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Road Map to A/UX: Release 3.0

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1. Figure 1 7 The Control Panels window 1 20 Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX Apple menu items The Apple Menu Items folder contains applications and documents that appear in your Apple menu you can open these items simply by choosing their names from the Apple menu Among the programs that come standard with your system are the Calculator which looks like a pocket calculator the Alarm Clock the Scrapbook for storing parts of docu ments and so on You can add applications and documents to the Apple menu To have a program document or other file appear in the Apple menu you drag the icon for that item or its alias to the Apple Menu Items folder inside the System Folder The next time you pull down the Apple menu you see the name of that application or document The Apple Menu Items folder also contains a program called the Chooser which allows you to connect to and use peripheral devices such as printers and servers on your A UX system It displays names of the devices available to your computer To select the device you want to connect to all you need to do is click its name In some cases you may also need to log in with a login name and password The Chooser gives you an easy way to connect to an AppleShare server when you re working in A UX Apple Menu Items 11 items 18 4 MB in disk 63 8 MB available Chooser Alarm Clock Scrapboo
2. s Documentor s Workbench DWB version 2 0 A UX also includes other text processing tools such as various macros for formatting documents A UX Text Processing Tools describes these facilities and tells you how to use them The text processing tools enable you to add typesetter formatting codes to documents that you produce with A UX For example you can specify fonts character sizes and character styles for your printed documents as well as create tables for your text and incorporate graphics You should read this guide if you are already familiar with one of the A UX text editors described in A UX Text Editing Tools and if you want to produce printed documents from text files by adding the formatting enhancements just described A UX Text Processing Tools covers nroff and troff text formatting utilities tbl the table formatting program eqn the mathematics typesetting program pic the line drawing program grap the graph drawing program m the ms me and mm macro packages other related tools and commands Where to find it A UX Text Processing Tools is packed in the A UX Administration Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer A UX Command Reference A UX Command Reference is an encyclopedic reference contained in three binders to user level network commands and games available in A UX The format of this reference provides quick access to information you ll probably find that it does not
3. Quadra 1 2 QuickTime 1 2 R random access memory RAM 2 4 rcp communication utility 2 19 RCS Revision Control System 2 17 Read Me file 3 5 3 6 Read Only Memory ROM 2 6 reference manuals for A UX 3 1 to 3 2 regular expressions 2 14 remote commands 3 15 remote file systems 2 21 Remote Procedure Call RPC 3 31 remsh communication utility 2 19 resources 1 17 to 1 18 resource utilities derez 1 17 rez 1 17 restricted shell 2 9 Revision Control System RCS 2 17 rez resource utility 1 17 Right To Copy license for A UX xii rlogin communication utility 2 19 rm file utility 2 22 ROM Read Only Memory 2 6 root 2 10 RPC Remote Procedure Call 3 31 rsh Shell program 2 9 2 19 ruptime communication utility 2 19 rwho communication utility 2 19 S scanners 3 9 SCCS Source Code Control System 2 16 3 28 SCSI Small Computer System Interface 3 32 sdb debugger 2 15 3 27 security 1 13 2 10 sed editor 2 13 3 21 semaphores 2 5 serial communications 2 20 3 18 Serial Line Interface Protocol SL IP 1 3 Servers file 1 13 Index In 5 servers continued master 2 21 slave 2 21 setenv Shell management utility 2 21 set shell management utility 2 21 Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for AJUX 3 9 shared libraries 3 27 shell management utilities cd 2 21 echo 2 21 set 2 21 setenv 2 21 shl 2 21 stty 2 21 shells aliases 2 9 Bourne 2 9 C 2 9 Korn 2 9 layering 2 9 restricted 2 9 scripting 2 9 shl shell pr
4. See also screen editor link 1 To give an alternative name to a file 2 In programming to collect one or more routines into an executable program link editor The ia utility which brings together code modules to form a complete program list To display on a monitor or print on a printer the contents of memory or of a file local system administration Management of a single computer This includes such functions as starting up and shutting down the system adding and removing user accounts and backing up and restoring data See also network administration LocalTalk Apple s low cost connectivity product consist ing of cables connector modules and other equipment for connecting computers and other devices to an AppleTalk network logical disk A disk partition that is treated by the operating system as a separate disk See also partition login To identify yourself to the system by entering the login name of your account and your account password login name The name of a user s account Used for identification purposes Macintosh Communications Toolbox An extension to the Macintosh User Interface Toolbox It consists of managers and a set of utilities that are built into the Macintosh Operating System This toolbox allows appli cation developers to add networking and communications capabilities to their Macintosh applications Macintosh Operating System Macintosh OS The lowest level software in the Macintosh It does ba
5. See initialize see also formatter formatter A utility that processes text for output to a device The nroff and troff utilities for example are formatters that justify the margins center the titles number the pages and perform other enhancements that improve the printed appearance of text files Fortran 77 A high level programming language especially useful for mathematical and scientific applications graphical user interface A way of interacting with a computer in which the user manipulates graphical symbols such as icons and uses pull down menus instead of writing command lines group A collection of A UX users defined by a single name Gl 6 Glossary hard disk A disk made of metal and permanently sealed into a drive or cartridge A hard disk typically stores very large amounts of information 20 MB 160 MB and operates much faster than a floppy disk high density disk A floppy disk that can store 1 4 MB of information High density disks can be used only with the SuperDrive floppy disk drives home directory Usually the first directory you enter upon login as designated in the file etc passwa You can tailor your environment by modifying various files in your home directory hypermedia Any of various techniques for presenting information electronically using a variety of media displayed text synthesized sounds video and so on hypertext A method of presenting text electronically in which the reader can choo
6. UX Release 3 0 has two command interfaces the traditional UNIX command line interface and the Macintosh graphical user interface command line The entire input string that you enter in response to the shell prompt to issue a command or to start a program The command line includes the command itself and any arguments and options Commando A command building tool in A UX that displays a dialog box for A UX commands This allows you to select options and arguments you want without having to use the command line interface CommandShell An A UX utility that creates multiple windows each of which contains a command interface to one of the A UX shells command syntax The rules for forming command lines that A UX accepts Each command has its own specific syntax Common Object File Format COFF The output file produced on A UX systems by the assembler as and the link editor 1a The term common refers to how this format is used on a number of processors and operating systems including A UX compiler A program development tool that converts instructions written in a higher level language such as C or Fortran into assembly language Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol CSL IP The Intemet protocol that allows a serial line to connect a computer to a TCP IP network This version of the protocol supports data compression which was not supported by its precursor SL IP console The main terminal that is keyboard and scree
7. ee Cs Figure 1 4 The Commando dialog box forthe 1s command Once you read about each option you can select the options you want the command to use and then run the command You can also leam about the different options available for use with a certain command For example to help you remember all the available options forthe is command the s Commando dialog box displays descriptions of each option that you select As you select the options you want by clicking the appropriate check boxes Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX or buttons Commando generates the command line To execute the completed line you click the outlined button that contains the command name This eliminates the need to type the command or memorize command options you can build complex command lines simply by pointing and clicking A UX 3 0 includes Commando dialog boxes for more than 500 UNIX commands and utilities Macintosh style text editing The original UNIX word processing utilities such as vi and ed were designed to be operated solely from the keyboard To create documents on their systems you moved the cursor around within a document by pressing certain keys on the keyboard To enter text into a document you used a key combination to begin entering text To perform operations on the file itself such as saving or deleting the file you used another key combination to switch from entering text to typing commands With A UX 3 0 users receive a Macinto
8. 22 footnotes 2 13 graphics 2 13 2 14 graphs 2 13 lists 2 13 tables 2 13 tables of contents 2 13 text 2 12 2 13 2 14 Fortran support 2 15 77 compiler 2 15 3 27 ftp communication utility 2 19 G games 3 23 Get Info menu item 1 17 graphical user interface 1 5 1 6 to 1 8 graphics formatting of 2 13 2 14 graphs formatting of 2 13 grap text processor 2 13 grep text processor 2 14 groups of users 1 12 1 13 guides to A UX 3 1 to 3 35 H hard disk drives 3 9 hardware 2 4 additional A UX options 2 4 independence 1 4 minimum configuration of A UX 2 4 headings in text 2 13 home directory 2 10 hybrid applications 2 7 hyperbolic functions 2 16 hypermedia 2 8 hypertext 2 8 I IBM operating systems MS DOS 2 15 2 21 Oy 2 2 15 icons 1 7 1 17 ImageWriter 2 14 index to A UX commands 3 23 input output utilities curses 2 17 3 28 termcap 2 17 terminfo 2 17 Inside Macintosh 3 36 installation of A UX 1 11 3 8 Custom Install 1 11 Fasy Install 1 11 interfaces 3 30 Intemational Standards Organization ISO 1 16 intemet 1 12 interprocess communication 2 5 ISO Intemational Standards Organization 1 16 Index In 3 J justification of text 2 13 K kermit communication utility 2 20 kemel 2 5 to 2 6 3 32 keyboards 2 4 kill process utility 2 22 Kom shell ksh 2 9 ksh shell program 2 9 L languages Ada 2 15 awk 2 17 3 28 be 2 17 3 28 C 2 15 to 2 16 3 26 to 3 27 de 2 17 3 28 Fortran
9. Overview of A UX AJ UX Release 3 0 offers an open systems solution with the Macintosh advantage A UX combines a fully featured UNIX system with the familiar and intuitive Macintosh user interface including the latest Macintosh System 7 capabilities In this open environment A UX users have access to Macintosh UNIX and X Window System applications With the addition of third party applications users also have access to MS DOS andOSE Motif based applications The result is a system that complies with standard UNIX specifications and provides one of the most versatile computing environments available for any computer This chapter presents the following information What s New in A UX Release 3 0 briefly lists the features new to Release 3 0 of the A UX operating system Why UNIX describes many of the capabilities that make UNIX an industry standard A UX More Than Just UNIX describes the powerful capabilities of A UX many of which cannot be found in any other version of UNIX Why Macintosh presents several Macintosh features that work behind the scenes to make the Macintosh Operating System OS so popular and easy to use What s new in A UX Release 3 0 A UX Release 3 0 brings ease of use and power to UNIX by combining the exciting capa bilities of Macintosh system software version 7 0 with UNIX standards A UX 3 0 extends the Macintosh user interface to complex UNIX tasks such as inst
10. System Administrator s Reference 3 19 A UX Text Editing Tools 3 20 A UX Text Processing Tools 3 22 A UX Toolbox 1 10 2 6 3 29 dialog boxes 2 6 menus 2 6 windows 2 6 A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface 3 29 awk utility 2 17 3 28 B backups 3 16 Balloon Help 1 8 batch editor 2 13 batch processing 1 5 be language 2 17 In 1 Berkeley Software Distribution BSD 1 3 1 16 2 15 Bessel functions 2 16 block devices 3 32 Boume shell sh 2 9 BSD Berkeley Software Distribution 1 16 2 15 Building A UX Device Drivers 3 32 C CAD CAM Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing 2 8 case statement 2 9 cat file utility 2 22 cb formatter 2 17 ce compiler 2 15 3 27 CD ROM drives 3 9 ca shell management utility 2 22 c89 compiler 2 15 cflow programming utility 3 28 character devices 3 32 C header files 3 29 checkmm syntax checker 2 13 checknr syntax checker 2 13 checkgn syntax checker 2 13 Chooser 1 12 1 21 C language 2 15 3 27 libraries 2 16 and software portability 2 2 client applications in X Window System 3 13 to 3 15 COFF Common Object File Format 2 16 3 27 colors in MacX 3 15 command generation 1 14 to 1 15 command interpreter See shells command line interface See Commandshell Commando 1 6 1 14 to 1 15 3 11 3 28 CommandsShell 1 5 1 10 to 1 11 2 9 to 2 10 and A UX shells 2 9 customization 1 11 In 2 Index fonts 1 11 shells 1 11 windows 3 10 Common Object File Format COFF 2 16 3
11. System but adds the intuitive Macintosh user interface Chapter 10 in A UX Networking Essentials explains how to use MacX under A UX MacX User s Guidetells you how to use MacX under Macintosh OS It provides an overview of MacX and covers starting and ending a MacX session in A UX opening and disconnecting a client application in A UX creating editing and executing remote commands moving resizing and iconifying windows adding and removing fonts and colors Where to find it MacX User s Guide is packed in the A UX Essential Manuals set that accompanies every A UX system Using Apple X Window System products 3 15 Administering an A UX system 3 16 A system administrator traditionally performs certain tasks to keep any UNIX system functioning smoothly especially if it is part of a network of computers These tasks include setting up a system adding and removing user accounts adding and removing peripheral devices and making and mounting file systems Network administration tasks include setting up maintaining and troubleshooting networks If you are the sole A UX user on one computer you must administer the system yourself If there are several users on your system an administrator must be designated for your system Two guides and a reference are available to assist the A UX administrator as shown in Figure 3 6 A UX Local System Administration m A UX Network System Administration A UX System Administrat
12. UX compilers you should read A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 Where to find it A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 is packed in the A UX Programming Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer Programming in A UX 3 27 A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 In addition to the compilers and their associated program generating tools A UX offers utilities that perform such tasks as version control automatic program regeneration and language preprocessing A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 describes A UX utilities that are not related to specific programming languages You should read Volume 2 if you want to expand your A UX programming skills or if you want to leam about the wide variety of programming utilities included in A UX Parts of Volume 2 are useful even if you only write shell scripts A UX Programming languages and Tools Volume 2 covers make a program regeneration tool SCCS the Source Code Control System for version control awk a language for writing source text processors lex a lexical analyzer curses a teminal independent screen I O library bc and dc languages for performing arithmetic calculations m4 a language for creating source text preprocessors other programming tools and facilities such as ar cflow nm od prof and ctags yacc a system for writing compilers Commando the A UX utility for building commands Where to fi
13. as you cut and paste text in word processing documents To take advantage of other QuickTime capabilities such as compression and authoring software you will need to use QuickTime applications and special hardware designed for the Macintosh Operating System Support for the powerful Macintosh Quadra computers A UX 3 0 runs on the high performance 68040 based Macintosh computers Macintosh Quadra 700 and Quadra 900 A UX users can take advantage of the many built in features these com puters offer including built in Ethernet Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX Expanded peripheral support A UX 3 0 supports the Apple OneScanner the AppleCD SC Plus drive the Macintosh 21 Color Display the LaserWriter IIf and LaserWriter Ilg printers and all previously A UX compatible Apple printers hard disk drives CD ROM drives monitors as well as the Apple Tape Backup 40SC and the Apple Scanner In addition A UX now supports many compatible third party hard disk drives some CD ROM drives and tape drives including 9 track 4 mm DAT Digital Audio Tape 8mm and QIC 36 tape formats For CD ROM drives A UX supports additional stan dards including Foreign File Access for ISO 9660 and High Sierra format CD ROM volumes in the Finder environment Support for new and revised UNIX communications A UX provides support for several new UNIX communications standards including UUCP and CSL IP SL IP with data compression for performance enhancement A UX inc
14. change the option or affect related options An option is on when you see an X in the check box choose To pick a command by dragging through a menu You normally choose a command after you select something for the program to act on for example selecting a disk and choosing the Open command from the File menu Chooser A program that lets you designate devices such as printers and shared disks on a network that your computer uses click verb To position the pointer on something and then press and quickly release the mouse button noun The act of clicking client 1 A computer that has access to services on a network The computers that provide services are called servers A user working at a client can request file access remote login file transfer printing or other available ser vices from servers 2 An X Window System application Clipboard An area in the computer memory that func tions as a holding place for what you last cut or copied The contents of the Clipboard are often immediately pasted into the same or another document Close box The small box on the left side of the title bar of an active window Clicking it closes the window command An instruction that causes the computer to perform some action Many commands are listed in a menu These are chosen by using the mouse and pointer Many commands can also be typed from a keyboard command interface The way in which a user communi cates with the computer A
15. icons represent files For example the icon for a document file looks like a page with writing on it A directory lists the names and locations of other files it s represented on the desktop by a folder icon Since the Macintosh equivalent of a directory is a folder A UX manuals often refer to a directory as a folder Typical document and directory icons are shown in Figure 1 2 passwd etc Figure 1 2 Typical icons representing a document file and a folder A UX more than just UNIX 1 7 You can use the Macintosh mouse to open move and copy files by manipulating their icons For example you can open applications by double clicking their icons You don t need to remember command names for these operations Windows are your working areas on the desktop When you enter text from the key board create a drawing with the mouse or receive mail the results appear in a window You can keep several windows open at once and you can move or resize each one inde pendently Multiple windows on your desktop give you simultaneous access to Macintosh applications UNIX shells and X Window System applications Pull down menus offer easy methods for performing tasks such as opening and closing files customizing your desktop switching between applications and opening desk acces sories You can also use a pull down menu to log out of an A UX session The Macintosh desktop display is supported by a toolbox of graphics routines accessible to a
16. man online documentation utility 2 13 3 19 3 23 3 30 3 34 Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT 3 13 master servers 2 21 mathematics utilities 2 16 me macro package 2 14 3 22 menus 1 8 resources for 1 17 messages 2 5 m4 macro preprocessor 2 17 3 28 minimum hardware configuration for A UX 2 4 MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3 13 mkshlib programming utility 2 17 mm macro package 2 14 3 22 modems 3 9 monitors 2 4 more file utility 2 22 mouse 1 8 MS DOS applications 1 10 operating system 2 15 2 21 ms macro package 2 14 3 22 multiprocessing 2 9 to 2 10 multitasking 1 4 1 11 2 5 multi user capability 1 4 mv file utility 2 22 name server 1 14 3 18 neqn text processor 2 13 Network File System NFS 1 3 1 13 1 16 2 21 3 12 3 18 3 31 Network Information Services NIS 1 13 2 21 3 18 3 31 networking protocols AppleTalk 1 12 to 1 13 NFS Network File System 1 3 1 13 1 16 2 21 3 12 3 18 3 31 TCP IP 1 12 to 1 13 networks administration of 3 18 ARPANET 2 18 commands for 3 19 connections to 3 18 intemet 1 12 troubleshooting 3 16 NFS Network File System 1 3 1 13 1 16 2 21 3 12 3 18 3 31 nice process utility 2 24 NIS Network Information Services 1 13 2 21 3 18 3 31 nm programming utility 3 28 nroff text formatter 2 13 3 22 0 object oriented programming 2 15 od programming utility 3 28 online documentation 2 13 of A UX Command Reference 3 23 of A UX Programmer
17. of a specific computer autoconfiguration An A UX facility that automatically configures device drivers into the kemel upon system Startup autorecovery An A UX facility that automatically repairs damaged file systems and rebuilds a good system if possible A UX Apple Computer s version of the UNIX operating system A UX Release 3 0 incorporates the Macintosh user interface and Macintosh System 7 features Gl 2 Glossary A UX command The name of an executable file distrib uted with the A UX operating system For example 1s is a binary executable file distributed in the bin direc tory that prints directory information to the terminal typing bin 1s asacommand causes the file to execute See also shell program built in shell command A UX Toolbox Libraries subroutines and utilities that provide access from A UX to the Macintosh Operating System and to the Macintosh User Interface Toolbox in the Macintosh ROM balloon See Balloon Help Balloon Help An on screen description of an object on the screen such as an icon or an option in a dialog box You tum Balloon Help on and off using the Show Balloons and Hide Balloons commands in the Help menu Berkeley Software Distribution BSD A version of the UNIX operating system developed at the University of Califomia at Berkeley The A UX operating system incorpo rates many of the features of BSD versions 4 2 and 4 3 bit A contraction of binary digit The smallest unit of inform
18. on your Macintosh using control panels Macintosh System 7 On your Macintosh desktop you have access to the features that have made the newest version of Macintosh system software so popular Macintosh applications Hundreds of Macintosh applications readily available from computer software dealers run under A UX without modification You can use your favorite Macintosh word processor desktop publishing software spreadsheet art pro gram or database manager in A UX You can work with several different Macintosh applications at the same time These Macintosh applications can share your desktop with other types of applications including UNIX X Window System MS DOS and OSF Motif based applications Macintosh UNIX integration A UX 3 0 combines the Macintosh and UNIX words into a seamless computing environment You can choose from among Macintosh UNIX and X Window System capabilities to suit each specific task multiple terminal emulator windows You can use the A UX CommandShell appli cation to open multiple terminal emulator windows In each CommandShell window you can run UNIX tasks such as printing a document or compiling a program You can choose from several different environments called shells in which to enter commands A UX more than just UNIX 1 5 1 6 easier hard disk set up and installation A UX 3 0 offers an easier way to set up and install the A UX software With a new version of the Apple Hard Disk SC Setup pr
19. spool To place a job in a queue particularly a printing job in the print spooler spreadsheet An application in which financial or other data is placed in cells in a two dimensional array The cells are connected by formulas so that when a quantity is changed in one cell other cells also change stack A document created by HyperCard stream editor An editor that operates automatically on a quantity of text editing it in accordance with prepro grammed instructions Streams A collection of tools that assist programmers to modularize data transfer between device drivers and processes string An ordered collection of characters system accounting The process of getting certain information about system usage such as the number of users logged in and the length of time each has used the system system administrator A person charged with setting up and maintaining an A UX system system call A kemel level procedure that can be invoked by any application System calls are documented in Section 2 of A UX Programmer s Reference system extension A program that expands the capabili ties of system software They include drivers which make it possible for the computer to use a certain printer or other device and programs that add features to the Finder or the system software System extensions are stored in the Extensions folder in the System Folder System V The AT amp T standard UNIX operating system System V Release 2 forms the fou
20. the A UX basics go to Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for A UX Where to find it You can find the Read Me file on the A UX Read Me disk in your A UX Essential Manuals set This disk can be used in the Macintosh OS so you can read the file before you start up A UX The best way to use the Read Me file is to print it out before you start installing A UX If you ve already installed your A UX system you can also look at the Read Me file from the A UX operating system You don t need a special word processing application to read the Read Me file Simply find its icon and double click it If you are not sure how to do this read the user s guide that came with your Macintosh computer Chapter 3 A UX Documentation Using your Macintosh for the first time If this is your first experience with Macintosh computers you should start by reading the manuals that came with your Macintosh computer They tell you how to set up your equip ment and putitinto operation Then you can use the guided tour disk called Macintosh Basics that is shipped with the computer The tour disk helps you learn and practice basic Macintosh skills such as using the mouse and pull down menus At the same time you will become familiar with the Macintosh desktop and its icons Apple guides for the Macintosh computer Getting Started Macintosh Basics Macintosh User s Guide Figure 3 2 Using your Macintosh for the first time Using your Macintosh for
21. the A UX Administration Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer learning about advanced user programs 3 23 Programming in A UX For programmers and developers the A UX operating system offers a wide variety of resources It provides a complete environment for programming in C Fortran and other languages The A UX documentation for these resources is more detailed than and organ ized differently from other types of UNIX reference sets Five guides and three references are available to assist the A UX programmer as shown in Figure 3 8 A UX Shells and Shell Programming m A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface A UX Programmer s Reference m A UX Network Applications Programming A UX Porting Guide Building A UX Device Drivers pe ee a ae T Available separately from APDA not as part of the documentation sets described at the beginning of this chapter See the following sections in this chapter for more information If you are nota UNIX programmer but aspire to be you should first become familiar with A UX Shells and Shell Programming Then read A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 and A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 These books tell you how to use the A UX programming tools with C Fortran and other languages Seasoned UNIX programmers who want to add elements of th
22. you run off the shelf Macintosh applications commercially available UNIX programs and X Window System applications in the Macintosh desktop environment With additional third party products you can also run DOS and OSF Motif applications on your Macintosh computer A UX includes compilers subroutine libraries programming tools and detailed documentation for developing software Who should read this guide A UX constitutes a powerful computing environment for a variety of users at different levels of experience The system can be used by first time users and people who have worked with UNIX or the Macintosh Operating System OS for years by single users and users on networks and by Macintosh programmers as well as UNIX programmers This book is intended for everyone who has an interest in A UX It can help you achieve a general understanding of A UX and point you to sources of further information in the large suite of A UX documentation It constitutes an overall guide to the powerful and exciting world of A UX xi xii What s in this guide This guide provides an overview of A UX and describes how A UX works This guide does not explain how to use A UX but it can direct you to the guides that do Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX introduces you to A UX Release 3 0 and explains how it relates to UNIX and to the Macintosh Operating System m Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX goes more deeply into A UX Written for t
23. 2 15 3 26 to 3 27 LISP 2 15 PostScript 2 14 LaserWriter 2 14 LaserWriter IIf 1 3 LaserWriter IIg 1 3 1d link editor 3 27 lex programming utility 2 17 3 28 libc a library 2 7 libraries 3 27 C 2 16 Fortran 2 16 libc a library 2 7 object 2 16 and subroutines 3 30 license to use A UX Right To Copy xii site xii lint debugger 2 15 3 27 LISP utility 2 15 lists automatically numbered 2 13 LocalTalk 1 20 lp file utility 2 22 lpr file utility 3 12 1s file utility 2 22 In 4 Index M Macintosh applications 1 9 Macintosh Basics 3 7 Macintosh Communications Toolbox 1 19 Macintosh computers 2 4 to 2 5 programming for 2 14 to 2 15 as servers 2 4 as terminals 2 5 Macintosh file sharing 1 4 1 8 1 13 3 12 Macintosh file system 1 6 to 1 7 2 12 Macintosh keyboards 2 4 Macintosh Operating System OS 1 16 to 1 21 and A UX Toolbox 2 6 2 16 and MacX 3 12 Macintosh resources 1 16 1 17 to 1 18 Macintosh Sound Manager 1 18 Macintosh style editor TextEditor 2 12 3 20 Macintosh System 7 1 5 1 8 to 1 9 Macintosh Toolbox See Macintosh User Interface Toolbox Macintosh User Interface 1 16 to 1 21 Macintosh User Interface Toolbox 2 16 3 29 macro packages me mm ms 2 14 3 22 macro preprocessors cpp 2 17 m4 2 17 3 28 MacICP 1 3 MacX 1 3 3 13 to 3 15 MacX User s Guide 3 15 mail communication utility 2 20 3 12 mailx communication utility 2 20 make programming utility 2 17 3 28 managing hard disks 3 16 peripherals 3 16
24. 2 15 adb 2 17 3 27 ADB Apple Desktop Bus 2 6 3 32 adding Apple menu items 1 21 devices 1 12 Administration Manuals set 3 1 ADSP 1 3 alias capability 1 9 aliases shells 2 9 APDA 3 34 to 3 35 Apple dealers 3 34 Apple Desktop Bus ADB 2 6 3 32 Apple Developer Programs 3 36 Apple Hard Disk SC Setup 1 11 Apple menu customizing 1 21 Apple Menu Items folder 1 21 AppleShare 1 13 file server 1 13 AppleTalk 1 13 2 18 3 18 3 31 applications 1 4 hybrid 2 7 Macintosh 1 9 MS DOS 1 10 multiple 1 17 OSF Motif 1 10 porting of 2 6 UNIX 1 10 apropos command 3 19 3 23 3 30 3 34 APS 5 photo typesetter 2 14 ARPANET 2 18 ar utility 3 28 assembly language 2 16 as assembler 2 15 3 27 AT amp T Bell Laboratories 1 4 at utility 2 22 autoconfiguration 1 12 3 32 autorecovery 1 12 A UX additional hardware 2 4 basics 3 10 desktop display figure 1 7 documentation 3 1 to 3 35 file system 2 10 to 2 12 finder 2 8 hardware requirements 2 4 installation 3 8 kemel 2 5 to 2 6 porting applications 2 6 to 2 7 3 31 Read Me file 3 6 starting 2 8 structure of 2 2 terminals for 2 5 A UX Command Reference 3 22 A UX Essentials 3 10 A UX Installation Guide 3 9 A UX Networking Essentials 3 12 A UX Porting Guide 3 31 A UX Programmer s Reference 3 30 A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 3 26 A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 3 28 A UX Reference Summary and Index 3 23 A UX Startup shell commands 3 19 A UX
25. 27 communication utilities cslip 2 20 ct 2 20 3 18 cu 2 20 3 18 ftp 2 19 kermit 2 20 mail 2 20 mailx 2 20 rep 2 19 remsh 2 19 rlogin 219 ruptime 2 19 rwho 2 19 sockets 2 20 talk 2 19 telnet 2 19 tip 2 20 uucp 2 20 3 18 uux 2 20 write 2 19 compilers cc 216 c89 2 16 ef1 2 16 77 2 16 Compressed Serial Line Intemet Protocol CSL IP 1 3 1 13 3 18 Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing CAD CAM 2 8 control panels 1 18 1 20 cp file utility 2 23 cpp macro preprocessor 2 17 crontab process utility 2 24 C shell csh 2 9 csh shell program 2 9 CSL IP Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol 1 3 1 13 3 18 cslip communication utility 2 20 ct 2 20 ctags programming utility 3 28 ctrace programming utility 2 15 cu communication utility 2 20 current directory 2 22 curses input output utility 2 17 3 28 D Data Access Manager 1 9 database managers 1 5 1 10 dbx 3 27 de program 2 18 3 28 debuggers 2 15 to 2 16 3 31 adb 2 16 lint 215 sdb 2 15 to 2 16 Defense Data Network 2 18 derez resource utility 1 17 desk accessories 1 20 to 1 21 adding 1 21 Alarm Clock 1 21 and the Apple menu 1 21 Calculator 1 21 Scrapbook 1 21 desktop 1 6 to 1 8 management of 2 8 desktop publishing 1 5 1 10 2 12 to 2 14 development environments 2 15 device drivers 2 5 3 32 device files 2 10 devices 1 12 3 32 adding 3 16 managing 3 16 programming for 3 32 removing 3 16 diction text processor 2 14 aiff file utility 2 14 d
26. A UX documentation g Getting Started Administration Macintosh Basics Macintosh User s Guide A UX Essential Manuals set Lies Guide for A UX MacX User s Guide Road Map AUX Read Me AUX AUX to A UX Installation Essentials Networking Guide 5 Essentials Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals a for A UX Apple guides for various peripheral devices Contents Figures and tables ix About This Guide xi Who should read this guide xi What s in this guide xii Licensing xii An Overview of A UX 1 1 What s new in A UX Release 3 0 1 2 Why UNIX 1 4 A UX more than just UNIX 1 5 The Macintosh desktop 1 6 Macintosh System 7 1 8 Macintosh applications 1 9 Macintosh UNIX integration 1 10 Multiple terminal emulator windows 1 10 Easier hard disk set up and installation 1 11 Simplified system administration 1 12 Extended networking capabilities 1 12 Easier command generation 1 14 Macintosh style text editing 1 15 A fully compliant UNIX system 1 16 Why Macintosh 1 16 The Finder 1 17 Resources 1 17 Document data types 1 18 System Folder 1 18 Extensions 1 19 Control panels 1 20 Apple menu items 1 21 2 ACloser Look at A UX 2 1 The structure of A UX 2 2 The hardware 2 2 The A UX kemel 2 5 The A UX Toolbox 2 6 The system call interface 2 7 The A UX Finder 2 8 Commandshell 2 9 The A UX file hierarchy 2 10 Text e
27. A list of choices presented by an application pro gram from which you can select an action Menus appear when you use the mouse to point to and press on titles in the menu bar at the top of the screen Dragging through the menu and releasing the mouse button while a command is highlighted chooses that command menubar The white strip across the top of your screen that contains the titles of the menus available to you messages A group of system calls that allow processes to communicate by sending formatted data streams to each other Gl 8 Glossary metacharacter A character interpreted by a program as standing for other characters or as designating a special function For example the ampersand amp metacharacter at the end of a command line causes the shell to run the command as a background job microcomputer A computer such as any of the Macintosh family of computers whose processor is a microprocessor microprocessor A central processing unit contained on a single integrated circuit modem From modulator demodulator a peripheral device that converts digital data into a form suitable for telephone or other transmission media and back again into digital form monitor The viewing screen part of a console mount To make a file system accessible by hooking it into your A UX system mouse A small device you move around on a flat surface next to your computer The mouse controls a pointer on the screen whose movements
28. Macintosh or X Window System applications are immediately accessible to UNIX utilities without conversion or translation Files created by UNIX utilities can similarly be read by Macintosh and X applications This means you can construct processing paths between the various computing environments that run on your Macintosh computer For example you can create files of text and graphics by using Macintosh software store them in a UNIX version control system with full security features and then retrieve their current versions for integration and printing through a Macintosh desktop publishing system Thus Macintosh and UNIX technology work together in A UX without artificial barriers to give you the combined computing power of both At the programming level A UX makes the Macintosh User Interface Toolbox Macintosh Toolbox fully accessible to UNIX software UNIX application developers are able to take advantage of this feature by adopting the easy to leam Macintosh user interface in their software Similarly Macintosh developers can include powerful UNIX capabilities in their Macintosh applications For more information about running applications on A UX see A UX Essentials To learn about the Macintosh Toolbox see A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface you can purchase that guide as part of the A UX Programming Manuals set Multiple terminal emulator windows In addition to using the Macintosh graphical user interface you can type traditiona
29. Road Map to A UX Release 3 0 Apple Computer Inc This manual and the software described in it are copyrighted with all rights reserved Under the copyright laws this manual or the software may not be copied in whole or part without written consent of Apple except in the normal use of the software or to make a backup copy of the software The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the original This exception does not allow copies to be made for others whether or not sold but all of the material purchased with all backup copies may be sold given or loaned to another person Under the law copying includes translating into another language or format You may use the software on any computer owned by you but extra copies cannot be made for this purpose The Apple logo is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc Use of the keyboard Apple logo Option Shift k for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws Apple Computer Inc 1992 20525 Mariani Avenue Cupertino CA 95014 6299 408 996 1010 Apple the Apple logo APDA AppleLink AppleShare AppleTalk A UX EtherTalk HyperCard ImageWriter LaserWriter LocalTalk Macintosh and StyleWriter are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc registered in the United States and other countries Ballo
30. S Ona Macintosh computer equipped with an Ethemet card on board Ethemet or a CSL IP connection A UX supports the Network File System NFS protocols providing NFS server client and NIS facilities Developed and licensed by Sun Microsystems NFS lets users store and use files on different computers running different operating systems This capability makes A UX particularly useful in a network made up of different kinds of computers NFS gives you transparent access to file systems located on other machines and you can permit users at other computers to have access to A UX files stored on your computer Transparent access to file systems means that users don t have to remember the physical devices or computers on which their files are located Users do not have to know the oper ating systems of the remote computers In a transparent access mode system administrators for NFS servers choose which file systems to export for network access Authorized users then mount these remote file systems on their local file systems Thereafter workstation users manipulate the remote files with the commands and utilities that they would normally use when working on their local computers For example A UX commands from your computer can create edit and compile files located on a VAX computer running NFS Likewise users at IBM PC compatible computers running NFS can use MS DOS commands to gain access to A UX files on a Macintosh com puter This capabil
31. Share file server software that enables network users to store retrieve and share files and application programs on that computer Gl 1 AppleTalk Apple Computer s network software based on the Open System Interconnection model specified by the International Standards Organization application A program used to perform a particular task such as computer aided drawing document preparation accounting or payroll management Applications menu The menu at the right end of the menu bar that shows which application programs are open and contains commands for hiding and showing open windows argument A piece of information included on the com mand line in addition to the command the shell passes this information to the command which then modifies its execution in some particular way Filenames for example are often supplied as arguments to commands so that a command operates on the named file argument list All the arguments passed to a program ARPANET A wide area network that links government academic and industrial installations around the world Primarily connecting research sites the ARPANET was developed in the 1960s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U S Department of Defense See also Defense Data Network assembler A program development tool that converts assembly language instructions into machine language assembly language A low level programming language that corresponds to the binary machine language
32. The structure of A UX 2 3 The hardware 2 4 The following list presents the hardware required to install and run A UX Fora list of peripheral devices and accessories that you can use with your A UX system see Table 2 1 m One of the following Macintosh computers Macintosh Quadra 900 Macintosh Quadra 700 Macintosh IIfx Macintosh IIci Macintosh IIsi with a Floating Point Unit FPU Macintosh IIcx Macintosh IIx Macintosh II with Paged Memory Management Unit PMMU or Macintosh SE 30 A hard disk of at least 80 megabytes MB such as Apple Hard Disk 160SC for installation of the full A UX system Apple Hard Disk 80SC for installation of selected A UX software or a compatible third party hard disk Atleast 8 MB of random access memory RAM One of the following CD ROM drives for installation AppleCD SC drive AppleCD SC Plus drive or compatible third party CD ROM drive A UX also supports all available hard disk configurations for the Macintosh Quadra computers Table 2 1 A UX peripheral and accessory options Peripheral Options Monitor All Macintosh monitors and compatible third party monitors including support for multiple monitors Keyboard All domestic Macintosh keyboards and European Macintosh keyboards Printer Apple LaserWriter Ilf LaserWriter IIg LaserWriter IINT LaserWriter IINTX LaserWriter Plus Personal LaserWriter NT Personal LaserWriter LS ImageWriter II ImageWriter LQ and StyleWrite
33. User Datagram Protocol UDP 2 20 user interfaces 1 6 to 1 8 1 16 to 1 21 users accounts for 3 9 commands for 3 11 UUCP 2 20 3 12 3 18 uucp communication utility 2 20 3 18 uux communication utility 2 20 V VAX computer 2 21 vi editor 2 12 3 21 virtual memory 1 8 2 5 W window managers 3 14 windows active 2 8 CommandShell 1 10 to 1 11 in MacX 3 15 multiple 1 10 to 1 11 1 17 terminal emulator 1 10 to 1 11 X11 3 14 word processing 2 12 to 2 14 3 20 to 3 22 write communication utility 2 19 X XDR External Data Representation Protocol 3 31 X11 for A UX 1 3 3 13 to 3 15 client applications for 3 14 programming in 3 33 X11 Command Reference for A UX 3 33 X11 Programmer s Reference for A UX 3 33 X11 User s Guide for A UX 3 14 to 3 15 Xerox 9700 printer 2 14 X Window System 1 11 3 12 3 13 X commands 3 33 X libraries Xlib 3 33 X Toolkit Xt 3 33 he s yacc programming utility 2 17 3 28 Yellow Pages 1 13 Index In 7
34. al A UX file structure cshrec clipboard login The A UX file hierarchy 2 11 The Macintosh file system is structured similarly Macintosh files may be transferred to and from other Macintosh computers that don t have A UX For many tasks this gives the user a choice of working inside or outside A UX For example you can move work done on a portable Macintosh computer into a UNIX environment simply by copying the work to a floppy disk and inserting the disk into a Macintosh computer running A UX Text editors and processors Virtually all UNIX users have traditionally employed text editing and text processing applica tions to prepare letters memos source code books and manuals UNIX text editors are useful to write plain text files UNIX text processors can then format these files in a number of ways for printing on a variety of printers and typesetting machines Besides using the traditional UNIX facilities described below you can run commercially available Macintosh word processors and desktop publishing applications under A UX 3 0 Applications such as MacWrite and Microsoft Word let you wnite edit format and print high quality documentation while using A UX This book for example was written and formatted with Microsoft Word 4 0 You can obtain more information about these applications from any Macintosh software dealer UNIX text editors A UX 3 0 supplies several tools for creating and modifying text files Tex
35. al Manuals set included with the A UX software contains manuals N that describe how to install A UX and provides essential information for all A UX users This set includes the manuals that explain how to use MacX and X11 on your Macintosh computer EJ The Administration Manuals set includes manuals that describe how to set up a WE network and how to maintain both stand alone and networked A UX systems as well as manuals that explain how to use the text editing and text processing tools available in A UX The Programming Manuals set provides manuals that can help developers 4 el learn how to use the programming tools and commands available in A UX 3 0 3 2 Table 3 1 provides a complete list of the A UX 3 0 manuals included in the three manual sets Table 3 1 A UX 3 0 manual sets Documentation Order number Essential Manuals included with the software M0597LL B Road Map to A UX Read Me file on a floppy disk A UX Installation Guide Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for A UX A UX Essentials A UX Networking Essentials MacX User s Guide X11 User s Guide for A UX Administration Manuals available separately M0431LL B A UX Local System Administration A UX Network System Administration A UX System Administrator s Reference Sections 1M 7 and 8 A UX Text Editing Tools A UX Text Processin g Tools A UX Command Reference A UX Reference Summary and Index Programming Manuals available separatel
36. allation networking and system administration Here s a list of what s new in A UX 3 0 1 2 Easier installation With A UX 3 0 you don t have to spend hours performing compli cated installation procedures When you purchase A UX 3 0 you receive the complete A UX file systems on a single CD ROM compact disc read only memory You can install the complete A UX file systems with the click of the mouse button or you can customize your system by installing only certain parts called packages of A UX Simplified hard disk setup and partitioning Setting up A UX is now even simpler with a new version of the Apple Hard Disk SC Setup program This easy to use setup application lets you initialize and partition both Apple and non Apple hard disks Macintosh System 7 functionality A UX 3 0 provides these Macintosh System 7 features Macintosh file sharing virtual memory Balloon Help TrueType fonts aliases Interapplication Communication IAC the Edition Manager and the Data Access Manager You can learn more about these features in detail by reading the manuals that came with your Macintosh computer or your System 7 Upgrade Kit Support for the Apple QuickTime multimedia product QuickTime is a system software extension that adds multimedia capabilities to the Macintosh With QuickTime on A UX you can manipulate movies called time based data just like graphics For example you can cut and paste selections of movies just as easily
37. ammers Contact the APDA office for a catalog Ordering documentation 3 35 Apple Developer Programs If you plan to develop hardware or software products for sale through retail channels you can get valuable support from Apple Developer Programs Write to Apple Developer Programs Apple Computer Inc 20525 Mariani Avenue Mailstop 51 W Cupertino CA 95014 6299 3 36 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation Glossary access Class In UNIX a designation for access pemissions to A UX files and directories the three access classes are owner group and others The owner is the person who created the file the group consists of people including the owner who typically work together and need to share files easily the others class consists of other people using a local system A file or directory can be set to have different access permissions for each class active application program The application program currently being used With the System 7 Finder a number of programs can be open ata time but only one of them is the active program The active program is represented by a small icon at the top right comer of the menu bar You can switch from one program to another by pulling down the menu under this icon called the Applications menu See also Applications menu active window The frontmost or top window on the desktop the workspace in which the mouse and the key board are currently effective The title bar of an active window is hi
38. ances of the program each having its own address space can be executed simultaneously as separate processes program A file containing coded instructions to the computer A compiled program is a file created first in source code then transformed by the compiler or assembler into object code A shell script is a program that does not need to be compiled because it is interpreted by the shell program development The process of designing writing assembling or compiling and debugging a piece of software program regeneration A computer aided process by which a program is brought together from separate pieces in response to an overall set of instructions pull down menu A menu thatis hidden until you move the pointer to its title and press the mouse button QuickDraw The part of the Macintosh Toolbox that performs all graphic operations on the Macintosh screen QuickTime A system software extension that adds multimedia capabilities to the Macintosh RAM See random access memory random access memory RAM Memory in which information can be referred to in an arbitrary or random order RAM usually means the part of memory available for programs and documents that the computer reads from a disk the contents of RAM are lost when the computer is tumed off Compare read only memory Read Me file A file supplied with A UX containing last minute information about the current release read only memory ROM Memory whose contents
39. ando dialog box forthe newconfig command 1 13 The Commando dialog box forthe 1s command 1 14 A typical TextEditor display 1 15 The Extensions window 1 19 The Control Panels window 1 20 The Apple Menu Items window 1 21 A Closer Look at A UX Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Table 2 1 The structure of A UX 2 3 A typical A UX file structure 2 11 A UX peripheral and accessory options 2 4 A UX Documentation Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 3 4 Figure 3 5 Getting the latest information 3 5 Using your Macintosh for the first time 3 7 Installing your A UX system 3 8 Learning the basics of A UX 3 11 Using Apple X Window System products 3 14 X Figure 3 6 Figure 3 7 Figure 3 8 Table 3 1 Table 3 2 Figures and Tables Administering an A UX system 3 17 Using advanced user programs 3 21 Programming in A UX 3 25 A UX 3 0 manual sets 3 2 Additional A UX 3 0 manuals 3 3 About This Guide The A UX operating system for the Macintosh computer is Apple Computer s version of the industry standard UNIX operating system Like the original UNIX A UX is a complex structure of files utilities and applications And like the Apple Macintosh Operating System A UX provides ease of use through an intuitive user environment A UX includes hundreds of the standard utilities and commands normally found on UNIX systems along with comprehensive documentation describing how to use them It lets
40. applications can be easily moved from a UNIX system on one kind of computer to another UNIX system on a different kind of computer hierarchical file systems UNIX file systems permit flexible organization of files They also offer the necessary file attributes to support file sharing based on groups of users and accounts for individual users networking capabilities Through serial lines modems and network connections UNIX makes it easy for users to share files utilities and hardware resources with users of other computers Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX batch processing support You can set up a wide variety of noninteractive data processing tasks to run automatically on UNIX systems based on the time of day day of the week week of the month and so on For example you can specify that a certain file such as a report be printed every Monday at 6 00 a m security UNIX allows you to maintain a secure system through the use of login names and password protection This lets you prevent other users from accessing your files A UX more than just UNIX A UX 3 0 offers a wealth of features many of which are unavailable on other UNIX systems These A UX features include the Macintosh desktop With its intuitive graphical interface A UX allows you to interact with a UNIX system using pull down menus and icons on the desktop You can also customize your system by adding items to menus adding fonts to your system and changing settings
41. ate text files that can be run as programs You can also create documents that can be formatted and printed with all the polish of a formal publication To assist new users A UX Text Editing Tools offers detailed instructions and sample sessions for using these text editors You need to know at least one text editor to use A UX effectively You ll probably find that TextEditor is the fastest to learn and easiest to use particularly if you have previous experience using Macintosh word processors If you still prefer a UNIX style editor then refer to the chapter about vi in A UX Text Editing Tools A UX Text Editing Tools covers acomparison of the text editors available with A UX TextEditor ed an interactive line editor that may be used from the A UX Startup program before A UX is running ex an interactive line editor available on its own or with vi 3 20 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation For the advanced user A UX Text Editing Tools A UX Text Processing Tools A UX Reference Summary and Index A UX Command Reference Figure 3 7 Using advanced user programs vi an interactive full screen editor sed a batch stream editor Where to find it A UX Text Editing Tools is packed in the A UX Administration Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer learning about advanced user programs 3 21 A UX Text Processing Tools A UX provides the text formatting utilities that make up AT amp T
42. ation that a computer can hold B NET The A UX implementation of the Internet protocols and utilities Bourne shell The standard UNIX System V command interpreter See also shell BSD Se Berkeley Software Distribution built in shell command A command written into the shell itself rather than in a separate executable file button An image in dialog boxes sometimes resembling a pushbutton that you click to designate confirm or cancel an action Compare mouse button byte A unit of information consisting of a fixed number of bits One byte usually consists of a series of bits and represents one character such as a letter numeral or punctuation mark See also megabyte C A portable programming language that offers both high level and low level features making it flexible and efficient for developing application and system software A UX itself is written almost entirely in C Calculator A desk accessory program that works like a four function pocket calculator Cancel button A button that appears in some dialog boxes Clicking it cancels the commands just chosen CD ROM A method of storing mass data on optically encoded discs A typical CD ROM disc can hold 600 MB of data central processing unit CPU The brain of the computer the microprocessor that performs the actual computations in machine language check box A small box associated with an option ina dialog box or window When you click the check box you can
43. can be read but not changed Information is placed into read only memory only once during manufacturing ROM usually contains part of the system software The contents of ROM are not erased when the computer power is tumed off For example the ROM in a Macintosh computer con tains the routines for the Macintosh user interface Compare random access memory regular expression A notation that uses a special set of metacharacters for specifying a text pattem For example the vi and ex editorsuse the metacharacter at the beginning of a regular expression to stand for the beginning of a line therefore the regular expression a stands for the set of all lines that begin with an uppercase A remote system On a network any computer other than the local system rename Ofa file or other named entity to change its name without copying it or altering its contents resource 1 Synonymous with device driver A printing resource is a system file that lets you print on a correspond ing printer attached to the computer 2 Data or code stored in a Macintosh resource and managed by the Resource Manager restricted shell rsh A program that confines a user to a subset of the A UX system commands ROM See read only memory root 1 The top directory in a UNIX directory hierarchy Written as a slash itis the first element in every absolute pathname 2 The user with unlimited system privileges Also called the superuser save To s
44. cintosh and UNIX methods a reference for A UX menu commands including the Finder a troubleshooting section descriptions of additional sources forinformation about your Macintosh computer the A UX environment system administration and other topics a glossary of terms used in A UX Essentials Learning the basics 3 11 3 12 Where to find it A UX Essentials is packed in the A UX Essential Manuals set that accompanies every A UX system A UX Networking Essentials After you ve learned some of the basics of using your A UX system you may want to take advantage of A UX networking capabilities such as communicating with other users and accessing files on other computers on a network A UX Networking Essentials can help you learn how to use these and other networking capabilities After you or your network administrator has set up a network using A UX Network System Administration read A UX Networking Essentials to leam about connecting your computer to and working with that existing network This manual presents hands on tutorials describing how to use the Macintosh Chooser to print files over a network lpr a UNIX print command mail a message delivery program Macintosh file sharing NFS a set of UNIX file sharing utilities TCP IP including related utilities like remote login file transfer and process execution at remote locations UUCP including utilities to transfer files between UNIX systems and to remotely log in
45. cluding uucp cu and ct setting up and maintaining the Network File System NFS setting up network mail m troubleshooting TCP IP network problems 3 18 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation Where to find it A UX Network System Administration is packed in the A UX Administration Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer A UX System Administrator s Reference A UX System Administrator s Reference contained in two binders presents the privileged commands and utility programs available to the system administrator and the network ad ministrator It corresponds to Sections 1M and 8 of the documentation traditionally distributed with UNIX systems You should keep this reference at hand or be prepared to view the contents on line if you are the system administrator or network administrator at your site This reference contains descriptions of system maintenance commands Section 1M A UX Startup shell commands Section 8 As the system administrator you may also need to refer to the file format information contained in Section 4 of A UX Programmer s Reference Where to find it A UX System Administrator s Referenceis packed in the A UX Administration Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer How to view it on line A UX includes the contents of A UX System Administrator s Reference in the standard UNIX man page format This feature is like an online pocket guide you can use it at any time you are r
46. compiled on A UX follow the Common Object File Format COFF which makes them easier to move to other processors and operating systems A UX also offers other UNIX programming utilities such aS awk bc and yace These utilities are described in the next section UNIX Programming Tools UNIX programming tools A UX 3 0 offers many useful utilities and libraries that simplify creating and maintaining programs Listed here are a few of the programming tools available Source Code Control System SCCS SCCSis a collection of commands used to control changes to source code and other text files such as documentation SCCS protects files by controlling access and update privileges and by preventing more than one user at a time from updating a file SCCS also maintains an audit trail of revisions by identifying each revision of a file according to a version number by recording who made each revision by noting the date and by including a comment indicating the reason for making the revision Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX make a file regeneration utility The make program assists you in maintaining groups of interdependent files This program relies on a description file in which you define file dependencies After you change any part of one file you canrun make to regenerate all related files automatically curses a terminal independent input and output utility The curses library isa collection of subroutines that manage video
47. correspond to those of the mouse You use the pointer to select operations move data and draw within graphics programs mouse button The button on the top of the mouse In general pressing the mouse button initiates some action on whatever is under the pointer and releasing the button confirms the action MS DOS An acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System a commonly used computer operating system Macintosh computers with a SuperDrive can initialize floppy disks and read and write data in MS DOS format using the Apple File Exchange program provided with the Macintosh system software multitasking The ability of an operating system such as A UX to execute multiple processes simultaneously by sharing its central processor and peripherals among processes multi user A mode or ability of an operating system to support several people using the same computer simultaneously name server Networking software that organizes com puters on a large or complex network into groups called Internet domains part of 4 3 BSD network A collection of interconnected individually controlled computers along with the hardware and software used to connect them A network allows users to share data and peripheral devices and to exchange electronic mail network administration The management of the software and hardware that connects computers in a network This includes such functions as assigning addresses to hosts maintaining network data fi
48. d utilities to make your work compat ible with applications developed under BSD environments as well as with POSIX and FIPS specifications Besides the software development facilities that come with A UX 3 0 you can run many other commercially available development tools They range from Ada and LISP utilities to object oriented programming environments and expert system shells Among them are several excellent environments for developing software for the Macintosh and other personal computers including MS DOS and O 2 machines Your favorite Macintosh MS DOS or OS 2 development environment may already be ported to A UX Ask your authorized Apple dealer for details UNIX programming languages The A UX programming environment offers several language compilers including cc aC compiler 89 an ANSI Standard C compiler offered as part of the A UX Developer s Tools Product 77 a Fortran compiler ef1 an extended Fortran compiler C the main UNIX programming language is a portable high level language that also offers very low level operations making it flexible and efficient for both application and system programming In fact like other UNIX operating systems almost all of A UX including the C compiler itself is written in C A UX supports the Fortran programming language through its 77 and ef1 com pilers Fortran 77 is a high level language compiled by 77 that is especially useful for scientific and mathematica
49. device A part of the computer or a piece of external equipment that can transfer information See also peripheral device device driver Kemel level software that controls the exchange of information between a process and a device dialog box A box that contains a message requesting information from you Sometimes the message wams you that you re asking your computer to do something it can t do or that you re about to destroy some of your infor mation In these cases the message is often accompanied by a beep directory A file that contains a list of other files similar to a folder in the Macintosh hierarchical file system directory hierarchy The collection of all files on the currently mounted file system disk A flat circular magnetic surface on which information can be recorded in the form of small magnetized spots in a manner similar to the way sounds are recorded on tape disk drive The device that holds a disk retrieves informa tion from it and saves information on it There are two types of disk drives hard disk drives and floppy disk drives All models of Macintosh computers that run A UX contain at least one built in disk drive document A file created by an application usually containing information entered by the user Documentor s Workbench DWB A group of utilities used for formatting files Files formatted by DWB utilities can be printed on a variety of output devices double click noun Two mouse cl
50. display terminals The UNIX System V database terminfo contains a description of control sequences for hundreds of the most popular terminals and you can add descriptions of others Using the data in terminfo curses executes programs that read from and wite to terminals without concem for their specific type or brand In addition to terminfo A UX also supports the older termcap database to preserve compatibility with software migrating from older systems awk a pattem matching language The awk programming language is useful for pattern matching data manipulation information retrieval and report generation This tool is especially helpful when you must deal with information from record oriented databases bc an arbitrary precision arithmetic language and compiler The bc language is especially useful for computing accurately to many decimal places and for converting numbers from one base to another The bc language features a complete control structure and an immediate mode operation The output of the bc compiler is inter preted and executed by a collection of routines that can perfom arithmetic on indefinitely large integers and on scaled fixed point numbers dc an interactive desk calculator program adb a general purpose debugger yacc a system for writing compilers lex a program that generates a lexical analyzer for compilers and other language processors cb aC program formatter mkshlib a command that builds shared librari
51. ditors and processors 2 12 UNIX text editors 2 12 UNIX text processors 2 13 Other UNIX text processing tools 2 14 Software development environment 2 14 UNIX programming languages 2 15 UNIX programming tools 2 16 Networking and communications 2 18 AppleTalk 2 18 TCP IP 2 18 Serial communications 2 20 Network File System NFS 2 21 Other UNIX utilities 2 22 vi Contents 3 A UX Documentation 3 1 How to use the A UX manuals 3 3 Getting the latest information 3 5 The Read Me file 3 6 Where to find it 3 6 Using your Macintosh for the first time 3 7 Installing your A UX system 3 8 A UX Installation Guide 3 9 Where to find it 3 9 Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for A UX 3 9 Where to find it 3 10 Learning the basics 3 10 A UX Essentials 3 10 Where to find it 3 12 A UX Networking Essentials 3 12 Where to find it 3 13 Using Apple X Window System products 3 13 X11 User s Guide for A UX 3 14 Where to find it 3 15 MacX User s Guide 3 15 Where to find it 3 15 Administering an A UX system 3 16 A UX Local System Administration 3 16 Where to find it 3 18 A UX Network System Administration 3 18 Where to find it 3 19 A UX System Administrator s Reference 3 19 Where to find it 3 19 How to view iton line 3 19 Learning about advanced user programs 3 20 A UX Text Editing Tools 3 20 Where to find it 3 21 UX Text Processing Tools 3 22 Where to find
52. dows The A UX Finder also allows you to run Macintosh UNIX X Window System and MS DOS applications concurrently with CommandShell windows Commandshell windows provide a standard UNIX command line interface The hardware 2 2 Two important features of the UNIX operating system are its portability and its standardiza tion Itis portable because you can adaptit to run on many types of hardware Indeed most computers of desktop size or larger are able to run some variant of UNIX It is standardized because itis designed to work the same way regardless of the hardware on which it is running UNIX technology achieves these features because almost all of the operating system is written in the high level C programming language Only small portions of the UNIX operating system are written in machine specific assembly language As a fully featured UNIX system A UX 3 0 enjoys all the benefits of UNIX portability and standardization A Macintosh running A UX can communicate freely with non Apple com puters running other versions of the UNIX operating system including most minicomputers and mainframes Macintosh computers can run software developed for other UNIX environ ments and software developed on a Macintosh running A UX can be ported to UNIX systems running on other computers In addition to its many UNIX capabilities A UX 3 0 gives you a gateway to Macintosh hardware and system connectivity Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX Figure 2 1
53. e Macintosh user interface to their programs should read A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface Macintosh pro grammers who want to port existing applications or write new applications to run under A UX should also read A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface and A UX Porting Guide If you want to leam more about applications programming for a network environment you should read A UX Network Applications Programming 3 24 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation For the programmer A UX Programmer s Reference A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume2 g A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface J phg gpl i ux ro Napas A UX Shells and Shell Programming Figure 3 8 Programming in A UX To leam more about peripheral devices and how they interact with A UX readBuilding A UX Device Drivers If you are a seasoned UNIX programmer and you want your code to work in a POSIX environment you should see the appropriate parts of A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 A UX Shells and Shell Programming A program known as a shell provides interactive access to the capabilities of A UX through a command line interface The shell can also execute high level programs called shell scripts The three shells included with A UX the Bourne shell the C shell and the Kom shell each provide slightly different features This guide to conventional UNIX style command interp
54. e central processing unit and main memory ora device such as a terminal for transferring data verb To move software from one computer environment to another portability A characteristic of software by which it can easily be installed and operated on many different kinds of computers POSIX Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments a standard developed by the IEEE It defines Gl 10 Glossary a standard operating system interface and environment that supports application portability A UX complies with its current embodiment POSIX 1003 1 1988 FUS postprocessor A utility used to perform final processing of data PostScript A language used to describe an image mathematically so that it can be accurately reproduced at virtually any size preprocessor 1 A utility used to transform data that is then written to another utility Forexample tb1 isa pre processor that formats tables from properly coded text files the output of this processor is usually piped to a more general text formatter like trof 2 A function of certain compilers that provides file inclusion comment deletion and macro substitution print spooler A utility that writes a representation ofa printed image of a document to disk or to memory schedules it to print in a queue of otherjobs and then prints it process An instance of a program in execution Usually one copy of a program is stored on a UNIX system like A UX but multiple inst
55. e described later in this chapter Using Apple X Window System products 3 13 3 14 For the X user X11 User s Guide _ for A UX Ne MacX Users g Guide a Figure 3 5 Using Apple X Window System products X11 User s Guide for A UX X11 is a windowing environment that provides the standard X Window System interface for A UX X11 creates windows in which you can display concurrent UNIX and X applications These windows can be moved resized overlapped or completely hidden as desired The X11 product includes the windowing environment a complete development environment and a full set of applications including window managers terminal emulators text management and image management tools Chapter 3 A UX Documentation programming utilities for creating new X applications system administration utilities X11 User s Guide for A UX covers basic X11 concepts and operations the use of X11 on a network X11 software architecture the use and customization of X11 client applications Where to find it X11 User s Guide for A UX is packed in the A UX Essential Manuals set that accompanies every A UX system MacX User s Guide Macx is a display server that runs under both the Macintosh OS and A UX It lets Macintosh computers with either of these operating systems gain access to A UX and other UNIX networks through the X interface MacX provides the same windowing capabilities as the X Window
56. ed personnel to act as system administrators By automating some of the usual UNIX administration tasks and by providing documentation aimed at novice users A UX 3 0 simplifies many administration tasks making is possible for users to perform some of their own system administration A UX simplifies the process of adding peripheral devices through a process called autoconfiguration After installing in your computer the necessary plug in card fora particular peripheral device you notify the autoconfiguration utility of the presence of that new card The autoconfiguration utility then rebuilds the UNIX kernel to include the driver software associated with the peripheral card you ve installed If you remove the card the utility determines that the device is no longer available and automatically reconfigures the system accordingly For network based devices that don t have plug in cards such as printers and file servers A UX provides the Chooser a Macintosh program also called a desk accessory that lets you select the devices you want to use from lists of the network connec tions and devices available to your system To add SCSI Small Computer System Interface devices such as a hard disk or the AppleCD SC drive to your system you simply connect the device through the SCSI port on the back of your Macintosh computer A UX also contains a facility called autorecovery that can automatically repair damaged file systems and rebuild them from redu
57. es cpp a macro preprocessor for C m4 a general purpose macro preprocessor for C and Fortran RCS a revision control system similar to SCCS Software development environment 2 17 Networking and communications A UX 3 0 supports the AppleTalk network system a simple and popular networking system for users of personal computers and workstations It also supports the traditional Berkeley BSD UNIX networking facilities which are very powerful although not as easy as AppleTalk to set up and maintain The A UX communications facilities let you and other users share computers terminals files printers modems software electronic mail and other resources This section describes some of the AppleTalk System V BSD and NFS networking features that are part of A UX 3 0 AppleTalk AppleTalk the easy to use network protocols that are a part of the system software of every Macintosh computer is based on the Open System Interconnection OSI model specified by the Intemational Standards Organization A UX includes support for printing ADSP AppleShare client services and Macintosh file sharing on AppleTalk networks so your computer running A UX can share these resources with other types of computers that support the AppleTalk network system TCP IP A UX includes TCP IP network software Apple s implementation of the widely used BSD 4 3 networking utility package TCP IP network software is based on the standard UNIX Transmission Con
58. f a high level programming language with the great degree of control found in a low level language 3 26 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation Fortran is a language popular with programmers writing scientific and mathematical applications A UX includes the 77 compiler for compiling programs written in the Fortran 77 language It also includes the e 1 processor for translating Extended Fortran source code into Fortran 77 source code Programmers should keep this guide at hand for quick access to programming informa tion in general It covers the A UX programming environment m the command syntax for the C compiler cc m the C programming language with implementation notes for Macintosh hardware the standard C math and object libraries shared libraries m the command syntax for the Fortran compiler 77 m the Fortran programming language ef1 an extended Fortran language other programming language utilities such as 1int the C program checker as the assembler 1a the link editor and the Common Object File Format COFF debuggers such as sdb the symbolic debugger abx and adb m POSIX and the A UX POSIX programming environment for programming in confom ance with the IEEE POSIX standard If you are an experienced UNIX programmer and want your code to comply with POSIX standardization you should see the appropriate parts of Volume 1 If you want to leam about the utility programs and related tools that complement the A
59. f written commands It creates a desktop display in which your files directories and applications appear as icons The icons resemble real world objects directories appear as file folders for example Using the mouse you can move the arrow cursor onto one of these objects and then do something with it For example by double clicking the mouse button you can open the object and examine its contents if it s a directory or start it up if it s an application By dragging the object to the Trash icon you can remove it By clicking on the object and then choosing the Get Info menu item you can view information about it In these ways you can tell A UX what you want to do without having to remember UNIX commands The Finder lets you open and run several Macintosh applications at the same time in multiple windows Although you communicate with only one application at a time via the keyboard and mouse the other applications continue to operate in the background You can copy and paste material between different files being controlled by the same or different applications without having to quit applications or save files Multiple Macintosh applications can also share your desktop with multiple CommandsShell windows and X Window System applications You can access the Finder at any time without disturbing other work For example you can stop what you re doing use the Finder to rename or delete files you aren t working on and then return im
60. f you already have a Macintosh computer you probably own several applications that you can install in your A UX system and use right away Files created by a Macintosh computer without A UX can be transported into A UX using floppy disks Files modified by a Macintosh application running under A UX can similarly be copied onto disks that a Macintosh computer without A UX can read Thus you can install most of your favorite Macintosh software in your A UX system and use it as you normally would saving your work to A UX files If the job you need to do cannot be accomplished using a Macintosh application you still have access to the full range of UNIX applications and utilities for installation on your A UX system A UX more than just UNIX 1 9 Macintosh UNIX integration A UX 3 0 constitutes a unified seamless computing environment that makes both Macintosh and UNIX applications available to you allowing you to pick the tools best suited to your immediate task You can use your favorite Macintosh word processor desktop publishing software spreadsheet art program or database manager within A UX You can run complex UNIX programs such as CAD CAM applications You can also run X Window System applications With the help of third party products you have access to OSF Motif based applications as well as MS DOS applications In fact A UX lets you work with all of these different kinds of applications at the same time Files created by
61. ghlighted with a series of lines administrator See system administrator Alarm Clock A desk accessory program that displays the current time and date and can be set to function as an alarm alert box A box that appears on the screen to give a waming or error message Its appearance is sometimes accompanied by an alert sound alias 1 An icon that represents the original of a Macintosh document folder program or disk that you can use as if it were the original When you double click the icon of an alias the alias locates the original and the original opens The name of an alias appears in italics 2 An alternative name used in UNIX to invoke or identify a command a network host a list of users or some other named entity APDA Apple s worldwide direct distribution channel for more than 350 Apple and third party development tools and documentation products Membership is open to anyone interested in developing Apple compatible software or hardware products Apple Desktop Bus ADB A low speed input only serial bus that connects the keyboard mouse and optional input devices to the system bus Apple menu The menu farthest to the left in the menu bar indicated by an Apple symbol from which you get information about programs memory use and open items placed in the Apple Menu Items folder AppleShare Apple Computer s file server system using AppleTalk networks AppleShare file server A Macintosh computer running Apple
62. h lists the files in a directory 1p which spools files to a disk for printing Other utilities manipulate processes Some of these are ps for displaying information about active processes nice for setting the priority of processes at for scheduling processes to be executed at specific times crontab for executing processes at specific intervals ki11 for sending signals to processes Commands for managing shells include set and seteny built in shell commands for customizing the C shell ca acommand that is built into each shell for changing the current directory stty a utility for setting terminal characteristics echo a utility for printing the expanded argument list of a command sh1 a utility for managing shell layers 2 22 Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX A UX 3 0 contains hundreds of additional utilities including many for system adminis tration user communication and recreation games abound on UNIX systems The wealth of built in tools and utilities added to the hundreds of available Macintosh and UNIX appli cations gives A UX 3 0 the richest access to software of any version of UNIX available today Other UNIX utilities 2 23 A UX Documentation This chapter describes the A UX publications in order to help you find your way among them The majority of the A UX documentation is organized by topic and sold in sets of manuals Here is a brief list and descriptions of the three A UX manual sets je The Essenti
63. hat define its type and its creator The type code indicates how the binary pattem in the document file must be interpreted to make the file meaningful For example documents of type snd contain sound information that can be interpreted by the Macintosh Sound Manager The creator code indicates what general class or make of software is needed to handle the file s content such as a specific sound synthesizing program You can open a document file just by double clicking its icon which is displayed by the Finder When you do so the Finder reads the document s type and creator codes and searches the system for an application that can interpret the file It starts the application running and uses it to open the document Thus you can open different documents without needing to find their applications in fact without knowing what applications they require As long as the application resides somewhere on your system the Finder finds the application for you System Folder The System Folder contains files including resources that determine how your computer operates While several files such as the System file and the Finder described previously in this section are stored directly in the System Folder many files are stored in specific folders within the System Folder For example programs that let you set characteristics of your computer such as network connections monitor type sound level and keyboard configuration are stored in t
64. he Control Panels folder Other folders that you ll find in your System Folder include the Extensions and Apple Menu Items folders Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX In the A UX Finder environment several types of system folders exist Users that have their own A UX login accounts might have personal system folders located in their home directories Users can customize their working environments by making changes to their personal System Folders The global System Folder which is located in the mac sys directory is used by all users or accounts on the system who do not have personal System Folders For more information about System Folders in A UX see A UX Essentials Extensions The Extensions folder contains programs that are not part of the basic system software but that provide system level services Extensions include printer drivers programs that were formerly called INITs and communications tools By storing these type of programs in a separate folder your system file remains less cluttered and you re able to customize your system more easily While extensions for many Apple peripherals are preinstalled such as the Apple StyleWriter printer driver many extensions can be installed simply by dragging the extension icon to your System Folder For example if you purchase a communications product that makes use of the Macintosh Communications Toolbox an extension to the Macintosh Toolbox you can install the communications tool by draggi
65. he more technically sophisticated reader it summarizes how the principal pieces of software work together It also lists some of the built in tools available for working with text documents developing software and using your A UX system on a network with other computers and users Chapter 3 A UX Documentation presents a compact overview of the A UX documen tation Although the Macintosh like A UX user interface simplifies its operation for those unfamiliar with the complexities of UNIX the system also offers many features for advanced users To fill the needs of the entire range of users Apple provides more than 6000 pages of documentation describing A UX and explaining how to use it Chapter 3 helps you locate the information you need in the suite of A UX documentation Note Terms covered in the Glossary appear in boldface Licensing As a licensee of UNIX technology Apple distributes a single CPU 16 user binary license with every A UX operating system This means that your Macintosh computer running A UX 3 0 may have up to 16 remote or local users logged on at any given time To support larger A UX networks Apple offers a Right To Copy license that lets you expand the number of your CPUs and users as needed Apple also offers an X Window System Right to Copy and X Window System Macx Site License For further information about these and other licensing options contact your authorized Apple dealer About This Guide An
66. icks in quick succes sion interpreted as a single command The action of a double click is different from that of a single click for example clicking an icon selects the icon double clicking an icon opens it verb To position the pointer where you want an action to take place and then press and release the mouse button twice in quick succession without moving the mouse drag To position the pointer on an object on the screen press and hold the mouse button move the mouse and release the mouse button When you release the mouse button you either confirm a selection or move the object to a new location driver Software that sends commands to a device such as a printer or expansion card DWB See Documentor s Workbench Edit menu A menu thatis available in most programs and lists editing commands such as Cut Copy and Paste editor An application that lets you write and manipulate files of text environment A list of characteristics that identifies you to the system and influences and constrains your access to it You can modify many of these characteristics error message A message displayed on the screen that tells you of an error or problem in a program or in your communication with your system Ethernet A hardware medium designed to provide high speed interconnections between computers The original Ethemet cable was a 2 inch coaxial cable with heavy shielding Ethemet cable is now available as thinner coaxial cab
67. ime you start A UX the kemel registers the absence of that Ethernet card and reconfigures itself accordingly The A UX Toolbox As shown in Figure 2 1 the Macintosh hardware interacts with a special set of libraries and programs called the A UX Toolbox which enables the A UX and Macintosh environments to work together A UX uses the A UX Toolbox to route instructions to the Macintosh user interface routines stored in ROM so that A UX programs can include Macintosh windows menus and dialog boxes As a result the same Macintosh programs can run in both the Macintosh and A UX environments The A UX Toolbox performs two basic functions Translation of Toolbox calls A UX Toolbox calls are translated into Macintosh ROM calls thereby providing full support for menus windows dialogs and the rest of the Macintosh user interface Reimplementation of the Macintosh Operating System Macintosh OS calls are redirected to A UX libraries These libraries include implementations of the Memory Manager Time Manager Slot Manager Serial Manager Sound Manager for sound output and much of the File Manager With the A UX Toolbox you can porta binary Macintosh application to A UX although the application must follow specifications in Inside Macintosh and A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface The A UX Toolbox also includes special utilities for porting existing Macintosh and UNIX applications to A UX and for developing A UX applications that ta
68. in the Clipboard from there you can paste it elsewhere cut and paste To move something from one place in a document to another place in the same document or to a different document database manager An application that helps the user create manipulate and search structured files containing various kinds of data date time stamp Information in the header of a file that tells when the file was created or last changed debugger A program development tool that helps the programmer analyze the operation of a program Gl 4 Glossary Defense Data Network A single wide area packet switching network that integrates the ARPANET research network and the MILNET defense network desk accessories Small application programs that are useful additions to your system Desk accessories some times abbreviated DAs provided with the Macintosh include the Alarm Clock Calculator Chooser control panels Key Caps and Scrapbook You might find it useful to put desk accessories in the Apple menu desktop The Macintosh graphical user interface The viewing screen represents a surface on which objects appear as icons and workspaces are represented by windows desktop publishing An area of application software for producing printed documents with full typography layout and graphics development environment An integrated collection of program development tools that support the whole process of writing and debugging programs in a given language
69. ine drawings complex tables graphs and other features The main DWB 2 0 formatting utilities offered by A UX are nroff a program that formats text for output to terminals and line printers troff a program that formats text for laser printers and phototypesetters otroff theonginal troff program forC A T typesetters that provides compatibility with the troff program on earlier versions of DWB grap a preprocessor that formats graphs and charts a new feature of DWB 2 0 tbl a preprocessor that formats tables from text pic a utility that formats simple line drawings m eqn neqn and checkqn utilities for formatting and checking the command syntax of mathematical equations mm aset of macro definitions for formatting general text checknr a syntax checkerfor nroff and troff source files checkmm a syntax checker for documents formatted with mm macros man a Setof macro definitions that formats text into manual pages like those in A UX Command Reference and the online documentation Text editors and processors 2 13 A UX also provides TranScript a suite of programs licensed from Adobe Systems TranScript utilities translate the output from text and graphics formatters such as troff and piot into PostScript files for printing on Apple LaserWriter printers and other printers that support the PostScript page description language The printer and typesetter support in A UX also includes postprocessor fil
70. inesses apply the capabilities of UNIX to a variety of tasks particularly in the fields of software development word processing desktop publishing database management and computer aided engineering design and manufacturing 1 4 UNIX has become a popular and widely used operating system primarily because it offers true multitasking capability On UNIX systems multitasking enables you to run several jobs simultaneously For example you can simultaneously format a text file and send it to the printer run a compiler to compile a UNIX program and create a document using the vi text editor multi user access to a single system A UNIX system provides multi user access which lets you easily share files programs and CPU time with many users without sacrificing security or reliability Multiple users can also be logged in to the same computer simultaneously a hardware independent environment UNIX is easily ported to run on many different computers so software developed under a UNIX system running on one type of hard ware can easily be made to work on UNIX systems running on other types of hardware a flexible command interface You can tailor the UNIX command interface to suit your needs by customizing the way in which different commands operate powerful applications UNIX systems include hundreds of powerful utilities for such tasks as software development and maintenance document preparation and communi cation among users These
71. ion from different locations on your hard disk or over the network To quickly locate files on your hard disk you can take advantage of the Find command it allows you to search for files by name size kind date and other criteria With a Macintosh computer that supports sound input you can add voice comments to documents created using voice capable applications The Data Access Manager offers built in access to remote host databases The Edition Manager provides publish and sub scribe functionality which allows you to create links between documents changes you make to one document are reflected automatically in the other linked document This lets you streamline revisions and helps ensure accuracy of information in documents worked on by more than one user The publish and subscribe feature is offered as part of the Interapplication Communication IAC set of capabilities built in to System 7 For more information about Macintosh System 7 see the manuals that came with your Macintosh computer or your System 7 Upgrade Kit Macintosh applications A UX supports a large and inexpensive variety of application software The Macintosh applications that are available range from simple word processors and spreadsheets to sophisticated CAD CAM systems and complete development environments They all feature the graphics and consistent methods that make Macintosh software easy to leam Macintosh applications run under A UX without modification I
72. irectories 1 7 home 2 10 UNIX 2 10 directory hierarchy 2 10 disk drives 1 3 documentation for A UX 3 1 to 3 35 document creator 1 18 document data types 1 16 1 18 Documentor s Workbench DWB 2 13 3 22 documents files 1 18 drawing programs 1 5 1 10 drawings 2 13 drivers See device drivers DWB Documentor s Workbench 2 13 3 22 E echo shell management utility 2 22 ed editor 2 12 3 20 editors 1 6 3 20 to 3 21 batch 2 13 ed 2 12 ex 2 12 sed 2 13 TextEditor 1 6 2 12 vi 2 12 ef1 compiler 2 15 3 27 electronic mail See mail communication utility eqn text processor 2 13 3 22 Essential Manuals set 3 1 Ethemet 2 19 EtherTalk 1 20 ex editor 2 12 3 20 expert systems 2 15 explain text processor 2 14 Extended Fortran language 2 15 External Data Representation Protocol XDR 3 31 F Federal Information Processing Standard FIPS 1 16 files 1 7 1 8 2 21 for devices 2 10 documents 1 18 formats of 3 30 manipulating 2 21 servers for 1 13 file sharing 1 4 1 13 Macintosh 3 12 file system 1 4 2 10 to 2 12 Macintosh 1 6 to 1 7 2 10 to 2 12 remote 2 21 file utilities cat 2 22 cp 2 22 diff 2 14 lp 2 22 1s 1 14 2 22 more 2 22 mv 2 22 pg 2 22 rm 2 22 filters 2 13 Find command 1 9 Finder 1 17 2 8 FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard 1 16 fonts 1 17 to 1 18 3 22 in MacX 3 15 footnotes formatting of 2 13 formatters See text formatters formatting documentation 3 20 to 3
73. it 3 22 UX Command Reference 3 22 Where to find it 3 23 How to view iton line 3 23 IX Reference Summary and Index 3 23 Where to find it 3 23 A A A om Contents vii Programming in A UX 3 24 A UX Shells and Shell Programming 3 25 Where to find it 3 26 A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 3 26 Where to find it 3 27 A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 3 28 Where to find it 3 28 A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface 3 29 Where to find it 3 29 A UX Programmer s Reference 3 30 Where to find it 3 30 How to view iton line 3 30 UX Network Applications Programming 3 30 Where to find it 3 31 UX Porting Guide 3 31 Where to find it 3 32 Building A UX Device Drivers 3 32 Where to find it 3 32 Programming in X11 3 33 X11 Command Reference for A UX 3 33 X11 Programmer s Reference for A UX 3 33 Where to find them 3 34 How to view them on line 3 34 Ordering documentation 3 34 Authorized Apple dealers 3 34 APDA 3 34 Sources for non A UX documents 3 35 Apple Developer Programs 3 36 A fea A Glossary Gl 1 Index In 1 viii Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Figures and Tables An Overview of A UX Figure 1 1 Figure 1 2 Figure 1 3 Figure 1 4 Figure 1 5 Figure 1 6 Figure 1 7 Figure 1 8 An A UX desktop display 1 7 Typical icons representing a document file and a folder 1 7 The Comm
74. ity prevents your site from becoming tied to any particular workstation family by providing simplified access to the files of other types of computers Another advantage of NFS is that it eliminates the problems of storing multiple copies of files across the network This advantage can result in substantial savings of storage space For example ten A UX workstations on a network can save over 200 MB of disk storage by sharing common system files such as the online manuals the standard utility programs the spelling dictionary and so on The NIS facility provides a distributed network look up service An NIS master server maintains a global copy of files important to the NIS domain it serves In this manner net work information can be maintained in one location The master server routinely updates this information on one or more slave servers to enable unintermpted service in the event that a master server becomes unavailable to the network Networking and communications 2 21 Other UNIX utilities A UX offers more than 500 UNIX utilities that perform thousands of functions This sec tion gives you only a partial list For complete details consult A UX Reference Summary and Index Many utilities manipulate files They include cat which creates displays or adds to the contents of a file cp which copies a file more and pg which display file contents one screenful at a time mv Which moves files rm Which removes files is whic
75. k Calculator a O g Comrol Panels Key Caps Note Fad Fuzzle Figure 1 8 The Apple Menu Items window Why Macintosh 1 21 A Closer Look at A UX A UX provides many features that are unique to UNIX technology This chapter describes A UX 3 0 features in greater technical detail and briefly explains the structure of A UX including hardware kernel A UX Toolbox system call interface A UX Finder Commandshell file systems and UNIX utilities This chapter assumes that you already have a basic knowledge of UNIX It attempts to answer some of the questions that a UNIX or Macintosh user may have about the specific structure and capabilities of A UX If you are new to UNIX itis recommended that you leam the terms and procedures introduced in A UX Essentials before reading this chapter The structure of A UX Figure 2 1 illustrates the basic structure of A UX At the bottom layer is the hardware the Macintosh computer on which you re using A UX and any peripheral devices you have connected to your A UX system In the middle layer at the heart of the A UX operating system the A UX Toolbox and the kernel operate together to manage the communica tions between the hardware and the applications that you use on your desktop The top layer of Figure 2 1 shows the A UX Finder which provides the intuitive graphical user interface of the Macintosh desktop it lets you use Macintosh features such as pull down menus icons and win
76. ke advantage of the Macintosh Toolbox 2 6 Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX UNIX applications running under A UX can make Macintosh Toolbox calls these appli cations are called hybrid applications They can include all the elements of the Macintosh desktop windows menus and icons as well as have access to such resources as fonts and desk accessories An increasing number of UNIX applications developers are offering the Macintosh user interface You can do the same when you use A UX programming facilities to design and build your own software The system call interface When you run a program under A UX the program uses system calls to pass instructions to the kernel This system call interface operates in accordance with the UNIX System V Interface Definition SVID and also meets the IEEE specification POSIX 1003 1 1990 and the FIPS standard 151 1 The kermel in turn executes system calls these system calls can start new processes read and write data to a hard disk or network and perform other important functions They can also request the hardware to perform certain operations such as reading a block of data from a hard disk This means that you don t have to be concemed about low level machine dependent details when running A UX or developing software for it Libraries particularly the C library 1ibc a are an important part of the system call interface to the kernel They contain interfaces for all the system calls and sub
77. l UNIX commands directly into a CommandsShell window Commandshell windows providing full VT102 compatibility act like separate terminals in a traditional UNIX system You can open several Commandshell windows at one time each independently sizable and movable and you can run tasks in different windows while you work interactively in another This 1 10 Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX gives you the effect of multiple terminals each with full preemptive multitasking within a single computer Multiple CommandsShell windows can also share your desktop display with multiple Macintosh and X Window System applications When you enter a command in a Commandshell window the Commandshell application sends the commands to one of the standard UNIX shells provides by A UX These shells interpret the command you ve entered and perform the task you ve specified with the command A UX offers three standard UNIX shells Bourne C Korn Each CommandShell window appears with one of these shells you can change shells while you re working in a window You can customize your CommandShell environment by selecting your favorite Shell as well as font and font style and then save your settings for the next time you open a Commandshell window Each shell has its own intemal commands acting like a high level programming lan guage This programming capability lets you build and run complex commands and procedures in the fom of shell scripts For more information ab
78. l applications The e 1 compiler translates source code written in Extended Fortran a variant of Fortran to Fortran 77 source code Assembly language programming is supported by as the assembler utility A UX offers several program debugging tools The 1int program for example helps you detect bugs obscurities inconsistencies and portability problems in C source files The ctrace utility is used for tracing C programs during execution The sdb symbolic Software development environment 2 15 2 16 debugger program is useful for troubleshooting both C and Fortran 77 programs A UX 3 0 includes a symbolic debugger called abx which can be used with C programs as wellas aab fordebugging A UX applications at the machine code level The following are the main libraries included in the A UX programming environment the standard C library made up of functions and declarations used for file access string testing and manipulation character testing and manipulation memory allocation and other functions m the Fortran intrinsic function library consisting of the standard Fortran functions m the mathematical library providing exponential Bessel logarithmic hyperbolic and trigonometric functions the object library with functions for the access and manipulation of object files m the A UX Toolbox containing routines that perform the Macintosh Toolbox and Macintosh OS functions As with other implementations of System V files
79. le and shielded twisted pair cable EtherTalk Apple s data link product that allows an AppleTalk network to be connected by Ethernet cables expansion card A removable circuit board that plugs into one of the expansion slots in some models of the Macintosh computer Expansion cards enable the computer to use a special device or to perform an additional function expansion slot A long thin socket on the main circuit board of some Macintosh models into which you can install an expansion card that gives the computer additional capabilities file 1 For UNIX operating systems an array of bytes no other structure is implied by UNIX systems which even treat peripheral devices like files 2 For the Macintosh Operating System any named ordered collection of in formation stored on a disk Application programs and documents are examples of files You create a file when you type text or draw graphics give the material a name and save it on a disk File menu A menu that lists commands that affect whole documents and other files commands such as Save Print and Quit file server A computer with special software that allows many network users to store and retrieve files on the hard disks or other storage devices attached to it file sharing The capability of sharing files among computers on a network file system A logical device that contains the data structures that implement all or part of the directory hierarchy filter A
80. le format or other programming facility to display the appropriate man page on your screen A related command apropos helps you locate man pages by subject A UX Network Applications Programming A UX Network Applications Programming describes the A UX programming interfaces for the programmer who wishes to write network applications that work with the AppleTalk network system the Network File System NFS Network Information Service NIS and TCP IP software It contains Chapter 3 A UX Documentation aprogrammer s introduction to AppleTalk aprogrammer s introduction to TCP IP aprogrammer s introduction to the Remote Procedure Call RPC interface specifications for various protocols including RPC NFS and NIS a specification for the Extemal Data Representation XDR protocol for data portability If you want to leam more about applications programming for the AppleTalk net work system you should first read Inside AppleTalk the official Apple publication about AppleTalk It is published by Addison Wesley and available through APDA or your local bookstore Where to find it A UX Network Applications Programmingis available from APDA You can find information about APDA at the end of this chapter A UX Porting Guide A UX Porting Guide provides guidelines for porting existing applications for other UNIX systems to A UX and for developing portable applications This manual covers reasons for porting applicatio
81. le systems mounted at a given time forms a directory hierarchy The top of every directory hierarchy is known as the root which appears on your system as a slash you can think of root as the origin of all the files located on your A UX system Branching from the root are directories which are folders in Macintosh terminology that contain lists of files Figure 2 2 shows an example of this structure of files shown as document icons and directories shown as folder icons In the A UX implementation of UNIX the top directories beneath the root directory in clude bin which contains many of the A UX utility programs dev which contains A UX device files etc which contains system administration programs and data files users which contains the home directories of A UX users usr which contains programs that users commonly need and tmp a storage area for temporary files A home directory is the directory that normally contains the files associated with a user account For each UNIX file or directory permission to read write or execute can be assigned on an individual group or system wide basis This ability provides security against intruders while maintaining a flexible environment for sharing files among colleagues working on group projects Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX users tmp Es james paul d memo1 letter1 Figure 2 2 A typic
82. lend itself to casual reading For reference pages on privileged system administration commands see A UX System Administrator s Reference 3 22 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation A UX Command Reference corresponds to Sections 1 and 6 of the user manual tradition ally distributed with UNIX systems It contains descriptions of A UX commands that you can execute without special privileges those that require only normal access privileges game commands distributed with A UX Where to find it A UX Command Reference is packed in the A UX Administration Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer How to view it on line A UX includes the contents of A UX Command Referencein the standard UNIX man page format This feature is like an online pocket guide you can use it any time you run A UX You simply enter man with the name of any A UX user command or game to display the appropriate man page on your screen A related command apropos helps you locate man pages by subject A UX Reference Summary and Index A UX Reference Summary and Index is an index to all the A UX reference books Itis designed to point you quickly toward the source of any information you may need about A UX It contains alist ofall A UX commands organized by function synopses of all A UX commands organized alphabetically giving the syntax of each command an index to commands Where to find it A UX Reference Summary and Index is packed in
83. les across the network and setting up intemetwork routing See also local system administration Network File System NFS A protocol suite developed and licensed by Sun Microsystems that allows different makes of computers running different operating systems to share files and disk storage Network Information Services NIS formerly Yellow Pages A network database facility for sharing a common database of user information across a local area network NFS See Network File System NIS See Network Information Services node Ina network equipment capable of taking data out or putting data in Note Pad A desk accessory program that stores small amounts of text object file The form ofa routine produced by a language translator such as a compiler or assembler An object file can be linked to other object files to build a program See also source file online documentation Documentation that is read from the screen as opposed to documentation that is read from a book open To make available You open files to work with them Opening an icon usually causes a window to appear revealing the document or application program the icon represents or showing you the contents of a folder or disk You can then perform further actions on the contents of the window Open System Interconnection OSI A logical structure for network operations standardized by the ISO OSI pro vides a network design framework to allow equipment from differe
84. ll software in the system Programmers can use this toolbox to incorporate the Macintosh user interface in new programs and tools designed to run under A UX For more information about the Macintosh user interface see the manuals that came with your Macintosh computer See A UX Essentials for information about the desktop specific to A UX 3 0 A UX Essentials comes with your A UX software Macintosh System 7 A UX 3 0 gives you all the power and functionality of System 7 for the Macintosh You can use the virtual memory capability to allocate more memory to Macintosh applications than the actual physical memory on your computer would otherwise enable Documents have a sharper look on screen and from your printer with the help of TrueType fonts To share applications with other users or workgroups you can use Macintosh file sharing and thereby possibly eliminate the need for a dedicated file server This built in feature allows you to make files and applications on your computer available to other users on the network At the same time other users can give you permission to work with files and applications on their computers If at any time you need help while working on the desktop you can use Balloon Help for instant online information 1 8 Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX The alias capability offers you the convenience of being able to store a file or an applica tion in more than one place you can then access such a file or applicat
85. lled Yellow Pages from Sun Microsystems and the name server which is part of the 4 3 Berkeley Software Distribution BSD You can connect to all these services simultaneously A UX more than just UNIX 1 13 1 14 For information about using AppleShare and Macintosh file sharing on your A UX com puter see A UX Networking Essentials you receive this manual with your A UX software See A UX Networking System Administration for information about NFS CSL IP NIS and the name server that guide includes detailed instructions about setting up and using these and other TCP IP networking capabilities You receive A UX Networking System Administration when your purchase the A UX Administration Manuals set Easier command generation A UX 3 0 includes a utility called Commando that helps you build UNIX commands When you use Commando to construct a command it presents a dialog box like the one shown in Figure 1 4 Is Options Choose directories files Listing style i Short format one column p Mark file Ypes eeeeeeeeeee O sorted vertically No marking O Mark directories O Mark other types r Show more information O List all files O Show size in blocks O Show i node numbers sorted horizontally i Long format iO show ID numbers iO no group information O no owner information Command Line Booo O List the contents of a directory and or display information about the files Cancel
86. lossary GI 9 password An arbitrary string of characters known only to one ora limited number of users that must be entered before certain system capabilities become available Paste A command in the Edit menu that places the contents of the Clipboard whatever was last cut or copied at the location of the insertion point peripheral device A piece of hardware such as a disk drive modem printer or terminal that is connected to a computer and used for reading or writing data pipe noun 1 A command line that connects two or more commands in a series so that the output of one command becomes the input to the next 2 An inter mediate file in which data is passed from one process to another verb To connect two or more commands in a series so that the output of one command becomes the input to the next pipeline A command line that contains one or more pipes plotter A peripheral device that creates drawings by moving electronically controlled pens over paper plug in card A printed circuit card that can be installed inside a computer of the Macintosh II family to give it new capabilities pointer An arrow or other symbol on the screen that moves as you move the mouse You use the pointer to choose commands select and move icons and text and draw images port noun 1 A socket on the back panel of a computer where you plug in a cable for connection to a network or a peripheral device 2 A connection between th
87. ludes support forNFS 4 1 allowing transparent file serving over Ethemet and serial lines In addition A UX supports the name server which is part of 4 3 Berkeley Software Distribution BSD Support for Apple networking products A UX supports the latest version of Apple s TCP IP product MacTCP 1 1 and ADSP for use with UNIX and Macintosh applications In addition A UX 3 0 lets you configure your AppleTalk connection using the Network control panel Apple X Window System products You receive both Apple X Window System products MacX and X11 for A UX when you purchase A UX 3 0 MacX 1 1 7 and X11 for A UX Version 2 1 1 1 are based on X Window System Version 11 Release 4 The MacX display server allows you to display X applications called client applications on the A UX Finder desktop X11 for A UX offers a full X development environment suitable for experienced X users and programmers For details about how some of these features help to make A UX more versatile than other traditional UNIX systems see the section A UX More Than Just UNIX later in this chapter What s new in A UX Release 3 0 1 3 Why UNIX Originally developed by AT amp T Bell Laboratories in the 1970s UNIX is a general purpose computer operating system and related set of utilities It has become standard in university computing environments on high end engineering workstations and in government computer installations A growing number of bus
88. mediately to your original task Resources Resources form the foundation of every Macintosh application each Macintosh program is a collection of resources that defines the application s appearance and behavior Objects that determine the user interface of a program such as menus fonts and icons are stored as resources An application s code segments the instructions that determine how the program operates are also stored as resources With the A UX resource editors rez and derez you can open and edit the re sources of any application For example you can translate into another language the user messages the application displays or you can redraw its icons Hence you can customize Macintosh applications to meet special needs Why Macintosh 1 17 1 18 In addition to resources in Macintosh applications there is a System resource file often called the System file that contains standard resources that are shared by all Macintosh applications by the A UX Toolbox and by the A UX Finder environment You can add resources such as a font to your system simply by dragging their icons to the System file in your System Folder Document data types With the Macintosh computer files created by applications are called documents Docu ments may contain text pictures databases spreadsheets stacks sounds video or other forms of information At the time of its creation every documentis labeled with two four character codes t
89. ministrator s Reference A UX Text Editing Tools For the programmer A UX Programmer s Reference A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 A UX Shells and Shell lt Programming Getting the latest information Before you start working with A UX it s a good idea to find out the latest news on the version of A UX you want to install This manual Road Map to A UX provides an over view of the latest A UX features Since changes are often made to the A UX software after the manuals are printed Apple also provides a Read Me file on a floppy disk to keep you up to date To learn about any changes and how they may effect you refer to the Read Me file Figure 3 1 Getting the latest information Getting the latest information 3 5 3 6 The Read Me file Before you install your A UX system take some time to read the information presented in the Read Me file The Read Me file covers the latest changes to A UX wamings and solutions for potential software problems tips for using A UX effectively If your system has not been installed or if you have received an update for an older version of A UX read A UX Installation Guide next so that you can proceed with the installation or update If your system has been installed go to A UX Essentials to leam the basics of using A UX If you want to add peripheral devices such as a printer or an extemal hard disk drive and you ve already leamed some of
90. mmands and key combinations which must be typed a fully compliant UNIX system A UX is based on AT amp T UNIX System V Release 2 Version 2 and Berkeley Software Distribution BSD version 4 2 and 4 3 A UX meets or exceeds current industry and government standards These added features which help to make A UX easier to use than any other implemen tation of UNIX are described more fully below The Macintosh desktop A UX creates the image of a desktop a two dimensional working environment represented on your computer screen The desktop environments the core of the Macintosh user interface Figure 1 1 shows an example of a desktop display Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX File Edit Diew Label Special About This Macintosh B in disk 47 MB available Alarm Clock an es Calculator gt Chooser Control Panels Key Caps Note Pad FER Puzzle 512 Now 21 88 58 lib Scrapbook 8192 Now 26 21 24 lost Siz Mow 8 11 83 mac 512 Nov 28 23 47 mnt 625056 Now 21 09 06 newun S Nov 21 08 06 nextu S12 Now 28 23 52 root 512 Now 8 11 16 shlib 512 Dec 11 12 47 tmp ASF AeA unix 73 5 MB in disk 47 MB available 37 users o i 219 usr O oO 4 aring Monitor Views General Con z Memory t a i Sharing Setup Sound Startup DiskUsers amp Groups Metwor Figure 1 1 An A UX desktop display In the desktop display small pictures called
91. mmands listed in the shell script signal A software interrupt that causes a program to be temporarily diverted from its normal execution sequence A UX uses both System V and BSD signals Signals can be issued handled and otherwise manipulated through a set of system calls size box A box on the lower right comer of some active windows Dragging the size box resizes the window slot One of the connectors inside any Macintosh II or Macintosh Quadra that accepts a plug in card Gl 12 Glossary Small Computer System Interface SCSI A specifica tion of mechanical electrical and functional standards for connecting small computers with intelligent peripheral devices such as hard disks printers and optical disks socket Ona network a communication mechanism originally implemented on the BSD version of the UNIX operating system Sockets are used as endpoints for sending and receiving data between computers Source Code Control System SCCS A collection of commands used to control changes to text files such as source code and documentation SCCS protects files by controlling access and update privileges and by preventing more than one user at a time from updating a file SCCS also maintains an audit trail of revisions source file A text file containing coded instructions to the computer A source file generally cannot be executed by the computer instead the source file must be compiled and linked to produce an executable program
92. n of your system The console must be connected to your system The console receives log and error messages from the operating system that are not sent to any other terminal Glossary GI 3 control panels Programs that let you change various Macintosh features such as sound mouse movement and keyboard options Control panels are located inside the System Folder copy 1 To make an exact duplicate of a file or part of a file When a named entity is copied the copy must be given a different name 2 When used as an adjective Copy is a command in the Edit menu that copies selected material and places it in the Clipboard without removing the material from the original document CPU Se central processing unit crash The condition in which a system becomes tempo rarily inoperable due to intemal error or a mistake in operation or administration C shell The standard BSD command interpreter that comes with A UX See also shell CSL IP See Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol current directory The directory in which you are currently working This directory is the starting reference point for all relative pathnames you enter Also called the working directory cursor A symbol on the screen that indicates your position on the command line or inside a file The cursor is usually a small box oran underscore and it usually blinks Compare pointer Cut A command in the Edit menu that removes selected material and places it
93. n remote computers The remsh program is the same as the standard 4 3 BSD rsh utility but it has been renamed to avoid conflict with the System V restricted shell program rsh rcp Copies files between any two computers on the network ruptime reports on the status of each computer on the local network rwho reports the login names of all users currently logged in on all the computers in the local network talk transmits messages between your terminal and that of another user This utility is similar to the UNIX write program which is used for communicating with users on the local computer except that taik can also work across the network and uses a split screen to display both sides of the communication A UX currently supports two methods of connecting to a TCP IP network One method requires an Ethemet card such as the Ethemet NB card available at your authorized Apple dealer or built in Ethemet such as the type available on the Macintosh Quadra 700 and Quadra 900 computers The other method uses the Compressed Serial Line Interface Protocol CSL IP part of the standard A UX distribution and a serial line connected to your computer Networking and communications 2 19 2 20 A UX provides the tools for you to develop your own custom TCP IP network applica tions The BSD sockets mechanism provides communication endpoints for network transmissions The Transmission Control Protocol TCP uses a special technique to transmit
94. nd it A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 is packed in the A UX Programming Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer 3 28 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface A unique feature of A UX is that it supports Macintosh application programs running under the A UX system To achieve this applications call routines in the A UX Toolbox A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface describes the A UX Toolbox and how to use it If you have programmed with the Macintosh user interface and either want to write an application to run under A UX or want to use elements of the Macintosh user interface in your A UX programs you should read A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface This guide covers the A UX Toolbox what itis and how to use it A UX Toolbox utilities and extensions description of differences between the A UX and Macintosh OS environments a detailed discussion of differences between the A UX Toolbox and the Macintosh Toolbox a description of how files are handled in the two environments and how they are automatically transformed when moved between environments information about C header files available to the programmer If you want to use elements of the Macintosh user interface in your A UX programs but have not programmed with the Macintosh user interface you should first read Programmer s Introduction to the Macintosh Family and Technical Introduction to the Macintosh Famil
95. ndant copies This repair process ensures reliable A UX operation and helps support automated startup of A UX Finally A UX 3 0 includes a number of utilities and scripts that help you perfom rou tine system administration tasks such as adding new users to the system and configuring serial ports For example to configure your system for use on a network you can run the newconfig script using the dialog box shown in Figure 1 3 For more information about administering an A UX system see A UX Local System Administration and A UX Network System Administration you receive these manuals when you purchase the A UX Administration Manuals set Extended networking capabilities A UX 3 0 supports both the TCP IP and the AppleTalk network system protocols TCP IP gives A UX access to intemets standard highways of communication among UNIX systems worldwide AppleTalk makes it easy foryou to set up local UNIX networks among Macintosh Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX newconfig Options gt Networking Cartridge tape po p AppleTalk seese No change i No change Do No change i O Enable bnet Enable O Enable O Enable NFS PO Disable Disable Disable Soe aaa Debugger No chanje i No change No change Enable Enable D Enable i O Disable Disable Disable More options More options Output amp Error Output amp Error Error Command Line ra Prepare and configu
96. ndation of the A UX system System V Interface Definition SVID The AT amp T formal specification for compatibility with the UNIX operating system A UX adheres fully to the SVID System Folder A folder containing Macintosh system software An A UX system contains a minimum of five system folders system software Software that supports application programs by managing memory and by communicating with input and output devices tape backup A copy of files made on magnetic tape so they can be restored if the originals are inadvertently erased TCP IP See Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol TeachText An application program provided with soft ware that functions as a limited word processing program especially useful for viewing Read Me files terminal A device through which you interact with the computer namely the keyboard mouse or other input device and the monitor See also console TextEditor A program included with A UX that lets the user edit text with the mouse and pull down menus text file A file containing information expressed in text form and whose contents are interpreted as characters using the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII format text formatting The process of adding to text certain computer readable codes that instruct a printer how to set the text in type and place it on the page time based data Data that varies over time such as sound animation and video Als
97. ng its icon to your System Folder the Finder automatically puts the tool in the Extensions folder ZU E Extensions E 27 items 18 4 ME in disk 63 8 MB available Image writer Serial Tool La Image writer PrintMonitor MacTCP Tool Network Extension Stylewriter MODEM Tool Apple Modem Tool Figure 1 6 The Extensions window Why Macintosh 1 19 Control panels Control panels let you configure certain settings on your computer When you choose Control Panels from the Apple menu a window appears on your desktop The Control Panels window displays a number of icons including ones for Network General Controls Mouse Keyboard Memory and Sound control panels You double click the icon that de scribes the setting that you want to change on your computer and a control panel window appears for that setting For example if you open General Controls you can adjust such factors as the time of day and the blink rate of blinking cursors You can use the Network control panel to change your network settings such as your AppleTalk connection method LocalTalk or EtherTalk And with the Keyboard control panel you can adjust your system for using a special keyboard ZUS Coon trol Panels 21 items 18 4 MB in disk 63 8 MB available ie is fal fF Ae bos Sharing Setup Sound Startup Disk Easy Access Keyboard g fel Es i Labels Mouse Network Users amp Groups
98. ng point for using A UX is A UX Essentials To leam the basics of working on a network see A UX Networking Essentials A UX Essentials All users should start their exploration of A UX by reading A UX Essentials If you are completely unfamiliar with UNIX or if you have limited familiarity with the Macintosh Operating System this guide can be a great help in quickly learning how those two operating systems are combined in A UX 3 0 Even if you are an experienced UNIX user reading this book is important if you are to leam about the many unique features of A UX that are based on the Macintosh com puter A UX Essentials presents step by step instructions for starting up and shutting down A UX a hands on tutorial for starting and finishing an A UX work session including logging in and out instructions for working with files and folders directories a tutorial for opening and using CommandsShell terminal emulator windows 3 10 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation Figure 3 4 Leaming the basics of A UX a summary of basic user actions in A UX using both typed commands and the Finder for example double clicking icons to run UNIX commands m hands on directions for using Commando to build and run UNIX commands easily instructions for customizing the A UX environment a tutorial for writing with TextEditor an A UX editor that employs the Macintosh user interface detailed explanations of how to print using both Ma
99. ngs information about kemel routines that drivers call Where to find it You can find Building A UX Device Drivers in the A UX Device Driver s Kit which is available from APDA The kit contains the disks with all the source code for device drivers developed by Apple in A UX You can find information about APDA at the end of this chapter 3 32 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation Programming in X11 With your A UX 3 0 system you have access to a full set of X client applications commands and programming tools X11 Command Reference for A UX provides an encyclopedic guide to X11 user commands and client applications X11 for A UX also offers a powerful development environment including libraries toolkits and the Athena Widget Set X11 Programmer s Reference for A UX contained in two binders presents detailed information about these X11 programming tools All of the information contained in the X11 reference manuals is available on line with A UX 3 0 If you prefer paper copies of these reference manuals you may purchase them as part of the X11 for A UX Manuals set sold separately from A UX 3 0 X11 Command Reference for A UX X11 Command Reference for A UX provides detailed information about X client applications and user commands It includes reference pages for X user commands asummary of X commands descriptions of synopses of and arguments for every X command references to related information an index to X command
100. ns to A UX A UX hardware requirements and features A UX software environment steps of the porting process transfer of source code to A UX available compilers available libraries and include files evelopment tools and their enhancements in A UX debugging utilities user interfaces how to port applications from a specific UNIX machine i e a Sun workstation ora system running XENIX Programming in A UX 3 31 You ll probably want to use A UX Porting Guide in conjunction with other A UX manuals The information contained in this guide helps you make decisions about porting to A UX and supplements the other A UX manuals Where to find it A UX Porting Guide is available from APDA You can find information about APDA at the end of this chapter Building A UX Device Drivers Building A UX Device Drivers describes how to design and develop A UX device drivers and how to configure them into the A UX kemel If you want to learn more about periph eral devices and how they interact with A UX you should read this guide Building A UX Device Driver contains an overview of device drivers and the A UX kemel programming environment descriptions of block device drivers and character device drivers descriptions of specific types of drivers including terminal network slot SCSI and Apple Desktop Bus drivers an explanation of the use of the A UX autoconfiguration feature several sample source code listi
101. nsmitted sequentially one bit at a time Glossary Gl 11 server A computer that provides a particular service across a network The service can be file access login access file transfer printing and so on Computers from which users initiate the service are called clients shared disk A hard disk connected to a computer on a network that contains files that other computers on the network can access Compare file server shared library A collection of routines and utilities that can be accessed and used by multiple programs shared memory A mechanism that allows processes to share parts of their virtual address space with each other shell A utility that accepts your commands interprets them and passes them on to the appropriate programs for execution A UX provides three shells Boume C and Kom Each can be used as an interpreted programming language shell command See built in shell command shell layer An instance of a shell invoked by the shi program Through this program you can simultaneously run up to seven shell layers shell program A series of commands to be executed by the shell A shell program can be entered at the shell prompt or stored in a file Shell programs that are stored in files are referred to as shell scripts Shell programs are sometimes called user defined commands shell script A shell program contained in a text file Entering the name of the shell script from the command line executes the co
102. nt vendors to be able to communicate operating system Low level software that controls a computer by performing such basic tasks as I O memory management and interrupt handling option An argumentincluded on the command line that instructs a program to alter its output or change its mode of execution An option is usually a hyphen followed by one or more characters For example the 1 option to the 1s command makes this utility print extra information such as the date a file was last saved Options are sometimes referred to as command options and flag options OS 2 An operating system used in some IBM microcomputers OSI See Open System Interconnection page In A UX a 4K portion of a program that is defined by the kernel for transfer between main memory and disk storage See paging paging A method by which some operating systems including A UX use secondary memory to store inactive portions of processes while active portions are held in main memory While a process is executing a portion of its code and data resides in main memory Other portions divided into pages are automatically read in from disk storage as needed When the system runs low on free main memory the kemel makes more available by writing unneeded pages back out to disk The kernel shuffles pages in and out of main memory and disk storage until the process has executed Also called page swapping partition A set of contiguous blocks on a physical disk G
103. o called dynamic data title bar The horizontal bar at the top of a window that shows the name of the window When the window is active the title bar is highlighted with a series of horizontal lines You can move the window by dragging the title bar toolbox See A UX Toolbox Macintosh User Interface Toolbox Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP A suite of networking protocols developed initially for the U S Department of Defense that specify the details of how computers communicate Trash icon The image of a trash can that appears in the lower right comer of the Macintosh desktop used for deleting files tree structure The layout of a UNIX directory hierarchy Organized like an inverted tree the directory hierarchy begins with the root directory at the top Branching down ward from the root are the rest of the directories and files in the system TrueType font A font that can be displayed or printed at any size Also called outline font or variable size font A set of TrueType fonts is supplied with A UX 3 0 UNIX operating system A general purpose time sharing system and related set of utilities originally developed at AT amp T Bell Laboratories A UX is an enhanced version of the UNIX operating system for certain Macintosh computers unmount To remove a file system from the directory hierarchy See also mount user interface Everything the user sees and uses on screen to communicate with the com
104. ogram you can easily set up your hard disks in preparation for installing A UX And with a click of the mouse button you can install the full A UX system You can also choose to customize your installation by installing just those parts of A UX you want to use simplified system administration A UX makes it easier for you to maintain your system without constant help from an experienced UNIX system administrator A UX provides utilities to help you perform some of the more routine administrative tasks such as adding new user accounts and adding additional peripheral devices to a system extended networking capabilities A UX provides several Macintosh and UNIX methods for connecting to networks and sharing files with other users A UX supports the AppleTalk network system and TCP IP protocols both of these protocols offer several options for sharing files over a network easy use of UNIX commands A UX saves you from having to memorize complicated UNIX commands through a unique feature called Commando This feature allows you to run a UNIX command just by clicking buttons in a dialog box You can also use Commando dialog boxes to leam about commands while you work m Macintosh style text editing You can do word processing with the Macintosh mouse and pull down menus by using the A UX TextEditor program or a variety of off the shelf Macintosh applications If you prefer you can still use any of the traditional UNIX editors based on co
105. ogram 2 22 sh shell program 2 9 shutting down A UX 3 10 signals 2 5 site license for A UX xii slave servers 2 21 sockets communication utility 2 20 software configuration of A UX 2 8 development environment 2 14 to 2 15 sort text processor 2 13 sound input 1 9 Macintosh Sound Manager 1 18 Source Code Control System SCCS 2 16 3 28 spell textprocessor 2 14 spooler 2 22 spreadsheets 1 9 1 18 In 6 Index standards FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard 1 16 ISO International Standards Organization 1 16 POSIX 1 16 3 27 3 35 starting up A UX 2 8 stream editing 2 13 Streams tools 2 6 stty shell management utility 2 22 style text processor 2 14 subnets 3 18 Sun Microsystems 2 21 SVID System V Interface Definition 1 16 2 14 symbolic debugger sdb 3 27 syntax checkers checkmm 2 13 checknr 2 13 checkqn 2 13 system accounting 2 22 3 9 system activity 2 22 system administration 1 6 1 12 3 16 to 3 19 system administration utilities adduser 1 12 autoconfiguration 1 12 autorecovery 1 12 system call interface 2 1 2 7 system calls 2 5 System V Interface Definition SVID 1 16 System V UNIX 1 16 2 5 System 7 capabilities aliases 1 9 Balloon Help 1 8 Data Access Manager 1 9 file sharing 1 8 Find command 1 9 publish and subscribe 1 9 sound input 1 9 TrueType font 1 8 virtual memory 1 8 T tables formatting 2 13 tables of contents creating 2 13 talk communication utility 2 19 tape backu
106. ompiling the source code As with other UNIX kernels the most important A UX kernel operations include managing multitasking scheduling process execution in a way that allows multiple jobs to share the microprocessor efficiently achieving virtual memory by paging swapping segments between disk storage and RAM as needed managing device input and output by means of device drivers handling interprocess communication A UX 3 0 supports all the UNIX System V Release 2 Version 2 interprocess communica tion mechanisms which include the following semaphores system calls that allow processes to synchronize execution Semaphores usually mediate access to a resource among cooperating processes messages system calls that allow processes to send formatted data streams to other processes signals software interrupts that inform processes of the occurrence of asynchronous events A UX 3 0 supports both System V and BSD signals The A UX kemel 2 5 Streams a collection of software tools for modularizing data transfer between device drivers and processes for example a Streams device driver controls the Apple Desktop Bus which services the Macintosh keyboard and console Streams support is very useful in the development of drivers for terminal or network devices A new kemel is generated each time a user changes hardware configuration For example if you remove an Ethemet card from your computer the next t
107. on Help Finder MacTCP MacX OneScanner Quadra QuickDraw QuickTime SuperDrive System 7 and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc Classic is a registered trademark licensed to Apple Computer Inc Adobe Illustrator PostScript and TranScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated registered in the United States IBM and OS 2 are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation ITC Garamond and ITC Zapf Dingbats are registered trademarks of International Typeface Com Linotronic is a registered trademark of Linotype Company MacWrite is a registered trademark of Claris Corporation Microsoft MS DOS and XENIX are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corp NFS and Sun are trademarks of Sun Microsystems Inc NuBus is a trademark of Texas Instruments OSF Motif and Motif are trademarks of the Open Software Foundation Inc QuarkXPress is a registered trademark of Quark Inc UNIX is a registered trademark of UNIX System Laboratories VAX is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation X11 and X Window System are trademarks of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada Mention of third party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a recommendation Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the performance or use of these products eres The learning path through Macintosh computer
108. or s Reference Whoever serves as system administrator needs to be familiar with A UX Local System Administration and A UX System Administrator s Reference If your A UX system is part of a network the network administrator should be familiar with A UX Network System Administration as well as with A UX Local System Administration and A UX System Administrator s Reference A UX Local System Administration A UX Local System Administration explains the basic duties of the system administrator and describes the A UX facilities available to monitor and maintain a single system It describes m startup and shutdown user and group administration backups hard disk management peripheral device management file system checking troubleshooting Chapter 3 A UX Documentation For the administrator and UNIX user A UX Network System Administration __ A UX Local System Administration _ N Mi A UX System Administrator s Reference J P Figure 3 6 Administering an A UX system This guide is written for experienced administrators who are familiar with the concepts of system administration particularly for UNIX systems and for A UX users who are pre pared to assume more responsibility for managing their systems Although the administrator s job is not always easy or routine features such as autoconfiguration and autorecovery have greatly simplified system administration on A UX A companion guide A UX Ne
109. ou open multiple windows on your computer screen each of which acts like a separate UNIX terminal When you enter a command in a Commandshell window CommandShell sends it to one of the standard UNIX shells provided by A UX the Boume shell the C shell or the Kom shell While all of these shells act as command interpreters each shell has its own unique characteristics that make it useful for different sets of tasks The Boume shell known in A UX by the name sn is the standard UNIX System V command interpreter Newer Boume shell capabilities supported by A UX include user definable shell functions an option to collect accounting information about shell use and support for multiple mail files The C shell csn is a command interpreter that originated at the University of Califomia at Berkeley The C shell features a command language similar to the C programming language a command history mechanism that enables you to repeat and edit previous commands and the capability to give commands alternative names or aliases It also contains built in job control functions that let you manipulate the number of processes running concurrently by moving processes into the background or foreground and by making them pause and resume The Korn shell ksh combines many of the best features of the Bourne and C shells into a single package The restricted shell rsh is a related program that confines a user to a subset of the A UX system commands A sy
110. out CommandShell as well as about the three standard UNIX Shells see the section entitled CommandShell in Chapter 2 of this manual See A UX Essentials for information about using CommandsShell Easier hard disk set up and installation A UX 3 0 offers improved ways to prepare your system for installing the A UX file systems A UX 3 0 includes a new version of Apple Hard Disk SC Setup that lets you partition hard disks including third party drives for any mixture of Macintosh and A UX partitioning schemes including customized schemes of your own design Apple Hard Disk SC Setup completes your partitioning by updating various administrative files and functions this simplifies the building and mounting of file systems The new A UX Installer based on the easy to use Macintosh Installer allows you to install the full A UX file system with a click of the mouse button This Easy Install option automatically sets up your hard disk and lets you install all the files utilities and programs associated with A UX If you d prefer to choose the files you want to install you can use the Custom Install option and select packages of A UX files to install For more information see A UX Installation Guide and Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for A UX these manuals come with your A UX system A UX more than just UNIX 1 11 1 12 Simplified system administration The complexities of dealing with UNIX systems usually require highly train
111. p drives 3 9 tb1 text processor 2 13 3 22 TCP IP Transmission Control Protocol Interface Protocol 1 12 to 1 13 2 18 to 2 20 3 18 routers 3 18 subnets 3 18 troubleshooting 3 18 Technical Introduction to the Macintosh Family 3 29 telnet communication utility 2 19 termcap input output utility 2 17 terminal emulators 1 10 3 10 in X11 3 15 terminfo input output utility 2 17 text formatting 2 13 headings 2 13 justification 2 13 preprocessing 3 28 printing 2 14 typesetting 2 13 TextEditor editor 1 6 2 12 3 20 text formatters cb 2 17 nroff 2 13 3 22 otroff 213 troff 2 13 3 22 text processors 2 13 to 2 14 diction 2 14 eqn 2 13 3 22 explain 2 14 grap 2 13 3 22 grep 2 14 neqn 2 13 pic 2 13 3 22 sort 213 spell 2 14 style 2 14 tbl 2 13 3 22 tr 2 13 TranScript from Adobe Systems 2 14 tip communication utility 2 20 Toolbox See A UX Toolbox Macintosh User Interface Toolbox TranScript utilities from Adobe Systems 2 14 Transmission Control Protocol Interface Protocol TCP IP 1 12 to 1 13 2 18 to 2 20 3 18 Trash icon 1 17 troff textformatter 2 13 3 22 troubleshooting A UX 3 11 troubleshooting network problems 3 16 tr text processor 2 13 TrueType fonts 1 8 typesetting text 2 13 typography of text 2 13 U UDP User Datagram Protocol 2 20 UNIX 1 4 to 1 5 applications 1 10 A UX related to 1 5 to 1 6 directories 2 8 portability 1 4 standardization 2 2 standards 1 6 1 16 System V 1 6 utilities 2 22
112. ple dealer nearest you who sells A UX call 1 800 538 9696 APDA APDA is Apple s worldwide direct distribution channel for more than 350 Apple and third party development tools and documentation products Membership is open to anyone interested in developing Apple compatible software or hardware products 3 34 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation Some A UX publications target an audience with technical needs outside the scope of most A UX sites Manuals dealing with such specialized subjects are sold separately by APDA For programmers and developers who work on Apple equipment APDA provides a wide range of technical products and documentation from Apple and other suppliers You can write to APDA at APDA Apple Computer Inc 20525 Mariani Avenue Mailstop 33 G Cupertino CA 95014 6299 You can contact APDA by telephone or electronic mail at 1 800 282 APDA or 1 800 282 2732 USA only 1 800 637 0029 Canada 408 562 3910 from other countries Fax 408 562 3971 Telex 171 576 Applelink APDA Sources for non A UX documents Documents related to A UX but not part of the A UX documentation sets are available from other sources For example Inside Macintosh is available in retail bookstores that carry technical books and the POSIX specification Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments is available from the IEEE APDA also carries a complete library of documentation of interest to Macintosh and A UX users and progr
113. puter system user name ee login name Glossary Gl 13 utility A software tool used for building or maintaining systems or applications UNIX provides hundreds of utilities including compilers editors and text formatters virtual memory Space on a hard disk that can be used as if it were RAM Certain models of the Macintosh allow you to use virtual memory to extend the RAM built into the computer window 1 The area that displays information on a desktop you view a document through a window You can open or close a window move it around on the desktop and sometimes change its size scroll through it and edit its contents 2 The portion of a collection of information such as a document picture or worksheet that is visible in a viewport on the display screen Each window is internally represented in a window record Gl 14 Glossary working directory See current directory X11 for A UX A standard X environment including clients and programming tools available for A UX X Window System X A network based windowing environment developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology that gives UNIX systems a graphical user interface zoom box A small box in the top right comer of the title bar of some windows Clicking the zoom box resizes the window so that you can see all of its contents if possible clicking it again returns the window to its original size Index A active window 2 8 Ada utility
114. r Floppy disk drive Apple 400K 800K and 1 44 MB drives Hard disk drive Apple 20 MB 40 MB 80 MB 160 MB and compatible third party drives for storage Ethemet card Apple Ethemet NB Card on board Ethemet and compatible third party cards Modem Apple 2400 Modem and compatible third party modems Tape drive Apple Tape Backup 40 SC and compatible third party drives Scanner Apple Scanner or Apple OneScanner Please note that you need a hard disk drive larger than 80 MB to store the entire A UX file system Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX Other Macintosh computers may be used as A UX terminals including the Macintosh Classic Macintosh Classic II Macintosh LC and Macintosh SE computers The A UX kernel The primary job of the A UX kemel is to allocate hardware resources and to schedule tasks It controls the hardware by processing A UX Toolbox calls and making calls to its own in ternal device drivers When an application needs to use a routine in the Macintosh Toolbox or gain access to a peripheral device the kemel routes the necessary instructions between the application and the A UX Toolbox or device driver The kemel helps to make A UX portable by insulating the hardware from the rest of the system so that application software can be independent of hardware That makes it possible to transport a UNIX application from one computer to another regardless of differences in the two computers underlying hardware by rec
115. re a new Unix kernel MOTE You should be logged in az Cancel root before running this program newcontig Figure 1 3 The Commando dialog box forthe newconfig command computers and peripheral devices such as printers by using simple off the shelf connectors and cabling AppleTalk can run over Ethemet or built in LocalTalk TCP IP can run over Ethemet ora serial line CSL IP If your Macintosh computer running A UX is connected to an AppleTalk network you can make use of AppleShare Apple s network service product Files can be shared over a network either from a dedicated AppleShare file server such as a Macintosh com puter running AppleShare software or a Macintosh computer with System 7 file sharing You can use System 7 file sharing under A UX or the Macintosh OS You can also share files with other types of personal computers over a network such as an IBM PC AppleShare and Macintosh file sharing can be used by A UX systems and by Macintosh computers running the Macintosh OS only When you share files using either of these features the files are protected by normal security features including password protection user and group access privileges and read write controls For TCP IP networks A UX provides NFS 4 1 so you can share files over the network the standard UNIX way You have access to CSL IP for network connections over a serial line A UX also includes the Network Information Service NIS formerly ca
116. reters serves as an excellent introduction to the shells Itis also useful when you want to refresh your memory about shell features or you need to perform some particular scripting task Programming in A UX 3 25 If you want to write your own software tools but you are not familiar with shell scripts you should read about one of the shells Your system administrator can probably suggest which shell would be best for your needs If you want to become familiar with a new shell you should read about the differences between the shells and then read the section pertaining to the one you want to learn A UX Shells and Shell Programming covers whata shell is how shells work how to use a shell interactively how to program with a shell differences between the shells the Boume Kom and C shells Where to find it A UX Shells and Shell Programming is packed in the A UX Programming Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 is intended for the UNIX programmer It describes the C and Fortran 77 programming languages their accompanying function libraries and archives including shared libraries and the utility programs related to C and Fortran program development The bulk of programming for UNIX systems is done in the C language Indeed most of the A UX operating system is written in the C language C offers the ease of use o
117. routines and can be used by multiple programs As described earlier in this chapter A UX supports the A UX Toolbox in addition to the standard UNIX libraries The system calls and libraries supported by the A UX Toolbox are described in A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface All other system calls and libraries including the standard UNIX ones are covered in A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 and in A UX Programmer s Reference You receive these manuals when you purchase the A UX Programming Manuals set The system call interface 2 7 The A UX Finder 2 8 When you log in to A UX the A UX Finder creates the Macintosh desktop through which you can open multiple Macintosh applications When the A UX Finder starts the CommandShell application starts as well providing access to a UNIX command line For information about Commandshell see the following section Based on the Macintosh System 7 Finder the A UX Finder allows multiple applica tions to run at the same time each of which creates a different window that you can resize and move around on your desktop display Clicking on any window makes it active meaning that the application which created the window now accepts input from your mouse and keyboard At the same time applications in other windows continue to run For example a word processing program can print a document appearing in an inactive window while you work with a spreadsheet program in the active
118. s X11 Programmer s Reference for A UX X11 Programmer s Reference for A UX presents detailed information about X programming tools Itincludes reference pages for Xlib programming libraries reference pages for X Toolkit intrinsics descriptions of synopses of and arguments for every X library and toolkit macro references to related information an index to X11 programming tools Programming in X11 3 33 Where to find them X11 Programmer s Reference for A UX and X11 Command Reference for A UX are included in the X11 for A UX Manuals set This set is sold separately from A UX 3 0 and can be pur chased from your authorized Apple dealer How to view them on line A UX includes the X11 reference pages in the standard UNIX man page format This feature is like an online pocket guide you can use it at any time you are running A UX or X11 for A UX You simply enter man with the name of any X Window System command or subroutine to display the appropriate man page on your screen A related command apropos helps you locate man pages by subject Ordering documentation You can get your Apple A UX publications from two sources authorized Apple dealers and APDA Apple s source for developer tools Each of these sources serves a specific audience You can get non A UX documentation from several other sources Authorized Apple dealers Your authorized Apple dealer caries all the publications necessary for most sites To find the Ap
119. s Reference 3 30 of A UX System Administrator s Reference 3 19 of X11 Reference for A UX 3 34 Open System Interconnection OSI model 2 18 OS 2 operating system 2 15 OSI Open System Interconnection model 2 18 otroff text formatter 2 13 p paged memory 2 5 parameter passing 2 10 partitioning of disks 1 11 password protection 1 5 peripheral devices See devices pg file utility 2 22 pic textprocessor 3 22 piping commands 2 10 plot graphics formatter 2 14 portability of software 1 4 2 5 to 2 7 3 31 to 3 32 porting 2 5 to 2 7 3 31 to 3 32 POSIX documentation 3 35 POSIX standard 1 16 3 27 3 35 PostScript language 2 14 preprocessing text 3 28 printers 3 9 processes 2 9 to 2 10 process utilities at 2 22 crontab 2 22 kill 2 22 nice 2 22 ps 2 22 prof programming utility 3 28 Programmer s Introduction to the Macintosh Family 3 29 programming 2 14 to 2 15 3 24 to 3 25 assembly language 2 16 C 2 15 to 2 16 3 26 to 3 27 Fortran 2 15 to 2 16 3 26 to 3 27 object oriented 2 16 in X11 2 15 3 15 3 33 Programming Manuals set 3 1 programming tools 2 14 to 2 17 programming utilities ar 3 28 cflow 3 28 ctags 3 28 ctrace 2 15 lex 2 17 3 28 make 2 17 3 28 mkshlib 2 17 nm 3 28 od 3 28 prof 3 28 yacc 2 17 3 28 program regeneration 3 28 programs compiling 2 15 debugging 2 15 to 2 17 developing 2 14 to 2 15 ps process utility 2 22 publish and subscribe 1 9 pull down menus 1 8 Q
120. se to jump from certain words or passages to other logically related words or passages icon An image on the screen usually representing an item such as a file document disk or application program that you can select and open IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers initialize To prepare a disk to receive information by organizing its surface into tracks and sectors also called formatting If you reinitialize a disk with information on it the information is erased insertion point The place in a document where text or an image is to be added you set it by clicking at the spot where you want to insert material The insertion point is sometimes represented by a blinking vertical bar See also cursor Installer A program that installs or updates your system software Macintosh Operating System or A UX and lets you add additional resources such as networking or programming software International Standards Organization ISO A standards organization composed of representatives from the national standards bodies of 63 member countries A UX complies with ISO standard 9945 1 internet 1 A group of networks interconnected by bridges or gateways 2 The Intemet used as a proper noun usually refers to the TCP IP based Defense Data Network DDN descendent of the DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Internet also called the ARPANET 3 When the proper noun is used as an adjective for example In
121. sequenced packets of data The User Datagram Protocol UDP which uses a different faster technique is not designed for reliable transfers A UX programming tools allow you to build new network applications with either protocol Serial communications By connecting a serial line or modem from a Macintosh serial port to another computer running a standard version of the UNIX operating system you can use the following A UX communications utilities tip aBSD program similarto cu thatconnects you to a remote UNIX system uux a program that permits you to enter commands for execution on a remote UNIX system cslip a program that lets you transmit compressed data over a serial line on a TCP IP network m mail and mailx System V and BSD mail facilities that offer electronic mail service to users across the network A UX includes UUCP network software which permits you to transfer files to remote computers over serial or Ethemet connections The UUCP suite of commands includes uucp a program that lets you transfer files to and from a remote computer cu a System V program that helps you to log in to a remote UNIX system ct aprogram thatrunsa login process on a remote terminal A UX also includes kermit a popular public domain remote terminal and file transfer program used for connecting microcomputers minicomputers and mainframe computers across modems and serial lines Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX Network File System NF
122. sh style word processing application TextEditor which lets users create and edit documents using the mouse to point and click and pull down menus instead of typed commands Figure 1 5 shows a typical TextEditor window with the Edit menu displayed ities Find Mark Window TextEditor Fsing utilities such as vi and ed solely from the keyboord You move p special keys and change working Heleting text by typing commands E the Membe interface im which ext and use pull down menus to q So A UxX Release 2 0 includes a 3 Select All ae utility TextEditor A typical a n Figure 1 7 Show Clipboard Shift Left I Shift Right 3 Figure 1 5 A typical TextEditor display A UX more than just UNIX 1 15 A fully compliant UNIX system A UX 3 0 combines AT amp T UNIX System V with BSD 4 3 extensions including signals job control groups domain name services sockets TCP IP and Berkeley File System to provide a full standard compliant UNIX system It complies with the following standards System V Interface Definition SVID passes the System V Verifications Suite SVVS FIPS standard 151 1 officially certified by the U S National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments POSIX standard IEEE specification POSIX 1003 1 1990 and ISO standard 9945 1 A UX 3 0 includes support for Network File System NFS Version 4 1 and X Window S
123. sic tasks such as I O memory management and interrupt handling Macintosh OS See Macintosh Operating System Macintosh Quadra A line of 68040 based Macintosh computers Quadra 700 and Quadra 900 Macintosh Toolbox See Macintosh User Interface Toolbox Glossary Gl 7 Macintosh User Interface Toolbox A set of managers and utilities built into the Macintosh Operating System that provides a simple means of constructing application programs that conform to the standard Macintosh user interface Macintosh user interface The standard conventions for interacting with Macintosh computers The interface ensures users a consistent means of interacting with all Macintosh computers and the applications designed to run on them macro A collection of instructions or requests invoked by a single name MacX An X Window System display server that runs on both the Macintosh and A UX operating systems mail Text messages received from other users on the same or other A UX systems mainframe computer A large computing system designed to handle great quantities of data from many sources at high speed makefile A file containing a collection of operations used by the make utility to construct related files megabyte MB A unit of measure equal to 1024 kilo bytes or 1 048 576 bytes See also byte kilobyte memory A hardware component of a computer system that can store information for later retrieval Seerandom access memory menu
124. stallation installing A UX 3 0 updating an A UX 2 0 or 2 0 1 system to A UX 3 0 installing additional A UX software after the initial A UX installation running A UX for the first time Where to find it A UX Installation Guideis packed in the A UX Essential Manuals set that accompanies every A UX system Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for A UX Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for A UX describes how to expand your A UX system by adding user accounts printers hard disk drives CD ROM drives Apple scanners modems tape drives Macintosh computers that can operate as A UX terminals Installing your A UX system 3 9 It also describes how to set up compatible third party hard disk drives and modems It does not describe how to set up compatible third party tape drives and printers for more information on these see A UX Local System Administration If you re new to A UX you may want to use Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for A UX in conjunction with A UX Essentials described in the following section Where to find it Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for A UX is packed in the A UX Essential Manuals set that accompanies every A UX system Learning the basics After you have read the late breaking A UX information and after your A UX system and peripheral devices are installed and set up the preparations are finished Whether or not you are an experienced UNIX user your starti
125. stem administrator may use this program to construct dif ferent levels of restriction See A UX Local System Administration for more information on rsh The A UX shells let you submit one or more processes for sequential or simultaneous execution these processes can start more shells and nin additional processes You can compose compound commands and you can compose single commands that operate on Command Shell 2 9 multiple files With its own internal command language each shell also acts like a high level interpreter it handles variables case statements subroutines and parameter passing You can use this capability to compose and run your own shell scripts Shells also let you redirect the input and output of each command they interpret so you can pipe the output of one command to the input of another without needing to set up files for intermediate data For more detailed information about shell capabilities and shell commands seeA UX Shells and Shell Programming The A UX file hierarchy 2 10 Macintosh computers running A UX 3 0 maintain several file structures AT amp T UNIX file systems BSD UNIX file systems and Macintosh file systems Files are easily transferred between the different systems All A UX file systems are hierarchical with tree like branch ings as shown in Figure 2 2 Each UNIX file system resides on a logical device such as a disk or a disk partition that contains files The collection of all UNIX fi
126. tEditor is an editor that employs the Macintosh user interface you use the mouse and keyboard to create and edit documents Many people find TextEditor easier to leam and more efficient to use than traditional UNIX editors ex and vi formatext editing family composed ofa line editor ex and a full screen editor vi These two programs were developed in BSD environments and have been the most commonly used UNIX editors in the past ed a simple line oriented interactive editor 2 12 Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX sed sa batch stream editor that transforms text according to instructions supplied on the command line or stored in a command file sea is used for both document prepa ration and programming A UX also includes a number of filters that allow batch editing operations to be per formed on text files For example the tr utility performs character translations and sort Can alphabetize lines in a file UNIX text processors A UX 3 0 offers version 2 0 of the Documentor s Workbench DWB a set of utility programs that helps you format text files for output to a variety of devices Version 2 0 of DWB is not standard on AT amp T s UNIX System V Release 2 Apple Computer provides DWB 2 0 by a special licensing arrangement with AT amp T With these utilities you can format text to include boldface and underlined characters footnotes headings automatic ally numbered lists tables of contents justified paragraphs l
127. ternet domain this refers to a networking standard used by the DDN interprocess communication A mechanism for trans mitting information between processes Interprocess communication mechanisms supported by A UX include messages semaphores shared memory signals sockets and Streams ISO See International Standards Organization kermit A remote terminal and file transfer software program used for connecting microcomputers and mainframe computers by modems or serial lines kernel A UNIX program that manages the system hard ware For example the kemel manages files communicates with peripheral devices and handles other low level resource management tasks keyboard configuration The relationship between the physical locations of keys on a keyboard and their character meanings kilobyte K A unit of measure consisting of 1024 bytes See also byte megabyte Korn shell A command interpreter that combines many of the best features found in the standard System V shell the Bourne shell and the standard BSD shell the C shell See also shell library A collection of related functions or declarations available to a program for linking at compile time line editor A utility for entering and manipulating text The commands to add or change text are entered from a command prompt they only operate on the lines you specify and you cannot always see the results of your changes right away The ea and ex utilities are line editors
128. ters for the APS 5 phototypesetter the Xerox 9700 printer ImageWriter printers and many others Other UNIX text processing tools A UX provides several other UNIX text processing utilities including spell aspelling checker grep a program that searches for strings or regular expressions within files diff a program that reports differences between two text files diction a program that checks word use and in conjunction with explain recommends possible improvements style a utility that analyzes sentence structure me a setof macro definitions for formatting scholarly papers ms another widely used set of macro definitions similar to mm Software development environment The UNIX operating system offers a rich software development environment A UX supports several programming languages with subroutine libraries and many sophisticated tools for writing compiling and debugging programs The AT amp T System V Interface Definition SVID specifies how any system must perform to be considered compatible with System V A UX 3 0 adheres strictly to the SVID which means that application source files written under the A UX 3 0 software development envi ronment usually require only recompilation to run on other UNIX systems that adhere to the SVID 2 14 Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX The A UX development environment also offers features beyond the standard System V tools A UX includes selected 4 3 BSD system calls an
129. the first time 3 7 Installing your A UX system Before you can use A UX you or your system administrator must first install it on your Macintosh computer Figure 3 3 shows the documentation that explains how to install and set up an A UX system As part of bringing the power of UNIX to the desktops of individual users Apple Computer has greatly simplified the process of installing and maintaining A UX You need A UX Installation Guide to properly install A UX Installing A UX is usually very simple By choosing the Easy Install option you can install the entire A UX system with the click of the mouse button Although more complex a Custom Install can be performed by following straightforward procedures presented inA UX Installation Guide You can usually expect to finish the installation procedure in less than two hours Figure 3 3 Installing your A UX system 3 8 Chapter 3 A UX Documentation A UX Installation Guide A UX Installation Guide provides all the information you need to install A UX 3 0 on your Macintosh computer It provides instructions for using the Easy Install option which pre pares your hard disk and installs A UX files and programs automatically It also explains the Custom Install option which allows you more freedom to prepare your hard disk and lets you install A UX files and programs in ways that best fit your individual needs Read A UX Installation Guide to leam about preparing your hard disk for in
130. tion specific to A UX 3 0 You may want to keep references such as A UX Command Reference nearby as you use your A UX system These references explain in a concise encyclopedic manner the A UX commands system calls libraries and file formats You can also view the contents of these references on your computer screen on line The A UX manuals and online reference capabilities can lead you to a thorough under standing of A UX Figure 3 1 shows a helpful way to think about the A UX documentation suite it organizes the manuals according to the type of person most likely to find a certain group of manuals useful For example A UX Network System Administration would be most useful to the person assigned to maintaining an A UX computer network How to use the A UX manuals 3 3 For the latest information Road Map To install your A UX system Setting Up Accounts and Peripherals for A UX A UX Installation Guide A UX Command Reference A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface ot jus oy RO be o oP 00 For the X user X11 User s Guide for A UX To learn the basics MacX User s Guide A UX Networking Essentials A UX Text Processing Tools A UX Reference Summary and Index ib A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 For the administrator and UNIX user A UX Network System Administration A UX Local System Administration A UX System Ad
131. to UNIX and non UNIX hosts MacX an X Window System display server originally developed for the Macintosh Operating System Chapter 3 A UX Documentation Where to find it A UX Networking Essentialsis packed in the A UX Essential Manuals set that accompanies every A UX system Using Apple X Window System products The X Window System also called X is a network based windowing environment that was created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT At the time of its introduction it became a popular way to help developers give UNIX programs and UNIX systems a graphical user interface Apple offers two X Window System products both of which come with A UX 3 0 MacX 1 1 7 is a display server that provides the Macintosh user interface X11 2 1 1 for A UX provides a traditional X user and developer environment With either or both of them you can create a personalized X environment on your Macintosh computer Both products are based on X Window System Version 11 Release 4 The A UX Essential Manuals set that accompanies every A UX system provides user guides for both products Figure 3 5 shows MacX User s Guide and X11 User s Guide for A UX The X11 reference manuals X11 Command Reference for A UX and X11 Programmer s Reference for A UX are available on line in A UX 3 0 You can receive paper copies of these reference manuals by purchasing the X11 for A UX Manuals set from your authorized Apple dealer The X11 reference manuals ar
132. tore information by transferring it from main memory RAM to a disk Work that is not saved disappears when you tum off the computer or if the power is inter rupted It s a good idea to save your work frequently to avoid losing data SCC See Serial Communications Controller SCCS See Source Code Control System screen editor A utility for entering and manipulating text A screen editor displays the contents of a file one full screen at a time The commands to add or change text are entered anywhere on the screen and the screen changes immedi ately to reflect the changes The vi utility for example is a screen editor See also line editor script A file containing commands See also shell script scroll To move a document or directory in its window so that a different part of it is visible To scroll through a document or directory you use the scroll arrows scroll bar or scroll box SCSI See Small Computer System Interface select To designate where the next action takes place To select using a mouse you click an icon or drag across information semaphores A group of system calls that allow processes to synchronize execution serial communication Data communicated over a single path communication line one bit at a time Serial Communications Controller SCC The chip on the Macintosh main logic board that handles serial I O through the modem and printer ports serial lines Data transmission lines over which information is tra
133. trol Protocol Intemet Protocol TCP IP Widely adopted as a networking standard TCP IP has found its way from the ARPANET network of university and research facilities across the Defense Data Network of the U S Department of Defense and into commercial applications office automation and personal computer networks The A UX implementation of TCP IP also supports subnetworks for more efficient message routing and Intemet name domains for simplified host name administration 2 18 Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX The following TCP IP network software allow you to communicate with other TCP IP supported computers on your network regardless of their operating systems telnet a virtual terminal program allows you to log in and use remote computers as if your terminal were directly connected to those computers ftp afile transfer facility allows you to transfer ASCII and binary files to and from computers on yournetwork ftp provides its own set of commands you do not need to know specific commands for the operating system of the remote computer with which you re transferring files TCP IP also offers the following network commands These commands are in many ways more convenient than telnet and ftp but they can only be used between computers running operating systems such as A UX that support a derivative of the 4 3 BSD networking package rlogin lets you log in to remote computers remsh allows you to execute UNIX commands o
134. twork System Administration covers network related topics Administering an A UX system 3 17 Ifyou are the only user on your system you are probably your own system administrator Refer to A UX Local System Administration to keep your A UX system running smoothly If you have already administered a UNIX system this guide can help you to understand the aspects of administration unique to A UX While performing system administration tasks you should keep A UX System Adminis trator s Reference at hand You may also need to refer to the file format information in Section 4 of A UX Programmer s Reference Where to find it A UX Local System Administration is packed in the A UX Administration Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer A UX Network System Administration A UX Network System Administration describes the procedures and commands necessary to keep network software running smoothly under A UX The guide does not describe how to maintain network hardware You should read this guide if you are charged with administering a computer network that includes A UX systems This guide covers connecting an A UX system to an AppleTalk network setting up and using a TCP IP network including routers and subnets setting up and using the Network Information Service NIS setting up and using the name server CSL IP a network protocol for serial line access to a TCP IP network UUCP asetof networking utilities in
135. unning A UX You simply enter man with the name of any A UX system administration command device file or stand alone program to display the appropriate man page on your screen A related command apropos helps you locate man pages by subject Administering an A UX system 3 19 Learning about advanced user programs A UX provides several text editors described in A UX Text Editing Tools that allow you to create and edit documents Any user who wants to work with text files in A UX will find this manual useful To learn how to format text documents in A UX read about the text processing programs described in A UX Text Processing Tools A UX offers a full set of standard UNIX user commands as well as specialized A UX user commands designed to simplify many of the more complicated UNIX tasks To help you leam about the many user commands available in A UX 3 0 the Administration Manuals set offers A UX Command Reference contained in three binders To help you quickly and easily locate information about the many A UX commands A UX provides A UX Reference Summary and Index Figure 3 7 shows these advanced user manuals You receive them when you purchase the Administration Manuals set A UX Text Editing Tools A UX 3 0 provides TextEditor an editor that works like a Macintosh word processing application as well as the traditional UNIX editors vi ex ed and sea With these utilities you can enter edit and manipulate text You can cre
136. utility that transforms its input in some way and writes this transformed data to the standard output Lines submitted as input to the sort command for example are reordered so that the lines in the output are arranged alphabetically or numerically Glossary GI 5 Finder The application that maintains the Macintosh desk top and starts up other programs at the request of the user You use itto manage documents and applications and to get information to and from disks FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard an operat ing system definition promulgated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology A UX complies with FIPS 151 1 floppy disk A disk made of flexible plastic that stores computer data The disks used in the Macintosh disk drives are floppy disks housed in rigid plastic containers folder 1 A holder of documents and applications on the Macintosh desktop Macintosh folders like UNIX file system directories allow you to organize information in a hierarchical fashion 2 Forthe BSD mailx program a file that you create for saving similar mail messages font A collection of print characters unified by a distinctive look Times Roman for example is the default font for trott format 1 To divide a disk into tracks and sectors where information can be stored Blank disks must be formatted before you can save information on them 2 To process a text file for output with a utility such as nrof or troff
137. window Windows created by Macintosh applications can also share the Finder desktop with CommandsShell windows and windows created by X Window System applications You can display X Window System applications by using the MacX server that comes with A UX The A UX Finder lets you manipulate both UNIX and Macintosh files graphically With it you can open move rename and copy files without having to remember UNIX com mands For example you can use the mouse to move a file between two UNIX directories by dragging its icon from a directory window to a folder icon that represents another direc tory For technical information about the Macintosh System 7 Finder seeInside Macintosh Volume 6 A UX is unique in its ability to run both Macintosh and UNIX applications from its combined Finder CommandShell environment The Macintosh side includes hundreds of powerful applications available from Macintosh software dealers that were developed to Tun on Macintosh computers without any UNIX system in mind They include what you see is what you get wysiwyg desktop publishing systems computer aided design and engineering programs CAD CAM hypertext and hypermedia engines spreadsheets and sophisticated database managers The UNIX side includes the many utilities that are part of A UX as well as higher level applications that you can buy from UNIX software vendors Chapter 2 A Closer Look at A UX CommandsShell The Command Shell utility lets y
138. y You should also have a copy of Inside Macintosh available for reference These official Apple publications about the Macintosh computer are published by Addison Wesley and are available from APDA or your local bookstore Where to find it A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interfaceis packed in the A UX Programming Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer Programming in A UX 3 29 3 30 A UX Programmer s Reference A UX Programmer s Referenceis an encyclopedic reference contained in three binders to all library routines and related aspects of A UX required by programmers It corresponds to Sections 2 through 5 of the documentation traditionally distributed with UNIX systems You should keep this reference at hand or be prepared to view its contents on line if you do any programming in A UX It contains detailed descriptions of system calls Section 2 m library subroutines Section 3 file formats Section 4 miscellaneous facilities Section 5 drivers and interfaces Section 7 Where to find it A UX Programmer s Reference is packed in the A UX Programming Manuals set available from your authorized Apple dealer How to view it on line A UX includes the contents of A UX Programmer s Reference in the standard UNIX man page format This feature is like an online pocket guide you can use it at any time you are running A UX You simply enter man with the name of any A UX system call subroutine fi
139. y M0430LL B A UX Toolbox Macintosh ROM Interface A UX Shells and Shell Programming A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 1 A UX Programming Languages and Tools Volume 2 A UX Programmer s Reference Table 3 2 provides a list of A UX manuals that cover advanced topics these manuals are sold separately from the three main A UX manual sets If you re an experienced X Window System user or programmer and you prefer paper copies of the X11 manual pages you may Chapter 3 A UX Documentation want to purchase the X11 for A UX Manuals set in addition to the X11 manual X11 User s Guide for A UX that you receive with A UX 3 0 Table 3 2 Additional A UX 3 0 manuals Documentation Order number A UX Network Applications Programming A UX Porting Guide Building A UX Device Drivers X11 for A UX Manuals M1182LL B X11 Command Reference for A UX X11 Programmer s Reference for A UX X11 User s Guide for A UX 7 X11 for A UX Release Notes X11 Installation Guide for A UX Available only through APDA see the end of this chapter for ordering information T Also available in the A UX Essential Manuals set Does not apply to users of A UX 3 0 use A UX Installation Guide instead How to use the A UX manuals Most of the A UX manuals offer sample sessions and hands on tutorials to explain how to use the many features of A UX Even if you are an experienced UNIX user you may want to skim the manuals for informa
140. ystem Version 11 Release 4 Why Macintosh 1 16 In choosing A UX 3 0 you ve also chosen the Macintosh computer and its easy to leam graphical user interface This interface offers a user friendly approach to personal computing Here are some of the features that help to make the Macintosh one of the most easy to use computers the Finder The Finderis a Macintosh application that manages your desktop the display of icons on your screen and depicts your files graphically so you can easily manipulate them A special version of the Finder creates the desktop that you see when you log in to A UX 3 0 resources Macintosh applications store most of their user interface details in separate memory sections that can be edited without disturbing the program code This makes it easy to change the language icons and other presentation elements of an application document data types Besides the usual date time stamps files created by Macintosh applications carry information about the type of data they contain and the kind of software that can work on them System Folder The System Folder contains resources programs and other files that your computer uses as part of its operating system Chapter 1 An Overview of A UX The Finder The desktop that you see when you log in to A UX is created by a specialized program called the Finder You can think of the Finder as a graphical shell that interprets physical actions instead o

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