is entered If no process is executing the TD re attaches detached processes waiting for the console MP M 86 User s Guide 2 3 Control Character Commands After you enter a TS to stop a console display you have two options you can enter fQ to resume the display or you can enter TC to abort the process After a TS MP M 86 responds to any input character other than TQ or TC by sounding the console bell or beeper Note that some applications programs trap all the Control Characters for their own purposes This is particularly true of word processing programs For example in a word processing application a TC might cause a screenful of text to scroll by In this case the TC does NOT abort the word processing program Exit the program using its own commands or use the ABORT command from another console 2 4 Attaching and Detaching Processes MP M 86 supports multi programming at each system console You can initiate a process at a console and then detach the process from that console with the TD character Then you can initiate another process at the same console You can continue to initiate and detach processes until all of the system s existing memory partitions have been allocated Memory becomes free again as processes finish executing or are aborted with the TC or ABORT command described in Section 8 To finish
30. date time stamp records the time of file creation on the drive A file can be created on a drive using an editor to create a new file or by using the PIP command Section 11 to copy the file to the drive To record the creation time the CREATE option must be turned on before the file is created In the example Shown below three TEX files were copied to the B drive after using the SET CREATE ON command to establish creation date time stamping The SDIR command is used to display the file creation times OB gt SDIR Directory For Drive B Create 08 03 81 10 56 08 03 81 10 57 Name Bytes Recs Attributes Prot Update ONE TEX 9k 71 Dir RW None THREE TEX 12k 95 Dir RW None TWO TEX 10k 76 Dir RW None The time stamps consist of date hours and minutes using a 24 hour clock OA gt SET ACCESS ON The above example shows how to turn on access time stamps if they are desired instead of creation time stamps When the SET ACCESS option is turned on the CREATE option is automatically turned off The field heading changes from CREATE to ACCESS in the SDIR display and any file accessed read from or written to after that has the date of access entered in the access field 57 08 03 81 10 56 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 3 Date and Time Stamping of Files The example below shows an SDIR display of the three TEX files after access time stamping was turned on for a week OB gt SDIR Directory For Drive B 08 03 81 10 56
31. file in a fourth location under user number 0 of the system drive MP M 86 can only find the file in the second third and fourth locations if it has the SYS attribute on However if you are in user 0 to begin with MP M 86 can find your file on the default or specified drive if it has an attribute of DIR If you are already on the system drive MP M 86 can find your file on the system drive in your default or specified user number if it has an attribute of DIR If MP M 86 does not find the file it displays your requested filename followed by a question mark 18 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 5 File Location Conventions Table 3 2 shows the order in which MP M 86 looks for a command file on the disk drives after it has checked for queues associated with Resident System Processes Table 3 2 Command File Search Order and Locations Search Number For Filetype In User Number On Drive 1 CMD default default or specified 2 CMD 0 default or specified 3 CMD default system 4 CMD 0 system There are cases when MP M 86 does not perform all four searches Of course when MP M 86 finds the file it searches no further However if the command file specification includes a drive specification the search pattern is changed If the command file specification includes a drive specification MP M 86 looks for the file only on the specified drive First MP M 86 looks for a file of type CMD in the default user area and then in user 0 of the specified drive Th
32. following message File not found 3 5 3 Troubleshooting File Searches If you are having trouble the following checklist should help you remember the factors involved when accessing files This list is reproduced in Appendix E e If the floppy drive is set to a different density than the disk inserted in it MP M 86 may return a Bad Sector error See Appendix D MP M 86 Error Messages e If the file is set to Read Only you can read the file but you cannot write to the file e If the drive is set to Read Only you can read from files on the drive but you cannot write to them This might happen if you have forgotten to use DSKRESET before changing your disk e If you have accidentally or otherwise typed a TS your keyboard will be locked until a TQ unlocks it 20 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 5 File Location Conventions e If you receive a Not Enough Memory message use a TD to reattach a process to the console so it can finish executing and free a memory segment This situation could also occur if you accidentally typed a TD and didn t realize it e Files with the DIR attribute can only be accessed if they are in the default user area on the default or specified drive e Files with the SYS attribute can be accessed if they are in the default user area or user 0 of the default or specified drive e If a drive is specified in the file specification MP M 86 only looks for the file in the default and zero user areas of the
33. lt cr gt 0A gt If you enter a command tail directly after the command name PIP performs the requested task and returns immediately to MP M 86 without issuing the prompt The destination in the command tail is the file or peripheral device that is to receive the data The source can be one or more files or devices to be copied to the destination If multiple sources are entered with a single destination PIP copies them to the destination in the order they appear in the command line from left to right In this case the destination must include a filename into which the multiple source files are to be concatenated Each source must be separated from the next by a comma A space between the comma and the next source is optional PIP options shown in the syntax line as option list must immediately follow the source file specification on which PIP operations are to be performed If you enter a PIP command that specifies the console or the list device as a destination you can abort the copy operation by pressing any key on the keyboard or by using the Tc In fact you can always abort PIP with a TC from the console If PIP is detached and the console is in use use the ABORT command from another console Source files are opened in Read Only mode to permit other users to type a file while it is being copied If a physical error occurs during a PIP copy operation the operation is aborted and an appropriate error message displayed I
34. missing File Already Exists An attempt was made to create or rename a file when there is already a file of that name and type on the disk Illegal in FCB A wildcard character is being used where wildcard filenames are not permitted Open File Limit Exceeded An attempt was made to open one more file than the maximum number of open files per process that the system can accomodate No Room in System Lock List An attempt was made to lock one more record than the maximum number of locked records per process that the system can accomodate Bad Sector This error occurs when there is an actual hardware error on the disk It may occur as a result of trying to read a disk of one density in a drive which is set to a different density or with an improperly inserted floppy disk Select A non existent drive has been selected or there is no disk in the selected drive R O An attempt was made to write to a file when the file or the whole drive had been set to Read Only 142 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix D MP M 86 Error Messages Table D 2 MP M 86 System Error Messages Message Meaning Load Error A physical error occurred while loading a CMD file Not Enough Memory There is not a large enough memory in which to run a file of type CMD PD Table Full Number of Process Descriptors specified at GENSYS has been exceeded RSP Command Que Full Queue full the queue specified in the command keyword cannot hold any more mes
35. more text end of text Z If the file specified in ED s command tail does exist ED responds with a similar display To read the original file into the memory buffer use an Append a command In the example below the pound sign preceding the a command reads the whole file into memory A gt ED B LETTER TXT a l You can display lines of text simply by hitting the carriage return key A lt cr gt moves the CP to the beginning of the next line and displays the line If you reach the bottom of the buffer you can return to the top by entering a Beginning b command as shown below l lt cr gt 2 and more text 2 lt cr gt 3 end of text 3 lt cr gt b l Sections 12 4 3 and 12 4 4 tell how to display the buffer s contents at the console by pages or line numbers and move the CP within lines To delete a line use the Kill k command ED automatically renumbers lines in the buffer when one is taken out as shown below 2 and more text 2 k 2 b l lt er gt 2 end of text 2 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 3 Starting with ED Section 12 4 1 discusses line numbers in the memory buffer Section 12 4 5 tells how to delete individual characters as well as lines Section 12 4 6 describes how ED searches for and replaces strings and Section 12 4 8 explains how to move text blocks Section 12 4 9 tells how to end an edit and exit ED An Exit e command saves the contents of the buffer and
36. must end with a carriage return keystroke which signals the operating system to Process the command This means MP M 86 can process only one command per line To execute a sequence of commands use the SUBMIT command described in Section 10 If you recognize a typing error or other mistake in your command before pressing the carriage return key you can correct the error with the line editing controls shown in Table 2 1 below The T character represents the CONTROL key on the keyboard To enter a control keystroke depress the CONTROL key and hold it down while depressing the desired alphabetic character MP M 85 User s Guide 2 1 MP M 86 Command Format Table 2 1 Command Line Editing Controls Keystroke Action RUB deletes character to the left of cursor echoes character deleted cursor moves right DEL same as RUB BACKSPACE Moves cursor back one space erases previous character TH same as BACKSPACE TU cancels line displays Cursor moves down one line and awaits a new command TX deletes all characters in command line TR retypes a Clean line useful after using RUB or DEL key TE forces a physical carriage return but does not send the command to MP M 86 RETURN carriage return same as carriage return J line feed same as carriage return TZ end of file string or field separator MP M 86 puts a few restrictions on command line length but no restrictions on command letter case The system internally transl
37. of a business a document parts of a book scientific weather information or other collections of similar information In a sense a data file is the object of a command Sometimes a data file is a command file but in this case the command file is itself the object of another command file This is the case when using a command to copy command files from one disk to another There are three ways to create a file You can create a file by copying an existing file to a new location perhaps renaming it in the operation refer to Section 12 PIP MP M 86 s Peripheral Interchange Program The second way to create a file is by using a text editor The text editor creates the file and assigns the name you specify to the file see Section 11 ED the MP M 86 Text Editor Finally some programs create output files for example ASM86 MP M 86 s assembler MP M 86 identifies every file by its unique file specification A file specification can consist of four parts a drive specification a primary filename a filetype and a password as shown below d filename typ password A drive specification consists of a single letter drive name followed by a colon Either a primary filename or a filetype must be present the remaining fields are optional If you do specify a filetype it must be preceded by a period Note that in the remainder of this document the general term filename refers to both the primary filename and the optional filetype If you
38. page length 95 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 5 PIP Options Here is another multiple parameter command that enhances file printout OA gt PIP LST B PROGRAM A86 N2T8U When this command is executed PIP numbers each line inserts a tab between the number and the beginning of each line expands those tabs and any others to every eighth column and translates lower case alphabetics to upper case These enhancements affect only the printout the source file is unchanged The following command extracts part of a source file OA gt PIP PORTION TEX B LETTER TEX SDear Sir z QSincerely z In this case the salutation the body of the letter and the closing are transferred to the file PORTION TEX Any information before Dear Sir such as an address or after the closing are not included in the destination file PIP does not alter the source file The following example command would be useful to update a system disk with new versions of command files OA gt PIP B A CMD VWR In this case disk B is updated with the commands on disk A The R parameter allows PIP to read any CMD files on disk A that are marked with the system attribute The W parameter allows PIP to write over any Read Only files The V parameter causes PIP to reread and verify that each file is copied correctly OA gt PIP F g3 E USERFILE DAT This command causes the file USERFILE DAT to be transferred from the current user area on drive E to user area 3 on dr
39. returns control to MP M 86 2 e OA gt 12 4 ED Commands In general an ED command consists of a numeric argument and a command letter Certain commands consist of a command letter and a character string followed by a carrige return or TZ Here is an example of each form 23T 10FexampleTz The numeric argument in the first form is optional If it is omitted ED assumes an argument of one Use a negative argument if the command is to be executed backwards through the memory buffer ED accepts 0 as a numeric argument only in certain commands In some cases 0 causes the command to be executed approximately half the possible number of times while in other cases it prevents the movement of the CP The 0 option is described in detail in the definitions of the A W L and P commands In some ED commands it makes a difference whether you enter the command letter in upper or lower case When you enter these command letters in upper case you in effect press an internal caps lock key For example if you enter an insert command as a capital I all the characters you insert are translated to upper case Although the console may echo the characters in lower case as you enter them ED internally translates them and shows them in upper case in the next display The I F S and N commands have this translation feature so see the description of these commands for more detail ED can accept character strings as a part of certain commands
40. specified drive e If the command line specifies a drive or a password and the command identifies a queue associated with a Resident System Process MP M 86 will not find the command e If the file is password protected you might get a password error message e Is the password protection mode set to READ WRITE DELETE or NONE SDIR displays the protection mode see Section 6 If the password protection mode is set to READ then you need a password to read the file If the password protection mode is set to WRITE you can read the file without supplying the Password but you need the password to write to the file If the password protection mode is set to DELETE you Can read or write to the file but you need the Password to erase it If the mode is set to NONE the password is erased you no longer need it at all e Does the drive label have a password assigned to it See the SET command in Section 7 If the drive label has a password and Password Protection is turned on for the drive then you need a password to access any password protected files on that drive 21 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 5 File Location Conventions The simplest method of locating a file under MP M 86 is to use the global search facilities of the SDIR command Suppose you wish to locate the file TWO TEX You think it is somewhere on the system but you can t seem to find it The example below shows how SDIR can be used to locate a lost f
41. summarizes PIP console messages To invoke PIP enter its name as a command to the MP M 86 prompt PIP can accept an optional command tail as shown in the syntax lines below Syntax PIP PIP destination filespec Gn source filespec option list It should be noted that either the destination drive or the destination filename is optional but NOT BOTH One or the other must be present The same is true of the source drive and filename It should also be noted that the source drive and filename cannot be exactly the same as the destination drive and filename Either the filename or the drive must be different There is of course one exception to this rule If the default or specified user number in the source file specification is different from the default or specified user number in the destination file specification then the source and destination drives and filenames can be exactly the same 85 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 1 Introduction to PIP If you don t enter a command tail after the command keyword PIP assumes you want to enter multiple command tails and responds with the prompt When you enter a command tail and carriage return to this prompt PIP performs the task you requested and reissues the prompt To return to MP M 86 simply press the carriage return key The sequence below demonstrates PIP accepting multiple commands OA gt PIP MP M 86 PIP VERSION 2 0 B APP1 BAK A APP1 A86 B ASM86 CMD A ASM86 CMD
42. the original file filename BAK ED then renames the new file which has had the filetype with the original filename Finally ED opens the newly renamed file as the original file for a new edit and opens a new file When ED returns the prompt the CP is at the beginning of an empty buffer In short an H command has the same effect as an E command followed by a second invokation of ED with the same filename An E command performs a normal exit from ED To execute an E command ED first writes all data lines from the buffer and the original file to the new file If a BAK file exists ED deletes it then renames the original file to BAK Finally ED renames the new file from to the original filetype and returns control to MP M 86 The operation of the E command makes it unwise to edit a file with the filetype BAK When you edit a BAK file and exit with an E command ED erases your original file because it has a BAK filetype Then when ED can t find the original file to rename with the BAK filetype it aborts without saving the new file To avoid this always rename a BAK file with some other filetype before editing it with ED To purposely abandon a new file use an O or Q command An O command abandons changes made since the beginning of the edit and allows you to reedit without ending the ED session When you enter an O command ED confirms that you want to abandon your changes by asking O Y N When you ente
43. the hours minutes and seconds specified This TOD command allows you set the exact time by striking any key The following examples illustrate the TOD command OA gt TOD lt cr gt Wed 07 08 81 01 18 24 OA gt TOD 07 13 81 16 40 50 lt cr gt Strike key to set time K Mon 07 13 81 16 40 50 OA gt MP M 86 displays the date and time as zero until you use the TOD command to set them Note that when you power down or reset the entire system you generally must re enter the correct date and time 77 MP M 86 User s Guide 10 2 The PRINTER Command 10 2 The PRINTER Command syntax PRINTER PRINTER n The printer command displays or sets the printer used by a particular console Several consoles can share the same printer but only one process can use the printer at a time MP M 86 expects the first printer assigned to the system to be printer number 0 The second printer is printer l and so on The printer number is specified by n When the PRINTER command includes an n PRINTER sets the list device to printer number n When you enter PRINTER without the n option the system returns the number of the printer currently assigned to your console The simplest method of using the printer is to enter a TP From that point on anything displayed on your console will also be printed on the printer If a TP is entered while the printer is printing the console displays a message that the printer is busy The following example shows the use o
44. the user number to n where n is an interger from 0 15 OA gt USER 8 152 APPENDIX G DRIVE AND FILE STATUS SUMMARY Table G l Display File Size Command of of Last Free Totals Bytes Recs Rec Disk in in Space File File SDIR X X X X SDIR SIZE X STAT filespec X X X X STAT filespec SIZE X X X X X Table G 2 Display File Attributes Command SYS RW SYS Files User Archive or or displayed User Def DIR RO Attribute DIR SYS X DIR filespec SYS X SDIR xX X x X X STAT filespec X X X STAT filespec SIZE X X X X X Table G 3 Display Time Stamping and Protection Modes Command Creation Last Password XFCB or Last Update Mode Access SDIR x X X X 153 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix G Drive and File Status Summary Table G 4 Ways to Display Disk Label and System Status Command RO Free Drive Active Active Label or Disk Display Users Files Display RW Space SHOW X x SHOW d X X SHOW SPACE X X SHOW DRIVE X SHOW USERS X X SHOW LABEL X STAT X X STAT d X X STAT USER X X STAT DSK X Sample SHOW DRIVE Display OA gt SHOW DRIVE B Drive Characteristics 65 536 128 Byte Record Capacity 8 192 Kilobyte Drive Capacity 512 32 Byte Directory Entries 0 Checked Directory Entries 1 024 Records Directory Entry 128 Records Block 68 Sectors Track 0 Reserved Tracks Sample SHOW LABEL Display Directory Passwds Make Stamp Stamp Label Created Label Updated Label Req d XFCBS Create
45. user number in the system prompt is set to match the console number For example console 3 is assigned user number 3 However if there are more than sixteen consoles attached to the system the remainder boot up in user number zero You do not usually need to know what your console number is although it may be displayed in certain error messages such as the DSKRESET denied message described in Section 5 1 The ABORT and STOPSPLR commands described in Sections 8 3 and 10 5 use the console number The user number is very useful and is displayed in the MP M 86 prompt along with the default drive To learn your console number use the CONSOLE command The CONSOLE command returns the number of the console at which the command was entered The example below illustrates a possible exchange using the CONSOLE command OA gt CONSOLE Console 0 OA gt USER 3 User Number 3 3A gt CONSOLE Console 0 3A gt 29 SECTION 6 DIR SDIR STAT SHOW 6 1 The DIR Command Syntax DIR DIR d DIR filespec DIR filespec filespec DIR filespec SYS DIR filespec Gn DIR displays the filenames stored on a disk directory DIR displays only the filenames assigned to the default user area of the disk directory Remember that the default user area is indicated by the number 0 to 15 that appears to the left of the drive letter A B C D E F P in the system prompt DIR alone does not display files with the system attribute SYS Use DIR
46. 00000 64 40 1000001 65 41 A 1000010 66 42 B 1000011 67 43 C 1000100 68 44 D 1000101 69 45 E 1000110 70 46 F 1000111 71 47 G 1001000 72 48 H 1001001 73 49 I 1001010 74 4A J 1001011 75 4B K 1001100 76 4c L 1001101 77 4D M 1001110 78 4E N 1001111 79 4F O 1010000 80 50 P 1010001 81 51 Q 1010010 82 52 R 1010011 83 53 S 1010100 84 54 T 1010101 85 55 U 1010110 86 56 V 1010111 87 57 W 1011000 88 58 X 1011001 89 59 Y 1011010 90 5A Z 1011011 91 5B 1011100 92 5C 1011101 93 5D 1011110 94 5E 1011111 95 5F lt 1100000 96 60 1100001 97 61 a 1100010 98 62 b 1100011 99 63 c 1100100 100 64 d 135 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix A ASCII Conversions Table A 2 continued Binary Decimal Hexadecimal ASCII 1100101 101 65 e 1100110 102 66 f 1100111 103 67 g 1101000 104 68 h 1101001 105 69 i 1101010 106 6A j 1101011 107 6B k 1101100 108 6C 1 1101101 109 6D m 1101110 110 6E n 1101111 111 6F o 1110000 112 70 p 1110001 113 71 q 1110010 114 72 r 1110011 115 73 s 1110100 116 74 t 1110101 117 75 u 1110110 118 76 v 1110111 119 77 w 1111000 120 78 x 1111001 121 79 y 1111010 122 7A z 1111011 123 7B 1111100 124 IC i 1111101 125 7D 1111110 126 7E 1111111 127 7F DEL 136 MP M 86 identifies every file by a unique file specification which consists of a drive specification a filename a filetype and The filetype is an optional three character ending separated from the filename by a period generally indicates
47. 2 2 STX CTRL B 0000011 3 3 ETX CTRL C 0000100 4 4 EOT CTRL D 0000101 5 5 ENQ CTRL E 0000110 6 6 ACK CTRL F 0000111 7 7 BEL CTRL G 0001000 8 8 BS CTRL H 0001001 9 9 HT CTRL I 0001010 10 A LF CTRL J 0001011 il B VT CTRL K 0001100 12 C FF CTRL L 0001101 13 D CR CTRL M 0001110 14 E SO CTRL N 0001111 15 F SI CTRL O 0010000 16 10 DLE CTRL P 0010001 17 il DC1l CTRL Q 0010010 18 12 DC2 CTRL R 0010011 19 13 DC3 CTRL S 0010100 20 14 DC4 CTRL T 0010101 21 15 NAK CTRL U 0010110 22 16 SYN CTRL V 0010111 23 17 ETB CTRL W 0011000 24 18 CAN CTRL X 0011001 25 19 EM CTRL Y 0011010 26 lA SUB CTRL Z 0011011 27 1B ESC CTRL 0011100 28 1c FS CTRL 0011101 29 1D GS CTRL 0011110 30 lE RS CTRL 0011111 31 lF US CTRL _ 0100000 32 20 SPACE 0100001 33 21 l 0100010 34 22 i 0100011 35 23 0100100 36 24 0100101 37 25 3 0100110 38 26 amp 0100111 39 27 0101000 40 28 0101001 41 29 0101010 42 2A 0101011 43 2B 0101100 44 2C 0101101 45 2D 0101110 46 2E 0101111 47 2F 0110000 48 30 0 0110001 49 31 1 0110010 50 32 2 134 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix A ASCII Conversions Table A 2 continued Binary Decimal Hexadecimal ASCII 0110011 51 33 3 0110100 52 34 4 0110101 53 35 5 0110110 54 36 6 0110111 55 37 7 0111000 56 38 8 0111001 57 39 9 0111010 58 3A 0111011 59 3B 0111100 60 3C lt 0111101 61 3D 0111110 62 3E gt 0111111 63 3F 10
48. 6 displays error messages when there are errors in calls to its Basic Disk Operating System BDOS MP M 86 also displays messages when there are errors in command lines Each utility program supplied with MP M 86 has its own set of error messages You will also see error messages from any other applications programs that you might be running Table D 1 displays the BDOS error messages BDOS error messages are displayed in the following format Bdos Err on d Message Function NNN File FILENAME TYP da indicates the drive involved message indicates the appropriate error message NNN indicates the number of the BDOS function involved and FILENAME TYP indicates the file involved Table D 2 displays the MP M 86 error messages resulting from errors in command lines Table D 1 MP M 86 Error Messages Message Meaning File Opened in Read Only Mode An attempt was made to open a file in locked or unlocked mode which has already been opened in Read Only mode File Currently Open A process is trying to access a file which is already being accessed in other than read only mode Close Checksum Error A file cannot be closed properly because the present directory does not match the one that is logged into memory This probably means the disk has not been reset or a program error has occurred 141 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix D MP M 86 Error Messages Table D 1 continued Message Meaning Password Error A password is incorrect or
49. 81 Digital Research Figure 1 1 Sample Boot Message for Consoles 1 3 The System Prompt The boot messages are followed by the MP M 86 system prompt The prompt consists of a number an alpha character and a right angle bracket or greater than symbol gt For example 5A gt The first character of the prompt is a number from zero to fifteen This number is the current or default user number The user number indicates a unique region on the disk Files are marked with the user number in which they reside Therefore it is not necessary to pre allocate disk space to each user No disk space is wasted if some user numbers are unused Normally you access only the files stored in this user number The files in your current user number can be displayed by typing the MP M 86 command DIR If you change the user number with the USER command described in Section 5 the number in the system prompt changes to reflect the new user number selected The second character of the MP M 86 prompt is an alphabetic character which indicates the default drive The default drive is the drive into which MP M 86 is currently logged It is the drive on which MP M 86 first looks for a command file if a particular drive is not specified in the file specification After a cold boot the default drive specification is always the system drive You can change the default drive by typing the letter of the desired drive and a colon followed by a carriage return as show
50. AT APP3 TXT APPB TXT APP2 TXT APP TXT APPC TXT but not these because they do not match the APP TXT pattern APP14 TXT APP AP1P TXT FILE1 APP APP2 TEX The reference APP however matches all filenames beginning with APP APPA TXT APP1 PRN APIP TXT APPB LST APP2 BAK APP2 DAT APPC TST APP3 TEX APP APP14 APP APP TXT APP12345 ALL Commands that accept ambiguous filename also accept a drive specification as a part of the reference however wildcard characters are not allowed in a drive specification For example OA gt DIR B BAK is acceptable and lists all BAK files residing on drive B However OA gt DIR BAK is illegal and results in a Bad entry error message 3 3 File Attributes A file attribute is a characteristic that you can assign to a file The attributes affect whether or not the file appears in normal directory displays see Section 6 SDIR whether or not the file can be accessed from other drives or user areas and whether the file can only be read or both read and written to SET and STAT can assign two accessing attributes to files see Sections 6 and 7 the STAT and SET commands The first attribute can be either DIR Directory or SYS System You can access a command file or a data file that has the DIR attribute only if the file is in the default user area of the default or specified drive Remember the default user area and drive are those displayed in the MP M 86 prompt You can access a co
51. B The time stamps are displayed by the SDIR command described in Section 6 of this manual track Concentric rings dividing a disk There are 77 tracks on a typical single density eight inch floppy disk turn key application Application designed for the non computer oriented user For example a typical turn key application is designed so that the operator needs only to turn on the computer insert the proper program disk and select the desired procedure from a selection of functions menu displayed on the screen upward compatible Term meaning that a program created for the previously released operating system or compiler etc runs under the newly released version of the same operating system user number Number assigned to a region of the disk directory so that different users need only deal with their own files and have their own directories even though they are all working from the same disk In MP M 86 there can be up to sixteen users on a Single disk utility Tool Program that enables the user to perform certain operations such as copying files erasing files and editing files Utilities are created for the convenience of programmers and users MP M 86 is distributed with over thirty utilities 162 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix H User s Glossary wildcard characters Special characters that match certain specified items In MP M 86 there are two wildcard characters and The can be substituted for any
52. BAK CHECKPRG BAK ADDPROG BAK DOCFILE2 BAK If the file you want to rename is password protected and you do not include the password in the command line REN prompts you for the password The password does not show on the screen when you type it in 75 MP M 86 User s Guide 9 4 The REN Command If you enter a new filename that is already in the directory REN returns a Not renamed error message If you enter an old filename that is not listed in the file directory REN returns a No such file to rename error message For example OA gt REN B ADDPROG A86 ADDPLUS A86 Not renamed B ADDPROG A86 already exists delete Y N OA gt REN B ADDPLUS A86 ADDPORG A86 No such file to rename The REN command accepts wildcard filenames or filetypes provided that the wildcard portions of the source and destination specifications match The example below shows how to rename all of the files of type WRK to files of type TEX OA gt REN TEX WRK 76 SECTION 10 TOD PRINTER SPOOL STOPSPLR SUBMIT 10 1 The TOD Command Syntax TOD TOD PERPETUAL TOD mm dd yy hh mm ss The TOD command sets and displays the system time of day TOD with no argument returns the system date and time The TOD PERPETUAL command specifies a continuous display of the date and time perpetual can be abreviated p This display can be stopped by striking any key on the console TOD with the date and time supplied sets the date and the time to
53. BMIT Command You can abort SUBMIT by entering a TC at the console The system responds with the prompt ABORT programname Y N If you enter a Y the system aborts the current process After your response to this question a second question is displayed Terminate filename SUB Y N If a Y is entered at this point the currently executing SUBMIT file is aborted If any other character is entered following the Terminate filename SUB prompt the remaining commands in the submit file continue to execute If there are submit files included in the original submit file MP M 86 continues this series of prompts until all of the nested submit files are accounted for If SUBMIT cannot find the SUB file specified in the command line it displays the following message The line number of the submit file at which the error occurred is substituted for nnn Error on line nnn no SUB file present 10 5 4 The INCLUDE SUBMIT Option MP M 86 SUBMIT introduces an INCLUDE facility that allows you to nest submit files The INCLUDE command is placed on a line in your submit file and has the following syntax SINCLUDE submitfilename SINCLUDE submitfilename 1 2 3 The SINCLUDE is followed by the name of a submit file of type SUB The SUB is assumed and can be left out The INCLUDE line is replaced by the entire submit file named submitfilename If the included submit file requires parameters they can be included in the INCLUDE line
54. IME ON SET filespec PROTECT READ PROTECT WRITE PROTECT DELETE PROTECT NONE SET filespec RW RO DIR SYS SET controls password protection date time stamps and file or drive attributes SET commands affect either an entire drive a group of files or a Single file See Section 7 OA gt SET D RO OC gt SET CMD RO SYS TXT RO SYS 1B gt SET CMD SYS RO PASS SECRET PROT READ 2C gt SET CMD RW PROTECT NONE DIR OA gt SET B PASSWORD SECRET OA gt SET NAME SYSTMDSK OA gt SET PASS lt cr gt OA gt SET CMD PASSWORD SECRET SHOW option option option options SPACE USERS DRIVES LABEL HELP Displays amount of free disk space the drive label status the active user numbers on a drive and the drive characteristics OA gt SHOW OB gt SHOW C 1C gt SHOW DRIVES 2D gt SHOW USERS 3E gt SHOW LABEL 3E gt SHOW E F E USERS F USERS SPOOL filespec filespec Sends the files specified by filespec to the printer OA gt SPOOL DOCUMENT LAW B DOCUMENT TXT 150 MP M 86 User s Guide Syntax STAT d RO STAT d DSK STAT d USR STAT VAL STAT filespec attri attributes RO RW STOPSPLR n SUBMIT filespec act Appendix F MP M 86 Command Summary Table F 1 continued Definition and Examples bute SYS DIR or SIZE Provides information about a file or a group of files on a disk Also assigns attributes to a file disk or drive The SIZE option displays
55. IP A option see Section 11 This PIP option requires an ambiguous file specification and copies only files matching the filespec that have not been copied that is files that have been edited or changed since the last time they were backed up with the PIP A option PIP then sets the archive attribute on for each file successfully copied The archive attribute is displayed by both STAT and SDIR see Section 6 The Archive attribute of a file or files can be explicitly set or reset with the SET commands similar to those shown below OA gt SET MYFILE TXT ARCHIVE ON OA gt SET MYFILE TXT ARCHIVE OFF 7 4 4 The User Definable Attributes Four user definable file attributes Fl F2 F3 and F4 are supported to allow additional identification or classification of certain files These attributes are not used at all by MP M 86 and exist solely for the use of special applications or your own purposes They are displayed by STAT and SDIR see Section 6 and can be set with the following SET commands OA gt SET MYFILE TXT Fl ON OA gt SET MYFILE TXT F1 OFF In the example above you can substitute F2 F3 or F4 for Fl to set or reset the file attributes Fl F2 F3 and F4 7 4 5 Naming Disks When dealing with many floppy disks it is often useful to name or number each disk MP M 86 provides a facility for this by creating a directory label for each disk The directory label can be assigned an eight character name and three charac
56. NOT MATCH the files specified in the command line 38 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 3 SDIR Format Table 6 1 continued Command Result SDIR HELP displays examples of various SDIR commands SDIR SHORT displays files in four columns and excludes password and time stamping columns NOSORT is automatically implemented with this option and the files are not listed alphabetically The examples below illustrate some of the uses of the SDIR command The following command line instructs SDIR to list all the SYStem files of type PLI CMD and A86 on the system in the currently logged drives in any user area OA gt SDIR user all drive all sys PLI CMD A86 The following example instructs SDIR to display the filename TESTFILE BOB if it is found on any logged in drive or user area OA gt SDIR drive all user all TESTFILE BOB The example below instructs SDIR to list each Read Write file that resides on Drive D with its size in kilobytes Notice that d is equivalent to d OA gt SDIR size rw D The following example lists all the PRL files on drive D that have XFCBs OA gt SDIR xfcb D CMD The example below displays all the files on drives A B and C in short format OA gt SDIR Short A B C The following SDIR command lists all the files on the default drive and user area that do not have a Filetype of CMD or RSP OA gt SDIR exclude CMD RSP 39 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 4 The STAT Command 6 4
57. RAQ CMD 92k 9 9 files 92 1k blocks Bytes Remaining On A 74k OA gt The computed size of a file is usually the same as the number of records listed for the file The computed size is based on the number of the last record in the file If the file is a random access file with some unwritten gaps in it the computed size may be larger than the number of records listed for the file MP M 86 supports drives of up to 512 megabyte capacity However the STAT values in the Recs and Bytes columns are accurate only when the number of records and kilobytes do not exceed 65 535 For very large files exceeding 8 megabytes you must use the SIZE option to display the correct size of the file STAT can display a maximum of 512 files at a time The example below shows how STAT can assign the Read Only attribute to a file This means that the file is write protected cannot be erased or changed until the file is reassigned the normal Read Write RW attribute OA gt STAT CMD RO To further protect a file from user access MP M 86 supports another attribute SYS When a file is marked with the SYS attribute a DIR command cannot list it at the console The complement of the SYS attribute is the DIR attribute the default of all files created under MP M 86 To assign SYS or DIR status to a file enter the attribute in square brackets after the file specification in the STAT command tail You can use an ambiguous filename to assign an attribute t
58. REN 9 1 The TYPE Command Syntax TYPE filespec TYPE filespec PAGE TYPE filespec Pn TYPE displays the contents of an ASCII file at the console If the file contains tab or I characters TYPE expands them using tab stops set at every eighth column You must enter a specific filename as a command tail An ambiguous filename or no filename at all results in an error message Enter a drive specification if the file you want to examine is not on the default disk Change the user number in your system prompt with the USER command described in Section 5 2 of this manual if the file you want to examine is in a different user area Enter the password if the file you want to type is password protected If the password is omitted from the command line TYPE prompts you for it The password is not echoed at the console when you type it in It is invisible If the TYPE command cannot find the file you want to type it returns a No file error message If the contents of your file is longer than your console can display at one time you might need to enter a TS to temporarily halt the console listing before the top scrolls past you Enter a TQ to restart the listing TYPE can also print out the contents of your file on paper Enter TP before pressing the carriage return key and the file lists at the printer as well as at the console This slows the console display to the speed of the printer Use TYPE to examine text files program source
59. RET B DOCUMENT LAW SECRET In the first example above the file DOCUMENT LAW is protected hy the password SECRET The password must be included in the file specification to type the file In the second example both the 51 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 2 Password Protection MP M 86 ERA command See Section 9 2 and the file DOCUMENT LAW are protected by the password SECRET Some MP M 86 commands prompt for the password if it is missing from the file specification For instance in the ERA command above the password for B DOCUMENT LAW could have been left off as shown below OA gt ERA B DOCUMENT LAW Not erased B DOCUMENT BAK Password Error Password enter SECRET here it is not echoed OA gt To assign passwords to files on a drive you must first turn on password protection for the drive You can determine if password protection has been turned on with the SHOW LABEL command discussed in Section 6 5 7 2 1 Turning On Password Protection SET controls password protection for individual files and for the directory or drive label The optional directory or drive label is an entry within the directory Just as a directory entry describes a file to MP M 86 the label contains information that describes special attributes of the disk to the operating system For example the label tells MP M 86 whether or not time stamping and password protection are turned on for that disk You can give the label a name to help identify the data that
60. ROG BAK OB gt DIR Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE1 TXT DOCFILE2 TXT B ADDPROG A86 DOCFILE1 BAK B CHECKPRG BAK ADDPROG BAK DOCFILE3 TXT NEWPROG A86 CHECKPRG A86 DOCFILE3 BAK DOCFILE2 BAK eo oe oo Add a disk specification if the file you want to erase is not on your current disk For example the following sequence deletes NEWPROG BAK when A is the current drive OA gt ERA B NEWPROG BAK OA gt DIR B Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE1 TXT DOCFILE2 TXT DOCFILE3 TXT NEWPROG A86 B ADDPROG A86 DOCFILE1 BAK CHECKPRG A86 DOCFILE3 BAK B CHECKPRG BAK ADDPROG BAK DOCFILE2 BAK 72 MP M 86 User s Guide 9 2 The ERA Command Enter an ambiguous file specification to delete several files at once For example the following sequence deletes all files with the primary filename NEWPROG then all BAK files OA gt ERA B NEWPROG OA gt DIR B Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE1 TXT DOCFILE2 TXT DOCFILE3 TXT ADDPROG A86 B DOCFILE1 BAK CHECKPRG A86 DOCFILE3 BAK CHECKPRG BAK B ADDPROG BAK DOCFILE2 BAK OA gt ERA B BAK OA gt DIR B Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE1 TXT DOCFILE2 TXT DOCFILE3 TXT ADDPROG A86 B CHECKPRG A86 The completely ambiguous filename in an ERA command tail carries the most potential for disaster Frequently a user hoping to clear off a data disk in drive B forgets to enter a disk specification or make B his current drive and finds he has erased his system d
61. ROTECT DELETE OA gt SET MYFILE TXT PROTECT NONE When a password is assigned to a file there are three possible levels of protection afforded to the file by its password see Table 7 1 The protection modes are READ WRITE DELETE and NONE no protection When the PROTECT mode is set to READ you need the password even to read from the file When the PROTECT mode is set to WRITE you do not need a password to read from the file but you do need a password to write to or make any changes to the file If the PROTECT mode is set to DELETE then you do not need the password to read from or make changes to the file but you do need a password to erase or rename the file Finally when the PROTECT mode is set to NONE SET erases the password Files without a password or with a password of blanks always have a protection mode of NONE Files assigned a password for the first time default to the protection mode of READ 54 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 2 Password Protection Table 7 1 MP M 86 Password Protection Modes Mode Protection READ The password is required for reading copying writing deleting or renaming the file WRITE The password is required for writing deleting or renaming the file DELETE The password is only required for deleting or renaming the file NONE No password exists for the file The SET PROTECT and SET PASSWORD commands can refer to ambiguous filenames In the example below the password SECRET is assigned to
62. SHOW Returns the number of the console at which the command is entered OA gt CONSOLE DIR filespec SYS Gn filespec Displays a directory of files on a disk Accepts ambiguous filenames to display a group of similarly named files The SYS option displays system files also The Gn option displays the directory of user number n OA gt DIR OA gt DIR B OA gt DIR B DRAFT TXT OA gt DIR B TXT SYS OA gt DIR B DRAFT 147 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix F MP M 86 Command Summary Table F l1 continued Syntax Definition and Examples DSKRESET d d d Logs out all or specified drives except for the default drive This will reinitialize the drives the next time they are accessed Done before disk changes OA gt DSKRESET OA gt DSKRESET A B C ED filespec Creates or edits programs and data files Does not accept ambiguous filenames OA gt ED DRAFT TXT OA gt ED B DRAFT TXT OA gt ED F DOCUMENT LAW SECRET ERA filespec XFCB Erases a file or a group of files Accepts ambiguous filenames With XFCB it Erases only XFCB s of specified files OA gt ERA DRAFT BAK OA gt ERA B BAK OA gt ERA B DRAFT SECRET OA gt ERA B OA gt ERA B DRAFT XFCB ERAQ filespec XFCB Same as ERA except it queries for each specified file before erasing OA gt ERAQ F XFCB 3F gt ERAQ CMD PASSWORD 2C gt ERAQ D DRAFT SECRET 148 MP M 86 User s Guide Syntax MPMSTAT Appendix F MP M 86 Co
63. Some of them can be incorporated into MP M 86 at System generation time or executed as separate command files from disk Besides specifying which utilities are to become part of MP M 86 system generation also specifies many system parameters Some of the system generation parameters are listed below the size and configuration of memory e the number of consoles the number of printers e which drive will be the system drive the one on which MP M 86 looks for files if they are not found on the default drive which drive will contain any temporary files generated by the system the maximum number of locked records e the maximum number of locked records per process e the maximum number of open files e the maximum number of open files per process e which utilities will be incorporated into the MP M 86 System as Resident System Processes RSP which are always accessible even though they are not present on disk as program files e whether or not the day file option is enabled to display the current time as well as the drive and user area from which a program is loaded MP M 86 User s Guide 1 2 MP M 86 Bootstrap Displays 1 2 MP M 86 Bootstrap Displays After system generation when MP M 86 is first transferred or booted into memory a system status display appears on console zero Figure 1 2 shows a sample of the shorter boot message that appears on all other consoles MP M 86 2 0 25 Sep 81 Copyright c 19
64. TZ insert string at CP 12 4 2 Jsearch_stringTZinsert_stringTZdelete_ to string juxtapose strings 12 4 6 nK nK delete kill n lines from the CP 12 4 5 nL nL OL move CP n lines 12 4 3 nMcommand execute commands n times 12 4 8 Ny n move CP n lines and display that line 12 4 4 n move to line n 12 4 3 ncommand execute command through line n 12 4 3 Nstring extended find string 12 4 6 o return to original file 12 4 9 nP nP move CP 23 lines forward and display 23 lines at console 12 4 4 Q abandon new file return to MP M 86 12 4 9 R read LIB file into buffer 12 4 7 Rfilename read filename LIB into buffer 12 4 7 Sdelete string Zinsert stringTZ substitute string 12 4 6 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands Table 12 2 continued Command Action nT nT OT type n lines 12 4 4 U U upper case translation 12 4 2 V V OV line numbering on off 12 4 1 display free buffer space 12 4 2 nw write n lines to new file 12 4 9 nX write n lines to temporary LIB file 12 4 7 nz wait n seconds 12 4 6 12 4 1 Line Numbers in the Memory Buffer To help you keep track of the data in the memory buffer ED can number lines of text when it displays data at the console ED comes up with line numbering turned on as shown below A gt ED B LETTER TXT ta 1 The line number before the prompt indicates which line currently contains the CP although the CP may be p
65. Update TOMSDISK DAT on on on on 07 04 81 10 30 07 08 81 09 30 154 APPENDIX H USER S GLOSSARY ambiguous filename Filename that contains either of the MP M 86 wildcard characters or in the primary filename or the filetype or both When you replace characters in a filename with these wildcard characters you create an ambiguous filename and can easily reference more than one MP M 86 file in a single command line See Section 3 of this manual applications program Program that needs an operating system to provide an environment in which to execute Typical applications programs are business accounting packages word processing editing programs mailing list programs etc archive attribute File attribute that indicates whether or not the file has been backed up When you use PIP with the Archive option it turns the archive attribute on When a program changes a file MP M 86 turns the archive attribute off indicating that the file is new and not backed up argument Symbol usually a letter indicating a place into which you can substitute a number letter or name to give an appropriate meaning to the formula in question ASCII The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a standard code for representation of numbers letters and symbols An ASCII text file is a file that can be intelligibly displayed on the video screen or printed on paper See Appendix A attribute File characteristic that can be set to
66. a special kind of file an optional password APPENDIX B FILE TYPES lists common filetypes and their meanings Filetype A86 BAK CMD H86 LST PRN RSP MPM Table B l File Types Indication Assembly language source file the MP M 86 assembler ASM86 assembles or translates a file of type A86 into machine language Back up file created by a text editor an editor renames the source file with this filetype to indicate that the original file has been processed The original file stays on the disk as the backup file so you can refer to it Command file that contains instructions in machine executable code Program file in hexadecimal format Printable file that can be displayed on a console or printer Printable file that can be displayed on a console or printer Resident System Process file a program that is included in and becomes part of the MP M 86 operating system at system generation A Resident System Process is resident in memory and therefore always available An RSP can execute even though all memory segments are allocated System file required to generate MP M 86 such as SUP MPM RTM MPM CIO MPM BDOS MPM and XIOS MPM 137 The filetype The following table MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix B File Types Filetype SUB TAT Table B l continued Indication File type required for SUBMIT program containing one or more MP M 86 commands The SUBMIT program executes th
67. acters simply beep 65 MP M 86 User s Guide 8 1 The MPMSTAT Command Number of Physical Consoles 02 Number of Virtual Consoles 02 Number of List Devices 01 Number of Free Process Descriptors 24 Number of Free Memory Descriptors 6E Number of Free Queue Control Blocks 20 Free Queue Buffer Area 0200 Number of Flags 20 Maximum Paragraphs Per Process FFFF Ready Process es MPMSTAT 00 Idle 00 Process es DQing ECHO ECHO 00 Process es NQing Delayed Process es Polling Process es Tmpl 01 Process es Flag Waiting 0l Tick 00 02 CLOCK 00 Flag s Set 03 Queue s MPMSTAT ECHO MXlist MXload MXcli MXmemory Process es Attached to Consoles 00 MPMSTAT 01 Tmpl Process es Waiting for Consoles 00 Tmpod Process es Attached to Printers 00 MPMSTAT 01 Unattached Process es Waiting for Printers Memory Partitions Start Length Process Start Length Process Start Length Process 19D7 0629 FREE 4000 1000 FREE 5000 0800 FREE 5800 0800 FREE You can experiment with MPMSTAT to learn more about how MP M 86 operates Invoke a process that requires console I O such as DIR for a directory listing Detach the process from the console using the TD Run MPMSTAT to see where your process is stored Re attach the process to the console using TD again Run MPMSTAT again 66 MP M 86 User s Guide 8 2 The ATTACH Command 8 2 The ATTACH Command Sy
68. am command keyword Name that identifies an MP M 86 command usually the primary filename of a file of type CMD or the name of a queue associated with a Resident System Process The command keyword precedes the command tail and the carriage return in the command line command syntax Statement that defines the correct way to enter a command The correct structure generally includes the command keyword the command tail and a carriage return A syntax line usually contains symbols that you should replace with actual values when you enter the command command tail Part of a command that follows the command keyword in the command line The command tail can include a drive specification a filename and or filetype a password and options or parameters Some commands do not require a command tail concatenate Term that describes one of PIP s operations that copies two or more separate files into one new file in the specified sequence console Primary input output device The console consists of a listing device such as a screen and a keyboard through which the user communicates with the operating system or applications program Under MP M 86 a system console is a terminal that is capable of initiating programs control character Non printing character combination that sends a simple command to the currently executing process To enter a control character hold down the CONTROL key on your terminal and strike the character key specifie
69. ame typ password REN MP M 86 s rename command replaces an old filename with a new filename in the disk directory It can change either the primary filename or the filetype or both The REN command accepts an ambiguous filename or filetype REN used with a password transfers the password from the source file to the destination file Add a drive specification to the old or new filename if the file to be renamed is not on your default drive If you include a drive for both the destination and source files you must designate the same drive in both file specifications Here are some examples of the REN command OA gt DIR B Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE1 TEX DOCFILE2 TEX DOCFILE3 TEX NEWPROG A86 B NEWPROG BAK ADDPROG A86 DOCFILE1 BAK CHECKPRG A86 B DOCFILE3 BAK CHECKPRG BAK ADDPROG BAK DOCFILE2 BAK OA gt REN B SECTION TEX DOCFILE TEX SECTION TEX DOCFILE1 TEX SECTION2 TEX DOCFILE2 TEX SECTION3 TEX DOCFILE3 TEX OA gt DIR B Directory for User 0 B SECTION TEX SECTION2 TEX SECTION3 TEX NEWPROG A86 B NEWPROG BAK ADDPROG A86 DOCFILE1 BAK CHECKPRG A86 B DOCFILE3 BAK CHECKPRG BAK ADDPROG BAK DOCFILE2 BAK OA gt REN B DOCFILE1 TEX SECTION1 TEX OA gt REN DOCFILE2 TEX B SECTION2 TEX OA gt REN B DOCFILE3 TEX B SECTION3 TEX OA gt DIR B Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE1 1 TEX DOCFILE2 TEX DOCFILE3 TEX NEWPROG A86 B NEWPROG BAK ADDPROG A86 DOCFILE1 BAK CHECKPRG A86 B DOCFILE3
70. ample because the password is secret you type the word secret after the Prompt Note that this password is not echoed on the console If you make a mistake you can use a TX to erase the line and start over or a fH to erase the previous character See Section 2 1 for an explanation of these line editing control characters 53 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 2 Password Protection The password protection option can be turned off at any time with a SET PROTECT OFF command Once a label password has been assigned and the PROTECT option has been turned ON you are ready to begin assigning passwords to files 7 2 2 Assigning Passwords to Files OA gt SET MYFILE TXT PASSWORD mypsword The PASSWORD option of the SET command sets the password for the specified file to the password indicated by your password Passwords can be up to eight characters long SET treats upper and lower case passwords identically Note It is strongly advised that you write down or remember the passwords that you have assigned to your files If you do not remember the passwords that you have assigned to your files you will not be able to access those files unless password protection is turned off for the whole drive If you assign a password to the directory label and then forget the password you won t be able to turn off password protection for the drive OA gt SET MYFILE TXT PROTECT READ OA gt SET MYFILE TXT PROTECT WRITE OA gt SET MYFILE TXT P
71. and takes the form nK nK where n is the number of lines to be deleted A positive number kills lines after the CP a negative number kills lines before the CP When no number is specified ED kills the current line after the CP If the CP is in the middle of a line a K command kills only the characters from the CP to the end of the line and concatenates the characters before the CP with the next line A K 120 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands command deletes all the characters between the beginning of the previous line and the CP You may use the special character to delete all the data from the CP to the beginning or end of the buffer Or to delete a block of text use n nK Before using any K command make sure any lines you may want to save are either written out to the new file or saved in a back up file You cannot reclaim lines after they are removed from the buffer Remember that after a K command is executed all the lines following the CP are renumbered Take this into account if using a specific line reference in a subsequent ED command 12 4 6 Finding and Replacing Strings Because ED renumbers the data lines frequently as you edit you may at some time find yourself knowing the word or phrase you want to edit next but unsure of its location in the buffer To help you find it ED supports a find command F that searches through the buffer for you and places the CP after the phrase you want The N command ex
72. ands that add text to the memory buffer I insert A append and R read I inserts new characters entered at the keyboard into the memory buffer at CP A copies lines in from the original disk file into the memory buffer appending them to any text already in the buffer R reads an entire file of type LIB into the memory buffer at CP A fourth command discussed in this section U translates lower case letters to upper case when ED is in insert mode Before you add text to the buffer you may want to check the amount of free space available To do this precede the line numbering command with the special 0 character as shown below l 0OV 25000 30000 be In the example above ED reports that the buffer size is 30 000 characters and currently there is space for 25 000 new characters From ED s display you can calculate that there are already 5 000 characters in the buffer To insert new characters in the memory buffer use an I command An I command may take one of two forms I or Istring Z When the first form is given ED enters insert mode In this mode all keystrokes are added directly to the memory buffer Characters are inserted just before the CP so imagine that the CP moves down as new data is added The following is an example of insert mode A gt ED LETTER TXT B NEW FILE z i l Compudealer 2 123 W Fourth St 3 Inglevale CA 4 5 Dear Compudealer 6 7 I am enjoying the MP M system I received f
73. as shown in the second Syntax line above The following is an example of the S INCLUDE submit option Content of SUB1 SUB Content of SUB2 SUB STAT 1 DIR F 1 ERA 1 BAK ERA F 1 SINCLUDE SUB2 SUB BAK DIR F DIR 1 PIP 1 A 2 CMD 83 SECTION 11 THE PIP COMMAND 11 1 Introduction to PIP PIP stands for Peripheral Interchange Program At the user s request PIP copies files from one peripheral or location to another Usually this involves copying a file from one disk or user to another disk or user For example PIP can read a CMD file on drive A and make a copy of it on drive B PIP can also concatenate or join two or more files from the same disk and copy them into one file on another disk and even rename the new file in the same process The details of using PIP on disk files are given in Section 11 2 Section 11 3 discusses PIP and password protected files PIP can also copy a file to a peripheral other than a disk such as a printer or console Section 11 4 tells how to use PIP with a peripheral device PIP can also perform certain operations as it makes a new copy of a file For example PIP can translate upper case letters in the original file to lower case in the new file These operations and the PIP options that initiate them are described in Section 11 5 PIP is not an interactive program but does have a repertory of console messages that inform the user of copy status and error conditions Section 11 6
74. ates all lower case letters to upper case So you can enter MP M 86 commands in either upper or lower case or a combination of both MP M 86 command lines can be as long as 128 characters Your command is not sent to MP M 86 until you press the carriage return key or until your command line length exceeds 128 characters 2 2 MP M 86 Command Summary There are over thirty utilities supplied with MP M 86 Each utility is invoked by typing its name command filename next to the system prompt on the console Table 2 2 provides a brief summary of the available MP M 86 commands Twenty two of these utilities are described individually in Sections 5 through 12 of this manual Programming utilities are described in the MP M 86 Programmer s Guide System generation utilities are described in the MP M 86 System Guide Name ABORT ATTACH ASM86 CONSOLE DDT86 DIR DSKRESET ED ERA ERAQ GENSYS GENCMD MPMSTAT MPMLDR PIP PRINTER REN SDIR SET SHOW MP M 86 User s Guide 2 2 MP M 86 Command Summary Table 2 2 MP M 86 Utilities Action Aborts a specified process Attaches a program to its console Assembler for the 8086 8088 microprocessor Displays console number Dynamic debugging tool for the 8086 8088 Displays disk directory Resets drives Editor Erases a file Erases file with confirmation query Generates MP M 86 operating system Converts H86 file to CMD file Displays MP M 86 internal status Loads MP M 86 operating sy
75. ation of a command machine language file hexadecimal notation Notation for the base 16 number system using the symbols 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E and F to represent the sixteen digits Machine code is often converted to hexadecimal notation because it can be easily represented by ASCII characters and therefore printed on the console screen or on paper see Appendix A input Data going into the computer usually from an operator typing at the terminal or by a program reading from the disk interface Object that allows two independent systems to communicate with each other as an interface between hardware and software in a microcomputer I O Abbreviation for input output keyword See command keyword 158 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix H User s Glossary kilobyte 1024 bytes denoted as 1K 32 kilobytes equal 32K 1024 kilobytes equal one megabyte or over one million bytes label Entry within the directory The optional label contains information that describes special attributes of the disk to the operating system For example the label tells MP M 86 whether or not time stamping and password protection are turned on for that disk You can give a label a name to help identify the data that is sotred on a given disk list device Device such as a printer onto which data can be listed or printed logged in Made known to the operating system in reference to drives A drive is logged in when it is selected
76. ay be terminated with a lt cr gt e Commands to terminate an editing session E H O Q may not appear in a combined command line Combined commands may be grouped together in a macro and repeated a specified number of times Details of combining ED commands and using macros are given in Section 12 4 8 You may use the MP M 86 control character functions to edit commands entered to the ED prompt The control characters are defined in Section 2 and are summarized in Appendix C If you are inserting text into the file the editing control characters work normally but TP echo console output at printer TS pause console scroll and fC program abort do not work The following table alphabetically summarizes ED commands and their valid arguments The table also indicates in parentheses which section describes each command in detail 110 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands Table 12 2 ED Command Summary Command Action nA append n lines from original file to memory buffer 12 4 2 B B move CP to the beginning B or bottom B of buffer 12 4 3 nC nC move CP n characters forward C or back C through buffer 12 4 3 nD nD delete n characters before D or from D the CP 12 4 5 E save new file and return to MP M 86 12 4 9 FstringTz find character string 12 4 6 H save the new file then reedit using the new file as the original file 12 4 9 I lt cr gt enter insert mode 12 4 2 Istring
77. biguous filename displays any filename in the directory that matches as the examples below show OA gt DIR CMD Directory for User 0 A DIR CMD PIP CMD SUBMIT CMD ERAQ CMD A ED CMD ASM86 CMD DDT86 CMD MPMSTAT CMD A STAT CMD TOD CMD DSKRESET CMD OA gt DIR B DOCFILE Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE TXT DOCFILE2 TXT DOCFILE3 TXT DOCFILE1 BAK B DOCFILE3 BAK DOCFILE2 BAK Use DIR not only to check the contents of your disk but also to verify that any file operations such as renaming erasing or moving have been performed correctly If your disk directory is longer than your console screen can display at one time you might need to type a TS to temporarily halt the console display before the top scrolls past you To continue the display type a fQ If you strike any other key during the directory display DIR aborts immediately You might want to make a printed copy of a disk directory to keep with the disk To do this enter a TP before entering the DIR command MP M 86 then lists the directory at the printer as well as the console Enter another TP to stop the echoing of all console activity at the printer OA gt DIR CMD SYS The SYS option shown in the example above causes DIR to display any system files residing on the drive These files are normally invisible to the DIR command The System file attribute SYS is intended for command files with filetypes of CMD or RSP Files with these types
78. by the user or an executing process and remains selected or logged in until a DSKRESET is performed or the whole operating system is reset logical Representation of something that may or may not be the same in its actual physical form For example a hard disk can occupy one physical drive and yet you can divide the available storage on it to appear to the user as if it were in several different drives These apparent drives are the logical drives megabyte Over one million bytes 1024 kilobytes see byte microprocessor Silicon chip that is the Central Processing Unit CPU of the microcomputer MP M 86 Multi Programming Monitor Control Program for 8086 and 8088 microprocessors multi programming Capability of the operating system to coordinate the execution of more than one program at a time multi user Ability of an operating system to support more than one independent user initiating different programs at the same time operating system Collection of programs that supervises the running of other programs and the management of computer resources An operating system provides an orderly input output environment between the computer and its peripheral devices It enables user written programs to execute safely option One of many variables that can be appended to a command output Data that the processor sends to the console disk or printer 159 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix H User s Glossary parameter Value i
79. checks to be sure the file can be opened If for some reason the file cannot be opened perhaps because it is already being accessed by another user PIP displays an error Message and aborts If no file of the same name exists or if the file can be opened PIP creates a temporary file of type on the destination disk The temporary destination file has the same primary filename as the destination file of the command tail but its filetype is If PIP aborts for some reason you must delete the file that remains on your disk After creating the temporary destination file PIP begins copying the source file or files into the temporary file When the copying operation is complete PIP deletes any file on the destination disk that has the same name as the destination file specified in the command tail If the file with the same name has an attribute of Read Only PIP displays the following prompt on the console asking whether or not to delete the old file File Read Only Delete Y N If you enter an N the copy operation aborts and nothing is changed The W option instructs PIP to write over files with the Read Only attribute See Section 11 4 If you enter a Y PIP deletes the Read Only file and renames the temporary file with the filename given in the destination of the command tail 87 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 2 PIP and Disk Files PIP allows you to abbreviate file specifications in the command tail In certain instances
80. ck li 01t ll the MP M software you keep in stock lil 21t 9 utilities but know that soon I ll want 9 41t 13 13 lt 12 Thank you for your help 12 To move the CP to the end of a line without calculating the number of characters in the line combine an L command with a C command as shown below 8 you last week I am learning to use the MP M 8 l 6c4distandard z0lt 8 you last week I am learning to use the standard 8 ED accepts a line number as a command to specify a destination for the CP The format for the line number command is n where n is the number of the destination line This command places the CP at the beginning of the specified line and can be most useful when combined with other commands However remember when moving to a specific line number that ED dynamically renumbers text lines in the buffer each time a line is added or deleted The number of the destination line you have in mind may change during editing The inverse of the line number command specifies that a command Should be executed through a certain line This command must be used with another command and has the following format sncommand where n is the line number through which the command is to be executed The n portion of this command does not move the CP but the command that follows it may For example nT does not move the CP but nL does You can combine n with n to specify a range of lines through which a
81. code or other ASCII files formatted for human understanding If you TYPE a file formatted for the computer s understanding a CMD or RSP file for example unintelligible characters appear on the screen TYPE with the PAGE option causes the console listing to automatically stop after listing twenty four lines of text Press any character to restart the listing for the next twenty four lines of text You can use the Pn option to specify a page length other than twenty four Substitute the number of lines per page for n in the command 71 MP M 86 User s Guide 9 2 The ERA Command 9 2 The ERA Command Syntax ERA filespec ERA filespec XFCB ERA deletes a file specification from the directory thus freeing the disk space occupied by the file ERA accepts either a specific filename to delete one file or an ambiguous filename to delete a group of files Use the ERA command carefully especially when erasing multiple files It is a good idea to make a back up copy of your disk before erasing unwanted files because a simple typing error in an ERA command tail can have disasterous results The following example shows how an ERA command eliminates the filename NEWPROG BAK from the current disk directory OB gt DIR Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE TXT DOCFILE2 TXT DOCFILE3 TXT NEWPROG A86 B NEWPROG BAK ADDPROG A86 DOCFILE1 BAK CHECKPRG A86 B DOCFILE3 BAK CHECKPRG BAK ADDPROG BAK DOCFILE2 BAK OB gt ERA NEWP
82. command lines with passwords assume that all files have been assigned the password yyz OA gt TYPE XYZ OA gt TYPE XYZ B CAT ASM XYZ OA gt REN XYZ NEWNAME TYP OLDNAME TYP XYZ OA gt ED XYZ DOCUMENT LAW XYZ OA gt ERA XYZ C XYZ 13 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 1 MP M 86 File Specifications Some MP M 86 commands and most word processing accounting packages and other applications programs running under MP M 86 do not accept passwords in the command tail If you wish to access password protected files without typing the password each time the file is accessed set the default password before executing the application program For example you would not have to specify the password XYZ in the above examples if you first issued the following set default password command See the SET command described in Section 7 of this manual SET DEFAULT XYZ MP M 86 displays the following message when a required password is missing or incorrect Bdos Err On d Password Error Bdos Function NNN File FILENAME TYP Passwords can contain any characters except for those listed in Table 3 1 All passwords are converted to upper case when entered in file specifications or in the standard MP M 86 utilities Application programs using the password protection features of MP M 86 however may distinguish between upper and lower case passwords 3 1 5 Special Characters in File Specifications The characters in Table 3 1 have special mea
83. command should be executed For example 119 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands 14 52 12t 5 Dear Compudealer 6 7 I am enjoying the MP M system I received from 8 you last week I am learning to use the standard 9 utilities PIP ED AND STAT but know that soon I ll want 10 more programs Please send me a list of ll the MP M compatible software you keep in stock 12 Thank you for your help 15 12 4 5 Deleting Characters To erase or delete characters from the memory buffer you may choose between two ED commands The K command deletes whole lines from the buffer The D command deletes a specified number of characters and has the form nD nD where n is the number of characters to be deleted If no number is specified ED deletes the character to the right of the CP A positive number deletes multiple characters to the right of the CP towards the bottom of the file A negative number deletes characters to the left of the CP towards the top of the file For example 9 utilities but know that soon I ll want 9 1 2c 4dineed zZOlt 9 utilities but know that soon I ll need 9 You can also use a D command to delete the lt cr gt lt 1f gt between two lines joining them together as shown below 3t Compudealer 123 W Fourth St Inglevale CA 1 2di Z1 2di z01t Compudealer 123 W Fourth St Inglevale CA Herwen ee oe The K command deletes or kills data lines
84. console as the copy is taking place The source must contain ASCII data F Filter form feeds When this option follows a source name PIP removes all form feeds imbedded in the source data To change form feeds set for one page length in the source file to another page length in the destination file use the F option to delete the old form feeds and the P option to simultaneously add new form feeds to the destination file 92 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 5 PIP Options Table 11 3 continued Letter Function Gn This option is used to Get from or Go to the user number specified by n The Gn option is the only valid option for destination files When the Gn option is placed after the source filename PIP looks for the source file in the user area specfied by n on the currently logged or specified drive When the Gn option is placed after the destination filename PIP places the destination file under the user number specified by n on the designated drive n must be a valid user number between 0 and 15 H Hex data transfer PIP checks all data for proper Intel hexadecimal file format This requires a filetype of H86 Removes Non essential characters between hex records during the copy operation The console displays a prompt for corrective action in case an error occurs I Ignore 00 records in the transfer of Intel hexadecimal format files This requires a filetype of H86 The I parameter automatically sets the H paramet
85. cteristics of the files and drives in the MP M 86 system The SET command described in Section 7 controls the setting of file and disk attributes as well as password protection and time stamping 47 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 5 The SHOW Utility 6 5 The SHOW Command Syntax SHOW SHOW SPACE SHOW DRIVES SHOW USERS SHOW LABEL SHOW HELP SHOW d SHOW d SPACE SHOW d DRIVE SHOW d USERS SHOW d LABEL The SHOW utility provides the same information as the passive STAT functions Section 6 4 with the addition of the SHOW LABEL option SHOW by itself displays the drive the Read Only or Read Write mode for that drive and the remaining space in kilobytes for all logged in drives in the system The SHOW SPACE display is the Same as the SHOW display SHOW HELP displays a list of the SHOW options SHOW with the optional drive specifier displays the SHOW information for the specified drive only as shown in the following example OA gt SHOW B B RW Space 9 488k The SHOW DRIVES command displays the drive characteristics of logged in drives on the system or for a specified drive The following is an example of the SHOW DRIVES display A Drive Characteristics 3 600 128 Byte Record Capacity 450 Kilobyte Drive Capacity 96 32 Byte Directory Entries 96 Checked Directory Entries 128 Records Directory Entry 16 Records Block 48 Sectors Track 2 Reserved Tracks The SHOW USERS command displays the current user number and
86. d In this document the CONTROL key is represented by an up arrow T A 1X for example erases the command line See Appendix C cursor One character symbol that can appear anywhere on the console screen The cursor indicates the position where the next keystroke at the console will have an effect data file Non executable collection of similar information that generally requires a command file to manipulate it 156 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix H User s Glossary default Currently selected disk drive user number password console or list device Any command that does not specify a disk drive or a user number references the default disk drive and user number When MP M 86 is first invoked the default disk drive is the system drive The default user number varies from console to console until changed with the USER command A default display is a display generated by a command keyword without any options delimiter Special characters that separate different items in a command line For example in MP M 86 a colon separates the drive specification from the filename A period separates the filename from the filetype A semicolon separates the filename and type from the password and square brackets separate any options from their command or file specification Commas separate one item in an option list from another All of the above special characters are delimiters directory Portion of a disk that contains entries for each file
87. d collections of MP M 86 control characters commands options error messages and trouble shooting suggestions Appendix A supplies an ASCII and Hexadecimal conversion table Appendix B is a reference for common MP M 86 filetypes Appendix C summarizes MP M 86 control characters including command line editing controls and control character commands Appendix D describes MP M 86 error messages Appendix E provides a trouble shooting checklist for locating files Appendix F is a brief summary of the MP M 86 commands with some examples Appendix G summarizes the MP M 86 commands that display disk and file status Appendix H is a simplified glossary Even if you are familiar with CP M 86 commands you should still read the introductory sections of this manual the new SDIR and SHOW commands in Section 6 and the SET command in Section 7 Most of the utilities have been enhanced iv TABLE OF CONTENTS MP M 86 Sign On Messages l l MP M 86 System Generation 1 2 MP M 86 Bootstrap 1 3 The System Prompt 1 4 The Day File Option Introduction To MP M 86 Commands 2 1 MP M 86 Command Format 2 2 MP M 86 Command Summary 2 3 Control Character Commands 2 4 Attaching and Detaching Processes MP M 86 Files 3 1 MP M 86 File Specifications 3 1 1 Drive Specificetions 3 1 2 Filenames 3 1 3 Filetypes 3 1 4 Passwords 3 1 5 Special Characters in File 3 2 Ambiguous File Specificatio
88. drive you need Remember also that there are sixteen available user areas on a single drive Normally a file cannot be accessed unless it is in the default currently specified user area If an optional drive reference is specified the file must be in the same user area on the optional drive as it is on the default drive The following two sections describe how MP M 86 searches for command files and data files The last section offers a list of troubleshooting suggestions to help you if it appears that MP M 86 cannot find your file 3 5 1 Command File Searches When you enter a command MP M 86 first checks its message list or queue list to see if the command is a Resident System Process RSP and therefore resident in memory and not on isk If MP M 86 does not find that the specified command references a queue associated with an RSP it looks for the specified command as a file on disk Refer to the MP M 86 Programmer s Guide for a discussion of queues and RSPs MP M 86 searches four separate locations before returning a can t Find Command message MP M 86 first looks for a specified file of type CMD under the default user number on the default or specified drive For the second search MP M 86 checks for the CMD file under user number 0 on the default or specified drive If that search fails MP M 86 looks for the CMD file in a third location under the default user number on the system drive Next MP M 86 looks for the CMD
89. e commands in the submit file providing a batch mode for MP M 86 Text file Temporary file 138 Keystroke RUB DEL BACKS PACE TH Tu TX TR TE RETURN T TJ TZ TP Ts TQ Tc TD APPENDIX C MP M 86 CONTROL CHARACTER SUMMARY Table C l MP M 86 Control Characters Action deletes character to the left of cursor echoes character deleted cursor moves right same as RUB moves cursor back one space erases previous character Same as BACKSPACE cancels line displays cursor moves down one line and awaits a new command deletes all characters in command line retypes current command line useful after using RUB or DEL key forces a physical carriage return but does not send command to MP M 86 carriage return Same as carriage return line feed terminates input at the console string separator for PIP and ED terminates console input when console is used as a source device with PIP echoes all console activity at the printer a second TP ends printer echo This only works if your system is connected to a printer Stops console display temporarily TQ resumes the listing resumes console display after TS prompts to abort a process currently running at a given console detaches the currently executing process from the console at which the TD is entered 139 APPENDIX D MP M 86 ERROR MESSAGES Error messages come from several different sources MP M 8
90. e desired disk file This part of the file specification changes when you move the disk containing the file to another disk drive or change logical drives on a hard disk 3 1 2 Primary Filenames The primary filename which is usually provided by the user when the file is created normally tells something about the contents of the file A filename is from one to eight characters long and can contain any letter or number However it is highly recommended that filenames begin with letters Some special characters are also allowed Section 3 1 5 defines the special characters that are not allowed in file specifications 12 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 1 MP M 86 File Specifications 3 1 3 Filetypes Generally a file specification includes a period and a three letter filetype Like a primary filename a filetype can contain any letter or number but not the special characters listed in Section 3 1 5 Normally the filetype tells something about the file Some programs require that their input files be a certain filetype For example MP M 86 requires that an executable command file be in a certain format and have the filetype CMD Not all programs require specific filetypes For example the MP M 86 text editor ED accepts any filetype For this kind of program you can give the input file any filetype that seems convenient or give it no filetype at all The user assigns the filetype to the file when he creates it When a program manipulate
91. e instead of limiting your command to the contents of the memory buffer Of course if ED finds and displays an occurrence you do not want to change and you abort the macro you have to re enter the macro command line to continue substituting Be extra careful when including an R command in an unlimited macro If ED reaches the end of data in the data buffer and cannot execute any of the other commands combined in the macro string it fills the remainder of the buffer by repeatedly inserting the LIB file You can avoid this problem by combining a Z command with any R command that may appear in a macro and aborting the command when it reaches the end of data in the buffer 12 4 8 Moving Text Blocks To move a group of lines from one area of your data to another use an X command to write the text block into a temporary LIB file then a K command to remove the lines from their original location and then an R command to read the block into its new location The format of the X command is 126 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands nx where n is the number of lines from the CP towards the bottom of the buffer that are to be written into the temporary file Therefore n must always be a positive number If no temporary file exists ED creates one named X LIB If X LIB exists when an X command is executed ED appends the specified lines to the end of the existing file Use the special character 0 as the n argument in an X c
92. e must be configured according to the instructions in the MP M 86 System Guide That is the MPMLDR and XIOS files must be customized for the target hardware and the GENSYS program described in the System Guide must be used to generate an MPM SYS file before MP M 86 can be executed Properly written CP M 86 compatible Programs run under MP M 86 with little or no modification The MP M 86 Programmer s Guide provides the information needed to write MP M 86 compatible programs The MP M 86 User s Guide assumes that your MP M 86 system is up and running It contains the information you need to use the MP M 86 operating system and to run applications programs under MP M 86 The information in the MP M 86 User s Guide is organized according to the anticipated order of need Section 1 describes the initial console messages that appear on the screen after the system is brought up Section 2 describes how to enter an MP M 86 command and includes a brief command Summary Section 3 is a complete description of MP M 86 file specifications and related matters including a discussion of how MP M 86 searches for commands and files Section 4 describes the format and conventions of command line syntax and examples in this manual and points to the names and section numbers of the MP M 86 utilities included on the MP M 86 distribution disk Sections 5 through 12 explain the function and use of those utilities iii The Appendices offer brief encapsulate
93. e stamping of files in the MP M 86 system It also sets file and drive attributes such as the Read Only System and user definable attributes This section discusses three major topics password protection time stamping and setting file attributes The SET command always requires a parameter consisting of an object and an action The object can be either a drive a file or a group of files The action can be any of a number of options described in this section The options are always enclosed in Square brackets If no drive or filename is specified the default drive is assumed The SET command includes options that affect entire drives and options that effect files or groups of files SET options can be strung together and separated by commas within the square brackets Note that spaces before or after the brackets and equal sign are optional Multiple SET file and drive commands can be specified in one command line if they are separated by commas 7 2 Password Protection The MP M 86 Operating System supports password protection of files Passwords can be up to 8 characters long and are required for access to the file to which they are assigned Passwords can be assigned to the MP M 86 commands present on your system CMD files When accessing a password protected file or command the password must be preceeded by a semicolon and typed as part of the command or file name as shown below OA gt TYPE B DOCUMENT LAW SECRET OA gt ERA SEC
94. e you keep in stock Thank you for your help O OGON ANU S amp WNEF e oo ee oo te ee o am oll od Ne ee 6 127 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands 13 Sincerely l ll r Z7 14t 7 I am enjoying the MP M system I received from 8 you last week 9 Please send me a list of 10 the MP M software you keep in stock ll I am learning to use the MP M 12 utilities but know that soon I ll want 13 more programs l4 Thank you for your help Tes ED normally deletes temporary files at the end of an editing session For example an exit performed by an E or Q command erases any file named X LIB If you exit ED by a TC the temporary file remains on the disk However if you want to preserve that file you must rename it before the next editing session When invoked ED erases any file named x LIB 12 4 9 Saving or Abandoning Changes ED Exit In general you can to save or abandon editing changes while the data is still in the buffer You can save your editing changes by instructing ED to write the contents of the data buffer to the new file The W and H commands perform this task without ending the ED session an E command saves the contents of the buffer and exits ED You can abandon your editing changes with an O command which moves the MP back to the top of the buffer without writing out its contents or with a Q command which exits ED without saving the changes in the new file You may also end an ED sessi
95. eceived from 8 you last week I am learning to use MP M ll the MP M software you keep in stock BREAK AT T ll The execution of a macro command always ends in a BREAK message even when you have limited the number of times the macro is to be performed and ED does not reach the end of the buffer or original file Usually the command letter displayed in the message is one of the commands from the string and not M Certain command sequences at the end of the command string guarantee that changes are made the way you want them For example the sequence OLTL at the end of a substitute macro insures that only one substitution is made per line For example l Compudealer 2 123 W Fourth St 3 Inglevale CA 4 5 Dear Compudealer 6 7 I am enjoying the Digital Research system I received from 8 you last week I am learninng to use the MP M 9 utilities but know that soon I ll want 10 more programs Please send me a list of ll the MP M compatible software you keep in stock 12 Thank you for your help 13 14 Sincerely l 7 3ms Z Z01lt1l 8 you last week I am learning to use the MP M 10 more programs Please send me a list of ll the MP M compatible software you keep in stock BREAK AT T ll When the sequence OT concludes a substitute macro it insures that every occurrence of the search string is replaced even if there are several occurrences on the same line 125 MP M 86 User s
96. eeded by a circumflex for example C Therefore the examples showing a screen output display in the following sections use a circumflex to show when a control character has been entered lt cr gt This symbol represents a carriage return keystroke This symbol appears only when an example needs clarification for example when the user s only input is to press the carriage return key Remember however that every MP M 86 command must be terminated by a carriage return keystroke whether or not lt cr gt appears in the example To clarify examples of interactions between the user and the operating system the characters entered by the user are shown in boldface MP M 86 s responses are shown in normal type 24 MP M 86 User s Guide 4 3 Options in Utility Command Lines 4 3 Options in Utility Command Lines MP M 86 supports two kinds of options in the command line A global option applies to the entire command line and is placed in Square brackets just after the command keyword A local option applies only to a specific file and is placed in square brackets just after the filename or filename and filetype to which it applies An option can sometimes have a modifier In the following examples Pass is the option and secret is the modifier Drive is the option and B is the modifier SET PASS Secret SDIR drive B Sometimes a modifier can include more than one element In this case the modifier is enclosed in
97. en MP M 86 looks for a file of type CMD in the default user area and then in user 0 of the specified drive If the command file specification includes either a drive specification or a password MP M 86 automatically searches for the Program file on a disk drive and does not check for RSPs If the command references a queue associated with an RSP do not use a drive or password to invoke it 19 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 5 File Location Conventions 3 5 2 Data File Searches MP M 86 checks for data files in two locations only First it looks for the data file in the default user area on the default or specified drive Then MP M 86 looks for the data file in user area 0 of the default or specified drive Unless the default user area is 0 MP M 86 can only find the file in user area 0 if the file has a SYS attribute Table 3 3 summarizes how MP M 86 searches for data files Table 3 3 Data File Search Locations Search Number In User Number On Drive l default default or specified 2 0 default or specified If the data file is opened in unlocked mode MP M 86 does not look for it on the system drive Refer to Section 2 of the MP M 86 Programmer s Guide for a complete discussion of the modes involved in opening and closing files This is relevant to the number of users accessing a given file at one time and whether or not a user is trying to write to that file If the command program does not find the data file it generally displays the
98. ence as the STAT command tail To review the Status of all files on the disk enter as the filename To select a group enter the appropriate wildcard characters in the filename For example CMD in the following command line selects CMD files on the A disk 43 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 4 The STAT Command OA gt STAT CMD Recs Bytes FCBs Attributes Name 205 28k 1 Sys RO A ASM86 CMD 118 16k 1 Sys RO A DDT86 CMD 64 8k 1 Sys RO A ED CMD 13 4k 1 Sys RO A DIR CMD 64 12k l Sys RO A PIP CMD 65 12k l Sys RO A STAT CMD 32 4k 1 Sys RO A SUBMIT CMD 19 4k l1 Sys RO A TOD CMD 27 4k l Sys RO A ERAQ CMD 92k 9 9 files 92 1k blocks Bytes Remaining On A 74k OA gt Under the dotted line STAT displays the totals for the files listed The total disk space consumed is under the bytes column The total number of directory entries appears under the FCBs column The number of files is listed in parentheses The number of files might be less than the total FCBs if some files are large enough to have more than one FCB A second byte total is given within the parentheses This total displays the number of 1 k blocks used by the files listed in the STAT display It represents the amount of space that would be consumed by the listed files if they were placed on a standard single density 8 floppy disk with the normal 1 k block size The lk block total is useful when determining if enough space exists on a floppy disk to back up a group files fro
99. ensity or resetting the disk or other error found by MP M 86 automatically sets the drive to Read Only until the error is corrected Files and disk drives may be set to either Read Only or Read Write Read Write Attribute that can be assigned to a disk file or a disk drive The Read Write attribute allows you to read from and write to a specific Read Write file or to a any file on a disk that is in a drive set to Read Write A file or drive can be set to either Read Only or Read Write record Collection of data A file consists of one or more records Stored on disk An MP M 86 record is 128 bytes long Resident System Process A process that is made part of MP M 86 during system generation An RSP can be associated with a queue that can be accessed by a command keyword The file containing the code may be stored on disk as a file of type RSP RO Abbreviation for Read Only RSP Resident System Process run a program Start a program executing When a program is running the computer is executing a sequence of instructions RW Abbreviation for Read Write sector Portion of a disk track There are a specific number of sectors on each track software Specially coded programs transmit machine readable instructions to the computer as opposed to hardware which is the actual physical components of a computer source file ASCII text file that is an input file for a processing program such as an editor text formatter assembler or
100. ent to SDIR RO RW SYS DIR SORT FULL XFCB SDIR SYS displays only the files that have the SYS attribute on SDIR RO displays only the files that have Read Only attribute on SDIR DIR displays only the files that have the SYS attribute off SDIR RW displays only the files that are set to Read Write SDIR XFCB displays all the files that have Extended File Control Blocks XFCBs See the SET command in Section 7 for a discussion of XFCBs The SHORT option is ignored when used with the XFCB option 36 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 3 SDIR Format Table 6 1 continued Command Result SDIR NONXFCB displays those files without Extended File Control Blocks The SHORT option is ignored when used with the NONXFCB option SDIR USER n displays files under the user number Specified by n SDIR USER ALL displays files under all the user numbers for the default drive SDIR USER 0 1 15 displays files under the user numbers specified SDIR DRIVE d displays files on the drive specified by d The drive specified must exist DISK is also acceptable in place of DRIVE in all the DRIVE options SDIR DRIVE ALL displays files on all of the logged in drives A logged in drive is a valid existing drive that has been accessed since the last dskreset see Section 5 1 SDIR DRIVE A B C P displays files on the drives specified The specified drives must exist SDIR FULL displa
101. er K Kill display option stops the display of filenames on the console during ambiguous copies This permits the user to detach PIP from the console during long copy operations L Translate upper case alphabetics in the source file to lower case in the destination file This option follows the source device or filename N Add line numbers to the destination file When this option follows the source filename PIP adds a line number to each line copied starting with 1 and incrementing by one The line number is follwed by a colon If N2 is specified PIP adds leading zeroes to the line number and inserts a tab after the number If the T parameter is also set PIP expands the tab O Object file transfer for non ASCII files CMD RSP PIP ignores any Z ends of file during concatenation and transfer 93 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 5 PIP Options Table 11 3 continued Letter Function Pn Set page length n specifies the number of lines per page When this option modifies a source file PIP includes a page eject at the beginning of the destination file and at every n lines If n 1 or is not specified PIP inserts page ejects every 60 lines When the F option is also specified PIP removes form feeds from the source data before inserting new form feeds at the page length specified by n Qs Zz Quit copying from the source device after the string s When used with the S parameter this option can extract a portion of a source
102. erence at the console This is handy for transferring CMD files from the distribution disk to your new system disk as shown in the following example 88 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 2 PIP and Disk Files OA gt DIR 05 27 54 A DIR CMD User 0 Directory for Use 0 A BDOS MPM TMP RSP CIO MPM SUP MPM A RTM SPR ABORT CMD MPMSTAT RSP SHOW CMD A ATTACH CMD MPMSTAT RSP TOD CMD SPOOL CMD A TYPE CMD ASM86 CMD CONSOLE RSP DIR CMD A DSKRESET CMD SDIR CMD ED CMD ERA CMD A ERAQ CMD MPMSTAT CMD PIP CMD SET CMD OA gt DIR B 05 28 14 A DIR CMD User 0 Directory for User 0 File not found OA gt PIP B A CMD 05 28 30 A DIR CMD User 0 Copying ABORT CMD SHOW CMD SET CMD OA gt DIR B 05 32 04 A DIR CMD User 0 Directory for User 0 B ABORT CMD ASM86 CMD TYPE CMD DIR CMD B DSKRESET CMD SPOOL CMD ED CMD ERA CMD B ERAQ CMD MPMSTAT CMD PIP CMD SDIR CMD B SET CMD SHOW CMD ATTACH CMD To concatenate several disk files into one large file enter a string of file specifications as the source in the command tail Multiple source files must be in ASCII format unless specifically overridden by the O parameter They are written into the destination file in the order they appear in the command tail from left to right For example OA gt PIP DESTINAT TXT SOURCE1 TXT SOURCE2 TXT SOURCE3 TXT In a concatenation command the destination filename and filetype can also
103. esearch TEX 80 Text Formatter and printed in the United States of America by Commercial Press Monterey kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk kkk kkkkkkkkk kkkkkkkkkk First Printing September 1981 HAKKAR kkk kkk kkk kkk kkk kkk kkk kkk kkk k kkk FOREWORD MP M 86 is a multi user operating system for a sixteen bit microcomputer MP M 86 supports multi programming at each terminal The MP M 86 hardware environment must include an Intel 8086 8088 or compatible microprocessor at least 64K bytes of random access memory RAM clock timer interrupt a floppy disk drive and a console A reasonable hardware configuration might consist of 64K bytes to one megabyte of RAM a hard disk and one floppy disk or other back up storage medium two consoles and a printer MP M 86 Supports from one to sixteen logical or physical disk drives containing up to 512 megabytes of storage each and up to 254 character I O devices including system consoles terminals and printers Of the consoles MP M 86 can reasonably support from four to sixteen system consoles although more May actually be used A System console is a device such as a CRI terminal or teletype from which programs can be initiated MP M 86 supports up to one megabyte 1 048 576 bytes of random access Memory RAM and requires about 36K bytes for itself Digital Research distributes MP M 86 on two standard format IBM single density 8 floppy disks The interface between the hardware and the softwar
104. executing processes that require console interaction must be re attached to the console using the TD or ATTACH command The TD re attaches the processes in the same order in which they were detached The ATTACH command attaches the process you specify independently of the order in which the process was detached see Section 8 TC simply aborts the process and frees the memory space It is recommended that you experiment with the TD and ATTACH commands Use the MPMSTAT command to display the status of various system functions to see in which memory segments the processes you have attached and detached are located Note that you cannot abort Resident System Processes Furthermore once you have invoked a Resident System Process it must finish executing before it can be successfully invoked again This is true even if the RSP is detached from the console SECTION 3 MP M 86 FILES 3 1 MP M 86 File Specifications A file is a collection of data stored on disk A file is given a unique name and that name is used to access that file Disk directories display a list of the filenames stored on the disk A command file is an executable file a series of instructions that the computer can follow step by step A command file is generally referred to as a program A command file sometimes requires a data file to process A data file is generally a collection of data a list of names and addresses the inventory of a store the accounting records
105. f a file cannot be copied because it is locked or password protected PIP displays an appropriate error message skips the file and continues the copy operation See the MP M 86 Programmer s Guide for a discussion of locked and unlocked files 86 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 2 PIP and Disk Files 11 2 PIP and Disk Files PIP is most frequently used to make a copy of a disk file on another disk PIP accepts ambiguous filenames and other options in its command tail It can also concatenate or join multiple source files from a disk making one longer destination file on another disk PIP can copy ASCII files such as program source files or non ASCII files such as memory image CMD files PIP expects an ASCII file to end in Z which ED and other file editors insert automatically PIP does not expect any special character at the end of a non ASCII file Note If the number of characters in an ASCII file is an exact multiple of 128 the file will not be terminated with a TZ In a disk file transfer both the destination and source in PIP s command tail are file specifications For example OA gt PIP B DDT86 CMD A DDT86 CMD If you do not specify a drive letter as part of the filename PIP assumes the file is on the default drive To execute your command PIP first checks to see if a file with the same name as the destination file already exists on the destination disk If there is a file of the same name on the destination disk PIP
106. f the PRINTER command OA gt PRINTER List Number 1 OA gt PRINTER 2 List Number 2 OA gt TP Printer busy OA gt 78 MP M 86 User s Guide 10 3 The SPOOL Command 10 3 The SPOOL Command Syntax SPOOL filespec SPOOL filespec filespec SPOOL filespec DELETE SPOOL sends the file or files specified by filespec to the printer leaving the console free for further input SPOOL with the DELETE option deletes the file after spooling When you invoke the SPOOL CMD command the console displays the following message 0OA gt SPOOL MP M 86 V2 0 Spooler Enter STOPSPLR to abort the spooler Enter ATTACH SPOOL to re attach console to spooler Spooler detaching from console QA gt The SPOOL command can be invoked by as many users as the number of available memory segments allows 10 4 The STOPSPLR Command Syntax STOPSPLR The STOPSPLR utility stops the spooling operation in progress and empties the spool queue If you enter a STOPSPLR command while SPOOL is idle the console displays the following message Spooler not running STOPSPLR with a console number substituted for the optional n Stops a currently executing SPOOL CMD command initiated from console n 79 MP M 86 User s Guide 10 5 The SUBMIT Command 10 5 The SUBMIT Command Syntax SUBMIT filespec SUBMIT filespec 1 2 3 Generally MP M 86 accepts one command line at a time However if it is necessary to enter the same sequence of
107. file The specified string argument must be terminated by a Z Note When PIP is invoked without a command tail i e PIP lt cr gt the character string is not translated to upper case otherwise it is R Read system files Normally PIP cannot find files marked with the system attribute in the disk directory But when this parameter follows a source filename PIP can copy a system tile including its attributes to the destination Ss Z Start copying from the source device at the String s The string argument must be terminated by a Z When used with the Q parameter this option can extract a portion of a source file Both start and quit strings are included in the destination file Note When PIP is invoked without a command tail i e PIP lt cr gt the character string is not translated to upper case otherwise it is Tn Expand tabs When this option follows a source filename PIP expands tab I characters in the destination file PIP replaces each I with enough spaces to position the next character in a column divisible by n U Translate lower case alphabetic characters in the source file to upper case in the destination file This option follows the source device or filename 94 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 5 PIP Options Table 11 3 continued Letter Function V Verify that data has been copied correctly When this option modifies the source name PIP rereads the destination data after writing to c
108. formats of the n command are n n where n is the number of lines the CP is to be moved In response to this command ED moves the CP forward or back the number of lines specified then prints only the destination line A further abbreviation of this command is to enter no number at all In response to a carriage return without a preceding command ED assumes an n command of 1 moves the CP down to the next line and prints it Also a by itself moves the CP up one line 12 4 4 Moving the Character Pointer CP This section describes the B C L n and n commands which move the CP in useful increments but do not display the destination line To verify that the CP has been moved correctly add one of the display commands described in Section 12 4 3 117 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands The B command moves the CP to the beginning or bottom of the memory buffer The formats of the B command are B B Unlike other ED commands a minus sign in a B command does not move the CP towards the beginning of the memory buffer B moves the CP to the end or bottom of the memory buffer B moves the CP to the beginning of the buffer For example 8 you last week I am learning to use the MP M 9 utilities but know that soon I ll want 8 bt l Compudealer l bt As demonstrated in previous sections the C command moves the CP forward or back the specified number of characters The formats of the C command are nc nC
109. ft on one disk enter a drive specification for that disk in the STAT command as shown below OA gt STAT B Bytes Remaining on B 4 800k Unlike the STAT command with no command tail this does not display whether the drive is marked Read Only RO or is available for both reading and writing RW STAT can change a RW drive to RO with the command shown below OA gt STAT B RO After setting the B drive to Read Only the STAT command with no command tail reflects this change as shown below OA gt STAT A RW Space 74k B RO Space 4 800k After this sequence drive B carries the RO attribute until you use the SET command to reset it to RW STAT can also give you a detailed description of how data is stored on a disk or disks To request this report enter the special argument DSK with or without a drive specification in the STAT command as shown below OA gt STAT DSK With a drive specification STAT reports only on the drive indicated Without a drive specification STAT reports on all drives accessed since the last DSKRESET The following example requests a report on a single drive OA gt STAT B DSK B Drive Characteristics 65 536 128 Byte Record Capacity 8 192 Kilobyte Drive Capacity 512 32 Byte Directory Entries 0 Checked Directory Entries 1 024 Records Directory Entry 128 Records Block 68 Sectors Track 0 Reserved Tracks 41 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 4 The STAT Command The left column of this report
110. gives the values specific to the disk The right column describes the data storage format Most of this information is of interest only to a programmer modifying MP M 86 s Extended Input Output System to change how data is stored on the disk However this display does tell you the maximum amount of data you can put on your disk Kilobyte Drive Capacity and the maximum number of files you can create on the disk s directory 32 Byte Directory Entries Note that if your files are large you might fill the disk with data before you fill the directory with file entries Files with XFCBs require an additional directory entry Table 6 2 defines the elements of a STAT DSK report Table 6 2 STAT DSK Disk Storage Format Report Message Meaning 128 Byte Record Capacity At maximum you can store this number of 128 byte records on the disk Kilobyte Drive Capacity At maximum you can store this number of kilobytes on the disk 32 Byte Directory Entries At maximum with no XFCBs or Directory Label you can create this number of files on the disk Checked Directory Entries The number of directory entries checked each time the disk is accessed to verify that it has not been removed and replaced by another disk For floppy disks this is usually the same as 32 Byte Directory Entries For non removable hard disks this can be 0 Records Directory Entry At maximum a single directory entry can reference this number of records Files
111. gt STAT B TEST TEX Recs Bytes FCBs Attributes Name 38 16k l Dir RW XA1234 B TEST TEX ee me ae es ss ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee wre ee oe ee ee se 16k 1 1 file 5 1k blocks Bytes Remaining On B 4 800k 0A gt The Archive attribute set by PIP when using the Archive Option A and the user definable attributes Fl F2 F3 and F4 are all displayed in the STAT display under the Attributes column If the file has been archived STAT displays the letter A and if any of the user definable attributes are on STAT displays the number of the attributes that are on The user definable attributes can be set using the SET command They are not used by MP M 86 but can be used by application programs to mark particular files as desired STAT also displays an X in the Attributes column if the displayed file has an XFCB Extended File Control Block necessary for password protected or time stamped files 45 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 4 The STAT Command The STAT file display has a size option Function 35 in the MP M 86 Programmer s Guide that displays the computed size of each listed file in a Size column as shown below OA gt STAT CMD SIZE Size Recs Bytes FCBs Attributes Name 205 205 28k 1 Sys RO A ASM86 CMD 118 118 16k 1 Sys RO A DDT86 CMD 64 64 8k 1 Sys RO A ED CMD 13 13 4k 1 Sys RO A DIR CMD 64 64 12k 1 Sys RO A PIP CMD 65 65 12k l Sys RO A STAT CMD 32 32 4k 1 Sys RO A SUBMIT CMD 19 19 4k l Sys RO A TOD CMD 27 27 4k 1 Sys RO A E
112. he DSKRESET command before changing the disk in that drive If the disk reset is successful it means no one else is using the disk and it can be safely changed The DSKRESET command checks the drive for any open files If DSKRESET doesn t find any open files it resets the drive The following exchange demonstrates what happens if DSKRESET finds an open file on a drive OA gt DSKRESET B Disk reset denied Drive B Console 2 Program PIP MP M 86 has denied the request to reset the disk in drive B because PIP which was initiated at console 2 has an open file on drive B When changing disks you must reset the drive to enable writing to the new disk If you change a disk and forget to reset the drive and then try to write data to that disk MP M 86 will notice that the drive has not been reset automatically set that drive to Read Only and will not write data to any files on that disk Therefore if you forget to reset the drive when you change a disk it is possible to lose an entire edit changes that you are making to a file Note It is extremely important to execute the DSKRESET command BEFORE changing a disk in case another user has open files on that disk If a disk is removed from a drive while a process is executing the integrity of the data in the open file on that disk might be irrevocably damaged 27 MP M 86 User s Guide 5 2 The User Command 5 2 The USER Command Syntax USER USER n The USER command has two fu
113. he X command to create a LIB file without leaving or restarting ED This is useful for moving text blocks as described in Section 12 4 7 12 4 3 Displaying Buffer Contents at the Console ED does not display the contents of the memory buffer at the console until you specify which part of the text you want to see You must indicate which lines to display in relation to the CP s current location The T command displays text at the console without moving the CP the P and n commands relocate the CP as they display lines at the console The T command types a specified number of lines from the CP at the console The formats of the T command are nT nT where n specifies the number of lines to be displayed If a negative number is entered ED displays n lines before the CP A positive number displays n lines from the CP If no number is specified ED types from the CP thru the end of the line The CP remains in its original position no matter how many lines are typed If the CP is between two characters in the middle of the line a T command types only the characters between the CP and the end of the line Use this command to verify the CP s location For example when the 16C command moves the CP just to the left of the P in Please a T command can verify that fact in two ways 116 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands 10 more programs Please send me a list of 10 16ct Please send me a list of 10 t 9 utilities but know that
114. he command line must also include a command tail specifying the actual parameters to substitute for the formal parameters For example if you submit the START SUB file below STAT 1 ERA 1 BAK DIR 1 PIP 1 A 2 CMD the command line must specify two actual parameters to substitute for 1 and 2 Note that in this case a colon follows each occurrence of the formal parameter 1 in the submit file The following command line includes two actual parameters a valid drive name and primary filename OA gt SUBMIT START B TEX SUBMIT inserts B every time the first formal parameter Sl appears in START SUB and inserts TEX every time the second formal parameter 2 appears in START SUB When MP M 86 executes this SUB file the commands executed will look like this STAT B ERA B BAK DIR B PIP B A TEX CMD If the number of parameters in the submit file is greater than the number in the command line nothing is substituted for the extra parameters If more parameters are entered in the command line than exist in the file the extra parameters are ignored As SUBMIT processes the SUB file each command is displayed at the console The console looks just as it does when you enter the commands manually one at a time 10 5 3 Aborting SUBMIT Any error in the command line causes SUBMIT to display an error message abort that program and proceed to the next SUBMIT command 82 MP M 86 User s Guide 10 5 The SU
115. heck for copying errors The destination must be a disk file W Write over files with Read Only attribute Normally if a PIP command tail includes an RO file as a destination PIP sends a query to the console to make sure the user wants to write over the existing file When this option follows a source name PIP overwrites the RO file without a console exchange If the command tail contains multiple source files this option need follow only the last file in the list Z Zero the parity bit When this option follows a source name PIP resets the parity bit of each data byte in the output The source must contain ASCII data The remainder of this section gives examples of PIP parameters and their effects For example when the command OA gt PIP CON A WIDEFILE A86 D80 is executed PIP truncates any source lines longer than 80 characters before sending them to the console device The command OA gt PIP B A LETTER TEX E causes PIP to display the file LETTER TEX line by line at the console as it is copied to the destination The following command specifies two parameters to change the number of lines printed on a page OA gt PIP LST B LONGPAGE TEX FP65 In response to this command PIP removes any form feeds it finds in the source data then inserts a form feed at the beginning of the printout and after every sixty fifth line The form feeds remain in their original position in the source file only the destination has a new
116. ile 1A gt SDIR USERS ALL DRIVES ALL TWO TEX Directory For Drive E User 10 Name Bytes Recs Attributes Prot Update Create TWO TEX 10k 75 Dir RW Read Directory For Drive M User 9 Name Bytes Recs Attributes The above SDIR command located the file in two places on user 10 of drive E and on user 9 of drive M On drive E the file is password protected with a protection level of Read On drive M it is not protected but does have the System attribute which causes it to be missing from normal directory displays The shorter display for drive M means that there is no directory label for that drive 22 SECTION 4 INTRODUCTION TO UTILITY PROGRAMS 4 1 Organization of Utilities The utilities are grouped in the order you will need then according to common characteristics in order of importance to MP M 86 and with the new ones in or near the beginning Section 5 begins the discussion of the MP M 86 utilities with the DSKRESET USER and CONSOLE commands Section 7 introduces the SET command Section 6 discusses the DIR and STAT utilities and introduces the SDIR and SHOW commands Section 8 continues with the MPMSTAT ATTACH and ABORT utilities Section 9 groups the TYPE REN ERA and ERAQ commands Section 10 describes the TOD PRINTER SPOOL STOPSPLR and SUBMIT utilities Section ll is devoted to PIP the Peripheral Interchange Program Section 12 is devoted exclusively to MP M 86 s text editor ED 4 2 Conventions and Nomenc
117. iming directory space that was used for time stamps and or passwords assuming the time stamps or passwords are no longer needed XFCBs are discussed in Section 3 File Specifications and in Section 7 The SET Command 9 3 The ERAQ Command Syntax ERAQ filespec ERAQ filespec XFCB The ERAQ command behaves exactly like the ERA command with the addition of a query before each erasure The following example illustrates the use of the ERAQ command 1A gt ERAQ C CMD 00 12 27 A ERAQ CMD USER 0 C ASM86 CMD y C ATTACH CMD n C SDIR CMD y C DSKRESET CMD y 1A gt In the above example the current user number is 1 and the drive is A The day file option is on and the time is 12 27 The system found the ERAQ CMD program on drive A User 0 Since MP M 86 was able to find ERAQ in User 0 we know that ERAQ must have an attribute of SYS We also know that you do not need a password to READ the file The CMD files are on drive C User 1 In the example the user instructs ERAQ to delete all the files except C ATTACH CMD The XFCB option of the ERAQ command erases only the Extended File Control Blocks for the file specified by filespec This is useful in reclaiming space in the disk directory used by time stamping options assuming they are no longer needed 74 MP M 86 User s Guide 9 4 The REN Command 9 4 The REN Command Syntax REN newname typ REN newname typ REN newname typ oldname typ d oldname typ d oldn
118. is manual However the display does show the following information some of which is useful to the casual user Status information including the number of consoles Processes that are ready to execute Processes waiting to read from an empty queue Processes waiting to write to a full queue Processes waiting on a time delay Processes waiting for a polled I O event Processes waiting for an interrupt A list of all queues in the system Console number and the process attached to it Console number and processes waiting for it Printer number and the process attached to it Printer number and processes waiting for it Names of the programs allocated to each memory segment Console number from which the process originated in brackets The following example shows a typical MPMSTAT display Note the Memory Allocation display at the end of the MPMSTAT example The Memory Allocation display shows the base address of the particular memory segment the size of the given segment the Program allocated to that segment and in Square brackets the number of the console from which the Process was initiated Capital letters indicate names of programs or queues that are accessible from the console Note The MPMSTAT display is more than one full screen on most consoles To freeze the display long enough to read it you must enter a TS After reading enter a TQ to restart the display Once a TS has been entered only a TQ or a TC has any effect other Char
119. is stored on a given disk You can assign a password to the label If the label has no password any user who has access to the SET program can set the drives to Read Only or turn on time stamping or password protection for the whole drive with a single command If you assign a password to the label then you must supply the password to set any of the functions controlled by the label SET always prompts for the password It is extremely important that you assign a password to the directory label if you intend to use the password protection features of MP M 86 Because of its power it is useful to think of the directory label password as a kind of super password If you know the super password you can turn password protection off for the whole drive and thereby gain access to all files on the drive even those which are protected by passwords you don t know OA gt SET PASSWORD SECRET OA gt SET PASS lt cr gt The above commands assign passwords to the directory or drive label In the first command the password SECRET is assigned This limits access to the SET label functions The second command nulls the existing password You simply type a carriage return for the password The drive options themselves are very powerful and 52 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 2 Password Protection Should usually be protected with a password The only way to turna label password off is to set the password to carriage return The following example illustra
120. is the minimum allocation unit The second format is the size format SDIR SIZE displays the file name and the file size in kilobytes Both the full format and the size format follow their display with two lines of totals The first line displays the total number of kilobytes the total number of records and the total number of files listed The second line displays the total number of 1k blocks needed to store the listed files The number of 1k blocks 35 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 3 SDIR Format shows the amount of storage needed to store the files on a single density diskette or on any drive that has a block size of one kilobyte The second line also shows the number of directory entries used per number of directory entries available on the entire drive These totals are suppressed if only one file is found The third format is the short format The short format is similar to the DIR command except that SDIR SHORT also displays files with the System attribute on The short format does not sort the files alphabetically This is because the short format does not collect the files in memory For this reason the short format will never run out of memory and can display any size directory Table 6 1 explains each of the SDIR options Table 6 1 SDIR Options Command Result SDIR displays all files on the default drive in the default user area in full format sorted alphabetically This command is the default display and is equival
121. isk by mistake MP M 86 queries any ERA command even if it contains a disk specification to verify that you do indeed want the disk directory wiped clean The sequence below illustrates such an exchange OA gt DIR B Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE TXT DOCFILE2 TXT DOCFILE3 TXT NEWPROG A86 B NEWPROG BAK ADDPROG A86 DOCFILE1 BAK CHECKPRG A86 B DOCFILE3 BAK CHECKPRG BAK ADDPROG BAK DOCFILE2 BAK OA gt ERA Confirm delete all user files Y N 2 N OA gt ERA B Confirm delete all user files Y N OA gt DIR B Directory for User 0 File not Found OA gt DIR Directory for User 0 A DIR CMD PIP CMD SUBMIT CMD ERAQ CMD A ED CMD ASM86 CMD DDT86 CMD SDIR CMD A STAT CMD TOD CMD SHOW CMD SET CMD A TEST1 A86 TEST2 A86 MPMSTAT CMD SPOOL CMD OA gt PHWEW lt cr gt PHWEW Can t Find Command OA gt 73 MP M 86 User s Guide 9 2 The ERA Command Note that ERA cannot delete files from a Read Only drive or a Read Only protected disk To erase password protected files include the password as part of the file specification in the command line If the password is missing ERA prompts you for it You can not see the password on the screen when you type it The XFCB option of the ERA command erases only the Extended File Control Blocks for the file specified by filespec An XFCB contains password and time stamping information for a file The ERA XFCB option is useful in recla
122. isk to hold a second copy of the file before invoking ED FILE IS READ ONLY The file specified in the command to invoke ED has the Read Only attribute ED can read the file so that the user can examine it but ED cannot change an Read Only file Filename Required ED was invoked without a file specification 131 APPENDIX A ASCII AND HEXADECIMAL CONVERSIONS ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange The code contains 96 printing and 32 non printing characters used to store data on a disk Table A 1 defines ASCII symbols then Table A 2 lists the ASCII and hexadecimal conversions The table includes binary decimal hexadecimal and ASCII conversions Table A l ASCII Symbols Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning ACK acknowledge FS file separator BEL bell GS group seperator BS backspace HT horizontal tabulation CAN cancel LF line feed CR carriage return NAK negative acknowledge DC device control NUL null DEL delete RS record separator DLE data link escape SI shift in EM end of medium so shift out ENQ enquiry SOH stert of heading EOT end of transmission SP space ESC escape STX Start of text ETB end of transmission SUB substitute ETX end of text SYN synchronous idle FF form feed US unit separator VT vertical tabulation 133 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix A ASCII Conversions Table A 2 ASCII Conversion Table Binary Decimal Hexadecimal ASCII 0000000 0 0 NUL 0000001 1 1 SOH CTRL A 0000010
123. ite or Read Only and SYS or DIR file attributes and the user defined attributes Fl through F4 Some password protection modes are also copied with the files When a destination file is specified with a new password the password protection mode is automatically set to READ This means that a password is required to read the file See the SET command in Section 7 When the destination drive with no filename is specified and the file and password are being copied from the source the destination file receives the same password protection mode as the source file 11 4 PIP and Other Peripheral Devices In general PIP treats a peripheral device in the same way it treats a file Filenames and device names can be used as source or destination names in a PIP command tail Besides disk drives the console and the printer are valid peripheral devices in MP M 86 A device specified as a source in a PIP command tail must be capable of transmitting data For example a console is a valid source in a PIP command tail but a printer is not When you use the console as a source device for PIP you must terminate each line of text with a carriage return AND a line feed keystroke Type a TZ to exit the file and return to the system prompt 90 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 4 PIP and Other Peripheral Devices A device specified in a PIP command tail can be a logical device or a special PIP device Table 11 1 defines the two MP M 86 logical devices Table 11
124. itiate time stamping of an existing file or group of files on a drive two steps are required First the time stamping options for the drive must be turned on as described in the previous section Second time stamp fields must be provided for the files to be time stamped OA gt SET MYFILE TXT TIME The above command provides date time stamp fields for a particular file or files As discussed in the previous section time stamps are placed in two special time stamp fields which must exist for each file that is time stamped These fields are located in a special directory entry called the Extended File Control Block XFCB The three time stamping options OA gt SET CREATE ON OA gt SET ACCESS ON OA gt SET UPDATE ON each turn on a special drive option that automatically provides time stamp fields for all new files created or copied to the drive This option is called the MAKE XFCB option The MAKE XFCB option automatically makes XFCBs everytime a file is created It can be independently controlled as shown in the example below OA gt SET MAKE OFF If only a particular group of existing files need time stamps you may wish to turn the MAKE XFCB option off to prevent the unnecessary Creation of extended file control blocks XFCBs for other files The MAKE XFCB option must be ON if CREATE date time stamps are desired because it assures that a time stamp field will be available at the time a new file is created 7 4 Setti
125. its command line 0 No LIB file ED did not find the LIB file specified in an R command gt Buffer full ED cannot put any more characters in the memory buffer or string specified in an F N or S command is too long E Command aborted A keystroke at the console aborted command execution The following examples show how to recover from common editing error conditions For example BREAK gt AT A means that ED filled the buffer before completing the execution of an A command When this occurs the CP is at the end of the buffer 130 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 5 ED Error Messages Use the W command to write lines from the beginning of the buffer to the temporary file BREAK at F means that ED reached the end of the memory buffer without matching the string in an F command At this point the CP has not been moved from its location when the F command was made Table 12 4 below defines the disk file error messages ED returns when it cannot read or write a file Table 12 4 ED Disk File Error Messages Message Meaning Bdos Error On d R O Disk d has read only attribute This occurs if a different disk has been inserted in the drive since the last cold or warm boot message also occurs if the drive has been Set to Read Only status by STAT DISK OR DIRECTORY FULL FILE ERROR Disk or directory full ED cannot write anything more on the disk This is a fatal error so make sure there is enough space on the d
126. itute for 1 n everywhere in the SUB file The SUBMIT command below substitutes B for 1 and TEX for 2 in the START SUB file shown above OA gt SUBMIT START B TEX Because the single dollar sign indicates a formal parameter use two dollar signs to include a normal dollar sign in the submit file SUBMIT reduces to a single dollar sign Comments and operator instructions are not executable but they are useful for others who may read your submit file To include a comment in the submit file begin its input line with a semicolon MP M 86 echoes all comments at the console The submit file START SUB with comments looks like this STAT 1 ERA 1 BAK THIS ERASES ONLY BACKUP FILES DIR l CHECK DIRECTORY TO VERIFY ERASURES PIP 1 A 2 CMD 10 5 2 Operation of SUBMIT Syntax SUBMIT filespec SUBMIT filespec 1 2 3 After you create the SUB file of MP M 86 commands use SUBMIT to execute all the commands sequentially As with all MP M 86 commands you must first enter the command keyword following the MP M 86 prompt The submit filename follows the keyword To submit 81 MP M 86 User s Guide 10 5 The SUBMIT Command START SUB enter the following command line to the MP M 86 prompt OA gt SUBMIT START To access a submit file on an alternate drive precede the filename with a drive specification as shown below OA gt SUBMIT B START If the SUB file contains formal parameters for example 1 2 t
127. ive OA gt SET MYFILE TXT RO OA gt SET MYFILE TXT RW The SET commands shown above set the file specified by filespec to Read Only or Read Write When a file is Read Only that particular file can only be read from and not written to When a file is set to Read Write the file can be read from or written to 7 4 2 The System Attribute The System attribute applies only to files It has two modes SYS System and DIR Directory OA gt SET MYFILE TXT SYS OA gt SET MYFILE TXT DIR The SYS option of the SET command sets the file specified by filespec to the type of SYStem The DIR option sets the file to the type DIRectory There are certain drives and user areas from which files can be accessed When a command file has the attribute of SYS and is in user 0 of the system drive it can be accessed from any location in the system When a file has an attribute of DIR it can be accessed only if it is in the default user area and default drive shown in the MP M system prompt Additionally system files are not normally displayed by the DIR command see Section 6 1 60 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 4 Setting File and Disk Attributes 7 4 3 The Archive Attribute The Archive attribute applies only to files When the Archive attribute of a file is on it means that the file has been backed up archived There are two ways to turn the Archive attribute on The Archive attribute is turned on by PIP when copying a group of files with the P
128. ive F OA gt PIP G B CMD K Option K instructs PIP to cancel the console listing of all the files it is copying with a filetype of CMD This enables the user to detach PIP from the console while it finishes the copy procedure Oa gt PIP B A This command backs up only the files on the default disk that have been edited or modified The back up disk is placed in the B drive After the back up is completed each of the files on the default disk are marked as archived the archive indicator is turned on until the next time one of them is modified 96 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 6 PIP Console Messages 11 6 PIP Console Messages During a copy operation PIP might need additional input from the user In certain cases PIP might inform the user of copy status or error conditions The messages PIP can display at the console are described in Table 11 4 below All error messages are prefaced by the word ERROR Note In some errors several of the error messages described below might be combined into one message Table 11 4 PIP Console Messages Message Meaning ALREADY EXISTS The temporary file already exists on the destination disk Erase or rename it BAD PARAMETER PIP does not recognize a character included in square brackets as a parameter CAN T DELETE TEMP FILE A temporary file with the same primary filename already exists and is open in a locked or Read Only mode CHECKSUM ERROR The H86 file being copied has
129. lature The conventions for command line syntax in the descriptions of each utility are listed below e When there are several ways to enter a given command each way is shown on a separate line The minimum command is shown first followed by longer variations of the command and finally by any optional items in the command line e You can always replace d with a drive specification n with a number You can always replace You can always replace filename with an actual filename You can always replace typ with an actual filetype e When typ is not specified in the syntax example no filetype is necessary e The term filespec indicates any valid combination of file specification elements the drive the filename the filetype and or the password see Section 3 1 e You can always replace programname with the filename of an executable program 23 MP M 86 User s Guide 4 2 Conventions and Nomenclature Special symbols represent the control key and the carriage return key in some examples in this manual Do not enter these symbols as part of an MP M 86 command The special symbols are defined below T An up arrow indicates that you should enter a control keystroke hold down the control key and strike the desired character The up arrow appears only in descriptions in the text and in examples showing input When you enter a control character most terminals show the output character on the screen prec
130. m a hard disk The number of blocks used on a hard disk for a given file might be greater than the number required for the same file on a floppy disk This is because of the difference in the minimum amount of space allocated to any file the block size Under MP M and CP M a file of even one character is allotted one whole block One block is the minimum amount of space that can be allocated to a file no matter how small the file is This minimum can range from 1 kilobyte on a single density floppy to 16 kilobytes on some hard disks Therefore the number of blocks a file needs on a floppy disk might be substantially less than the number needed on a hard disk To help illustrate this examine the following STAT display of the file LETTER TEX again 44 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 4 The STAT Command OA gt STAT B LETTER TEX Recs Bytes FCBs Attributes Name 16 16k 1 Dir RW B LETTER TEX 16k l 1 file 2 1k blocks Bytes Remaining On B 4 800k OA gt Note that although the file contains only 16 records it consumes 16k of disk space Sixteen 128 byte records equals 2048 bytes or two kilobytes yet the file takes up 16k of disk space because the block size on the B drive is 16k The block size for a particular drive can be determined from the STAT DSK display for that drive see Section 6 3 1 above The B drive in this example has 128 records 16k per block In the example below the file displayed has several special attributes OA
131. mmand Summary continued Definition and Examples Displays the internal status of MP M 86 OA gt MPMSTAT PIP destination filespec Gn source filespec options Transfers devices and OA gt PIP OA gt PIP OA gt PIP 2B gt PIP 3C gt PIP 4F gt PIP OF gt PIP PRINTER n information between peripheral concatenates files B DRAFT TXT A LST B DRAFT TXT PASSWORD PRN A DRAFT1 TXT T8 B ABC TXT SECRET GO DEF TXT PASS B ABC TXT DRAFT TXT PASSWORD GO B AV Displays the printer number for your console With a number n it sets the printer number to n for your console OA gt PRINTER 3F gt PRINTER 2 REN destination filespec source filespec Renames a file without changing its contents Accepts ambiguous filenames or filetypes if present in both source and destination OA gt REN OA gt REN 6D gt REN OB gt REN SDIR global options filespec DRAFT TXT B DRAFT TXT DRAFTS TXT TEX WRK FIRST TXT B FIRST TXT E DRAFT TXT PASSWORD filespec Displays the disk directory with options 1A gt SDIR 2A gt SDIR B 3B gt SDIR DRIVE ALL USER ALL SIZE 4C gt SDIR XFCB DRIVE a b c 5E gt SDIR USER 2 RW TEX WRK 149 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix F MP M 86 Command Summary Table F 1 continued Syntax Definition and Examples SET HELP SET d NAME diskname SET d PASS password PROTECT ON DEFAULT password SET d RO RW SET filespec PASS password T
132. mmand file or a data file that has the SYS attribute if the file is in the default user area 16 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 3 File Attributes or in user area 0 of the default or specified drive You can also access a command file that has the SYS attribute if it is in the default or user 0 area of the system drive The other attribute SET and STAT can assign to a file is either RO Read Only or RW Read Write If a particular file is set to RO an attempt to write data to that file produces a Read Only error A file with the RW attribute can be read or written to at any time unless it is password protected or the entire drive is set to Read Only or the file is opened by another user in a protected mode MP M 86 reads from any disk any time However if you change a floppy or removable hard disk and do not reset the drive with the DSKRESET command the entire drive becomes Read Only and MP M 86 will not write to that disk Therefore it is possible to lose an entire edit a file to which you are writing changes if you do not reset the drive when you change a disk A third file attribute the archive attribute is set by the PIP command with the A option When you make a copy of a group of files using PIP with the A option the files are marked archived after copying is completed The archive option in PIP only copies files which have not been already archived It must be used with an ambiguous file specification SDIR and STAT report
133. mpt displayed by the operating system The system prompt indicates to the user that the operating system is ready to accept input The MP M 86 system prompt is two characters followed by an angle bracket The first character is numeric and indicates the default user number The second character is alpha and indicates the default drive Some applications programs have their own special system prompts queue First in first out list Under MP M 86 a queue is treated as a file in memory For example a queue has a Queue Control Block instead of a File Control Block In general processes use queues to pass information to other processes One of the functions of a queue is to wake up a Resident System Process and pass your command to it Refer to the MP M 86 Programmer s Guide for further discussion Read Only Attribute that can be assigned to a disk file or a disk drive When assigned to a file the Read Only attribute allows you to read from that file but not write any changes to it When assigned to a drive the Read Only attribute allows you to read any file on the disk but prevents you from adding a new file erasing or changing a file renaming a file or writing on the disk The 160 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix H User s Glossary SET and STAT commands can set a file or a drive to Read Only Every file and drive is either Read Only or Read Write The default setting for drives and files is Read Write but an error in setting disk d
134. n below 5A gt E 5E gt Each console on a MP M 86 system has a unique console number The number of the console on which the main boot message appears is always zero and additional consoles on the system are numbered console one console two and so forth When the MP M 86 system is initially booted each console is assigned a different user number Arbitrarily the initial user number is the same as the console number However the console number has no relationship to the user number The user number can be changed at any time but the console number is not usually changed Two independent users cn the system MP M 86 User s Guide 1 3 The System Prompt can be in the same user number but will not normally be using the same console The maximum number of users Supported by MP M 86 is sixteen If there are more than sixteen consoles attached to the system the remainder will boot up in user number zero Table 1 1 shows typical console displays of the system prompt immediately after Start up when the default drive is A It also shows the system prompts after the default drive has been changed from A to C Table 1 1 Sample System Prompts User 0 User 1 User 2 Drive A OA gt 1lA gt 2A gt Drive C oc gt 1c gt 2C gt 1 4 The Day File Option The day file option enables the display of the current time as well as the drive and user area from which a Program is loaded The display appears just after a command is entered at the console
135. n the command tail that provides additional information for the command Technically a parameter is a required element of a command password User created extension to a filename that enables the user to add extra protection to his files The password may then be required to access that file A password can be up to eight characters long and include any numeric or upper or lower case characters and some special characters peripheral devices Devices external to the CPU For example terminals printers and disk drives are common peripheral devices that are not part of the processor but are used in conjunction with it physical Actual hardware of a computer The physical environment varies from computer to computer primary filename First 8 characters of a filename The primary filename is a unique name that helps the user identify the file contents A primary filename contains 1 to 8 characters and can include any letter or number and some special characters The primary filename follows the optional drive specification and precedes the optional filetype process When a program is actually executing as opposed to being in a static state of storage on disk it is called a process program Series of specially coded instructions that performs specific tasks when executed by a computer prompt Any characters displayed on the video screen to help the user decide what the next appropriate action is A system prompt is a special pro
136. nctions When entered without a command tail it displays the current default user number This number is always the same as the number to the left of the drive specifier in the system prompt as illustrated below OA gt USER User Number OA gt li io 5E gt USER User Number 5E gt i z The USER command entered with an argument n changes the current user area to the number specified by n n can be any number from zero to fifteen The examples below illustrate how to change user numbers OB gt USER 3 User Number 3B gt 1 w 2F gt USER 1 User Number 1F gt ul em MP M 86 uses the identification or user number selected by a USER command to control file access It assigns the selected user number to each file created in that user area For example if a file was created by user 8 MP M 86 assigns the number 8 to that file and generally allows only user 8 to access it later MP M 86 supports up to sixteen users numbered 0 to 15 In response to a request for a directory listing MP M 86 displays only those files that match the current user number In effect the USER feature allows each user to access only the area of the directory that contains his files Note that each user can still reference every disk drive in the system but that he has access only to files created under his user number However if a file is assigned an attribute of SYS by a SET or STAT command it becomes a system file and is accessible to
137. ng File and Disk Attributes In MP M 86 drives and files have a number of special attributes that can be set with the SET command The attributes fall into two categories access attributes and identification attributes The access attributes determine if files and drives can be read and written Read Write or can only be read from and not written to Read Only Another access attribute determines if they are system files or not system files in user number 0 can be accessed by all users 59 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 4 Setting File and Disk Attributes Identification attributes are special attributes that can be used to help organize your disks and files These include a special attribute called the Archive attribute that indicates whether a file has been backed up archived 7 4 1 The Read Only Attribute The Read Only attribute has two modes RO Read Only and RW Read Write OA gt SET B RO OA gt SET B RW The above SET commands set the specified drive to Read Only or Read Write If a drive is set to Read Only PIP cannot copy a file to it ERA cannot delete a file from it REN cannot rename a file on it You cannot perform any operation that requires writing to the disk If a drive is set to Read Only and a process tries to write some data to a file on that drive the system returns an error message and the process is aborted When the specified drive is set to Read Write you can read from or write to the disk in that dr
138. ning in MP M 86 command lines and should not be used in file specifications All other special characters are allowed Table 3 1 Special Characters Character Meaning lt file specification delimiters tab space carriage return drive delimiter in file specification r file type delimiter in file specification password delimiter in file specification wildcard characters in file specification lt gt amp reserved option list delimiters 14 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 1 MP M 86 File Specifications Table 3 1 continued Character Meaning delimiters for multiple modifiers in option list option delimiters F comment delimiter in column one The less than equal comma tab space and carriage return characters separate file references and other items in the command line The colon and period delimit drive specifications and filetypes in file specifications respectively A semicolon within a file reference delimits a password The asterisk and question mark characters and are wildcard characters in ambiguous file specifications see Section 3 3 The iess than and greater than characters lt and gt are reserved for future use Square brackets and isolate an option or option list from its command keyword global option or from its file specification local option Parentheses and are used to isolate a list of more than one modifier inside the square brackets for options which have m
139. ns 3 3 File Attrib tes s e o oe 3 4 XFCB Information 3 5 File Location Conventions 3 5 1 Command File Searches 3 5 2 Data File Searches 3 5 3 Troubleshooting File Searches Specifications 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 20 20 4 1 4 2 4 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS continued Introduction to Utility Programs Organization of Utilities Conventions and Nomenclature Options in Utility Command Lines 5 Dskreset User Console 6 5 The Dskreset Command The USER Command The CONSOLE Command SDIR STAT SHOW The DIR Command The SDIR Command SDIR Format The STAT Command 6 4 6 4 2 The SHOW Command 7 The SET Utility 7 1 7 2 Introduction to the SET Command Password Protection 7 2 Lise 7 2 Date and Time Stamping of Files 7 3 1 dw dele vi Time Stamping of New Files Time Stamping of Existing Files l Disk Attributes and Statistics File Attributes and Statistics l Turning Password Protection On 2 Assigning Passwords to Files 3 The Default Password 23 24 27 28 29 31 34 35 40 41l 43 48 51 51 52 54 55 57 59 TABLE OF CONTENTS continued 7 4 Setting File and Disk Attributes 7 4 1 The Read Only Attribute 7 4 2 The System Attribute 7 4 3 The Archive Attribute 7 4 4 The User Definable Attributes 7 4 5 Naming Disks 7 5 The SET Help Option 7 6 Additional Examples
140. ntax ATTACH programname MP M 86 Supports multi programming at each console This means that one process after another can be initiated at a given console without waiting for the previous process to actually finish executing However only one process at a time can use the console for input or output Depending on the memory size any number of Processes may be currently executing without affecting the console Note that except for Resident System Processes and built in commands such as PRINTER and USER each process requires a memory segment If no memory segment is free then the process cannot execute Any process started at a console is automatically attached to that console and remains so until the command to detach the process is entered The control character TD instructs a process to detach from the console If the process does not require the console for input or output it finishes executing Execution of an MPMSTAT command shows that the process is executing which memory segment it is using and from which console it was initiated If the detached Process does need the console to continue executing processing stops and the detached process waits in a line or queue until a TD or ATTACH command is issued to re attach it to the console The ATTACH command re attaches a detached process to the same console at which the ATTACH command is entered and from which the detached process was initiated Processes must be reattached to the same c
141. o a group of files 46 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 4 The STAT Command The following STAT VAL display summarizes the possible STAT commands STAT VAL STAT 2 0 Read Only Disk d RO Set Attribute d filename typ RO RW SYS DIR Disk Status DSK d DSK User Status USR d USR The first line in the display shows how to assign RO status to the disk in the drive specified by d The Set Attribute line lists the four attributes STAT can assign to the file specified by d filename typ The third and fourth lines list the commands to enter for a report of disk or user status STAT can display the status of file storage under the 16 disk user numbers When you enter the command STAT USR STAT reports your current user number and also which user numbers have files on them as shown in the following display OA gt STAT USR A Active User 0 A Active Files 0 3 8 OA gt The option USR can be prefaced with a drive to display the user number status of another disk In the MP M 86 system the functions of the STAT command have been separated into three new commands SHOW SET and SDIR This division allows the separation of passive functions such as displaying the status of files from active functions such as changing file or disk attributes It also facilitates a more logical grouping of these functions SHOW and SDIR are passive commands that can not change anything on the disk or in memory They merely display the chara
142. odifiers see the SDIR utility The slash and dollar sign are reserved for the specification of options in the command line A semicolon at the beginning of a command line indicates that the line is a comment 3 2 Ambiguous File Specifications The MP M 86 commands can select and Process several files when a special filename is included in the command tail This special ambiguous filename can refer to more than one file because it gives MP M 86 a pattern to match MP M 86 searches the disk directory and selects any file whose filename matches the pattern DIR SDIR ERA ERAQ STAT PIP REN and SET accept an ambiguous filename in a file specification To make a filename ambiguous replace characters in the filename or filetype with wildcard characters The wildcard characters are which matches any Single letter in the same position and which matches any characters in the rest of the filename or filetype Wildcard characters are not valid in passwords or drive specifications 15 MP M 86 User s Guide 3 2 Ambiguous File Specifications The wildcard characters can match certain parts of filenames For example to reference only the files with the primary filename PROG use PROG To reference only the files with the filetype BAK use BAK in the command tail To reference all files on the default drive or disk use The reference APP TXT selects all of the following if they exist on the current disk APPA TAT APP1 T
143. ointing to any character within the line Line numbers exist only in the buffer and never become a part of a disk file As you add or delete lines ED dynamically renumbers the lines in the file For example if you add two lines to the middle of the data buffer ED automatically adds two to the line numbers of all lines following the insert Line numbering and renumbering occurs in ED internally whether the line number display is enabled or disabled To turn the line number display on or off use the V command The formats of the V command are V V Use a V command to disable the line number display You can turn the line number display on or off at any time during an editing session Remember that ED defines a line as any characters after a lt cr gt lt 1f gt sequence up to and including the next lt cr gt lt lf gt It is most convenient to break up your text file into lines less than or equal to the line length of your console If you enter lines longer than your console width ED still assigns a line number only after a 112 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands lt cr gt lt lf gt sequence even if the display wraps around to the next line at the console Note that the line concept is optional in ED you may enter characters in an infinite string However lines and line numbers make it easier to keep track of the CP s location in the Memory buffer 12 4 2 Inserting Text into the Memory Buffer ED supports three comm
144. ommand to delete an existing X LIB ED creates a new temporary file with the same name the next time an X command is executed To read the X LIB file into its new location first position the CP where you want the block to be inserted Then enter an R command to read the temporary file You do not need to enter a filename specification when R is entered without a filename ED automatically searches for X LIB However unless the R command is the last on the line it must be followed by a TZ so that ED does not try to interpret subsequent commands as a filename In the following example the user must edit the sentence he wants to move so that it starts and ends on line boundaries This procedure can add extra editing time if you are moving sentences but if you are editing line oriented text such as a program extra editing is unnecessary 8 you last week I am learning to use the MP M 8 l6ci 9 9 9s 1lt 9 I am learning to use the MP M 10 utilities but know that soon I ll want ll more programs Please send me a list of 9 2116ci ll 12 12 92 13t 9 I am learning to use the MP M 10 utilities but know that soon I ll want ll more programs 12 Please send me a list of 13 the MP M software you keep in stock 3x3kb t Compudealer 123 W Fourth St Inglevale CA Dear Compudealer I am enjoying the MP M system I received from you last week Please send mea list of the MP M softwar
145. ommas Only one or two letters are needed to unambiguously identify the option The right hand bracket is needed only if the option is followed by a drive or file specification SDIR with no specified options displays files in the default user area on the default drive SDIR searches on single file specifications or on combinations of up to ten file specifications As explained in Section 3 a file specification consists of an optional drive specification and colon followed by a filename followed by an optional period and filetype followed by any necessary semicolon and password SDIR ignores passwords The filename and filetype can include asterisks and or question marks for wildcard searching SDIR treats d as if it were the ambiguous filespec d The most efficient way to become familiar with SDIR is to use it Type the command OA gt SDIR HELP to display a list of example SDIR commands SDIR is a passive program It doesn t change any of the information on the disk or anything vital in memory so you can experiment with it freely 34 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 3 SDIR Format 6 3 SDIR Format The SDIR utility has three formats The first is the default or full format The second format is the size format The third format is the short format The default or full format shows the name of the file the Size of the file in number of records and in number of kilobytes and the attributes of the file If there is a directo
146. on the disk In response to the DIR command MP M 86 displays the filenames stored in the directory DIR attribute File attribute that causes a file to be accessible from the default user number and drive only directory label Same as label disk diskette Magnetic media used to store information Programs and data are recorded on the disk in the same way that music is recorded on a cassette tape The term diskette refers to smaller capacity removable floppy diskettes Disk can refer to a diskette a removable cartridge disk or a fixed hard disk disk drive Peripheral device that reads and writes on hard or floppy disks MP M 86 assigns a letter to each drive under its control For example MP M 86 may refer to the drives in a four drive system as A B C and D drive label Same as label editor Utility program that creates and modifies text files An editor can be used for creation of documents or creation of code for computer programs The MP M 86 editor is invoked by typing the command ED next to the system prompt on the console See ED in Section 12 of this manual executable Ready to be run by the computer Executable code is a series of instructions that can be carried out by the computer For example the computer cannot execute names and addresses but it can execute a program that prints all those names and addresses on mailing labels FCB File Control Block 157 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix H Use
147. on by a Tc program abort to return directly to MP M 86 Except for the W command none of these commands requires an argument Also any command that terminates an ED session must be the only command on the line The W command is similar to the A command in that it transfers a specified number of lines at a time However instead of transferring lines from the original file to the buffer the W command writes lines from the buffer to the new file The form of the W command is nw where n is the number of lines to be written from the top of the buffer to the bottom of the new file This must be a positive number or the special character 0 to write approximately half the contents of the data buffer to the new file ED inserts the lines just before the TP in the new file 128 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands Use the W command to make room in the buffer for more lines from the original file After a W command is executed you can no longer edit the saved lines An H command also saves the contents of the data buffer without ending the ED session but its purpose is to return to the head of the file It saves the current changes and lets you reedit the file without exiting ED To execute an H command ED first finalizes the new file transfering all lines remaining in the buffer and the original file to the new file Then ED closes the new file erases any BAK file that has the same filename as the original file and renames
148. on or off back up Copy of a disk or file made for safe keeping or the creation of this disk or file bit Switch in memory that can be set to on 1 or off 0 Eight bits grouped together comprise a byte block Area of memory or disk reserved for a specific use bootstrap Process of loading an operating system into memory Bootstrap procedures vary from system to system The boot for an operating system must be customized for the memory size and hardware environment that the operating system will manage Typically the boot is loaded automatically and executed at power up or when the computer is reset Sometimes called a cold start buffer Area of memory that temporarily stores data during the transfer of information built in commands Commands that permanently reside in memory They respond quickly because they are not accessed from a disk 155 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix H User s Glossary byte Unit of memory or disk storage containing eight bits command Elements of an MP M 86 command line In general an MP M 86 command has three parts the command keyword the command tail and a carriage return command file Series of coded machine executable instructions stored on disk as a program file invoked in MP M 86 by typing the command keyword next to the system prompt on the console The MP M 86 command files generally have a filetype of CMD Files are either command files or data files Same as a command progr
149. onsoles from which they were detached The ATTACH command attaches the process designated by programname to the console It does not matter if that process is officially next in line for the console TD re attaches as well as detaches processes from the console at which the TD is entered When TD re attaches a process to the console it does so on a first detached first re attached basis When you use the TD or the ATTACH command to re attach a detached process to the console MP M 86 displays the message Attach PROGRAMNAME before the process continues executing An attempt to attach to a nonexistent process or a process that was not previously detached or a process that was initiated at another console results in the following message Attach failed 67 MP M 86 User s Guide 8 2 The ATTACH Command When you use 7D to detach a process from the console MP M 86 immediately displays the system prompt When you use TD to re attach a process to the console MP M 86 displays the message Attech Tmpn where n is the console number This is essentially another system prompt At this point you can enter any valid MP M 86 command or press the carriage return key to display the MP M 86 system prompt An attempt to re attach a process that accesses a file that has been opened by another process results in an open file error message The following example illustrates a possible exchange using the TD and ATTACH commands to detach and re at
150. or directory full it abandons the edited version of the file To check the amount of Space on your disk use the STAT command described in Section 6 To invoke ED enter its name to the MP M 86 prompt as a transient command The command ED must be followed by a specific file reference one that contains no wildcard characters The file specification identifies the file to be edited or created For example OAD gt ED LETTER TXT The filename may be preceded by a disk specification but a disk specification is unnecessary if the file to be edited is on your default disk If the file to be edited is password protected ED prompts the console for a password Optionally the file specification may be followed by a disk specification In that case ED creates the temporary file on the disk specified after the filename For example OA gt ED LETTER TXT B In response to this command ED opens the original file on drive A and creates a temporary file LETTER on drive B At the end of the editing session ED renames the orginal file on drive A to LETTER BAK and renames LETTER on drive B to 107 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 3 Starting with ED If the file referenced in ED s command tail does not exist ED reponds with the following display OA gt ED LETTER TXT NEW FILE e x To add new text to the file use an Insert i command as shown below When you have finished inserting type a TZ to exit insert mode ei Insert text and
151. ord The above command assigns a default password for your console After setting the default password when a password protected file is accessed the system first tests any password delimited by a semicolon immediately after the filename If no password is given or if the password is incorrect the system tries the default password If the default password is the same as the password assigned to the specified file then that file can be accessed 7 3 Time Stamping of Files MP M 86 can keep a record of the time and date of the last access and update of a file Alternatively the time of creation and last update may be recorded To enable time stamping you must turn on the time stamping option for the drive containing the files you wish to time stamp If the files to be stamped already exist on the drive you must also individually turn time stamping on for each file MP M 86 supports three kinds of date time stamps o CREATE date time stamp ACCESS date time stamp o UPDATE date time stamp e Although there are three kinds of date time stamps there can be at most two date time stamps associated with a given file at one time The two date time stamps are recorded in two special fields in the XFCB that can be set up for a file Once a file has been assigned these stamps the time stamps can be displayed using the SDIR command see Section 6 2 You can choose to have either a CREATE date or an ACCESS date for files on a particular d
152. other users This means that utilities and systems programs can be available to everyone on the system In addition to the default user number the SYS attribute allows a file of type CMD to be accessed if it is in User 0 of the default drive the default user area of the system drive or in User 0 of the system drive 28 MP M 86 User s Guide 5 2 The User Command Only versions 2 0 and greater of CP M and all versions of MP M can create or access files on user numbers other than user 0 However a file created with an older version of CP M can still be accessed by MP M 86 Because such a file was not assigned a user number when it was created it in effect has a user number of 0 Most MP M 86 commands access only the current or default user s area of the directory An ERA erases only the current user s files DIR lists only those files stored in the user s area REN can change only those filenames and TYPE can display only those files The PIP command is an exception to this rule PIP can copy a file from or to a different user area Use the G option in PIP to specify the user number see Section 11 The PIP Command 5 3 The CONSOLE Command syntax CONSOLE Each console attached to an MP M 86 system is assigned a console number at system generation time The console numbers range from zero to fifteen The console at which the longer boot message appears is Console 0 Other system consoles can be numbered 1 to 254 On bootstrap the
153. pands on this function allowing ED to search through the entire source file instead of just the buffer The F command performs the simplest find function Its form is nFstring where n is the occurrence of the string to be found Any number you enter must be positive because ED can only search from the CP to the bottom of the buffer If you enter no number ED finds the next occurrence of the string in the file Note that if you follow an F command with another ED command on the same command line you must terminate the string with a TZ In the following example F finds the second occurrence of I eet Compudealer 123 W Fourth St Inglevale CA Dear Compudealer I am enjoying the MP M system I received from you last week I am learning to use the MP M utilities but know that soon I ll want 10 more programs Please send me a list of ll the MP M compatible software you keep in stock 12 Thank you for your help OOWIAU PB WNHEH OO 14 Sincerely l 2fI Zt am enjoying the MP M system I received from MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands It makes a difference whether you enter the F command in upper or lower case If you enter F ED internally translates the argument string to upper case and finds the string only if it is in upper case If you specify f ED looks for an exact match For example FMp m searches for MP M but fMp m searches for Mp m and will not find MP M or mp m Note that if upper case transla
154. parentheses The examples below illustrate options with a modifier of more than one element SDIR drive a b c d SDIR user 0 1 2 SIZE In the above examples drive user and size are the Options The modifiers are a b c d and 0 1 2 Generally options can be strung together and separated by commas or spaces within one set of brackets You only need to specify one or two letters of the option keyword to identify the option The examples below illustrate the global option It is placed just after the command keyword and applies to the command keyword SDIR is a utility that has global options SDIR short SDIR drive all user SDIR SYS DIR Drive all PRL a b c document law The following examples illustrate local options Local options are placed just after the filename to which they apply SET A DOCUMENT LAW PASS Secret SET B RO SYS PIP B GENLEDR DAT G3 A GENLEDGR WRK V GO PIP B A DOCUMENT LAW Secret v 25 SECTION 5 DSKRESET USER CONSOLE 5 1 The DSKRESET Command Syntax DSKRESET DSKRESET d DSKRESET d d d The DSKRESET command enables the operator to change floppy or removable hard disks The DSKRESET command with no command tail resets all the disk drives DSKRESET with specified drives in the command tail resets only those drives After turning on the system MP M 86 automatically resets all of the drives It is important to reset a drive with t
155. ports on the size and attributes of files and available space on drive B then erases all backup files from the disk and displays the directory to verify the erasures Finally the system copies the program TEX to the B drive A submit file can contain any combination of commands Another SUBMIT command may be part of the submit file Another method of including additional submit commands ina submit file is the SINCLUDE submit option described in Section 10 5 4 80 MP M 86 User s Guide 10 5 The SUBMIT Command It may be useful to include formal parameters or placeholders in your submit file if you need different parameter values each time the submitted commands are executed For example you might want to specify the destination drive or a certain file to be erased or copied A dollar sign followed by an integer denotes a formal parameter 1 denotes the first formal parameter any subsequent placeholders are denoted by 2 3 n In the following example START SUB shown above is modified to contain two formal parameters STAT 1 ERA 1 BAK DIR 1 PIP 1 A 2 CMD In this example 1 is a formal parameter for a drive specification 2 is a formal parameter for a primary filename When you enter a SUBMIT command the system pairs any actual parameters in your SUBMIT command line with the formal parameters in the SUB command file The actual parameters in the command line are the values you want the system to subst
156. protection the files of type CMD can be read from or written to and will be listed in all DIR displays However they can not be accessed from other user numbers or drives 62 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 6 Additional Examples The example below sets all the files of types RSP and CMD to Read Only and SYS This is the recommended setting for all command files on your system When set to Read Only and System the files need only be placed in user 0 of the system drive and they will be available to all users on the system The Read Only attribute Protects the commands from accidental erasure OA gt SET CMD RO SYS RSP RO SYS A ABORT RSP set to system SYS read only RO A ASM86 CMD set to system SYS read only RO A CONSOLE RSP set to system SYS read only RO A DIR CMD set to system SYS read only RO A ATTACH CMD set to system SYS read only RO A DDT86 CMD set to system SYS read only RO A DSKRESET CMD set to system SYS read only RO A SDIR CMD set to system SYS read only RO A SHOW CMD set to system SYS read only RO A SET CMD set to system SYS read only RO A MPMSTAT RSP set to system SYS read only RO 63 SECTION 8 MPMSTAT ATTACH ABORT 8 1 The MPMSTAT Command Syntax MPMSTAT The MPMSTAT command displays a long list of the status of various system factors such as the number of consoles A complete discussion of the listing of MPMSTAT is beyond the scope of th
157. r Y ED erases the file and the contents of the memory buffer moves the SP back to the beginning of the original file and opens a new file When the prompt returns the CP is pointing to the beginning of an empty memory buffer just as it is when you invoke ED A Q command abandons changes made since the beginning of the ED session and exits ED When you enter a Q command ED verifies that you want to abandon the changes by asking Q N 129 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands When you enter Y ED erases the file closes the original file and returns control to MP M 86 The original file is not renamed or changed in any way You may also enter a TC to return control to MP M 86 This does not give ED a chance to close the original or new files but it prevents ED from deleting any temporary files 12 5 ED Error Messages ED may return one of two types of error messages an ED message if ED cannot execute an edit command or a MP M 86 message if ED cannot read or write to the specified file The format for an ED error message is BREAK x AT c where x is one of the symbols defined in Table 12 3 and c is the command letter where the error occurred Table 12 3 ED Error Symbols Symbol Meaning Search failure ED cannot find the string specified in a F S or N command tae Unrecognized command letter c ED does not recognize the indicated command letter or an E H Q or O command is not alone on
158. r s Glossary field Portion of a record containing one data item such as a person s name an address or a phone number file Collection of characters instructions or data stored on a disk The user can create files on a disk File Control Block Structure used for accessing files on disk Contains the drive filename and filetype of a file to be accessed or created on the disk filename Name assigned to a file A filename can include a primary filename of 1 8 characters and a filetype of 0 3 characters A period separates the primary filename from the filetype file specification Unique file identifier A complete MP M 86 file specification includes a disk drive specification followed by a colon d a primary filename of 1 to 8 characters a period anda filetype of 0 to 3 characters a semicolon and a password For example b example tex password is a complete MP M 86 file specification filetype Extension to a filename A filetype can be from 0 to 3 characters and must be separated from the primary filename by a period A filetype can tell something about the file Certain programs require that files to be processed have certain filetypes see Appendix B TI a n e L i la manana Mays 1 5 1 4 and hard disk Rigid platter like magnetic disk sealed in a container A hard disk stores more information than a floppy disk hardware Physical components of a computer hex file ASCII printable represent
159. reaches the end of the source file ED issues the following message BREAK AT N Because ED writes the searched data to the new file before looking for more data in the original file ED usually writes the contents of the buffer to the new file before finding the end of the original file and issuing the error message An editing session cannot continue after the original file is exhausted and the memory buffer is emptied so you must use the H command described in Section 12 4 9 to restart the edit The S command searches only the buffer for the specified string but when it finds it automatically substitutes a new string for the search string This simplifies global changes such as changing all occurrences of a customer name in a letter a product 122 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands name in a manual or a label in a program The form of the command is nSsearch stringTZnew string where n is the number of substitutions to make If no number is specified ED searches for the next occurrence of the search string in the memory buffer If upper case translation is enabled by a U command or by a capital S command letter ED looks for a capitalized search string and inserts a capitalized insert string Note that if you combine this command with other commands you must terminate the new string with a TZ In the following example S substitutes the new string Digital Research for the search string MP M 6 2 11t I
160. rive You should decide whether you want to see the date time of creation or date time of last access to your files Note do not change this choice unless you reformat the disk or erase all files on the disk Otherwise you may forget whether the date on a particular file indicates the date the file was created or the last date that a user simply accessed the file Time stamping must be separately turned on for each drive desired When you turn time stamping on it is initiated for all new files created or copied to the drive Alternatively you can set up access and update time stamping for a particular group of files on the drive 56 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 3 Date and Time Stamping of Files 7 3 1 Time Stamping of New Files When time stamping is turned on for a drive it automatically applies to all new files subsequently created or copied to the drive Section 7 3 2 describes how to begin time stamping files which are already on the drive The time stamping option is controlled by the directory label If the directory label is password protected as recommended in Section 7 2 1 then you need to know the directory label password in order to initiate or change the time stamping options Each of the three time stamping options can be turned on separately Remember though that ACCESS and CREATE stamps cannot both be on at the same time OA gt SET CREATE ON The above command turns on CREATE time stamps on the default drive The CREATE
161. rom 113 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands 8 you last week I am learning to use the MP M 9 utilities but know that soon I ll went 10 more programs Please send me a list of ll the MP M software you keep in stock l2 Thank you for your help 13 14 Sincerely 15 Z In the example above the buffer was empty so there was no question as to the location of the CP Note however that if you enter insert mode when the CP is between two characters in the middle of a line the insert does not start on a new line Insert mode always inserts characters just before the CP and does not start a new line until you press the carriage return key Use TZ to exit from insert mode The return of the ED prompt indicates that ED is out of the insert mode Remember that in insert mode you can use MP M 86 line editing control characters to edit your input without returning to ED s command level Use TH for destructive backspace and TU or TX to delete a line A RUB keystroke also deletes the character to the left of the cursor but echoes the character at the console Note that TH cannot delete a lt cr gt lt 1f gt sequence to return to the previous line but RUB can However you must use two RUB keystrokes one You may also enter TI to tab characters into columns ED s tab stops are at columns 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 and so on for extra wide terminals You cannot change ED s tab stops The second form of the I command does not en
162. rom the console To abort process from any other console the number of the console to which the process is attached must be substituted for the optional n If ABORT cannot be executed the following message is displayed Abort failed The following example illustrates a possible exchange using the ABORT command The ABORT command is aborting the process TYPE executing on console number 1 The ABORT command is executing from another console The user number does not affect ABORT OA gt TYPE DOCUMENT TXT Dear Sir The company is pleased to inform you tha 5B gt ABORT TYPE 1 lt cr gt 5B gt In the above example assume that the TYPE command was issued from console number 1 The TYPE command is aborted from console number 3 To determine which console number is associated with the program you want to abort you can use the MPMSTAT command described in Section 8 1 The TC character also aborts a running process but only if it is still attached to the console When you press TC the system temporarily halts the process and responds with the message ABORT Y N If you enter a Y the program is immediately aborted If you enter any other character the process continues executing Generally use the ABORT command with processes that have been detached from the console Use TC with processes that are currently attached to the console Note that you cannot abort Resident System Processes 69 SECTION 9 TYPE ERA ERAQ
163. ry label on the drive SDIR shows the password protection mode and the time Stamps If there is no directory label SDIR displays two file entries on a line omitting the Password and time stamp columns The display is alphabetically sorted The following is an example of an SDIR display Since Drive M has no directory label SDIR displays two files per line 6E gt sdir m 00 20 24 E SDIR CMD User 0 Directory For Drive M User 6 Name Bytes Recs Attributes Name Bytes Recs Attributes FRONT PRN 5k 34 Dir RW FRONT TEX 3k 24 Dir RW TOC PRN 6k 46 Dir RW TOC TEX 4k 29 Dir RW Total Bytes 18k Total Records 133 Files Found 4 Total 1k Blocks 18 Used Max Dir Entries For Drive M 4 64 SDIR displays the Read Only or Read Write the Sys or Dir the Archive and the user defined F1 F2 F3 F4 attributes of a file SDIR displays SYS if the System attribute of the file is on and DIR if it is off SDIR displays RO if the Read Only attribute is on and RW if it is off SDIR displays the number 1 2 3 or 4 corresponding to the number of any user attributes that are on The full format displays two measures of file size The size of the file in kilobytes is the total amount of disk space allocated to the file by the operating System The number of records is the actual file length in 128 byte units Depending on the size of a block on the disk the operating system in general allocates more storage than is needed by the file The disk block size
164. s a file it might change the filetype to indicate that the file has been modified For example when ED finishes editing a file it changes the original filetype to BAK then gives the new edited file the original primary filename and filetype See Appendix B for a list of MP M 86 filetypes and their general meanings 3 1 4 Passwords MP M 86 supports password protected files Passwords are valuable in a multi user system because they enable each user to protect his files from accidental damage by other users Passwords enable managers and systems personnel to allow limited access to certain files for security purposes A password is an optional part of the file specification It always appears next to the filename in a command line It is separated from the filename by a semicolon Consider the password as part of the file specification when entering drive specifications or options in command lines The PASSWORD option of the SET command see Section 7 can assign a password to any file This means that all executable programs commands and data files can have password protection Furthermore the command files ED ERA ERAQ PIP REN and TYPE accomodate passwords in their data filename This means that a command line can require multiple passwords to execute properly The first password is needed to access the command program A second password may be necessary to access the file specified in the command tail In the following examples of
165. s turned off all password Protection on the drive is deactivated This means that you can access update and even delete any password protected files on the drive even though you do not know the password Obviously this option is normally set on It should only be set off if the password to an important file is forgotten If password protection is used be sure to assign a password to the label itself so that an unauthorized person Cannot turn off password protection It is important to remember the Directory Label password The third column Make XFCBs shows that the automatic creation of Extended File Control Blocks XFCBs has been turned on for the drive with a SET MAKE ON command or one of the SET time stamping commands For a file to have space for a password and two time Stamps the file must have an Extended File Control Block and the directory must have a label When the Make XFCBs option is on all files created or copied to the drive are automatically given an XFCB Otherwise a specific group of files can be assigned XFCBs with the SET command AS mentioned above each file can have up to two time stamps The first of these time stamps can be either the creation date and time for the file or the time and date of the last access to the file access is defined as reading from or writing to the file 49 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 5 The SHOW Utility The fourth column of the SHOW LABEL command displays both the type of stamp and whe
166. sages Bad File Spec An improperly formatted command keyword has been entered Can t Find Command MP M 86 cannot find your command file 143 APPENDIX E CHECKLIST FOR USING FILES If the drive is set to a different density than the disk inserted in it MP M 86 returns a Bad Sector error See Appendix D MP M 86 Error Messages If the file is set to Read Only you can read the file but you cannot write to the file If the drive is set to Read Only you cannot write to files on that drive This occurs if you forget to use DSKRESET before changing a disk If you have typed a fS your keyboard is locked until you type a fQ to unlock it If you receive an Not Enough Memory message use a TD to reattach a process to the console so it can finish executing and free a memory segment This situation could also occur if you accidently typed a fD and didn t realize it Files with the DIR attribute can only be accessed if they are in the default user area on the default or specified drive Files with the SYS attribute can be accessed if they are in the default user area or user 0 of the default or specified drive or in the default or user 0 area of the system drive If a drive is specified MP M 86 only looks for a file in the default and zero user areas of the specified drive If the command line specifies a drive or a Password MP M 86 looks for a CMD file on disk and does not look for an RSP in memory If the file is pa
167. sefulness of a string of commands by executing it a specified number of times For example 3FMP MTZOLT types the line that contains the third occurrence of MP M from the CP but 3MFMP MTZOTT displays the lines containing all three occurrences The form of the M command is nMcommand string where n is the number of times the command string is to be executed A negative number is not a valid argument for an M command If no number is specified the special character is assumed and ED executes the command string until it reaches the end of data in the buffer or the end of the original file depending on the commands specified in the string The terminator for an M command is a carriage return therefore an M command must be the last command on the line Also all character strings that appear in a macro must be terminated by TZ If a character string ends the combined command string it must be terminated by 1Z then followed by a lt cr gt to end the M command In the following example a macro repeats combined substitute and display commands 124 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands l 7 11t 7 I am enjoying the Digital Research system I received from 8 you last week I am learning to use the Digital Research 9 utilities but know that soon I ll want 10 more programs Please send me a list of ll the Digital Research software you keep in stock 7 3msDigital Research ZMP M Z0lt 7 I am enjoying the MP M system I r
168. should be placed on the system drive see Section 1 and assigned the special file attributes of System SYS and Read Only RO The SYS attribute allows the command files to be accessed from any valid drive or user number even though they are physically located in user 0 on the system drive File attributes can be assigned using the SET utility described in Section 7 32 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 1 The DIR Command If the SYS option is not used and system files do exist on the directory DIR displays a System Files Exist message In the example below the A drive has been designated the system drive and contains a number of utility programs of type CMD OA gt DIR Directory for User 0 A FORMS LIB TEST DAT TEST2 DAT INDEX LIB System Files Exist With the SYS option DIR also displays the system files OA gt DIR SYS Directory for User 0 A DIR CMD PIP CMD SUBMIT CMD ERAQ CMD A ED CMD ASM86 CMD DDT86 CMD LOAD PRL A STAT CMD TOD CMD MPMSTAT CMD CONSOLE RSP A MPMSTAT RSP ABORT RSP The system files are not normally displayed so they can be viewed as built in to the MP M 86 system OA gt DIR A86 G8 Use the G option to get and display the directory from another user number Follow G with the number of the user area you want to display Valid user numbers range from 0 to 15 In the following example the DIR command displays all the files of type A86 in user number 8 on the A drive OA g
169. single character in a filename and the can be substituted for the primary filename or the filetype or both By placing wildcard characters in filenames the user creates an ambiguous filename and can quickly reference one or more files XFCB Extended File Control Block XFCBs store passwords and time and date stamping of files See FCB and Block 163 INDEX A abort 9 ABORT 68 access attributes 59 access date 50 56 access time stamps 57 58 active functions 47 actual parameters 81 82 ambiguous file specification 15 ambiguous filename 15 55 32 75 application programs 45 archive attribute 17 35 45 61 ASCII files 71 ASM86 8 assigning passwords 54 attach 9 ATTACH 67 attributes 47 B BACKSPACE 6 block size 44 boot message 2 3 bootstrap 2 buffer size in ED 113 Cc carriage return key 24 change drive 3 change filename 75 change user 28 changing disks 27 character pointer 106 CMD 18 32 cold boot 2 combined ED commands 110 command 5 23 67 command file 11 19 commend file search 18 19 command keyword 5 command letter case 6 command line 23 24 command line editing controls command line length 6 command line syntax 23 command summary 6 command tail 5 31 comments 81 concatenating files 89 console 2 CONSOLE 29 console number 3 29 console zero 3 control character 5 6 9 24 control key 5 8 24 create date 56
170. soon I ll want 10 more programs To fill your console screen with text display specify nT with n equal to the number of lines on your console minus one for the returned prompt On a 24 line console for example enter 23T If you specify n greater than your console length you can enter a TS to stop the display then a fQ to continue scrolling Although you can display any amount of text at the console with a T command it is sometimes more convenient to page through the buffer viewing whole screens of data and moving the CP to the top of each new screen at the same time To do this use ED s P command When executing a P command ED assumes your console screen is 24 lines long and that your text lines are less than or equal to your screen s line length The P command takes the following forms nP nP where the optional n is the number of pages to be displayed If you do not specify n ED moves the CP forward 23 lines and then types the 23 lines following the CP This leaves the CP pointing to the first character on the screen To display the current page without moving the CP enter OP The special character 0 prevents the movement of the CP If you specify a negative number for n P pages backwards towards the top of the file For example when you enter P ED displays the 23 lines ahead of the CP and moves the CP back 23 lines The n command is a simple abbreviation that both moves the CP and displays the destination line The
171. specify a password you must separate it from the filename with a semicolon Spaces are not allowed in MP M 86 filenames ll MP M 86 User s Guide 3 1 MP M 86 File Specifications Note In the Syntax lines in the following sections of this User s Guide the term filespec indicates any valid combination of the elements included in the file specification That is a drive specification a primary filename a filetype and a password Valid combinations are filename filename typ d filename d filename typ filename typ password d filename typ password A complete file specification with all possible elements included consists of a drive specification a primary filename a filetype and a password all separated by their appropriate delimiters as shown below A DOCUMENT LAW Secret The following sections define each of the four parts of a file specification 3 1 1 Drive Specifications The drive specification d designates the file s location If the file is on your default drive you need not enter a drive specification Default indicates the current drive and the current user number The default drive and default user number always match the drive and user number in the system prompt These defaults are the drive and user number in which the system first searches for files if a particular drive is not specified To designate a file not on your default drive replace d with the letter name of the drive that contains th
172. ssage can also mean that the drive is set to the wrong density for the disk in it the disk was inserted improperly or the drive door was left open OPEN FILE An error occurred when opening a file This message appears as part of another error message PRINTER BUSY The list device is already in use QUIT NOT FOUND PIP cannot find the string argument to a Q parameter in the source file RECORD TOO LONG A H86 record exceeds 80 characters in a file being copied with the H option REQUIRES MP M 86 PIP was invoked on another operating system besides MP M 86 version 2 0 R O DISK The destination drive is set to Read Only mode and PIP cannot write to it MP M 86 User s Guide 11 6 PIP Console Messages Table 11 4 continued Message Meaning R O FILE The distination file is set to Read Only and PIP cannot write it START NOT FOUND PIP cannot find the string argument to an S parameter in the source file VERIFY When copying with the V option PIP found a difference when rereading the data just written and comparing it to the data in its memory buffer USER ABORTED PIP received a keystroke from the console while copying data to or from a the console or the printer Start over Check for undeleted files 101 SECTION 12 ED THE MP M 86 EDITOR 12 1 Introduction to ED To do almost anything with a computer you need some way to enter data some way to give the computer the information you wan
173. ssword protected you might get a password error message Is the password protection mode set to READ WRITE DELETE or NONE See the SET command in Section 6 If the password protection mode is set to READ then you need a password to read the file If the password protection mode is set to WRITE you can read the file without supplying the password but you need the password to write to the file If the password protection mode is set to DELETE you can read or write to the file but you need the Password to erase it 145 If the mode is set to NONE the password is erased you no longer need it at all e Does the drive have a label See the SET command in Section 6 If the drive has a label and password protection is turned on for the drive then you need a password to access any password protected files on that drive 146 APPENDIX F MP M 86 COMMAND SUMMARY MP M 86 is distributed with over thirty utilities Table F 1 lists the utilities described in this manual alphabetically The required parts of the command line are printed in boldface Syntax ABORT programname n ATTACH programname CONSOLE Table F 1 Command Summary Definition and Examples Stops execution of program programname initiated from console n OA gt ABORT PIP 2B gt ABORT SDIR 2 Attaches a detached program designated by Pprogramname to console from which it was invoked OA gt ATTACH GENLEDGR 3C gt ATTACH
174. stem Copies files Displays and sets printer number built in Renames files Displays disk directory with options Sets file and disk protection levels file time stamping and file attributes Shows disk status and protection levels MP M 86 User s Guide 2 2 MP M 86 Command Summary Table 2 2 continued Name Action SPOOL Spools files to the list device STAT Displays and sets file and disk status STOPSPL Aborts the spooler SUBMIT Submits a batch processing file TOD Displays and sets the time and date TYPE Displays ACSII file contents at the console USER Displays and sets user number built in 2 3 Control Character Commands MP M 86 has a set of control character commands that start and stop screen scrolling echo console input at the printer and detach and abort programs Table 2 3 below summarizes these control character commands and their uses As in Table 2 2 the Tf character indicates the CONTROL key on the keyboard To enter a control keystroke hold the CONTROL key down while depressing the desired alphabetic character Table 2 3 Control Character Commands Keystroke Action TP echoes all console output to the printer a second TP ends printer echo This only works if your system is connected to a printer and the printer is not busy See Section 10 2 Ts stops console listing temporarily TQ resumes the listing TO resumes console listing after TS otherwise it is ignored Tc prompts to abort a program
175. t it to process The programs most commonly used for this task are called editors They transfer your keystrokes at the console to memory or to a disk file MP M 86 s editor is named ED Using ED you can create and alter text files To create a file enter the data through ED at your console ED stores the data in memory then at your command writes the data into a temporary disk file To change an existing file ED copies the file from the disk to memory There you can use ED s editing commands to insert delete and replace data When you finish editing ED writes all the changed data and any unchanged data in the original file back out to the disk in the temporary file ED keeps the original file as a backup and changes the filetype to BAK ED renames the temporary file filename to filename typ the resulting edited file Figure 12 1 shows the relationship of the original temporary and back up files to the user and the memory buffer The letters shown in parentheses are the ED commands that move data from one location to another 103 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 1 Introduction to ED Source Libraries Append Write Temporary A Source File x Memory Buffer After Edit E Edit E as Insert Type I T New Backup File Source File XY x BAK Figure 12 1 ED s Input and Output Files and the Memory Buffer To edit a large file ED first copies a section of the file into the buffer
176. t DIR A86 G8 Directory for User 8 A PROGRAM A86 PROGRAM2 A86 TEST A86 OA gt DIR A86 LIB Multiple DIR commands can be given in one line Each command must be separated from previous commands with a comma or space In the above example DIR first displays the A86 files and then the LIB files from user 0 on Drive A The SYS andG options affect all filenames in the command line 33 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 2 The SDIR Utility 6 2 The SDIR Command Syntax SDIR SDIR a SDIR filespec SDIR option SDIR option modifier SDIR option d SDIR option modifier d SDIR option filespec filespec SDIR option modifier filespec filespec The following exceptions are allowed SDIR da option SDIR filespec option SDIR filespec filespec option The SDIR utility is an enhanced combination of the DIR utility and the STAT utility SDIR is equipped with all of the options needed to display MP M 86 files in a variety of ways SDIR can search for files on any or all drives in any or all user areas SDIR supports only global options those which modify the entire command line Formal global options are allowed only after the command name on the command line To be more friendly SDIR allows the option list to occur anywhere on the command line However only one option list is allowed Options must be enclosed in square brackets The options can be used individually or strung together separated by c
177. tach the processes DIR and TYPE to console number 1 OA gt DIR 00 38 12 A DIR CMD Directory for User 0 A GENSYS CMD MODE CMD SUBMIT CMD PLIO OVL A PIP CMD ED CMD ERA CMD TYPE CMD A ERAQ CMD TD doesn t show on screen OA gt TYPE LETTER TXT Dear Mr Bromley The company is pleased to announ TD doesn t show on screen OA gt ATTACH DIR Attach DIR A REN CMD SHOW CMD SET CMD STAT CMD A SDIR CMD DSKRESET CMD System Files Exist OA gt TD doesn t show on screen ce that you heve been hired as Sub Director of Technical Writing Sincerely Madeline Jones Director Attach Tmpl lt cer gt OA gt Resident System Processes behave differently than processes invoked from disk files A Resident System Process must finish executing before it can be invoked a second time This is true even if the Resident System Process has been detached It must be re attached and finish executing before you can access it again A CMD file stored on disk can be executed detached executed and detached again without any problem 68 MP M 86 User s Guide 8 3 The ABORT Command 8 3 The ABORT Command syntax ABORT programname ABORT programname n The ABORT command immediately stops execution of the process specified by programname The command can be entered at any console To use an ABORT command to abort a Process at the same console from which it was initiated the Program must first be detached f
178. temporary pointer and the character pointer Each pointer marks a location where data can be manipulated The source memory and temporary pointers keep track of where blocks of data can be moved The character pointer resides in the memory buffer and indicates where editing can take place The source pointer SP always points to the next character in the original file that should be read into the buffer When editing begins the SP points at the first character in the file After ED reads a section into the buffer the SP points to the next character to be read into the buffer The memory pointer MP always points to the last character in the memory buffer When ED copies data from the original disk file into the buffer it adds the new data after the MP After the copy operation is complete ED moves the MP to indicate the new last character in the buffer This prevents ED from overwriting data already in the buffer The temporary pointer TP always points to the next free location in the new disk file ED writes data to the new file in the area after the TP Then when the write operation is complete ED moves the TP to the end of the data it has just written in the file that is ED moves the TP to the new next free location This prevents ED from overwriting data already stored in the new file Figure 12 2 shows the locations of the SP MP TP and CP in the original file memory buffer and the new file 105 MP M 86 User s Guide 12
179. ter insert mode It inserts the character string into the memory buffer and returns immediately to the ED prompt In the example below assume the CP is at the beginning of line 11 The command 8c moves the CP from the beginning of the line to just after the last M in MP M The i command inserts the string compatible 01t retypes the line TZ concludes the insert string ll the MP M software you keep in stock ll 8ci compatible z0lt ll the MP M compatible software you keep in stock You may conclude an insert string by pressing lt cr gt instead of Tz but ED inserts a lt cr gt lt lf gt sequence at the current location of the CP before returning to the prompt For example ll the MP M software you keep in stock ll 8ci compatible lt cr gt d 12t ll the MP M compatible 12 software you keep in stock PIF MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands When entering a combination of numbers and letters you may find it inconvenient to press a caps lock key at your terminal if your terminal translates caps locked numbers to special characters ED provides two ways to translate your alphabetic input to upper case without affecting numbers The first is to enter the insert command letter in upper case I All alphabetics entered during the course of the capitalized command either in insert mode or aS a string argument are translated to upper case For example 9 utilities but know that soon I ll 9 9cI pip ed and stat
180. ter type similar to a filename and filetype OA gt SET NAME lablname typ The NAME option assigns a name to the drive label Label names make it easier to catalogue disks and keep track of different disk directories If one of the other SET label options is entered before the SET NAME option the label is created with the default name Label 61 MP M 86 User s Guide 7 5 The SET Help Option 7 5 The SET Help Option Similar to SHOW and SDIR SET has a help option which displays a number of examples of valid SET commands Invoke the HELP display with the command OA gt SET HELP 7 6 Additional Examples Some examples of possible SET commands follow OA gt SET CMD SYS RO PASS 123 PROT READ OA gt The above setting affords the most protection and the most difficulty for users Because the password protection mode has been set to READ you cannot even read one of the CMD files without entering the password 123 unless the default password has been set to 123 Even if the correct password is entered you still cannot write to the file because the file s READ ONLY RO attribute is set ON Finally these files will not be displayed by DIR unless the SYS option is used see Section 6 1 After the above SET command is executed the following command reverses the protection and access attributes OA gt SET CMD RW PROT NONE DIR Password 123 lt cr gt OA gt After executing the above command there is no password
181. tes setting the label password to secret and then turning password protection on for the drive QA gt SET PASSWORD SECRET Label for drive A Directory Passwds Make Stamp Stamp Stamp Label Reqd XFCBs Create Access Update A Label off off off off off Password SECRET OA gt SET PROTECT ON Password Enter SECRET here it is not echoed Label for drive A Directory Passwds Make Stamp Stamp Stamp Label Reqd XFCBs Create Access Update A Label on off off off off OA gt When setting drive options SET always displays the settings of all the drive options in a status display similar to that of the SHOW LABEL command described in Section 6 5 After a directory label has been created by setting a drive option or setting the directory label password SET always prompts for the label password when you change any of the label options In the above example the Password prompt occurs in the second SET command when password protection is turned on The password protection option must be turned on before assigning passwords to individual files or commands The only exception to this is the directory label password itself Since it is the super password controlling password protection it is always required when changing the Label functions If no password has been assigned to the directory label or if the password is just a carriage return then simply press the carriage return key after the Password prompt In the above ex
182. the last record number the number of records bytes and FCBs and all the attributes of a file OA gt STAT OA gt STAT B 1F gt STAT D CMD Stops the spooling operation currently in Progress initiated from console number n OA gt STOPSPLR ual parameters SUBMIT submits a batch process consisting of a file of MP M 86 commands one command per line in file The filename must be a file of type SUB Parameters following the filename are substituted for their corresponding parameters in the file See Section 10 6 OA gt SUBMIT START SUB OA gt SUBMIT B START SUB OA gt SUBMIT START SUB B LETTER 1F gt SUBMIT B START SUB 151 MP M 86 User s Guide Appendix F MP M 86 Command Summary Table F l continued Syntax Definition and Examples TOD PERPETUAL TOD mm dd yy hh mm ss TOD displays the system date and time With a date and time TOD sets the system time to the date and time specified The PERPETUAL option displays date and time continuously it can be abbreviated P OA gt TOD 1B gt TOD P 1C gt TOD 02 14 82 12 01 00 TYPE filespec PAGE Displays contents of a file containing ASCII coded information Does not accept ambiguous filenames The PAGE option pauses after each screen 24 lines is displayed until you strike a key Pn specifies the number of lines per screen OADTYPE DRAFT TXAT OA gt TYPE B DRAFT TXT PAGE 1F gt TYPE E DRAFT TXT PASSWORD P15 USER n Changes the current user number Sets
183. ther or not it is on In the example above creation time stamps are given to new files as shown by the Stamp Create column heading Creation time stamps can be turned on for the drive with a SET CREATE ON command If access time stamps are prefered they can be turned on for the drive with a SET ACCESS ON command In this case the fourth column heading in the SHOW LABEL display is Stamp Access instead of Stamp Create It is best to decide whether you want creation date stamping for files or access cate stamping for files set the appropriate mode and leave it that way Otherwise once changed from ACCESS back to CREATE ACCESS dates for files may be in the Stamp Create field The fifth column displays the status of the second time stamp field the update time stamp Update time stamps display the time and date of the last update to a file that is the last time Someone wrote to the file In the display above update time stamps have been turned on with a SET UPDATE ON command In addition to showing the password protection make XFCBs mode and the active time stamps on a drive SHOW LABEL also displays the date and time that the label was created and last updated 50 SECTION 7 THE SET COMMAND 7 1 Introduction to the SET Command Syntax SET d RW SET d RO SET option modifier SET d foption modifier SET filespec option modifier SET filespec option The SET command initiates password protection and tim
184. tion has been enabled by a U command ED searches for an upper case string whether the find command is specified F or f If ED does not find a match for the argument string in the memory buffer it issues the message BREAK AT LINE where the symbol indicates that the search failed during the execution of an F command The N command extends the search function beyond the memory buffer to include the original file If the search is successful it leaves the CP pointing to the first character after the search string The form of the N command is nNstring where n is the occurrence of the string to be found If no number is entered ED looks for the next occurrence of the string in the file The case of the N command letter and whether or not upper case translation is enabled by the U command have the same effect on an N command as they do on an F command Note that if you follow an N command with another ED command you must terminate the string with a fZ When an N command is executed ED searches the memory buffer for the specified string but if ED doesn t find the string it doesn t issue an error message Instead ED automatically writes the searched data from the buffer into the new file Then it performs an 0A command to fill the buffer with fresh data from the orginal file ED continues to search the buffer write out data and append fresh data until it either finds the string or reaches the end of the source file If it
185. tions 11 5 PIP Options PIP options enhance a copy operation Generally they request that PIP perform some optional process on the source or destination Some PIP options described here expand tab characters translate the case of alphabetic characters extract portions of source files and verify that copies are made accurately PIP options are local options following the name of the file specification to be affected during the copy Options must be enclosed in square brackets Certain options require an argument which can be a number or character string Within the brackets multiple options can be separated by spaces However no space can separate an option letter from its argument Table 11 3 describes the function of each PIP option using n to represent a numeric argument and s to represent a string argument Table 11 3 PIP Options Letter Function A To back up only the files that have been modified since the last back up use PIP with an ambiguous filename and the Archive option PIP with the A option copies only the files that have heen modified Dn Delete any characters past column n This option follows a source file that contains lines too long to be handled by the destination device for example an 80 character printer or narrow console The number n should be the maximum column width of the destination device E Echo transfer at console When this option follows a source name PIP displays the source Gata at the
186. um number of locked files specified at system generation has has been exceeded 98 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 6 PIP Console Messages Table 11 4 continued Message Meaning INVALID DESTINATION An invalid destination device has been specified in the command tail INVALID DIGIT An invalid hexadecimal digit was found in the h86 file being copied H option INVALID DISK SELECT The drive selected is not implemented on the system INVALID FILENAME There is a wildcard character improperly placed in a filename or filetype INVALID FORMAT The command line contains a syntax error INVALID PASSWORD The wrong password was specified for a file or the password was omitted INVALID SEPARATOR A file concatenation command line contains invalid characters between file specifications INVALID SOURCE An invalid source device has been specified in the command tail INVALID USER NUMBER The G parameter has an argument less than 0 or greater than 15 LIMIT EXCEEDED The maximum number of open files specified at system generation has been exceeded 99 MP M 86 User s Guide 11 6 PIP Console Messages Table 11 4 continued Message Meaning MAKE FILE An error occurred when creating a file This message appears as part of another error message NO DIRECTORY SPACE The destination directory is full Erase some files or get a fresh disk NONRECOVERABLE A disk contains an actual physical defect This me
187. ver from this Situation use the W command described in Section 12 4 9 The special 0 character can prevent memory overflow and spare you from calculating an exact number of lines to copy into the buffer In response to 0A ED appends lines to the buffer until the buffer is about half full This leaves enough room for normal editing and inserts However if during the editing session you insert more text than the buffer can hold you may receive an error message similar to the one below 115 MP M 86 User s Guide 12 4 ED Commands BREAK gt AT I To recover from this error use the W command described in Section 12 4 9 The last way to add text to the memory buffer is to read in a library LIB file with a R command The format of the R command is Rfilename where filename is the name of a file with the filetype LIB Do not enter the LIB filetype No space is permitted between the command letter R and the filename If you combine an R command with other commands you must separate the filename from subsequent command letters with a TZ There are special considerations if R is to be used in a macro command see Section 12 4 8 for an explanation R inserts the library file in front of the CP Therefore after the file is added to the memory buffer the CP points to the same character it did before the read although the character may be on a new line number You may create LIB files in individual ED sessions or you may use t
188. with the SYS option to display files with the SYS attribute turned on DIR needs no command tail but accepts either a drive specification or a filename or both The filename can use the and to indicate wildcards In response to DIR without a command tail MP M 86 displays the filenames on the default drive in the default user area as shown below OA gt DIR Directory for User 0 A DIR CMD PIP CMD SUBMIT CMD ERAQ CMD A ED CMD ASM86 CMD DDT86 CMD ABORT RSP A STAT CMD TOD CMD DSKRESET CMD CONSOLE RSP A TESTI DAT TEST2 DAT MPMSTAT CMD MPMSTAT RSP A FORMS LIB INDEX LIB If no command tail is given as in the above example MP M 86 treats the command as if an ambiguous filename were included and displays all the filenames on the default drive in the default user area DIR with a drive specification is also treated as if were entered but displays the directory of the requested drive still in the same user area as shown in the sequence below OA gt DIR B Directory for User 0 B DOCFILE1 TXT DOCFILE2 TXT DOCFILE3 TXT NEWPROG A86 B NEWPROG BAK ADDPROG A86 DOCFILE1 BAK CHECKPRG A86 B DOCFILE3 BAK CHECKPRG BAK ADDPROG BAK DOCFILE2 BAK 31 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 1 The DIR Command DIR with a specific file specification searches the directory for the requested filename and displays it if it exists Otherwise the utility returns a File not found error message DIR with an am
189. y If the command line references an RSP MP M 86 returns the message 15 55 10 Msg Qued in the day file option display Note that files with a filetype of CMD are loadable executable files SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO MP M 86 COMMANDS 2 1 MP M 86 Command Format All MP M 86 commands have the same basic Parts and recognize the same filenames The following sections explain in more detail MP M 86 command format MP M 86 file specifications and finally the actual use of the MP M 86 commands In general an MP M 86 command line has three parts the command keyword the command tail and a carriage return In MP M 86 the command keyword must be typed next to the system prompt on the console In the example below TYPE is the command keyword and B DOCUMENT LAW is the command tail OA gt TYPE B DOCUMENT LAW A command keyword identifies a program to be executed The command keyword can be the name of a queue associated with an RSP Resident System Process or it can be a command filename that identifies a program to be loaded from the default or system or specified drive The command tail can include simply a drive specification or a file specification see Section 3 and or a list of one or more utility parameters or options Sometimes the command tail is optional In some cases an absent command tail is understood as indicating the default drive or all the files in the default user area on the default drive All commands
190. ys the files in full format If no directory label exists for the drive or the NONXFCB option was specified the columns for date and time stamps are omitted and two files are displayed per line This is the default display 37 MP M 86 User s Guide 6 3 SDIR Format Table 6 1 continued Command Result SDIR LENGTH n displays n lines of filenames before inserting a table heading n must be in the range between 5 and 65536 SDIR SIZE displays the disk space in kilobytes allotted to the files on the default or specified drive SDIR FF The Form Feed option is used with the CONTROL P character to make hard copies of directories It sends an initial form feed to the printer If the LENGTH option is also specified a form feed is issued every n lines SDIR MESSAGE The message option is used when SDIR is searching for files on more than one drive and or user area Normally SDIR does not print the names of the drives and users it is searching With this option SDIR displays the names of the specified drives and user areas and any files residing there If there are no files in the specified locations SDIR displays the File not found message SDIR NOSORT SDIR normally sorts files alphabetically SDIR NOSORT displays the files in the order it finds them in the directory When the SHORT format is used NOSORT is automatically set SDIR EXCLUDE SDIR with the EXCLUDE option displays the files that DO
191. ystem Process 1l 5 9 18 19 69 RETURN 6 RO 17 32 RSP 1 5 RUB 6 RW 17 35 60 18 41 32 60 35 4l S SDIR 21 34 search and replace 121 search and replace with verify 126 searches 34 SET 51 set date 77 set time 77 123 167 short format 35 36 SHOW 48 size format 35 size option 46 source pointer 105 space 44 special characters 14 special symbols 24 square brackets 24 stamp access 50 stamp create 50 stamp update 50 starting ED 107 STAT 40 Statistics 41 status 40 47 SUB filetype 80 SUBMIT 80 submit comments 81 submit file 80 Super password syntax 12 SYS 17 60 SYS attribute 18 SYS option 31 32 system attribute 16 22 46 51 60 system console 9 system drive l system file 28 system file attribute system files exist 33 system generation l system parameters 1l system prompt 2 3 53 31 32 35 18 28 32 22 29 12 68 T temporary files 1 temporary pointer 105 time 77 time of day 77 time stamp 17 time stamp fields 59 time stamping 49 51 56 57 59 TOD 77 troubleshooting 20 typ 23 TYPE 71 U up arrow 24 update date 56 update time stamp 50 58 upper case translation in ED 115 USER 28 user area 28 user defined attributes 17 35 45 Sl 61 user number 3 29 71 user status 47 user zero 18 utilities 1 6 23 W

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