Quantum Instruments Sensor User's Manual
Contents
1. International Frequency Sensor Association IFSA Sensors amp Transducers Journal Vol 76 Issue 2 February 2007 pp 935 936 TF Sensors amp Transducers SA ISSN 1726 5479 www sensorsportal com 2007 by IFSA http www sensorsportal com Biosensors Future Analytical Tools Vikas Anjum and S Pundir Department of Biochemistry amp Genetics Maharashi Dayanand University Rohtak 124001 India Tel 00 91 09215570591 e mail technology for gyahoo co in Received 10 October 2006 Accepted 22 February 2007 Published 26 February 2007 Abstract Biosensors offer considerable promises for attaining the analytic information in a faster simpler and cheaper manner compared to conventional assays Biosensing approach is rapidly advancing and applications ranging from metabolite biological chemical warfare agent food pathogens and adulterant detection to genetic screening and programmed drug delivery have been demonstrated Innovative efforts coupling micromachining and nanofabrication may lead to even more powerful devices that would accelerate the realization of large scale and routine screening With gradual increase in commercialization a wide range of new biosensors are thus expected to reach the market in the coming years Keywords Electrode transducers genetic screening food analysis bioterrorism environment monitoring 1 Introduction Modern economy 1 technology driven promising revenues that are mind bogglin2. It contains an electrochemical DNA chip that is able to analyze and type single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs and common DNA sequence variations by using the redox active dye Hoechst33258 46 4 Applications in Food Analyses and Quality Assurance safety monitoring and quality control of foods are essential for food industry and the use of biosensors allows the assessment of food safety in real time Hence biosensors have been developed for automated process control and provide a good alternative to other methods which are tedious time amp energy consuming and may require expensive instruments and reagents in addition to considerable technical skills The importance of on line measurement compared to a laboratory measurement in terms of process control is firstly its response time Sampling and subsequent analysis in a laboratory involves a time delay which can be sometimes several days Although laboratory instruments have some inherent advantages on line biosensor describes the real time state of the process Data generated from the biosensor provide rapid and or continuous feedback information which can help the food processor both reduce wastage and increase productivity by incorporating microbiological and quality control into processing line Because foods are highly unstable materials and can quickly undergo rapid and often detrimental changes process control is an uncertain and doubtful strategy Because of this food industry needs in
3. 935 Advances in Biosensing Methods Reema Taneja Kennon C Shelton Raymond Carlisle Ajit Sadana 945 Interface Layering Phenomena in Capacitance Detection of DNA with Biochips eandro Carrara Frank K G rkaynak Carlotta Guiducci Claudio Stagni Luca Benini Yusuf Leblebici Bruno Samori Giovanni De he eene 969 A Simple and Sensitive Flow Injection Optical Fibre Biosensor Based on Immobilised Enzyme for Monitoring of Pesticides p easiest VE E ERR qu 978 Design and Characterization of a Solid State Piezoelectric Transducer Chemical Sensor for Chromium lons Contamination in Water 991 Influence of Liquid Petroleum Gas on the Electrical Parameters of the WO3 Thick Film o aay ale J V Salland P P Pall 1001 Synthesis Characterization and Acetone Sensing Properties of Novel Strontium Il added ZnAI204 Composites J Judith Vijaya L John Kennedy G Sekaran K S Nagaraja 1008 Short Communication Investigating Solids Liquids and Gases by Surface Photo Charge Effect SPCE Authors are encouraged to submit article in MS Word doc and Acrobat pdf formats by e mail editor sensorsportal com Please visit journal s webpage with preparation instructions http www sensorsportal com HTML DIGEST Submition htm
4. Neelamegam Periasamy Sastra Deemed University India Neshkova Milka Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Bulgaria Oberhammer Joachim Royal Institute of Technology Sweden Ould Lahoucin University of Guelma Algeria Pamidighanta Sayanu Bharat Electronics Limited BEL India Pan Jisheng Institute of Materials Research amp Engineering Singapore Park Joon Shik Korea Electronics Technology Institute Korea South Pereira Jose Miguel Instituto Politecnico de Setebal Portugal Petsev Dimiter University of New Mexico USA Pogacnik Lea University of Ljubljana Slovenia Post Michael National Research Council Canada Prance Robert University of Sussex UK Prasad Ambika Gulbarga University India Prateepasen Asa Kingmoungut s University of Technology Thailand Pullini Daniele Centro Ricerche FIAT Italy Pumera Martin National Institute for Materials Science Japan Radhakrishnan S National Chemical Laboratory Pune India Rajanna K Indian Institute of Science India Ramadan Qasem Institute of Microelectronics Singapore Rao Basuthkar Tata Inst of Fundamental Research India Reig Candid University of Valencia Spain Restivo Maria Teresa University of Porto Portugal Rezazadeh Ghader Urmia University Iran Robert Michel University Henri Poincare France Rodriguez Angel Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna Spain Rothberg Steve Loughborough University UK Royo Santiago Universitat Polite
5. developed as a defense need for military personals to transmit data essential data to the remote monitor This monitor alerts the medical team in critical circumstances 939 Sensors amp Transducers Journal Vol 76 Issue 2 February 2007 pp 935 936 Fig 2 This medical telesensor chip on a fingertip can measure and transmit body temperature Courtesy Oak Ridge National Laboratory ref 32 3 Biosensing and Nucleic Acid Analyses Over the past two decades the practice of DNA sequence detection has become more ubiquitous and will continue to increase exponentially in genetics primary patient diagnosis carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis pathology criminology food safety and biological warfare agents This has been driven partly by the quantity of DNA sequence information that we have collected on humans and other organisms and partly by the increasing technological advances that provides us with the tools needed to develop new techniques to monitor biorecognition and interaction events Current methods 33 for the identification of a particular DNA base sequence in a biological sample begin with the isolation of intact double stranded DNA and employ the polymerase chain reaction PCR to amplify the region of interest The PCR product can then be subjected to electrophoresis or adsorbed directly onto a membrane which is then exposed to a solution containing a DNA probe which has been chemically or enzymatically labeled with a
6. radioactive material chemiluminophore or hapten ligand such as biotin to provide detectable signal for DNA hybridization Radioactive materials are extremely sensitive but have the obvious disadvantage of short self life amp high cost Radioactive assay can not be done in open or ordinary labs which are not well equipped for handling storage amp dumping of radioactive materials Fluorescent dye labels are expensive they photobleach rapidly amp are less sensitive Most recently Luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots QD have been used as labels for bioanalytical applications 34 35 Thermoquenching and extremely high cost are potent disadvantages of Quantum dots and hence generally limited to use in sensitive research experiments There fore large scale routine clinical screening based on gene diagnostics is limited by the current available technologies Remarkably DNA Biosensor technology can provide rapid simple and low cost on field detection of specific DNA sequence pathogenic virulent transgenic or point mutations that are responsible for or linked to inherited diseases Diseases such as cystic fibrosis muscular dystrophy sickle cell anemia phenylketonuria D thalassemia and hemophilia A are known to be associated with specific changes in normal DNA base sequence The list of known genetic abnormalities that cause or are associated with disease states will continue to expand as the sequencing of the human ge
7. Acid Res 27 1999 pp 4830 4837 40 S Sawata E Kai K Ikebukuro T Lida T Honda and I Karube Application of peptide nucleic acid to the direct detection of deoxyribonucleic acid amplified by polymerase chain reaction Biosensor Bioelectron 14 1999 pp 397 404 41 Shana O Kelley and Jacqueline K Barton Electron Transfer between Bases in Double Helical DNA Science 283 1999 pp 375 381 42 D B Hall J Barton Sensitivity of DNA Mediated Electron Transfer to the Intervening z stack A Probe for the Integrity of the DNA Base Stack J Am Chem Soc 1997 119 5045 5046 43 Motorola Life Sciences Inc http www motorola com lifesciences 44 Suzanne D Vernon Daniel H Farkas Elizabeth Unger Vivian Chan Donna L Miller Yin Peng Chen Gary F Blackburn and William C Reeves Bioelectronic DNA detection of human papilloma viruses using eSensorTM a model system for detection of multiple pathogens BMC Infect Dis 2003 3 12 45 Toshiba Corporation http dna chip toshiba co jp eng 46 A Erdem Kerman B Meric U S Akarea Osoz Novel hybridization indicator mythylene blue for the electrochemical detection of short DNA sequence related to Hapitis B virus Anal Chim Acta 422 2000 pp 139 149 2007 Copyright International Frequency Sensor Association IFSA rights reserved http www sensorsportal com 944 Sensors amp Transducers Journal ESA Guide fo
8. ISSN 1726 5749 ENSORS 2i TRANSDUCERS L iE m i E 5 0 1 2 u 2 5 1 6 3 8 International Frequency Sensor Association Publishing Sensors amp Transducers Volume 76 Issue 2 February 2007 www sensorsportal com ISSN 1726 5479 Editor in Chief professor Sergey Y Yurish phone 34 696067716 fax 34 93 4011989 e mail editor sensorsportal com Editors Ferrari Vitorio Universita di Brescia Italy Katz Evgeny Clarkson University USA Editors for North America Datskos Panos G Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA Fabien J Josse Marquette University USA Editor South America Costa Felix Rodrigo Inmetro Brazil Editor for Eastern Europe Sachenko Anatoly Ternopil State Economic University Ukraine Editor for Asia Ohyama Shinji Tokyo Institute of Technology Japan Editorial Advisory Board Abdul Rahim Ruzairi Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Ahmad Mohd Noor Nothern University of Engineering Malaysia Annamalai Karthigeyan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Japan Arcega Francisco University of Zaragoza Spain Arguel Philippe CNRS France Ahn Jae Pyoung Korea Institute of Science and Technology Korea Arndt Michael Robert Bosch GmbH Germany Ascoli Giorgio George Mason University USA Atalay Selcuk Inonu University Turkey Atghiaee Ahmad University of Tehran Iran Augutis Vygantas Kaunas University of T
9. Russia Szewczyk Roman Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurement Poland Tan Ooi Kiang Nanyang Technological University Singapore Tang Dianping Southwest University China Tang Jaw Luen National Chung Cheng University Taiwan Thumbavanam Pad Kartik Carnegie Mellon University USA Tsiantos Vassilios Technological Educational Institute of Kaval Greece Tsigara Anna National Hellenic Research Foundation Greece Twomey Karen University College Cork Ireland Valente Antonio University Vila Real U T A D Portugal Vaseashta Ashok Marshall University USA Vazques Carmen Carlos III University in Madrid Spain Vieira Manuela Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa Portugal Vigna Benedetto STMicroelectronics Italy Vrba Radimir Brno University of Technology Czech Republic Wandelt Barbara Technical University of Lodz Poland Wang Jiangping Xi an Shiyou University China Wang Kedong Beihang University China Wang Liang Advanced Micro Devices USA Wang Mi University of Leeds UK Wang Shinn Fwu Ching Yun University Taiwan Wang Wei Chih University of Washington USA Wang Wensheng University of Pennsylvania USA Watson Steven Center for NanoSpace Technologies Inc USA Weiping Yan Dalian University of Technology China Wells Stephen Southern Company Services USA Wolkenberg Andrzej Institute of Electron Technology Poland Woods R Clive Louisiana State Un
10. akob DELTA Danish Electronics Denmark Jiang Liudi University of Southampton UK Jiao Zheng Shanghai University China John Joachim IMEC Belgium Kalach Andrew Voronezh Institute of Ministry of Interior Russia Kaniusas Eugenijus Vienna University of Technology Austria Katake Anup Texas A amp M University USA Kausel Wilfried University of Music Vienna Austria Kavasoglu Nese Mugla University Turkey Ke Cathy Tyndall National Institute Ireland Khan Asif Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India Kim Min Young Koh Young Technology Inc Korea South Ko Sang Choon Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute Korea South Kockar Hakan Balikesir University Turkey Kotulska Malgorzata Wroclaw University of Technology Poland Kratz Henrik Uppsala University Sweden Kumar Arun University of South Florida USA Kumar Subodh National Physical Laboratory India Kung Chih Hsien Chang Jung Christian University Taiwan Lacnjevac Caslav University of Belgrade Serbia Laurent Francis IMEC Belgium Lay Ekuakille Aime University of Lecce Italy Lee Jang Myung Pusan National University Korea South Li Genxi Nanjing University China Li Hui Shanghai Jiaotong University China Li Xian Fang Central South University China Liang Yuanchang University of Washington USA Liawruangrath Saisunee Chiang Mai University Thailand Liew Kim Meow City University of Hong Kong Hong Kon
11. alance Microgravimetric Analyses Anal Chem 69 1997 pp 3506 3512 14 Masaharu Murata Piezo Electric Sensor For Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Using Receptors co factor Integration Anal Sciences 19 2003 pp 1355 1357 15 B Xie Mini micro thermal biosensors and other related devices for biochemical clinical monitoring TRAC 19 2000 pp 340 349 16 Mehrab Mehrvar Fiber Optic Biosensor Trends and Advances Anal Sciences 16 2000 pp 677 692 17 Brouwers Annelies Bernard Dirk Langlois Michel Clinical and Analytical Performance of the Accu Chek Inform Point of Care Glucose Meter Point of Care 4 2005 pp 36 40 18 Pioneering the next generation of drug delivery and Biosensing http boston craigslist org nwb 1g1 278040060 html 19 M Pizzi O D Martiis V Grasso Fabrication of Self Assembled Micro Reservoirs for Controlled Drug Release Biomedical Microdevices 6 2004 pp 155 158 20 Hanno L Tan Connie R Bezzina P P Jeroen Smits O Arie Verkerk and A M Arthur Wilde A calcium sensor in the sodium channel modulated cardiac excitability Nature 415 2002 pp 442 447 21 Gary D Christian Reagents for lithium electrodes and sensors for Blood Serum Analysis Sensors 2 2000 pp 432 435 22 Vikas Harish and D S Ahlawat Novel Fabrication of CA Membrane Bound Carbon Electrode for Bi enzymatic Determination of Lactate Sensors amp Transducers 73 2006 804 809 943 Sen
12. ange of biochemical parameters using a number of approaches each having a different degree of complexity and efficiency Recently the most fascinating and prospective sensors includes Immunosensors 8 9 and Nucleic acid sensors 10 11 based on affinity reactions between Ab Ag amp hybridization reaction of complimentary ssDNA oligonucleotides respectively In general a biosensor is an analytical device which detects transmit and record the information regarding the physiological biochemical change or the presence of a specific analyte a chemical or biological substance that needs to be measured by producing a signal proportional to the concentration of the target analyte A basic biosensors assembly includes a receptor transducer and processor amplification and display as shown Figure 1 Fig 1 Schematic diagram showing the main components of a biosensor The biocatalyst a converts the substrate to product This reaction is determined by the transducer b which converts it to a signal The output from the transducer 15 amplified c processed d and displayed e Reproduced with permission from ref 6 Technically it is a probe which incorporates a biological biologically derived sensing element e g whole cells antibodies enzymes nucleic acids forming a recognition layer that 1s either integrated within or intimately associated to the second major component of biosensors that is a transducer via immobilization a
13. cipation that biosensors with real time detection will be able to monitor biological and chemical weapons the technology hasn t caught up with expectations Presently biosensors in environmental monitoring stations worldwide can detect compounds like anthrax but detection can take 12 to 24 hours Sandia National Laboratories USA 1s developing the wChemLab a system that detects biotoxins in 5 minutes 2 Currently they are trying to upgrade the u ChemLab to integrate both gas based and liquid based analysis into one handheld device This type of biosensor could be incorporated into military uniforms and eventually into high security buildings 6 Future Prospects and Popularization of Biosensors simplicity quick results and economic advantages are enabling new procedures in hospitals while increasing the possibilities for self care For the biosensor to be of optimal use it must be at least as precise and standardized as other available technology Personnel with minimum training should be able to use these devices Collecting and analyzing specimen at the bedside or in the clinic will enhance the superior turnaround time of biosensors Reducing blood specimen volumes to micro level may permit continuous on line monitoring of critical blood chemistries and has the advantage of creating less blood to clean up hence reducing the potential for infectious contamination from patient blood It is anticipated that the health care worker at the bed
14. cnica de Catalunya Spain Sadana Ajit University of Mississippi USA Sandacci Serghei Sensor Technology Ltd UK Sapozhnikova Ksenia D I Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology Russia Saxena Vibha Bhbha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai India Schneider John K Ultra Scan Corporation USA Seif Selemani Alabama A amp M University USA Seifter Achim Los Alamos National Laboratory USA Shearwood Christopher Nanyang Technological University Singapore Shin Kyuho Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology Korea Shmaliy Yuriy Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics Ukraine Silva Girao Pedro Technical University of Lisbon Portugal Slomovitz Daniel UTE Uruguay Smith Martin Open University UK Soleymanpour Ahmad Damghan Basic Science University Iran Somani Prakash R Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology India Srinivas Talabattula Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Srivastava Arvind K Northwestern University Stefan van Staden Raluca Ioana University of Pretoria South Africa Sumriddetchka Sarun National Electronics and Computer Technology Center Thailand Sun Chengliang Polytechnic University Hong Kong Sun Dongming Jilin University China Sun Junhua Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics China Sun Zhiqiang Central South University China Suri C Raman Institute of Microbial Technology India Sysoev Victor Saratov State Technical University
15. dsorption cross linking and covalent bonding so that the close proximity of the biological component to the transducer 15 achieved This 1s necessary so that the transducer can rapidly and easily generate the specific signals in response to the undergoing biochemical interactions secondly the transmittance should be proportional to the reaction rate of biocatalyst with the measured analyte for a high range of linearity The transducer critically acts like a translator recognizes the biological chemical event from the biological component and transforms it into another signal for interpretation by the processor that converts it in to a readable measurable out put The transducer can take many forms depending upon the type of parameters being measured They may be a Amperometric detect changes in current at constant potential 12 b Potentiometer detect changes in potential at constant current 13 c Piezoelectric detect the changes in mass 14 d Thermal measures changes in temperature 15 e Optical detects change light transmission 16 Since these devices offer an excellent combination of the selective biology with the processing power of nano electronics to generate rapid simple and sensitive signal proportional to the target analyte they are regarded as potent substitutes to conventional analytical techniques These low complexity devices are suited for use at the point of care by healthcare workers with minimal training By elimi
16. easoned therapeutic decision can be taken instantly for enhancing success rate Biosensors that facilitate the measurement of calcium 20 lithium 21 lactate 22 cholesterol 23 urea 24 uric acid 25 oxalate 26 triglycerides 27 ascorbic acid 28 and creatinine 29 have been demonstrated and needs refinement for commercial viability External biosensors are used in emergency rooms as point of care diagnostic units such as I Stat s lab on a chip which can reveal almost immediately whether a patient 15 under cardiac arrest by testing blood chemistry 30 Similarly it will be extremely helpful to have instantaneous on site determinations for creatinine sodium potassium chloride and levels of patients in the dialysis unit of a hospital or at a hemodialysis center Several variants of the classical biosensors are already thriving the medical field A new biosensor technology based on magneto resistive sensors 1s introduced by Philips 31 This biosensor measures the magnetic field created by magnetic nano particles that bind to target molecules a biological assay Compared with optical sensing methods the use of magnetic nano particles eliminates the additional steps required to bind optical labels to the target molecules and improves sensitivity Oak Ridge National laboratory ORNL has developed Medical Telesensor chip Fig 2 which can measure and transmit data related to body temperature 32 Similar chips are being
17. echnology Lithuania Avachit Patil Lalchand North Maharashtra University India Ayesh Aladdin De Montfort University UK Bahreyni Behraad University of Manitoba Canada Baoxian Ye Zhengzhou University China Barford Lee Agilent Laboratories USA Barlingay Ravindra Priyadarshini College of Engineering and Architecture India Basu Sukumar Jadavpur University India Beck Stephen University of Sheffield UK Ben Bouzid Sihem Institut National de Recherche Scientifique Tunisia Binnie T David Napier University UK Bischoff Gerlinde Inst Analytical Chemistry Germany Bodas Dhananjay IMTEK Germany Borges Carval Nuno Universidade de Aveiro Portugal Bousbia Salah Mounir University of Annaba Algeria Bouvet Marcel CNRS UPMC France Brudzewski Kazimierz Warsaw University of Technology Poland Cai Chenxin Nanjing Normal University China Cai Qingyun Hunan University China Campanella Luigi University La Sapienza Italy Carvalho Vitor Minho University Portugal Cecelja Franjo Brunel University London UK Cerda Belmonte Judith Imperial College London UK Chakrabarty Chandan Kumar Universiti Tenaga Nasional Malaysia Chakravorty Dipankar Association for the Cultivation of Science India Changhai Ru Harbin Engineering University China Chaudhari Gajanan Shri Shivaji Science College India Chen Rongshun National Tsing Hua University Taiwan Cheng Kuo Sheng National Cheng Ku
18. ensors in the food industry present and future J of Food Protection 51 1988 pp 811 820 5 B D Malhotra and A Chaubey Biosensors for clinical diagnostic Industry Sensors Actuators B 91 2003 pp 117 126 6 Mart Chaplin What are biosensors http www lsbu ac uk biology enztech biosensors html 7 L C Clark and C Lyons Biosensors A Practical Approach Jnr Ann N Y Acad Sci 102 1962 pp 29 45 8S R Blonder S Levi G Tao I Ben Dov and I Willner Development of Amperometric and Microgravimetric Immunosensors and Reversible Immunosensors Using Antigen and Photoisomerizable Antigen Monolayer Electrodes J Am Chem Soc 119 1997 pp 467 478 9 Blonder I Ben Dov A Dagana I Willner and E Zisman Photochemically Activated Electrodes Application in Design of Reversible Immunosensors and Antibody Patterned Interfaces Biosens Bioelectron 12 1997 pp 627 644 10 T Gregory Drummmond Electrochemical DNA sensors Nature Biotechnol 21 2003 pp 1192 1199 11 Robert M Umek Electronic detection of Nucleic acids J of Mol Diagnostics 3 2001 pp 74 84 12 KC Ho CY Chen HC Hsu LC Chen SC Shiesh and XZ Lin Amperometric detection of morphine at a prussian blue modified indium tin oxide electrode Biosens Bioelectron 20 2004 pp 3 8 13 I Ben Dov I Willner and E Zisman Piezoelectric Immunosensors for Urine Specimens of Chlamydia trachomatis Employing Quartz Crystal Microb
19. es which can transform biological recognition into a measurable signal Our fascination with biosensor world is due to its exponential potential in analytical market This multidisciplinary field offers potential applications clinical diagnostics defense food and beverage industry pollution control In addition to sensitivity simplicity and fast processing power micro fabrication technology enhances biosensors with desired specifications There 1s a great need to bring synergy among R amp D institutions and Government Industrial houses that leads to smooth transmission 942 Sensors amp Transducers Journal Vol 76 Issue 2 February 2007 pp 935 936 of technology The level of sophistication awareness cost reliability availability and marketing are all factors involved in deciding whether biosensors would become popular in near future Acknowledgment Biosensor work in author s lab 1s funded by Department of Biotechnology and Department of Science amp Technology New Delhi References 1 M Mascini Affinity electrochemical biosensors for pollution Control Pure Appl Chem 73 2001 23 30 2 Duane Lindner The uchemLab TM project micro total analysis system R amp D at Sandia National Laboratories Lab on a chip 1 2001 pp 15 19 3 F M Burkle Measures of effectiveness in large scale bioterrorism events Prehosp Disast Med 18 2003 258 262 4 R Eden Firstenberg and J Schaertel Bios
20. f GmbH Germany Fernandes Joana M University of Porto Portugal Francioso Luca CNR IMM Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems Italy Fu Weiling South Western Hospital Chongqing China Gaura Elena Coventry University UK Geng Yanfeng China University of Petroleum China Gole James Georgia Institute of Technology USA Gong Hao National University of Singapore Singapore Gonzalez de la Ros Juan Jose University of Cadiz Spain Granel Annette Goteborg University Sweden Graff Mason The University of Texas at Arlington USA Guan Shan Eastman Kodak USA Guillet Bruno University of Caen France Guo Zhen New Jersey Institute of Technology USA Gupta Narendra Kumar Napier University UK Hadjiloucas Sillas The University of Reading UK Hashsham Syed Michigan State University USA Hernandez Alvaro University of Alcala Spain Hernandez Wilmar Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Spain Homentcovschi Dorel SUNY Binghamton USA Horstman Tom U S Automation Group LLC USA Hsiai Tzung John University of Southern California USA Huang Jeng Sheng Chung Yuan Christian University Taiwan Huang Star National Tsing Hua University Taiwan Huang Wei PSG Design Center USA Hui David University of New Orleans USA Jaffrezic Renault Nicole Ecole Centrale de Lyon France Jaime Calvo Galleg Jaime Universidad de Salamanca Spain James Daniel Griffith University Australia Janting J
21. g Lin Hermann National Kaohsiung University Taiwan Lin Paul Cleveland State University USA Linderholm Pontus EPFL Microsystems Laboratory Switzerland Liu Aihua Michigan State University USA Liu Changgeng Louisiana State University USA Liu Cheng Hsien National Tsing Hua University Taiwan Liu Songgin Southeast University China Lodeiro Carlos Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Portugal Lorenzo Maria Encarnacio Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Spain Ma Zhanfang Northeast Normal University China Majstorovic Vidosav University of Belgrade Serbia Marquez Alfredo Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados Mexico Matay Ladislav Slovak Academy of Sciences Slovakia Mathur Prafull National Physical Laboratory India Maurya D K Institute of Materials Research and Engineering Singapore Mekid Samir University of Manchester UK Mendes Paulo University of Minho Portugal Mennell Julie Northumbria University UK Mi Bin Boston Scientific Corporation USA Minas Graca University of Minho Portugal Moghavvemi Mahmoud University of Malaya Malaysia Mohammadi Mohammad Reza University of Cambridge UK Molina Flores Esteban Benemirita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla Mexico Moradi Majid University of Kerman Iran Morello Rosario DIMET University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria Italy Mounir Ben Ali University of Sousse Tunisia Mukhopadhyay Subhas Massey University New Zealand
22. g Biosensor 1s one such product of biotechnology that is becoming increasingly popular in fields like environmental monitoring 1 2 bioterrorism 2 3 food analyses 4 and most importantly the area of health care and diagnostics 5 This rapidly expanding field has an annual growth rate of 60 with major impetus from the health care industry 30 of the world s total analytical market supported with other analytical areas of food amp environmental monitoring including defense needs 6 There is clearly a vast market exponential potential as less than 1 of this market is currently using biosensors Research amp Development in this field 15 wide and at the forefront of multidisciplinary science that involves the collaboration of physics chemistry biology nanotechnology electronics and software engineering The concept of biosensors 15 just four decades old and the feasibility of biosensing was first demonstrated by American scientist Leland C Clark in 1962 He described how to make electrochemical sensors more intelligent by adding enzyme transducers as membrane enclosed 937 Sensors amp Transducers Journal Vol 76 Issue 2 February 2007 pp 935 936 sandwiches 7 This idea was commercially exploited in 1975 with the successful launch of the Yellow Springs Instrument Company s glucose analyzer based on the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide H202 Since then many biosensors have been developed to detect a wide r
23. iversity USA Wu DerHo National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Taiwan Wu Zhaoyang Hunan University China Xiu Tao Ge Chuzhou University China Xu Tao University of California Irvine USA Yang Dongfang National Research Council Canada Yang Wugqiang The University of Manchester UK Y meti Aurel University of Twente Netherland Yu Haihu Wuhan University of Technology China Yufera Garcia Alberto Seville University Spain Zagnoni Michele University of Southampton UK Zeni Luigi Second University of Naples Italy Zhong Haoxiang Henan Normal University China Zhang Minglong Shanghai University China Zhang Qintao University of California at Berkeley USA Zhang Weiping Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Zhang Wenming Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Zhou Zhi Gang Tsinghua University China Zorzano Luis Universidad de La Rioja Spain Zourob Mohammed University of Cambridge UK Sensors amp Transducers Journal ISSN 1726 5479 is a peer review international journal published monthly online by International Frequency Sensor Association IFSA Available in electronic and CD ROM Copyright 2007 by International Frequency Sensor Association rights reserved Sensors amp Transducers Journal 1 Contents Mid 76 WWW Sensorsportal com ISSN 1726 5479 ssue February 2007 Research Articles Biosensors Future Analytical Tools VIKAS Anum Os POI GIN ess tte
24. nating a number of steps and much labor the instrumentation may save a lot of money amp time for laboratories and hospitals It would therefore the near future be possible to measure group of biochemical parameters simultaneously from a single finger prick blood sample Besides they allow 938 Sensors amp Transducers Journal Vol 76 Issue 2 February 2007 pp 935 936 the clinical analysis to be performed at the bedside in the critical care units and doctor s clinic rather than in the centralized laboratories 2 Biosensors in Health Care and Diagnostics With rising healthcare costs and to improve patient care diagnostic laboratories have been challenged to develop new tests that are reliable cost effective and accurate and to optimize existing protocols by making them faster and more economical Although there are number of commercial successes but most successful to date 1s the glucose biosensor 17 for routine monitoring of glucose in blood by individuals suffering from diabetes The basic principle 1s that glucose 1s recognized by the bioreceptor layer 1 the glucose oxidase enzyme to yield the redox active species like hydrogen peroxide H202 and gluconic acid Out of these H5O passes through a series of membranes and is finally detected at the working electrode The resulting electrical current 1s amplified and recorded Other compounds which may give an artificial signal or foul the electrode are excluded by the membrane s
25. ng University Taiwan Chiriac Horia National Institute of Research and Development Romania Chowdhuri Arijit University of Delhi India Chung Wen Yaw Chung Yuan Christian University Taiwan Corres Jesus Universidad Publica de Navarra Spain Cortes Camilo A Universidad de La Salle Colombia Courtois Christian Universite de Valenciennes France Cusano Andrea University of Sannio Italy D Amico Arnaldo Universita di Tor Vergata Italy De Stefano Luca Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystem Italy Deshmukh Kiran Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya Barshi India Kang Moonho Sunmoon University Korea South Dickert Franz L Vienna University Austria Dieguez Angel University of Barcelona Spain Dimitropoulos Panos University of Thessaly Greece Ding Jian Ning Jiangsu University China Djordjevich Alexandar City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Donato Nicola University of Messina Italy Donato Patricio Universidad de Mar del Plata Argentina Dong Feng Tianjin University China Drljaca Predrag Instersema Sensoric SA Switzerland Dubey Venketesh Bournemouth University UK Enderle Stefan University of Ulm and KTB mechatronics GmbH Germany Erdem Gursan K Arzum Ege University Turkey Erkmen Aydan M Middle East Technical University Turkey Estelle Patrice Insa Rennes France Estrada Horacio University of North Carolina USA Faiz Adil INSA Lyon France Fericean Sorin Balluf
26. nome continues During sensing of nucleic acids single stranded ss oligonucleotide probe are immobilized onto transducer surface forming a recognition layer that binds its complementary target DNA sequence to form a hybrid The hybridization reaction is recognized and analytical signal light current frequency 15 passed by the transducer to the processor to provide a readable output The measurement system transducer and read out device or signal processor can be gravimetric 36 electrochemical 37 optical 38 electrical 39 surface plasma resonance 40 based Electrochemical DNA biosensor based detection show superior results over the other existing measurement systems Basic principle of DNA biosensor is based on the properties that 1 DNA is double helical and has strong stacking interaction between bases along axis of double helix and the base pairing interactions between complimentary sequences are both specific and robust 2 Double 940 Sensors amp Transducers Journal Vol 76 Issue 2 February 2007 pp 935 936 stranded DNA shows long range electron transfer through stacks of aromatic rings of base pairs 41 42 The first example of a DNA chip called the eSensorTM was produced by Motorola Life Sciences Inc 43 bioelectric chips also successfully detected 86 of the HPV types contained in clinical samples 44 Toshiba s electrochemical DNA hybridization detection system is called the Genelyzer 45
27. nt of care system the 1 STAT portable clinical analyzer Clin chem 39 1993 pp 287 293 31 Philips demonstrates magnetic biosensor for high sensitive molecular diagnostics Press release 9 December 2004 32 K Bruce Jacobson Biosensors and other medical and environmental probes http www ornl gov info ornlreview rev29 3 text biosens htm 33 G H Keller and M M Manall DNA Probes Macmillan New York 1989 1 23 34 Jaiswal Jyoti K et al Long term multiple colour imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates Nature Biotechnol 2003 21 47 51 35 W C Chan and S Nie Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasenstive nonisotopic detection Science 281 1998 pp 2008 2016 36 M Minunni S Tombelli Seielzi I Mnelli C Mascini Mand Gaodiano Detection of D thalassemia by a DNA piezoelectric biosensor coupled with polymerase chain reaction Anal Chim Acta 481 2003 pp 55 64 37 K M Millan Saraullos and S R Mikkelssen Valtammetric DNA biosensor for cystic fibrosis based on a modified carbon paste electrode Anal Chem 66 1994 pp 2943 2948 38 P A E Piunno U J Krull R H E Hudson M J Damha and H Cohen Fiber optics biosensor for fluorimetric detection of DNA hybridization Anal Chim Acta 288 1994 pp 205 214 39 S Kelly E M Boon J Barton M Jackson and M G Hill Single base mismatch detection based on charge transduction through DNA Nucleic
28. oring With several countries on the path to acquiring chemical and biological weapons there 1s now a need to develop biosensors for the early detection of these agents accidental release during production and deliberate use by terrorists Defense applications have become very prominent particularly since the atrocities of September 11 2002 and the subsequent anthrax attacks To circumvent this latest threat to human health efforts are underway to develop biosensors that could be used under these situations 94 Sensors amp Transducers Journal Vol 76 Issue 2 February 2007 pp 935 936 Biological and chemical warfare agents have broad threat spectrum ranging from relatively simple chemical agents to complex bioengineered microorganisms Traditional chemical agents nerve vesicant and blood agents have acute toxicities in the range of 10 g person and are relatively easy to detect Emerging chemical agents toxic chemicals and aerosols and bioregulators neuropeptides and psychoactive compounds are more varied in their chemical structure requiring more sophisticated analytical methods for identification and detection The most difficult chemical agents to detect are the cytotoxins and neurotoxins with chronic toxicities as low as 10 g person To identify and detect this complex array of chemicals the ideal instrument would respond within min cover the 15 to 200 000 dalton threat beside field portability Despite the public s anti
29. plications Submission of papers Articles should be written in English Authors are invited to submit by e mail editor sensorsportal com 4 12 pages article including abstract illustrations color or grayscale photos and references in both MS Word doc and Acrobat pdf formats Detailed preparation instructions paper example and template of manuscript are available from the journal s webpage http www sensorsportal com HTML DIGEST Submition htm Authors must follow the instructions strictly when submitting their manuscripts Advertising Information Advertising orders and enquires may be sent to sales sensorsportal com Please download also our media kit http www sensorsportal com DOWNLOADS Media Kit 2007 PDF Distributed online in pdf format and on CD
30. r Contributors Aims and Scope Sensors amp Transducers Journal ISSN 1726 5479 provides an advanced forum for the science and technology of physical chemical sensors and biosensors It publishes state of the art reviews regular research and application specific papers short notes letters to Editor and sensors related books reviews as well as academic practical and commercial information of interest to its readership Because it is an open access peer review international journal papers rapidly published in Sensors amp Transducers Journal will receive a very high publicity The journal is published monthly as twelve issues per annual by International Frequency Association IFSA In additional some special sponsored and conference issues published annually Topics Covered Contributions are invited on all aspects of research development and application of the science and technology of sensors transducers and sensor instrumentations Topics include but are not restricted to Physical chemical and biosensors Digital frequency period duty cycle time interval PWM pulse number output sensors and transducers Theory principles effects design standardization and modeling omart sensors and systems Sensor instrumentation Virtual instruments Sensors interfaces buses and networks Signal processing Frequency period duty cycle to digital converters ADC Technologies and materials Nanosensors Microsystems Ap
31. side of a hospital patient ul aliquot of whole blood directly into the chip and insert the chip into a portable biosensor instrument In addition a single chip insert may measure multiple parameters This multi specialty in itself will save considerable time and effort over the specimen processing that constitutes a substantial part of today s laboratory workload In addition mass produced disposable biosensors will make medical diagnosis cheaper The world total analytical market 15 approx 12000 000 000 year and less than 1 of this market 1s currently using biosensors Despite huge market potential amp except for few commercial successes many of the prototypes of biosensors our laboratories are not commercially viable The gap between research and the market place still remains wide and commercialization of biosensor technology has continued to lag behind the research by several years Some of the many reasons includes cost considerations stability and sensitivity 1ssues quality assurance and competitive technologies Until all these issues are addressed it would be difficult to move these devices from the research lab to market place Biosensors undisputedly have got tremendous applications in healthcare but the level of sophistication reliability awareness cost availability and marketing of these devices are important for deciding whether biosensors will be popular in the near future 7 Conclusion Biosensors are analytical devic
32. sors amp Transducers Journal Vol 76 Issue 2 February 2007 pp 935 936 23 Sean Brahim Amperometric determination of cholesterol in serum using a cholesterol oxidase biosensor with a polypyrrole hydrogel membrane Anal Chim Acta 448 2001 pp 27 36 24 R Koncki Urea determination using pH enzyme electrode J Pharma Biomed Anal 21 1999 51 57 25 Fenfen Zhang Xiaoli Wang Shiyun Zhengdong Sun Qiao Wan Ziqiang Zhu Yuezhong Xian Litong Jin and Katsunobu Yamamoto Immobilization of uricase on ZnO nanorods for a reagentless uric acid biosensor Analytica Chimica Acta 519 2004 155 160 26 F Hong N O Nilverbrant and L J Jonsson Rapid and convenient determination of oxalic acid employing a novel oxalate biosensor based on oxalate oxidase and SIRE technology Biosens Bioelectron 18 2003 1173 1181 27 Ravi Kumar Reddy Anju Chandre and Enakshi Bhattaharya Porous silicon based potentiometric triglycerides biosensors Biosens Bioelectron 16 2001 pp 313 317 28 E T Marques and J Lima Filho Ascorbic acid biosensor using ascorbate oxidase immobilized on alkvlamine glass beads Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1992 32 73 29 C S Rui H I Ogawa K Sonomoto and Y Kato A multifunctional flow injection biosensor for the simultaneous determination of ammonia creatinine and urea Ann NY Acad Sc 750 1995 pp 30 38 30 K A Erickson and P Wilding Evaluation of a novel poi
33. struments which will simultaneously monitor the parameters of production lines and report data to the computer for feedback control Most of the electrodes used in biosensors are often based on the measurement of O2 consumption because there are at least 50 known oxidases acting on fatty acids hydroxy acids sugars amino acids aldehydes etc Using this concept ethanol methanol lactose lactic and acetic acid glucose and galactose on line biosensors have been developed by different researchers Beer wine bread and dairy industry suffer from lack of monitoring the growth conditions of microorganisms which must be kept at certain limits On line biosensors offer these industries feedback control of both the component and microbial levels of these and similar processes by continual on line monitoring A unique situation that recently has come to light in India is the adulteration of milk with materials that are toxic or production of synthetic milk using ingredients such as urea Biosensors have already been developed to check this menace For example urea is detected in milk samples by employing the enzyme unease Urea and water are converted to ammonium and bicarbonate ions in the aqueous medium Bicarbonate ions are weak ions so contribute less to the pH change but the alkaline ions due to their high alkaline nature contributes maximally to the pH change which is detected by the potentiometric transducer 5 Biosensors for Environmental Monit
34. ystem Companies are fabricating implantable biosensors that can trace blood glucose levels and simultaneously deliver insulin For example Microchips is testing a chip implant that offers long term time controlled drug delivery 18 Compatibility with microfabrication and ability to store and release drugs on demand would have potential applications in medical diagnostics industrial process monitoring and control combinatorial chemistry microbiology and fragrance delivery 19 More importantly it may provide new treatment options to clinicians in their fight against disease The next step 1s to develop a manually wirelessly controlled biosensor that detects and treats an acute condition and then a biosensor that will approximate an artificial organ This will permit sensing a condition and responding automatically without user intervention Biosensors also offer enormous potential in detecting wide range of analytes that are regularly needed to show a patient s metabolic state especially for those who are hospitalized more so if they are in intensive care Critical care 1s one of the most challenging and stressful areas of medicine in the sense that the decision makers primarily doctors nurses and ambulance staff must take their decisions quickly At the moment of first examination the patient s clinical state 1s usually unknown and once known it is prone to rapid change The earlier these fundamental clinical data are provided a r
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