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PASCO Specialty & Mfg. EM-8656 User's Manual

1. Battery voltage readings on the VTVM the voltage across the capacitor How would E you describe the manner in which the voltage changes Figure 8 1 If you now open the switch by releasing the button the capacitor should remain at its present voltage with a very slow drop over time This indicates that the charge you placed on the capacitor has no way to move back to neutralize the excess charges on the two plates Connect a wire between points A and C in the circuit allowing the charge to drain back through the resistor Observe the voltage readings on the VTVM as the charge flows back How would you describe the manner in which the voltage falls It would be reasonable to sketch a graph showing the manner in which the voltage rose over time as well as the manner in which it fell over time Repeat steps 3 5 until you have a good feeling for the process of charging and discharging of a capacitor through a resistance Now repeat steps 3 5 this time recording the time taken to move from 0 0 volts to 0 95 volts while charging t and the time taken to move from 1 5 volts to 0 55 volts while discharging tp Record your times along with the resistance and capacitance values in Table 8 1 at the top of the back page PASC Cii 2 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Table 8 1 Resistance Capacitance Replace the 100 uF capacitor with a 330 uF ca
2. Power Amp n A anne D Insert the 2N3904 transistor into the socket on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board The transistor has a half cylinder shape with one flat side The socket has three holes labeled E emitter B base and C collector When held so the flat side of the transistor faces you and the wire leads point down the left lead is the emitter the middle lead is the base and the right lead is the collector 2N3904 transistor Socket gt CAUTION Connecting the Ee Emig e Collector transistor incorrectly can destroy B Base the transistor Top view of transistor socket Q Connect one five inch wire lead from the component spring at the base terminal of the transistor to the component spring below the base terminal of the transistor Connect one 1 KQ resistor from the component spring at the bottom end of the wire lead coming from the base terminal of the transistor to the component spring directly below at the bottom edge of the AC DC lab board Connect the wire at the negative end of the 1 uF capacitor to the same component spring at the bottom edge of the AC DC lab board Do not connect the other wire lead of the capacitor to anything NOTE The negative end of the 1 uF capacitor has a small round bump Qu ud IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory amp Connect one five inch wire lead from the component spring nex
3. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the Circuits Experiment Board to learn how to construct a complete electrical circuit and to learn how to represent electrical circuits with circuit diagrams Background D Many of the key elements of electrical circuits have been reduced to symbol form Each symbol represents an element of the device s operation and may have some historical significance In this lab and the ones which follow we will use symbols frequently and it is necessary you learn several of those symbols Wire n Light Switch __ Resistor AM Fuse OMN O Q The Circuits Experiment Board has been designed to conduct a wide variety of experiments easily and quickly A labeled pictorial diagram of the Experiment Board appears on page 2 Refer to that page whenever you fail to understand a direction which mentions a device on the board itself Notes on the Circuits Experiment Board a The springs are soldered to the board to serve as convenient places for connecting wires resistors and other components Some of the springs are connected electrically to devices like the potentiometer and the D cells b If a spring is too loose press the coils together firmly to enable it to hold a wire more tightly If a spring gets pushed over light pressure will get it straightened back up If you find a spring which doesn t work well for you please notify your i
4. d ha Te Channel E Science Stretching the Boundaries Science workshop 2 1 EXPERIMENT P53 Diodes Lab Part 2 NOTE For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window 98 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory The Signal Generator is set to output 6 00 V sine AC waveform at 2 00 Hz Signal Generator DC AC Waveform fon PWR Amplitude Frequency Auto P 598V 2 00 Hz 6 The periodic sampling rate is determined by the Scope display Sweep Speed Arrange the Scope display and the Signal Generator window so you can see both of them PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not need to calibrate the Voltage Sensors or Power Amplifier D Connect the 1N 4007 diode black with gray stripe at one end between the component spring next to the top banana jack and the component spring to the left of the banana jack Arrange the diode so the gray stripe is at the left end Connect the 1 kQ resistor brown black red between the component spring next to the bottom banana jack and the component spring to the left of the bottom banana jack Connect a 5 inch wire lea
5. Parallel 4 R R V R V R V R22 V z Figure 5 2 Now connect the circuit below and measure the voltages You can use the resistance read ings you took in Experiment 4 for this step Combination R 1 V R4 Va Rios Viz Figure 5 3 Use the three unequal resistors that you used in Experiment 4 to construct the circuits shown below Make the same voltage measurements that you were asked to make before in steps 1 to 4 Use the same resistors for A B and C that you used in Experiment 4 l IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Series Vise gt Figure 5 4 A V p V c Vv AB 7 Vs Bc 7 Vic ABC V sc Parallel R V R Mss Ro Ve z Rasc Vasc7 Figure 5 5 PASC Cii i scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Combination R V Rsc Vec Rasc Visc Figure 5 6 Discussion On the basis of the data you recorded on the table with Figure 5 1 what is the pattern for how voltage gets distributed in a series circuit with equal resistances According to the data you recorded with Figure 5 4 what is the pattern for how voltage gets distributed in a series circuit with unequal resistances Is there any relationship between the size of the resistance and the size of the resulting voltage
6. 6 Click the OFF button dorr in the Signal Generator window Put the 10 Q resistor in parallel with the 100 Q resistor and the 470 UF capacitor The 10 Q resistor simulates a motor or small light bulb Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window Click the MON button TA to begin data monitoring EE Diode Rectified Sine Wave 2 000 A as z 1 53 gr IS v Rats oe 1 fae E vias 28 5 00 5 v ms div 2500 samp sec Click the STOP button qj Click the Data Snapshot button qi for the B channel Enter Data Cache Information for Long Name Short Name and Units as needed to save the data for analysis 76 TPAS C Oii 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Enter Data Cache Information Long Name Load Resistor Voltage Short Name Units Number Of Points 126 ick the utton in the Signal Generator window Turn off the power switch on 2 Click the OFF b BFF 1 in the Signal G indow T ff the p itch the back of the power amplifier ANALYZING THE DATA Power Supply Single Diode D Select Save As from the File menu to save your data Q Select New Graph from the Display menu Change the input Click the Input Menu button yi x Select Data Cache Rectified Voltage from the Input Menu Click the Add Plot menu button ike gt at the lower left corner of the Graph
7. Utilizing the data from Figure 5 2 what is the pattern for how voltage distributes itself in a parallel circuit for equal resistances Based on the data from Figure 5 5 what is the pattern for how voltage distributes itself in a parallel circuit for unequal resistances Is there any relationship between the size of the resistance and the size of the resulting voltage Do the voltages in your combination circuits see Figures 5 3 and 5 6 follow the same rules as they did in your circuits which were purely series or parallel If not state the rules you see in operation 13 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 6 Currents in Circuits EQUIPMENT NEEDED AC DC Electronics Lab Board Resistors and Wire Leads D cell Battery Digital Multimeter Purpose The purpose of this lab will be to continue experimenting with the variables that contribute to the operation of electrical circuits Procedure D Connect the same three resistors that you used in Experiments 3 and 4 into the series circuit shown below using the springs to hold the leads of the resistors together without bending them Connect two wires to the D cell and carefully note which lead is negative and which is positive Series Now change the leads in your DMM so that they can be used to measure current You should be using the scale which goes to a maximum of 200 mA Be careful to observe the polari
8. VOM The Volt Ohm Meter or VOM is a multiple scale multiple function meter such as the PASCO SB 9623 Analog Multimeter typically measuring voltage and resistance and often current too These usually have a meter move ment and may select different functions and scales by means of a rotating switch on the front of the unit Advantages VOM s may exist in your laboratory and thus be readily accessible A single meter may be used to make a variety of measurements rather than needing several meters Disadvantages VOM s may be difficult for beginning students to learn to read having multiple scales corre sponding to different settings VOM s are powered by batteries for their resistance function and thus must be checked to insure the batteries are working well Typi cally VOM s may have input resistances of 30 000 Q on the lowest voltage range the range that is most often used in these experiments For resistances in excess of 1 000 Q this low meter resistance affects circuit opera tion during the taking of readings and thus is not usable for the capacitor diode and transistor labs DMM The Digital Multimeter or DMM is a multiple scale multiple function meter such as the PASCO SB 9624 Basic Digital Multimeter or the SE 9589 General Purpose DMM typically measuring voltage and resistance and often current too These have a digital readout often with an LCD Liquid Crystal Display Different func tions and scale
9. Connect the 1 k Q resistor brown black red between the component spring next to the bottom banana jack and the component spring to the left of the bottom banana jack Connect a 5 inch wire lead between the component spring at the left end of the diode and the compo nent spring at the left end of the 1 kQ resistor channel A channel B black red black red to Power Amp HK W black Diode 1000 red Power Amplifier Put alligator clips on the banana plugs of both to Channel B voltage sensors Connect the alligator clips of the Channel A voltage sensor to the wires at both ends of the diode PASC Oe e e nt AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A amp Connect the alligator clips of the Channel B voltage sensor to the wires at both ends of the 1 k resistor Connect banana plug patch cords from the output of the Power Amplifier to the banana jacks on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board Part Ill Data Recording Diode and 1 k Resistor D Turn on the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window Click the REC button T to begin data recording e Data recording will end automatically after 250 samples are measured Run 1 will appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window Click the OFF button or in the Signal Generator window Turn off the switch on the back of the p
10. Includ ww Instruction Manual and QA yak Typical Pi e Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific 27 Model EM 8656 AC DC ELECTRONICS LABORATORY 1995 PASCO scientific J amp ds e 10101 Foothills Blvd Roseville CA 95747 7100 scientific Phone 916 786 3800 FAX 916 786 8905 www pasco com 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Table of Contents SO CELO n Page Copyright Warranty and Equipment Return aie cie eee ii Totrod ction DU J Dal sl MN a a E A E KK 1 Getting Started T Kr ggg xxxo nAnXAnJ OJJJ 2 Notes on the Circuits Experiment Board LUL cepa Len Rest Edo 3 The Ee POPU GD MR 4 Comments on Met fS M 4 Experiments Experiment 1 Circuits Experiment Board seat 5 Experiment 2 Lights if CICUS s i Hi l y s yak ce eee H sen siess 7 Experiment 3 Ohm s a3 aet ete tbe iles te MU 9 Experiment 4 Resistances in Circuits ses ois eite eee 11 Experiment 5 Voltages in CICCUlls i ebore tores 15 Experunentb Currents in Circuits isi ees ore oec e n tabe k da ken 19 Experiment 7 Kirchhoffs RULES ses eddie acing nl a 21 Experiment 8 Capacitors in CIPCUIUS ase opinio Sean rer qtiae 23 Experiment 92 DiIOd S nod bd D bec inia REI MU kak 5 25 Experiment TO TTESDSISUDES uius y 2 220 quiam ia S Ru Duas 27 Comp
11. Parallel bob With this method the lights will each be approximately the same brightness as in part 1 nun Using this circuit the lights will be dimmer than in part 1 Serial Exp 2 Lights in Circuits NOTE It is best to do these experiments with both batteries rather than just one Connect them in series as shown in figure 2 1a This will make the lights brighter and easier to see when some of the dimmer circuits are built Procedure L There are two ways of making the circuit so that both lights are on with the same intensity E The lights will be dimmer than in part 1 The electric current must go through one bulb to reach the other so disconnecting a bulb will cause both to go out This is how those maddening if one goes out they all die so Merry Christmas lights are wired t PP Parallel The lights will show the same intensity as in part 1 The electric current is going through both bulbs at the same time so disconnecting one does not affect the other This is how the Christmas lights you wish you had bought are wired Series PASC Cii scientific DO Again the circuit may be series or parallel Series Parallel D t PPP These circuits have the same characteristics as the ones in part 2 3 There are two ways of doing this as well Series in Parallel a C Parallel in Series a b L Tug The parallel portion of the
12. Select Data Cache Filtered Voltage from the Add Plot menu Click again on the Add Plot menu button ig vp at the lower left corner of the Graph Select Data Cache Load Resistor Voltage from the Add Plot menu Click anywhere on the vertical axis of the top plot Rectified Voltage The Enter Plot Y Scale window opens Enter Plot V Scale PASC Cii n scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Type in 6 5 for the Max and 6 5 for the Min and then click OK Click anywhere on the vertical axis of the middle plot Filtered Voltage Type in 10 and 10 for the Max and Min and then click OK Repeat for the bottom plot Load Resistor Voltage E a C m o gt o E t o v o O 29 E awn C m o gt o a 5 a E 5 1010 5 0 Load V Em Load Resistor Vol 10 5 0 SL EE ke sheep kl b Time sec no ae Optional If a printer is available select Print Active Display from the File menu PROCEDURE Unit Four Power Supply PART I Computer Setup You do not need to change the computer setup PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup D Remove the 100 Q resistor from the AC DC Electronics Lab Board Put the diode between the second and third component springs to the left of the top banana jack Place the diode so the gray stripe cath
13. min x 0 00700 u 0 0241 max x 0 18300 y 0 8646 mean x 0 094022 y 0 29013 std dev x 0 050702 y 0 27406 area 0 05076 V sec Run 1 E Voltage V D 0 10 0 20 0 30 es The area under the curve for the first peak will appear in the Statistics area Record the value of Integration for the first peak Integration first peak V sec Repeat the process to find the area under the second peak Record the value Integration second peak V sec PASC Cii a scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Questions D Is the incoming flux equal to the outgoing flux Why is the outgoing peak higher than the incoming peak Why are the peaks opposite in direction Optional Repeat the data recording and data analysis procedures for the following D Tape two bar magnets together so both south ends are together Rearrange the two bar magnets so that the south end of one is with the north end of the other Try dropping the magnet from different heights Hu IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Correct Circuit Doesn t Work Check to see if the circuit is indeed connected cor rectly and completely Check to see if the battery is giving full voltage Check to see if each wire is making contact with the spring If magnet wire is used the enamel coating on the outside will prevent electrical connection and needs to
14. such as SE 9750 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the voltage and current amplification characteris tics of the npn transistor in a common emitter amplifier circuit Theory In the npn transistor the current flow to the base is much smaller than the current flow to the collector This allows the transistor to be used as an amplifier The transistor can amplify current and voltage Collector Emitter npn Common emitter amplifier If the input voltage is small enough so that it is much smaller than the forward bias on the emitter connection the input current will encounter small impedance The input voltage will not need to be large in order to produce sizeable currents Additionally since the output voltage across the load resistor R is the product of the output current collector current and the value of R the output voltage can also be made large As a result the output voltage can be much larger than the input voltage The common emitter amplifier derives its name from the fact that the base wire of the transistor and the collector wire of the transistor meet at the emitter wire they have the emitter wire in common PASC Cii EM scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 45V 45V IN red 1kQ 1 WF red Power Amplifier To Channel A black 22 kQ black 1 kQ Input coupling Bias Amplifier Output coupling circuit circui
15. the resistors you have been given As you have more than one resistor with the same value keep them in order as you will use them again in the next steps MEASURING VOLTAGE Disconnect the Multimeter and connect a wire from the positive lead spring of the battery directly to the first resistor you used as shown in Figure 3 1b Change the Multimeter to the 2 VDC scale and connect the leads as shown also in Figure 3 1b Measure the voltage across the resistor and record it in Table 3 1 Remove the resistor and choose the next one you used Record its voltage in Table 3 1 as in step 5 Continue this process until you have completed all of the resistors PASC Cii scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Data Processing D Construct a graph of Current vertical axis vs Resistance Q For each of your sets of data calculate the ratio of Voltage Resistance Compare the values you calculate with the measured values of the current Resistance Q Current amp Table 3 1 Voltage volt Voltage Resistance Discussion D From your graph what is the mathematical relationship between Current and Resistance Ohm s Law states that current is given by the ratio of voltage resistance Does your data concur with this What were possible sources of experimental error in this lab Would you expect each to make your results larger or to make them smaller Referen
16. wire leads Multimeter 2 banana plug patch cords such as SE 9750 LCR inductance capacitance resistance meter optional Purpose This experiment displays the voltages across the inductor and resistor in an inductor resistor circuit LR circuit and the current through the inductor so that the behavior of an inductor in a DC circuit can be studied Theory When a DC voltage is applied to an inductor and a resistor in series a steady current will be established m max R where V is the applied voltage and R is the total resistance in the circuit But it takes time to establish this steady state current because the inductor creates a back emf in response to the rise in current The current will rise exponentially Mj where L is the inductance and the quantity ly T is the inductive time constant The inductive t I Inaxl e U Iggy d 7e time constant is a measure of how long it takes the current to be established One inductive time constant is the time it takes for the current to rise to 63 of its maximum value or fall to 3796 of its maximum The time for the current to rise or fall to half its maximum is related to the inductive time constant by ty n2 z Since the voltage across a resistor is given by V IR the voltage across the resistor is estab lished exponentially V V l e PASC Cii a scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A dl Since the voltag
17. 012 05892A Getting Started D Store the components in the Ziplock bag until needed Students will need to use the same component layout Keep track of and return the components to the from one experiment to another Labeling of the Ziplock bag after the experiment is completed boards and your meters will enable students to more easily have continuity in their work Using removable labels or using a permanent marker are two alterna tives for marking the board Q Identify the resistor value required for the individual experiments with the help of the following chart Familiarize yourself with the board layout as shown Black 0 Brown 1 2nd Digit ud Ist Digit p o of Zeros Fourth Band g N Tolerance None 20 Yellow 4 i Silver 10 Green 2 AN Gold 5 Blue 6 Red 2 Violet 7 e EAR Gray 8 White 9 Resistor Chart 3 Light Bulbs and Sockets Transistor socket 3 3Q Resistor Potentiometer for Iron core 773 VOLT BULBS KIT NO Pushbutton switch Coil o Component spring E C Battery Holder Ea JN Banana gt Jacks B Z C 1806 scientific EM 8656 AC DC ELECTRONICS LABORATORY Board Layout 2 P PA ISC ere 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Notes on the Circuits Experiment Board The springs are securely soldered to the board and serve as a conveni
18. 330 Q resistor and the black lead to the left end of the resistor di Connect the red lead from the Power Amplifier with an alligator clip to the bottom of the 22 kQ resistor to Transistor 2N3904 e 5 Ground I 7 3 VOLTS s e EH c to Channel A cl a cc to Power Supply 45V to Power Amp PART Ill Data Recording D Tum on the DC power supply and adjust its voltage output to exactly 5 Volts Turm on the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window e Observe the behavior of the LED Write a description of what you observe Click the REC button Tm to begin recording data Recording will stop automatically after 200 samples are measured Run 1 will appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window PASC Cii m scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Click the OFF button orr in the Signal Generator window Turn off the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Turn off the DC power supply ANALYZING THE DATA D Click on the Graph to make it active Select Save As from the File menu to save your data Click the Autoscale button I to rescale the Graph to fit the data Optional If a printer is available select Print Active Display from the File menu Cl
19. Q resistor is added in parallel How does the shape of this trace compared to the similar load resistor voltage trace in the third part of Unit Three Compare the performance of the single diode circuit to the four diode bridge as far as providing a steady constant direct current when a low resistance load is connected 84 17 cie kn eo f c 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 17 Transistor Lab 1 The NPN Transistor as a Digital Switch EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop M Interface Power Amplifier CI 6552A Voltage Sensor CI 6503 AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 Regulated DC power supply of at least 5 Volts Banana plug patch cords such as SE 9750 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to investigate how the npn transistor operates as a digital switch Theory The transistor is the essential ingredient of every electronic circuit from the simplest amplifier or oscillator to the most elaborate digital computer Integrated circuits IC s which have largely replaced circuits constructed from individual transistors are actually arrays of transistors and other components built from a single wafer thin piece or chip of semiconductor material The transistor is a semiconductor device that includes two p n junctions in a sandwich configura tion which may be either p n p or as in this activity n p n The three regi
20. Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not need to calibrate the Power Amplifier D Connect a 5 inch wire lead between a component spring next to the top banana jack and the component spring at the right hand edge of the inductor coil Connect the 10 Q resistor brown black black between the component spring at the left hand edge of the inductor coil and the second compo nent spring to the left of the top banana jack Connect the 100 uF capacitor between the compo nent spring nearest to the one in which one end of the 10 Q resistor is connected and a component spring nearest to the bottom banana jack at the lower right corner of the AC DC Electronics Lab Board Put alligator clips on the banana plugs of the Voltage Sensor Connect the alligator clips of the Voltage Sensor to the wires at both ends of the 10 Q resistor amp Connect banana plug patch cords from the output of the Power Amplifier to the banana jacks on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board to Channel B PASC Ce 51 to Power Amp AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Part Ill Data Recording D Turn on the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Click the MON button nm to begin data monitoring Record the value of the frequency in the Data Table Use the Smart Cursor in the Scope to measure the source voltage and the resistor voltage To find the resonant frequency of the LRC
21. Unit Three and Unit Four in Part 2 the next experiment Unit Activity One diode properties Two LED s and Zener diode Three rectify a sine wave Four basic power supply In the first unit you will investigate the general properties of a diode In the second unit you will investigate different types of diodes including light emitting diodes LED s and a Zener diode In the third unit you will rectify a sine wave generated by the Power Amplifier In the last unit you will setup the basic circuitry for a power supply PASC Cii d scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A PROCEDURE Unit One Diode Properties PART I Computer Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Q Connect one Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel A Connect the second Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel B Connect the Power Amplifier to Analog Channel C Plug the power cord into the back of the Power Amplifier and connect the power cord to an appropriate electrical receptacle Science Workshop 700 7 AN 2139 9 In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P52 Diodes Windows P52 DIOD SWS The document opens with a Graph display of Current in milliamperes mA versus Voltage V and the Signal Generator window which controls the Power Amplifier The Current is a calcula tion
22. V and Stop condition is Samples 200 The Signal Generator is set to output 1 60 V sine AC waveform at 1 Hz m Signal Generator AC Waveform S Amplitude b Gs s 1 60 v j 1 00 Hz J Arrange the Graph display and the Signal Generator window so you can see both of them The plot of Vbase versus Time shows the output from the Power Amplifier Analog Output The plot of Vcollector shows the voltage drop across the 330 Q resistor Analog Channel A IPAS C Ci M scienti AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not need to calibrate the Voltage Sensor or Power Amplifier D Insert the 2N3904 transistor into the socket on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board The transistor has a half cylinder shape with one flat side The socket has three holes labeled E emitter B base and C collector When held so the flat side of the transistor faces you and the wire leads point down the left lead is the emitter the middle lead is the base and the right lead is the collector 2N3904 transistor Socket gt CAUTION C ting th E Emitter C Collector f ud an transistor incorrectly can destroy B Base the transistor Top view of transistor socket Connect the 22 kQ resistor red red orange vertically between the component springs at the left edge of the component area Connect the 330 Q resistor orang
23. are in phase the Scope display in X Y mode will show a diagonal line Any phase difference will cause an oval trace e XY mode at 40 Hz e XY mode at resonant frequency LRC Circuit Scope E LRC Circuit Scope OUT 1 000 P OUT 1 000 EP Hl EEE t t ama 1 000 1 000 a Hi KETI J Hi EEII a n 1 000 7 1 000 v div v div EE EI EEE 0 500 SA v div 5 10000 samp sec et di Click the STOP button Turn off the switch on the back of the power amplifier 2 Use the LCR meter to measure the inductance of the inductor coil with core and the capacitance of the 100 uF capacitor Record these values in the Data Table Analyzing the Data D Graph the current or voltage across the resistor divided by output voltage V V versus the linear frequency on separate graph paper NOTE The frequency in the Signal Generator window is the linear frequency Q Using the resonant frequency found from the Scope display calculate the resonant angular fregeuncy and record the value in the Data Table O es 27V es Calculate the theoretical resonant angular frequency using the following 54 17 ev eo f c 3 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Data Table Questions D How does your measured value for resonant angular frequency compare to the theoretical value for resonant angular frequency theoretical actual Remember Percent difference x100 theore
24. based on the voltage drop across a 1000 ohm resistor as measured on Channel B P52 Dioc Diode Current versus Voltage Science Stretching the Boundaries Science Workshop 2 1 EXPERIMENT P52 Diodes Lab Part 1 I8 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory NOTE For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window The Signal Generator is set to output 6 00 V up ramp AC waveform at 2 00 Hz Signal Generator DC AC Waveform fon PWR Amplitude Frequency E 5o8v 2 00 Hz The Sampling Options are Periodic Samples Fast at 500 Hz Start condition when Analog Output 5 9 V and Stop condition when Samples 250 Arrange the Graph display and the Signal Generator window so you can see both of them PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not need to calibrate the Voltage Sensors or Power Amplifier D Connect the 1N 4007 diode black with gray stripe at one end between the component spring next to the top banana jack and the component spring to the left of the banana jack Arrange the diode so the gray stripe is at the left end to Channel A
25. f c 3 RE AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Questions D In Unit Three how do the plots of voltage across the diode and voltage across the resistor com pare to a complete sine wave Based on your previous investigate of diodes why do the plots of voltage across the diode and voltage across the resistor from the first part of Unit Three have the shape and size they do In Unit Three how did the plots of voltage across the diode and voltage across the resistor change when the diode was replaced with the LED Explain In the first part of Unit Four what happens to the trace of voltage across the diode when the 470 uF capacitor is put in parallel with the 100 Q resistor Why is the capacitor considered to be a filter In the first part of Unit Four what happens to the trace of voltage across the diode when the 10 Q resistor is added in parallel to the 470 uF capacitor and 100 Q resistor In the second part of Unit Four how does the trace of voltage across the 100 resistor in the four diode bridge compare to the trace of voltage across the single diode in the second part of Unit Three What happens to the trace of voltage across the four diode bridge when the 470 uF capacitor is put in parallel with the 100 2 resistor How does the shape of this trace compare to the similar filtered trace in the third part of Unit Three What happens to the trace of voltage across the four diode bridge when the 10
26. it Type in the approximate resonant frequency then press enter 52 TPAS C Oii 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Signal Generator AC Waveform EF LAE E ka EE Frequency Make fine adjustments to the frequency until the trace of voltage from Channel B is in phase with the trace of Output Voltage You can adjust the frequency by clicking the Up or Down Frequency arrows while pressing the following modifier keys To adjust the frequency Press this key while clicking 1Hz Control 0 1 Hz Option 0 01 Hz Command or ALT To check whether the trace of voltage from Channel B is in phase with the trace of Output Voltage switch the Scope display to X Y mode a Click the STOP button d ya Click the Horizontal Axis Input menu button O7 Select Analog B from the Horizontal Axis Input menu A e Analog B QUT p Analog Output v Time Input B E b Click the Channel B Input menu button EW along the right edge of the Scope Select No Input from the Channel B Input menu A A Rnalog A v Rnalog B QUT p Analog Output No Input rp PASC Cii m scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A c Click the MON button to begin monitoring data again Adjust the frequency in the Signal Generator window as needed to reach the resonant frequency Record the resonant frequency e When the two inputs
27. menu Click on the frequency to highlight it Type in 60 as the new frequency and press enter on the keyboard EL Signal Generator AC Waveform HE mp tune s9 B um s 5 98 v 60 n B 5 a PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup e You do not need to calibrate the sensors D Replace the 1 kQ resistor with a 100 Q resistor in the component springs near the bottom banana jack The 100 Q resistor will be the load resistor red red Diode Power Amplifier H channel A 100 black black Get the following items for use later in this experiment 470 microfarad uF capacitor 10 ohm resistor three 1N 4007 diodes PART IIIA Data Recording Single Diode Rectifier D Tum on the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window Click the MON button El to begin data monitoring The OUT channel trace on the Scope display is the Output Voltage from the Power Amplifier The B channel trace is the voltage across the resistor BE Diode Rectified Sine Wave 5 00 ERE 2500 samp sec NOTE The trace of the Output Voltage has been offset downward so both traces can be seen Lu IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Click the STOP button Click the Data Snapshot button EF for the B channel Enter Dat
28. need to calibrate the Power Amplifier D Place a ten ohm resistor in the pair of component springs KIT NO nearest to the banana jacks at the lower right corner of the AC DC Electronics Lab Board Q Q Connect banana plug patch cords from the output of the Power Amplifier to the banana jacks on the AC DC Electron e y 9 ics Lab Board P a An Turn on the power switch on the back of the Power Amplifier WI ji n ig W i Part Ill Data Recording Resistor 10 E ji D D Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window N to Power Amp It tt N Click the MON button 2 in the Experiment Setup EE window to start monitoring data Observe the Scope display AC DC ELECTRONICS LABORATORY of Voltage and Current Wait a few seconds then click the 456 brown black black STOP button aM Click the OFF button err in the Signal Generator window Turn off the power switch on the back of the Power Amplifier PASG Q 31 AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Select the Scope display Scope for 10 1 000 fF v div Hi KET 1 000 O E T BUIN Ww R TED m E wl _vzdiv El KET Analyzing the Data Resistor 10 9 Click the Smart Cursor button f in the Scope The cursor changes to a cross hair Move the cursor into the display area of
29. on the ends of the voltage Induction Magnet through a Coil sensor leads Q Attach a clip to one component spring next to the coil on the AC DC Hlectronics Lab Board Attach the other clip to the other component C spring next to the coil i LSS To Channel A Arrange the lab board so the corner with the coil is beyond the edge of the table and a magnet dropped through the coil can fall freely 110 LEIHO scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory NOTE The bar magnet will be dropped through the coil Make sure that the magnet does not strike the floor or it may break Part Ill Data Recording D Hold the magnet so that the south end is about 5 cm above the coil If you are using the Alnico Bar Magnet EM 8620 the South end is indicated by the narrow horizontal groove Click the REC button a and then quickly let the magnet drop through the coil e Data recording will begin when the magnet begins to fall through the coil and induces a voltage Data recording will end automatically after 0 5 seconds Run 1 should appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window ANALYZING THE DATA D Click the Graph to make it active Select Save As from the File menu to save your data Q In the Graph display use the cursor to click and draw a rectangle around the first peak of the voltage plot Voltage vs time count 175
30. originates in lab 5 Procedure Series The current was the same 1 5 mA no matter where it was measured in the circuit NOTE The resistors used were Discussion R 1000 In m resistance ess werine a RA R 3300 voltage current and resistance are related by S Law R 560 V IR This pattern and conclusion should be apparent in student data NOTE The product of the resistances and currents obtained experimentally will generally be lower than the measured voltage This is due to the nonzero resistance of the ammeter When the meter is in the circuit its own resistance lessens the current through that circuit With most meters this Parallel error should be less than 5 or so Measurement Resistance Current Voltage 1 100 0 0156 1 574 2 330 0 0047 1 574 3 560 0 0028 1 574 123 67 5 0 0229 1 574 Exp 7 Kirchoff s Rules The current leaving the node is equal to the current entering the node The sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop equals zero Second circuit Procedure First circuit R 9 V V mA 1 100 0 27 2 6 2 560 1 50 2 6 R 9 V V l mA 3 330 0 19 0 5 1 100 0 40 3 3 4 330 1 07 3 2 2 560 1 17 2 0 5 100 0 32 3 2 3 330 1 05 3 1 b1 1 573 2 6 4 100 0 52 5 1 b2 1 588 3 2 5 330 0 65 1 9 T 216 1 57 7 1 118 LEIHO scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electro
31. procedure that followed Part IIIA Optional If a printer is available select Print Active Display from the File menu PROCEDURE A Unit Four Power Supply Single Diode PART I Computer Setup Remove the voltage sensor from Analog Channel A of the interface Expand the Experiment Setup window to full size by clicking the Zoom box or the Restore button Click on the icon of the Voltage Sensor under Analog Channel A to highlight it ss Power Supply 1 EE Science Workshop 700 ANNEL ANNELS Data O Click and drag this digital E t gt plug to a channel for motion radiation rotation etc k Sampling Options EI Ed i e B m E Digits Meter Scope FEA Table Graph Click and drag these to 4 channel or sensor to display data Press the delete key on the keyboard Click OK in the alert dialog window that opens Are you sure you want to unplug this sensor Cx Delete the data caches from the Data list in the Experiment Setup window Click on a data cache and press the delete key on the keyboard Click OK in the alert dialog window that opens NOTE To delete both data caches at once hold down the Shift key and select both data caches PASC Cii a scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Click on the Signal Generator window or select it from the Experiment
32. receptacle Science Workshop 700 In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P50 LR Circuit Windows P50 LRCLSWS i IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory The document opens with a Graph display of Voltage V versus Time sec and the Signal Generator window which controls the Power Amplifier P50 LR Voltage graphs LR Circuit To Channel C Science Stretching the Boundaries Science workshop 2 1 EXPERIMENT P50 LR Circuit voltage Sensor NOTE For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window The Sampling Options for this experiment are Periodic Samples Fast at 10000 Hz Start Condition when Analog C voltage goes to 0 Volts and Stop Condition Time at 0 02 seconds The Signal Generator is set to output 3 00 V square AC waveform at 50 00 Hz Signal Generator AC Waveform NE E GUR Frequencu E 297v 50 00 Hz J Arrange the Graph display and the Signal Generator window so you can see both of them PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not need to calibrate the Power Amplifier or the Voltage sen
33. sets of readings calculate I 2 Vag R andI Z2 V R Record all of your current readings in mA Q Plot a graph of I vertical axis vs I If you find an area or areas where you need more points to fill out any curves or sudden changes simply return to step 2 and make the appro priate measurements What is the general shape of the graph Is there a straight line region Does it go through the origin Why or why not Relate the behavior of the transistor at the beginning of the graph to the behavior of the diode in Experiment 9 What does the leveling off of the graph indicate Electronics people refer to the transistor as being saturated How would you describe saturation based on your experiment Find the slope of the straight line region of the graph This ratio I c I is referred to as the current amplification of the transistor It describes how many times greater changes in the collector current are than the changes in the base current Report the current amplifica tion of your transistor Discussion Discuss the graph and the calculations you did in the Analysis section Sample Data Table Transistor Type Table 10 1 V e VOlts Vo Volts Extensions What effect would changing the resistance in the collector circuit R make Try changing the value to 330 Q or 560 Q Does the graph have the same shape Is the current amplifica tion the same as before How does the a
34. the Scope The Y coordinate of the cursor cross hair is shown next to the Vertical Axis Input button OUT ds s Hg es v e The X coordinate of the cursor cross hair is shown next to the Horizontal Axis Input button A A 0 307 v V r EE 4000 samp sec FH Use the coordinates of a point on the trace on the Scope display to determine the slope of the trace on the Scope Record the value of the slope 32 TPAS C Cii 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Scope for Light Bulb alej A A slope 10 Q Volts Amps Optional Replace the 10 resistor with the 100 Q resistor Click the Increase Sweep Speed button 7 in the Scope display to change the sensitivity of the horizontal axis to 0 010 v div Repeat the experiment Record the new slope slope 100 2 Volts Amps Part B Light Bulb Filament PART I Computer Setup for Light Bulb Filament For this part of the activity you will use the filament of a light bulb as the resistor In the Com puter Setup you will change the Amplitude and Frequency of the output AC waveform You will also change some of the settings on the Scope display D Click the Signal Generator window to make it active ZE Signal Generator AC Waveform S daray Frequency _ Ez 297v 6o oo uz J AHD m cA Q Click on the Amplitude value to highlight it Type in 2 5 as the new value Press t
35. wer Amplifier Science workshop 2 1 EXPERIMENT P55 Transistor Lab 2 Current Gain The NPN Emitter Follower Amplifier IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory gt NOTE For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window The Sampling Options are Periodic Samples 200 Hz Start Condition is Analog Output 0 01 V and Stop condition Samples at 200 The Signal Generator is set to Amplitude 3 98 V sine AC waveform and Frequency 1 00 Hz Signal Generator AC Waveform N a udis Frequency Te 3 oav 2 1 00 uz Arrange the Graph display and the Signal Generator window so you can see both of them e The Output Current vertical axis is calculated by dividing the voltage drop across the 1 KQ resistor Analog Channel B by the resistance The Input Current horizontal axis is calculated by dividing the voltage drop across the 22 kQ resistor Analog Channel A by the resistance PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not need to calibrate the Voltage Sensor or Power Amplifier D Insert the 2N3904 transistor into the socket on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board The transistor has a half c
36. with that particular circuit gt NOTE Is your original light the same brightness or was it brighter or dimmer than it was during step 1 Can you explain any differences in the brightness or why it is the same If one of the light bulbs is unscrewed does the other bulb go out or does it stay on Why or why not Design a circuit that will allow you to light all three lights with each one being equally bright Draw the circuit diagram once you have been successful If you could characterize the circuit as being a series or parallel circuit which would it be What happens if you unscrew one of the bulbs Explain Design another circuit which will also light all three bulbs but with the bulbs all being equally bright even though they may be brighter or dimmer than in step 4 Try it When you are successful draw the circuit diagram What happens if you unscrew one of the bulbs Explain Devise a circuit which will light two bulbs at the same intensity but the third at a different intensity Try it When successful draw the circuit diagram What happens if you unscrew one of the bulbs Explain NOTE Are there any generalizations that you can state about different connections to a set of lights PASC Cii 7 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A PART B Connect a single D cell to a single light as in step 1 using a spring clip switch to allow you to easily turn the cu
37. 2 05892A Click the Add Plot menu button GE v at the lower left corner of the Graph Select Data Cache Resistor Voltage from the Add Plot menu Analog A Analog B ce Analog C OUT ep Analog Output siz Calculations E Data Cache Diode Voltage i Resistor Voltage No Input a Click anywhere on the vertical axis of the top plot Diode Voltage The Enter Plot Y Scale window opens Enter Plot Y Scale Type in 6 5 for the Max and 6 5 for the Min and then click OK Repeat for the bottom plot Resistor Voltage Both plots will have approximately the same scale for the vertical axis Diode Lab 2 Graph LL ILLI LINZ Xl e Diode V HH Diode Voltage V JATIN TT _ LB E B 2 ki gt Pea gt 5 ue a dn a i a a a 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 Time sec RETE En Optional If a printer is available select Print Active Display from the File menu n I7 cie kn eo f c 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory PART IIIB Data Recording Rectifying a Sine Wave with a LED D Remove the diode from the component springs Carefully place a colored LED in the component springs Repeat the data recording procedure as in Part IIIA After you finish recording data turn off the power switch on the back of the power amplifier ANALYZING THE DATA Rectifying a Sine Wave with a LED D Repeat the data analysis
38. 5892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 8 Capacitors in Circuits EQUIPMENT NEEDED AC DC Electronics Lab Board Capacitors Resistors Wire Leads D cell Battery Stopwatch or timer with 0 1 sec resolution Vacuum Tube Voltmeter VTVM or Electrometer ES 9054B or Digital Multimeter DMM that has an input impedance of 10 MQ or greater Purpose The purpose of this lab will be to determine how capacitors behave in R C circuits The manner in which capacitors combine will also be studied Procedure D Connect the circuit shown in Figure 8 1 using a 100 kQ resistor and a 100 uF capacitor Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 8 1 Connect the VTVM so the black ground lead is on the side of the capacitor that connects to the negative terminal of the battery and set it so that it reads to a maximum of 1 5 V DC Q Start with no voltage on the capacitor Ses m WII 3 VOLTS MAX and the switch off If there is remaining E e As voltage on the capacitor use a piece of Switch li T li T E w li ji wire to short the two leads together draining any remaining charge Touch the ends of the wire to points B and C as shown in Figure 8 1 to discharge the capacitor Now close the switch by pushing and holding the button down Observe the
39. C 119 AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Exp 9 Diodes Analysis The diode acts as a one way valve for electricity Current can flow in one direction but not in the other 0 007 Extensions 0 006 i n A zener diode would be similar to the 4007 except UNS that there would be a breakdown point on the reverse z 0 004 biasing beyond which the current would flow This Z makes them useful for power regulation 6 0 003 The LED opens up at a higher voltage than the 4007 me and it lights up 0 001 3 2 1 1 2 3 Diode Voltage Exp 10 Transistors Analysis Discussion This graph shows the results of applying different val ues for R2 The amplification remains the same in 2N3904 Transistor each linear region but the size of that linear region 48 100 Ohm load changes 14 T 12 2N3904 Transistor 10 various loads 50 36 8 10 Ohm load 5 47 Ohm load 8 4 100Otm bad 2 580 Orm bad 04 E30 0 05 0 1 0 15 0 2 2 Base Currert mA g z 20 The linear region does not include the origin due to S the nonzero voltage that the junctions within the tran 10 sistor require to turn on Similar to the effect in lab 9 Beyond the saturation point the transistor is acting like a short circuit It offers no resistance to the cur rent so beyond that point there is no amplification The current is limited only by the battery and resistor The current amplification o
40. C DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A 2 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 18 Transistor Lab 2 Current Gain The NPN Emitter Follower Amplifier EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier CI 6552A 2 Voltage Sensor CI 6503 AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 Regulated DC power supply of at least 5 Volts Banana plug patch cords such as SE 9750 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the direct current DC transfer characteristics of the npn transistor and to determine the current gain of the transistor Theory Transistors are the basic elements in modern electronic amplifiers of all types In a transistor circuit the current through the collector loop is controlled by the current to the base n p n transistor emitter base collector Vsupply The voltage applied to the base is called the base bias voltage If it is positive electrons in the emitter are attracted onto the base Since the base is very thin approximately 1 micron most of the electrons in the emitter flow across into the collector which is maintained at a positive voltage A relatively large current I flows between collector and emitter and a much smaller current Ls flows through the base A small change in the base voltage due to an input signal causes a large change in the collector current
41. Connect the Power Amplifier to Analog Channel B Plug the power cord into the back of the Power Amplifier and connect the power cord to an appropriate electrical receptacle Science Workshop 700 zm ANA AN In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P54 Transistor Lab 1 Windows P54 TRNI SWS 80 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory The document opens with a Graph display with a plot of Vbase voltage to the base in Volts V versus Time sec and a plot of Vcollector voltage to the collector in Volts V versus Time sec and the Signal Generator window which controls the Power Amplifier P54 Trar Collector Voltage vs Base Voltage red es put Volts a I Power Amplifier black aT Transistor as Digital Switch Science Stretching the Boundaries Science Workshop 2 1 EXPERIMENT P54 Transistors npn Transistor as a Digital Switch Power Amplifier Voltage Sensor gt NOTE For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window The Sampling Options are Periodic Samples 200 Hz Start condition is Analog Output 0 01
42. Connect the alligator clip of the red voltage sensor lead to the component spring at the upper left corner of the diode square called a bridge Connect the alligator clip of the black voltage sensor lead to the component spring at the lower right corner of the diode bridge PART Ill Data Recording Four Diode Bridge Rectifier D Tum on the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Q Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window Click the MON button 2 to begin data monitoring PASC Cii scientific 79 AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A The top trace is the voltage across the load resistor The other trace is the Output Voltage 2 000 Gp v EN 2 kan Bm 2 000 v SC Era 2 EF Le BAe EE weza 2500 samp sec Click the STOP button Click the Data Snapshot button EF for the B channel Enter Data Cache Information for Long Name Short Name and Units as needed to save the data for analysis Enter Data Cache Information Long Name Full rectified voltage Short Name Units CENE Number 0f Points 126 OK Click the OFF button dorr in the Signal Generator window Put the 470 uF capacitor in parallel with the 100 Q resistor Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window 80 TPAS C Oii 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory C
43. ED AC DC Electronics Lab Board Wire Leads Resistors D cell Battery Multimeter Purpose The purpose of this lab will be to continue experimenting with the variables that contribute to the operation of an electrical circuit You should have completed Experiment 4 before working on this lab Procedure D Connect the three equal resistors that you used in Experiment 4 into the series circuit shown below using the springs to hold the leads of the resistors together without bending them Con nect two wires to the D cell carefully noting which wire is connected to the negative and which is connected to the positive Now use the voltage function on the Multimeter to measure the voltages across the individual resistors and then across the combinations of resistors Be careful to observe the polarity of the leads red is black is Record your readings below Series lt Vs Figure 5 1 R V R V R V R V R V Rios Vus IZEIA O 5 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Now connect the parallel circuit below using all three resistors Measure the voltage across each of the resistors and the combination taking care with the polarity as before NOTE Keep all three resistors connected throughout the time you are making your measurements Write down your values as indicated below
44. ED yellow Click the ON button in the Signal Generator window Repeat the data recording procedure Click the OFF button in the Signal Generator window Replace the second LED yellow with the last LED green Click the ON button in the Signal Generator Repeat the data recording Click the OFF button in the Signal Generator There should be four runs in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window ANALYZING THE DATA Light Emitting Diodes D Select Save As from the File menu to save your data The Graph display shows the three most recent runs of data one run for each LED Q Select Run 2 from the bottom of the Experiment menu The Graph display will show only Run 2 Click the Autoscale button qii to resize the Graph to fit the data o IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Click the Magnifier button EN The cursor changes to a magnifying glass shape Use the cursor to click and draw a rectangle around the region of the plot of current and voltage where the current begins to increase Make the rectangle tall enough so that its upper boundary is beyond 2 milliamp mA 6 Click the Smart Cursor button f Move the cursor cross hair to the point on the plot where the current reaches 2 milliamps Record the value of the turn on voltage X coordinate at 2 m in Data Table 1 Select Run 3 from the bottom of the Experiment menu R
45. Remove the resistor from the component springs on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board Use two of the 10 wire leads to connect between the component springs near the banana jacks and the component springs above and below 3 VOLT BULB C EM 8656 AC DC ELECTRONICS LABORATORY PART Ill Data Recording Light Bulb Filament 17 et eo 35 f c 3 m AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A D Tum on the switch on the back of the Power Amplifier Click the ON button in the Signal Generator window Click the MON button in the Experiment Setup window to begin monitoring data Observe the Scope display of Voltage versus Current for the light bulb filament 4 Wait a few seconds then click the STOP button Click the OFF button in the Signal Generator window Turn off the power switch on the back of the Power Amplifier Questions Compare the slope of the 10 Q resistor as shown in the Scope to the official value of resistance In other words how close is the value of slope to the value of resistance Why does the slope of the light bulb trace change Does the resistor have a constant resistance Does the light bulb Why or why not The slope of the graph for the light bulb is not symmetric Why is the slope of the current trace di
46. Science Workshop 7 zm ANA HANNELS In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P51 LRC Circuit Windows P51 LRCC SWS The document opens with a Scope oscilloscope display of Voltage V versus Time msec and the Signal Generator window which controls the Power Amplifier Scope P51 LRE Hez a E BoB Sof E oc b n 5 5 To Channa B Science Stretching the Boundaries Science Workshop 2 1 E EBI I EXPERIMENT P51 LRC Circuit Voltage Sensor 20 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory NOTE For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window The Signal Generator is set to output 3 00 V sine AC waveform at 10 00 Hz The ON OFF button is set to Auto so the Signal Generator will start automatically when you click MON Monitor or REC Record and stop automatically when you click STOP or PAUSE Signal Generator AC Waveform i Ampritune Frequency uH E 297v o oo nz Arrange the Scope display and the Signal Generator window so you can see both of them PART Il
47. Unit Two which LED has the lowest turn on voltage Which LED has the highest turn on voltage In Unit Two how does the forward turn on voltage for the Bi Color LED compare to any of the colored LED s How does the reverse turn on voltage for the Bi Color LED compare to any of the colored LED s Contrast and compare the Bi Color LED with a Zener diode PASC Cii MN scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A 66 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 16 Diode Lab Part 2 EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop M Interface Power Amplifier CI 6552A 2 Voltage Sensor CI 6503 AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 2 Banana plug patch cords such as SE 9750 Purpose In this experiment diodes are used to rectify an AC signal and to build part of the basic circuitry of a power supply Theory A diode or p n junction rectifier is an electronic device which only allows current to flow in one direction through it once a certain forward voltage is established across it If the voltage is too low no current flows through the diode If the voltage is reversed no current flows through the diode except for a very small reverse current A diode can be used to provide DC current from an AC source In other words the diode rectifies the AC current When the rectified current is smoothed by using electronic filters the dio
48. a Cache Information for Long Name Short Name and Units as needed to save the data for analysis Enter Data Cache Information Long Name Rectified Voltage Short Name Number Of Points 126 0K Click the OFF button dorr in the Signal Generator window PART IIIB Data Recording Diode and Capacitor D Add the 470 uF capacitor in parallel to the 100 Q resistor Carefully bend the leads of the capacitor so they can fit in the same component springs as the resistor Put the shorter wire lead of the capacitor into the right hand component spring The capacitor acts as a filter B Ni mplifier RE channel A 100 Q 10 Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window Click the MON button 2 to begin data monitoring The top trace is the voltage across the load resistor U 9 2 gt E j Diode Rectified Sine Wave 2 000 E fad 2 E El GET Bs 2 000 EP v Tia El BC 2500 samp sec PASC Cii m scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Click the STOP button Click the Data Snapshot button EF for the B channel Enter Data Cache Information for Long Name Short Name and Units as needed to save the data for analysis Enter Data Cache Information Long Name Filtered Voltage Short Name Units Number Of Points 126 OK
49. across a capacitor 2 REC B Signal Generator AC Waveform PASCO Model CH 6513 soientifio tLC Cirouit T 1 d CE li RC Grcuit Amplifier Science Stretching the Boundaries Science Workshop 2 1 EXPERIMENT P49 RC Circuit Power Amplifier 98 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory gt Note For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window The Sampling Options for this experiment are Periodic Samples Fast at 1000 Hz and Stop Condition 4 00 seconds The Signal Generator is set to output 4 00 V positive only square AC Waveform at 0 40 Hz The ON OFF button is set to Auto so the Signal Generator will start automatically when you click MON Monitor or REC Record and stop automatically when you click STOP or PAUSE Signal Generator AC Waveform JE ADIRE Frequency 398v 0 40 uz E The Graph is scaled between 0 and 5 V on the vertical axis Voltage and 0 to 4 seconds on the horizontal axis Time PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not need to calibrate the Voltage Sensor or the Power Amplifier D Place a 100 ohm Q
50. and therefore a large voltage drop across the output resistor R The power dissipated by the resistor may be much larger than the power supplied to the base by its voltage source The device functions as a power amplifier What is important for amplification or gain is the change in collector current for a given change in base current Gain can be defined as the ratio of output current to input current A transistor circuit can amplify current or voltage PASC Cii 23 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A PROCEDURE PART I Computer Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Connect one Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel A Connect the other Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel B Connect the Power Amplifier to Analog Channel C Plug the power cord into the back of the Power Amplifier and connect the power cord to an appropriate electrical receptacle Science Workshop 7 AUAM In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P55 Transistor Lab 2 Windows P55 TRN2 SWS The document opens with a Graph display of Output Current mA for Analog Channel B versus Input Current mA for Analog Channel A and the Signal Generator window which controls the Power Amplifier Analog Output 255 Trar Output Current vs Input Current Current gain zzTransiskor Ernitter F ollo
51. arallel measurement 1 2 3 123 Combination measurement 1 23 123 Resistance 100 100 100 200 200 300 Resistance 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 Resistance 100 50 150 Different Resistors Series measurement A B C AB BC ABC PASC Cii scientific Resistance 100 330 560 430 890 990 Exp 5 Voltages in Circuits Voltage 0 523 0 528 0 527 1 051 1 055 1 578 Voltage 1 565 1 565 1 565 1 565 Voltage 1 049 0 529 1 578 Voltage 0 157 0 526 0 897 0 685 1 423 1 581 Parallel measurement Resistance Voltage A 67 49 1 574 B 67 49 1 574 C 67 49 1 574 ABC 67 49 1 574 Combination measurement Resistance Voltage A 100 00 0 509 BC 207 64 1 07 ABC 307 64 1 579 Discussion 1 6 14 1 2 4 o S08 2 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Resistance In any series circuit the voltage is distributed according to the size of the resistors Notice that the graph above of the data from the second series circuit shows this direct relationship In any parallel circuit the voltage is the same across all elements In the combination circuit the voltage acts as if the parallel resistors were actually one resistor which is then in series with the first The rules are the same 117 AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Exp 6 Currents in Circuits 3 These are the same resistors as were used in the previous lab and some of the data here
52. be removed In some cases students may try to make a complete circuit through the insulation Surprising Results In some cases there will be no difference in the measure ments from one point in the circuit to another This doesn t mean the measurement is trivial or unimportant rather it is what we hope the student will learn from his her lab work Not all measurements have to be different Lights and Relative Brightness The lights for this experiment board 14 bulbs are designed for 2 5 volts and 0 3 amperes A single D cell will not light a bulb to maximum brightness but two cells in series will give a very bright light The labs asking for relative brightness ask students to judge relative brightness only not an absolute brightness This part of the experiment would be aided by having the room mostly darkened Additional bulbs can be pur chased from PASCO at Radio Shack an electronics store at auto supplies stores or possibly a local discount store Batteries The Circuits Experiment Board is designed to use one or two D cells The voltage delivered by a D cell is 1 5 volts In practice alkaline cells give the longest life but the less expensive zinc carbon cells will give ad equate results A single set of batteries was used success fully by ten different classes to complete labs 1 3 4 5 6 and 7 before being replaced PASC Cii scientific Appendix Tips and Troubleshooting Resistors The resist
53. by itself Disconnect the wires and return them to the plastic bag Replace the equipment to its storage case a IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 2 Lights in Circuits EQUIPMENT NEEDED AC DC Electronics Lab Board Wire Leads 2 D cell Batteries Graph Paper Purpose The purpose of this lab is to determine how light bulbs behave in different circuit arrangements Different ways of connecting two batteries will also be investigated Procedure PARTA gt NOTE Due to variations from bulb to bulb the brightness of one bulb may be substantially different from the brightness of another bulb in identical situations D Use two pieces of wire to connect a single light bulb to one of the D cells in such a way that the light will glow Include a switch to turn the light on and off preventing it from being on continuously You should have completed this step in Experiment 1 If that is the case review what you did then If not continue with this step Use additional wires as needed to connect a second light into the circuit in such a way that it is also lighted Discuss your plans with your lab partner before you begin Once you have achieved success sketch the connections that you made in the form of a circuit diagram using standard symbols Annotate your circuit diagram by making appropriate notes to the side indicating what happened
54. ce Black 0 Brown 2nd Digit Red 2 istDi git No of Zeros Fourth Band n Bw Tolerance None 20 L 5 Silver 10 Blue 6 Gold 5 Red 2 Violet 7 Gray 8 White 9 10 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 4 Resistances in Circuits EQUIPMENT NEEDED AC DC Electronics Lab Board Resistors Multimeter Purpose The purpose of this lab is to begin experimenting with the variables that contribute to the opera tion of an electrical circuit This is the first of a three connected labs Procedure D Choose three resistors of the same value Enter those sets of colors in Table 4 1 below We will refer to one as 1 another as 2 and the third as 3 Determine the coded value of your resistors Enter the value in the column labeled Coded Resistance in Table 4 1 Enter the Tolerance value as indicated by the color of the fourth band under Tolerance Use the Multimeter to measure the resistance of each of your three resistors Enter these values in Table 4 1 Determine the percentage experimental error of each resistance value and enter it in the appropri ate column Experimental Error IMeasured Codedl Coded x 100 Table 4 1 Colors Coded Measured Tol ist 2nd 3rd 4th Resistance Resistance olerance amp Now connect the three resistors into the SERIES CIRCUIT figure 4 1 using the sprin
55. ch is quite close to the theo retical equation Curent 200 400 600 Resistance The greatest source of error is caused by the meter it self Because the ammeter has some internal resis tance the measured current is less than the current when the meter is not there Exp 4 Resistances in Circuits Procedure 0 6 Colors coded measured 96 error tolerance 1 brown black brown gold 100 98 9 1 1096 0 05 2 brown black brown gold 100 99 6 0 40 0 05 3 brown black brown gold 100 99 7 0 30 0 05 9 Series Series R 199 10 Ras eiu a Ro 2980 B os 9890 Parallel Parallel R pala Rap 76 19 R 49 99 Rao 2072 R7 3330 Riec 67 00 R 98 9 RA 98 9 R 49 90 Rs 2070 Ros 148 70 Re 3060 116 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Colors coded measured error tolerance A brown black brown gold 100 98 9 1 1096 0 05 B orange orange brown gold 330 330 0 0096 0 05 C green blue brown gold 560 561 0 18 0 05 Discussion The actual value matches the coded value much more closely than required by the tolerances In series the resistances are added R R_ R R In parallel the reciprocals of the resistances are added 1 R 1R UR VR This is evidenced in all the data sets above Procedure Equal Resistors Series measurement j 2 3 12 23 123 P
56. circuit adjust the frequency in the Signal Generator window until the voltage across the resistor increases to a maximum value To measure the output voltage click the Smart Cursor button xb in the Scope display The cursor changes to a cross hair Move the cursor cross hair to a peak of the output voltage V trace for Channel A Record the voltage that is displayed next the Input menu button SS LRE Circuit Scope LRC Circuit Scope atic View dean A Vi Ea a E Bmw 0190 Bl EET ed Via ME E iz BoB E o bi E o bG 102 41 gt an 1000 samp sec 1000 samp sec To measure the voltage across the resistor move the cursor cross hair to a peak of the voltage across the resistor Ve trace for Channel B Record the voltage In the Signal Generator window click on the Up arrow t to increase the frequency by 10 Hz Record the new frequency in the Data Table Repeat the process of using the Smart Cursor to find the new voltages for the output Vo and the resistor Vg Repeat the process until 150 Hz is reached As the frequency is increased adjust the sweep speed in the Scope display using the Increase Speed button gt _ as needed Look at the Data Table and determine approximately the resonant frequency where voltage across the resistor reaches a maximum Click on the frequency in the Signal Generator window to highlight
57. cussion Figure 6 4 On the basis of your first set of data what is the pattern for how current behaves in a series circuit At this point you should be able to summarize the behavior of all three quantities resistance voltage and current in series circuits On the basis of your second set of data are there any patterns to the way that currents behave in a parallel circuit At this time you should be able to write the general characteristics of currents voltages and resistances in parallel circuits 2 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 7 Kirchhoff s Rules EQUIPMENT NEEDED AC DC Electronics Lab Board Resistors Wire Leads 2 D cell Batteries Digital Multimeter DMM Purpose The purpose of this lab will be to experimentally demonstrate Kirchhoff s Rules for electri cal circuits Procedure D Connect the circuit shown in Figure 7 1a using any of the resistors you have except the 10 Q one Use Figure 7 1b as a reference along with 7 1a as you record your data Record the resistance values in the table below With no current flowing the battery disconnected mea sure the total resistance of the circuit between points A and B Q With the circuit connected to the battery and the current flowing measure the voltage across each of the resistors and record the values in the table below On the circuit diagram in Figure 7 1b indicate which side of each o
58. d between the component spring at the left end of the diode and the component spring at the left end of the 1 kQ resistor Put alligator clips on the banana plugs of both voltage sensors Connect the alligator clips of the Channel A voltage sensor to the wires at both ends of the diode to Channel A amp Connect the alligator clips of the Channel B voltage sensor to the wires at both ends of the 1 KQO resistor Connect banana plug patch cords from the output of the Power Amplifier to the banana jacks on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board PART IIIA Data Recording Rectifying a Sine Wave with a Diode D Tum on the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Q Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window Click the MON button 2 to begin data monitoring to Power Amp to Channel B 17 cient ede 69 f c AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A The A channel trace on the Scope display is the voltage across the diode The B channel trace is the voltage across the resistor Diode Lab 2 Scope As 2 000 amp EP B KERI Bl 2 000 vl vidiva Hi KET 1 000 y wl v div El KERI 100 00 v ms div 200 samp sec To capture the data displayed in the Scope click the PAUSE button b to temporarily halt data monitoring when both traces are completely across t
59. des make up part of a power supply Overview There are several units to the Diode Lab You completed the first two units in Part 1 the previ ous experiment You will complete Unit Three and Unit Four in Part 2 this experiment Unit Activity basic power supply In the third unit you will rectify a sine wave generated by the Power Amplifier In the last unit you will setup the basic circuitry for a power supply PROCEDURE Unit Three Rectifying a Sine Wave PART I Computer Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Q Connect one Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel A Connect the second Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel B PASC Cii ud scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Connect the Power Amplifier to Analog Channel C Plug the power cord into the back of the Power Amplifier and connect the power cord to an appropriate electrical receptacle Science Workshop 700 DIGITAL CHANNELS y 0 d In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P53 Diodes Part 2 Windows P53 DIO2 SWS The document opens with a Scope display with a trace of voltage from Analog Channel A V and a trace of voltage from Analog Channel B V and the Signal Generator window which controls the Power Amplifier P53 Dioc Scope v div Hi KERI CENE v div s 1 Hi KERI ANS B
60. e This is more standard in terms of drawing electrical circuits Reverse the two wires at the light Does this have any effect on the operation Reverse the two wires at the cell Does this have any effect on the operation In the following steps use the pushbutton switch as shown on the right Use additional wires as needed to connect a second light into the circuit in such a way that it is also lighted Use the switch to turn the power on and off once the complete wiring has been achieved Discuss your plans with your lab partner before you begin Battery Once you have achieved success sketch the connec tions that you made in the form of a circuit diagram Annotate your circuit diagram by making appropriate notes to the side indicating what happened with that particular circuit If you experience lack of success Figure 1 1 keep trying NOTE Is your original light the same brightness or was it brighter or dimmer that it was during step 1 Can you explain any differences in the brightness or the fact that it is the same If not don t be too surprised as this will be the subject of future study If you can devise another way of connecting two lights into the same circuit try it out Sketch the circuit diagram when finished and note the relative brightness Compare your brightness with what you achieved with a single light
61. e button I to resize the Graph to fit the data e an o an E aS os es e a ey QI el bigam Click the Magnifier button A The cursor changes to a magnifying glass shape Use the cursor to click and draw a rectangle around the region of the plot of current and voltage where the current begins to increase on the RIGHT hand part of the plot Make the rectangle tall enough so that its upper boundary is beyond 2 milliamp mA xvi Click the Smart Cursor button Move the cursor cross hair to the point on the plot where the current reaches 2 milliamps Record the value of the turn on voltage X coordinate at 2 mA in Data Table 2 Again click the Magnifier button EA Use the cursor to click and draw a rectangle around the region of the plot of current and voltage where the current begins to increase on the LEFT hand part of the plot Make the rectangle deep enough so that its lower boundary is below 2 mA Click the Smart Cursor button ER Move the cursor cross hair to the point on the plot where the current reaches 2 milliamps Record the value of the turn on voltage X coordinate at 2 mA in the Data Table 2 cie kn eo f c 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Data Table 2 Bi Color LED Voltage V at 2 mA Voltage V at 2 mA Questions D In Unit One what does the plot of Diode Current versus Voltage mean Q In
62. e orange brown horizontally between the component springs to the left of top banana jack Carefully bend the wire leads of the red light emitting diode LED so it can be mounted between component springs Connect the LED between the component springs to the left of the 330 2 resistor Arrange the LED so its cathode short lead is to the left away from the resistor amp Connect a wire lead from the component spring at the base terminal of the transistor to the component spring at the top of the 22 KQ resistor Connect another wire lead from the component spring at the collector terminal of the transistor to the component spring at the left end of the LED Connect a red banana plug patch cord from the top banana jack to the positive terminal of the DC power supply Connect a black banana plug patch cord from the negative terminal of the DC power supply to the component spring of the emitter terminal of the transistor 45v red 330 2 Channel A ac black O 2N3904 red L 22kQ Power Amplifier black npn Transistor as Digital Switch 88 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Connect a black banana plug patch cord from the negative terminal of the Power Amplifier to the negative terminal of the DC power supply Put alligator clips on the banana plugs of the Voltage Sensor Connect the red lead of the sensor to the component spring at the right end of the
63. e 22 kQ resistor PASC Cii H scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A NOTE The negative end of the 10 uF capacitor has a slight bump The positive end has an indentation around it There is a band on the side of the capacitor with arrows that point to the negative end 22 kQ resistor Twist wires together 20 Connect the wire from the positive end of the 10 uF capacitor to the component spring at one end of the wire lead connected to the collector terminal of the transistor Connect the wire from the 22 kQ resistor to a component spring next to the bottom banana jack at the lower right corner of the AC DC lab board 10 uF capacitor negative end Q3 Carefully connect the alligator clip of the red wire of the Voltage Sensor to the twisted wires of the 10 uF capacitor and the 22 KQ resistor PART Ill Data Recording D Turn on the DC power supply and adjust its voltage output to exactly 5 Volts Q Turn on the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Click the ON button on in the Signal Generator window Click the MON button 2 to begin monitoring data Observe the trace of voltage going to the base terminal of the transistor from the Power Amplifier the trace labeled OUT Compare this trace to the trace of voltage measured by the Voltage Sensor connected to Channel A into the display area of the Scope Move the cursor cross ha
64. e Fit Linear Fit from the Statistics menu e Voltage v Count v Minimum v Maximum v Mean v Standard Deviation All Of The Above Curve Fit Linear Fit Integration Logarithmic Fit Derivative Exponential Fit Histogram Power Fit Polynomial Fit No Stats Sine Series Fit Optional If a printer is available select Print Active Display from the File menu 98 IZ ej eo f c 3 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory The a2 coefficient of the Linear Fit line is the slope of the linear region Record the value of the slope The slope can be interpreted as follows c slope B where p is called current gain of the transistor b Record the current gain of the 2N3904 transistor current gain Questions How does the general shape of the plot for the transistor compare to the plot of current versus voltage for a diode What is the current gain of the 2N3904 transistor PASC Cii id scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A 100 LEIHO scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 19 Transistor Lab 3 Common Emitter Amplifier EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier CI 6552A Voltage Sensor CI 6503 AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 Regulated DC power supply of at least 5 Volts Banana plug patch cords
65. e across an inductor is given by V the voltage across the inductor t starts at its maximum and then decreases exponentially V Vie After a time f gt gt f a steady state current 7 is established and the voltage across the resistor is equal to the applied voltage V The voltage across the inductor is zero If after the maximum current is established the voltage source is turned off the current will then decrease exponentially to zero while the voltage across the resistor does the same and the inductor again produces a back emf which decreases exponentially to zero In summary DC Voltage applied DC Voltage turned off I 1 1 e I Le 7 y v 1 x e V Ve 7 V Vie Vr Vo 1 e At any time Kirchhoff s Loop Rule applies The algebraic sum of all the voltages around the series circuit is zero In other words the voltage across the resistor plus the voltage across the inductor will add up to the source voltage Procedure PART I Computer Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Connect one Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel A This sensor will be Voltage Sensor A Connect the second Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel B This sensor will be Voltage Sensor B Connect the Power Amplifier to Analog Channel C Plug the power cord into the back of the Power Amplifier and connect the power cord to an appropriate electrical
66. e resistance CHANGES that is if the resistor is amp non Ohmic the graph of voltage versus current will not be a straight line Instead it will show a curve with a changing slope For a light bulb the resistance of the filament will change as it heats up and cools down At high AC frequencies the filament doesn t have time to cool down so it remains at a nearly constant temperature and the resistance stays relatively constant At low AC frequencies e g less than one Hertz the filament has time to change temperature As a consequence the resistance of the filament changes dramatically and the resulting change in current through the filament is inter esting to watch In the first part of this activity you will investigate a ten ohm Q resistor In the second part you will investigate the filament of a small light bulb PROCEDURE Part A Ten Ohm Resistor PART I Computer Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Q Plug the Power Amplifier into Analog Channel A Plug the power cord into the back of the Power Amplifier and connect the power cord to an appropriate electrical receptacle PASC Cii m scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P46 Ohm s Law Windows P46 OHM SWS The document opens with a Scope oscill
67. ent method for connecting wires resistors and other components Some of the springs are con nected electrically to devices like the potentiometer and the D cells In the large Experimental Area the springs are connected in pairs oriented perpendicular to each other This facilitates the connection of various types of circuits If a spring is too loose press the coils together firmly to tighten it up The coils of the spring should not be too tight as this will lead to bending and or breaking of the component leads when they are inserted or removed If a spring gets pushed over light pressure will get it straight ened back up The components primarily resistors and small wires can be stored in the plastic bag supplied in the storage case Encourage students to keep careful track of the compo nents and return them to the bag each day following the lab period When connecting a circuit to a D cell note the polarity or which is printed on the board In some cases the polarity is not important but in some it will be impera tive Polarity is very important for most meters Connections are made on the Circuits Experiment Board by pushing a stripped wire or a lead to a component into a spring For maximum effect the stripped part of the wire should extend so that it passes completely across the spring making contact with the spring at four points This produces the most secure electrical and mechanical connection Sprin
68. epeat the analysis process for the plot of Current versus Voltage for the second LED Select Run 4 from the bottom of the Experiment menu Repeat the analysis process for the plot of Current versus Voltage for the last LED DATA TABLE 1 Light Emitting Diodes Description Voltage V at 2 mA 1 Diode amp 1 kQ resistor 2 Red LED 3 Yellow LED 4 Green LED PART IIIB Data Recording Bi Color Diode D Carefully bend the wire leads of the CLEAR bicolor light emitting diode so they can fit in the component springs in place of the last diode you used in Part INA of this Unit Replace the green LED with the bicolor LED Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window e to begin data recording Click the REC button REE e Data recording will end automatically after 250 samples are measured Run 5 will appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window amp Click the OFF button OFF in the Signal Generator window Describe the behavior of the bicolor LED during data recording Put your observations in the Data Table Turn off the power switch on the back of the power amplifier PASC Cii e scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A ANALYZING THE DATA Bi Color LED D Select Save As from the File menu to save your data Q Select Run 5 from the bottom of the Experiment menu Click the Autoscal
69. eries LRC circuit is dependent on the amplitude of the applied voltage V and the impedance Z ake Z Since the impedance depends on frequency the current varies with frequency Zz A X X HR j T 1 j where X inductive reactance WL X c Capacitive reactance al R resistance and O angular frequency 2nv v linear frequency The current will be maximum when the circuit is driven at its resonant frequency One can show that at resonance X X at resonance and thus the impedance Z is equal to R So at resonance the impedance is the lowest value possible and the current will be the largest possible In this experiment the amplitude of the current vs frequency is plotted Since the current is a maximum at the resonant frequency and is less for higher or lower frequencies the graph is expected to peak at the resonant frequency PASC Cii a scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Procedure PART I Computer Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Q Connect the Power Amplifier to Analog Channel A Plug the power cord into the back of the Power Amplifier and connect the power cord to an appropriate electrical receptacle Connect the Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel B The voltage measured at Analog Channel B will be used to calculate the current I which is related to the voltage across the resistor by
70. eriments software used is Science Workshop could also be performed without a Power Amplifier if a function generator is available The PASCO Model EM 8656 AC DC Electronics The Component Bag includes Laboratory includes the following materials Resistors 596 1 33 0 5 watt 2 10 O 1 watt 2 4 7 Q 1 2 watt 2 100 Q 1 2 watt 4 330 O 1 2 watt 2 560 O 1 2 watt 4 1 KO 1 2 watt 2 10 KO 1 2 watt 1 100 KO 1 2 watt 1 220 KO 1 2 watt 2 22 KO 1 4 watt 1 3 3 KO 1 4 watt Circuits Experiment Board e Storage Case Component Bag Experiment Manual The Circuit Experiment Board features Capacitors 2 Battery Holders D cell Batteries not included 1 1 LF 35 volts 3 Light Sockets 2 10 uF 25 volts 3 14 Light Bulbs 2 5 V 0 3 A 1 47 uF 50 volts 1 Transistor Socket 1 470 uF 16 volts 1 Coil Renco RL 1238 8200 1 100 uF 16 volts 1 Resistor 3 3 Q 2W 5 1 330 uF 16 volts 36 Component springs 6 Diodes 1N 4007 2 Banana Jacks for power amplifier 2 Transistors 2N 3904 1 Potentiometer 25 Q 2W 1 ea LED red green yellow bicolor 1 Pushbutton switch Wire Leads 22 ga 4 95 and 5 10 The Storage Case features 1 Cable clamp and 1 2 iron core NOTE Due to manufacturer s tolerances wattage may vary by 15 30 from bulb to bulb PASC Cii scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory
71. exactly 5 Volts Turn on the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window Click the REC button m to begin recording data Recording will stop automatically after 200 samples are measured Run 1 will appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window Click the OFF button dorr in the Signal Generator window 6 Turn off the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Turn off the DC power supply PASC Cii id scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Analyzing the Data D Click on the Graph to make it active Select Save As from the File menu to save your data e Because the Graph displays the voltage across the 1 KQ resistor versus the voltage across the 22 kQ resistor the Graph is the output current or collector current I versus the input or base current 1 The slope of the linear region of the plot gives the current gain of the transistor Click on the Statistics button p Then click on the Autoscale button i to rescale the Graph to fit the data In the Graph display area click and draw a rectangle around the linear region of the plot Output Current vs Input Current l2 Linear Fit U lt a1 a2 x al 0 05094 a2 145 24049 chi 2 0 09949 In the Statistics area at the right part of the Graph click the Statistics menu button Select Curv
72. f the 10 Q resistor Record the resistance in the Data Table Turn on the power switch on the back of the Power Amplifier Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window The power amplifier output will begin Click the REC button Tui to begin data recording e Data recording will end automatically after 0 02 seconds Run 1 will appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window Click the OFF button err in the Signal Generator window Turn off the power switch on the back of the Power Amplifier Analyzing the Data The voltage across the resistor is in phase with the current The voltage is also proportional to the current that is V 2 IR Therefore the behavior of the current is studied indirectly by studying the behavior of the voltage across the resistor measured on Analog Channel B 46 i PA cle kn eo f c 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory D Click the Smart Cursor button b in the Scope The cursor changes to a cross hair Move the cursor into the display area of the Scope The Y coordinate of the cursor cross hair is shown next to the Vertical Axis The X coordinate of the cursor cross hair is shown next to the Horizontal Axis Move the cursor cross hair to the top of the exponential part of the curve when the plot of voltage across the resistor Analog Channel B is at its maximum Record the peak voltage Y coordinate and the time X c
73. f the resistors is positive relative to the other end by placing a at that end Now measure the AF current through each of the resistors Interrupt the circuit and place the DMM in series to obtain your reading Make sure you record each Battery of the individual currents as well as IL the current flow into or out of the main part of the circuit L Figure 7 1a Figure 7 1b PASC Oi 21 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Table 7 1 Resistance Q Voltage volts Current mA Analysis D Determine the net current flow into or out of each of the four nodes in the circuit Determine the net voltage drop around at least three 3 of the six or so closed loops Remem ber if the potential goes up treat the voltage drop as positive while if the potential goes down treat it as negative Discussion Use your experimental results to analyze the circuit you built in terms of Kirchhoff s Rules Be specific and state the evidence for your conclusions Extension Build the circuit below and apply the same procedure you used previously Analyze it in terms of Kirchhoff s Rules If possible try to analyze the circuit ahead of time and compare your measured values with the theoretically computed values Figure 7 2 2 IZEIA scientific 012 0
74. f the transistor tested was 249 This value will vary from transistor to transistor it s usually between 150 and 250 for the 2N3904 tran sistors supplied with the lab 0 05 0 1 015 0 2 Base Currert mA 025 03 0 35 04 The gain and or saturation characteristics of the tran sistor will vary although the basic shape of the graph will remain the same 120 LLENO scientific Technical Support Feed Back If you have any comments about this product or this manual please let us know If you have any suggestions on alternate experiments or find a problem in the manual please tell us PASCO appreciates any customer feed back Your input helps us evaluate and improve our product To Reach PASCO For Technical Support call us at 1 800 772 8700 toll free within the U S or 916 786 3800 email techsupp PASCO com Tech support fax 916 786 3292 PASC Cii scientific Contacting Technical Support Before you call the PASCO Technical Support staff it would be helpful to prepare the following information f your problem is computer software related note Title and Revision Date of software Type of Computer Make Model Speed Type of external Cables Peripherals f your problem is with the PASCO apparatus note Title and Model number usually listed on the label Approximate age of apparatus A detailed description of the problem sequence of events In case you can t ca
75. fferent when the filament is heating up compared to the trace of current when the filament is cooling down 36 I7 cie kn eo f c 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 12 RC Circuit EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier CI 6552A Voltage Sensor CI 6503 AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 100 Q resistor and 330 uF capacitor 2 banana plug patch cords such as SE 9750 LRC meter optional Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to investigate how the voltage across a capacitor varies as it charges and to find the capacitive time constant Theory When an uncharged capacitor is connected across a DC voltage source the rate at which it charges up decreases as time passes At first the capacitor is easy to charge because there is very little charge on the plates But as charge accumulates on the plates the voltage source must do more work to move additional charges onto the plates because the plates already have charge of the same sign on them As a result the capacitor charges exponentially quickly at the beginning and more slowly as the capacitor becomes fully charged The charge on the plates at any time is given by q 4 I e where q is the maximum charge on the plates and T is the capacitive time constant T RC where R is resistance and C is capacitance gt NOTE The stated value of a capac
76. fier button ka Use the cursor to click and draw a rectangle over a region of the plot of Voltage versus Time that shows the voltage rising from zero volts to the maximum volts Voltage across a capacitor Run 1 B Voltage V Time sec Leder This will give you an expanded view of the Voltage versus Time plot for that region Voltage across a capacitor Run 1 Bl Voltage V rae ej qm aal 40 17 ej eo f c 3 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Click the Smart Cursor button ER The cursor changes to a cross hair when you move the cursor into the display area of the Graph The Y coordinate of the cursor cross hair is shown next to the vertical axis The X coordinate of the cursor cross hair is shown next to the horizontal axis Move the cursor to the point on the plot where the voltage begins to rise Record the time that is shown in the area below the horizontal axis E a ES zT mao ow 9 n ON z N o o gt gt i 1 2384 i 1 2653 eri mm efm erm EON amp Move the Smart Cursor to the point where the voltage is approximately 2 00 Volts Record the new time that is shown in the area below the horizontal axis Find the difference between the two times and record it as the time to half max or X Data Beginning time S Time to 2 00 V S Time to half max
77. first circuit will be very dim What happens if you unscrew one of the bulbs depends on which bulb you unscrew In the first circuit unscrewing a will turn everything off Unscrewing b or c will make a dimmer and leave the other one unaffected In the second circuit unscrewing c will make a and b brighter while unscrewing a or b will make c brighter and turn the other one off Putting the batteries in series 2 1a will make things the brightest because then the voltage to the lights is the highest Batteries in parallel 2 1b will have the same effect as one battery Batteries opposed 2 1c will have no effect at all unless one of the batteries is nearly dead The potentiometer when used this way adjusts the bright ness of the lamp For best results use the batteries in series for this part of the lab 115 AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Exp 3 Ohm s Law Procedure Warn the students to be particularly careful when setting up the multimeter to measure current Attach ing an ammeter the wrong way can damage the meter Data Processing Resistance Current Voltage V R 96 difference 100 0 02 1 579 0 02 1 8796 560 0 00 1 582 0 00 2 7396 330 0 00 1 582 0 00 3 3296 1000 0 00 1 583 0 00 9 1796 10 0 14 1 549 0 15 13 31 Discussion D Current is inversely proportional to R Yes A curve fit of the graph above gives Current 1 36 x Resistance whi
78. g Wire top view LLL side view Figure 1 Diagram of wires and springs The Experiments The experiments written up in this manual are develop mental starting from an introduction to the Circuits Experiment Board and complete circuits through series and parallel circuits ultimately resulting in diode and transistor characteristics These experiments can be used in combination with existing labs that the teacher em ploys or may be used as a complete lab unit Experiment 1 Circuits Experiment Board Experiment 2 Lights in Circuits Ohm s Law Resistances in Circuits Experiment 3 Experiment 4 Experiment 5 Voltages in Circuits Currents in Circuits Kirchhoff s Rules Capacitors in Circuits Experiment 6 Experiment 7 Experiment 8 Experiment 9 Diode Characteristics Experiment 10 Transistor Characteristics PASC Cii scientific Computer based experiments Experiment 11 Ohm s Law II Experiment 12 RC Circuit Experiment 13 LR Circuit Experiment 14 LRC Circuit Experiment 15 Diodes Lab Part 1 Experiment 16 Diodes Lab Part 2 Experiment 17 Transistor Lab 1 Experiment 18 Transistor Lab 2 Experiment 19 Transistor Lab 3 Experiment 20 Induction Magnet and Coil Additional Equipment needed Please refer to the Equipment Needed section in the beginning of each experiment for a listing of all equip ment requirements AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A
79. g clips on the Circuits Experiment Board to hold the leads of the resistors together without bending them Measure the resistances of the combinations as indicated on the diagram by connecting the leads of the Multimeter between the points at the ends of the arrows PASC Cii H scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Series R R R R Ps R Fg Rs lt Pligg gt i Figure 4 1 Construct a PARALLEL CIRCUIT first using combinations of two of the resistors and then using all three Measure and record your values for these circuits Parallel gt NOTE Include also R by R replacing R with R Connect the COMBINATION R CIRCUIT below and measure the various combinations of resistance Do these follow aa the rules as you discovered R them before Combination Figure 4 2 23 123 Figure 4 3 Choose three resistors having different values Repeat steps 1 through 7 as above recording your data in the spaces on the next page Note we have called these resistors A B and C J IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Table 4 2 Colors Coded Measured Toler n ist 2nd 3rd 4th Resistance Resistance OS hanes Series R R R Hi lt Ras gt Rac Rac gt lt Ri s gt Fasc Fi
80. gths The lengths are stripped at each end If you choose to strip your own additional wires a commercially available wire stripper can be used to remove the insulation from each end The jaws of the wire stripper are placed on the wire 3 8 from the end By squeezing the handles together the jaws will close on the wire and cut only as deep as the insulation 3 e r We Figure 2a Squeeze handles gt Figure 2b Pulling the wire away from the stripper Figure 2c causes the cut end of the insulation to slip off of the wire leaving 3 8 of exposed wire Pull wire E 25 J gt dt Figure 2c If you do not have access to a wire stripper the wire may also be stripped by carefully using a knife Place the wire on a solid surface Set the knife blade on the insulation about 3 8 from the end With the blade at an angle so it cannot cut downward into the wire use the knife to shave off the insulation Figure 3 After one part of the insulation is removed turn the wire and continue shaving off the rest of the insulation T IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Teacher s Guide Experiments 1 10 Exp 1 Circuits Experiment Board La Reversing things at either end had no effect There are two different ways of putting two lamps into the circuit parallel and serial
81. gure 4 4 Parallel R lt lt Fs Ry Rac R PASC Cii 5 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Combination ABC Figure 4 6 Discussion How does the error compare to the coded tolerance for your resistors What is the apparent rule for combining equal resistances in series circuits In parallel circuits Cite evidence from your data to support your conclusions What is the apparent rule for combining unequal resistances in series circuits In parallel circuits Cite evidence from your data to support your conclusions What is the apparent rule for the total resistance when resistors are added up in series In parallel Cite evidence from your data to support your conclusions Extension Using the same resistance values as you used before plus any wires needed to help build the circuit design and test the resistance values for another combination of three resistors As instructed build circuits with four and five resistors testing the basic concepts you discov ered in this lab Reference Black 0 Brown 2nd Digit Red 2 1st Digit 8 No of Zeros Fourth Band Orange 3 EN Pa Tolerance None 420 Yellow 4 one 20 Silver 10 Green 5 Gold 5 Blue 6 nS P Violet 7 e 2 Gray 8 White 9 Figure 4 7 Ht IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 5 Voltages in Circuits EQUIPMENT NEED
82. he enter key PASC Cii 33 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Click on the Frequency value to highlight it Type in 0 30 as the new value Press the enter key Signal Generator Signal Generator AC Waveform AC Waveform D PNE AE an ee a Amplitude Frequency iso Frequency 25v 60 00 Hz T gt 250v CES Hz E Click the Scope display to make it active You will change the rate at which the scope is sampling data Click the Horizontal Input button Use the Horizontal Input menu to select Time Input at the bottom of the list Horizontal Input button Horizontal Input menu A A M Rnalog R OUT Gp Rnalog Output amp Time Input IN Repeatedly click the Decrease Sweep Speed button until the Sweep Speed is 500 00 ms div ms div TRIG 50 samp sec Click the Horizontal Input button again Use the Horizontal Input menu to select Analog A at the top of the list Horizontal Input button Horizontal Input menu Analog A a g OUT p Analog Output v o Time Input After making changes the Scope display should be similar to the figure below a4 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Scope for Light Bulb e EF s 1 000 u Ei v div 50 samp sec PART Il Equipment Setup for Light Bulb Filament D
83. he Scope screen To save the data for the top trace click the top Data Snapshot button EF in the right hand corner of the Scope display This will open the Data Cache Information window Enter Data Cache Information Long Name Diode Voltage Short Name Units Number Of Points 97 OK Enter information for the Long Name Short Name and Units then click OK 70 I7 ej eo f c 3 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Save the data for the other trace on the Scope display Click the middle Data Snapshot button Enter the needed information in the Data Cache Information window and then click OK Enter Data Cache Information Long Name Resistor Voltage Short Name Units Number Of Points 97 OK The short names of the data caches will appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window Click the STOP button Click the OFF button arr in the Signal Generator window ANALYZING THE DATA Rectifying a Sine Wave with a Diode D Select Save As from the File menu to save your data Q Select New Graph from the Display menu Change the input Click the Input Menu button bj Select Data Cache Diode Volt age from the Input Menu Rnalog B Analog C Analog Output Calculations PASC Cii scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 01
84. he base terminal of the transistor Connect the 10 kQ resistor from the component spring at the end of the wire lead to a component spring at the bottom left corner of the board gt NOTE You can connect one end of the 10 KQ resistor to the same component spring that holds one end of the ten inch wire lead Return to the component spring that is at the end of the wire lead connected to the base terminal of the transistor Connect one 22 kQ resistor from the component spring at the end of the wire lead to the component spring that is to the right and below at the edge of the AC DC lab board d5 Connect one five inch wire lead from the component spring at the end of the 22 kQ resistor to a component spring next to the top banana jack 6 Put an alligator clip on one end of a red banana plug patch cord Connect the alligator clip to the wire at the end of the 1 uF capacitor Connect the other end of the patch cord to the positive terminal of the Power Amplifier Connect a black banana plug patch cord from the negative terminal of the Power Amplifier to the negative terminal of the DC power supply Put alligator clips on the banana plugs of the Voltage Sensor Connect the alligator clip of the black wire of the Voltage Sensor to the component spring next to the bottom banana jack at the lower right corner of the AC DC board 9 Twist the wire from the negative end of the 10 uF capacitor together with the wire at one end of on
85. ick the Smart Cursor button The cursor changes to a cross hair when you move it into the display area The X coordinate of the cursor cross hair is displayed under the horizontal axis The Y coordinate of the cursor cross hair is displayed next to the vertical axis Put the cursor at the point on the plot of Vcollector where the voltage first begins to increase above zero Hold down the Shift key Ubase amp Ucollector Output Volts 0 1 0 a a 4 m E o gt ZEK BEE While holding the Shift key move the cursor cross hair vertically along the dashed line until you reach the point on the plot of Vbase that corresponds to the same point on the plot of Vcollector 90 TPAS C Oii 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory cance E D N B Output Volts 0 10 a gt v go a z o gt Run 1 0 060 Time sec Im 0 9j alaja Record the Y coordinate of that point on the plot of Vbase voltage V QUESTIONS D What is the behavior of the LED when the circuit is active How does the general shape of the plot for the Vbase compare to the plot of Vcollector for the transistor What is the voltage on the Vbase plot when the LED turns on that is when the Vcollector voltage begins to rise above zero What is the relationship between the behavior of the LED and the point on the plot of Vcollector when the voltage begins to rise above zero I7 Tede 91 A
86. ional additional Digital Multimeter Purpose The purpose of this lab will be to experimentally determine some of the operating characteristics of a transistor Procedure D Connect the circuit shown in Figure 10 1a using the 2N3904 Transistor you ve been supplied Resistor R 1K Q and resistor R 100 Q Use Figure 10 1b as a reference along with Figure 10 1a as you record your data Note the leads on the transistor as marked next to the socket in the drawing Transistor top view e C 2N3904 b Socket gt CAUTION Connecting the transistor incorrectly can destroy the transistor Figure 10 1a Figure 10 1b Q Adjust the potentiometer carefully until the reading between points A and B is approximately 0 002 volt 2 0 mv Now read the voltage between points C and D Record these readings in your data table Note that V p divided by R gives the current flowing to the base of the transis tor while V p divided by R gives the current flowing in the collector part of the circuit Adjust the potentiometer to give V the following readings each time reading and recording the corresponding V p 0 006 0 010 0 015 0 020 0 025 0 030 0 035 0 040 0 045 0 050 0 055 0 060 0 080 0 100 0 150 0 200 0 250 volts Also set V 3j fO 0 000 volts PASC Cii zi scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Analysis D For each of your
87. ir to the first peak of the trace labeled OUT The voltage at this point is displayed next to the sensitivity controls v div Record the voltage value for the peak Hold down the Shift key Move the cursor cross hair to the first peak of the trace labeled A directly below the peak of the OUT trace Record the voltage value for the peak Click the STOP button to end data monitoring Click the OFF button dorr in the Signal Generator window 106 LEIHO scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Turn off the power switch on the back of the power amplifier Turn off the DC power supply Voltage peak of OUT V Voltage peak of A V Analyzing the Data D Use the values you recorded to calculate the ratio of input voltage Voltage of OUT to output voltage Voltage of A Va _ Voltage OUT _ V Voltage A out The theoretical output voltage is as follows R V d x Ry where R is the value of the resistor in series with the collector terminal 2 k and R E is the value of the resistor in series with the emitter terminal 1 k Calculate the theoretical output voltage for the common emitter amplifier Questions D What is the phase relationship between the input signal and the output signal How does the actual output voltage compare to the theoretical value Optional D Increase the Amplitude in the Signal Generator window by 0 02 Volt increment
88. itor may vary by as much as 20 from the actual value Taking the extreme limits notice that when t 0 q 0 which means there is not any charge on the plates initially Also notice that when t goes to infinity q goes to q which means it takes an infinite amount of time to completely charge the capacitor The time it takes to charge the capacitor to half full is called the half life and is related to the time constant in the following way t cIn2 In this experiment the charge on the capacitor will be measured indirectly by measuring the voltage across the capacitor since these two values are proportional to each other q 2 CV PASC Cii a scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Procedure PART I Computer Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Connect the Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel A Connect the Power Amplifier to Analog Channel B Plug the power cord into the back of the Power Amplifier and connect the power cord to an appropriate electrical receptacle Science Workshop 700 ANA ANNELS oY In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P49 RC Circuit Windows P49 RCCLSWS The document opens with a Graph display of Voltage V versus Time sec and the Signal Generator window which controls the Power Amplifier P49 RCC Voltage
89. lectronics Laboratory Experiment 3 Ohm s Law EQUIPMENT NEEDED AC DC Electronics Lab Board Wire Leads D cell Battery Multimeter Graph Paper Purpose The purpose of this lab will be to investigate the three variables involved in a mathematical relationship known as Ohm s Law Procedure D Choose one of the resistors that you have been given Using the chart on the next page decode the resistance value and record that value in the first column of Table 3 1 MEASURING CURRENT Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3 1a by pressing the leads of the resistor into two of the springs in the Experimental Section on the Circuits Experiment Board D Red 4 Black Battery HS Figure 3 1a Figure 3 1b Set the Multimeter to the 200 mA range noting any special connections needed for measuring current Connect the circuit and read the current that is flowing through the resistor Record this value in the second column of Table 3 1 Remove the resistor and choose another Record its resistance value in Table 3 1 then measure and record the current as in steps 2 and 3 Continue this process until you have completed all of
90. lick the MON button 2 to begin data monitoring E Four Diode Rectified Sine Wave 2 000 PN zm miu CU 2 000 v div a Hi KEK 1 000 z EAM 500 v v ms div We 2500 samp sec Click the STOP button qp Click the Data Snapshot button EF for the B channel Enter Data Cache Information for Long Name Short Name and Units as needed to save the data for analysis Long Name Filtered Full Rectified Voltage Short Name Units Number Of Points 126 OK J 2 Click the OFF button or in the Signal Generator window Q Put the 10 Q resistor in parallel with the 470 uF capacitor and the 100 Q resistor Click the ON button donp in the Signal Generator window 5 Click the MON button TA to begin data monitoring IPASC Ce si AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Four Diode Rectified Sine Wave 2 0004 ow wl vdiv 4 Ei EZIZ 2 000 A v div 5 00 5 v ms div Ai 2500 samp sec d Click the STOP button Click the Data Snapshot button EF for the B channel Enter Data Cache Information for Long Name Short Name and Units as needed to save the data for analysis Enter Data Cache Information Long Name Load Resistor Voltage Short Name Units Number Of Points 126 0K dg Click the OFF button OFF in the Signal Gene
91. ll PASCO right away you won t lose valuable data If possible have the apparatus within reach when call ing This makes descriptions of individual parts much easier f your problem relates to the instruction manual note Part number and Revision listed by month and year on the front cover Have the manual at hand to discuss your questions
92. mplification depend on R Q Obtain a different transistor and repeat the measurements you made in steps 2 amp 3 If itisa PNP transistor you will need to reverse the wires coming from the D cells as the emitter needs to be positive not negative and the collector will be negative 28 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 11 Ohm s Law Il EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier CI 6552A AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 10 Q resistor 3 V light bulb and wire leads 2 banana plug patch cords such as SE 9750 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the relationship between current and voltage in Ohmic and non Ohmic materials Theory Ohm discovered that when the voltage across a resistor changes the current through the resistor changes He expressed this as I V R current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance In other words as the voltage increases so does the current The proportionality constant is the value of the resistance The current is INVERSELY proportional to the resistance As the resistance increases the current decreases If the voltage across an Ohmic resistor is increased the graph of voltage versus current shows a straight line if the resistance remains constant The slope of the line is the value of the resistance However if th
93. nal device Voltage at a transistor terminal relative to ground is indicated by a single subscript For example V is the collector voltage Voltage between two terminals is indicated by a double subscript V is the base to emitter voltage drop for instance If the same letter is repeated it means a power supply voltage V is the positive power supply voltage associated with the collector A typical npn transistor follows these rules D The collector must be more positive than the emitter The base to emitter and base to collector circuits behave like diodes The base emitter diode is normally conducting if the base is more positive than the emitter by 0 6 to 0 8 Volts the typical forward turn on voltage for a diode The base collector diode is reverse biased See previous experiments for information about diodes The transistor has maximum values of I Ip and V op and other limits such as power dissipa tion I m i cp and temperature If rules 1 3 are obeyed the current gain or amplification is the ratio of the collector current I to the base current I A small current flowing into the base controls a much larger current flowing into the collector The ratio called beta is typically around 100 PROCEDURE PART I Computer Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Q Connect the Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel A
94. nect a red banana plug patch cord from the positive terminal of the Power Amplifier to the component spring at the bottom end of the 22 kQ resistor Connect a black banana plug patch cord from the negative terminal of the DC power supply to the component spring at the bottom end of the 1 kQ resistor Connect a black banana plug patch cord from the negative terminal of the Power Amplifier to the negative terminal of the DC power supply Transistor 2N3904 Battery j 3 VOLTS MAX to Power Supply 22 KQ 45V Res to Channel A ree T 7 P scientific 8656 AC DC ELECTRONICS LABORATORY to Ground ev Amp 5 v To Channel A C 2N3904 e 1 kQ To Channel B Current gain npn Transistor Emitter Follower Amplifier 96 TPAS C Oii 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory qj Put alligator clips on the banana plugs of both Voltage Sensors Connect the black alligator clip of the Voltage Sensor in Analog Channel A to the component spring at the top end of the 22 KQ resistor and the red clip to the component spring at the bottom end 2 Connect the red alligator clip of the Voltage Sensor in Analog Channel B to the component spring at the top end of the 1 kQ resistor and the black clip to the component spring at the bottom end PART IIIA Data Recording 1 5 Volts D Tum on the DC power supply and adjust its voltage output to
95. nics Laboratory Analysis First circuit D node 1 3 0 1 mA node 1 2 5 0 0 mA node 3 4 5 0 1 mA node 2 4 0 0 mA Q loop 1 5 3 0 001 V loop 1 2 4 3 0 001 V loop 5 2 4 0 000 V loop batt 1 2 0 001 V loop batt 3 4 0 000 V loop batt 1 5 4 0 001 V loop batt 3 5 2 0 000 V Second circuit D node 2 3 4 0 1 mA node b1 3 5 0 1 mA Q loop b1 1 2 3 0 001 V loop b2 5 3 4 0 001 V loop b1 1 2 4 b2 5 0 002 V Discussion Within the experimental uncertainty of the measuring device used a DMM Kirchoff s Rules are verified The net current flowing into or out of any junction is approxi mately zero and the sum of the voltages around any loop is approximately zero Exp 8 Capacitors in Circuits Procedure The rate at which the capacitor loses its charge de pends on the impedance of the meter used to measure the voltage as well as on the size of the capacitor For this reason most analog meters are not sufficient for this lab amp Charging o S 5 gt Time e 4 54 gt Discharging 4 r Time pK 2 190 scientific O x 100 000 Ohm 220 000 Ohm Time s 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Capactance uF 350 400 450 NOTES DO Charging t RC In 1 V V Discharging t R C In V V In either case the time is linearly dependent on both resistance and capacitance Parallel C 2 C C Series 1 C C U
96. nstructor c The components primarily resistors are contained in a plastic case at the top of the board Keep careful track of the components and return them to the storage bag following each lab period This way you will get components with consistent values from lab to lab d When you connect a circuit to a D cell each battery is just a cell with two or more cells comprising a battery note the polarity or which is printed on the board Although in some cases the polarity may not be important in others it may very important e Due to normal differences between light bulbs the brightness of identical bulbs may vary substantially PASC Cii 3 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Procedure D Use two pieces of wire to make connections between the springs on one of the light bulbs to the springs on the D cell in such a way that the light will glow Discuss with your lab partner before you begin actually wiring your circuit which connections you intend to make and why you think you will be successful in activating the light If you are not successful try in order changing the wiring using another light using another cell asking the instructor for assis tance a Sketch the connections that the wires make when you are successful using the symbols from the first page of this lab b Re sketch the total circuit that you have constructed making the wires run horizontally and vertically on the pag
97. ode end is to the right toward the banana jack Place a second diode parallel to the first between the second and third component springs to the left of the bottom banana jack Place the diode so the gray stripe cathode end is to the right toward the banana jack Place a third diode between the component spring at the right end of the top diode and the component spring at the right end of the bottom diode Place the diode so the gray stripe cathode is toward the bottom Place a fourth diode between the component spring at the left end of the top diode and the component spring at the left end of the bottom diode Place the diode so the gray stripe cathode is toward the bottom The diode arrangement forms a square 78 TPAS C Ohi 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Put the 100 Q resistor diagonally between the upper left corner and the lower right corner of the square of diodes Use a five inch wire lead to connect a component spring next to the top banana jack and the component spring at the RIGHT end of the first diode Use a ten inch wire lead to connect a component spring next to the bottom banana jack and the component spring at the LEIHO s c e j r c EM 8656 AC DC ELER ONICS LABORATORY LEFT end of the second bottom diode Power Amplifier to Channel B black channel A to Power Amp amp
98. of any part of this manual providing the reproductions are used only for their laboratories and are not sold for profit Reproduc tion under any other circumstances without the written consent of PASCO scientific is prohibited Limited Warranty PASCO scientific warrants this product to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to the customer PASCO will repair or replace at its option any part of the product which is deemed to be defective in material or workman ship This warranty does not cover damage to the product caused by abuse or improper use Determination of whether a product failure is the result of a manufacturing defect or improper use by the customer shall be made solely by PASCO scientific Responsibility for the return of equipment for warranty repair belongs to the customer Equipment must be properly packed to prevent damage and shipped postage or freight prepaid Damage caused by improper packing of the equipment for return ship ment will not be covered by the warranty Shipping costs for returning the equipment after repair will be paid by PASCO scientific Credits This manual authored by Ann Hanks and Dave Griffith Equipment Return Should the product have to be returned to PASCO scientific for any reason notify PASCO scientific by letter phone or fax BEFORE returning the product Upon notification the return authorization and shipping inst
99. ons are usually called the emitter base and collector n p n transistor Collector emitter base collector Base Emitter a Base ll r Emitter Cells t Transistor package npn transistor symbol Vsupply In a transistor circuit the current through the collector loop is controlled by the current to the base The collector voltage can be considerably larger than the base voltage Therefore the power dissipated by the resistor may be much larger than the power supplied to the base by its voltage source The device functions as a power amplifier as compared to a step up transformer for example which is a voltage amplifier but not a power amplifier The output signal can have more power in it than the input signal The extra power comes from an external source the power supply A transistor circuit can amplify current or voltage The circuit can be a constant current source or a constant voltage source PASC Cii scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A A transistor circuit can serve as a digitial electric switch In a mechanical electric switch a small amount of power is required to switch on an electrical device e g a motor that can deliver a large amount of power In a digital transistor circuit a small amount of power supplied to the base is used to switch on a much larger amount of power from the collector Here is some general information A transistor is a three termi
100. oordinate for that point in the Data Table Determine the voltage that is half of the peak the half max voltage HEEE poltage graphs E Voltage V 0 Smart Cursor 0 20 0 3528 Voltage V 020 20 eise e el bbb bbb Lj Output Volts 0 2 0 lele X coordinate 0 010 0 020 0 00864 an em EL a Move the cursor down the exponential part of the plot of resistor voltage until half the maximum peak voltage is reached Record the X coordinate time for this point SS voltage graphs Run 1 Bl Voltage V 0 Smart Cursor 0 20 40 5 0 Voltage V o o N o T 20 Run 1 B Output Volts 2 0 X coordinate a 0 010 0 00937 Time sec pom PASI ee 47 n fic AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Subtract the time for the peak voltage from the time for the half max voltage to get the time for the voltage to reach half max Record this time in the Data Table 9 Based on the total resistance in the circuit and the stated value for the inductance of the inductor L coil 8 2 millihenry or 0 0082 mH calculate 7 R Data Table Inductor Resistance Resistor Resistance Q Peak Voltage for Resistor Time at Peak Voltage sec Time at Half Maximum Voltage sec Time to
101. ors supplied are listed in the Equipment section of this manual The values have been chosen for clear results and for helping to extend the life of the D cells If resistors are lost or broken replacements can be pur chased from PASCO or at any electronics store includ ing Radio Shack Other values can be substituted but for Experiments 3 through 7 the values should be between 100 Q and 1500 Q for best results NOTE Using the 330 Q 560 Q and 1000 Q resistors gives approximate ratios of 1 2 3 for working towards semi quantitative understanding of d c circuits The diagram below shows the resistor color code For example a resistor having the colors Orange Orange Brown Silver has the value 330 Q 10 Black 0 Brown 2nd Digit Red 2 ig Digit No of Zeros Fourth Band 2n A 7 va _ Tolerance None 20 Green 5 Silver 10 Blue 6 Gold 5 i Red 2 Violet 7 Gray 8 White 9 113 AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Wires The Circuits Experiment Board can be used with a large variety of wire types and sizes We recommend 20 or 22 gauge solid wire with colorful insulation This will help students to follow their work more easily and minimize difficulties in making the transition from paper circuit to actual circuit on the Circuits Experiment Board Stripping Your Own Wire The wire included with the Basic Electricity Lab is 22 gauge insulated solid wire in 5 and 10 len
102. oscope display of Voltage V versus Current A and the Signal Generator window which controls the Power Amplifier P46 Ohm Scope for 102 aur 1 Signal Generator DC AC Waveform on PWR Amplitude Frequency Auto E 297v 60 004 ga 2 ML Science Stretching the Boundaries le Science workshop 2 1 E He amp EXPERIMENT P46 Ohm s Law Voltage Sensor NOTE For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window The Sampling Options for this experiment are Periodic Samples Fast at 4000 Hz set in the Scope display using the Sweep Speed control i IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory The Signal Generator is set to output 3 00 V triangle AC waveform at 60 00 Hz Signal Generator AC Waveform ele Amplitude Frequency _ Auto E 7 n anup 2 97V 60 00 Hz The Scope is set to show Output Voltage on the vertical axis at 1 000 v div and Current Analog A on the horizontal axis at 0 100 v div Arrange the Scope display and the Signal Generator window so you can see both of them PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not
103. ower amplifier ANALYZING THE DATA Diode and 1 KQ Resistor Click the Autoscale button qii to resize the Graph to fit the data The vertical axis shows Current in milliamps based on a calculation using the voltage drop across the 1 KQ resistor The horizontal axis shows Voltage across the diode Run 1 Ya v Voltage V 2 1 22 E E E Q Select Save As from the File menu to save your data Select Print Active Display from the File menu to print the Graph Click the Magnifier button A The cursor changes to a magnifying glass shape 60 I7 cie kn eo f c 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Use the cursor to click and draw a rectangle around the region of the plot of current and voltage where the current begins to increase Make the rectangle tall enough so that its upper boundary is beyond 2 milliamp mA E j Diode Current versus Voltage S a 5 0 4 0 3 0 Click and draw rectangle around region of interest 2 0 Run 1 IN Diode Current mA 10 2 0 Run 1 Voltage V BACE e The Graph will rescale to fit the data in the area you selected Click the Smart Cursor button m The cursor changes to a cross hair The Y coordinate of the cross hair is displayed near the vertical axis The X coordinate of the cross hair is displayed below the horizontal axis 6 Move the cursor cros
104. pacitor Repeat step 7 recording the charging and discharging times in Table 8 1 If a third value is available include it in the data table too Return to the original 100 uF capacitor but put a 220 KQ resistor in the circuit Repeat step 7 recording your data in Table 8 1 If a third resistor is provided use it in the circuit recording the data NOTE D What is the effect on charging and discharging times if the capacitance is increased What mathematical relationship exists between your times and the capacitance What is the effect on charging and discharging times if the resistance of the circuit is increased What mathematical relationship exists between your times and the resistance Return to the original 100 KQ resistor but use the 100 uF capacitor in series with the 330 UF capacitor Repeat step 7 recording your results in Table 8 2 d Now repeat step 7 but with the 100 uF and the 330 uF capacitors in parallel R ee C ______C Table 8 2 Type of Circuit Series Parallel NOTE What is the effect on the total capacitance if capacitors are combined in series What if they are combined in parallel Refer to Table 8 2 a IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 9 Diodes EQUIPMENT NEEDED AC DC Electronics Lab Board 1 KQ Resistor 330 Q Resistor 1N4007 Diode Wire Leads Digital Multimeter DMM 2 D cell Bat
105. properties of various type of diodes are investigated Theory A diode or p n junction rectifier is an electronic device which only allows current to flow in one direction through it once a certain forward voltage is established across it If the voltage is too low no current flows through the diode If the voltage is reversed no current flows through the diode except for a very small reverse current A light emitting diode emits light as current passes through the diode in the forward direction A red green diode is actually two diodes connected together antiparallel so that the red diode allows current to flow in one direction and the green diode allows current to flow in the opposite direction Thus if DC direct current is applied to the red green diode it will be only red or only green depending on the polarity of the applied DC voltage But if AC alternating current is applied to the red green diode bicolor LED the diode will repeatedly blink red then green as the current repeatedly changes direction A bicolor LED is an example of a Zener diode A Zener diode allows current to flow in one direction when the forward voltage is large enough and it allows current to flow in the opposite direction when reverse voltage called the breakdown voltage is large enough usually a few volts Overview There are several units to the Diode Lab You will complete the first two units in Part 1 this experiment You will complete
106. r Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Plug the DIN plug of the Voltage Sensor into Analog Channel A Science Workshop 700 7 ANALOG CH DIGITAL CHANNELS PASC Cii we scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P47 Induction Magnet Windows P47_INDU SWS The document opens with a Graph display of Voltage V versus Time sec P4 Indi Voltage Experiment Notes Induction Magnet through a Coil To Channel A Science Stretching the Boundaries Science workshop 2 1 EXPERIMENT P47 Induction Magnet through a Coil Voltage Sensor NOTE For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window The Sampling Options for this experiment are Periodic Samples Fast at 1000 Hz Start condition is voltage from Channel A 0 08 V Stop condition is Time 0 5 seconds PART II Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not need to calibrate the Voltage Sensor D Put alligator clips
107. rator window Turn off the power switch on the back of the power amplifier ANALYZING THE DATA Four Diode Bridge D Select Save As from the File menu to save your data Select New Graph from the Display menu Change the input Click the Input Menu button m Select Data Cache Full rectified g p p e voltage from the Input Menu 82 TPAS C Oii 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Click the Add Plot menu button ike gt at the lower left corner of the Graph Select Data Cache Filtered Full Rectified voltage from the Add Plot menu Click again on the Add Plot menu button ig vp at the lower left corner of the Graph Select Data Cache Load Resistor Voltage from the Add Plot menu Click anywhere on the vertical axis of the top plot Full rectified voltage The Enter Plot Y Scale window opens Type in 10 for the Max and 10 for the Min and then click OK Click anywhere on the vertical axis of the middle plot Filtered Full Rectified Voltage Type in 10 and 10 for the Max and Min and then click OK Repeat for the bottom plot Load Resistor Voltage Full rectified volt g B gt 53 a u v o 0 Tox ua L Load V E Load Resistor Vol Optional If a printer is available select Print Active Display from the File menu 17 et ede e 83
108. reach Half Maximum sec t L R Questions How does the inductive time constant found in this experiment compare to the theoretical value given by t L R Remember that R is the total resistance of the circuit and therefore must include the resistance of the coil as well as the resistance of the resistor D Does Kirchhoff s Loop Rule hold at all times Use the graphs to check it for at least three different times Does the sum of the voltages across the resistor and the inductor equal the source voltage at any given time Extension L Place the iron core in the coil and repeat Part III Data Recording From the relationship T R andt PLC In 2 find the new value of the inductor 4 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 14 LRC Circuit EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier CI 6552A Voltage Sensor CI 6503 AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 inductor coil amp core 10 Q resistor 100 uF capacitor wire lead LCR inductance capacitance resistance meter SB 9754 2 banana plug patch cords such as SE 9750 graph paper Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to study resonance in an inductor resistor capacitor circuit LRC circuit by examining the current through the circuit as a function of the frequency of the applied voltage Theory The amplitude of the AC current Z in a s
109. resistor brown black brown in the pair of component springs nearest to the top banana jack at the lower right corner of the AC DC Electronics Lab Board Connect a 330 microfarad uF capacitor between the compo O nent spring on the left end of the 100 Q resistor and the compo JIN nent spring closest to the bottom banana jack avours max A Put alligator clips on the Voltage Sensor banana plugs Connect the T 100 Q Res alligator clips to the wires at both ends of the 330 uF capacitor l i Connect banana plug patch cords from the output of the Power Amplifier to the banana jacks on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board to Power Amp Part Ill Data Recording D Turn on the power switch on the back of the Power Amplifier 6 AC DC ELECTR NICS LABORATORY Click the REC button nm in the Experiment Setup window to start recording data The power amplifier output will automatically start when data recording begins Data recording will continue for four seconds and then stop automatically Run 1 will appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window PASC Cii 22 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A When data recording is complete turn off the switch on the back of the Power Amplifier Analyzing the Data D Click the Autoscale button i in the Graph to rescale the Graph to fit the data Click the Magni
110. rom time to time Grounding problems can occur when using more than one VTVM to make multiple measurements in the same circuit Panelmeters Individual meters frequently obtained from scientific supply houses are available in the form of voltmeters ammeters and galvanometers such as PASCO s SE 9748 Voltmeter 5 V 15 V SE 9746 Ammeter 1 A 5 A and SE 9749 Galvanometer 35 mV In some models multiple scales are also available Advantages Meters can be used which have the specific range required in a specific experiment This helps to overcome student errors in reading Disadvantages Using individual meters leads to errors in choosing the correct one With limited ranges students may find themselves needing to use another range and not have a meter of that range available Many of the individual meters have low input impedances voltmeters and large internal resistances ammeters Ohmmeters are almost nonexistent in individual form Light Bulbs The 14 bulbs are nominally rated at 2 5 V and 0 3 A However due to relatively large variations allowed by the manufacturer the wattage of the bulbs may vary by 15 to 3096 Therefore supposedly identical bulbs may not shine with equal brightness in simple circuits IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 1 Circuits Experiment Board EQUIPMENT NEEDED AC DC Electronics Lab Board Wire Leads D cell Battery Graph Paper
111. rrent on and off Note the brightness of the light Now connect the second D cell into the circuit as shown in Figure 2 1a What is the effect on the brightness of the light BELL JA E A M II AT I Figure 2 1a Figure 2 1b Figure 2 1c Connect the second D cell as in Figure 2 1b What is the effect on the brightness Finally connect the second D cell as in figure 2 1c What is the effect on the brightness gt NOTE Determine the nature of the connections between the D cells you made in steps 8 10 Which of these was most useful in making the light brighter Which was least useful Can you determine a reason why each behaved as it did Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2 2 What is the effect of rotating the knob on the device that is identified as a Potentiometer Discussion D Answer the questions which appear during the experiment procedure Pay particular attention to the NOTED questions Q What are the apparent rules for the operation of lights in series In parallel What are the apparent rules for the operation of batteries in series In parallel What is one function of a potentiometer in a circuit Battery Z m 9 l ii TE n DA j Figure 2 2 8 IZETA scientific 012 05892A AC DC E
112. ructions will be promptly issued NOTE NO EQUIPMENT WILL BE ACCEPTED FOR RETURN WITHOUT AN AUTHORIZATION FROM PASCO When returning equipment for repair the units must be packed properly Carriers will not accept responsibility for damage caused by improper packing To be certain the unit will not be damaged in shipment observe the following rules D The packing carton must be strong enough for the item shipped Make certain there are at least two inches of packing material between any point on the apparatus and the inside walls of the carton Make certain that the packing material cannot shift in the box or become compressed allowing the instrument come in contact with the packing carton Address PASCO scientific 10101 Foothills Blvd Roseville CA 95747 7100 Phone 916 786 3800 FAX 916 786 3292 email techsupp pasco com web WWW pasco com IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Introduction The EM 8656 AC DC Electronics Laboratory is designed The first ten experiments in this manual are DC experi for both DC and AC electricity experiments The circuit ments using battery power and multimeters rather than board can be powered by batteries for DC experiments or using acomputer The rest of the experiments use a it can be powered by a computer equipped with a Power computer MAC or PC with a Power Amplifier The Amplifier for AC experiments The AC exp
113. s Observe the shape of the output signal Q Increase the Frequency in the Signal Generator window Observe the shape of the output signal Optional Questions D How does the shape of the output signal change as the input Amplitude is increased Q Is the voltage gain of the amplifier dependent on the frequency or independent of the frequency What is your evidence PASC Cii ui scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A 108 LEIHO scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 20 Induction Magnet Through a Coil EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop Interface Voltage Sensor CI 6503 AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 Alnico bar magnet EM 8620 OPTIONAL Photogate ME 9204A or ME 9498 Purpose This experiment shows the Electromotive Force EMF induced in a coil by a magnet dropping through the center of a coil Theory When a magnet is passed through a coil there is a changing magnetic flux through the coil which induces an Electromotive Force EMF in the coil According to Faraday s Law of Induction glo At where g is the induced EMF N is the number of turns of wire in the coil and Ae is the rate of change of the flux through the coil In this experiment a plot of the EMF vs time is made and the area under the curve is found by integration This area represents the flux since A NA PROCEDURE PART I Compute
114. s are selected with either a rotating switch or with a series of pushbutton switches Advantages DMM s are easily read and with their typically high input impedances gt 10 Q give good results for circuits having high resistance Students learn to read DMNM s quickly and make fewer errors reading values Reasonable quality DMM s can be purchased for 60 or less PASCO strongly recommends the use of DMM s Disadvantages DMM s also require the use of a battery although the lifetime of an alkaline battery in a DMM is quite long The battery is used on all scales and func tions Most DMM s give the maximum reading on the selector 1 e under voltage 2 means 2 volt maximum actually 1 99 volt maximum This may be confusing to some students Comments on Meters VTVM The Vacuum Tube Voltmeter or VTVM is a multiple scale multiple function meter typically measuring voltage and resistance They do not usually measure current The meter is an analog one with a variety of scales selected with a rotating switch on the front of the meter Advantages VTVM s have high input resistances on the order of 10 Q or greater By measuring the voltage across a known resistance current can be measured with a VTVM Disadvantages VTVM s have multiple scales Students need practice to avoid the mistake of reading the incorrect one An internal battery provides the current for measur ing resistance and needs to be replaced f
115. s hair to the point on the plot where the current reaches 2 milliamps Record the value of the turn on voltage X coordinate at 2 mA in the Data Table PASC Cii scientific 1 998 Diode Current mA 61 AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A PROCEDURE Unit Two Light Emitting Diodes PART I Computer Setup You do not need to change the computer setup PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup D Prepare the red yellow and green LED s by very carefully bending the wire leads so they can fit in the component springs in place of the diode you used in Unit One Q Replace the diode from Unit One with the first LED red Arrange the first LED so the short lead cathode is to the left The wire lead that is connected to the cathode of the LED is slightly shorter and has a beveled shoulder near where the wire enters the LED a aie h sh PART IIIA Data Recording Light Emitting Diodes p D e top of the lead D Tum on the power switch on the back of the power amplifier P Click the ON button en in the Signal Generator window JE to begin data recording Click the REC button e Data recording will end automatically after 250 samples are measured Run 2 will appear in the Data list in the Experiment Setup window Light emitting diode LED Click the OFF button dorr in the Signal Generator window Replace the first LED red with the next L
116. sors D Connect a 5 inch wire lead between a component spring next to the top banana jack and the component spring at the right hand edge of the inductor coil I7 e 45 AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Connect the 10 Q resistor brown black black to Channel A between the component spring at the left hand edge of the inductor coil and the second component spring to the left of the top banana jack 9 Connect another 5 inch wire lead between the component spring nearest to the one in which one af end of the 10 Q resistor is connected and a compo 2 nent spring nearest to the bottom banana jack at the e le C lower right corner of the AC DC Electronics Lab IA Board A Put alligator clips on the banana plugs of both lI Voltage Sensors Connect the alligator clips of Voltage Sensor A to the component springs at both vi sides of the inductor coil Connect the alligator clips of Voltage Sensor B to Tories to Power Amp the wires at both ends of the 10 resistor lii jl Connect banana plug patch cords from the output of me the Power Amplifier to the banana jacks on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board 56 AC DC KLECTRONICG LABORATORY Part Ill Data Recording D Use the multimeter to measure the resistance of the to Channel B inductor coil Record the resistance in the Data Table Use the multimeter to check the resistance o
117. ss the resistor V4 by the resistance Where you switched resistors be sure to change the divisor Construct a graph of Current vertical axis vs the Voltage across the diode with the graph extending into the 2nd quadrant to encompass the negative voltages on the diode PASC Cii 2 sci n t f c AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Discussion Discuss the shape of your graph and what it means for the operation of a semiconductor diode Did the diode operate the same in steps 3 and 4 as it did in step 5 In steps 3 and 4 the diode was Forward Biased while it was Reverse Biased in step 5 Based on your data what do you think these terms mean What use might we have for diodes Sample Data Table Diode Type Forward Bias Reverse Bias Table 9 1 Va volts V AB volts V e volts Vgc volts BC AB Extensions D If your instructor has a zener diode carry out the same investigations that you did above What differences are there in basic diodes and zener diodes Use an LED light emitting diode to carry out the same investigations What differences are there between basic diodes and LED s Z IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 10 Transistors EQUIPMENT NEEDED AC DC Electronics Lab Board 1 kW Resistor 100 Q Resistor 2N3904 Transistor NPN Wire Leads 2 D cell Batteries Digital Multimeter DMM Opt
118. t S 1 2 Use t yo t In2 0 693 RC to calculate the capacitance C of the capacitor Capacitance Farad If a capacitance meter is available use it to measure the capacitance of the capacitor Using the Percent Difference method compare the measured value to the experimental value Remember the stated value of a capacitor may vary by as much as 20 from the actual measured value If a capacitance meter is not available use the Percent Difference method and compare the stated value e g 330 uF to the experimental value PASC Ci u cient AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Questions D The time to half maximum voltage is how long it takes the capacitor to charge halfway Based on your experimental results how long does it take for the capacitor to charge to 75 of its maxi mum After four half lifes i e time to half max to what percentage of the maximum charge is the capacitor charged What is the maximum charge for the capacitor in this experiment What are some factors that could account for the percent difference between the stated and experimental values s IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 13 LR Circuit EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier CI 6552A 2 Voltage Sensor CI 6503 AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 inductor coil amp core 10 Q resistor
119. t circuit circuit Each section of the common emitter amplifier circuit performs a specific function In Section 1 the Input Coupling Circuit keeps DC voltages from changing the bias circuit The function of Section 2 the Bias Circuit is to provide a voltage that keeps the transistor in its active region Section 3 is the Amplifier circuit Section 4 the Output Coupling Circuit allows only the AC signal from the transistor to reach the load resistor so that the load resistance doesn t affect the operating voltage PROCEDURE PART I Computer Setup D Connect the Science Workshop interface to the computer turn on the interface and turn on the computer Q Connect the Voltage Sensor to Analog Channel A Connect the Power Amplifier to Analog Channel B Plug the power cord into the back of the Power Amplifier and connect the power cord to an appropriate electrical receptacle Science Workshop 7 zh ANALOG CHANNELS Bm Me IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory In the Physics Folder of the Science Workshop Experiment Library open the document Macintosh P56 Transistor Lab 3 Windows P56 TRN3 SWS The document opens with a Scope display of Analog Output voltage V and Analog Channel A voltage V versus Time msec and the Signal Generator window which controls the Power Amplifier P56 Trar Common Emitter EE MATS ET REC zs EE E
120. t to the emitter terminal of the transistor to the component spring at the top left corner of the component area of the AC DC lab board Connect one 1 kQ resistor from the component spring at the top left corner of the component area and the component spring directly below Connect one five inch wire lead from the component spring next to the collector terminal of the transistor to the component spring to the right and slightly below Connect one 1 kQ resistor from the component spring at the end of the wire lead from the collector terminal to the component spring below and slightly to the right of the component spring at the end of the wire lead from the collector terminal Connect one 1 kQ resistor from the component sprint to the right of the top banana jack to the component spring directly to the left of the first component spring Connect a red banana plug patch cord from the positive terminal of the DC power supply to the top banana jack on the AC DC lab board di Connect a black banana plug patch cord from the negative terminal of the DC power supply to the bottom banana jack on the AC DC lab board 2 Connect the ten inch wire lead from the component spring next to the bottom banana jack to the component spring at the bottom end of the 1 kQ resistor that is connected to the emitter terminal of the transistor 3 Find the component spring at the end of the wire lead that is connected to the component spring at t
121. teries Purpose The purpose of this lab will be to experimentally determine some of the operating characteristics of semiconductor diodes Procedure A Connect the circuit shown in Figure 9 1a using the 1N4007 diode you ve been supplied and the 1 KQ resistor Use Figure 9 1b as a reference along with Figure 9 1a as you record your Battery data Note the direction that the diode is oriented with the dark band closer to point B A With the switch closed and the current flowing adjust the potentiom eter until there is a voltage of 0 05 volt between points B and C V e Mea sure the voltage across the diode V Record your values in the left hand side of Table 9 1 under Forward Bias Battery A Adjust the potentiometer to attain the following values for Ys c 0 1 0 2 0 3 2 0 volts Record the two voltages for each case Figure 9 1a A Remove the 1 KQ resistor and replace it with a 330 Q resistor Repeat steps 3 amp 4 going from a voltage of 0 3 0 4 2 0 volts Record Vac and V AB in each case Reverse the orientation of the diode Set the diode voltage V m to the values 0 5 1 0 3 0 volts Measure the resistor voltage Vio in each case Record these values in the columns labeled Reverse Bias Analysis Figure 9 1b Determine the current flow D in each setting by dividing the voltage acro
122. tical Q Is the plot of current V V versus frequency symmetrical about the resonant frequency Explain Atresonance the reactances of the inductor and the capacitor cancel each other so that the impedance Z is equal to just the resistance R Calculate the resistance of the circuit by using the amplitude of the current at resonance in the equation R T where V is the amplitude of the applied voltage Is this resistance equal to 10 Q Why not PASC Cii 2 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Optional D Use the voltage sensor in Analog Channel B to measure the peak voltage across each of the components of the circuit individually The sum of these peak voltages do not equal the applied peak voltage Why not Draw a phasor diagram to explain this Q Determine whether the resonant frequency depends on the resistance To see if the resistance makes a difference set the Scope to the resonant frequency and then replace the 10 Q resistor by a 100 Q resistor Does the resonant frequency increase decrease or stay the same 2 IZEIA scientific 012 05892A AC DC Electronics Laboratory Experiment 15 Diode Lab Part 1 EQUIPMENT NEEDED Computer and Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier CI 6552A 2 Voltage Sensor CI 6503 AC DC Electronics Lab Board EM 8656 2 Banana plug patch cords such as SE 9750 Purpose In this experiment the
123. ty of the leads red is black is In order to measure current the circuit must be interrupted and the current allowed to flow through the meter Disconnect the lead wire from the positive terminal of the battery and connect it to the red lead of the meter Connect the black lead to R where the wire originally was connected Record your reading in the table as I See Figure 6 2 Now move the DMM to the positions indicated in Figure 6 3 each time interrupting the circuit and carefully measuring the current in each one Complete the table on the top of the back page Figure 6 2 gt NOTE You will be carrying values from Experiments 3 and 4 into the table on the back PASC Cii i scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A R V R l V R L Va R I Vos R V3 Ru Vas Connect the parallel circuit below using all three resistors Review the instructions for connecting the DMM as an ammeter in step 2 Connect it first between the positive terminal of the battery and the parallel circuit junction to measure I Then interrupt the various branches of the parallel circuit and measure the individual branch currents Record your measurements in the table below Parallel R L V R I V R I V Rios I LN I Dis
124. uter Experiments Experiment 11 Ohm s Law IL esce ins el k la ie ra atre ta k n 20 Experiment 12 E Crotts case gn pi a aibi ters ien doin Seneca 37 Experiment 13 ER CIPUE iu odi ia rak eot nie voe ka pe y ne dka nk k k D NA 43 Experiment 14 LRC Circuit i5 4s 4 5545 51 55551 544254444 Ie tei e RR RERO 49 Expetiment 15 Diode Lab Part E 2d e esito k ya kani kan an 57 Experiment 16 Diode Lab Part ueritas 67 Experiment 17 Transistor Lab 1 The NPN Transistor a5 a Digital SWIC odes suc 5nd nne n n kak keley e k even siot 85 Experiment 18 Transistor Lab 2 Current Gain The NPN Einitter Pollower Amplifier eere een tnos 93 Experiment 19 Transistor Lab 3 Common Emitter Amplifier 101 Experiment 20 Induction Magnet Through a Coil 109 Appendix Tips and Troubleshooting esent od sueta tease 113 Teacher s Guide sikak k z 115 Technical SUpport E nn en Wan Back Cover L7 tii i cie AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Copyright Warranty and Equipment Return Please Feel free to duplicate this manual subject to the copyright restrictions below Copyright Notice The PASCO scientific Model EM 8656 AC DC Electron ics Laboratory manual is copyrighted and all rights reserved However permission is granted to non profit educational institutions for reproduction
125. xperiment Notes EE n ln Ey v div j 0 Hl KET 3 1 000 y GJ Ef Collector v div a ignal Generator AC Waveform Frequency 16v 300 00 Hz npn Common emitter amplifier Science Stretching the Boundaries Science Workshop 2 1 EXPERIMENT P56 Transistor Lab 3 npn Common Emitter Amplifier NOTE For quick reference see the Experiment Notes window To bring a display to the top click on its window or select the name of the display from the list at the end of the Display menu Change the Experiment Setup window by clicking on the Zoom box or the Restore button in the upper right hand corner of that window The Signal Generator is set to output Amplitude 0 20 V AC Waveform sine at Frequency 300 Hz Arrange the Scope display and the Signal Generator window so you can see both of them PART Il Sensor Calibration and Equipment Setup You do not need to calibrate the Voltage Sensors or Power Amplifier You will need the follow ing components Item Quantity Description Quantity 1 kQ resistor 10 uF capacitor 10 kQ resistor wire lead five inch 22 KQ resistor wire lead ten inch 1 uF capacitor 2N3904 transistor IZEIA un scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Yur EN Transistor 2N3904 7 3 VOLTS MAX 5V to Power Supply Ground
126. ylinder shape with one flat side The socket has three holes labeled E emitter B base and C collector When held so the flat side of the transistor faces you and the wire leads point down the left lead is the emitter the middle lead is the base and the right lead is the collector Gode 2N3904 transistor i gt CAUTION Connecting the E Emitter C Collector transistor incorrectly can destroy the transistor B Base Top view of transistor socket Connect the 1 kQ resistor brown black red vertically between the component spring at the left edge of the component area on the AC DC Electronics Lab Board Connect the 22 KQ resistor red red orange vertically between the component springs to the right of 1 KQ resistor Connect a wire lead between the component spring next to the emitter terminal of the transistor and the component spring at the top end of the 1 k resistor Connect another wire lead betweeen the component spring next to the base terminal of the transistor and the component spring at the top end of the 22 kQ resistor 6 Connect another wire lead betweeen the component spring next to the collector terminal of the transistor and the component spring next to the top banana jack PASC Cii 22 scientific AC DC Electronics Laboratory 012 05892A Connect a red banana plug patch cord from the positive terminal of the DC power supply to the top banana jack Con

PASCO Specialty & Mfg. EM-8656 User's Manual

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PASCO Specialty &amp; Mfg. EM-8656 User's Manual

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PASCO Specialty & Mfg. EM-8656 User's Manual