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Cabletron Systems DMS-100 User's Manual

1. Sheet 2 of 2 FTPCLOSE close the connection with the remote host FTPDEBUG set the debug messages on or off FTPOPEN establish a connection to the remote host FTPQUERY print the file attributes FTPQUIT close the connection GET get the file from the remote server HELP get information on commands LCD change the local working directory LRECL send the SITE LRECL command LS list the directory MKDIR create a directory NOOP send a NOOP command PASS set your password PUT send a file to a remote host PWD print the working directory QUIT close the connection and quit Cl QUOTE send arguments as typed to remote host RENAME rename a file RMDIR remove a directory SHOWSVUSERS show user related information STATUS display remote status SVRESERVE reserve one or more server sessions SVUNRESERVE remove one or more server session reservations USER login as another user under a different userlD Obtaining the IP address of the SuperNode host 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix C Using FTP 123 If you need to find out the IP address of a SuperNode host refer to the following tables e table IPNETWRK for address of the CM e table IPHOST for addresses of all other SuperNode hosts Tutorial basic FTP operations This section provides a set of procedures for using FTP on the DMS 100 switch to transfer files to and from the DMS 100 switch Use these procedures as either reference or as a tuto
2. This userID can no longer FTP to this node and login using the userID and password of johnh johnh Unreserve a session by typing ftp gt svunreserve 1 and pressing the Enter key Example ftp gt svunreserve 1 Example of a MAP response 0O SERVER SESSIONS STILL RESERVED You have completed this procedure Procedure 10 Adding a userID with limited set of commands Use this procedure to add a userID with a limited set of commands Step 1 Action Start the FTP tool without connecting to a host by typing ftp gt ftp and pressing the Enter key Reset the command mask to allow all commands by typing ftp gt commandmask clear and pressing the Enter key Example ftp gt commandmask clear Example of a MAP response Command mask has been cleared Set the command mask to disallow userID from using a command by typing ftp gt commandmask command mask_state and pressing the Enter key where command is a specific command mask_state is permission to use the command clear gives permission set denies permissions Example DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 134 Appendix C Using FTP ftp gt commandmask mkdir set Example of a MAP response Command mask for the mkdir command has been set 4 Add user information associated with this command mask by typing ftp gt adduserinfo user_id passwd default_dir privilege and pressing the Enter key where user_id is the user_ID pas
3. Ethernet LAN CD Workstation DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 60 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols Routing tables The IP routing table structure is briefly explained here The knowledge of IP routing tables is critical in understanding SuperNode IP routing issues The SuperNode IP routing information is organized locally on all hosts in two separate tables One table determines a routeset from a given destination IP address An example of this table is shown in table 3 A second table is used to determine the actual next hop IP address from the routeset derived from the first table An example of this table is shown in table 4 Table 3 IP routing table Destination Subnet Mask Routeset Type of Route Subnet 47 12 0 0 255 255 240 0 1 0 0 0 0 Gateway SuperNode 47 148 0 0 255 255 240 0 2 0 0 0 0 Gateway SuperNode 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 Default SuperNode These two tables are not datafilled through table control rather they are derived from control datafill in tables IPNETWRK IPROUTER and IPHOST Further these two tables may contain entries from dynamically learned routes either from RIP on the EIU or from ICMP redirect messages on other nodes Table 4 IP route list table Index Type of route list Node Status Address 1 Router EIU 132 Primary InSv 47 64 64 4 2 Router Host EIU 131 OutSv 47 64 64 2 EIU 133 InSv 47 64 64 5 EIU 205 Primary InSv 47
4. e error counts e I O counts operations completed e CPU occupancy DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 44 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 45 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols This chapter describes the Ethernet interface unit EIU software architecture e SuperNode software architecture e protocol engineering e Internet Protocol IP throttling CAUTION Possible loss of network security Using the Ethernet interface unit EIU and a telnet or file transfer protocol FTP session to establish a maintenance and administration position MAP session can introduce a security risk to both the DMS node and its subtending network When establishing and operating a MAP session in this way there is limited security for clear text user identification and passwords and for Internet Protocol IP addresses for screening This limited security makes an open local area network LAN vulnerable to entry by unauthorized persons Nortel recommends that the operating company as a minimal precaution integrate intermediate security servers with encryption to avoid unauthorized access to the switch For alternative approaches contact your Nortel representative to discuss state of the art secure OA amp M data communications equipment products By using the EIU telnet and FTP software the operating company assumes any and all risks associated with the implementation and
5. 100 switch The operating company can configure the EIU as either an IP or DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 178 Appendix H ASU background information Frame X 25 X OSI router or support host services The current list of router and host services that use dedicated EIUs include e automated directory assistance service ADAS e billing server e cellular digital packet data CDPD e programmable service node PSN e automatic file transfer AFT e remote management system RMS e internet central buffer manager ICM Additional applications supported by EIUs are updated in Provisioning Rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 02 001 EIUs are supported on the following platforms e link peripheral processor LPP e single shelf link peripheral processor SSLPP e SuperNode SE link interface shelf SNSE LIS relay interface unit DataSPAN is the Nortel frame relay service FRS offering DataSPAN is a high performance connection oriented packet switching data service DataSPAN is implemented using the frame relay interface unit FRIU The data transfer services are applicable to a variety of data communications including the following e OSI connectionless networking e IBM system network architecture SNA e transmission control protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP 75 link interface unit The DMS packet handler allows ISDN basic rate service access for both B and D channel
6. 24 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU Figure 1 Overall architecture of enhanced SuperNode system 9 track tape SOS SOS UNIX FP AP AP flexible provisionable provisionable file system computing computing Ethernet Communications server flexible data communications interface CaS Workstation DMS bus interface and expansion Two methods are used to interface processing engines to the DMS bus Direct links between the processors and the DMS bus is the primary method for establishing this connection A secondary method involves the LPP which is used to fan out the message switch MS By having two methods the DMS 100 switch has the flexibility for provisioning software functions to processors based on price performance and packaging criteria The LPP extends the MS fanout within a single cabinet This fanout is accomplished by using a second level MS pair to provide switching and by extending the messaging capability through an extended messaging bus These 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 25 second level message switches are referred to as local message switches LMS The frame transport bus F bus is a 32 Mbit s messaging bus that resembles the MS in its protocol The use of a narrower data path allows access to two buses through a single backplane This feature lets a single processor card connect to both planes of the LMS and to survive faults
7. 0 mins 4 secs 110 ms 3008 Bps 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 12 Appendix C Using FTP 129 You have completed this procedure Procedure 6 Copying a binary file from the remote host Step 1 Action Establish an FTP session and determine your location as described in procedure 1 in this appendix Determine the next step If the file Do is not on the current step 3 remote directory is on the current remote directory step 4 Change directory on the remote host by typing ftp gt cd path_name and pressing the Enter key where path_name is a valid directory path Example ftp gt cd team bin Example of a MAP response 250 CWD command successful Set the file type to binary by typing ftp gt binary and pressing the Enter key Example of a MAP response 200 Type set to I Determine the next step If the file Do is not stored on the step 6 current local directory is stored on the step 7 current local directory Change directory on the local host DMS 100 switch by typing ftp gt Icd path_name and pressing the Enter key DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 130 Appendix C Using FTP 10 where path_name is a valid directory path Example ftp gt Icd SOODTEMP Determine the next step If the filename Do has an extension that CANNOT have the record length automatically detected Refer to the section Automatic
8. MS 0 to 99 0 to 750 Option This field consists of subfield SNNODE SuperNode node Enter the name of the SuperNode node The node must first be datafilled in its inventory table For example FP must be datafilled in table APINV Up to eight nodes can be entered If less than eight are required end the list with a dollar sign Enter AP application processor and datafill refinement SMNINDEX Enter APU and datafill refinement APUINDEX Enter CM and go to refinement TXCAPCT Enter EIU and datafill refinement EIUINDEX Enter ELIU and datafill refinement ELIVUINDEX Enter FP file processor and datafill refinement SMNINDEX Enter MS message switch and datafill refinement MSINDEX Synchronized and matched node index If the entry in field SNNODE is AP or FP enter the synchronized and matched node SMN index Go to refinement TXCAPCT Application processor unit index If the entry in field SNNODE is APU enter the APU index Go to refinement TXCAPCT 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 93 Table 22 Field descriptions for table IPTHRON for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement EIUINDEX 0 to 750 Ethernet interface unit index If the entry in field SNNODE is EIU enter the EIU index Go to refinement TXCAPCT ELIUINDEX 0 to 750 Ethernet link interface unit index If the entry in field SNNODE is ELIU enter
9. March 1999 TLO9 Standard 02 01 Updated table IPNETWRK with correct datafill Implemented design review comments TLO8 Standard 02 01 References to file transport access manager FTAM deleted TLO7 February 1998 TLO7 Standard 01 01 First standard release of this document DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 vi Publication history 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 vii Contents About this document XV When to use this document xv How to check the version and issue of this document xv References in this document xv Internet request for comment documents xvi What precautionary messages mean xvii How commands parameters and responses are represented xviii Input prompt gt xviii Commands and fixed parameters xix Variables xix Responses xix Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 21 Overview of the EIU 22 System architecture 23 DMS bus interface and expansion 24 Inter message switch links required with LPP 25 Data communications interface architecture 25 Hardware description 28 Ethernet interface card NT9X84 31 Ethernet physical interfaces 32 Grounding requirements 33 Capabilities limitations and restrictions 33 EIU hardware capabilities and limitations 34 System wide limitations 36 Limitations associated with maintenance 36 Limitations associated with protocols 37 Feature packaging 38 EIU provisioning requirements 39 DMS bus inter MS provisioning 39 DMS bus external MS provisioning 40 EIU prov
10. PORT To specify the default interface for the CM enter Y To not specify the default interface for the CM enter N Enter NULLPARM for a null parameter This parameter is reserved for internal use 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 77 Table 12 Field descriptions for table IPNETWRK for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or refinement Entry Explanation and action SCRNFLAG IOM_NUM PORT PACKLET Sheet 3 of 3 GTWY_IPADDR YorN IP address with four numbers from 0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255 Screen flag If the entry in subfield PARM is SCRNFLAG datafill this refinement To activate IP screening enter Y To deactivate IP screening enter N Refer to data schema table EXNDINV in this document for IP screening capability If the entry in subfield PARM is DFLT_GTWY_IPADDR enter the default gateway IP address Separate each number in the address with a single space For example 47 2 11 109 is equivalent to an IP address of 47 2 11 109 Enter the IOM number Enter the associated IOM port number Enter the associated packlet number Sample datafill for table IPNETWRK Figure 16 shows sample datafill for table IPNETWRK for an EIU Figure 16 Datafill examples for table IPNETWRK pases CMIPADDR SUBNET OPTION oN PARMAREA 0 47 209 192 11 12 EIU 117 SCRNFLAG N 1 47 209 192 10 12 EIU_INTERFACE
11. address The end system could be a diskless workstation homed off a server Or it could be a portable computer belonging to an itinerant user sharing a pool of IP addresses with other itinerant users RFC903 defines RARP Proxy ARP The proxy ARP is used to help an IP device locate a destination device when the destination device is on a remote IP network or wire When a source station broadcasts an ARP request on the local wire and there is no station matching the destination IP address on the wire the source does not receive an ARP response from the actual destination Instead the router derives the destination IP wire address and searches for a match in its IP routing table If the destination IP wire address is present in the routing table the router responds with its MAC address This tells the source that the MAC address for the router is the MAC address for the destination station The source IP station has no idea that the destination is on another wire Proxy ARP is defined in RFC1027 Inverse ARP The inverse address resolution protocol InARP determines the IP address for a remote router on a particular frame relay data link connection identifier DLCID This IP address is the local frame relay address of a permanent virtual circuit PVC to a remote router Inverse ARP is defined in RFC2390 Bootstrap Protocol The bootstrap protocol BOOTP is a UDP IP based protocol that permits a booting host to configure itself d
12. cyclic redundancy checks CRC on data in transit and erroneous state detection These 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 4 EIU maintenance 109 indicators drive fault thresholds that trigger maintenance actions when exceeded e periodic functional audits to ensure that the hardware still functions e out of band resets that the DMS 100 switch initiates when detecting a severe problem An out of band reset is a hardware reset that is propagated outside of the normal message processing and protocol paths The EIU hardware diagnostics do not extend beyond the EIP NT9X85 Any faults in the AUI MAU or network are not necessarily detected by EIU diagnostics Manual system maintenance Maintenance personnel and engineers can manually maintain the EIU and related hardware in the same way that they maintain all DMS 100 and SuperNode hardware e commands are used to put the node into a variety of states for example OFFL and MBSY e problems on the node trigger automatic maintenance actions and raise alarms that notify maintenance personnel that a problem exists Maintenance activities includes the following e Alarm clearing Alarms are displayed along the top of the MAPCI hierarchy For information and procedures refer to Alarm Clearing and Performance Monitoring Procedures 297 xxxx 543 e Troubleshooting Maintenance personnel carry out troubleshooting procedure to try and isolate intermittent or difficu
13. e PMLOADS e LIUINV specifies EIU hardware e IPNETWRK specifies SuperNode network addresses e IPROUTER specifies EIUs as Ethernet routers e ENSITES specifies external node and service peripheral module SPM sites e ENTYPES specifies external node types Note Table IPROUTER is not required for interface EIUs DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 98 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Datafill Table 26 lists the fields and value ranges used to datafill an EIU in table EXNDINV While table 26 provides all the information you need to datafill for EIUs complete information on table EXNDINV is in DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 xxxx 350 Table 26 Field descriptions for table EXNDINV for EIU datafill Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement EXNDKEY see subfields External node key This key field consists of subfields ENPMTYPE and ENNODENO ENPMTYPE EXND External node peripheral module type Enter the PM type as follows e EXND external node Note These nodes are defined for all products A product may define additional types of nodes that are valid only for that product ENNODENO 0 to 31 External node number Enter a number to identify the external node number of the external node PM type ENNAME alphanumeric External node name vectorofupto12 Enter an external node name If the characters external node runs the UNIX operating system a suggested value for the field is the
14. enter the message switch port number Link interface module number If the entry in field CONTROL is LIM enter the host LIM number on which the LIU resides Otherwise leave this field blank Shelf number Enter the shelf number at the host LIM on which the EIU is located 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 71 Table 11 Field descriptions for table LIUINV for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement LIUSLOT 8 to 31 Link interface slot Enter the slot number at the host LIM on which the EIU resides The EIU occupies two card slots The left most card represents the logical location of the card All the shelves that are datafilled on a particular controller must be of the same type two slot shelves LOAD alphanumeric Software load name vector of upto 8 Enter the table software load name characters applicable to the EIU This load is found in table PMLOADS PROCINFO see subfield Processor information This field specifies the product engineering code PEC of the processors used in the LIU This field consists of subfield PROCPEC PROCPEC NTEX22BA or Processor product engineering code NTEX22BB Enter the PEC of the processor card NTEX22CA used in the EIU as follows e NTEX22BA and NTEX22BB are the PECs for the 8 Mbyte integrated processor and F bus interface cards The difference between the NTEX22BA and NTEX22BB cards i
15. information contained in this document is the property of Northern Telecom Except as specifically authorized in writing by Northern Telecom the holder of this document shall keep the information contained herein confidential and shall protect same in whole or in part from disclosure and dissemination to third parties and use same for evaluation operation and maintenance purposes only Information is subject to change without notice DATASpan DMS DMS 100 DMS 100 200 DMS 200 MAP Meridian Nortel SuperNode and SuperNode Data Manager are trademarks of Northern Telecom Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Coporation Macintosh is a trademark of Apple Corp Sun is a trademark of Sun Microsystems HP is a trademark of Hewlett Packard Ltd Document number 297 8991 910 Document issue 03 01 Document status Standard Date August 1999 Printed in the United States of America NORTEL NORTHERN TELECOM
16. l I Field subnet in table IPNETWRK i Class B indicator subnet id hostid 2tol4bits 2to14bits For any class the hostid can be split into a subnet id and a hostid depending on custom er requirements This helps simplify routing to areas For class B network the subnet id can range from 2 to 14 bits Note 1 Network ids and host ids which are comprised of all 1 s or all 0 s are reserved therefore subtract 2 from the subnet id and hostid to get the actual count Note 2 There are also special addresses that are reserved for unconnected networks networks that use IP but are not connected to the Internet Class B networks have 16 of these special addresses ranging from 172 16 0 0 to 172 31 0 0 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 155 Figure 32 Subnet mask class B Base_Tel 12 IPNETWRK CLASS B subnet masks netmask No subnets 16382 8190 4090 2046 1022 510 254 No hosts 255 255 192 0 255 255 224 0 255 255 240 0 255 255 248 0 255 255 252 0 255 255 254 0 255 255 255 0 255 255 255 128 255 255 255 192 255 255 255 224 255 255 255 240 255 255 255 248 255 255 255 252 Host Router Netmask in binary format 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 1111111
17. subfields LIUTYPE and LIUNO This field uniquely identifies the EIU LIUTYPE EIU Link interface unit type The Ethernet interface unit EIU replaces the data communication processor DCP Sheet 1 of 4 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 70 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Table 11 Field descriptions for table LIUINV for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or refinement Entry Explanation and action LIUNO LOCATION LOCATION CTRL CONTROL MSCARD MSPORT LIMNUM SHELFNUM Sheet 2 of 4 Oto 511 see subfields see subfield LIM or MS 5 to 23 O0to3 0 to 16 Oto3 Link interface unit number Enter the number assigned to the EIU The actual physical location of the EIU This field identifies the shelf and slot number where the EIU is located Location Enter the location of the EIU on the host link interface module This field consists of subfields CTRL SHELFNUM and LIUSLOT Control information This field consists of subfield CONTROL Controlling host entity Enter MS if the host is a message switch and datafill subfields MSCARD and MSPORT Enter LIM if the controlling host is a link interface module and datafill field LIMNUM Message switch card If the entry in field CONTROL is MS enter the message switch card number Any entries outside the range indicated for this field are invalid Message switch port If the entry in field CONTROL is MS
18. 1 47 105 144 2 subnet or new network on this side of external router EIU 2 47 105 150 3 47 1N5 144 4 Notes 1 Class and network are the same on both sides of EIU but subnets are different 2 Subnet size must be the same for all subnets on a network ie subnetX size subnetY size TABLE LIUINV a MAC address EIU 1 LIM 0 1 26 ERS09BB NTEX22BB NT9X84AA NT9X85AA YES 00075F17009 EIU 2 LIM 0 2 14 ERS09BB NTEX22BB NT9X84AA N 9X85AA YES 00075F17015 TABLE IPNETWRK a Default EIU 47 105 150 1 12 EIU 1 SCRNFLAG N TABLE IPHOST 0 64 32 32 U 1 47 105 150 2 47 105 144 2 32 8 8 U 2 47 105 150 3 47 105 144 4 32 8 8 E IPROUTER EIU 1 47 105 150 2 47 105 144 2 EIU 2 47 105 150 3 47 105 144 4 SubnetX size t p 255 255 240 0 router mask 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix F EIU supported configurations 169 Figure 42 Interface configuration part 1 Subnet 1 Subnet 1 q _ ___ gt classA networkidB subnetX hostZ classA networkidB subnetX hostZ 47 105 150 1 47 105 150 2 47 105 150 3 47 105 150 1 External router Can be another subnet or new network on this side of external router Note The CM node can support up to 16 different IP addresses MAC address TABLE LIUINV EIU 1 LIM 0 1 26 ERSO9BB NTEX22BB NT9X84AA NT9X85AA YES 000075F17009 EIU 2 LIM 0 2 14 ERSO9BB NTEX22BB NT9X84AA NT9X85
19. 1999 189 List of terms ACCS automated calling card system ADAS automated directory assistance service AIN advanced intelligent network ALP application layer program APU application processor unit APUX application processor for Unix ARP address resolution protocol ASU application specific unit ATF automatic file transfer AUI attachment unit interface BCS batch change supplement BMS buffer management system BMSM BMS manager BOOTP boot protocol CCS7 common channel signaling for SS7 CLASS custom local area signaling service CSMA CD carrier sense multiple access with collision detection CDPD cellular digital packet data CI command interpreter DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 190 List of terms CM computing module CPU central processing unit DATAS DMS Accounting and Traffic Analysis System DCP data communication processor now EIU DMS Digital Multiplex System DTMF dual tone multifrequency E800 enhanced 800 services EIC Ethernet interface card EIP Ethernet interface paddle board EIU Ethernet interface unit EMI electromagnetic interference F Bus frame transport bus FIFO first in first out FLIS fiberized link interface shelf FP file processor FRIU frame relay interface unit FRS frame relay service FTA frame transport address FTP file transfer protocol FTS Frame Transport System GMP global messaging process IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc ICBM I
20. 64 64 3 Each routing table entry see table 3 contains a destination IP address IP address subnet mask list of route lists routeset that reach the destination IP and other fields that indicate type of route and subnet type The IP routing algorithm is used to determine the routeset that can reach the destination IP address Each route list table entry see table 4 contains one route list The route list is composed of a list of routers that share common router characteristics For instance all EIU IP routers configured on the same LAN are grouped in one route list The primary router is determined in each route list entry For a given host node the primary router is the EIU that packets are sent to The primary 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 61 router is determined based on the simple load balancing rules and the status of the router IP Screening Packets destined for the Supernode can be screened at the IP level If the source of the packet is determined to be invalid the packet is dropped by the EIU For more information refer to data schema table EXNDINV in this document Protocol engineering This section provides information on engineering rules and data for each of the protocol layers It also contains discussions on the maintenance of the protocol stack and its performance IP throttling IP throttle engineering is required to control congestion in the D
21. 777 216 2 hosts if no subnets 32 S I _ 0 networkid l hostid I1 bit lt t 7 bits gt lt 24 bits j Field subnet in table IPNETWRK Class A indicator subnet id hostid l ma 2 to 22 bits 4 2 to 22 bits gt For any class the hostid can be split into a subnet id and a hostid depending on customer requirements This helps simplify routing to areas For class A network the subnet id can range from 2 to 22 bits Note 1 Network ids and host ids which are comprised of all 1 s or all 0 s are reserved Therefore subtract 2 from the subnet id and hostid to get the actual count Note 2 There are also special addresses that are reserved for unconnected networks networks that use IP but are not connected to the Internet Class A networks have one of these special addresses namely 10 0 0 0 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 153 Figure 30 Subnet mask class A CLASS A subnet masks Base_Tel 10 IPNETWRK No subnets No hosts netmask ___Netmask in binary format__ subnet size 4194302 255 192 0 0 11111111 11000000 00000000 00000000 2 2097150 255 224 0 0 11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000 3 1048574 255 240 0 0 11111111 11110000 00000000 00000000 4 524286 255 248 0 0 11111111 11111000 00000000 00000000 262142 255 252 0 0 11111111 11111100 00000000 00000000 131070 255 254
22. After a connection is established the client redirects all keyboard input to the server which passes it on to the accessed program The server intercepts all program output and redirects it to the client which prints it on the client machine screen The DMS 100 telnet server implementation has the following features e remote access to the DMS 100 switch through telnet e increased maximum number of simultaneous telnet sessions supported on the DMS 100 switch e logs that report on the telnet software e dynamic assignment of telnet sessions Telnet functionality has been implemented in the DMS 100 switch to provide access to the CI and the MAPCI which are running on a DMS core CM from a workstation or other FTP capable devices on an Ethernet LAN 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 53 The MAPCI supports asynchronous output to both the scroll area and a full screen area The input however is buffered in a line by line mode This combination of features requires that the telnet client perform echoing of input characters The telnet server translates MAP display updates into VT100 character strings and sends them to the telnet client at the remote end Telnet clients must directly connect to the CM using the CM address Transmission control protocol TCP is a reliable transport layer protocol that provides communications services to various applications like telnet FTP and so on TC
23. Bulletin SEB 92 02 001 SuperNode Data Manager Simplex User Guide 297 505 1 900 Internet request for comment documents The following documents contain information related to Internet Protocol These documents are available from the Internet Network Information Center servers An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol RFC826 Bootstrap Protocol RFC951 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 xvii e Clarifications and Extensions for the Bootstrap Protocol RFC1542 e File Transfer Protocol RFC959 e Internet Control Message Protocol RCF792 e Internet Protocol RFC791 OSPF Version 2 RFC1583 e Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RFC903 e Routing Information Protocol RFC1058 e Telnet Protocol Specifications RFC495 e Transmission Control Protocol RFC793 e User Datagram Protocol RFC768 e Using ARP to Implement Transparent Subnet Gateways RFC1027 What precautionary messages mean The types of precautionary messages used in Northern Telecom Nortel documents include attention boxes and danger warning and caution messages An attention box identifies information that is necessary for the proper performance of a procedure or task or the correct interpretation of information or data Danger warning and caution messages indicate possible risks Examples of the precautionary messages follow ATTENTION Information needed to perform a task ATTENTION If the unused DS 3 ports are not deprovisioned before a DS 1 VT Mapper
24. Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 43 Logs alarms and OMs In general the subsystems that generate logs alarms and OMs do not have significant changes apart from the standard DMS 100 reporting sub systems CAUTION Possible loss of information If a telnet session drops logs and OMs may be lost Log reports All logs from the EIU conform to the DMS OAM infrastructure Log messages are formatted in the DMS core for display using the standard DMS log system Alarms The EIU uses the DMS alarm system to report faults Alarms are raised by major maintenance state changes usually brought on by hardware problems or overload conditions In addition the MAP interface displays a composite alarm banner across the top of the screen This banner displays alarms with the most urgent priority as maintenance personnel clear the highest priority alarms next in priority display for each subsystem In a healthy DMS 100 switch that is operations are normal there are few alarms occurring Operational measurements The EIU uses the DMS OM collection system to collect and distribute operational measurements The DMS OM subsystem also generates simple reports OMs can be transferred to down stream processors for more detailed analysis In general operational measurements can be used to determine performance and capacity in operational components General types of operational measurements gathered by the switch include the following
25. DMS to workstation 138 Table 36 IP address classes 150 Table 37 NIC IP address request form 172 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 XV About this document This document is a source of information for the Ethernet interface unit EIU product The document provides the following information e hardware description e protocol descriptions e datafill requirements e maintenance e background information supporting the main chapters When to use this document Use this document for understanding the installation of the EIU and for operating and maintaining the EIU How to check the version and issue of this document The version and issue of the document are indicated by numbers for example 01 01 The first two digits indicate the version The version number increases each time the document is updated to support a new software release For example the first release of a document is 01 01 In the next software release cycle the first release of the same document is 02 01 The second two digits indicate the issue The issue number increases each time the document is revised but rereleased in the same software release cycle For example the second release of a document in the same software release cycle is 01 02 To determine which version of this document applies to the software in your office and how documentation for your product is organized consult the release information in Publication history on pa
26. Do you want MILNET to announce your network to the NSFNET Y N 5b Do you have an alternate connection other than MILNET to the NSFNET Y N 5c Please state an alternate connection if the answer to 5b answer is yes 5d If you answered yes to 5b would you like the MILNET connection as a backup path to the NSFNET Y N 6 Estimate the number of hosts that will be on the network within the following time periods 6a Initially 6b Within one year 6c Within two years 6d Within five years Sheet 3 of 4 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix G IP network number requests 175 Table 37 NIC IP address request form IP address request form continued 7 Unless a strong and convincing reason is presented the network if it qualifies at all will be assigned a class C network number If a class C network number is not acceptable for your purposes state why Note If there are plans for more than a few local networks and more than 100 hosts you are strongly urged to consider subnetting See RFC 950 7a Reason for class A or B address 8 Networks are characterized as being either Research Defense Government Non Defense or Commercial and the network address space is shared between these four areas Which type is this network 8a Type of network 9 What is the purpose of the network 9a Purpose of network PLEASE ALLOW AT LEAST 8 WORKING DAYS FOR PROCESSIN
27. FILE_NAME The above command sequence e sets the transfer type to ASCII e sets the logical record length to 132 bytes e puts the file in the current directory of the DMS Send a LOAD68kK file to the DMS Sheet 2 of 3 WS gt binary WS gt put file_name load68k where file_name is the name of the file on the host node FILE_NAME LD is the name of the target file on the DMS The above command sequence e sets the transfer type to binary e puts the file in the current directory of the DMS DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 138 Appendix C Using FTP Table 34 FTP operations reference workstation to DMS Action Command sequence Send an image file to the DMS Send an unlPLed load to the DMS Sheet 3 of 3 WS gt binary WSs site Irecl 1020 WS gt put file_name image FILE_NAME where file_name is the name of the file on the workstation and FILE_NAME is the target file name in uppercase on the DMS WS gt binary WSs site Irecl 512 WS gt put file_name sosimage FILE_NAME_UNIPL where file_name is the name of the file on the workstation and FILE_NAME_UNIPL is the target file name in uppercase on the DMS Table 35 shows FTP operations for sessions started on a DMS 100 switch for connection to a workstation In this scenario the DMS 100 switch is the local host and the workstation is the remote host Table 35 FTP operations reference DMS to workstation Action F
28. YES YES Table IPHOST Table IPHOST assigns the IP addresses to SuperNode end hosts SuperNode end hosts can have one or two addresses depending on the entry in field NODENAME Table IPHOST activates the TCP layer and its applications on those nodes Note If the TCPCONN field in table IPHOST is set to 0 communication in related applications stops Table IPHOST also supports application processor AP and file processor FP datafill for both Support Operating System SOS nodes and for SOS SuperNode UNIX SNIX nodes for which two IP addresses are needed 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 81 Datafill sequence and implications The following tables must be datafilled before table IPHOST e IPNETWRK e Inventory tables for nodes that are datafilled in field nodename in table IPHOST Before entering data into table IPROUTER Nortel Networks recommends placing the corresponding EIUs referred to in the datafill in the OFFL state Note In the assignment of IP addresses the LAN side and the workstation need to be on different subnets from the DMS peripheral module PM Datafill Table 14 lists the fields and value ranges used to datafill an EIU in table IPHOST While table 14 provides all the information you need to datafill for EIUs complete information on table IPHOST is in DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 xxxx 350 Table 14 Field descriptions for table IPHOST for EIU dataifill Field Subf
29. address for the ELIU host TCPCONN 2 Transmission control protocol connections Correct entry is 2 NODENAME FP If the entry in field NODENAME is FP enter data in the following refinements SMNINDEX SNADDR TCPCONN FTPCLCON FTPSVCON UNIXADDR DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 88 Chapter 3 EIU datafill The datafill appears in the following table Table 20 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME FP NODENAME MS If the entry in field NODENAME is MS enter the data in the following refinements MSINDEX SNADDR TCPCONN FTPCLCON FTPSVCON Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement SMNINDEX 0 to 99 File processor index Enter the file processor index number SNADDR table of 4 Internet Protocol address for node 0 to 255 Enter the IP address of the SuperNode side of the node TCPCONN 0 to 32 Transmission contro protocol connections Enter the transmission control protocol connections number FTPCLCON Oto 16 File transfer protocol connections Enter the file transfer protocol connections number FTPSVCON Oto 16 File transfer protocol server connections Enter the FTP server number UNIXADDR table of 4 Internet Protocol host identification for 0 to 255 APUX Enter the UNIX IP identification for the APUX 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 89 The datafill appears in the following table Table 21 Field descrip
30. an Ethernet node has an IP address and responds to Internet control message protocol ICMP Examples of external nodes are UNIX workstations such as SUN and HP communication servers and mainframes Another example of a standard communications protocol is X 25 which is also supported Table EXNDINV contains information about external nodes that are either connected to the DMS SuperNode switch by an EIU or connected to the DMS SuperNode or NT40 switch by an IOC X 25 card Each tuple in the table contains the node name address protocol and other information about the external node 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 97 Table EXNDINV filters IP packets Only packets with a specified source IP address can access DMS IP nodes The SCRNFLG option in table IPNETWRK enables this functionality Figure 23 shows table EXNDINV filtering IP packets Figure 23 Table EXNDINV filters IP packets 47 105 150 1 47 208 8 2 Note Packets for WS 1 are blocked while packets WS 1 WS 2 from 47 208 8 96 47 208 8 82 BLE IPNETWRK 47 105 150 1 16 EIU 1 SCRNFLAG Y TABLE IPROUTER EIU 1 47 105 150 2 47 208 8 2 YES YES TABLE ENXDINV EXND 0 WS 2 ENIP 47 208 8 82 MER MER 1 A 1 HP_WS bmerh818 ALL TCP ICMP UDP NA NA N J Datafill sequence and implications For external nodes that communicate using ICMP the following tables must be datafilled before table EXNDINV
31. and services To provision beyond this maximum either a separate SSLPP or LPP must be added to the office Figure 46 on page 184 provides an overview of the SNSE LIS configuration with its inter shelf F bus connection to the MS DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 184 Appendix H ASU background information Figure 46 SNSE LIS architecture Rate Rate adapter adapter Intershelf F bus 0 Intershelf F bus 1 F bus F bus repeater repeater F bus F bus repeater repeater 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 185 Appendix l Obtaining a MAC address Overview This appendix provides information on media access control MAC addresses and on obtaining a MAC address for the Ethernet interface unit EIU The standard among manufacturers of Internetworking hardware is that the MAC address is hard coded in read only memory ROM on each device The address becomes a unique identifier and this standard ensures that no two devices have the same identifier The EIU departs from this standard in that while Nortel controls the MAC address and the address is still unique the operating company is responsible for recording this address in datafill While there is flexibility in assigning the MAC address to EIU this flexibility can cause problems if MAC addresses are not unique across the network or the Internetwork The operating company must ensure that the datafilled address is correc
32. does not route messages between nodes on the same or distinct LANs The purpose of an EIU is to provide SuperNode connectivity to the LAN It is not intended to act as a router between two Ethernet LANs The EIU however routes messages to another EIU SuperNode host address if the other EIU is configured as a host and is connected to a different Ethernet LAN subnet The IP routing software is identical on all SuperNode nodes including an EIU The optional RIP version 1 is implemented on the EIU to participate in dynamic routing information exchange RIP allows the SuperNode switch to route messages to hosts on distant LANs nodes not directly connected on the LAN where EIUs are connected EIUs use proxy ARP for other SuperNode IP hosts and for host EIUs on other Ethernet LANs When an EIU is ISTb NA it is still connected to the Ethernet LAN and responds to packets received over the LAN The EIU is aware that the connection to the SuperNode switch is not available Awareness is achieved through the EIU by issuing a reverse RIP to neighboring routers to indicate that the EIU can no longer route to the SuperNode subnet A typical SuperNode network topology that is currently supported is shown in figure 14 in this chapter 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 59 Figure 14 An example SuperNode Ethernet APUX10 Ethernet LAN Ethernet LAN Router CCD Router Workstation
33. field consists of subfields WORD_ EIU and EIU_RNG You can enter up to a maximum of two options If you enter less than two options end the entry with a This field defines the default EIU used for routing Ethernet interface unit Enter ElU Ethernet interface unit or EXTERNAL ROUTER Ethernet interface unit range Enter the number that is assigned to the EIU Parameter area This optional field consists of subfield PARM You can enter a maximum of 12 multiples of this field If you enter less than 12 multiples end the list of entries with a DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 76 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Table 12 Field descriptions for table IPNETWRK for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or refinement Entry Explanation and action PARM DFLT_ INTERFACE Sheet 2 of 3 SCRNFLAG EIU_INTERFACE DFLT_GTWY_IP ADDR IOM_ INTERFACE IOP_INTERFACE YorN NULLPARM Parameter lf a screening flag is a requirement enter SCRNGLAG Enter refinement SCRNFLAG To specify an EIU interface as the LAN interface for the CM enter refinements for WORD_EIU and EIU_RNG If a default gateway IP address for the network is a requirement enter refinement GTWY_IPADDR To specify an IOM interface as the LAN interface for the network enter refinements IOMNUM and PORT To specify an XA Core IOP interface as the LAN interface fo rthe network enter refinements IOMNUM PACKLET and
34. is represented in hexadecimal without any spaces between digits The MAC_ADDRESS must be of the form 000075Fxxxxx MAC addresses for ElUs are defined by Nortel Refer to Appendix l Obtaining a MAC address for more information on MAC addresses Sheet 4 of 4 EIU MAC addresses By industry convention MAC addresses for networking devices are unique worldwide In typical networking devices the MAC address is burned into a PROM on the circuit pack However for EIUs on the DMS 100 switch the 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 73 MAC address is datafilled The operating company obtains the MAC address from Nortel and Nortel in turn controls the distribution of the addresses so that all addresses remain unique The operating company must ensure that this address is datafilled correctly for each EIU For details on MAC addresses refer to Appendix I Obtaining a MAC address IP addresses By industry convention IP addresses must also be unique This address is used at a network level to route information to nodes in a LAN or WAN environment IP addresses are regulated by the Network Information Center NIC For details on IP addresses refer to Appendix H IP network number requests and Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing Sample datafill for table LIUINV Figure 15 shows sample datafill for table LIUINV for an EIU Figure 15 Datafill example fo
35. level of robustness follows standard DMS maintenance philosophy a node must be maintainable even under overload conditions Lab tests show that a moderately loaded LAN with broadcast messages resulted in the workstation and the router locking up while the EIU remained functional The workstations were overloaded to the point that all activity within the operating system stopped e the on screen clock stopped ticking e the cursor did not respond to mouse movements e keystrokes were ignored e outgoing LAN activity stopped e programs were not aware that a period of time had elapsed e the router stopped routing packets 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 4 EIU maintenance 107 The EIU remained fully functional throughout the test Although traffic from the EIU stopped the stoppage was due to all other components on the LAN being non functional and there was nothing left for the EIU to communicate with These test also showed that maintenance personnel could remote login to the EIU start a CI process look at OMs and finally remote logout The EIU could also successfully complete an in service test and could be manual busied then returned to service after successfully completing the out of service test EIU sparing requirements The EIU is a variation on the CCS7 link interface unit 7 LIU7 that Nortel developed for the DMS signaling transfer point STP The central maintenance software for the EIU is based on
36. not meet the above criteria the QUOTE command can be issued to switch to VAR record length for binary transfer mode Volume listing is available via any FTP connection to the DMS 100 switch To list the available volumes when connected to the DMS FTP server type the following command ws gt ls The system automatically capitalizes filenames when it is connected to a DMS FTP server The DMS SuperNode filename convention is to use an uppercase format for all files even though it provides for lower case Therefore any filenames included with commands sent to the DMS FTP server are automatically capitalized If a filename needs to be lowercase enclose the filename in single quotation marks to prevent automatic capitalization of the filename Since the DMS SuperNode system does not have a global security concept the FTP server implementation contains a security mechanism This mechanism relies on the applications to inform about the potential userIDs and passwords for valid FTP logins from remote FTP clients The applications reserve a number of FTP server sessions and provide a set of valid userIDs and passwords This information is kept as a database and is compared with the userI D password combination whenever a remote client tries to login The activation and deactivation of the FTP layer on a node is controlled by the datafill in table IPHOST The tuple for a particular node contains the number of server and client sessions allowed on
37. not required If both the IP address and the number of TCP connections are modified the consequences are similar to the situation in which only the number of TCP connections is decreased The system generates a log for each connection dropped This functionality must be exercised very cautiously since it may 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 63 cause TCP to drop the existing connections which could cause a temporary outage of all TCP applications FTP session control Similar to the concept of TCP numbers FTP sessions client and server on each node are managed by the parameters FTPSVCON and FTPCLCON in table IPHOST These parameters control the number of FTP server and client sessions allowed on a particular node There is no maximum limit defined for these numbers but they are governed by the number of TCP connections allowed on the node Since each FTP session consumes two TCP connections control and data the total number of FTP client and server sessions taken together cannot exceed half the number of TCP connections allowed on that node This restriction obviously does not take into account other TCP applications on the node The operating company must ensure that the values in datafill are adequate for all other TCP applications telnet MDR7 ROSP and so on The number of FTP server and client sessions are tightly coupled with the number of server and client processes respectiv
38. of FTP clients 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix F EIU supported configurations 167 Figure 40 Router configurations Subnet 1 Subnet 2 lt _ ___ classA networkidB subnetX hostZ classA networkidB subnetY hostZ 47 105 150 1 47 105 144 3 47 105 144 1 router Can be another 47 105 150 2 ElU 1 47 105 144 2 subnet or new network on this side of external router 47 105 150 3 47 1N5 144 4 Notes 1 Class and network are the same on both sides of EIU but subnets are different 2 Subnet size must be the same for all subnets on a network ie subnetX size subnetY size TABLE LIUINV a MAC address EIU 1 LIM 0 1 26 ERSO9BB NTEX22BB NT9X84AA NT9X85AA YES 00075F17009 EIU 2 LIM 0 2 14 ERSO9BB EX22BB NT9X84AA NT9OX85AA YES O00075F17015 TABLE IPNETWRK a Default EIU 0 47 105 150 1 12 EIU 1 SCRNFLAG TABLE IPHOST 0O CMO 64 32 32 TABLE IPROUTER 1 EIU 1 47 105 150 4 47 105 144 2 2 EIU 2 47 105 150 3 47 105 144 4 J SubnetX size gt 255 255 240 0 router mask DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 168 Appendix F EIU supported configurations Figure 41 Host and router configuration Subnet 1 Subnet 2 lt ___ gt classA networkidB subnetX hostZ classA networkidB subnetY hostZ 47 105 150 1 47 105 144 3 47 105 144 1 Host External router Can be another 47 105 150 2 EIU
39. on one plane Links interconnecting planes of the LMSs are provided to allow transparent message rerouting in the case of single faults Note Because the interconnecting F bus is a wire bus it is limited to a single cabinet Inter message switch links required with LPP Inter message switch links IML between the MS planes are also required to improve robustness For example two peripherals such as an applications processor and an EIU can lose communication with each other if they message through different planes of the MS In this scenario assume that one peripheral is messaging through plane 0 only because of a failure If the second peripheral loses its link to plane 0 the two peripherals cannot communicate even though they can communicate to the DMS core for maintenance purposes For this reason there is a pair of IMLs in integrated service node ISN switches These IMLs are DS512 links that operate at 1024 Kbit s Other improvements to the MS hardware are also required to conform with the ISN maintenance strategies Data communications interface architecture The overall architecture of the data communications subsystem is based partially on the premise that the processing and the access method for these entities must be separate For this reason application processors AP have the intelligence to drive the link protocols This arrangement allows freedom to change access methods and allows flexibility in satisfying the process
40. operating company can install the EIU only on SuperNode shelves including the LPP but not the 24 slot LPP FLIS and SuperNode SE link DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 34 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU interface shelf SNSE LIS Nortel has tested the EIU for installation operation administration and maintenance on each of these platforms EIU hardware capabilities and limitations The following points describe EIU specific limitations An Ethernet message is 1518 bytes long including 128 transmit and 128 receive buffers The EIP NT9X85AA implements the unshielded twisted pair AUI interface which provides the physical link to the LAN The EIC NT9X84AA implements most of the MAC layer Only the 2 card EIU based on the IPF NTEX22BA BB is supported The 4 Mbyte EIU NTEX22AA is not supported The 8 Mbyte EIU based on the IPF NTEX22BB is now standard All customer sites must upgrade The EIU and the TCP IP protocols are suitable for connecting low to medium speed peripherals such as terminal servers and workstations to the SuperNode switch The EIU acts as an IP router for IP capable nodes such as the DMS core file processors FP and application processors AP The EIU can perform this function subject to the limitations identified in this document The TCP IP protocols allow interworking with a very large number of third party vendor s equipment The EIU unlike equipment from many other majo
41. products By using the EIU telnet and FTP software the operating company assumes any and all risks associated with the implementation and use of this hardware and software EIU maintenance is limited to hardware diagnostics for the Ethernet interface card EIC and the Ethernet interface paddle board EIP The maintenance procedures do not include detection or isolation of hardware faults for LAN equipment beyond the EIP such as a media access unit MAU or hub However the DMS 100 switch can detect some local area network LAN faults which it reports using EIU in service trouble alarms and logs DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide August 1999 104 Chapter 4 EIU maintenance EIU MAP level EIU information is available on the maintenance and administration position command interface MAPCI display under the PM level The command to access the EIU MAP display is as follows gt MAPCI MTC PM POST EIU n ALL where n is the EIU index The maintenance actions implemented for an EIU are similar to those required for any other application specific unit ASU on the LPP Manual busy state The EIU can be set to the manual busy state from the following states e Offi the off line state e InSv the in service state e IsTb the in service trouble state On the MAP display manual busy is shown as ManB The EIU software load can be downloaded to the EIU processor only in the ManB state through the LOADPM command When th
42. service nodes Changes made to the IP address component in table IPNETWRK also force auto configuration of the IP address components of all the nodes listed in tables IPROUTER and IPHPOST The auto reconfiguration routine validates the changes made in table IPNETWRK against the current entries in tables IPROUTER and IPHOST If the new parameters of IPNETWRK table do not conform with all the current entries in the other two tables auto configuration is not performed and the reasons are displayed The validation routine for auto configuration validates the host IDs of all the nodes in tables IPHOST and IPROUTER with the new host ID size being proposed in table IPNETWRK The changes cannot be made to table IPNETWRK if the validation for auto configuration fails If the changes are validated for auto configuration the modified data in table IPNETWRK is propagated to all nodes along with the modified data as a result of auto configuration of tables IPROUTER and IPHOST Boot protocol BOOTP may automatically datafill the FPs in table IPHOST even though EIUs are datafilled automatically Table LIUINV Table LIUINV describes the hardware configuration for application specific units ASU EIU hardware information is datafilled in this table Currently the system allows a maximum of eight EIUs per switch EIUs can be on a single link peripheral processor LPP or in multiple LPPs according to the limitations imposed by product integrity testin
43. software resides on many nodes within the DMS 100 switch It resides on all FPs and on the CM as well Users can FTP directly to the CM the FP or any other nodes that have FTP software installed In this document the CM is used for illustration although FTP exists in other nodes as well FTP has limited resources and should be considered as a shared resource Although FTP sessions time out and deallocate within 10 minutes of idling users are advised to manually terminate their sessions as soon as their work is done File name conventions This section gives a number of guidelines to help you choose proper file names while working with FTP on the DMS 100 switch e If you have a client session on the DMS 100 switch full path names must start with a slash 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Example DMS gt get DMS gt put source a b filename destination Appendix C Using FTP 121 a b filename e Ifyou have aclient session on the DMS 100 switch destination and source file names on the local host can be in lowercase or uppercase But since the DMS CI tries to convert every letter on the command line to uppercase you must take care and place single quotes around path names that are in lowercase Also use single quotes when using a forward slash in a pathname or filename Example DMS gt get DMS gt put S00 dmopro exec SOODTEMP DMOPRO DTEMP RE
44. switch For alternative approaches contact your Nortel representative to discuss state of the art secure OA amp M data communications equipment products By using the EIU telnet and FTP software the operating company assumes any and all risks associated with the implementation and use of this hardware and software DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 142 Appendix D Using telnet Telnet access to a switch CAUTION Possible loss of service To avoid reliability problems establish telnet sessions on the DMS switch only with CSPO5 software and above If you encounter problems contact your next level of support Procedure 12 Telnetting into a switch for MAP session access pre CSP05 Step 1 2 10 11 Action Go to the Cl level of the MAP display Open table IPHOST by typing gt table IPHOST and pressing the Enter key List available ElUs by typing gt list all and pressing the Enter key Locate the EIU in the list and determine a the EIU IP address on the SuperNode side b that there are enough available connections on the CM and the EIU Close table IPHOST by typing gt quit and pressing the Enter key Open table RMCONFIG by typing gt table RMCONFIG and pressing the Enter key Determine that there are enough MAP and telnet sessions Close table RMCONFIG by typing gt quit and pressing the Enter key Open an xterm window Telnet into the EIU by typing gt telnet ip_addr a
45. to the DMS 100 Operational Measurements Reference Manual 297 xxxx 8 14 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 111 Appendix A EIU installation checklist This appendix provides a checklist of activities that the operating company follows to install Ethernet interface units EIU in a DMS 100 switch CAUTION Possible loss of network security Using the Ethernet interface unit EIU and a telnet or file transfer protocol FTP session to establish a maintenance and administration position MAP session can introduce a security risk to both the DMS node and its subtending network When establishing and operating a MAP session in this way there is limited security for clear text user identification and passwords and for Internet Protocol IP addresses for screening This limited security makes an open local area network LAN vulnerable to entry by unauthorized persons Nortel recommends that the operating company as a minimal precaution integrate intermediate security servers with encryption to avoid unauthorized access to the switch For alternative approaches contact your Nortel representative to discuss state of the art secure OA amp M data communications equipment products By using the EIU telnet and FTP software the operating company assumes any and all risks associated with the implementation and use of this hardware and software DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 112 Appendix A
46. typing ftp gt pwd and pressing the Enter key Example of a MAP response 257 tmp_mnt home users johnh is current directory 3 You have completed this procedure Procedure 3 Listing files and changing to another directory 1 Establish an FTP session and determine your location as described in procedure 1 in this appendix 2 List the files names in brief in the directory by typing ftp gt Is and pressing the Enter key Example of a MAP response 200 Type set to A News PERSONAL xXresources Windows WSFILE dmsplpermdir dmspltempdir 226 Transfer complete 200 Type set to A 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 6 Appendix C Using FTP 125 List the files names and their attributes in the directory by typing ftp gt dir and pressing the Enter key Example of a MAP response total 57512 drwx 2 paulg snopc 512 Jan 26 08 05 News drwx 2 paulg snopc 512 Feb 2 07 55 PERSONAL rw r r 1 paulg gtest 397 Jan 4 1995 Xresources drwxr xr x 4 paulg snopc 512 Nov 30 13 22 Windows E A E A 1 paulg snopc 557879 Feb 1 09 08 WSFILE drwxr x 2 paulg snopc 512 Jan 22 15 50 dmsplpermdir drwxr x 3 paulg snopc 4608 Feb 1 11 08 dmspltempdir 226 Transfer complete Change to another directory on the remote host by typing ftp gt cd path_name and pressing the Enter key where path_name is a valid directory path Example ftp gt cd team bin Example of a MAP response
47. unique network or subnetwork number In the case of Ethernet IEEE 802 3 LAN any number of intermediate bridges can extend these networks across a campus as necessary If they have a single network number for all of the bridged cables they are a single network from the IP point of view However if the operating company is introducing IP concurrently with installing the EIU in the SuperNode a map has the benefit of showing each node and its IP address For large LANs or for geographically dispersed networks these maps can require several sheets Figure 27 on page 149 is an example of one page of such a network map 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 149 Figure 27 Detailed network diagram DMS 100 switch with ElUs L_ 138 109 3 1 ZN CCED 138 109 2 1 138 109 4 1 CI 138 109 2 2 CCD To remote router 138 109 4 0 138 109 2 5 138 109 2 3 L_ Network 138 109 2 0 Ca Mask 255 255 255 0 138 109 2 11 138 109 2 21 Co 138 109 2 26 138 109 3 2 File server Printer L_ 138 109 3 3 138 109 3 4 CE Network 138 109 3 0 138 109 2 16 Mask 255 255 255 0 138 109 2 31 138 109 2 36 Choosing IP addresses IP was originally developed to allow large numbers of diverse institutions to interconnect their local hosts and networks into a larger network an Internetwork In time a larger entity connecting many networks and nodes evolved th
48. use of this hardware and software DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 46 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols Software architecture The protocol stack supported on the DMS core includes the following bootstrap protocol BOOTP file transfer protocol FTP IP telnet transmission control protocol TCP user datagram protocol UDP simple network management protocol SNMP Software architecture also includes key protocols such as address resolution protocol ARP Internet control message protocol ICMP and routing information protocol RIP l Figure 11 shows the structure of the DMS 100 switch EIU protocol stack 1 EIU only 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 47 Figure 11 SuperNode TCP IP protocol stack TELNET TLI transport layer interface y 161 162 67 68 UDP GNI generic subnet interface ETHERNET The message flow between SuperNode nodes and between SuperNode nodes and external Ethernet LAN is shown in figure 12 in this section DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 48 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols Figure 12 SuperNode TCP IP message flow DMS core Applications TCP UDP File processor Applications TCP UDP IP EIU Applications TCP UDP I FTS Ethernet Ethernet LAN Workstation Applications WE Ethernet ae EIU a
49. with extensions made up of a shortened form of the transfer type and record length These files are in the following format lt filename gt lt bin txt gt lt record length gt where 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 lt bin txt gt lt record length gt Appendix C Using FTP 119 is the transfer type txt for ASCII or bin for BINARY the logical record length is a number from 1 to 32767 This file format is shown in table 31 Table 31 Examples of filenames with record length in their extension File type Filename before Format DMS filename transfer to the after transfer to DMS the DMS XPM software file1 bin1024 binary Irecl 1024 FILE1 XPM software file1e txt54 ascii lrecl 54 FILE1 MS software file1 bin138 binary lrecl 138 FILE1 Series III file1 bin1020 binary Irecl 1020 FILE1 MS Firmware file1 bin138 binary lrecl 138 FILE1 LCM file1 bin55 binary lrecl 55 FILE1 OM file1 bin2048 binary Irecl 2048 FILE1 DCH file1 bin1024 binary Irecl 1024 FILE1 If the filename extension is not as described in table 31 the system attempts to identify the extension with a common set of filename extensions Common filename extensions recognized by the FTP application are shown in table 32 Table 32 Examples of filenames without record length in their extension File type Extension Filename Format DMS filename before transfer after transfer to the DMS to the DMS Patch
50. 0 0 11111111 11111110 00000000 00000000 65534 255 255 0 0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 32766 255 255 128 0 11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000 16382 255 255 192 0 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 8190 255 255 224 0 11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000 4094 255 255 240 0 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 2046 255 255 248 0 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000 1022 255 255 252 0 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000 510 255 255 254 0 11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000 254 255 255 255 0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255 255 255 128 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000 262142 255 255 255 192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 524286 255 255 255 224 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 1048574 255 255 255 240 11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000 2097150 255 255 255 248 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 4194302 2 255 255 255 252 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100 Host Router Note The CORWAN Nortel LAN network 47 XX XX XX is a class A network with a 12 bit subnet DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 154 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing Figure 31 IP addressing class B Base_Tel 11 lass B addresses range from 128 0 X X to 191 255 X X standard network mask is 255 255 0 0 herefore we can have 16384 2 class B networks each with 65536 2 hosts if no subnets l 10 networkid l hostid 2 bit x 14 bits gt __ _ 16 bits gt
51. 0 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 147 The routed protocol of the architecture usually the network layer protocol creates connectionless datagrams or packets The address information contained in the datagram header enables each encountered router to make a routing decision for the datagram The routed protocol of the TCP IP architecture is the IP The routing protocol distributes information on the availability or reachability of networks or subnetworks also loosely referred to as wires To choose the optimum path the routing protocol uses a metric to rank the paths to the destination network This information is compiled into a routing table or database There are two main routing protocols found in TCP IP networks routing information protocol RIP and open shortest path first OSPF These protocols along with other methods of defining routes are briefly described in Protocols related to Internet Protocol on page 160 Planning overview Integrating a SuperNode into the Ethernet network structure requires some planning The process for this planning stage is summarized in the following steps Map the networks to which the SuperNode connects through the EIU 2 Choose the IP addresses for the EIUs Determine the optimum subnetwork masks if necessary 3 Identify special requirements for the networks If there is only one EIU in the network the planning stage is complete However if the
52. 1 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 11100000 00000000 11110000 00000000 11111000 00000000 11111100 00000000 11111110 00000000 11111111 00000000 11111111 10000000 11111111 11000000 11111111 11100000 11111111 11110000 11111111 11111000 11111111 11111100 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 subnet size 156 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing Figure 33 IP addressing class C Base_Tel 1 lass C addresses range from 192 0 0 X to 223 255 255 X standard network mask is 255 255 255 0 herefore we can have 16384 2 class C networks each with 65536 2 hosts if no subnets 32 bits S I 110 networkid l hostid 3 bit 21 bits gt 4 8 bits gt I l Class C indicator Field subnet in table IPNETWRK p Le Td host 12 to 6 bits 2 to 6 bits A For any class the hostid can be split into a subnet id and a hostid depending on custom er requirements This helps simplify routing to areas For class C network the subnet id can range from 2 to 6 bits Note 1 Network ids and host ids which are comprised of all 1 s or all 0 s are reserved therefore subtract 2 from the subnet id and hostid to get the actual count Note 2 There are also special addresses that are reserved for unconnected networks networks that use IP but are not connected to the Internet Class C networks have 256 of these special add
53. 21 Datafill example for table ENSITES Table ENTYPES Table ENTYPES contains a complete list of all external node types referenced in table EXNDINV Datafill sequence and implications There are no datafill sequence and implications Datafill Table 25 on page 96 lists the fields and value ranges used to datafill an EIU in table ENTYPES DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 96 Chapter 3 EIU datafill While table 25 provides all the information you need to datafill for EIUs complete information on table ENTYPES is in DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 xxxx 350 Table 25 Field descriptions for table ENTYPE for EIU datafill Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement ENTYPE alphanumeric External node type 1 to 12 charac Enter the type of external node for ex ters ample SUN or HP Sample datafill for table ENTYPES Figure 22 shows sample datafill for table ENTYPES for an EIU Figure 22 Datafill example for table ENTYPES Table EXNDINV Table EXNDINV provides the MAP operator with the capability of monitoring and controlling nodes that are either attached to SuperNode switches by EIU or attached to SuperNode or NT40 switches by an input output controller IOC X 25 card Each node is referred to as an external node An external node is any piece of hardware that has an address and responds to a standard communications protocol For example
54. 250 CWD command successful Change to another directory on the local host by typing ftp gt icd path_name and pressing the Enter key where path_name is a valid directory path Example ftp gt Icd SOODTEMP Example of a MAP response FTP Local directory changed You have completed this procedure Procedure 4 Quitting an FTP session 1 Quit the FTP session from the prompt by typing ftp gt quit and pressing the Enter key Example of a MAP response 221 Goodbye FTP Session ID deallocated DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 126 Appendix C Using FTP 2 You have completed this procedure Tutorial moving files This section provides a set of procedures to move files between a remote host and the DMS 100 switch which is the local host It describes the command lines for the following FTP operations e setting file type to ASCII e moving an ASCII file from the remote host to local host e moving an ASCII file from the local host to remote host e setting file type to binary e moving a binary file from remote host to local host Procedure 5 Copying ASCII files to and from the remote host Step 1 Action Establish an FTP session and determine your location as described in procedure 1 in this appendix Determine the next step If the file Do is not on the current step 3 remote directory is on the current remote directory step 4 Change directory on the remote hos
55. 297 8991 910 DMS 100 Family Ethernet Interface Unit User Guide TELECOM12 Standard 03 01 August 1999 NORTEL NORTHERN TELECOM DMS 100 Family Ethernet Interface Unit User Guide Document number 297 8991 910 Product release TELECOM12 Document release Standard 03 01 Date August 1999 1998 Northern Telecom All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America NORTHERN TELECOM CONFIDENTIAL The information contained in this document is the property of Northern Telecom Except as specifically authorized in writing by Northern Telecom the holder of this document shall keep the information contained herein confidential and shall protect same in whole or in part from disclosure and dissemination to third parties and use same for evaluation operation and maintenance purposes only Information is subject to change without notice DataSPAN DMS DMS 100 DMS 100 200 DMS 200 MAP Meridian Nortel SuperNode and SuperNode Data Manager are trademarks of Northern Telecom Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation Macintosh is a trademark of Apple Corp Sun is a trademark of Sun Microsystems HP is a trademark of Hewlett Packard Ltd 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Publication history August 1999 TELECOM 12 Standard 03 01 Updated Chapter 2 and Appendix C in response to Feature 59010371 FTP Extended Functionality May 1999 TELECOMO9 Standard 02 02 Implemented design comments
56. 5 Enter the support operating switch address UNIXADDR table of 4 Internet protocol host identification for 0 to 255 APU Enter the support operating switch TCPCONN Oto 1 Transmission control protocol connections Enter the TCP connections number FTPCLCON 0 File transfer protocol connections Enter the FTP connections number FTPSVCON 0 File transfer protocol server connections Enter the FTP server number NODENAME CM If the entry in field NODENAME is CM enter the data in the following refinements e CMINDEX e TCPCONN e FTPCLCON e FTPSVCON 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 85 The datafill appears in the following table Table 17 Field descriptions for conditional data for NODENAME CM Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement CMINDEX Oto 1 Computing module index Enter the CM index number TCPCONN 0 to 96 Transmission control protocol connections Enter the TCP connections number FTPCLCON 0 to 48 File transfer protocol connections Enter the maximum number of FTP client sessions FTPSVCON 0 to 48 File transfer protocol server connections Enter the maximum number of FTP server sessions NODENAME EIU If the entry in field NODENAME is EIU enter data in the following refinements e EIUINDEX e SNADDR e LANADDR e TCPCONN e FTPCLCON e FTPSVCON DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 86 Chapter 3 EIU datafill The datafill app
57. AA YES 000075F17015 TABLE IPNETWRK 1 47 105 150 1 12 EIU_INTERFACE EIU 1 DFLT INTERFACE Y DFLI GTWY_IPADDR 47 105 150 4 2 47 105 150 2 12 EIU_INTERFACE EIU 2 DFIA_GTWY_IPADDR 47 105 150 4 TABLE IPHOST 0 CM 0 SubnetX size t te 255 255 240 0 router mask Default EIU DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 170 Appendix F EIU supported configurations Figure 43 Interface Configuration part 2 Subnet 1 classA networkidB subnetX hostZ 47 105 150 3 External router Can be another subnet or new network on this side of external router 47 105 150 1 47 105 160 1 classA networkidB subnetY hostZ 47 105 160 2 Can be another Host subnet or new 47 105 160 3 network on this side of external ElU 2 External router router Subnet 2 Note The CM node can support up to 16 different IP addresses MAC address TABLE LIUINV z EIU 1 LIM 0 1 26 ERSO9BB NTEX22BB NT9X84AA NT9JX87JAA YES 000075F17009 EIU 2 LIM 0 2 14 ERS09BB NTEX22BB NT9X84AA NIPX85AA YES 000075F17015 TABLE IPNETWRK 1 47 105 150 1 12 EIU_INTERFACE EIU 1 DFLT _ INTERFACE Y DFL _GTWY_IPADDR 47 105 150 3 2 47 105 160 1 12 EIU_INTERFACE EIU 2 D LT_GTWY_IPADDR 47 05 160 3 TABLE IPHOST 0 CM 0 SubnetX size t p 255 255 240 0 router mask Default EIU 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 171 Appendix G IP network number requests Overview This appendix provides information on obt
58. CORDFILE recordfile Note The CI on the DMS 100 switch converts all letters to uppercase if they are not enclosed in single quotes e When FTPing to the DMS 100 switch the DMS is the server filenames are converted to uppercase unless enclosed by single quotes DMS FTP client commands This section lists the commands that the client implements FTP clients are slightly different from one implementation to another Some clients have more commands than others The DMS client has a small command list but it has the quote command feature which allows it to send any command as is This makes it flexible Note Some commands are not available in field loads FTP commands are summarized in table 33 Table 33 FTP commands on the DMS 100 switch Command Description ADDUSERINFO add user related information ASCII change file transfer to ASCII type AUTOLRECL enable or disable automatic record length detection BINARY change the file transfer to binary type CD change the working directory COMMANDMASK set the command mask for ADDUSERINFO COMMANDTIMEOUT set the command idle time for ADDUSERINFO DELETE delete the file specified in the path name Sheet 1 of 2 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 122 Appendix C Using FTP Table 33 FTP commands on the DMS 100 switch continued Command Description DELUSERINFO DIR delete user related information list the directory
59. E Understanding IP and IP addressing How to get IP addresses for SuperNode To ensure that the network portion of an IP address is unique all IP addresses are assigned by a central authority the Network Information Center NIC The central authority assigns the network portion of the IP address and delegates responsibility for assigning host addresses to the requesting organization It is essential for the NIC to assign IP addresses for networks that are attached to the connected Internet An individual organization may assign arbitrary IP addresses without contacting NIC but only if their network is not connected to the public Internet However experience has shown that it is unwise to apply this kind of arbitrary addressing scheme Arbitrary schemes prevent future interoperability and may cause significant problems and down time when converting to NIC assigned addresses in future It is strongly recommended that the operating company obtain official Internet addresses from the NIC What is the SuperNode network topology The network consists of a SuperNode switch and other third party equipment such as HUBs and workstations Third party routers may be required for distant LANs or for fault tolerant network architecture Based on network topology following information may be required 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 57 e the IP address class e the IP address subnet size based on nu
60. EIU 117 DFLT_INTERFACE y DFLT_GTWY_IPPADDR 47 209 192 15 st DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 78 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Supplementary information The TRANSLATE command in the NETMAN tool can be used to convert an IP address into network parameters and vice versa Observe the following criteria required for the subnet e the subnet size must be the same as the subnet size used on the LAN side of the EIU e the subnet must be in the range 2 to 22 and is further validated based on the class of network e aClass A network first octet of IP address is within the range 1 to 127 can have a subnet size from 2 to 22 e aClass B network first octet of IP address is within the range 128 to 191 can have a subnet size from 2 to 14 e aClass C network first octet of IP address is within the range 192 to 223 can have a subnet size from 2 to 6 This secondary validation is not performed until the table is committed at wh 47 209 192 11 12ich point it fails with an error message DATA CONSISTENCY ERROR if this criteria is not met For examples on addressing refer to Appendix F EIU addressing examples Table IPROUTER Table IPROUTER is part of the implementation of TCP IP protocols on the SuperNode switch This table provides the following functionality e provides compatibility with third party host machines for connection setup and data exchange e adds routing table
61. EIU installation checklist Use the list in table 28 as a checklist to ensure that you meet all installation requirements for hardware software and datafill Table 28 EIU installation checklist Item description Contact Check Hardware EIU hardware NTEX22 NT9X84 NT9X85 circuit packs one Nortel each per EIU EIU attachment unit interface AUI cable NTNX86PY Nortel Media access unit MAU HP recommended MAU with LEDs and SQE switch and sufficient shielding Software Former DMS core software packages Nortel e NTXFO5AA EIU e NTXF19AA transmission control protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP software e NTXS11AA file transport protocol FTP software e NTX70AA TELNET RMAP software Effective CSP02 these software packages are integrated with the telecom layer software EIU software load Nortel e ETC Ethernet IP router customer load Consult the DMS 100 PM Software Release Document 297 8981 599 Datafill EIU media access control MAC address Nortel Note Refer to Appendix Obtaining a MAC address SuperNode and EIU IP addresses Nortel customer and Network Information Center NIC Tables LIUINV IPTHRON IPNETWRK IPROUTER IPHOST Nortel ENSITES ENTYPES and EXNDINV customer 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 113 Appendix B EIU troubleshooting This appendix provides information on tools that are commonly used in tro
62. G THIS APPLICATION For further information contact the DDN Network Information Center NIC by way of electronic mail HOSTMASTER NIC DDN MIL Telephone 800 365 3642 Postal mail DDN Network Information Center 14200 Park Meadow Dr Suite 200 Chantilly VA 22021 Sheet 4 of 4 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 176 Appendix G IP network number requests 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 177 Appendix H ASU background information This appendix provides background information on application specific units ASU and the SuperNode platforms that support these ASUs Application specific units and supported services The following ASUs are described in this section link interface unit LIU7 Ethernet interface unit EIU frame relay interface unit FRIU X 25 X 75 link interface unit XLIU network interface unit NIU voice processing unit VPU application processor unit APU Link interface unit The link interface unit LIU7 provides an interface for common channel signaling 7 CCS7 CCS7 supports a variety of services including the following integrated user services part ISUP and connectionless TCAP based services enhanced 800 services E800 automated calling card system ACCS custom local area signaling service CLASS advanced intelligent network AIN services Ethernet interface unit The Ethernet interface unit EIU supports Ethernet connectivity on the DMS
63. IU messaging protocols 55 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing for more information on Internet addressing The IP address features and restrictions within the SuperNode switch are as follows The Class A B and C address schemes are supported The Class D and E schemes are not supported The IP addresses for all SuperNode hosts are assigned through DMS table control tables IPNETWRK IPROUTER and IPHOST The IP addresses for all SuperNode hosts are on a single subnet The EIU is assigned two IP addresses one to address the SuperNode side subnet and other to address Ethernet LAN side subnet Both EIU addresses cannot be assigned on same subnet number Refer to figure 13 in this chapter The EIU Ethernet side IP address MUST be the same class and network as the SuperNode side The SuperNode node IP address can be changed at any time However UDP TCP applications are affected The EIU host application is addressed from within the SuperNode switch or from external LAN workstations by addressing the EIU SuperNode side IP address The exception is the routing information protocol which uses the LAN side IP address DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 56 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols Figure 13 Typical configuration for LAN and SuperNode subnets SuperNodelside subnet LAN side subnet For more information on IP addresses refer to Appendix H IP network number requests and Appendix
64. LEASE ALLOW AT LEAST 8 WORKING DAYS FOR PROCESSING YOUR REQUEST NOTE This application is solely for obtaining a legitimate IP network number assignment If you re interested in officially registering a domain please complete the domain application found in netinfo domain template txt If FTP is not available to you please contact HOSTMASTER NIC DDN MIL or phone the NIC at 800 365 3642 for further assistance NOTE European network applications should use the European template netinfo european ip template txt Please follow their instructions for submission YOUR APPLICATION MUST BE TYPED Sheet 1 of 4 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix G IP network number requests 173 Table 37 NIC IP address request form IP address request form continued 1 If the network will be connected to the Internet you must provide the name of the governmental sponsoring organization and the name title mailing address phone number net mailbox and NIC handle if any of the contact person POC at that organization who has authorized the network connection This person will serve as the POC for administrative and policy questions about authorization to be a part of the Internet Examples of such sponsoring organizations are DISA DNSO the National Science Foundation NSF or similar military or government sponsors NOTE If the network will NOT be connected to the Internet you do not need to provide this informati
65. M12 30 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU Figure 5 SSLPP with 2 slot EIU locations Top view of SSLPP shelf Rear paddle boards Front cards NT9X85 Ethernet AUI PB NT9X84 Ethernet interface card 2 slot EIU NTEX22 Integrated processor and F bus card Figure 6 shows the placement of an LPP provisioned with an EIU on a DMS SuperNode switch Figure 6 DMS SuperNode switch LPP with an EIU Ethernet Figure 7 shows EIU links to the MS on the fiberized link interface shelf FLIS 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 31 Figure 7 DMS SuperNode FLIS with an EIU DS512 links Ethernet Ethernet interface card NT9X84 The EIC is based on commercial Ethernet interface chips It supports one Ethernet communications link and processes all of the level 1 and part of the level 2 protocols for the Ethernet in hardware The card consists of a common message buffer that is accessed by both the processor and the Ethernet interface chip On the Ethernet side an independent controller uses memory based data structures to locate and transmit and receive data from the links The controller chip is an Advanced Micro Devices AM7990 LANCE device a LAN controller for Ethernet with support devices The buffer memory is organized as 192 kilowords x 16 bits 384 kbyte with parity and is directly accessible by the processor Both byte and word ac
66. MS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 x Contents IP addresses 150 Address masks 157 Network numbering example 158 Firewalls and network security 159 Variable width subnetworks 160 Protocols related to Internet Protocol 160 Internet Protocol 160 Internet control message protocol 161 Transmission control protocol 161 User datagram protocol 161 Address resolution protocol 161 Reverse ARP 162 Proxy ARP 162 Inverse ARP 162 Bootstrap Protocol 162 File transfer protocol 163 Open shortest path first 163 Routing information protocol 163 Telnet 163 Appendix F EIU supported configurations 165 Appendix G IP network number requests Overview 171 Considerations for obtaining IP addresses 171 NIC IP network number request form 172 171 Appendix H ASU background information Application specific units and supported services 177 Link interface unit 177 Ethernet interface unit 177 Frame relay interface unit 178 X 25 X 75 link interface unit 178 Network interface unit 179 Voice processor unit and ADAS 179 ASUs and Cellular digital packet data 179 External routers 180 Platforms 180 Link peripheral processor 180 Single shelf link peripheral processor 182 SuperNode SE link interface shelf 183 177 Appendix I Obtaining a MAC address Overview 185 MAC address format 185 How to get the MAC address for an EIU 187 185 List of terms 189 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 xi List
67. P address is translated to a physical hardware address prior to datagram delivery to the destination node e Within a SuperNode switch each node such as DMS core FP and EIU has a unique FTA which is the physical hardware address on the SuperNode subnet The EIU also has a media access control MAC address which uniquely identifies it on the Ethernet LAN e IP broadcast is not supported on the SuperNode subnet since the physical layer does not support this MAC addresses A unique media access control MAC address is assigned to each EIU through table control datafill in table LIUINV The norm within the industry is that the MAC addresses are hard coded in ROM The EIU is different from industry norm in this case There is a flexibility of assigning the MAC address to the EIU and at the same time the flexibility can result in problems if the addresses are not assigned uniquely to the EIUs Only 48 bit MAC addresses are supported by the SuperNode switch For more information on MAC addresses refer to Appendix I Obtaining a MAC address Internet addresses The logical Internet address is analogous to physical or subnet addressing in which each host is assigned unique integer address called the Internet address or IP address The Internet address integers are not assigned randomly but are assigned to nodes in such a way that Internet routing is more efficient Refer to 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 2 E
68. P can reside on all the nodes capable of running Internet software SuperNode TCP implementation is able to interoperate with most of the industry standard TCP implementations User datagram protocol UDP protocol provides connectionless transport protocol services unlike TCP which provides connection oriented transport services The original SuperNode application for UDP is routing information protocol RIP on an EIU The IP route path display tool is also using UDP for intra SuperNode messaging between processes on different nodes The UDP is designed such that it can use IP fragmentation and reassembly functions to support UDP datagram size of up to 4 kbyte Address resolution protocol The address resolution protocol ARP protocol implements the address resolution protocol which provides dynamic binding between IP address and a physical hardware address ARP resolves IP address to Ethernet or MAC address translation through ARP protocol running on an EIU The IP address to frame transport address FTA translation is done in ARP through simple static table lookup Internet control message protocol The ICMP software provides the IP status and error reporting mechanism which is very closely coupled to IP The ICMP messages handling in SuperNode is limited to a few specific messages The ICMP echo and response messages are handled to provide ping capability The ICMP redirect is handled to provide routing table updates to SuperNode hosts f
69. R e TCPCONN e FTPCLCON e FTPSVCON e UNIXADDR 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 83 The datafill appears in the following table Table 15 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME AP Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement SMNINDEX 0 to 99 File processor index Enter the FP index number SNADDR table of 4 Internet porotocol address SuperNode 0 to 255 Enter the address of the SuperNode side TCPCONN 0 TO 20 Transmission control Protocol connections Enter the transmission control protocol TCP connections number FTCLCONN 0 to 10 File transfer protocol connections Enter the file transfer proctocol FTP connections number FTSVCON 0 to 10 File transfer protocol server connections Enter the FTP server number UNIXADDR table of 4 Unix address 0 to 255 Enter the UNIX side IP address fo the node NODENAME APU If the entry in field NODENAME is APU enter the data in the following refinements APUINDEX SOSADDR UNIXADDR TCPCONN FTPCLCON FTPSVCON DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 84 Chapter 3 EIU datafill The datafill appears in the following table Table 16 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME APU Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement APUINDEX 0 to 1 Application processor UNIX index Enter the APU index number SOSADDR table of 4 Support Operating Switch 0 to 25
70. S30 links If the IP throttle is not properly engineered the robustness of the LMS on which EIUs are located is compromised This situation occurs because of the potentially large number of datagrams transferred between EIUs and SuperNode nodes across LMS IP as a network layer protocol that transfers datagrams between EIUs and the SuperNode nodes does not have built in flow control mechanism to provide throttling As a result manual control is required Table IPTHRON asserts manual control over IP throttling of datagrams transmitted over DS30 links For information on table IPTHRON refer to Chapter 3 EIU datafill For more information on IP throttling refer to IP throttling on page 65 For information on EIU provisioning rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS refer to Provisioning Rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS System Engineering Bulletin number 92 02 001 version 01 09 TCP connection management The TCP layer provides reliable delivery of the data to its remote peer through well defined connections The connection management for SuperNode TCP is handled through datafill in table IPHOST Table IPHOST permits the operating company to vary the number of TCP connections on a per node basis When changing this value note the following points e decreasing the allowed number of connections causes all connections to be dropped e existing connections are maintained when you increase the number of connections DMS 100 Fami
71. TP login Command sequence CM gt FTP CM gt FTPOPEN IP_address where IP_address is the address of the remote node Enter a valid userID and password to complete login FTP login alternative steps CM gt FTP IP_address where IP_address is the address of the remote node Enter a valid userID and password to complete login Display the working directory of the workstation CM gt pwd Sheet 1 of 3 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix C Using FTP 139 Table 35 FTP operations reference DMS to workstation Action Command sequence Change the working directory on the workstation Change the working directory on the DMS Display the working directory on the DMS List the directory contents on the workstation Turn off automatic record length detection CM gt cd path_name where path_name is a valid path from the current working directory on the workstation Use single quotation marks only if the directory name is in lowercase CM gt Icd PATH_NAME where path_name is a valid path from the current working directory CM gt Icd CM gt Is CM gt autolrecl off Turn on automatic record length detection CM gt autolrecl on Get an ASCII file from the workstation CM gt ascii CM gt get file_name1 txt132 where filename is the name of the file on the workstation If filename is in lowercase use single qu
72. Table 8 shows the recommended traffic values for entry into table IPTHRON Adherence to these values ensures adequate bandwidth for the IP router application and protect against DS30 overload Refer to Chapter 3 EIU datafill for additional information on table IPTHRON Table 8 IP throttling values for LPP Approved BCS Approved CSP CSP02 CSP04 05 CSP04 Approved S W IP router application Tx Rx Rx Tx ADAS Sheet 1 of 2 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 66 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols Table 8 IP throttling values for LPP continued Approved BCS Approved CSP CSP04 05 Approved S W IP router application Note 1 Values for DS30 in kbyte s Note 2 EIU LMS node Note 3 CM SuperNode Sheet 2 of 2 IP throttling for SSLPP The SSLPP incorporates additional throttling control for TCP IP traffic sent over SR256 between the MS and SSLPP Table 8 shows the recommended traffic values for entry into table IPTHRON Adherence to these values ensures adequate bandwidth for the IP router application and protect against overload Refer to Chapter 3 EIU datafill for additional information on table IPTHRON Table 9 IP throttling values for SSLPP Approved BCS Approved CSP CSP04 05 CSP04 Approved S W IEC04 IP router EIU application Tx ADAS CDPD RMS PSN Note 1 Values for DS30 in
73. UINV table That is the maximum number of EIUs on a switch is eight As a further limitation each LPP can have a maximum of four EJUs The FLIS can have up to eight EIUs These limitations are not only a datafill issue Other factors must be studied before these values can be increased such as traffic load through an LPP or FLIS EMI emissions and routing issues Currently with 8 EIUs and 28 LIU7s in a 36 processor LPP configuration the emissions are just within allowable limits 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 37 The Ethernet address in the LIUINV table has the format of the Nortel SuperNode family range of addresses X000075Fxxxxx where X is hexadecimal notation and x is a variable For more information on MAC addresses refer to Appendix I Obtaining a MAC address Diagnostics for the EIU test only the Ethernet interface card EIC and the Ethernet interface paddle board EIP These diagnostics do not test the AUI cable The AUI cable attaches to the paddle board and to a connector in the bulkhead An extension of the AUI then runs from the bulkhead to the MAU Diagnostics also test the MAU EIU diagnostics test the EIU s connectivity to the AUI and the MAU up to the HUB Lastly the record start command cannot be initiated during a telnet session on the connected device Limitations associated with protocols Trailers are not supported Trailers are the field on the data p
74. UNIX host name of the node however this is not enforced ENADDR vector of up to 2 External node address elements This field is a vector of addresses for the external node Each element of the vector contains an address type and an address For ElUs the address is IPADDRESS ADDRTYPE ENIP Address type If the external node is an Ethernet node that has an IP address and responds to ICMP Sheet 1 of 5 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 99 Table 26 Field descriptions for table EXNDINV for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement IPADDRESS 0 to 255 Internet Protocol address table of 4 If the entry in field ADDRTYPE is equal to ENIP enter the IP address of the node An IP address consists of 4 bytes each with a value in the range 0 to 255 The IP address is usually expressed in the form 255 255 255 255 MACADDRESS table of 12 hex Machine address digits If the entry in the field ADDRTYPE is equal to ENMAC enter the MAC address that is associated with the Ethernet interface This subfield consists of a machine address and an indication as to whether the DMS 100 switch provides boot protocol BOOTP capability to the node The MAC address consists of 12 bytes each with a hex digit value in the range of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f DMSBOOTP no yes DMS boot protocol The DMSBOOTP support is limited to providin
75. a path is a hop For historical reasons many applications use the term seconds in place of hops RIP is defined in RFC1058 Telnet is a virtual terminal system for IP It allows a valid user access to a terminal or command process on a remote system Telnet is defined in RFC495 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 164 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 165 Appendix F EIU supported configurations This appendix provides examples of EIU supported configurations DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 166 Appendix F EIU supported configurations Figure 39 Host configuration Subnet 1 Subnet 2 q _ __ __ gt Can be another classA networkidB subnetX hostZ classA networkidB subnetY hostZ subnet or new network on this side of external 47 105 150 1 47 105 144 3 47 105 144 1 router Host External router 47 105 150 2 47 105 144 2 Notes 1 Class and network are the same on both sides of EIU but subnets are different 2 Subnet size must be the same for all subnets on a network ie subnetX size subnetY size E LIUINV 1 LIM 0 1 26 ERSOSBB NTEX22BB NT9X84AA NT9OX85AA YES 000075F17009 E IPNETWRK 105 150 1 12 SCRNFLAG N MAC address E IPHOST 0 64 32 U 1 47 105 A50 2 47 105 144 2 32 8 8 s 4 SubnetX size Number of TCP connections Number of FTP servers Number
76. access Sheet 2 of 2 Software for peripheral processors is controlled through package lists that define the entities for a specific load The EIU may have several loads depending upon the applications resident on it As of CSP02 the EIU related software is packaged in LANCOMM Software is available with TL_ALL LCF EIU related software is provided as part of order code TELOO001 EIU provisioning requirements The provisioning rules for the total numbers of EIUs depend on the following requirements e the applications running on the EIUs e the total application capacity required for all EIUs on the switch e the level of redundancy required by these applications The provisioning requirements are subject to the maximum limit of eight EIUs per switch The following sections describe the provisioning limits for the new components DMS bus inter MS provisioning Each message switch in an IML requires an NT9X17DA port card and an NT9X20BB DS512 fiber paddle board Card position is not restricted However the cards associated with a link must use the same slots in each MS For example if the cards in one MS are provisioned in slot 21 that is the NT9X17DA is in 21F and the NT9X20BB DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 40 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU is in 21R the cards in the MS at the other end of the link must also be provisioned in slot 21 This example is shown in figure 9 Figure 9 Example o
77. acket in which the system places the headers which normally precede the data after the data Trailers can be negotiated between cooperating systems in an attempt to improve efficiency In the DMS core the protocol stack runs in the SuperNode IP SNIP scheduler class This includes the IP receive processes and timer functions for TCP In all other nodes the protocol stack runs in CP class The initial allocation for SNIP class is 3 percent and an interface is provided that allows an application to modify this value The following sections describe specific limitations associated with protocols Routing information protocol The size of the dynamic routing table is limited to 436 entries This limitation is imposed by the current implementation of and the current number of buffer management system BMS buffers reserved for routing information protocol RIP broadcasts If the routing table overflows the routes at the end of the RIP the system ignores the messages This situation can lead to unpredictable routing behavior such that routes may appear and disappear every 30 s There is no warning log to notify the operating company that this errant behavior is occurring RIP Version 1 0 does not support variable length subnetting This limitation means that all subnets that use RIP to exchange routing information must use the same number of bits in their IP address to identify their subnet If a subnet does not adhere to this rule unpre
78. acters information about the node Character strings that contain blank characters must be entered with three single quotation marks at the start of the string and three single quotation marks at the end of the string ENPROCSR ALL External node processor class CORE Enter the set of SuperNode processor EIU types with which the external node is NONE allowed to communicate Table control provides the user with the capability of entering ALL or NONE If ALL is entered values CORE and EIU are automatically datafilled by table control ENPROTCL ALL External node protocol ICMP Enter the set of protocols with which the TCP external node can communicate with UDP the SuperNode NONE Table control provides the user with the capability of entering ALL or NONE If ALL is entered values ICMP UDP and TCP are automatically datafilled by table control Sheet 3 of 5 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 101 Table 26 Field descriptions for table EXNDINV for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or refinement Entry Explanation and action ENOLKALM EN1LKALM ENALMSPT SCTMTYPE SCTMNO SCTMCTNO CRITSCPT Sheet 4 of 5 CR MJ MN NA CR MJ MN NA YorN MTM or OAU 0 to 2047 0 to 29 0to6 External node no link alarm Enter the type of alarm to be raised if no links are available to the external node e CR critical alarm e MJ major alarm MN minor alar
79. aining an Internet Protocol IP address from the Network Information Center NIC including information on the type of addresses available and the form required to obtain the address NIC is the formal organization that regulates and assigns all IP addresses recognized on the Internet NIC ensures that the network portion of an IP address is unique NIC assigns the network portion of the IP address to the requesting organization and delegates responsibility for assigning host addresses to that organization While NIC assigns IP addresses for networks that are attached to the connected Internet it is not concerned with isolated networks that do not access the Internet As a result an organization with an isolated network may choose to assign arbitrary addresses to the nodes within that network without regulation through NIC However experience across the Internetworking industry shows that the unregulated address structures result in the following limitations e prevent future interoperability of the corporate network with the Internet e may cause significant problems and downtime when converting the corporate network to assigned addresses in the future It is strongly recommended that an organization obtain official Internet addresses from the NIC Considerations for obtaining IP addresses Consider the following characteristics of the network when assigning IP addresses to hosts within the network e SuperNode network topology e th
80. anagement system RPC remote procedure call RTS return to service RX receive SCP service control point SCU service control unit 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 List of terms 193 SDM SuperNode Data Manager SEB software engineering bulletin SLM system load module SMP simple management protocol SNA system network architecture SNAP SuperNode access protocol SNSE LIS SuperNode SE link interface shelf SNIP SuperNode IP scheduler class SNIX SuperNode UNIX SNMP simple network management protocol SOS Support Operating System SPM service peripheral module SQE signal quality error SS7 signalling system 7 SSLPP single shelf link peripheral processor STP signaling transfer point SwAct switch of activity SysB system busy T bus transport bus TCAP transaction capabilities application part TCP transmission control protocol TCP IP transmission control protocol Internet Protocol TFTP trivial file transfer protocol TOS type of service TRMS Transaction Record Management System DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 194 List of terms UDP user datagram protocol ULP upper layer protocol UTP unshielded twisted pair VPU voice processor unit WAN wide area network WS workstation XDR external data representation XLIU X 25 X 75 link interface unit 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 DMS 100 Family Ethernet Interface Unit User Guide 1998 Northern Telecom All rights reserved NORTHERN TELECOM CONFIDENTIAL The
81. and file transfer protocol FTP functionality to the DMS 250 switch Telnet is a protocol for remote terminal access Intelligent Call Manager ICM ICM provides the protocol support for Computer Telephony Integration applications for example Symposium Call Center Server SSCS in accessing the DMS via TCP IP protocols System architecture The data communications environment supports data links that are not tied to the call processing network functions of the switch These links do not use the DMS network or line access capabilities This characteristic is important when supporting OAM links These links must become functional in the early stages of switch initialization and remain functional through all but catastrophic failures including call processing failures The EIU is a gateway between the DMS bus and an Ethernet that supports user data links The EIU is a concentration point between remote peripherals workstations terminals and routers and the DMS bus The remote peripherals are not terminated on the EIU but on concentrators These remote peripherals allow the network engineers to connect alternate link levels and asynchronous terminal equipment MAP terminals printers and so on to the system The Ethernet also provides a link between the DMS 100 switch and the workstations used for processing Figure 1 shows an overview of the architecture of the enhanced SuperNode system DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12
82. and maintains subscriber routing and mobility information on the NIU software The NIU contains the software that interfaces with the computing module CM for maintenance functions The NIU also gives the XLIU channelized access to the DMS 100 switch network External routers External routers allows the message transfer part MTP routing functionality to reside in the dedicated LIU7s instead of in the digital trunk controller 7 DTC7 This configuration eliminates the necessity for the DTC7s to be informed of routing changes and thus significantly reduces the volume of messaging to the DTC7s Platforms ASUs are supported on the following platforms e link peripheral processor LPP e single shelf link peripheral processor SSLPP e SuperNode SE link interface shelf SNSE LIS Link peripheral processor LPPs with a maximum of either 24 or 36 ASUs exist However multi application deployment is only supported on the 36 ASU version of the LPP EIUs are not supported on the 24 slot LPP The LPP consists of two basic subsystems the individual ASUs LIU7s EIUs and so on and the local message switch LMS Figure 44 shows a block diagram of the LPP This figure illustrates the ASU LMS interconnection through a duplicated frame transport bus F bus and the DS30 interconnections between the independent planes of the LMS and the corresponding planes of the DMS bus Each ASU consists of two circuit packs and a single paddle board The duplic
83. asses Class Range Description A 1 to 126 This is used for networks that can have a very large number of nodes hosts up to 16 581 373 such as government agencies and major university systems for example 111 0 0 0 B 128 to 191 This is used for networks that can have up to 65 023 nodes such as large corporations for example 129 191 0 0 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 151 Table 36 IP address classes Class Range Description C 192 to 223 This is used for smaller networks having fewer than 255 nodes such as smaller colleges and businesses for example 195 10 107 0 Two additional address classes exist Class D addresses support IP multicasting which is used to transmit packets to multiple IP addresses Class E addresses are reserved for Internet engineering task force experimental use Network address 127 is not a valid network number It is used for testing purposes only The EIU supports Ethernet connectivity to class A B or C networks The following diagrams show addressing and subnet mask examples of Network classes DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 152 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing Figure 29 IP addressing class A Base_Tel 9 Class A addresses range from 1 X X X to 127 X X X standard network mask is 255 0 0 0 Therefore we can have 127 2 class A networks each with 16
84. ata schema tables required for EIU provisioning 67 Field descriptions for table LIUINV for EIU datafill 69 Field descriptions for table IPNETWRK for EIU datafill 75 Field descriptions for table IPROUTER for EIU datafill 79 Field descriptions for table IPHOST for EIU datafill 81 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME AP 83 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME APU 84 Field descriptions for conditional data for NODENAME CM 85 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME EIU 86 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME ELIU 87 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME FP 88 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME MS_ 89 Field descriptions for table IPTHRON for EIU datafill 91 Field descriptions for table IPPROTO for EIU datafill 94 Field descriptions for table ENSITES for EIU datafill 95 Field descriptions for table ENTYPE for EIU datafill 96 Field descriptions for table EXNDINV for EIU datafill 98 EIU LAN fault leaky bucket parameters 106 EIU installation checklist 112 Tools for EIU troubleshooting 114 EIU troubleshooting checklist 114 Examples of filenames with record length in their extension 119 Examples of filenames without record length in their extension 119 FTP commands on the DMS 100 switch 121 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 Xiv Table 34 FTP operations reference workstation to DMS 136 Table 35 FTP operations reference
85. atafill an EIU in table IPHOST While table 22 provides all the information you need to datafill for EIUs complete information on table IPHOST is in DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 xxxx 350 Table 22 Field descriptions for table IPTHRON for EIU datafill Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement LMSNODE see subfields Local message switch node This is the first and key field of the table and consists of subfields LIUNAME and LIUNO LIUNAME APU Link interface unit name or Enter the link interface unit LIU name EIU This field indicates an IP capable node connected to the local message switch The node datafilled here must first be datafilled in table LIUINV Enter APU for application processor unit Enter EIU for Ethernet interface unit LIUNO 0 to 750 Link interface unit number Enter the node index TXCAPCT 0 to 32767 Transmit capacity Enter the IP transmission rate in kbyte s from the node to all other SuperNode IP nodes RXCAPCT 0 to 32767 Receive capacity Enter the IP receive rate in kbyte s from all other SuperNode nodes to the node Sheet 1 of 3 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 92 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Table 22 Field descriptions for table IPTHRON for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or refinement Entry Explanation and action OPTION Sheet 2 of 3 SNNODE SMNINDEX APUINDEX see subfield AP APU CM EIU ELIU FP or
86. ated F bus is eight bits wide and runs at a clock rate of 4 096 MHz Each of the ASUs and services has access to the duplicated F bus through its ASU F bus interface The F bus terminator and repeater electrically terminates the F bus and provides a signal repeater function between the ASU shelves within a single LPP These circuit packs occupy the extreme left and right slot positions in each shelf Each circuit pack serves one of the duplicated F bus paths on a single ASU shelf backplane 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix H ASU background information 181 Figure 44 LPP architecture Shelf 0 Shelf 1 Shelf 2 Shelf 3 2MS0 2MS1 2MS0 2MS1 LMS 0 LMS 1 Rate T bus DS30 2DS30 DS30 T bus Rate adapter adapter F bus F puso F bus repeater repeater F bus repeater F bus repeater The LMS represents the first level of the two level message switching hierarchy The LMS provides the interface between the F bus seen by individual ASUs and services and non channelized DS30 links to the DMS bus The LMS is duplicated LMSO interfaces to F bus0 and LMS1 to F bus1 Each ASU has access to either F busO or F bus1 Messages are sent or received on either F bus Each LMS plane connects to each side of the DMS bus in a fully redundant manner Each LMS plane consists of amaximum of 13 circuit packs and paddle boards and occupies one half of the top shelf of the LPP The majority of the printed circuit b
87. cess is supported The processor and the Ethernet control chip contend for access to this memory The architecture of the memory controller ensures that sufficient memory access bandwidth is allocated to the Ethernet controller so that underrun or overrun conditions do not occur during transmission or reception of a message Figure 8 illustrates the memory and buffer architecture DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 32 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU Figure 8 Ethernet interface architecture Ethernet memory controller Multiport NTEX22 buffer memory CPU IPF Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet coaxial cable Ethernet physical interfaces The physical interface to the Ethernet system is defined by the paddle board located behind the EIC The interfaces available are described in the following sections Attachment unit interface NT9X85AA This card is a 15 pin D type connector that provides the interface between the Ethernet controller and the media access unit MAU This is the most generic interface and supported as an industry standard IEEE 802 3 10Base5 implementation Note This interface is compatible with all implementations of Ethernet through external equipment The MAU is different depending on the implementation of the LAN For a 10Base5 coax LAN the MAU has coaxial connections on either side using field installed N type connectors The AUI connection is on an adjacent side The coax cable is abou
88. cessfully 220 bcaryfc6 FTP server Version Revision 1 21 Date 88 12 21 10 19 25 r DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 XX 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 21 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU This chapter describes the Ethernet interface unit EIU CAUTION Possible loss of network security Using the EIU and a telnet or file transfer protocol FTP session to establish a maintenance and administration position MAP session can introduce a security risk to both the DMS node and its subtending network When establishing and operating a MAP session in this way there is limited security for clear text user identification and passwords and for Internet Protocol IP addresses for screening This limited security makes an open local area network LAN vulnerable to entry by unauthorized persons Nortel recommends that the operating company as a minimal precaution integrate intermediate security servers with encryption to avoid unauthorized access to the switch For alternative approaches contact your Nortel representative to discuss state of the art secure OA amp M data communications equipment products By using the EIU telnet and FTP software the operating company assumes any and all risks associated with the implementation and use of this hardware and software Topics in the chapter include the following overview of the EIU system architecture hardware description li
89. cond octet in the IP address to designate the subnetwork They use subnetworks 23 1 0 0 through 23 4 0 0 This requires a subnet mask of 255 255 0 0 The Ethernet linking the two routers 23 1 0 0 is a backbone between the two group routers Other addresses are used for individual workstations In this case the administrators of both routers have to be aware of the subnetworking strategy chosen by the Engineering group The Corporate Networking group router has to be aware that anything for 23 1 x should be forwarded on its Ethernet and that 23 2 x 23 3 x and 23 4 x addresses should be directed to the other router for distribution and forwarding using 23 1 0 0 Firewalls and network security An important consideration when planning a network is security There are many ways security can be compromised the most important being access across an internetwork from beyond the network borders Nortel recommends that the operating company as a minimal precaution integrate intermediate security servers with encryption to avoid unauthorized access to the switch For alternative approaches contact a Nortel DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 160 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing representative to discuss state of the art secure data communications equipment products Variable width subnetworks When subnetworks were first invented they were intended to be used in a star topology with the major router at the port
90. dictable and intermittent loss of connectivity behavior may be experienced on the EIU RIP II which supports variable length subnetting is not implemented on the EIU DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 38 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU TCP Each TCP connection has its own state machine For the number of allowed connections refer to Table 5 TCP connection limits by Supernode subsystem in this document There are also SOS limitations in that applications that require hundreds or thousands of connections are not supported Internet Protocol and Internet Control Message Protocol When an EIU goes ManB or SysB any qualifying EIU that is available takes over The first EIU that failed broadcasts reverse RIP messages advertising its loss of connectivity to the network In this way the routers on the LAN that are immediately notified of the second EIU takeover However there is a worse case scenario in which the reverse RIP messages are lost on the LAN As a result the entry for the first EIU must time out in the routing table in each router before these routers start sending datagrams to the second EIU This time out can take up to 3 min This limitation is imposed by the RIP implementation on the EIU A possible option is to configure the routers on the LAN to use only address resolution protocol ARP and not RIP to communicate with the DMS 100 switch However the ARP cache time out on the router must be set to a low value 1
91. dress sends a BOOTP request to the CM The latter allocates an address for the FP adds a tuple in table IPHOST with 20 TCP endpoints 4 FTP client sessions and 4 FTP server sessions and sends a BOOTP reply back to the FP Refer to TCP on page 36 e Nodes that are part of the DMS product but not connected to the DMS 100 switch can be configured on an Ethernet LAN using EIUs Such nodes must be on the same subnet as the LAN side of the EIUs to be configured through the BOOTP server on the CM except if the maximum hops count accepted by the relay agent and server is increased The internal database for BOOTP on the CM must be populated with information about such nodes for example by putting the required information in table EXNDINV The relay agents on EIUs forward relays requests and replies between the clients on the LAN and the BOOTP server on the CM e Nodes that are part of the DMS product but that are connected to the DMS 100 switch through an Ethernet LAN directly to the CM that is the CM DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 50 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols has an Ethernet card Such nodes have to be on the same subnet as the CM to be configured through the BOOTP server on the CM except if the maximum hops count accepted by the server is increased File transfer protocol File transfer protocol has been implemented on all the SuperNode based nodes including CM FTP implementation contains client as well as
92. dware fault is detected by the in service audit process The in service audits periodically run diagnostics on some critical EIU hardware components The audits run every minute each time checking one quarter of the hardware components In service diagnostics also include an idler class audit which runs continuously The idler class runs whenever there are no other useful processes running The idler class audit tests the EIC shared RAM The idler class audit detects the missing Ethernet interface card EIC card almost instantly The EIU goes SysB immediately when EIC is pulled out The missing EIC causes EIC memory fault which causes the idler process to TRAP In service leaky bucket audit Several LAN errors can be detected by the EIC diagnostics software However these errors are not severe or fatal enough to be reported on every occurrence of the error Most of these errors occur when the Ethernet LAN is carrying above average traffic These errors are transient and therefore do not require the EIU to take any action However if these errors occur frequently relative to the Ethernet traffic it may be indicative of a faulty component on the LAN The leaky bucket algorithm is applied to such errors before reporting them through in service trouble alarm and PM logs The leaky bucket algorithm measures errors against relative traffic and therefore allows the EIU to report faults only when a preset error count threshold is exceeded The algor
93. e EIU is in either the ManB or the Offl states it is not actively transmitting messages on the Ethernet LAN However in a ManB state if the EIU contains the correct IP address information database it may communicate to other SuperNode nodes such as function processor FP or computing module CM In service state The EIU can be set to the InSv state only from ManB state When the EIU is returned to service the IP address database along with other IP throttling and engineering data is downloaded to the EIU When the EIU is in the InSv or IsTb state it can actively communicate to both the Ethernet LAN and the frame transport bus F bus EIU diagnostics EIU diagnostics run in the background This section describes the diagnostics provided for the EIU Out of service diagnostics A complete set of EIU out of service diagnostics are executed during the ManB to InSv state transition The EIU is not allowed to return to service if any one part of the diagnostics fail The faulty card list does not appear on the MAP display and the system generates PM logs that can help isolate the faulty card The components level isolation of the fault is not available through logs 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 4 EIU maintenance 105 or the MAP display The TST command in MAPCI also executes the same diagnostics when the EIU is ManB In service diagnostics The EIU changes its state to SysB state from InSv or IsTb if a serious har
94. e Internet IP addresses on the Internet are administered so that the network number assigned to an institution is unique Upon application to the Network Information Center NIC each institution is assigned a network number for its own use If a network is not connected to a public network it can use an arbitrary network number However the use of arbitrary numbers is DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 150 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing not recommended If connection to public networks is needed later all the addressing work must be repeated IP addresses IP uses a 32 bit address which consists of four sets of eight bit numbers normally expressed in decimal notation For example 147 234 011 101 is a valid IP address format IP addresses can be divided into a network number and a host number as shown in figure 28 Figure 28 IP address structure 32 bits gt 1001 0011 1110 1010 0000 1011 0110 0101 Network number Host number The addresses are assigned in one of three unicast classes A B or C depending on the number of host addresses the institution can reasonably expect to use These ranges are identified by the first eight bits of the address and are made up of the first one to three octets of the address Each range reserves less of the whole address for host numbers than the previous range Table 36 describes the ranges and uses of class A B and C addresses Table 36 IP address cl
95. e dynamic routing strategy only routing information protocol RIP is supported on the Ethernet interface unit EIU e network security DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 172 Appendix G IP network number requests The network topology consists of the SuperNode and other third party equipment such as hubs and workstations Some third party routers may be required for distant LANs or for fault tolerant network architecture Based on network topology the following information may be required e IP address class e IP address subnet size based on the number of subnets the maximum number of hosts per subnet and the projected expansion of the network e number of IP addresses needed for hubs and routers If the network is connected to a public network such as the Internet security considerations are vital NIC IP network number request form You must complete the form in table 37 as part of the application process for obtaining an IP network number Table 37 NIC IP address request form IP address request form To obtain an Internet number please provide the following information on line by way of electronic mail to HOSTMASTER NIC DDN MIL If electronic mail is not available to you please mail hard copy to DDN Network Information Center 14200 Park Meadow Dr Suite 200 Chantilly VA 22021 Once the NIC receives your completed application we will send you an acknowledgment by way of electronic or postal mail P
96. e of variable width subnetworks non contiguous masks can lead to ambiguous routing when subnet masks partially overlap such as 255 255 255 0 and 255 255 0 255 Network numbering example Figure 38 on page 159 illustrates an example of a simple network numbering scheme for an organization that performs all networking internally Since for security reasons they never expect to attach to the outside world they use their own set of network numbers The network has two routers one for the Corporate Networking group to interconnect non engineering users and a second for a large computer intensive department such as Engineering 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 159 Figure 38 Simple network numbering Corporate Engineering router router The Corporate Networking group assigns a class A address to each of its departments The three Ethernet networks on 20 0 21 0 and 20 0 22 0 are sufficient to interconnect most of the organization The Corporate Networking group reserves network 20 0 0 0 for its own use to interconnect the corporate computers Each of these departments has more than 16 million IP addresses available for its personal computers workstations and hosts A fourth Ethernet goes to the Engineering group which is assigned network number 23 Since this group has multiple networks they use subnetworking to allocate their own Ethernet networks They use the entire se
97. ears in the following table Table 18 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME EIU Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement EIUINDEX 0 to 750 Ethernet interface unit index Enter the EIU number SNADDR table of 4 Internet protocol address for node 0 to 255 Enter the IP address of the SuperNode side of the node LANADDR table of 4 Second IP address for EIU host 0 to 255 Enter the second IP address fo the EIU host TCPCONN 0 to 32 Transmission control protocol connections Enter the TCP connections number FTPCLCON Oto 16 File transfer protocol connections Enter the file transfer protocol connections number FTPSVCON Oto 16 File transfer protocol server connections Enter the file transfer protocol serer number NODENAME ELIU If the entry in field NODENAME is ELIU enter the data in the following refinements e ELIUINDEX e SNADDR e LANADDR e TCPCONN 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 87 The datafill appears in the following table Table 19 Field descriptions for conditional datafill for NODENAME ELIU Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement ELIUINDEX 0 to 750 Ethernet interface unit index Enter the ELIU number SNADDR table of 4 Internet protocol address for node 0 to 255 Enter the IP address of the SuperNode side of the node LANADDR table of 4 Second IP address for ELIU host 0 to 255 Enter the second IP
98. ee types of ASUs that provide support for application functionality and OAM functions e ADAS APUs support service specific application software and off load the demands placed on the DMS core APUs can be configured for use by any application with the appropriate software e ADAS VPUs support voice processing capabilities to store and playback prompts tones and caller responses as well as to detect dual tone multifrequency DTMF tones e ADAS EIUs support a link to an Ethernet local area network LAN for communications with an ADAS OAM workstation ASUs and Cellular digital packet data CDPD service transports datagrams between the mobile end systems and private and public data networks There are three types of ASUs that provide support for CDPD service e CDPD EIU provides communication between the DMS 100 switch supporting mobile end systems and private and public data networks by providing a link to the Ethernet There are two types of functions supported by EIUs for CDPD IP EIU routes IP traffic between mobiles and private and public data networks CNLP EIU exchanges networking information such as registering of visiting mobiles and forwarding of data with other mobile end systems DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 180 Appendix H ASU background information e CDPD XLIU terminates various protocols such as LAPB and MDLP XLIUs also store accounting information for data services e CDPD NIU stores
99. ely Each server and client process manages one FTP server client session The number of FTP server sessions also restricts the number of server processes that can be reserved by the applications for security reasons The total number of servers that can be reserved by different applications cannot exceed the number of servers allowed on the node If the number of client and server sessions for a node in table IPHOST is modified the existing sessions are dropped immediately and the FTP client users are duly notified FTP layer remains out of service until all the resources are reallocated to conform to the new datafill If the number of FTP server and client sessions is datafilled as zero FTP cannot provide its services This functionality must be exercised cautiously since it causes FTP to drop the existing sessions which could cause a temporary outage of all FTP clients and servers Similar consequences are observed if the IP address of the node is modified while the node is in service Reducing the number of FTP servers removes defined owner and userID information as necessary It is up to the user or application to restore the information when the number of sessions is increased Protocol buffer engineering The buffer engineering for receiving and transmitting IP packets is a critical part of the buffer management for the protocol stack A default number of buffers is allocated for IP receive and transmit purposes The buffers are divided in
100. ere path_name is a valid path from the current working directory i e cd PATH_NAME Change the working directory on the local host workstation WS gt Icd directory where directory is a valid path from the current working directory List the directory contents on the remote host DMS WS gt Is Turn off automatic record length detection Turn on automatic record length detection List available active disk volumes WSssite autolrecl off WSssite autolrecl on WSsls Sheet 1 of 3 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix C Using FTP 137 Table 34 FTP operations reference workstation to DMS Action Command sequence Get an ASCII file from the DMS Send an ASCII file to the DMS WS gt ascii WS gt get file_name where file_name is the name of the file on the DMS that you want to get If the file name is in lowercase use single quotation marks around the name including forward slashes The above command sequence e sets the transfer type to ASCII e gets the file from the current directory on the DMS Because the workstation has no concept of record length the logical record length does not have to be set WS gt ascii WS gt site LRECL 132 WS gt put file_name NEW_FILE_NAME where file_name is the name of the file on the host node NEW_FILE_NAME is the target file name on the DMS If file_name is in uppercase new_file_name is optional WS gt put
101. es patch file1 patch binary Irecl 128 FILE1 PATCH ptchm68p file1 ptchm68p ptchm88p file1 ptchm88p ptchisnp file1 ptchisnp CM loadbr2 file1 loadbr2 binary Irecl 256 FILE1 LD modules load68k file1 load68k loadppc file1 loadppc XREF xref file1 xref ascii lIrecl80 FILE1 Before the file transfer takes place set file type to BINARY or ASCII For example use the BINARY command to change the file type to binary for filenames in the following format filename patch DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 120 Appendix C Using FTP If the file format is not recognized by the FTP application the system aborts the file transfer and issues one of the following error messages Example of an error message 503 TYPE must be Binary 503 TYPE must be ASCII Volume listing The FTP application provides the ability to determine available volumes on the DMS 100 switch Use the command Is or to list the available active disk volumes on the DMS 100 switch Example of command WS gt ls FTP cookbook This section provides a primer on FTP on the DMS 100 switch including the following e adescription of the FTP implementation on the DMS 100 switch e command summary FTP on the DMS 100 switch The implementation of FTP on the DMS 100 switch conforms to industry standards defined in RFC959 There are some differences between the DMS implementation and others FTP
102. f DMS bus intermessage switch configuration NT9X20BB DS512 NT9X20BB DS512 fiber paddle board Intermessage switch link fiber paddle board Intermessage switch link NT9X17DA port card NT9X17DA port card The following cards must also be provisioned on each switch e aminimum of 16 Mbyte of memory using one of the following card configurations one NT9X13DB CPU card and one NT9X14DB memory card one NT9X13NA CPU card e one NT9X49CB MS tracer card DMS bus external MS provisioning Just as the SuperNode core requires access to the DMS bus so do peripherals Therefore DMS bus port engineering is required 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction tothe EIU 41 The information in table 2 defines the port requirements for EIU installation Table 2 DMS bus port engineering requirements for peripherals Peripheral Message Switch Comments links per plane Port Card Paddle Board LPP DS 30 4 NT9X17AA NT9X23BA 1 LPP requires 1 MS port card EIU provisioning Provisioning of EIUs is application dependent The number of EIUs required and their configuration is determined by a combination of product and software criteria EIUs are not provisioned on a switch unless required by the application Where possible provision two or more EIUs c
103. g an IP address to the external node It does not provide full BOOTP protocol support ENFNAME alphanumeric External node load file name vector of upto 8 Enter the default load file name used for characters the command LOADPM See table PMLOADS Enter dollar sign ENSITE alphanumeric External node site vectorofupto12 Enter the name of the site usually a characters building in which the node is housed This value must first be datafilled in table ENSITES ENLOCN see subfields External node location This field defines the location of the node within a building and consists of subfields FLOOR ROW and POSITION Sheet 2 of 5 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 100 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Table 26 Field descriptions for table EXNDINV for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement FLOOR 0 to 99 Floor number Enter the number of the floor on which the node is located ROW Ato Zor Row AA to ZZ Enter the row on the floor in which the excluding l O II node is located and OO POSITION 0 to 99 Bay position Enter the position of the bay in the row where the node is located ENTYPE alphanumeric External node type vectorofupto12 Enter the type of the node for example characters SUN or HP This value must first be datafilled in table ENTYPES ENINFO alphanumeric External node information table of up to 20 Enter a string containing any additional char
104. g and redundancy on page 41 The EIU can screen IP packets whereby only IP packets from a specified list of source IP address are accepted into the SuperNode switch and others rejected This list of IP addresses is bound in by and is the responsibility of user applications for example EXNDINV OSI and TCP IP protocols cannot co exist on the EIU Theoretically the EIU is capable of routing approximately 350 kbyte s with 1536 kbyte packets at the IP level That measurement equals about 2 5 Mbit s This performance measurement is the rate at which the EIU routes to the F bus However throttling values limit throughput Refer to Provisioning Rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 02 001 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 36 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU System wide limitations The EIU is collocated in an LPP shelf with other ASUs such as the link interface unit LIU7 and frame relay interface unit FRIU The exact configuration of ASU type units depends on the applications The LPP is connected to the DMS bus through eight DS30 links in a load sharing arrangement Each DS30 has a transfer capacity of approximately 256 Kbyte s A single EIU can route long messages 1518 bytes from the LAN to the DMS bus at a rate that can overload the DS30 and cause the link to fail SysB state This link failure causes traffic to switch to an alternate DS30 link If the system maintains the level of t
105. g of the engineering rules in Provisioning Rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 02 001 The location of an EIU on an LPP or on a particular shelf of the LPP must be carefully considered with respect to LPP engineering rules For more information on engineering refer to Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 69 Datafill sequence and implications The following tables must be datafilled before table LIUINV e PMLOADS e LIMINV e CARRMTC e SUSHELF e LIMPTINV LIM based LIU e MSCDINV MS based LIU You must datafill the EIU in table LIUINV before datafilling it in table IPHOST Table LIUINV datafill Table 11 lists the fields and value ranges used to datafill an EIU in table LIUINV CAUTION Possible loss of service Table LIUINV requires that you datafill a unique media access control MAC address for each EIU Obtain these MAC addresses from Nortel Using an arbitrary address for an EIU may result in loss of connectivity with the Ethernet network While table 11 provides all the information you need to datafill for EIUs complete information on table LIUINV is in DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 xxxx 350 Table 11 Field descriptions for table LIUINV for EIU datafill Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement LIUNAME see subfields Link interface unit name This is the key field which consists of
106. g possible was the widespread acceptance of connectionless network layer protocols A connectionless datagram or packet is a stand alone protocol data unit PDU incorporating the information required to route it through the internetwork from source to destination There is a fair amount of overhead associated with connectionless datagrams but it is a small trade off considering the benefits over connection oriented network layer protocols What is routing Routing is the process of directing packet traffic between networks according to predetermined criteria The goal of routing is to make the most efficient use of network resources It does this by eliminating unnecessary packet copies and forwarding packet data using the optimum path The device that carries out this process is called a router The most common forwarding criterion is the packet destination address A router either discards or passes a packet based on whether the destination is on a known network that is a network that is connected to or reachable by another port on the router In general a router discards a packet if the packet protocol is not supported by the router For example if a non IP packet were introduced on an IP network an IP router on that network discards the packet rather than forward it Routing and routed protocols Each internetworking architecture for example TCP IP includes at least one routed protocol and one routing protocol 297 8991 91
107. ge v of this document References in this document The following documents can be consulted for additional information or are referred to in this document DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 xvi Commands Reference Manual 297 1001 822 DMS SuperNode DataSPAN Frame Relay Service Maintenance Guide 297 5111 501 DMS SuperNode SCP II Maintenance Guide 297 5131 541 Link Interface Unit LIU7 Memory Calculation System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 01 001 Link Interface Unit LIU7 Memory Calculation for an End Office System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 03 004 Link Interface Unit LIU7 Memory Calculation for an Integrated Node System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 03 005 LPP ELPP LIU7 DLIU Performance Throughput and Capacity System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 12 001 DMS 100 Alarm Clearing and Performance Monitoring Procedures 297 Xxxx 543 DMS 100 Card Replacement Procedures 297 xxxx 547 DMS 100 Log Reports Reference Manual 297 xxxx 840 DMS 100 Office Parameters Reference Manual 297 xxxx 855 DMS 100 Operational Measurements Reference Manual 297 xxxx 814 DMS 100 PM Software Release Document 297 8981 599 DMS 100 Recovery Procedures 297 xxxx 545 DMS 100 Routine Maintenance Procedures 297 xxxx 546 DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 xxxx 350 DMS 100 Trouble Locating Procedures 297 xxxx 544 Peripheral Modules Maintenance Guide 297 xxxx 592 Provisioning Rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS System Engineering
108. ield or Entry Explana tion and action refinement INDEX refer to subfield Index This field consists of subfield NODEIDX NODEIDX 0 to 63 Node index Enter the node index number Sheet 1 of 2 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 82 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Table 14 Field descriptions for table IPHOST for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or Entry refinement Explana tion and action NODENAME AP APU CM EIU ELIU FP MS NODE refer to subfields Sheet 2 of 2 Node name Enter the node name AP application processor e APU application processor UNIX e CM computing module EIU Ethernet interface unit e FP file processor e MS message switch Note You can enter AP and FP to support the Supernode Unix SNIX versions of the nodes You can enter IP addresses for both the software operating system and the SNIX sides of the nodes You must enter the nodes in table APINV The IP address for an AP or FP can be the software operating side only or the software operating side and SNIX side You can enter one or two IP addresses for an AP or FP node The application on the node determines the number addresses to enter A node AP requires two IP addresses for the node Node This field contains subfields for the entries in field NODENAME NODENAME AP If the entry in field NODENAME is AP enter the data in the following refinements e SMNINDEX e SNADD
109. ing requirements for each protocol The emphasis is on providing locally attached nonswitched connections primarily for OAM interfaces An example of the overall data flow for the data communications environment is shown in figure 2 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 26 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU Figure 2 Ethernet interface data flow DMS bus Messaging path Data SS protocol communications Workstations rocessing for rocessor Ethernet p g p LAN example termi transport Comm nicatons nal drivers interface server C Data Terminals links Given the cost of the SuperNode cabinet infrastructure providing the standard hard connection interfaces in this mechanical environment is not possible For this reason interfaces are placed outside the boundaries of these cabinets Engineering approaches to LANs also address a similar problem In LANs it is not economic to provide all types of data interfaces at each node on the LAN The communications server provides a range of communications services to all users on the LAN and may be located anywhere on the LAN Another major functional requirement that the EIU satisfies is providing connectivity to commercially available workstations for value added services This requirement is provided through a standard interconnect media The majority of these workstations support an Ethernet interface for local area networking The EIU also supports this p
110. ion 1 Start the FTP tool without connecting to a host by typing ftp gt ftp and pressing the Enter key 2 Obtain information on current and reserved FTP sessions by typing ftp gt showsvusers and pressing the Enter key Example of a MAP response 1 Sessions reserved gt 1 Sessions active gt 1 USERNAME admin DEFAULTDIR SFDEV ACTIVE SESSIONS 1 ABSOLUTEPATHNAME yes COMMAND TIMEOUT forever The sample MAP response indicates that there is one server session reserved with a userlD of admin and this session is presently active that is someone has established an FTP session 3 You have completed this procedure Procedure 8 Reserving a server session and adding a server userID You can reserve server sessions on a DMS node and attach some user information to these server sessions such as a different default directory The number of sessions that can be reserved depends on the number of FTP connections datafilled for that node in table IPHOST This number equals the sum of all server sessions allowed for this node Find out how many server sessions the node can support Use procedure 7 to find out how many sessions have been reserved The remaining sessions can be reserved for use by a designated user Step Action DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 132 Appendix C Using FTP 1 Start the FTP tool without connecting to a host by typing ftp gt ftp and pressing the Enter key 2 Reserve a
111. is installed the DS 1 traffic will not be carried through the DS 1 VT Mapper even though the DS 1 VT Mapper is properly provisioned CAUTION Possibility of service interruption or degradation CAUTION Possible loss of service Before continuing confirm that you are removing the card from the inactive unit of the peripheral module Subscriber service will be lost if you remove a card from the active unit DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 xviii CAUTION Possibility of equipment damage gt CAUTION DANGER DANGER CAUTION Damage to the backplane connector pins Align the card before seating it to avoid bending the backplane connector pins Use light thumb pressure to align the card with the connectors Next use the levers on the card to seat the card into the connectors Possibility of static electricity damage CAUTION Static electricity damage Wear a Static discharge wrist strap connected to the wrist strap grounding point of a frame supervisory panel FSP or a modular supervisory panel MSP This precaution protects the cards against damage caused by static electricity Possibility of personal injury DANGER Risk of personal injury Handle the card by the edges only Do not touch the components on the card These components reach very high temperatures and can burn causing personal injury Possibility of electrocution DANGER Risk of electrocuti
112. isioning 41 EIU sparing and redundancy 41 Billing 42 Service orders 42 User interface characteristics 42 Logs alarms and OMs 43 Log reports 43 Alarms 43 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 viii Contents Operational measurements 43 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 45 Software architecture 46 Supported protocols 49 Addressing 54 Protocol engineering 61 IP throttling 61 TCP connection management 61 FTP session control 63 Protocol buffer engineering 63 IP throttling 65 IP throttling for LPP 65 IP throttling for SSLPP 66 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 67 Interdependency and auto configuration 68 Table LIVINV 68 Datafill sequence and implications 69 Table LIUINV datafill 69 EIU MAC addresses 72 IP addresses 73 Sample datafill for table LIUINV 73 Table IPNETWRK 73 Datafill sequence and implications 74 Datafill for table IPNETWRK 74 Sample datafill for table IPNETWRK 77 Supplementary information 78 Table IPROUTER 78 Datafill sequence and implications 79 Datafill 79 Sample datafill for table IPROUTER 80 Table IPHOST 80 Datafill sequence and implications 81 Datafill 81 Sample datafill for table IPHOST 89 Table IPTHRON 89 Datafill sequence and implications 91 Datafill 91 Sample datafill for table IPTHRON 93 Table IPPROTO 93 Datafill sequence and implications 94 Datafill 94 Sample datafill for table IPPROTO 94 Table ENSITES 95 Datafill sequence and implications 95 Datafill 95 Sample datafil
113. ithm is controlled by five parameters e leaky bucket size e fault detection threshold mark The fault is reported when the bucket level exceeds this value e fault clear threshold mark The fault reported previously is cleared when the bucket level is lower than this value e error event factor This value is added to the bucket level when an error event occurs e good event factor This value is subtracted from the bucket level when a good event occurs DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 106 Chapter 4 EIU maintenance Table 27 summarizes the preset bucket parameters for reported LAN faults Table 27 EIU LAN fault leaky bucket parameters Bucket name Bucket size Threshold Threshold Error event Good event set level clear level count value count value Receive framing error 3000 3000 2970 1000 1 Loss of carrier Receiver 3000 3000 2970 1000 1 overflow Receive CRC 3000 3000 2970 1000 1 Transmit 1 Deferred Late collision Transmit retries exceeded EIU overload control In an overload situation the EIU overload control discards packets at the interrupt level rather than at the process level The feedback scheme is devised such that packets received either from the Ethernet interface or F bus interface are discarded when the EIU resources reach critical condition The EIU can withstand a broadcast storm or a babbling node due to overload controls that have been implemented This
114. kbyte s Note 2 EIU LMS node Note 3 CM SuperNode 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 67 Chapter 3 EIU datafill This chapter describes the datafill requirements for installing and maintaining Ethernet interface units EIU in an Ethernet network There are seven data schema tables required to provision the EIU The purpose of each table is summarized in table 10 Table 10 Summary of data schema tables required for EIU provisioning Table Description LIUINV Table LIUINV is the main inventory table for configuring ElUs and includes card product engineering codes PEC shelf location default load name Ethernet MAC address and a flag to enable local area network LAN heartbeat checking IPNETWRK Table IPNETWRK defines the SuperNode subnetwork IP address class DMS core host address subnetwork mask and default EIU The SuperNode subnet is derived from the subnet mask and the DMS core host address IPROUTER Table IPROUTER defines the routing functions of the ElUs SuperNode side and LAN side IP addresses and flags to enable address resolution protocol ARP and proxy ARP protocols IPHOST Table IPHOST defines IP addresses for all IP hosts in the switch Hosts include computing module CM application processors AP file processors FP application processors for UNIX APUX and the EIU IPPROTO Table IPPROTO defines timers for ARP refresh IPTHRON Table IPTHRON defines IP thr
115. l for table ENSITES 95 Table ENTYPES 95 Datafill sequence and implications 95 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Datafill 95 Sample datafill for table ENTYPES 96 Table EXNDINV 96 Datafill sequence and implications 97 Datafill 98 Sample datafill for table EXNDINV 102 Contents ix Chapter 4 EIU maintenance EIU MAP level 104 Manual busy state 104 In service state 104 EIU diagnostics 104 Out of service diagnostics 104 In service diagnostics 105 In service leaky bucket audit 105 EIU overload control 106 EIU sparing requirements 107 Automated system maintenance 108 Manual system maintenance 109 Logs relevant to EIU OA amp M 110 OMs relevant to EIU OA amp M 110 103 Appendix A EIU installation checklist 111 Appendix B EIU troubleshooting Tools 114 Troubleshooting checklist 114 113 Appendix C Using FTP What is FTP 118 Automatic Record Length Detection 118 Volume listing 120 FTP cookbook 120 FTP onthe DMS 100 switch 120 Obtaining the IP address of the SuperNode host 122 Tutorial basic FTP operations 123 Tutorial moving files 126 Tutorial advanced operations 131 FTP operations reference 135 117 Appendix D Using telnet Telnet access to aswitch 142 141 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing What is internetworking 145 What is routing 146 Routing and routed protocols 146 Planning overview 147 Mapping the network 147 Choosing IP addresses 149 145 D
116. lass A 152 Subnet mask class A 153 IP addressing classB 154 Subnet mask class B 155 IP addressing class C 156 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 xii Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Subnet mask class C 156 IP addressing classD 157 IP addressing classE 157 Address mask example 158 Simple network numbering 159 Host configuration 166 Router configurations 167 Host and router configuration Interface configuration part 1 Interface Configuration part 2 LPP architecture 181 SSLPP architecture 183 SNSE LIS architecture 184 EIU MAC address format 186 168 169 170 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 xiii List of tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 Table 19 Table 20 Table 21 Table 22 Table 23 Table 24 Table 25 Table 26 Table 27 Table 28 Table 29 Table 30 Table 31 Table 32 Table 33 DMS Core feature packages 38 DMS bus port engineering requirements for peripherals 41 IP routing table 60 IP route list table 60 TCP connection limits by SuperNode subsystem 62 UDP connection limits by SuperNode subsystem 62 Buffer allocation per end point 64 IP throttling values for LPP 65 IP throttling values for SSLPP 66 Summary of d
117. ll for table EXNDINV for an EIU Figure 24 Datafill example for table EXNDINV o ENNAME ENADDR ENFNAME ENSITE ENLOCN ENTYPE ENINFO ENPROCSR ENPROTCL ENOLKALM ENILLKALM ENALMSPT EXND 0 EXNODMIC ENIP 47 73 5 95 ENIP 47 73 5 93 CAR 1 A 1 XTERM COOP7W32 ALL TCP ICMP UDP MN NA N ae 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 103 Chapter 4 EIU maintenance This chapter provides information on Ethernet interface unit EIU maintenance CAUTION Possible loss of network security Using the Ethernet interface unit EIU and a telnet or file transfer protocol FTP session to establish a maintenance and administration position MAP session can introduce a security risk to both the DMS node and its subtending network When establishing and operating a MAP session in this way there is limited security for clear text user identification and passwords and for Internet Protocol IP addresses for screening This limited security makes an open local area network LAN vulnerable to entry by unauthorized persons Nortel recommends that the operating company as a minimal precaution integrate intermediate security servers with encryption to avoid unauthorized access to the switch For alternative approaches contact your Nortel representative to discuss state of the art secure OA amp M data communications equipment
118. lt to trace problems For information and procedures refer to Trouble Locating Procedures 297 XXxx 544 e Recovery Maintenance personnel and engineers undertake recovery procedures after a component sub system or system wide failure For information and procedures refer to Recovery Procedures 297 xxxx 545 e Routine maintenance Maintenance personnel use routine maintenance procedures to perform specific sets of tasks that the DMS 100 switch requires as a minimum to maintain operations For information and procedures on routine maintenance refer to Routine Maintenance Procedures 297 xxxx 546 e Card replacement Maintenance personnel use card replacement procedures in two situations as part of other maintenance procedures required as a response to alarms or to complete trouble locating during routine card replacement DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 110 Chapter 4 EIU maintenance For information and procedures refer to Card Replacement Procedures 297 xxxx 547 Logs relevant to EIU OA amp M The following logs are relevant to EIU operations administration and maintenance e TELN e ITN Note For more information on these logs refer to the DMS 100 Logs Reports Reference Manual 297 xxxx 840 OMs relevant to EIU OA amp M The following operational measurements OM are relevant to EIU operations administration and maintenance e EIUETHER Note For more information on these OMs refer
119. ly EIU User Guide TELECOM12 62 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols Maximums are defined for the number of TCP connections allowed on a node as shown in table 5 UDP connection maximums are shown in table 6 on page 62 Table 5 TCP connection limits by SuperNode subsystem Subsystem Maximum TCP connections computing module 64 function processor 32 EIU 32 APU 1 Table 6 UDP connection limits by SuperNode subsystem Subsystem Maximum UDP connections computing module 32 function processor 32 EIU 32 APU 32 The parameter TCP_CONN controls the number of TCP connections for the node The value for this parameter can be changed at any time regardless of the status of the node The new value is immediately propagated to the node concerned provided the node is in service If TCP was in service before the value of TCP_CONN is decreased the existing TCP connections are dropped immediately and the users are notified accordingly TCP remains out of service until it can reallocate its resources control blocks buffers and timers to accommodate the new number of allowed TCP connections If the new value is zero TCP remains out of service until a nonzero value number is datafilled for that node The DMS 100 switch responds in the same way when the IP address of the node is modified while the node is in service In this case if the number of TCP connections remains the same or is increased the reallocation is
120. m e NA no alarm External node one link alarm Enter the type of alarm to be raised if only one link is available to the external node External node alarm scan points This is a vector of up to two multiples Enter Y yes if scan points are to be assigned to the node for alarm purposes and datafill refinements SCTMTYPE SCTMNO SCTMCTNO CRITSCPT MAJSCPT MINSCPT and SCCARDCD Otherwise enter N no No further datafill is required Scan circuit trunk module type Enter MTM if the scan circuit resides on the maintenance trunk module MTM Enter OAU if the scan circuit resides on the office alarm unit OAU Scan circuit trunk module number Enter the trunk module TM of the MTM where the scan circuit resides Scan circuit trunk module circuit number Enter the circuit number on the MTM of the scan circuit Critical alarm scan point Enter the scan point associated with the critical alarm for the node DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 102 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Table 26 Field descriptions for table EXNDINV for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement MAJSCPT Oto6 Major alarm scan point Enter the scan point associated with the major alarm for the node MINSCPT Oto6 Minor alarm scan point Enter the scan point associated with the minor alarm for the node Sheet 5 of 5 Sample datafill for table EXNDINV Figure 24 shows sample datafi
121. mber of subnets and the maximum number of hosts per subnet also consider future expansion of the network e the IP addresses for HUBs and routers e the dynamic routing strategy only RIP is supported on the EIU e network security if the network is connected to public network such as the Internet security consideration is vital Routing The IP is a network layer protocol using the ISO seven layer model One of the key responsibilities of the network layer protocol is to route messages from the source node to destination nodes The SuperNode IP works in a somewhat complex inter networking environment where the routing decision is not always simple The IP routing algorithm must route messages from SuperNode hosts to the following e internal SuperNode SOS and UNIX based hosts e external to SuperNode hosts such as workstations When the destination host is not attached to the SuperNode network IP must route messages to a neighboring IP router In this way IP forwards route messages toward the final destination SuperNode connectivity to external hosts is possible through EIUs The EIU in this context is referred to as an IP router Generally IP routers have more than one network interface the network interface is defined as the node s connectivity to the underlying network whether it is Ethernet or FTS to allow IP messages to pass from one network to another The IP router may also provide connectivity to networks with di
122. min is the recommended time All subnet size combinations are permitted in table IPNETWRK However the subnet size in the DMS 100 switch must be the same as the subnet size of the LAN to which the DMS 100 switch is connected This requirement is a result of the limitation of the RIP version 1 0 implementation in the EIU The IP subnet must be allocated for each DMS 100 switch Refer to Addressing on page 50 Feature packaging Feature packaging applies to software loaded on the DMS core In general these packages provide the central maintenance functionality for the new remote processors and the protocol software Prior to CSP02 the feature packages for the software resident in the DMS core are summarized in table 1 Table 1 DMS Core feature packages Package Title Description NTXFO5AA Ethernet interface unit The is the basic package needed to datafill and maintain the EIU No protocol software is included in this package Sheet 1 of 2 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 39 Table 1 DMS Core feature packages Package Title Description NTXF19AA TCP IP This package is the protocol software from the transport layer down to the link layer NTXF19AA uses NTXFO5AA NTXS11AA FTP This package is the standard FTP client and server software NTXS11AA uses NTXF19AA NTX70AA Telnet RMAP This package is the standard telnet server for remote MAP RMAP
123. mitations and restrictions feature packaging DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 22 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU EIU provisioning requirements billing service orders user interface characteristics logs alarms and operational measurements OM Overview of the EIU The EIU is an application specific unit ASU that supports Ethernet connectivity on the DMS 100 switch You can configure the EIU as either an IP router or an OSI router The EIU also supports host services The EIU is intended primarily as a high speed interface that provides connectivity in a co located environment such as that in a Central Office However if the EIU is deployed in a LAN extending beyond the co located environment you should observe the limitations and network security notes in the caution above The following list summarizes the router and host services that use dedicated EIUs For general information on ASUs refer to Appendix G ASU background information Note The following applications may not be available in all product lines or markets For more information consult with the specific Product Line Manager or contact Nortel Networks Automated directory assistance service ADAS ADAS provides assistance to an operator by automatically prompting subscribers for directory assistance information ADAS uses the EIU to support messaging between an ADAS OA amp M position and the DMS 100 switch Billing server Billing serve
124. monitors internal operational measurements OM generated by the different layers of Internet Protocol stack for example e transmission control protocol TCP Internet Protocol IP e Internet control message protocol ICMP e address resolution protocol ARP SuperNode access protocol SNAP IPRTRACE Y monitors and displays the intermediate paths taken by the IP packets generated by SuperNode to their destinations NETMAN Y displays information on TCP and user datagram protocol UDP connections SNPINGCI Y use to ping remote IP nodes for checking serviceability of these remote nodes For more information on these tools refer to Commands Reference Manual 297 1001 822 Troubleshooting checklist Much of the troubleshooting required for the EIU is handled at the frame shelf and software load levels There are however some problems that operating company personnel can troubleshoot at the EIU level Table 30 lists the problems that the operating company and customers can encounter The table also lists probable causes referenced to the list at the end of the table Table 30 EIU troubleshooting checklist Problem Probable cause Cannot ping any SuperNode based node from an external 1 2 3 4 5 node or vice versa Can ping to a SuperNode based node but cannot setupa 4 TCP connection Sheet 1 of 2 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix B EIU tro
125. name is the name of the file on the workstation If the filename is in lowercase or contains forward slashes use single quotation marks around the name Send an image on unIPLed ISN load to the workstation Sheet 3 of 3 CM gt binary CM gt put FILE_NAME1 file_name2 sosimage where file_ name is the name of the file on the DMS file_name2 sosimage is the name of the target file on the remote host If the file_name1 is in lowercase or contains forward slashes use single quotation marks around the name 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 141 Appendix D Using telnet This appendix provides procedures for establishing telnet sessions on the DMS 100 switch CAUTION Possible loss of network security Using the Ethernet interface unit EIU and a telnet or file transfer protocol FTP session to establish a maintenance and administration position MAP session can introduce a security risk to both the DMS node and its subtending network When establishing and operating a MAP session in this way there is limited security for clear text user identification and passwords and for Internet Protocol IP addresses for screening This limited security makes an open local area network LAN vulnerable to entry by unauthorized persons Nortel recommends that the operating company as a minimal precaution integrate intermediate security servers with encryption to avoid unauthorized access to the
126. nd pressing the Enter key where ip_addr is IP address that you found at step 4 You have completed this procedure 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix D Using telnet 143 Procedure 13 _ Telnetting into a switch for MAP session access CSP05 and up Step 1 2 10 Action Go to the Cl level of the MAP display Open table IPNETWRK by typing gt table IPNETWRK and pressing the Enter key Determine the IP address for the CM Close table IPNETWRK by typing gt quit and pressing the Enter key Open table IPHOST by typing gt table IPHOST and pressing the Enter key Determine that there are enough TCP connections for the CM Close table IPHOST by typing gt quit and pressing the Enter key Open an xterm window Telnet into the CM by typing gt telnet ip_addr and pressing the Enter key where ip_addr is IP address for the CM that you found at step 3 You have completed this procedure DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 144 Appendix D Using telnet 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 145 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing This chapter is a primer on internetworking Internet Protocol IP addressing and P related protocols For examples on IP addressing and configurations refer to Appendix F EIU addressing examples What is internetworking Internetworking began as a method of connecting stand alone local area networks LAN to allow sha
127. ning on the EIU itself require application level sparing to recover e All definitions for the sparing strategy are controlled with datafill DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 108 Chapter 4 EIU maintenance A simple form of load balancing is used such that multiple end hosts in the DMS switch are assigned an active EIU in a round robin fashion This requirement does not take into account the relative amounts of traffic to or from the end hosts For more information on EIU redundancy and sparing refer to EIU sparing and redundancy on page 39 Figure 25 shows the EIU redundant configuration Figure 25 EIU redundant configuration Subnet 1 Subnet 2 EIU 1 advertises CM FP and ELIU IP address LP External Can be another T router subnet or new i l EIU 2 advertises Listening network on this al EIUS ana APIE to RIP side of external address every router 30 seconds EIU 3 advertises CM EIU 9 FP AP and ELIU IP address every 30 sec J gt External router Can be another z z subnet or new UNIX Listening network on this box to RIP side of external router Automated system maintenance The EIU hardware is automatically maintained using a variety of techniques common to all DMS products These techniques fall into the following categories e checks on hardware integrity during normal operations that is parity or error detection and correction on memory arrays
128. nonfunctional and there was nothing left for the EIU to communicate with The test demonstrated that maintenance personnel could remote login to the EIU start a CI process look at some OMs and remote logout The EIU could also successfully complete an in service test and could be manual busied then returned to service after successfully completing the out of service test IP throttling was introduced to address customer concerns on co residency of EIUs with other ASUs in an LPP frame The IP throttling feature provides partial protection for the DS30 links at the expense of EIU throughput Similarly throttling has been implemented for EIUs on FLIS and SNSE LIS to protect the links between the MS and EIU from overloading When deployed fiber SR128 links through the MS will provide enhanced capacity to alleviate link capacity overload The SNSE LIS and LPP have been product integrity tested with up to eight EIUs Capacity engineering rules restrict the number of EIUs supported per platform to less than eight Refer to Provisioning Rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 02 001 The DMS 100 switch supports a maximum of eight EIUs per switch Each of the eight EIUs can be configured on a separate LAN However EIUs configured on the same LAN can provide simple load balancing of IP traffic between EIUs and tolerance to failure of a single EIU For more information on redundancy and sparing refer to EIU sparin
129. nternet central buffer manager ICMP Internet control message protocol IEC inter exchange carriers 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 List of terms 191 IML inter message switch links INARP inverse address resolution protocol IOC input output controller IP Internet Protocol IPF integrated processor and F bus IPX Internet packet exchange ISDN integrated services data network ISG isolated system ground ISN integrated service node ISUP integrated user services part Kbyte kilobyte Kbyte s kilobyte per second Kbit kilobit Kbit s kilobit per second LAN local area network LAPB link access protocol balanced LIS link interface shelf LIU link interface unit LIU7 LIU for CCS7 LLC line load control LMS local message switch LPP link peripheral processor MAC media access control MAN metropolitan area network MAU media access unit DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 192 List of terms MAP maintenance and administration position Mbyte megabyte Mbyte s megabytes per second Mbit megabits Mbit s megabits per second MDLP mobile data link protocol MDR7 message detail recording for CSS7 MS message switch MTP message transfer part NIC Network Information Center NFS network file system OM operational measurement OSPF open shortest path first OSI open systems interconnect P Bus peripheral bus PDU protocol data unit RARP reverse address resolution protocol RFC Request For Comment RIP routing information protocol RMS remote m
130. numbers between 0 zero and 32 767 that represents the maximum IP transmit and receive rate in kbyte s to and from the node that is datafilled as a key The IP throttling numbers default to zero 100 throttling for all EIUs datafilled in table LIUINV This means that if the throttling capacity numbers are not modified to numbers more than zero in this table the EIU cannot communicate to nodes across DS30 links The APU datafill is optional in this table If APU is not datafilled in this table it defaults to 0 throttling The 0 throttling means that IP traffic to and from the APU is not throttled There are eight optional fields for each tuple Each optional field contains the following SuperNode node name such as CM file processor FP application processor AP EIU or APU node index transmit capacity in kbytes s Each optional field indicates the IP transmission rate from the node in the optional field to either the EIU or the APU that is datafilled as a key for the tuple The node name and index in the optional field must be datafilled first in its appropriate inventory table However table IPTHRON does not validate the information in the optional field For example FPs datafilled in the IPTHRON tuple optional fields must be datafilled first in table APINV The tuple in IPTHRON is accepted even if the FPs are not datafilled in table APINV For one tuple the total transmit capacity of all of the nodes in the o
131. oards are identical to those employed in the DMS bus These circuit packs constitute the transport bus T bus The T bus is a 32 bit wide parallel bus that also operates at a clock rate of 4 096 MHz The T bus resides between the rate adapter and the DS30 interface circuits that connect the LPP to the DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 182 Appendix H ASU background information DMS bus While the rate adapter is responsible for mediating traffic flow between the F bus and T bus the T bus provides the following functionality e T bus for inter and intra LPP messaging inter LPP messaging is carried on DS30 links e access to mapper hardware for logical to physical addressing e supports the LMS central processing unit CPU which is responsible for LPP diagnostics maintenance and maintaining configuration specific data in its memory Single shelf link peripheral processor The SSLPP is a cost competitive alternative for offices that do not need the number of slots offered by the LPP The operating company can provision a maximum of 12 ASUs on the SSLPP The SSLPP allows the F bus from a single link interface shelf LIS to connect directly to the DMS bus with a fiber optic cable The functions of the LMS are assumed by the DMS bus The shelf assembly is identical to that used in the LPP with the major difference being the method used to connect it to the message switch MS In the SSLPP the F bus interface circuit pack i
132. of entry connected to all subnetworks All subnetworks were supposed to have address ranges of the same size Later IP implementations have retained the expectation that the width of the subnet mask is uniform throughout all the subranges of the top level class A or B network number With the current increased emphasis on conservation of IP addresses it is often desirable to allocate subnet ranges of just the right size To allocate ranges consistently all protocol exchanges that communicate a network address range must include the associated subnet mask OSPF performs this and future releases of other route information protocols for example RIP Version 2 allow this too On the other hand some protocols do not carry this information since knowledge of subnet structure is contained within a routing domain and is invisible outside of a routing domain It is important to realize that support for variable width subnetworks does not allow for subnetworking subnetworks For example an IP port can have the class B address 129 191 14 1 with subnet mask 255 255 255 0 IP address 129 191 0 0 is the network and IP address 129 191 14 0 is the subnet You cannot further subnet the 129 191 14 0 subnet for example 129 191 14 128 with mask 255 255 255 128 However a new subnet can be created with a longer mask such as 129 191 15 128 with mask 255 255 255 128 Protocols related to Internet Protocol This section provides brief descriptions on
133. of figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Overall architecture of enhanced SuperNode system 24 Ethernet interface data flow 26 EIU mapping to lower levels of the OSI communications model 28 Link interface shelf with 2 slot EIU locations 29 SSLPP with 2 slot EIU locations 30 DMS SuperNode switch LPP with an EIU 30 DMS SuperNode FLIS with an EIU 31 Ethernet interface architecture 32 Example of DMS bus intermessage switch configuration 40 MAP display level hierarchy 42 SuperNode TCP IP protocol stack 47 SuperNode TCP IP message flow 48 Typical configuration for LAN and SuperNode subnets 56 An example SuperNode Ethernet 59 Datafill example for table LIUINV 73 Datafill examples for table IPNETWRK 77 Datafill example for table IPROUTER 80 Datafill example for table IPHOST 89 Datafill example for table IPTHRON 93 Datafill example for table IPPROTO 94 Datafill example for table ENSITES 95 Datafill example for table ENTYPES 96 Table EXNDINV filters IP packets 97 Datafill example for table EXNDINV 102 EIU redundant configuration 108 Simple network map 148 Detailed network diagram 149 IP address structure 150 IP addressing c
134. ogram residing in the host computer This approach was fine as long as there was only one DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 146 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing application that the user needed to access Otherwise the user required a separate line and terminal device for each application As the number of communications duties grew such as addressing route selection and error detection and correction there came a point where the applications had to be uncoupled from the communications network Specialized computers were created to take over the communications duties Termed front end processors these computers were actually communications switches designed to convert the fast bus speeds of the host processor to slower network link speeds By the mid 1980s most networks followed this paradigm It was about this time that various types of stand alone LANs sprang up to satisfy local requirements but these LANs were rarely integrated with the central host networks The majority of an enterprise s networks are now interconnected into one internetwork The internetwork typically consists of a physical topology of multiprotocol routers connected together using a wide assortment of LAN and wide area network WAN technologies Multiple logical topologies are overlaid on the physical topology to create the multiprotocol Internetwork TCP IP is one of the more popular logical topologies What made Internetworkin
135. on 1a Sponsoring organization 1b Contact name Last name First name 1c Contact title 1d Mail address 1e Phone 1f Net mailbox 1g NIC handle if known 2 Provide the name title mailing address phone number and organization of the technical POC The on line mailbox and NIC handle if any of the technical POC should also be included This is the POC for resolving technical problems associated with the network and for updating information about the network The technical POC may also be responsible for hosts attached to this network 2a NIC handle if known 2b Technical POC name Last name First name 2c Technical POC title 2d Mail address 2e Phone 2f Net mailbox Sheet 2 of 4 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 174 Appendix G IP network number requests Table 37 NIC IP address request form IP address request form continued 3 Supply the short mnemonic name for the network up to 12 characters This is the name that will be used as an identifier in Internet name and address tables 3a Network name 4 Identify the network geographic location and the responsible organization establishing the network 4a Postal address for main neadquarters network site 4b Name of organization 5 Question 5 is for MILITARY or DOD requests ONLY If you require that this connected network be announced to the NSFNET please answer questions 5a 5b and 5c 5a
136. on Do not open the front panel of the inverter unless fuses F1 F2 and F3 have been removed The inverter contains high voltage lines Until the fuses are removed the high voltage lines are active and you risk being electrocuted How commands parameters and responses are represented Commands parameters and responses in this document conform to the following conventions Input prompt gt An input prompt gt indicates that the information that follows is a command gt BSY 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 xix Commands and fixed parameters Commands and fixed parameters that are entered at a MAP terminal are shown in uppercase letters gt BSY CTRL ctrl_no Variables Variables are shown in lowercase letters gt BSY CTRL ctrl_no The letters or numbers that the variable represents must be entered Each variable is explained in a list that follows the command string Responses Responses correspond to the MAP display and are shown in a different typeface FP 3 Busy CTRL 0 Command request has been submitted FP 3 Busy CTRL 0 Command passed The following excerpt from a procedure shows the command syntax used in this document Step Action 1 Start the FTP tool by typing gt ftp nnn nnn nnn nnn and pressing the Enter key where nnn is the portion of the IP address that identifies the node Example gt ftp 47 187 112 215 Example of a MAP response Allocated a Session ID Suc
137. onnecting to a single LAN to improve reliability This redundancy may not be required if duplication is provided at a higher system level for example duplicate LANs Observe the following provisioning rules e although the maximum number of EIUs in a switch is limited to eight limitation imposed by software the actual number that you can provision per platform is determined by engineering rules refer to Provisioning Rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 02 001 e each EIU requires one LIU position two slots in a 36 position LPP e each EIU has a fixed memory capacity the NTEX22BB contains 8 Mbyte of RAM and the NTEX22CA contains 32 Mbyte of RAM For more information on datafill refer to Chapter 3 EIU datafill For more information on maintenance impact on spares refer to EIU sparing requirements on page 101 EIU sparing and redundancy The DMS switch and the EIU support load balanced routing Characteristics related to provisioning and options are described in the following points e In table IPNETWRK one EIU is defined as the default for the CM e In table IPROUTER all EIUs are defined e Maintenance software ensured that all EIUs are aware of the states of all other EIUs States are known for the following links between the EIU and the LAN side subnet links between the EIU and the SuperNode side subnet DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 42 Chapter 1 Introd
138. operation of the switch that is for call processing Sets of EIUs may be used with one or more EIUs available as a warm standby spare The mapping of the EIU architecture to the OSI reference model is shown in figure 3 on page 28 For more information on EIU sparing refer to EIU sparing and redundancy on page 41 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 28 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU Figure 3 EIU mapping to lower levels of the OSI communications model OSI reference model layers EIU partitioning Logical link control EIU software Media access control Ethernet interface hardware Physical signaling Attachment unit interface Data link Layer Physical L ysical Layer 15 conductor connectorized UTP PB Attachment cable unit interface Media access unit External equipment Transmission medium RG 58 coaxial 4 wire twisted cable pair LAN hub Hardware description The EIU is based on hardware originally developed for the signaling transfer point STP One of the main components of the STP is the LPP which is a frame that can hold up to 36 two slot ASUs An LPP containing an EIU is deployed in a DMS SuperNode switch to establish Ethernet connectivity Figure 4 on page 29 shows where the EIU is provisionable on the link interface shelf LIS Figure 5 on page 30 shows where the EIU is provisionable on the single shelf link peripheral processor SSLPP The EIU consists of three cards p
139. ord oriented file system For example LOAD68K files require 256 byte fixed length records UnIPLed images are stored as 512 byte fixed length records PLed images need 1020 byte fixed length records The record length can be set either automatically or manually If the file extension is in a prescribed form the system automatically 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 51 detects and sets the record length To manually set the record length use the LRECL command This command changes the record length locally at the client site and sends the command to the server The command is applied locally regardless of the server response negative or positive Both the automatic record length detection process and the manual process require that the file transfer type ASCII or BINARY be manually set to the required value before transferring the file ASCII files can also be transferred to the record oriented file systems If the transfer mode is binary FTP switches automatically to FIXED length records If the file size of the file being transferred to the SuperNode switch in binary mode is not a multiple of the current record length the last record is padded with spaces This is a file system restriction and has nothing to do with FTP implementation This restriction can be eliminated by providing a separate QUOTE command for FTP which toggles the record type FIXED VAR in binary mode For files that do
140. orks at levels below the Internet address defined range A subnetwork mask identifies to IP the portion of the whole address that identifies the network and subnetwork Subnetwork masks are represented in decimal values For example to indicate that the first two bytes of an address are the network and subnetwork parts and the last two bytes are reserved for hosts the subnetwork mask is 255 255 0 0 For instance assume that IP address 133 101 0 0 has been assigned to a company Without a subnetwork mask the last two fields of the address identify individual hosts In this case assume the company has five major DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 158 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing departments Each department expects to use fewer than 254 host addresses so the entire third byte of the address is chosen for the subnetwork number To reserve the third byte for the subnetwork number they use subnetwork mask 255 255 255 0 Figure 37 on page 158 illustrates this point Figure 37 Address mask example Network node 133 101 1 8 Class B Subnet ID Host ID network ID 133 101 Subnet mask 255 255 255 0 Class B network ID Subnet ID Host ID Subnet network for example 133 101 1 0 Class Subnet ID 133 101 Network 133 101 1 0 is a subnet of network 131 101 0 0 There is no official requirement that the subnet mask consist only of contiguous bits However in the presenc
141. otation marks around the name The above command sequence e sets the transfer type to ASCII e puts the file in the current directory of the DMS Sheet 2 of 3 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 140 Appendix C Using FTP Table 35 FTP operations reference DMS to workstation Action Command sequence Send an ASCII file to the workstation Get a LOAD68K file from the workstation CM gt ascii CM gt put file_name where file_name is the name of the target file on the workstation If the file name is in lowercase or contains forward slashes use single quotation marks around the name The above command sequence e sets the transfer type to ASCII e puts the file in the current directory of the workstation Because the workstation has no concept of record length the logical record length does not have to be set CM gt binary CM gt get filename load68k where filename is the name of the file on the workstation If the filename is in lowercase or contains forward slashes use single quotation marks around the name Get an image ISN from the workstation Get an unIPLed ISN load from the workstation CM gt binary CM gt get filename bin1020 where filename is the name of the file on the workstation If the filename is in lowercase or contains forward slashes use single quotation marks around the name CM gt binary CM gt get filename bin512 where file
142. ottling data in kbyte s for the ElUs and APUs Table entries allow favoring of the CM APs and FPs This table protects the DS30 links in the LPP from traffic overflow and is needed for messaging ENSITES Table ENSITES contains a complete list of all sites referenced in table EXNDINV ENTYPES Table ENTYPES contains a complete list of all external node types referenced in table EXNDINV EXNDINV Table EXNDINV lets the maintenance and administration position MAP operator monitor and control nodes that are either attached to SuperNode switches by EIU or attached to SuperNode or NT40 switches by an input output controller IOC X 25 card DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 68 Chapter 3 EIU datafill The following sections describe these tables as they apply to EIU provisioning For complete information on data schema refer to DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 8xxx 350 Interdependency and auto configuration Tables IPROUTER and IPHOST are interdependent on each other as well as on table IPNETWRK Whenever a tuple in table IPROUTER is modified the corresponding tuple if any with the same EIU in table IPHOST is also modified and auto configured For example if either the SuperNode side or the LAN side IP address changes for an EIU in table IPROUTER table the corresponding entry in table IPHOST is configured to reflect the changes made in table IPROUTER The changes in the tables are propagated immediately to all in
143. ptional fields cannot exceed the total receive capacity of the LMS node For one tuple the same node and node number must not appear more than once in the optional fields No other verification is performed for a tuple For example maintenance personnel must ensure that E Us and APUs that appear in the optional fields are not located on the same LIM as the LMS node The table entries can be added modified or deleted without taking the node off line The node must be datafilled in table LIUINV before it is allowed in table IPTHRON As a special case EIUs are automatically datafilled in this table with default values transmit capacity of zero and receive capacity of zero when they are added in table LIUINV The EIU is also automatically deleted from IPTHRON when it is deleted from table LIUINV Adding and deleting EIU directly from table IPTHRON is not allowed The table does not directly depend on the other tables 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 91 For more information on throttling refer to IP throttling on page 61 and to the Provisioning Rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS System Engineering Bulletin number 92 02 001 version 01 09 Datafill sequence and implications The following tables must be datafilled before table IPTHRON e inventory tables for nodes that are datafilled in field SNNODE in table IPTHRON Datafill Table 22 on page 91 lists the fields and value ranges used to d
144. r NT9X85BA This interface contains a UTP MAU and hub integrated onto the paddle board The card provides a 4 wire twisted pair connection externally Up to four external LAN devices can be connected to the hub This development provides a cost reduction over an OEM 10BaseT LAN configuration and puts maintenance of the hub more in line with standard DMS 100 maintenance practices Grounding requirements Isolated system ground ISG is not mandatory The EIU will operate properly in both ISG and non ISG environments This section provides information on grounding for equipment and facilities associated with the EIU ISG issues are most prevalent in the area of Ethernet peripherals Because these devices are AC powered they may violate the ISG requirements Devices can be powered from a protected AC source to isolate the frame and logic grounds and to provide continued service in the event of a commercial AC power failure In addition the implementation of the AUI is not compliant with the IEEE 802 3 specification In particular the shield of the AUI cable is not connected to logic ground Instead the cable is connected to frame ground to satisfy the ISG requirement The Ethernet interface is further transformer isolated in the transceiver the MAU and the shield ground is capacitively coupled to the case of the unit Capabilities limitations and restrictions This section describes the known limitations and restrictions for the EIU The
145. r allows the DMS 100 switch to forward billing and OM information from a DMS file processor FP to an external operating company billing processor The OM data is sent to the downstream processor through a different EIU The system throttles the billing server traffic at 36 kbyte sec Note that this application is only supported on DMS 250 or combinations with DMS 250 and GSM product lines Automatic file transfer AFT The AFT application lets the operating company use TCP IP to transport billing and operational measurement OM data from the DMS 250 IOC input output controller disks to the downstream processor over an Ethernet LAN One EIU can support both billing and OMs For this application the recommended number of EIUs is two one EIU is dedicated to billing data and the other is to OMs AFT is also referred to as Madley AFT Limited availability 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 23 e Cellular digital packet data CDPD The CDPD service transports datagrams between the mobile and private public data networks e Programmable service node PSN PSN is a flexible platform that lets operating companies rapidly deploy advanced services into their network Deployment is achieved through a service control unit SCU The SCU is an external computing platform that controls the call processing on the switch using a high speed data link e Remote management system RMS RMS provides telnet
146. r manufacturers can withstand a broadcast storm or a babbling node This capability is possible because of the overload control feature This capability follows the standard DMS 100 maintenance philosophy which states that a node must be maintainable even under overload conditions In a lab environment it has been demonstrated that a moderately heavily loaded LAN with broadcast messages caused workstations and a router to lock up while the EIU remained functional The workstations were overloaded to the point that all activity within the operating system stopped the on screen clock stopped ticking the cursor did not respond to mouse movements keystrokes were ignored outgoing LAN activity stopped 1 A broadcast message is issued from a single node and is received and processed by all nodes on the network A broadcast storm occurs when a faulty node broadcasts a message to all other nodes for which it expects a reply For each reply the node may in turn issue another broadcast message causing the number of messages to multiply rapidly until the network is congested 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 35 programs were not aware that a period of time had elapsed The router stopped routing packets The EIU remained fully functional throughout the broadcast storm test Although traffic from the EIU stopped this stoppage was due to all other components on the LAN being
147. r table LIUINV LIUNAME LOCATION LOAD PROCINFO CARDINFO EIU 117 LIM 1 3 12 ETCOTBM NTEX22BB NT9X84AA NTOX85AA YES 000075F4C117 S Table IPNETWRK Table IPNETWRK contains information relating to the SuperNode subnetwork IP address class DMS core host address subnetwork mask and default EIU The SuperNode subnet is derived from the subnet mask and the DMS core host address Table IPNETWRkK also contains the provisioning information for interface EIUs Table IPNETWRK is part of the implementation of transmission control protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP protocols on the DMS SuperNode This implementation provides the following functionality e third party compatibility with host machines for connection setup and data exchange is added DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 74 Chapter 3 EIU datafill e routing tables and algorithms are added to the IP as part of its addressing function e the capability to datafill and distribute configurable information that is associated with the TCP IP protocols using table control and the distributed data manager is added Datafill sequence and implications Before datafilling table IPNETWRK the following prerequisites must be in place e the EIU must be datafilled in LIUINV table e Nortel Networks recommends to place the default EIU in the off line state e table IPROUTER must be empty Note Table IPROUTER is not required for interface EIU
148. raffic that caused the initial failure each DS30 link topples one by one until the LPP is isolated from the DMS bus Further as each DS30 link overloads all pending messages on that link are lost including SS7 messages Note When deployed fiber SR128 links through the MS will provide enhanced capacity to alleviate link capacity overload The IP throttling feature throttles IP messages to and from the EIU to provide a measure of protection against DS30 link overload Application groups can engineer throttling to permit them to override the defaults Complete protection is still not guaranteed due to other message sources such as SIPC MTS logs and OMs Further multiple EIUs on the same LPP can still simultaneously send a large message on the same link which when combined with other messages in the LMS RX FIFO queue can still cause an overload IP throttling has also been implemented to protect the links between the MS and EIUs that are on FLIS or SNSE LIS A problem common to all ASU types is that the F bus receive buffers can be overloaded If this happens too many times within a certain time interval the rate adaptor detects the error and fails the link Engineering rules are required to ensure any ASU type is not overloaded Refer to Provisioning Rules for LPP SSLPP and SNSE LIS System Engineering Bulletin SEB 92 02 001 Limitations associated with maintenance The operating company can datafill a maximum of eight EIUs in the LI
149. re are other routers of any manufacture included in the plans three additional steps are needed 1 Select a routing protocol In cases where the EIU is to be integrated into an existing network choose the routing protocol to conform or interoperate with the existing network 2 Gather relevant information about the networks involved including server addresses and special needs 3 If the network connects to other networks that are not under the control of the operating company plan security firewalls to prevent unauthorized access to the network Mapping the network It is very important to have a usable representation of the network before installing the EIU If IP is already in use in the network it may be a simple matter of a rough diagram showing the network numbers needed and the IP addresses assigned to the ports Figure 26 on page 148 illustrates a simple network map DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 148 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing Figure 26 Simple network map Network 133 25 0 0 133 25 30 8 172 113 4 5 DMS 100 ie Main file server switch with ElUs 172 113 4 2 ca Administrator station 133 25 2 1 The networks shown in figure 26 are established and only need to be joined to the EIUs Consequently the installers and administrators need only understand the network addresses for the ports and the routing protocol currently in use Each connected segment must have a
150. record length detection is this appendix step 8 has an extension that can have the record length automatically detected step 10 Set the record length of the file by typing ftp gt lrecl rec_length and pressing the Enter key where rec_length is the record length required for the file Example ftp gt Irecl 256 This example sets the default record length on the DMS 100 switch to 256 Get the file from the remote host by typing ftp gt get file_name1 and pressing the Enter key where file_namet is the name of the file on the remote directory Example ftp gt get file1 bin This example gets a file called file1 bin from the remote host and renames it to FILE1 on the DMS 100 switch Go to step 11 Get the file from the remote host by typing ftp gt get file_name1 and pressing the Enter key 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix C Using FTP 131 where file_namet is the name of the file on the remote directory Example ftp gt get file1 bin1020 This example gets a file called file1 bin1020 from the remote host and renames it to FILE1 on the DMS 100 switch 11 You have completed this procedure Tutorial advanced operations This section provides a set of procedures that demonstrate how to add FTP users on the DMS 100 switch Procedure 7 Showing the status of server sessions Use this procedure to determine why an FTP session cannot be established Step Act
151. resses ranging from 192 168 0 0 to 192 168 255 0 Figure 34 Subnet mask class C CLASS C subnet masks Base_Tel 14 IPNETWRK No subnets No hosts netmask Netmask in binary format subnet size 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 255 255 255 192 255 255 255 224 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100 255 255 255 248 255 255 255 252 255 255 255 240 11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000 Host Router 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 157 Figure 35 IP addressing class D Base_Tel 15 32 bits cn eal a 1110 multicast Class D addresses are used to broadcast to all hosts on network 4 bit a 28 bits _______ Class D indicator Figure 36 IP addressing class E Base_Tel 16 32 bits lt lt 1111 experimental 14 bit a 28 bits _ __ _ ______1 gt Class E addresses are experimental and are generally not used by the IP community Class E indicator Address masks For administrative or procedural reasons a network number can be subdivided into subnetworks using a subnetwork mask also called a subnet or address mask A network mask is a set of values that masks or causes the router to ignore portions of a packet address This technique allows the administrator to subdivide the netw
152. rial The procedures do not exercise all of the FTP commands available on the DMS client The purpose of the procedures as they are presented here is to introduce you to common operations and commands Note The procedures assume that you are at the CI level and using the DMS 100 switch as the FTP client The purpose of the session with the host is to transfer files between the host and a DMS 100 switch Procedure 1 Establishing an FTP session Step Action 1 Start the FTP tool by typing gt ftp nnn nnn nnn nnn and pressing the Enter key where nnn is the portion of the IP address that identified the node Example gt ftp 47 208 11 210 Example of a MAP response Allocated a Session ID Sucessfully 220 bmerh538 FTP server Version 1 7 212 2 Tue Apr 21 12 14 46 GMT 1998 ready 2 Enter the host userID ftp gt user_id and pressing the Enter key where user_id is a valid userlD for that host 3 Enter the host password ftp gt passwd and pressing the Enter key DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 124 Appendix C Using FTP where passwd is a valid user password for the userlD that you are using You are placed in the default directory Example of a MAP response 230 User johnh logged in 4 You have completed this procedure Procedure 2 Determining your directory location Step Action 1 Establish an FTP session as described in procedure 1 in this appendix 2 Request the current directory path by
153. ring of information between different parts of an enterprise corporation campus and so on These islands of automation were originally installed to satisfy the communications requirements of a particular community of interest When members of a particular community of interest required access to applications on different networks the network administrator often installed a second or third LAN access This addition was unnecessarily expensive due to the duplication of resources Adding to the problem was the incompatibility of older host based architectures such as the IBM System Network Architecture SNA with the newer LAN based architectures such as transmission control protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP and Novell Internet packet exchange IPX In the early days of computing 1960s data entry was performed in isolation from the computer Programmers entered their code on paper tape or punched or marked cards which were sent through the mail to a central computer site The program was run or it crashed and the resulting output was printed locally and shipped to the user again through the mail Response time was measured in terms of days or even weeks With the advent of low speed modems multiplexors and block mode data transfer protocols in the early 1970s users could now be on line to the computer to enter program code It was thought at this time that the communications duties could be handled by the application pr
154. rmation associated with this command mask by typing ftp gt adduserinfo user_id passwd default_dir privilege and pressing the Enter key where user_id is the user_ID passwd is the password for this userlD default_dir is the default working directory privilege is permission to access absolute path names y gives permissions n denies permissions Example ftp gt adduserinfo johnh johnh SOODTEMP y Example of a MAP response BIND USERINFO PASSED This userID can now FTP to this node and login using the userlD and password of johnh johnh The session will remain established until the user manually terminate the session 5 You have completed this procedure FTP operations reference This section provides a quick reference for FTP operations to and from the DMS 100 switch DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 136 Appendix C Using FTP Table 34 shows FTP operations for sessions started on a workstation for connection to a DMS 100 switch In this scenario the DMS 100 switch is the remote host and the workstation is the local host Table 34 FTP operations reference workstation to DMS Action FTP login Command sequence WS gt ftp IP_address where IP_address is the address of the remote host Enter a valid FTP userlD and password to complete login Display the working directory of the DMS Change directories on the remote host DMS WS gt pwd WS gt cd path_name wh
155. rom the dynamic routing information on the EIU TCP is notified of ICMP source quench messages Routing information protocol The industry standard RIP is implemented for an EIU to enable it to participate in the exchange of dynamic routing information with other IP routers on the Ethernet LAN The dynamic routing information is required on the SuperNode to be able to route datagrams to hosts on distant LANs DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 54 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols Upon receiving RIP update from either another EIU or IP router on the LAN the RIP software updates internal IP routing table According to RFC1058 RIP response messages are transmitted every 30 s to Ethernet LAN Addressing Within a single SuperNode switch multiple hosts and multiple applications within a single host may simultaneously request TCP IP services To provide for application address uniqueness across the network the following TCP IP address allocation scheme is used e TCP UDP provides individual PORT numbers to distinguish between applications in the same host e Each host processor in the Internet SuperNode switch is assigned a unique IP address This is a logical address and when concatenated with TCP port number forms a unique network end point or socket e A unique IP address is required per hardware device e Within the network each node is physically identified by its own unique physical hardware address The logical I
156. rotocol The EIU supports packet communication into a LAN The standards for its physical implementation are defined in IEEE 802 3 The EIU supports a 10 Mbit s base band bus type of LAN for broadcast The LAN uses a carrier sense multiple access with collision detection CSMA CD method for arbitrating access to the communications channel Lastly the EIU also provides a protocol gateway into the DMS 100 environment 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 27 The Ethernet interface takes advantage of commercially supported peripherals and functions These interface devices are selected and qualified for applications in the DMS 100 switch with particular attention to hardware compliance maintainability and the protocol set provided The following devices are commercially available e LAN repeaters to locally extend the range of the LAN e LAN gateways to extend the range of the LAN to a metropolitan area network MAN or a wide area network WAN e asynchronous terminals and printers through communications servers at up to 19 2 Kbit s e synchronous data links through communications servers at up to 56 Kbit s e IBM mainframe access through channel interconnect units e workstations for example Sun HP IBM Macintoshs and PCs e servers The EIU is a simplex engine A simplex engine is sufficient for the EIU because the facilities that are connected through the EIU are not critical to the
157. rovisioned in two slots as shown in figure 4 and figure 5 e NT9X84AA Ethernet interface card EIC This processor board implements most of the media access control MAC layer on a single chip It has 384 kbyte of high speed buffer for holding Ethernet packets e NT9X85AA Ethernet interface paddle board EIP This paddle board provides the physical link to the local area network LAN The paddle board implements an unshielded twisted pair attachment unit interface AUD e NTEX22BA BB Integrated processor and F bus card IPF This processor board contains a Motorola M68020 processor and 8 Mbyte of 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 29 RAM The NTEX22CA provides 32 Mbyte of RAM and higher throughput performance NTEX22 also contains a peripheral bus P bus to F bus interface The P bus to F bus interface connects the processor bus with the frame bus which in turn is connected to the local message switch LMS through the rate adaptor The IPF card is a common processor card used by almost all ASUs and runs the Support Operating System SOS Figure 4 Link interface shelf with 2 slot EIU locations Top view of LIS shelf 2 slot ASU Rear paddle boards Front cards NT9X85 Ethernet AUI PB NT9X84 Ethernet interface card 2 slot EIU NTEX22 Integrated processor and F bus card DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECO
158. s If these conditions are not met the system generates an error message that indicates which conditions have not been met Datafill for table IPNETWRK Table 12 lists the fields and value ranges used to datafill an EIU in table IPNETWRK 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 75 While table 12 provides all the information you need to datafill for EIUs complete information on table IPNETWRK is in DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 xxxx 350 Table 12 Field descriptions for table IPNETWRK for EIU datafill Field Subfield or refinement Entry Explanation and action KEYREF TAB_KEY CMIPADDR SUBNET OPTION WORD_EIU EIU_RNG PARMAREA Sheet 1 of 3 refer to subfield 0 to 15 IP address with four numbers from 0 to 255 1 to 23 refer to subfields EIU or EXTERNAL _ ROUTER 0 to 750 refer to subfields Key reference This field consists of subfield TAB_KEY Table key Enter data in the network interfaces You can enter a maximum of 16 entries Computing module Internet Protocol address Enter the Internet Protocol IP address of the CM Separate each number in the address with a single space For example 47 2 86 122 is equivalent to an IP address of 47 2 86 122 Internet Protocol network subnet range Enter the range of the IP network subnet mask bit width Entries outside the range indicated for this field are invalid Option This
159. s and algorithms to the IP as part of its addressing function e defines and distributes configurable information that is associated with the TCP IP using table control and the distributed data manager Table IPROUTER stores Internet specific information from each of the EIU or routers in the SuperNode switch IPROUTER table contains the list of EIUs and their corresponding parameters as described in table 13 This table is required to configure an EIU as an Internet node Note Table IPROUTER is not required for interface EIUs 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 79 Datafill sequence and implications Datafill The following tables must be datafilled before table IPROUTER e PMLOADS e LIUINV e IPNETWRK Before entering data in table IPROUTER Nortel Networks recommends to place the default EIU in the off line state Table 13 lists the fields and value ranges used to datafill an EIU in table IPROUTER While table 13 provides all the information you need to datafill for EIUs complete information on table IPROUTER is in DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 xxxx 350 Table 13 Field descriptions for table IPROUTER for EIU datafill Field RKEY ROUTER SNIPADR ETHIPADR Sheet 1 of 2 Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement 0 to 63 Router key Enter the identification number of the IP router This is the key into the table see subfields Router This field consi
160. s in firmware only the hardware is identical e NTEX22CA has a 32 Mbyte integrated processor and F bus interface card CARDINFO This field identifies the PEC of EIU circuit packs The EIC PEC code is NT9X84AA and the Ethernet interface paddle board EIP PEC code is NT9X85AA Sheet 3 of 4 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 72 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Table 11 Field descriptions for table LIUINV for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or Entry refinement Explanation and action CARDINFO see subfields APPLPEC NT9X84AA PBPEC NT9X85AA or NT9X85BA HEARTBEAT YES or NO MAC_ 000075F00000 to ADDRESS 000075FFFFFF Card information This field specifies the card data and consists of subfield APPLPEC Application product engineering code Enter the PEC of the application card Card NT9X84AA is used with EIU applications This field consists of subfields PBPED HEARTBEAT and MAC_ADDRESS Paddle board product engineering code Enter one of the PECs Enter NT9X85AA for EIU coax applications Enter NT9X85BA for EIU unshielded twisted pair applications Heartbeat Enter YES if the EIU expects a heartbeat indication signal from the media access unit MAU connected to it otherwise enter NO Yes is allowed only if the MAU supports heartbeat of signal quality error SQE Media access control address Enter a 12 character hex string representing the MAC address The MAC address
161. s replaced with an F bus controller circuit pack which handles the messaging to and from the ASUs and services and provides shelf control The F bus extender paddle board is replaced with a fiber interface paddle board which interfaces to the fiber optic link and provides the system clock and out of band reset reception Each F bus controller connects to one of the two F buses for the shelf and provides a connection to an MS This arrangement provides the same minimum level of redundancy as in the LPP where each F bus is connected to only one of the two LMSs Ina single office a maximum of two SSLPPs can be connected to the MS The fiberized interface allows a selectable number of channels for future requirements 128 and 256 channels Figure 45 on page 183 provides an overview of the SSLPP configuration 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix H ASU background information 183 Figure 45 SSLPP architecture SR128 256 to MS 0 SR128 256 to MS 1 F bus F bus interface interface SuperNode SE link interface shelf The SNSE LIS is part of the SuperNode SE configuration In this arrangement the SNSE LIS is collocated with a DMS bus MS 16kbyte ENET CM and SLM hardware in a single frame By virtue of the proximity to the MS there is no need to provide a fiber or DS30 interface with the SNSE LIS The F bus interface hardware rate adapter is integrated into the MS The SNSE LIS shelf supports a maximum of 14 ASUs
162. s router Inter host connections 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 49 Supported protocols The EIU software is designed such that the EIU can be configured to run as one of the following e Internet host EIU is involved only in supporting applications such as Message Detail Recording for SS7 MDR7 e Internet router EIU is involved only in forwarding IP packets between SuperNode and Ethernet LAN e Internet host and Internet router EIU forwards IP packets between SuperNode and Ethernet LAN as well as supporting a local application such as MDR7 on the EIU e Interface EIU is similar to an internet router The difference is that the Supernode can be configured on an existing Ethernet subnet Appendix F EIU supported configurations in this document contains diagrams of these configurations The following sections describe the protocols supported by the DMS 100 switch Boot protocol Boot protocol BOOTP is a UDP IP bootstrap protocol that allows a client machine to discover its own IP address the address of a server host and the name of a file to be loaded into memory and executed A BOOTP server has been implemented for the CM a BOOTP relay agent for EIUs and a BOOTP client for FPs FEAT AR1295 BOOTP can be used to configure three types of IP hosts e Nodes that reside on the DMS FPs Once table IPNETWRK is datafilled each FP that does not already have an IP ad
163. s to the X 25 packet network It is implemented using the X 25 X 75 link interface unit XLIU The XLIU allows interconnectivity to other ISDN nodes and public packet switched networks provided by operating companies or inter exchange carriers IEC For CDPD applications the XLIU along with the EIU and the network interface unit NIU provides functionality to transport datagrams between mobiles and private and public data networks 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix H ASU background information 179 Network interface unit The NIU provides direct network connectivity for the link peripheral processor LPP the single shelf LPP SSLPP or the SuperNode SE link interface shelf SNSE LIS The NIU gives some ASUs and services access to DS1 or PCM30 trunking without using channel banks or multiplexer equipment Prior to the availability of the NIU physical connections were limited to DSO or V 35 located on paddle boards of the LIU7 ASU The NIU offers no service functionality by itself and must be engineered with an LIU7 XLIU or voice processing unit VPU For CDPD applications the NIU provides management and maintenance functions Voice processor unit and ADAS ADAS is supported on the VPU the application processing unit APU and the EIU ADAS provides voice processing capabilities for operator directory assistance calls and allows for improved operator efficiencies and customer service For ADAS there are thr
164. sembly time out is 10 seconds The time out can be modified to improve performance in extreme network conditions On extremely slow networks this may be increased to give reassembly a better chance to reassemble before the time out occurs ARP cache time out On slow networks the ARP cache time out can be increased from the default of 1minute Increasing the time out too much can cause an excessively large ARP cache thereby reducing the network performance Figure 20 shows sample datafill for table IPPROTO Figure 20 Datafill example for table IPPROTO EY IPRSMTMO ARPRF IMO 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 3 EIU datafill 95 Table ENSITES Table ENSITES contains a complete list of all sites referenced in table EXNDINV Datafill sequence and implications There are no datafill sequence and implications Datafill Table 24 lists the fields and value ranges used to datafill an EIU in table ENSITES While table 24 provides all the information you need to datafill for EIUs complete information on table ENSITES is in DMS 100 Translations Guide 297 xxxx 350 Table 24 Field descriptions for table ENSITES for EIU datafill Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement ENSITE alphanumeric External node site 1 to12charac Enter the name of the node site ters Sample datafill for table ENSITES Figure 21 shows sample datafill for table ENSITES for an EIU Figure
165. server software The client software lets the user application connect to a remote FTP server The server can be on any node within the SuperNode switch or a node external to the SuperNode switch The communication with the external node is through the EIU At least one EIU must be in service in order to connect to an external node The SuperNode FTP server software listens to the incoming requests for connection from a client FTP An FTP client has been implemented for launching manual FTP client sessions from any SuperNode based node to any node external or internal to the SuperNode switch The manual FTP can be invoked by issuing the following command gt ftp lt nnn nnn nnn nnn gt x where nnn nnn nnn nnn is the IP address of the FTP server x X is an optional port number Observe that the IP address is enclosed within single quotes For manual FTP a path name in lower case must be enclosed within single quotes If the path name is not enclosed within quotes and starts with a slash character the path name must be prefixed by a colon character These restrictions are specific to SuperNode CI There are three separate file systems supported by FTP e SFDEV on all nodes e SLM volumes on CM Also access to the IOC is available SLM volumes and SFDEV are record oriented file systems whereas FTFS volumes are byte stream oriented Therefore take extra care to identify the record lengths while transferring files to a rec
166. session by typing ftp gt svreserve 1 and pressing the Enter key Example ftp gt svreserve 1 Example of a MAP response 1 SERVER SESSION RESERVED TOTAL NUMBER OF SERVER SESSIONS RESERVED gt 1 3 Add user information associated with the reserved sessions by typing ftp gt adduserinfo user_id passwd default_dir privilege and pressing the Enter key where user_id is the userID passwd is the password for this userID default_dir is the default directory on the host privilege is permission to access absolute path names y gives permissions n denies permissions Example ftp gt adduserinfo johnh johnh SOODTEMP y Example of a MAP response BIND USERINFO PASSED This userID can now FTP to this node and login using the userlD and password johnh johnh 4 You have completed this procedure Procedure 9 Remove a server userlD and unreserve a session Use this procedure to disallow a userID to FTP to this node and to free up a server session Step Action 1 Start the FTP tool without connecting to a host by typing ftp gt ftp and pressing the Enter key 2 Delete user information by typing ftp gt deluserinfo user_id and pressing the Enter key 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 4 Appendix C Using FTP 133 where user_id is the userID Example ftp gt deluserinfo johnh Example of a MAP response DELETE USERINFO PASSED
167. stinct architectures The EIU is one such IP router The EIU acts as the IP router between the SuperNode hosts through the FTS network interface and the Ethernet LAN through the Ethernet interface The EIU receives and forwards messages between the Ethernet LAN and the SuperNode hosts Some unique characteristics of SuperNode IP routing are as follows e IP messages destined from one SuperNode host to another SuperNode host within same SuperNode are sent directly without any intermediate nodes as routers or gateways e IP messages destined to hosts on the LAN are sent through one of the available in service EIU IP routers connected to that LAN 2 A SuperNode network is the network of SuperNode hosts reachable through FTS DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 58 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols Upon failure of any one EIU IP router the traffic is switched over to another available in service EIU IP router on the same LAN IP routing handles a mix of EIU IP routers and EIU hosts on the same LAN A simple load balancing scheme between multiple EIU IP routers is provided The load balancing scheme sets specific EIUs as primary routers for the outgoing data Incoming data is load balanced by specific EIUs that proxy for host nodes within the SuperNode subnet As host nodes are provisioned in table IPHOST the load balancing scheme is updated Load balancing is also updated when nodes go in and out of service The EIU
168. sts of subfields WORD_EIU and EIU_RNG WORD_ EIU EIU Ethernet interface unit Enter EIU Ethernet interface unit Entries outside this range are invalid EIU_RNG 0 to 750 Ethernet interface unit range Enter the specific EIU to be accessed for the router index table of 4 digits Supernode side Internet Protocol 0 to 255 address Enter the SuperNode side IP address table of 4 digits Ethernet side Internet Protocol address 0 to 255 Enter the Ethernet side IP address DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 80 Chapter 3 EIU datafill Table 13 Field descriptions for table IPROUTER for EIU datafill continued Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement ETHARP YES or NO Ethernet address resolution protocol Enter YES if the EIU is to engage in address resolution protocol ARP activity within the Ethernet subnet Otherwise enter NO The default value for this field is YES ETHPARP YES or NO Ethernet proxy address resolution protocol Enter YES if EIU is to engage in proxy ARP activity on behalf of the SuperNode hosts within the Ethernet Otherwise enter NO The default value for this field is YES Sheet 2 of 2 Sample datafill for table IPROUTER Figure 17 shows sample datafill for table IPROUTER for an EIU Figure 17 Datafill example for table IPROUTER RKEY ROUTER SNIPADR ETHIPADR ETHARP ETHPARP 0 EIU 117 47 209 192 117 47 59 132 241
169. swd is the password for this userlD default_dir is the default working directory privilege is permission to access absolute path names y gives permissions ndenies permissions Example ftp gt adduserinfo johnh johnh SOODTEMP y Example of a MAP response BIND USERINFO PASSED This userID can now FTP to this node and login using the userlD and password of johnh johnh but does not have permission to use the mkdir command The following commands can be masked cd get put putu rename delete rmdir mkdir pwd lIs dir noop 5 You have completed this procedure Procedure 11 Adding a userlD with a new command timeout Use this procedure to add a userID wih a command idle time of forever Step Action 1 Start the FTP tool without connecting to a host by typing ftp gt ftp and pressing the Enter key 2 Determine the current default command timeout value by typing ftp gt commandtimeout and pressing the Enter key 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix C Using FTP 135 Example ftp gt commandtimeout Default command timout value is 10 mins 3 Set the default command timeout value to forever by typing ftp gt commandtimeout value and pressing the Enter key where value is a time value in minutes A value of 0 means forever Example ftp gt commandmask 0 Example of a MAP response Default command timeout value has been changed to forever 4 Add user info
170. switch conforms to industry standards regulating FTP As aresult users can exchange files between the computing module CM file processors FP UNIX workstations or PCs mainframes and other computing platforms that have an industry standard implementation of FTP In an established session each FTP implementation on the connected platforms works either as the server or the client such that you can transfer files to or from a host FTP on the DMS 100 switch provides the following functionalities e automatically detects the file type and logical record length based on the filename extension e lists available active disk volumes e automatically capitalizes filenames Automatic Record Length Detection The FTP application automatically detects and sets the record length for files with acceptable file extensions The system defaults to the automatic record length detection option When the automatic record length detection option is active the system recognizes the following two file formats e filename extensions made up of a shortened form of the transfer type and record length such as the extension bin256 e filename extensions that are the same as a defined set of common extensions Note Before the transfer takes place issue the BINARY or ASCII command Before the transfer the FTP application attempts to determine the file type and record length by parsing the extension of the file The FTP application identifies files
171. t or addressing conflicts can occur Administrative personnel assign a unique MAC address to each EIU using table control datafill in table LIUINV MAC address format As defined by IEEE Standard 802 3 a MAC address is either 16 or 48 bits long SuperNode supports 48 bit addresses The 48 bit MAC address structure is shown in figure 47 1 The MAC address is also known as an Ethernet address In this document the industry standard term MAC address is used DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 186 Appendix Obtaining a MAC address Figure 47 EIU MAC address format System U L Nortel s vendor ID dependent System System dependent field field 1 2 23 24 27 28 47 The format of the MAC address is defined as follows e Nortel sets the two bits for the I G and U L fields according to the IEEE definition of the MAC address e For the vendor identifier Nortel uses the 22 bit identifier that the IEEE assigns 00 0000 0000 0000 1010 1110 The convention used to represent addresses in hexadecimal is to flip the bits in each byte end for end Therefore the first three bytes of a single station globally administered address for an Nortel product in hex is 00 00 75 e Nortel uses the System field to identify the type of product to which the address applies The hexadecimal value F identifies SuperNode systems e Nortel assigns in sequence the remaining 20 bits for the system dependent fields In summary the firs
172. t 0 5 in in diameter and has a bending radius of 0 5 m and the minimum amount of cable between transceivers is 2 5 m These physical restrictions must be taken into account when installing the MAU MAUs have a range of 500 m per bus segment which may be bridged together to form a LAN that is a maximum of 2500 m long The disadvantages of this implementation are installation and difficulty of maintenance 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Chapter 1 Introduction to the EIU 33 For a 10BaseT twisted pair LAN the AUI connection is usually on one side with an RJ 11 telephone jack on the other Typically standard office four wire circuits are used to connect the MAU to the hub The hub is an electronic replacement for the multiple access properties of the coaxial cable It generates the broadcast function for each message received It is usually an AC powered unit mounted in a 19 in rack The hub has either RJ 11 telephone jacks or a specialized interconnect through a punch block distribution system Typical unshielded twisted pair UTP systems offer a LAN radius of 100 m allow cascading of hubs and may allow the use of other types of interconnect fiber or standard coax to increase the radius The star configuration in combination with the centralized electronic implementation of the LAN function allows fault location and isolation capabilities that are more in line with standard DMS 100 maintenance practices Unshielded twisted pai
173. t 24 bits of the address are defined by IEEE standards and regulations The remaining 24 bits are partitioned internally by Nortel to define MAC addresses for its range of products EIUs are assigned 20 bits greater than 1 million addresses out of this range By convention EIUs are datafilled with MAC addresses in a block of 16 addresses This block must be unique among all SuperNodes deployed with EIUs 65 384 unique values The remaining four bits are also uniquely defined to provide unique addresses within each SuperNode Uniqueness is enforced only within a SuperNode not between SuperNodes even on the same network 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix Obtaining a MAC address 187 How to get the MAC address for an EIU Nortel is responsible for assigning blocks of MAC addresses to its customers CAUTION Possible loss of service Do not assign an arbitrary MAC address to either EIUs or other SuperNode equipment Duplicate MAC addresses can cause protocol conflicts at the Open Systems Interconnect OSI data link or equivalent layer making equipment unaccessible to the network To obtain MAC addresses contact your Nortel Engineering support group by using the internal Nortel email address MAC ADDRESS2 This process is documented in ECM620 and is provisioned by Nortel personnel DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 188 Appendix l Obtaining a MAC address 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August
174. t by typing ftp gt cd path_name and pressing the Enter key where path_name is a valid directory path Example ftp gt cd team bin Example of a MAP response 250 CWD command successful Set the file type to ASCII by typing ftp gt ascii and pressing the Enter key Example of a MAP response 200 Type set to A 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Determine the next step Appendix C Using FTP 127 If the file Do is not stored the step 6 current local directory is stored on the step 7 current local directory Change directory on the local host DMS 100 switch by typing ftp gt Icd path_name and pressing the Enter key where path_name is a valid directory path Example ftp gt Icd SOODTEMP Example of a MAP response FTP Local directory changed Determine the next step If the filename Do has an extension that step 8 CANNOT have the record length automatically detected Refer to the section Automatic record length detection in this appendix has an extension that step 10 can have the record length automatically detected Set the record length of the file by typing ftp gt lrecl rec_length and pressing the Enter key where rec_length is the record length required for the file Example ftp gt Irecl 256 This example sets the default record length on the DMS 100 switch to 256 DMS 100 Family EIU User G
175. that node These numbers map correspondingly into simultaneous FTP server and client processes DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 52 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols Internet Protocol The IP control software supports the IP logic which provides a connectionless datagram service between hosts The IP software is designed such that the same modules provide IP host and IP router functionality The IP layer interfaces with the following e transport layer protocols like TCP and user datagram protocol UDP for providing data flow between transport layer and data link layer e address resolution protocol ARP for resolving IP address to subnet address e Internet control message protocol ICMP for handling IP control messages to and from other IP nodes The IP routing table is maintained through static datafill in IP tables in DMS core and through dynamic routing information available either through Routing Information Protocol RIP or ICMP redirect message The IP throttling process is responsible for transmitting queued IP datagrams to destination nodes based on the IP throttling configuration in the IP tables in DMS core Telnet Telnet is an application protocol for remote terminal access Telnet software is implemented in two parts e a server that resides on the accessed host computer e aclient that resides on the accessing remote computer The server program listens at a known port for connection from clients
176. the ELIU index Go to refinement TXCAPCT MSINDEX Oto 1 Message switch index If the entry in field SNNODE is MS enter the MS index Go to refinement TXCAPCT TXCAPCT 0 to 32767 Transmit capacity Enter the IP transmission rate in kilobits per second from node to node The node name and number are specified as a key to this tuple Sheet 3 of 3 Sample datafill for table IPTHRON Figure 19 shows sample datafill for table IPTHRON for an EIU Figure 19 Datafill example for table IPTHRON rae TXCAPCT RXCAPCT N OPTION EIU 117 15 15 W A Table IPPROTO Table IPPROTO is rarely used and normally does not need to be datafilled DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 94 Chapter 3 EIU datafill If there is a serious performance problem typically on very slow networks modification of this table may be considered to increase timeout values Datafill sequence and implications There are no datafill sequence and implications Datafill Table 23 lists the fields and value ranges used to datafill an EIU in table IPPROTO Table 23 Field descriptions for table IPPROTO for EIU datafill Field Subfield or refinement IPRSMTMO ARPRFTMO Sample datafill for table IPPROTO Entry 1 to 100 seconds 1 to 720 seconds Explanation and action The IP reassembly time out This field sets the time when IP reassembly gives up reassembling a packet By default the IP reas
177. the constituent protocols of TCP IP Internet Protocol IP is a connectionless datagram service that provides the following benefits e best effort delivery e internetwork wide addressing e fragmentation and reassembly e time to live control of datagrams e checksum verification of header contents IP is defined in RFC791 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 161 Internet control message protocol The Internet control message protocol ICMP provides feedback from an IP router or gateway to a source host ICMP messages are sent in several situations for example to report resource or routing problems or to report a shorter available route to a destination The DMS 100 switch uses ICMP echoes and echo replies to verify the reachability of routers or end systems ICMP supports redirect messages to provide routine table updates ICMP is defined in RFC792 Transmission control protocol Transmission control protocol TCP is a connection oriented transport layer protocol It provides reliable robust and adaptable data transfer between end system upper layer protocols TCP assumes that simple potentially unreliable datagram services are available from lower level protocols TCP is defined in RFC793 User datagram protocol User datagram protocol UDP defines the use of unacknowledged datagrams UDP packets are often used for very low priority data or on very high reliabilit
178. the generic software developed for the LIU7 The local maintenance software for the EIC the EIP and the routing software are particular to the EIU EIUs are simplex entities and therefore require a sparing strategy to handle the following situations e hardware failure of an EIU e batch change supplement BCS software upgrade on an EIU e manual maintenance actions on an EIU EIU sparing is established and operates as follows e The EIUs are organized in sets and lists based on routing information All EIUs on a single LAN are a set Multiple sets support multiple LANs e All SuperNode hosts CM FP and application processor unit APU have one list of EIUs from a set of lists The EIUs on this list are configured to reach a specific subnet e If one of the EIUs in the list fails the DMS 100 switch selects the next standby EIU in the list If all EIUs in the list fail the DMS 100 switch uses an alternate list if one is available e The TCP reliable transport protocol recovers from all but the most severe forms of failure Most EIU failures are transparent to the end applications that is using the EIU as a router Any applications fail if the EIU on which they reside fails e All EIUs are routers hosts or both The sparing strategy allows only other routers as spares An EIU as a host and router can be used if all other routers have failed This sparing strategy has an impact on the host application performance Applications run
179. tible file systems CAUTION Possible loss of network security Using the Ethernet interface unit EIU and a telnet or file transfer protocol FTP session to establish a maintenance and administration position MAP session can introduce a security risk to both the DMS node and its subtending network When establishing and operating a MAP session in this way there is limited security for clear text user identification and passwords and for Internet Protocol IP addresses for screening This limited security makes an open local area network LAN vulnerable to entry by unauthorized persons Nortel recommends that the operating company as a minimal precaution integrate intermediate security servers with encryption to avoid unauthorized access to the switch For alternative approaches contact your Nortel representative to discuss state of the art secure OA amp M data communications equipment products By using the EIU telnet and FTP software the operating company assumes any and all risks associated with the implementation and use of this hardware and software DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide 03 01 118 Appendix C Using FTP What is FTP FTP is a session oriented tool which means that you establish a session through login before the file exchange takes place The login requires a secure userID and password Create the secure userID and password via the FTP level or the FTP MIB using SNMP FTP on the DMS 100
180. tions for conditional datafill for NODENAME MS Field Subfield or Entry Explanation and action refinement MSINDEX Oto 1 Message switch index Enter the MS index SNADDR table of 4 Internet Protocol address for node 0 to 255 Enter the IP address of the SuperNode side of the node TCPCONN 0 Transmission control protocol connections Enter the TCP connections number FTPCLCON 0 File transfer protocol connections Enter the FTP connections number FTPSVCON 0 File transfer protocol server connections Enter the FTP server number Sample datafill for table IPHOST Figure 18 shows sample datafill for table IPHOST for an EIU Figure 18 Datafill example for table IPHOST oe NODENAME NODEINFO 0 C 0 32 1 1 1 EIU 117 47 209 192 117 47 59 132 241 8 0 0 is y Table IPTHRON Table IPTHRON contains the IP throttling numbers that control congestion The IP datagram flow from SuperNode hosts requires throttling to control congestion in the shared communication resources between the local message switch LMS and the message switch MS The IP throttling values in this table indicate the level of throttling in kbyte s imposed by each IP SuperNode host The following are general rules for datafilling table IPTHRON e The LMS node name and number are key to each tuple DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 90 Chapter 3 EIU datafill The first two fields for the tuple are
181. to three categories e small 128 bytes DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 64 Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols e medium 1024 bytes e large 1600 bytes When the IP layer comes into service the number of buffers allocated by default is 10 for the small buffer size and 5 each for the medium and large buffer sizes These values are load and application dependent When the TCP layer comes into service it allocates its own pool of transmit buffers and adds buffers to the common pool of receive buffers The common pool of buffers is used for receiving IP and TCP packets The transmit pool owned by TCP is used for transmission of TCP segments The TCP transmission mechanism does not consume buffers from the common pool The allocation of TCP transmit and receive buffers depends on the datafill for the number of TCP connections on the node For each TCP connection TCP allocates 3 small 2 medium and large buffer for the transmit side It adds as many buffers to the common pool of buffers owned by ICBM for receiving TCP segments For example assume that the number of TCP connections for the node is 10 Therefore the total number of transmit buffers allocated is 30 20 and 10 for small medium and large sizes respectively The same number of buffers for all three sizes are added to the existing common pool owned by ICBM If the TCP layer is brought out of service all the transmit buffers owned by TCP as well as receive b
182. ubleshooting 115 Table 30 EIU troubleshooting checklist continued Problem Probable cause Cannot set up an FTP session between a SuperNode based 4 8 node and an external node Cannot ping between two SuperNode based nodes 4 5 Cannot set up an TCP connection between two SuperNode 4 5 6 based nodes Cannot log in as the admin user 7 8 Cannot setup an FTP session between two SuperNode 4 based nodes Can ping EIU but cannot ping the computing module CM 4 1 There are no ElUs in service 2 Table IPNETWRK is not datafilled 3 Table IPROUTER is not datafilled or does not contain the in service EIU as one of its entries Table IPHOST for the node in question is not datafilled with non zero values Table IPTHRON contains zero values 4 5 6 Someone else is logged on to the server with the same userlD 7 The system permits only one FTP session at a time for the admin user 8 There are no TCP resources Sheet 2 of 2 DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 116 Appendix B EIU troubleshooting 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 117 Appendix C Using FTP This appendix provides information on using file transfer protocol FTP with the Ethernet interface unit EIU FTP is an internationally accepted protocol for exchanging files between computing devices Exchanged files can be in many formats Further computing devices can be hosts with different and even incompa
183. ubleshooting problems with the Ethernet interface unit EIU The appendix also provides a summary of common problems and possible causes CAUTION Possible loss of network security Using the Ethernet interface unit EIU and a telnet or file transfer protocol FTP session to establish a maintenance and administration position MAP session can introduce a security risk to both the DMS node and its subtending network When establishing and operating a MAP session in this way there is limited security for clear text user identification and passwords and for Internet Protocol IP addresses for screening This limited security makes an open local area network LAN vulnerable to entry by unauthorized persons Nortel recommends that the operating company as a minimal precaution integrate intermediate security servers with encryption to avoid unauthorized access to the switch For alternative approaches contact your Nortel representative to discuss state of the art secure OA amp M data communications equipment products By using the EIU telnet and FTP software the operating company assumes any and all risks associated with the implementation and use of this hardware and software DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 114 Appendix B EIU troubleshooting Tools Table 29 summarizes the tools available for troubleshooting the EIU Table 29 Tools for EIU troubleshooting Tool name Resident Description IPOMSCI Y
184. uction to the EIU the EIU state e During normal operation the default EIU routes all messages to the CM If there is a problem with the default EIU or its links the following occurs the default EIU advertises to the network that it is no longer available or in the event of a LAN side link failure the neighboring routers cannot reach the default EIU another provisioned EIU advertises that it is the router net hop to the SuperNode side subnet and the CM e During normal operations if there is a problem with the non default EIU or its links there is no impact on service unless the default EIU experiences problems in which case the SuperNode subnet is isolated from the LAN side subnet until one of more EIUs are brought back into service Applications running on the EIUs must have sparing defined at the application level Billing EIUs do not directly affect billing functions Service orders The EIU does not affect service order functions User interface characteristics The EIU uses the existing peripheral user interface UI based on the DMS MAPCI The MAPCI includes additions to the PM level of the MAP display to include the new hardware components Figure 10 shows the hierarchical relationship for the MAP levels used for the components Figure 10 MAP display level hierarchy PM level Existing EIU level EXND level peripheral LAN devices modules 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999
185. uffers that are added by TCP to the common pool owned by ICBM are deallocated Initial allocation of the buffers in the common pool is a Static allocation regardless of the service state of IP layer For every two endpoints reserved TCP allocates a 4 kbyte buffer for compaction Buffer allocation is summarized in table 7 Table 7 Buffer allocation per end point Protocol Buffer type Number Size in of buffers bytes TCP Receive 1 1518 ICBM common pool 2 1024 3 128 Transmit 1 1518 TCP own 2 1024 3 128 UDP Receive 1 1518 Sheet 1 of 2 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 IP throttling Chapter 2 EIU messaging protocols 65 Table 7 Buffer allocation per end point continued Protocol Buffer type Number Size in of buffers bytes ICBM common pool 10 128 Transmit application must allocate the 0 0 number of buffers and size Sheet 2 of 2 IP throttle engineering is required to control congestion in the DS30 links LPPs SSLPPs and SNSE LISs have different throttling requirements as described in the following sections For more information on datafill for IP throttling refer to Chapter 3 EIU datafill IP throttling for LPP The LPP incorporates additional throttling control for TCP IP traffic sent over DS30s between the MS and LPP Throttling protects against incorrectly engineered LANs from overloading DS30s with errant TCP IP traffic
186. uide TELECOM12 128 Appendix C Using FTP 9 Get an ASCII file from the remote host by typing ftp gt get file_name1 and pressing the Enter key where file_namet1 is the name of the file on the remote directory Example ftp gt get file1 dmo This example gets a file named file1 dmo from the remote host and renames it to FILE1 on the DMS 100 switch Example of a MAP response 226 Transfer complete 35334bytes transferred in 0 hrs 0 mins 12 secs 42 ms 3282 Bps Go to step 11 10 Get an ASCII file from the remote host by typing ftp gt get file_name1 and pressing the Enter key where file_namet is the name of the file on the remote directory Example ftp gt get file1 txt54 This example gets a file named file txt54 from the remote host and renames it to FILE1 on the DMS 100 switch Example of a MAP response 226 Transfer complete 35334bytes transferred in 0 hrs 0 mins 12 secs 42 ms 3282 Bps 11 Put an ASCII file on the remote host by typing ftp gt put file_name1 file_name2 and pressing the Enter key where file_namet is the name of the file on the local host directory file_name2 is the name of the file on the remote host directory Example ftp gt put RECORDFILE jan18 log This example takes the file RECORDFILE from the DMS 100 switch renames it jan18 log and puts it on the remote host Example of a MAP response 226 Transfer complete 12365 bytes transferred in 0 hrs
187. y networks UDP is also used when an application already provides an integrity function and does not need to duplicate that function by using TCP UDP is defined in RFC768 Address resolution protocol The address resolution protocol ARP is a mechanism for mapping 32 bit IP addresses to 48 bit Ethernet hardware addresses The hardware address is a concatenation or joining of two numbers e avendor ID number centrally assigned by the IEEE e aunique serial number the media access control MAC address is assigned by the hardware vendor see Appendix I Obtaining a MAC address The MAC address usually has significance only on the local LAN wire The EIU implementation of ARP supports the following features e removal of out of date ARP cache data e configurable cache data time out e encapsulation between Ethernet and IEEE 802 3 networks ARP is supported on Ethernet FDDI token ring and frame relay media DMS 100 Family EIU User Guide TELECOM12 162 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing Included in the family of address resolution protocols are reverse address resolution protocol RARP proxy address resolution protocol proxy ARP and inverse address resolution protocol InARP ARP is defined in RFC826 Reverse ARP RARP is used to determine or assign a particular station IP address when only the station LAN MAC address is known There are many reasons why an end system does not already have an IP
188. ynamically and without user supervision BOOTP provides a means to notify a host of the following e its assigned IP address 297 8991 910 Standard 03 01 August 1999 Appendix E Understanding IP and IP addressing 163 e the IP address of a boot server host e the name of a file to be loaded into memory and executed e the local subnet mask e the local time offset e the addresses of default routers e the addresses of various Internet servers The EIU supports the BOOTP relay agent functionality described in RFC951 and RFC1542 File transfer protocol FTP provides a robust file transfer mechanism for data transfer between IP hosts FTP is used to transfer files between the DMS 100 file system and a server or workstation Once a connection is established the EIU node requests the appropriate account information including security information before establishing a session FTP is defined in RFC959 Open shortest path first Open shortest path first OSPF is a link state based routing protocol It defines a preferred route which is the shortest available path between a source and a destination The length of a path is determined by its metric a measure that can be adjusted by network administrators to favor one path over another OSPF is defined in RFC1583 Routing information protocol Telnet The routing information protocol RIP is a distance vector routing protocol RIP ranks paths in terms of hops Each router in

Cabletron Systems DMS-100 User's Manual

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