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Fundamentals Computing programming Question Bank I

1. 3 Cable There are two type of cable Coaxial and optic fibre The first one is used by cable TV and that is common for data communications see image on the left The cross section of the cable shows a single centre solid wire made of copper surrounded by a copper mesh conductor Between the main wire in the centre and the mesh conductor is an insulating dialectric This dialectric blue part in the image has a large effect on the essential features of the cable Depending on the material that isulator is made of the cable has different inductance and capacitance values and these values affect how quickly data travels through the wire The last layer is an outside insulator to protect the whole wire Data is transmitted through the rigid wire while the outer copper mesh layer serves as a line to ground Fibre optic cables are strands of a special optical material as thin as a human hair that carry data files videos over long distances Now there is not electrical signal In Optical fibres data are carried as light signals How Does an Optical Fiber Transmit Light Light Signal 1 Light Signal2 What is the secret of optical Fibre Why doesn t the light ray escape from the strand Suppose you want to shine a torch beam down a long straight corridor Just point the beam straight down the corridor light moves in straight lines so the light will reach to the end of the corridor What if the cor
2. SK Engineering Academy 185102 Fundamental of Computing and Programming Question Bank UNIT I PART A 1 Define computers A computer is a programmable machine or device that performs pre defined or programmed computations or controls operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms at high speed and with great accuracy 2 Why computer is known as data processing system Any process that uses a computer program will enter data and summarize analyze or otherwise convert data into usable information The process may be automated and run on a computer It involves recording analyzing sorting summarizing calculating disseminating and storing data Thus Computer is known as data processing system 3 What is Data and Information Data Data is the fact or raw material for the information processing Information The processed data is called information 4 What are the basic operations of Computer It accepts data or instructions by way of input It stores data It can process data as required by the user It gives results in the form of output It controls all operations inside a computer 5 Give the applications computer Word Processing Internet Desktop publishing Digital video or audio composition Mathematical Calculations Robotics Weather analysis 6 What are the characteristics of computers JAN 2011 Speed Accuracy Automation Endurance Versatility Storage Cost Reduction 7 How will you cla
3. amp operator means address of 7 What is meant by Preprocessor Preprocessor is the program that process our source program before the compilation 8 How can you return more than one value from a function A Function returns only one value By using pointer we can return more than one value 9 Is it possible to place a return statement anywhere in C program Yes The return statement can occur anywhere 10 What are the main elements of an array declaration Array name Type and Size 11 List the header files in C language lt stdio h gt contains standard I O functions lt ctype h gt contains character handling functions lt stdlib h gt contains general utility functions lt string h gt contains string manipulation functions lt math h gt contains mathematical functions lt time h gt contains time manipulation functions 12 What are the steps involved in program development life cycle Program Design Program Coding Program Testing amp Debugging 13 What are the types of errors occurred in C program Syntax errors Runtime errors Logical errors and Latent errors 14 What is testing Testing is the process of executing the program with sample or tested data 15 What are the types of testing Human testing and Computer based testing 16 How do you define enumerated data type enum mar_status single married widow enum mar_status person1 person 2 person 1 married Here the person is assigned to value zer
4. Logical operators are used to combine the results of two or more conditions Operator Meaning Example Return value e amp amp Logical AND 9 gt 2 amp amp 17 gt 2 1 e Logical OR 9 gt 2 17 7 1 e Logical NOT 29 29 0 6 Conditional Operator e Checks the condition and executes the statement Ternary Operator condition Exp1 Exp2 Eg void main int a 5 b 2 big big a gt b a b printf Largest number is d big Output Largest number is a 7 BitWise Operator e Bitwise operators are used to manipulate the data at bit level e It operates on integers only Operator Meaning amp Bitwise AND Bitwise OR A Bitwise XOR lt lt Shift left gt gt Shift right 5 One s complement 8 Special Operator kd e sizeof e amp and e and gt 5 Explain about the various decision making statements in C language JAN 2011 if statement e The if statement is a decision making statement It is used to control the flow of execution of the statements and also used to test logically whether the condition is true or false It is always used in conjunction with condition This statement is used when a question requires answer If the condition is true then the True statements are executed e True statements may be a single statement or group of statements If the condition is false Then the true statements are not executed instead the program skip past it The condition is
5. int add function wit no argument inta b c printf nEnter two number scanf d d amp a amp b c a b return c Output Enter two number 5 8 Sum is 13 9 Write a C program to generate Fibonacci series upto 200 JAN 2012 include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main long int a b c 1 clrscr a 1 b 1 printf n FIBONACCI SERIES t i l while i lt 200 c a b printf n ld c 10 a b b c i getch Define Structures Explain structures in detail JAN 2011 A Structure is a collection of different data items that are stored under a common name Syntax struct structure_name structure element structure element2 Example struct stud int sno char name 10 int mark struct stud s include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt struct stud int regno char name 10 int ml int m2 int m3 struct stud s void main float tot avg printf nEnter the student regno name m1 m2 m3 scanf d s d d d amp s regno amp s name amp s m1 amp s m2 amp s m3 tot s m1 s m2 s m3 avg tot 3 printf nThe student Details are printf n d t s t f t f s regno s name tot avg Structure assignment It is possible to assign one structure information to another structure of same type using simple assignment statement include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void m
6. while loop In the while loop the condition is first executed If the condition is true then it executes the body of the loop When the condition is false it comes of the loop In the do while loop first the statement is executed and then the condition is checked The do while loop will execute at least one time even though the condition is false at the very first time 14 What is a Modulo Operator is modulo operator It gives the remainder of an integer division Example a 17 b 6 Then c b gives 5 15 How many bytes are occupied by the int char float long int and double int 2 Bytes char 1 Byte float 4 Bytes long int 4 Bytes double 8 Bytes 16 What are the types of I O statements available in C There are two types of I O statements available in C Formatted I O Statements Unformatted I O Statements 17 What is the difference between a and a a means do the increment before the operation pre increment a means do the increment after the operation post increment Example a 5 x a assign x 5 y a now y assigns y 6 x a assigns x 7 18 What is a String String is an array of characters 19 What is a global variable The global variable is a variable that is declared outside of all the functions The global variable is stored in memory the default value is zero Scope of this variable is available in all the functions Life as long as the program s executi
7. 1 initialized the value of count to 1 The for loop continues with the condition count lt 10 evaluates as TRUE As the variable count has just been initialized to 1 this condition is TRUE and so the program statement printf d count is executed which prints the value of count to the screen followed by a space character Next the remaining statement of the for is executed count count 1 which adds one to the current value of count Control now passes back to the conditional test count lt 10 which evaluates as true so the program statement printf d count is executed Count is incremented again the condition re evaluated etc until count reaches a value of 11 When this occurs the conditional test count lt 10 evaluates as FALSE and the for loop terminates and program control passes to the statement printf n which prints a newline and then the program terminates as there are no more statements left to execute 2 The While Statement The while provides a mechanism for repeating C statements whilst a condition is true Its format is while condition program statement Somewhere within the body of the while loop a statement must alter the value of the condition to allow the loop to finish Example Sample program including while include lt stdio h gt main int loop 0 while loop lt 10 printf d n loop loop The above program u
8. Types of Memories Random Access Memory Random access memory generally called RAM is the system s main memory i e it is a space that allows you to temporarily store data when a program is running Unlike data storage on an auxiliary memory such as a hard drive RAM is volatile meaning that it only stores data as long as it supplied with electricity Thus each time the computer is turned off all the data in the memory are irremediably erased Read Only Memory Read only memory called ROM is a type of memory that allows you to keep the information contained on it even when the memory is no longer receiving electricity Basically this type of memory only has read only access However it is possible to save information in some types of ROM memory Flash Memory Flash memory is a compromise between RAM type memories and ROM memories Flash memory possesses the non volatility of ROM memories while providing both read and writes access However the access times of flash memories are longer than the access times of RAM The ideal memory has a large capacity with restricted access time and cycle time a high throughput and is non volatile However fast memories are also the most expensive This is why memories that use different technologies are used in a computer interfaced with each other and organised hierarchically 8 Elaborate the various Input and Output Devices JAN 2011 A computer is only useful when it is able to communicate with the ex
9. WHILE condition FOR structure a specialized version of WHILE for repeating execution of statements a specific number of times 8 FOR bounds on repetition 8 1 statement 1 8 2 etc Pseudocode Example Express an algorithm to get two numbers from the user dividend and divisor testing to make sure that the divisor number is not zero and displaying their quotient using pseudocode 1 Declare variables dividend divisor quotient Prompt user to enter dividend and divisor Get dividend and divisor IF divisor is equal to zero THEN 4 1 DO 4 1 1 Display error message divisor must be non zero 4 1 2 Prompt user to enter divisor 4 1 3 Get divisor 4 2 WHILE divisor is equal to zero ENDIF Display dividend and divisor Calculate quotient as dividend divisor Display quotient awy a aE 6 Explain sequence logic selection logic and iteration logic design structure in pseudocode JAN 2011 Pseudocode is a tool for planning defining or documenting the contents of a program routine or module As the name implies pseudocode is similar to and often based on real code Pseudocode is an excellent tool for planning or designing program logic and computational algorithms Because it resembles real code programmers find it easy to use and to understand Pseudocode is not a good tool for describing control structures particularly when several nested decisions are involved Because pseudocode resembles a programming language it
10. else f x rec x 1 return f Output Enter the number 5 The factorial of 5 is 120
11. printf enter in two numbers 0O scanf d d amp numb1 amp numb 2 printf enter in choice n printf 1 addition n printf 2 subtraction n scanf d amp menu switch menu case 1 total numb numb2 break case 2 total numb numb2 break default printf Invalid option selected n if menu 1 printf d plus d is d n numb1 numb2 total else if menu 2 printf d minus d is d n numb1 numb2 total The above program uses a switch statement to validate and select upon the users input choice simulating a simple menu of choices 7 Explain briefly about the formatted and unformatted I O function in C JAN 2012 JAN 2011 1 printf 0 printfQ is actually a function procedure in C that is used for printing variables and text Where text appears in double quotes it is printed without modification There are some exceptions however This has to do with the and characters These characters are modifiers and for the present the followed by the n character represents a newline character Example include lt stdio h gt main printf Programming in C is easy n printf And so is Pascal n Programming in C is easy And so is Pascal FORMATTERS for printf are Cursor Control Formatters n newline t tab r carriage return f form feed v verti
12. printf n The Value of x d x printf n The Address of x u amp x printf n The Value of a d a printf n The Value of x d a Null Pointer A pointer is said to be null pointer if zero is assigned to the pointer Example int a b a b 0 Pointer to Pointer Here one pointer stores the address of another pointer variable Example int x 10 a b a amp X b amp a Pointer to Array The elements of the array can also be accessed through a pointer Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main int a 3 2 3 7 int b b a printf n The Value of a 0 d a 0 printf n The Address of a 0 u amp a 0 printf n The Value of b d b Pointer to Structures Syntax struct structure_name structure element structure element2 variable ptr Describe in detail about the Preprocessors in C Preprocessor It is a program that processes the source program before compilation It operates under the following directives File Inclusion Macro substitution Conditional inclusion File Inclusion It is used to include some file that contains functions or some definitions Syntax include lt filename gt or include filename Eg include lt stdio h gt include ex c Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt include addition txt void main int a b printf nEnter the numbers scanf d d amp a am
13. programs and data iv Load amp Stress Testing The system is tested for max load and extreme stress points are figured out v Performance Testing Used to determine the processing speed vi Installation Testing Installation amp uninstallation is checked out in the target platform 4 Acceptance Testing ij UAT ensures that the project satisfies the customer requirements ii Alpha Testing It is the test done by the client at the developer s site iii Beta Testing This is the test done by the end users at the client s site iv Long Term Testing Checks out for faults occurrence in a long term usage of the product v Compatibility Testing Determines how well the product is substantial to product transition 12 Describe how does one get connected to internet JAN 2012 World Wide Web It is a collection of information or collection websites E mail It is used to send electronic message to anyone Chatting e Itis online Conversation e Itis used to send message back and forth to anyone Remote Access e It is the process of accessing information present in a remote computer File Sharing e It enables a group of user to share information e The information has been placed on a shared location and the user access the information IRC e Internet Relay Chat e Itis designed for group communication Video Conferencing e It allows two or more user to interact via video and audio transmission FTP e File Transfer Protocol
14. You have probably noticed delivery employees using these Speed Reliability Storage Capacity and Productivity Computers of all sizes have common characteristics speed reliability storage capacity and productivity Computers are the foundation of business travel and leisure life today Computers provide the processing speed required by all facets of society The quick service we expect at the bank at the grocery store on the stock exchange and on the Internet are dependent on the speed of computers Computers are extremely reliable as well Most errors are caused by humans not computers Computers are capable of storing enormous amounts of data that must be located and retrieved very quickly The capability to store and retrieve volumes of data is at the core of the Information Age 6 Describe briefly about Secondary storage devices JAN 2011 The high speed storage devices are very expensive and hence the cost per bit of storage is also very high Again the storage capacity of the main memory is also very limited Often it is necessary to store hundreds of millions of bytes of data for the CPU to process Therefore additional memory is required in all the computer systems This memory is called auxiliary memory or secondary storage In this type of memory the cost per bit of storage is low However the operating speed is slower than that of the primary storage Huge volume of data are stored here on permanent basi
15. computer Explain that consumer oriented operating systems such as Windows and Mac OS do not demand that you supply a user name and password to use the computer However profiles can be used for that purpose Multiuser computer systems require that you have an account to use the system Explain that these accounts are managed by the system administrator or SysAdmin 11 What are types of testing Explain 1 Unit Testing i Unit Testing is primarily carried out by the developers themselves Gi Deals functional correctness and the completeness of individual program units iii White box testing methods are employed 2 Integration Testing i Integration Testing Deals with testing when several program units are integrated ii Regression testing Change of behavior due to modification or addition is called Regression Used to bring changes from worst to least iii Incremental Integration Testing Checks out for bugs which encounter when a module has been integrated to the existing iv Smoke Testing It is the battery of test which checks the basic functionality of program If fails then the program is not sent for further testing 3 System Testing i System Testing Deals with testing the whole program system for its intended purpose ii Recovery testing System is forced to fail and is checked out how well the system recovers the failure iii Security Testing Checks the capability of system to defend itself from hostile attack on
16. developed in the early 70s and ARPANET switched to them in January 1983 supercomputer centers programmed in 1986 Senator Gorels legislation led to the NFSNET which remained the backbone until April 1995 experimental electronic mail relay put into operation in 1989 interconnecting MCI Mail with the Internet Compuserve ATTMail and Sprintmail followed shortly Principal Functions e mail hobbies news personal publishing product information software distribution commerce telephony According to ftp ftp nw com zone in january 96 there were 9 5 million hosts Growth rate is 20 per quarter Quantitatively the success of the Internet is obvious Less obvious is that the growth has been fairly stableThe WWW was conceived by Tim Berners Lee in March 1989 in a CERN proposal It first aimed at managing information about accelerators and experiments at CERN The concept of 6web6 derived from an observation of how new staff at CERN were introduced to the work structure by being given a few hints on who to talk to At CERN there is and was a large turnover several thousand people are involved yet seldom stay longer than 2 years Also improves on problems with hierarchical data structures such as file systems and keyword based systems such as bibliographic databases Other than using TCP IP a key idea is a uniform naming scheme that includes the service name Also in HTTP
17. find the 2 s complement is to start at the right and complement each bit to the left of the first 1 For example N 6 000001102 N 6 111110102 Conversely given the 2 s complement we can find the magnitude of the number by taking it s 2 s complement The largest number that can be represented in 8 bit 2s complement is 011111112 127 The smallest is 100000002 128 Addition When the addition of two values results in a carry the carry bit is ignored There is no overflow as long as the is not greater than 2n 1 nor less than 2n 10 With examples illustrate the conversion of decimal to Binary octal and hexa decimal numbers Jan 2012 Number System Conversion e Binary to Decimal X 1101 01 Val X 1x 2 1x274 0x241x24 0x2741 x27 8 4 0 1 0 40 25 i5 13 25 e Decimal to Binary Octal Hexadecimal bo Example b b by bs b b by Bb ba ba b_4 Power 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1i 2 3 4 Value 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 05 0 25 0 125 0 0625 represented Enough 0 1 0 1001 1 0 1 1 x 41 32 9 9 8 1 0 6875 0 5 0 1875 0 1875 0 125 0 0625 So we have 41 687519 0101001 1011 A systematic method for number conversion 2 41 0 6875 LO 0 6875 16 Bo 2120 0 x 2 xX 8 2110 0 3750 5 5000 ZIS co x 8 2120 750 o ae 050 K2 41 687519 101001 1011 41 68750 51 54 5x 8 1x8 5x 871 4 x 87 41 6875 41 687510 29 A s 2x 16 9x 16 11 x 167 41 6875 a A a Given a v
18. programs stored in the main memory interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the computer to execute them It also acts as a switch board operator when several users access the computer simultaneously Thereby it coordinates the activities of computer s peripheral equipment as they perform the input and output Therefore it is the manager of all operations mentioned in the previous section Central Processing Unit CPU The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system It is just like brain that takes all major decisions makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by activating and controlling the operations Personal Computer Configuration Now let us identify the physical components that make the computer work These are 1 Central Processing Unit CPU 2 Computer Memory RAM and ROM 3 Data bus 4 Ports 5 Motherboard 6 Hard disk 7 Output Devices 8 Input Devices MEMORY SYSTEM IN A COMPUTER There are two kinds of computer memory primary and secondary Primary memory is accessible directly by the processing unit RAM is an example of primary memory As soon as the computer is switched off the contents of the primary memory is lost You can store and retrieve data much faster with primary memory compared to secondary memory Secondary memory
19. such as floppy disks magnetic disk etc is located outside the computer Primary memory is more expensive than secondary memory Because of this the size of primary memory is less than that of secondary memory We will discuss about secondary memory later on Computer memory is used to store two things i instructions to execute a program and ii data When the computer is doing any job the data that have to be processed are stored in the primary memory This data may come from an input device like keyboard or from a secondary storage device like a floppy disk But inside the computer the steps followed are quite different from what we see on the monitor or screen In computer s memory both programs and data are stored in the binary form You have already been introduced with decimal number system that is the numbers to 9 and 0 The binary system has only two values 0 and 1 These are called bits As human beings we all understand decimal system but the computer can only understand binary system It is because a large number of integrated circuits inside the computer can be considered as switches which can be made ON or OFF If a switch is ON it is considered 1 and if it is OFF it is 0 A number of switches in different states will give you a message like this 110101 10 So the computer takes input in the form of 0 and 1 and gives output in the form 0 and 1 only Is it not absurd if the computer gives outputs as 0
20. the computer Examples Windows Unix MSDOS Functions Of OS e It provide an interface between the hardware and the user e It controls and co ordinate the entire computer system e It controls the allocation and use of various resource by various user and task e It controls the various application programs e Scheduling the jobs e Process management Memory management Device management etc Device drivers e It is set of programs which act as an interface between the computer and the device e Itis responsible for the proper functioning of the device Language Processor e It is a system s w that translates the programs written in High level language to Machine language e Machine language 0 s and 1 s e High level language C C Java etc Example Compiler Interpreter Assembler Compiler e It converts the programs written in high level language to machine language i e it translates the source code to object code Interpreter e It converts the programs written in high level language to machine language e It executes the source code in line by line manner Assembler It converts the programs written in Assembly language to machine language Application software e Customised Application s w It is developed to meet the requirements of limited user Example Ms Office Reservation system Payroll processing system Hospital management system etc e General Application s w It is developed to meet the requireme
21. the various types of operators in C language along with its priority 1 Assignment operators Assignment operators are used to assign a value or an expression or a value of a variable to another variable Syntax variable expression or value Example x 10 2 Arithmatic Operators The symbols of the arithmetic operators are Operation Operator Comment Value of Sum before Value of sum after Multiply sum sum 2 8 Divide sum sum 2 4 2 Addition sum sum 2 4 6 Subtraction sum sum 2 4 2 Increment sum 4 5 Decrement sum 4 3 Modulus sum sum 3 4 Example include lt stdio h gt main int sum 50 float modulus modulus sum 10 printf The of d by 10 is f n sum modulus 3 Increment amp Decrement Operator C has two way useful operators not generally found in other languages these are the increment and decrement operators amp operators are called unary operators Because they acts upon only one variable x Pre increment x Pre decrement x Post increment X Post decrement 4 Relational Operator Relational operators are used to compare two or more operands Operands may be variables constants or expression Operator Meaning lt is less than lt is less than or equal to gt is greater than gt is greater than or equal to is equal to l is not equal to 5 Logical operators
22. tition 5 WHILE condition while condition is true then do subordinate statements 5 1 statement 1 5 2 etc DO WHILE structure like WHILE but tests condition at the end of the loop Thus statements in the structure will always be executed at least once 6 DO 6 1 statement 1 6 2 etc 7 WHILE condition Pseudocode Language Constructs Computation Assignment Compute var1 as the sum of x and y Assign expression to var2 Increment counter1 Input Output Input Get var1 var2 Output Display var1 var2 Selection Single Selection IF 1 IF condition THEN IF condition is true then do subordinate statement 1 etc If condition is false then skip statements 1 1 statement 1 1 2 etc Double Selection IF 2 IF condition THEN IF condition is true then do subordinate statement 1 etc If condition is false then skip statements and execute statements under ELSE 2 1 statement 1 2 2 etc 3 ELSE else if condition is not true then do subordinate statement 2 etc 3 1 statement 2 3 2 statement 3 4 SWITCH expression TO 4 1 case 1 action1 4 2 case 2 action2 43 etc 4 4 default actionx Repetition 5 WHILE condition while condition is true then do subordinate statements 5 1 statement 1 5 2 etc DO WHILE structure like WHILE but tests condition at the end of the loop Thus statements in the structure will always be executed at least once 6 DO 6 1 statement 1 6 2 etc 7
23. type strlen It is used to find the length of the string syntax strlen string include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt include lt string h gt void main char a college int b clrscr b strlen a printf nThe length of the string is d b getch Output The length of the string is 7 strepy It is used to copy one string to another syntax strcpy string1 string2 Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt include lt string h gt void main char a IT char b Dept clrscr strcpy a b printf nThe string is s a getch Output The string is Dept streat It is used to combine two strings syntax strcat string1 string2 Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt include lt string h gt void main char a IT char b Dept clrscr strcat a b printf nThe string is s a getchQ Output The string is ITDept stremp It is used to compare two strings syntax stremp string I string2 Returns 0 if two strings are equal Return value lt 0 if s1 is less than s2 Return value gt 0 if s1 is greater than s2 Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt include lt string h gt void main char a itdept char b it int i clrscr i strcmp a b if Gi 0 printf nstrings are equal d i else if i lt O printf nstring1 is less than s
24. with pointers The address operator amp PART B 1 Explain in detail about C declarations and variables JAN 2011 Variables e Itis an identifier used to represent specified type of information e A variable may take different values at different times Syntax data_type v1 v2 Eg int a b Rules for Naming Variable 1 A variable name can be any combination of 1 to 8 alphabets or digits or underscore The first character must be an alphabet The Length of the variable cannot exceed up to 8 characters long No commas or Blank space are allowed No special symbol can be used in a variable name but underscore can be used PE ooh Scope of variable e Two scope types 1 Local Variables 2 Global Variables Local Variables main int a 5 Global Variables int a 5 main printf the values is d a 2 Explain in detail about the constants expressions and statements in C Constants The item whose values cannot be changed during the execution of program C Constants gt Numeric constant o Integer constants o Real constant gt Character constant o Single Character constant o string constant String Constants A string constant is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes the characters may be letters numbers special characters and blank spaces etc At the end of string 0 is automatically placed Example HI Prabhu Express
25. words High level programming languages were also being developed at this time such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry Third Generation 1964 1971 Integrated Circuits The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips called semiconductors which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers Instead of punched cards and printouts users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors Fourth Generation 1971 Present Microprocessors The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand The Intel 4004 chip developed in 1971 located all the components of the computer from the central processing uni
26. you in human readable form Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing 5 Control The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations are performed Controlling of all operations like input processing and output are performed by control unit It takes care of step by step processing of all operations in side the computer FUNCTIONAL UNITS In order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previous section the computer allocates the task between its various functional units The computer system is divided into three separate units for its operation They are 1 arithmetic logical unit 2 control unit and 3 central processing unit Arithmetic Logical Unit ALU After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary storage unit The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit The major operations performed by the ALU are addition subtraction multiplication division logic and comparison Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored Control Unit CU The next component of computer is the Control Unit which acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed Things like processing of
27. 12 a Convert the following number to decimal i 11011011 100101 2 b Convert 231 3 4 to Base of 7 4 c Convert the following Decimal numbers to Hexadecimal numbers i 35 10 ii 275 10 iii 31 10 a 11011011 100101 1x2 1x2 41x2 4 1 274 1 2 4 1 2 1x21 1 2 441 x2 219 578125 b 231 34 45 7510 460 64 c i 3510 2316 Gaw ag Gii 3 1 19 1Fi6 12 Explain various generations of computer Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate resulting in increasingly smaller cheaper more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate resulting in increasingly smaller cheaper more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today First Generation 1940 1956 Vacuum Tubes Sponsored Migrate to a Private Cloud Not a Virtual Datacenter Before you implement a private cloud find out what you need to know about automated delivery virtual sprawl and more The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory and were often enormous taki
28. 4 What is a web server JAN 2012 Web servers are computers that deliver web pages Every web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name A web server is simply a computer program that dispenses web pages as they are requested PART B 1 Give the categories of Software with example JAN 2011 1 System software 2 Application software SYSTEM SOFTWARE It is a collection of programs to perform system functionalities They are of 2 types 1 System management program divided into 3 a Operating system b Utility programs c Device drivers 2 System development programs divided in to a Language translators b Linkers c Debuggers d Editors APPLICATION SOFTWARE Classified in to standard application programs unique application programs Standard application programs divided into a Word processor b Spreadsheet c Database d Desk top publisher e Web browser 2 State different language translators and explain their functions Compiler and Loader a Compiler A compiler is a computer program or set of programs that transforms source code written in a programming language the source language into another computer language the target language often having a binary form knownasobjectcode b Loader In a computer operating system a loader is a component that locates a given program which can be an application or in some cases part of the operating system itself in offline storage such as a hard d
29. Department Of Defense Thousands of integrated circuits placed onto a silicon chip made up a microprocessor Introduction of microprocessors was the hallmark of fourth generation computers e Intel produced large scale integration circuits in 1971 During the same year Micro Computer came up with microprocessor and Ted Hoff working for Intel introduced 4 bit 4004 e In 1972 Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessors e In 1974 Xerox came up with Alto workstation at PARC It consisted of a monitor a graphical interface a mouse and an Ethernet card for networking e Apple Computer brought about the Macintosh personal computer January 24 1984 4 Explain the fundamental units of a computer with a block diagram JAN 2012 JAN 2011 A computer as shown below performs basically five major operations or functions irrespective of their size and make These are 1 it accepts data or instructions by way of input 2 it stores data 3 it can process data as required by the user 4 it gives results in the form of output and 5 it controls all operations inside a computer We discuss below each of these operations 1 Input This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system You should know that computer is an electronic machine like any other machine which takes as inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data Therefore the input unit takes data from us to the computer in an o
30. ERFORM block a ELSE PERFORM block b ENDIF ELSE PERFORM block c ENDIF Note how indentation highlights the relationship among these instructions Note also how IF and ENDIF clearly delimit both decision blocks Repetition or iteration DO WHILE logic tests for the terminal condition at the top of the loop For example WHILE condition DO PERFORM block ENDWHILE Note the use of indentation and the way WHILE and ENDWHILE delimit the block The REPEAT UNTIL structure tests for the terminal condition at the bottom of the loop REPEAT PERFORM block UNTIL condition Some analysts use a pseudocode structure much like a DO loop to define a count controlled loop DO index initial TO limit PERFORM block ENDDO Again note the indentation and the ENDDO The case structure A common programming problem involves selecting among several alternative paths Although nested decision statements could be used to define such logic the case structure is a better option when nesting goes beyond three or four levels The general form of a case structure is SELECT variable CASE value 1 block 1 CASE value 2 block 2 DEFAULT CASE block n ENDSELECT The option selected by the case structure depends on the value of the control variable following the keyword SELECT If the variable contains value then block 1 is e
31. XADECIMAL TO DECIMAL BINARY OCTAL 29 A16 2x16 9x16 11x16 41 687510 27 35 5 0010 0111 0011 0101 4B D s 0 100 1011 1101 001 001 011 110 100 113 64 3 Describe evolution of computer JAN 2012 The term Computer originally meant a person capable of performing numerical calculations with the help of a mechanical computing device The evolution of computers started way back in the late 1930s Binary arithmetic is at the core of the computers of all times History of computers dates back to the invention of a mechanical adding machine in 1642 ABACUS an early computing tool invention of logarithm by John Napier and the invention of slide rules by William Oughtred were significant events in the evolution of computers from these early computing devices In the evolution of computers their first generation was characterized by the use of vacuum tubes These computers were expensive and bulky They used machine language for computing and could solve just one problem at a time They did not support multitasking e It was in 1937 that John V Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype in the November of 1939 Its computations were based on a vacuum tube and it used regenerative capacitor memory e Konrad Zuse s electromechanical Z Machines especially the Z3 of 1941 was a notable achievement in the evolution of computers It was the first m
32. achine to include binary and floating point arithmetic and a considerable amount of programmability In 1998 since it was proved to be Turing complete it is regarded as world s first operational computer e In 1943 the Colossus was secretly designed at Bletchley Park Britain to decode German messages The Harvard Mark I of 1944 was a large scale electromechanical computer with less programmability It was another step forward in the evolution of computers e The U S Army s Ballistics Research Laboratory came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer ENIAC in 1946 It came to be known as the first general purpose electronic computer However it was required to be rewired to change it s programming thus making its architecture inflexible Developers of ENIAC realized the flaws in the architecture and developed a better architecture It was known as the stored program architecture or von Neumann Architecture It got its name after John von Neumann who for the first time described the architecture in 1945 All the projects of developing computers taken up thereafter have been using the von Neumann Architecture All the computers use a stored program architecture which is now a part of the definition of the word computer The U S National Bureau of Standards came up with Standards Electronic Eastern Automatic Computer SEAC in 1950 Diodes handled all the logic making it the first computer to base its logic on solid de
33. ain struct int a x y clrscr x a 10 y X printf The value of y a is d y a getch Output The value of y a is10 11 Define Union Explain Union in detail JAN 2011 An Union is a collection of different data items that are stored under a common name Here same memory is shared by its members Syntax union union _name union element union element2 Example union result int mark float avg char grade union result s Example program include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt union stud int a char b 2 void main union stud c c a 256 printf nc a value is d c a printf nc b 0 value is d c b 0 printf nc b 1 value is d c b 1 Output c a value is256 c b 0 value isO c b 1 value isl 12 Write C program to print the prime numbers less than 500 JAN 2012 include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main int count i 1 int a clrscr while i lt 500 count 0 a 1 while a lt 1 if i a 0 count a if count 2 printf d t i i getchQ 13 Write a C program to find the factorial of a given number using recursion JAN 2012 include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main int a int rec int printf nEnter the number scanf d amp a printf The factorial of d is d a rec a int rec int x int f if x 1 return 1
34. alue X in a certain number system we want to convert it to a different Ti system of radix 7 i e we need to find all s in the expression T4T3T3 T Tg C_ L_3L_ 32_ 4 The value of the integer part of the above expression is val Xine rar r3r rgr z1r z5 zar r3 r r2 r r1 r ro To Dividing this by T we get as the remainder If we keep dividing the previous T Cee By ea quotient by T the subsequent s can be found as the remainders T Multiplying this by 7 we get as the integer part of the product If we keep Ti multiplying the fraction part of the previous product by 7 the subsequent S 2 2 3 can be found as the integer part of the products Note This method is mostly applicable to conversion of values given in decimal base 10 system to other systems base r 2 8 16 etc simply because we are trained to multiply and divide only in decimal system In theorey one could use this method to convert a value given in any number system but one has to know how to multiply and divide in that particular system More Examples 4251 7 Jg ADig 02 O Jag Binary to Octal Example Octal to Binary 27 35g 010 111 011 101 10111 011101 Example Binary to Hexadecimal 1001011 1101 0100 1011 1101 4B D Example MU 2b dU Hexadecimal to Binary Example Binary Coded Decimal BCD Numbers 256 0010 0101 0110 gcp 11 Convert the numbers JAN 20
35. an have flow lines exiting from the bottom or the sides Flowcharts are drawn so flow generally goes from top to bottom The beginning and the end of the flowchart is indicated using the Terminal symbol Flowchart Example Express an algorithm to get two numbers from the user dividend and divisor testing to make sure that the divisor number is not zero and displaying their quotient using a flowchart Start Declare variables dividend Display dividend and divisor Display error message divisor must be non zero Prompt user to enter divisor Calculate quotient as dividend divisor 3 Write an algorithm to compute the factorial of a number n JAN 2012 1 Take a number as a input from the user 2 Initialize a variable fact 1 3 fact fact number 4 number number 1 5 repeat step 3 to 5 if number gt 0 6 print the value of fact variable 4 Describe in detail about algorithm Give example Algorithm is a really a recipe that is a set of step by step instructions that takes raw ingredients and produces a tasty result In general an algorithm can be described as a procedure to solve a problem In the context of computer programming an algorithm is defined as a well ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations that when executed produces a result and halts in a finite amount of time 1 Characteristics of an Algorithm Well
36. ar input output device is the Visual Display Unit VDU It is also called the monitor A Keyboard is used to input data and Monitor is used to display the input data and to receive massages from the computer A monitor has its own box which is separated from the main computer system and is connected to the computer by cable In some systems it is compact with the system unit It can be color or monochrome Terminals It is a very popular interactive input output unit It can be divided into two types hard copy terminals and soft copy terminals A hard copy terminal provides a printout on paper whereas soft copy terminals provide visual copy on monitor A terminal when connected to a CPU sends instructions directly to the computer Terminals are also classified as dumb terminals or intelligent terminals depending upon the work situation Printer It is an important output device which can be used to get a printed copy of the processed text or result on paper There are different types of printers that are designed for different types of applications Depending on their speed and approach of printing printers are classified as impact and non impact printers Impact printers use the familiar typewriter approach of hammering a typeface against the paper and inked ribbon Dot matrix printers are of this type Non impact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print They use electro static chemicals and ink jet technologies Laser printer
37. awing a flowchart The standard symbols should only be used The arrowheads in the flowchart represent the direction of flow of control in the problem The usual direction of the flow of procedure is from top to bottom or left to right The flow lines should not cross each other Be consistent in using names and variables in the flowchart Keep the flowchart as simple as possible Words in the flowchart symbols should be common statements and easy to understand Chart main line of logic and then incorporate all the details of logic If a new page is needed for flowcharting then use connectors for better representation Don t chart every details or the flowchart will only be graphical represented 13 Draw the flowchart to find the maximum among three numbers Get three numbers a b C if a gt b amp amp a gt c if b gt a amp amp b gt c Print b is greater Print a is greater Print c is greater 14 What is sequence logic Sequence logic is used for performing instructions one after another in a sequence 15 What is selection logic Selection logic is used for selecting the process path out of two or more alternative paths in the program logic It uses three control structures called if then if then else and switch case 16 What is Iteration logic Iteration logic is used for producing loops in program logic when one or more instructions may be executed several times depending on
38. ay In practice most successful specifications are written to understand and fine tune applications that were already well developed although safety critical software systems are often carefully specified prior to application development Specifications are most important for external interfaces that must remain stable A good way to determine whether the specifications are sufficiently precise is to have a third party review the documents making sure that the requirements and Use Cases are logically sound Architecture The architecture of a software system or software architecture refers to an abstract representation of that system Architecture is concerned with making sure the software system will meet the requirements of the product as well as ensuring that future requirements can be addressed The architecture step also addresses interfaces between the software system and other software products as well as the underlying hardware or the host operating system Implementation testing and documenting Implementation is the part of the process where software engineers actually program the code for the project Software testing is an integral and important part of the software development process This part of the process ensures that bugs are recognized as early as possible Documenting the internal design of software for the purpose of future maintenance and enhancement is done throughout development This may also incl
39. be defied Exactly once For this reason definitions do not belong in header files where they might get included into more than one place in a program 23 Why does n execute than n n 1 The expression n requires a single machine instruction such as INR to carry out the increment operation whereas n 1 requires more instructions to carry out this operation 24 Why is it necessary to give the size of an array in an array declaration When an array is declared the compiler allocates a base address and reserves enough space in the memory for all the elements of the array The size is required to allocate the required space Thus the size must be mentioned 25 Where in memory are variables stored Variables can be stored in several places in memory depending on their lifetime 1 Variables that are defined outside any function whether of global or file static scope and variables that are defined inside a function as static variables exist for the lifetime of the program s execution These variables are stored in the data segment The data segment is a fixed size area in memory set aside for these variables 2 Variables that are the arguments functions exist only during the execution of that function These variables are stored on the stack The stack is an area of memory that starts out as small and grows automatically up to some predefined limit 3 The third area is the one that does not actually store variables but can be used t
40. ble resource of information You can find any type of information on any subject with the help of the search engines like Yahoo and Google 2 Communication The primary goal of the Internet is communication It has done extremely well in this field however the development process is still going on to make it more dependable and quick By sending an e mail we can contact a person who is physically present thousand miles away within the fraction of a second s time 3 Entertainment Internet functions as a popular medium of entertainment A wide variety of entertainment including video games music movies chat room news and others can be accessed through the Internet 4 E commerce E commerce is the idea that is implemented for any form of commercial strategy or business transactions that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another E commerce has become a fantastic option through which you can shop anything trouble Applications a Education b Entertainment c Research d Science e Medicine f Communication g Games 9 Brief the major problems encountered in the software system a Correctness The correctness of the software system refers to 1 Agreement of program code with specification 2 Independence of the actual application of the software system b Reliability Reliability of a software system is defined as the probability that this system fulfills a function for a specified number of input trai
41. cal tab 2 Scanf Scanf is a function in C which allows the programmer to accept input from a keyboard Example include lt stdio h gt main program which introduces keyboard input int number printf Type in a number n scanf d amp number printf The number you typed was d n number Formatters For scanf The following characters after the character in a scanf argument have the following effect D read a decimal integer o read an octal value x read a hexadecimal value h read a short integer l read a long integer f read a float value e read a double value c read a single character s read a sequence of characters Read a character string The characters inside the brackets 3 Accepting Single Characters From The Keyboard Getchar Putchar getchar gets a single character from the keyboard and putchar writes a single character from the keyboard Example The following program illustrates this include lt stdio h gt main inti int ch for i 1 i lt 5 i ch getchar putchar ch The program reads five characters one for each iteration of the for loop from the keyboard Note that getchar gets a single character from the keyboard and putchar writes a single character in this case ch to the console screen 8 a Describe in detail about type conversions in C with example Implicit Type Conversi
42. d d amp a amp b add a b void add intx int y function with arguments int Z Z X Y printf nSum is d z Output Enter two number 2 4 Sum is 6 Function with arguments and return values Here data transfer take place between the calling function and the called function as well as between called function and calling function It is a two way data communication i e the called program receives data from calling program and it return some value to the calling program Function with arguments and return values main data_type func1 x y pe eas return z Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main inta b c int add int int printf nEnter two number scanf d d amp a amp b c add a b printf nSum is d c intadd intx int y l int Z Z Xx Yy return z Output Enter two number 6 7 Sum is 13 Function with no arguments and with return values e Here data transfer take place between the called function and the calling function e It is a one way data communication i e the called program does not receives data from calling program but it return some value to the calling program Function with no arguments and with return values main data_type funci i c funci a omen ani return z Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main int add d d add printf nSum is d d
43. des seven types of tabs Standard left tab Center tab Right tab Decimal tab Bar tab First line Indent tab Hanging Indent tab 27 Define Headers and Footers Header allows text page number or section titles to appear on every page of document at the top position Footer allows text page number or section titles to appear on every page of document at the bottom position 28 What is a Table A Table is grid of rows and columns 29 What is a Clipart Clipart is the attractive pre defined pre colored pictures available in Ms Word office suite 30 Define a Template Template is a special kind of document that produces basic tools for shaping a final document 31 Enlist the advantage of algorithm JAN 2012 The term algorithm is now applied to many kinds of problem solving that employ a mechanical sequence of steps as in setting up a computer program The sequence may be displayed in the form of a flowchart in order to make it easier to follow 32 State the usage of Excel application software JAN 2012 Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet tool capable of performing calculations analyzing data and integrating information from different programs Microsoft Excel is comprised of organizational units called workbooks A standard workbook contains worksheets and chart sheets Worksheets perform calculations store and organize data present graphics and controls like a web page they are extremely versatile A worksheet in turn is co
44. determined and clearly stated This is often called a scope document Certain functionality may be out of scope of the project as a function of cost or as a result of unclear requirements at the start of development If the development is done externally this document can be considered a legal document so that if there are ever disputes any ambiguity of what was promised to the client can be clarified Design Domain Analysis is often the first step in attempting to design a new piece of software whether it be an addition to an existing software a new application a new subsystem or a whole new system Assuming that the developers including the analysts are not sufficiently knowledgeable in the subject area of the new software the first task is to investigate the so called domain of the software The more knowledgeable they are about the domain already the less work required Another objective of this work is to make the analysts who will later try to elicit and gather the requirements from the area experts speak with them in the domain s own terminology facilitating a better understanding of what is being said by these experts If the analyst does not use the proper terminology it is likely that they will not be taken seriously thus this phase is an important prelude to extracting and gathering the requirements Specification Specification is the task of precisely describing the software to be written possibly in a rigorous w
45. dition Pseudo code INIT add FOR each x from 0 to 15 FOR each y from 0 to 15 SET input x yJ _NULL SET input2 x yJ _NULL SET tot x yJ _NULL INCREMENT y END FOR INCREMENT x END FOR SET r 0 c 0 READ c andr FOR each x from 0 to less than r FOR each y from 0 to less than c READ input1 x y INCREMENT y END FOR INCREMENT x END FOR FOR each x from 0 to less than r FOR each y from 0 to less than c READ input2 x y INCREMENT y END FOR INCREMENT x END FOR FOR each x from 0 to less than r FOR each y from 0 to less than c COMPUTE tot x y input1 x y input2 x y PRINT tot x y INCREMENT y END FOR INCREMENT x END FOR END 9 Discuss about the graphics package along with its various features in detail Features of graphics packages Fonts Bullets and Numbering Alignment Line spacing Change case Replace fonts Slide Design Slide Layout 10 Write the algorithm and pseudocode to check the given no is prime or not ALGORITHM 1 Start 2 Read the value of n 3 for i lto n 4 check if n i 0 then increment the value of c by 1 5 Check if c 2 then print number is prime 6 else print the number is not prime PSEUDOCODE BEGIN READ n For i 1 ton DO IF n i 0 THEN INCREATMENT c by 1 END IF END FOR IF c 2 PRINT Prime Number ELSE PRINT not a Prime Number END 11 Briefly explain about the personal assistant package Address book Calendar To do List Inventory B
46. e 2 total numb numb2 break default printf Invalid option selected n if menu 1 printf d plus d is d n numb1 numb2 total else if menu 2 printf d minus d is d n numb1 numb2 total The above program uses a switch statement to validate and select upon the users input choice simulating a simple menu of choices 10 Explain the following break statement with example program continue statement with example program goto statement with example program break Statement break statment is a jump statment in C and is generally used for breaking from a loop or breaking from a case as discussed in switch stament Break statement when encountered within a loop immediately terminates the loop by passing condition check and execution transfer to the first statment after the loop In case of switch it terminates the flow of control from one case to another Also one important thing to remember about break is that it terminates only the innermost switch or loop construct in case of nested switch and loop variations The C source code below shows an simple application of break statement include lt stdio h gt int main for int i 0 1 lt 100 i printf n d i if G 10 This code prints value only upto 10 break return 0 continue Statement continue is a jump statement provided by C It is analogus to break statemen
47. e Itis used to transfer data from one computer to another computer TelNet e Telecommunication Network This protocol is used to get services from the server VOIP e Voice Over Internet Protocol e It sends voice over the internet protocol UNIT Ill PART A 1 What is a program A program is a set instruction written to carryout a particular task so that computer can perform some specified task 2 What is algorithm Algorithm means the logic of a program It is a step by step description of how to arrive at a solution of a given problem 3 What are the steps to solve the problem in a computer system Problem must be analyzed thoroughly Solution method is broken down into a sequence of small tasks Based on this analysis an algorithm must be prepared to solve the problem The algorithm is expressed in a precise notation This notation is known as Computer Program The Computer program is fed to the computer The instruction in the program executes one after another and outputs the expected result 4 How can you measure the quality of algorithm The primary factors that are often used to judge the quality of an algorithm are time requirement memory requirement and accuracy of solution 5 What are the characteristics of an algorithm 1 In algorithms each and every instruction should be precise 2 In algorithms each and every instruction should be unambiguous 3 The instructions in an algorithm should not be repeated infinite
48. e the BIOS is typically found on a ROM chip that comes with the computer it is always available and cannot be lost due to a disk failure 2 The Power On Self Test Explain that this step is also called POST and is a diagnostic testing sequence run by the computer s BIOS When everything checks out as it should the computer will sound a reassuring beep When errors are encountered a series of beeps are sounded and an error message appears on the screen 3 Loading the OS Explain to students that once POST is successful the BIOS finds and loads the operating system into RAM Define CMOS pronounced cee moss as a type of nonvolatile memory that stores the date time and system setup parameters Emphasize the importance of having an emergency boot disk 4 Configuring the System Once the OS is loaded the system loads any utility programs it might need to run peripheral devices Explain the term plug and play and how it can automatically detect compatible peripherals when the power is switched on This might be a good time to define the term registry and inform students that this very important feature of Windows will be discussed in detail 5 Loading System Utilities Use Figure 5 2 to explain that the next step in the booting process is loading system utilities which include all of the configuration choices found in the Control Panel 6 Authenticating Users The authentication or login process is the last step in starting the
49. efined functions Whenever it is needed The user can modify the function Example sum a b Advantage of User Defined Functions e The length of the source program can be reduced e It is easy to locate error e It avoid coding of repeated instructions Elements of User Defined Function a Function Declaration returntype function name Parameters Example int square int int b Function calling function name actual parameters Example int square a b c Function Definition returntype function name formal parameters local variable declaration statement 1 statement 2 return value Example void square int a int b printf od a b Pre defined functions Also called library function Examples sqrt x It is used to find the square root of x Example sqrt 36 is 6 abs x It is used to find the absolute value of x Example abs 36 is 36 pow x y It is used to find the value of x Example pow 5 2 is 25 ceil x It is used to find the smallest integer greater than or equal to x Example ceil 7 7 is 8 2 Write a C program to check whether the given number is palindrome or not JAN 2012 include lt stdio h gt include lt math h gt void main long int n num rev 0 dig clrscr printf n n t ENTER A NUMBER scanf ld amp num n num while num gt 0 dig num 10 rev rev 10 dig num num 10 if n rev pr
50. erial Magnetic disks used in computer are made on the same principle It rotates with very high speed inside the computer drive Data is stored on both the surface of the disk Magnetic disks are most popular for direct access storage device Each disk consists of a number of invisible concentric circles called tracks Information is recorded on tracks of a disk surface in the form of tiny magnetic spots The presence of a magnetic spot represents one bit and its absence represents zero bit The information stored in a disk can be read many times without affecting the stored data So the reading operation is non destructive But if you want to write a new data then the existing data is erased from the disk and new data is recorded Floppy Disk It is similar to magnetic disk discussed above They are 5 25 inch or 3 5 inch in diameter They come in single or double density and recorded on one or both surface of the diskette The capacity of a 5 25 inch floppy is 1 2 mega bytes whereas for 3 5 inch floppy it is 1 44 mega bytes It is cheaper than any other storage devices and is portable The floppy is a low cost device particularly suitable for personal computer system Optical Disk With every new application and software there is greater demand for memory capacity It is the necessity to store large volume of data that has led to the development of optical disk storage medium Optical disks can be divided into the following categories Compact Dis
51. ers both positive and negative Unsigned integers positive values only are supported In addition there are short and long integers e The keyword used to define integers is int e An example of an integer value is 32 e An example of declaring an integer variable called sum is int sum sum 20 b Floating Point e These are numbers which contain fractional parts both positive and negative e The keyword used to define float variables is float e Anexample of a float value is 34 12 e An example of declaring a float variable called money is float money money 0 12 c Double e These are exponentional numbers both positive and negative The keyword used e to define double variables is double e An example of a double value is 3 0E2 e An example of declaring a double variable called big is double big big 312E 7 d Character These are single characters The keyword used to define character variables is char An example of a character value is the letter A An example of declaring a character variable called letter is char letter letter A Note the assignment of the character A to the variable letter is done by enclosing the value in single quotes User defined variables i typedef ii enum i Type declaration syntax typedef datatype identifier Eg typedef int marks marks m1 m2 ii Enumerated data type syntax enum identifier vall val2 eg enum day mon tues wed 4 Describe
52. f call by value and call by reference in detail Pointers and Functions e Call by Value e Call by Reference Call by value Actual argument passed to the formal argument Any changes to the formal argument does not affect the actual argument include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main int X y swap int int printf nEnter value of x scanf d amp x printf nEnter value of y scanf d amp y change x y printf n n Values in the Main gt x d y d x y int swap int a int b int c c a a b b c printf nValues in the Function gt x d y d a b Output Enter value of x 5 Enter value of y 6 Values in the Function gt x 6 y 5 Values in the Main gt x 5 y 6 Call by reference Instead of passing value the address of the argument will be passed Any changes to the formal argument will affect the actual argument Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main int x y change int int printf nEnter value of x scanf d amp x printf nEnter value of y scanf d amp y change amp x amp y printf n n Values in the Main gt x d y d x y int change int a int b int c c a a b b c printf n Values in the Function gt x d y d a b Output Enter value of x 5 Enter value of y 6 Values in the Function gt x 6 y 5 Values in the Main gt x 6 y 5 8 Discuss about functio
53. g function It returns an int value to the environment that called the program Recursive call is allowed for mainQ also It is a user defined function Program exection ends when the closing brace of the function main is reached It has two arguments a argument count and b argument vector reprensents strings passed Any user defined name can also be used as parameters for main instead of argc and argv 28 What is dangling pointer In C a pointer may be used to hold the address of dynamically allocated Memory After this memory is freed with the free function the pointer itself will still contain the address of the released block This is referred to as a dangling pointer Using the pointer in this state is a serious programming error Pointer should be assigned NULL after freeing memory to avoid this bug 29 Compare arrays and structures Comparison of arrays and structures is as follows Arrays An array is a collection of data items of same data type Arrays can only be declared There is no keyword for arrays An array name represents the address of the starting element An array cannot have bit fields Structures A structure is a collection of data items of different data types Structures can be declared and defined The Keyword for structures is struct A structrure name is known as tag It is a shorthand notation of the declaration A structure may contain bit fields 30 Compare structures and unions Structu
54. given by the relational operator like lt gt etc Example include lt stdio h gt main int number int valid 0 while valid 0 printf Enter a number between 1 and 10 O scanf d amp number assume number is valid valid 1 if number lt 1 printf Number is below 1 Please re enter n valid 0 if number gt 10 printf Number is above 10 Please re enter n valid 0 printf The number is d n number If else statement It is basically two way decision making statement and always used in conjunction with condition It is used to control the flow of execution and also used to carry out the logical test and then pickup one of the two possible actions depending on the logical test Program to display the types of character using if else satement include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main char chr clrscr printf Enter a single character scanf amp chr if chr gt a amp amp chr lt z II chr gt A amp amp chr lt Z printf Entered character is an alphabetic n else if chr gt 0 amp amp chr lt 9 printf Entered character is an digit n else printf Entered character is an special character n getch Nested if When a series of if else statements are occurred in a program we can write an ent
55. h when embedded in a document allows that document to be read and distributed across the Internet HTTP The hypertext transfer protocol http that enables html documents to be read on the Internet IP Address Internet Protocol The number or name of the computer from which you send and receive information on the Internet Web server A computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from web clients which are known as web browsers and serving them HTTP responses along with optional data contents which usually are web pages such as HTML documents and linked objects images etc 8 Explain various Internet applications advantages and drawbacks JAN 2012 In the history of mankind the Internet is the greatest development in the domain of communication industry Similar to each and every invention the Internet carries a number of advantages and disadvantages Nevertheless the advantages of the Internet are so huge in number that they outperform the disadvantages quite easily According to the definition provided by Oxford dictionary the Internet is an arrangement of connected computers which lets the computer users all over the globe exchange data At the present time approximately 33 of the world population has accessibility to the Internet The Internet is an extraordinary entertainment and learning tool that may be utilized in a number of modes to increase the ability of a user to collect information The pr
56. incipal components of the Internet are the World Wide Web WWW and e mail With the passage of time the Internet has become the most effective business tool in the contemporary world It can be described as a global meeting place where people from every corner of the world can come simultaneously The advantages of Internet Following are the advantages provided by the Internet 1 Information The biggest benefit offered by the Internet is information It functions as a valuable resource of information You can find any type of information on any subject with the help of the search engines like Yahoo and Google 2 Communication The primary goal of the Internet is communication It has done extremely well in this field however the development process is still going on to make it more dependable and quick By sending an e mail we can contact a person who is physically present thousand miles away within the fraction of a second s time 3 Entertainment Internet functions as a popular medium of entertainment A wide variety of entertainment including video games music movies chat room news and others can be accessed through the Internet 4 E commerce E commerce is the idea that is implemented for any form of commercial strategy or business transactions that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another E commerce has become a fantastic option through which you can shop anything 5 Formation of communities Internet he
57. intf n t GIVEN NUMBER IS A PALINDROME else printf n t GIVEN NUMBER NOT A PALINDROME getch 3 Define arrays Explain the array types with an example program for each type An Array is a collection of similar data items that are stored under a common name Types One Dimensional array Two Dimensional array Multi Dimensional array Syntax data_type array_name size Example int x 3 X X 0 X 1 X 2 Array initialization At compile time At run time At compile time Syntax data_type array_name size variables Example int x 3 5 3 7 At Run time Array can also initialize at the run time Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main int x 2 1 printf nEnter the inputs for i 0 1 lt 2 i1 scanf d amp x 1i for i 0 1 lt 2 i1 printf nThe value in x d is d i x i getch Two Dimensional array Array Declaration Syntax data_type array_name row_size col_size Example int x 3 2 Array Initialization Syntax data_type array_name row_size col_size variables Example int x 2 2 1 50 2 75 Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main int i j int x 2 2 J 1 50 2 75 clrscr for i 0 1 lt 2 i1 forQG 0 j lt 2 j printf nThe value in x d d is d 1 j x j getch 4 Explain the standard string functions with example to support each
58. ions An expression represents a single data item such as number or a character Logical conditions that are true or false are represented by expressions Example a p q 3 r 2 1 Statements Assignment Statements Definition and examples Null Statements Definition and examples Block of statements Definition and examples Expression statements Definition and examples Declaration statements Definition and examples VVVVV Assignment statement The assignment operator used for assigning values to the variables Example basic 2977 dob 2977 Block of statement Block contains several statements that are enclosed within a pair of braces These can be any of expression assignments and keywords etc Example int a 2977 float b 29 77 printf 22 25d 25f 22 a b Expression Statement These consists of expressions and can be arithmetic relational or logical Example a 29 b a 77 fun a b 3 Discuss about the various data types in C DATATYPES Data type is the type of the data that are going to access within the program C supports different data types each data type may have predefined memory requirement and storage representation C supports the following 4 classes of data types C Data Types Primary Userdefined Derived Empty Char arrays Int typedef pointer void Float enum structures Double union The four basic data types are a Integer e These are whole numb
59. ire if else statement in another if else statement called nesting and the statement is called nested if Example include lt stdio h gt main int invalid_operator 0 char operator float numberl number2 result printf Enter two numbers and an operator in the format n printf number operator number2 n scanf f Yoc Yof amp number1 amp operator amp number2 if operator result numberl number2 else if operator result number1 number2 else if operator result number number2 else if operator result number number2 else invalid_operator 1 if invalid_operator 1 printf of c f is f n number1 operator number2 result else printf Invalid operator n 6 Write short notes on the following JAN 2012 for loop while loop dowhile loop Switch case 1 Iteration For Loops The basic format of the for statement is for start condition continue condition re evaulation program statement Example sample program using a for statement include lt stdio h gt main Program introduces the for statement counts to ten int count for count 1 count lt 10 count count 1 printf d count printf n The program declares an integer variable count The first part of the for statement for count
60. is not well suited to planning or designing manual procedures In part because pseudocode so closely resembles real code some designers tend to write rather than plan or design the code Writing the code twice once in pseudocode and once in real code is a waste of time When the designer worries about coding details crucial design considerations can easily be overlooked Also programmers resent such over specification Even if the pseudocode is well done programmers sometimes resent it Specifying algorithms in what is essentially a high level language limits the programmer s flexibility Additionally the programmer can fail to distinguish between the analyst s coding technique and the analyst s design and the result may be criticism even rejection of a perfectly good design based on inappropriate criteria Sequence Perhaps the easiest way to define sequential logic is by coding an algebra like expression for example COUNT 0 or STOCK STOCK QUANTITY Such details as the sequence of operations and the rules for using parentheses should be consistent with the language to be used for writing the actual code Data names should be taken from the data dictionary Input and output instructions are explicitly defined in pseudocode for example READ data FROM source and WRITE data TO destination where data is a list of variables a data structure or a record and source and destination refer to a file
61. isk loads it into main storage in a personal computer it is called random access memory and gives that program control of the computer allows it to execute its instructions A program that is loaded may itself contain components that are not initially loaded into main storage but can be loaded if and when their logic is needed In a multitasking operating system a program that is sometimes called a dispatcher juggles the computer processor time among different tasks and calls the loader when a program associated with a task is not already in main storage Linker Also called link editor and binder a linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable program Many programming languages allow you to write different pieces of code called modules separately This simplifies the programming task because you can break a large program into small more manageable pieces Eventually though you need to put all the modules together This is the job of the linker In addition to combining modules a linker also replaces symbolic addresses with real addresses Therefore you may need to link a program even if it contains only one module The linkage editor accepts two major types of input 1 Primary input consisting of object decks and linkage editor control statements 2 Additional user specified input which can contain both object decks and control statements or load modules This input is either specified by you as input
62. k Read Only Memory CD ROM CD ROM disks are made of reflective metals CD ROM is written during the process of manufacturing by high power laser beam Here the storage density is very high storage cost is very low and access time is relatively fast Each disk is approximately 4 1 2 inches in diameter and can hold over 600 MB of data As the CD ROM can be read only we cannot write or make changes into the data contained in it 2 Write Once Read Many WORM The inconvenience that we can not write any thing in to a CD ROM is avoided in WORM A WORM allows the user to write data permanently on to the disk Once the data is written it can never be erased without physically damaging the disk Here data can be recorded from keyboard video scanner OCR equipment and other devices The advantage of WORM is that it can store vast amount of data amounting to gigabytes 10 bytes Any document in a WORM can be accessed very fast say less than 30 seconds 3 Erasable Optical Disk These are optical disks where data can be written erased and re written This also applies a laser beam to write and re write the data These disks may be used as alternatives to traditional disks Erasable optical disks are based on a technology known as magnetic optical MO To write a data bit on to the erasable optical disk the MO drive s laser beam heats a tiny precisely defined point on the disk s surface and magnetises it 7 Explain about memory in Comp
63. lps in formation of communities or forums Here a number of people can participate in different types of debates and discussions express their views and gather valuable knowledge 6 Services A variety of services are offered via Internet for example job searching online banking buying movie tickets hotel reservations and consultation services etc When you avail these services offline they become more expensive The disadvantages of Internet Following are the disadvantages of Internet 1 Spamming Spamming denotes distribution of unsolicited e mails in large numbers They are meaningless and they unnecessarily block the whole system These activities are treated as illegal 2 Theft of personal details While using the Internet there is high probability that your personal details like name address and credit card number may be accessed by con artists and used for fraudulent purposes 3 Pornography Pornography is definitely harmful for your children There are numerous pornographic sites available over the Internet and watching any of those can have very bad influence on the mental health of your children 4 Virus threat Virus is a program that interrupts the usual operation of your personal computer system PCs linked to the Internet have high probability of virus attacks and as a result of this your hard disk can crash giving you a lot of 1 Information The biggest benefit offered by the Internet is information It functions as a valua
64. ls under specified input conditions in a specified time interval Also if the test produces the lower error rate the system is reliable The error rate depends on the frequency of inputs and on the probability that an individual input will lead to error c User Friendliness Adequacy 1 The input required for the user should be limited to only what is necessary 2 The performance offered by the software system should be adapted to extensibility 3 The results that a software system delivers should be output in a clear and wellstructured form and be easy be interpret Learnability 1 The user interface should present more information as close to reality as possible and permit efficient utilization of the failures of the software 2 The user manual should be structured clearly and simply d Robustness A software system is robust if the consequences of an error in its operation in the input or in the hardware in relation to a given application and inversely proportional to the probability of the occurrence of this error in the given application e Maintainability The maintainability of the software depends on 1 Readability 2 Extensibility 3 Testability f Readability It depends on 1 Form of representation 2 Programming style 3 Consistency 4 Structure of the program 5 Programming language used 6 Quality of documentation 7 Tools available for inspection e Extensibility It depends on 1 Structure
65. ly 4 Ensure that the algorithm will ultimately terminate 5 The algorithm should be written in sequence 6 It looks like normal English 7 The desired result should be obtained only after the algorithm terminates 6 How many types the Algorithm can be represented Normal English Program Flowchart Pseudo code Decision table 7 What is decision table A decision table is a table containing the selection of conditions to be tested and how those conditions should be nested to arrive at the proper action 8 What is Flowchart A Flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm It is often used by programmer as a program planning tool for organizing a sequence of step necessary to solve a problem by a computer 9 What is the need of Flowchart symbols Each symbol of different shapes denotes different shapes denote different types of instructions The program logic through flowcharts is made easier through the use of symbol that has standardized planning 10 What is pseudo code Pseudo means imitation of false and code refers to the instruction written in the programming language Pseudo code is programming analysis tool that is used for planning program logic 11 What is structured programming A structured programming is a more specific approach to solve a programming problem by using only the three basic logic structures They are sequence logic selection logic and Iteration logic 12 What are the rules for dr
66. m a specific data processing for the user 17 How can you obtain required software Buying Pre defined software Buying customized software Developing the software Downloading from the Internet 18 What are the categories of application software Customized Application Software General Application Software 19 Define the System System is a group of interrelated components working together towards a common goal 20 Specify the personnel s who are responsible for system design and implementation System Personnel System Analyst System Designer Programmers Users 21 What is system development cycle System development cycle is the sequence of events considered by the system developers to build the new system or to replace the old one 22 What are the phases of Software Development Cycle Requirement Analysis Feasibility study System Analysis and Design Coding Development Testing Implementation Maintenance 23 What is Software Requirement Specification SRS document The Software Required Specification SRS Document is produced at the end of Requirement Analysis stage which specifies all requirements of the customer 24 What is meant by Testing Testing is the process of executing the proposed software with sample or test data and put into regular use 25 How the system can be tested Unit Testing Integration Testing System Testing User Acceptance Test and Installation Testing 26 Differentia
67. mprised of millions of cells The job of a cell is to store a formula that performs a calculation or communicates with some other application i e program such as a database PART B 1 Explain the steps involved in developing a program with neat diagram It is the process of developing the software is called as SDLC It is a cyclic process 1 Problem definition problem must be clearly defined by the user 2 Analysis what is to be solved collecting requirements 3 Design Developing the procedure to solver the requirements 4 Coding Implementation of design procedures in programming language is called as coding 5 Testing perform checking the correctness of the program It checks the symmetric errors Classified into alpha testing amp beta testing 6 Deployment amp Maintenance Putting the software in real time use after testing is called as deployment Planning The important task in creating a software product is extracting the requirements or requirements analysis Customers typically have an abstract idea of what they want as an end result but not what software should do Incomplete ambiguous or even contradictory requirements are recognized by skilled and experienced software engineers at this point Frequently demonstrating live code may help reduce the risk that the requirements are incorrect Once the general requirements are gleaned from the client an analysis of the scope of the development should be
68. n prototypes in detail Function Prototypes Function with no arguments and no return values Function with arguments and no return values Function with arguments and return values Function with no arguments and with return values Function with no arguments and no return values e Here no data transfer take place between the calling function and the called function e These functions act independently i e they get input and display output in the same block Function with no arguments and no return values main data_type funci gare i E A e sedeienicvenssars aa ee Sciedsaiedbeuriesss Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main calling function void add void add void add called function inta b c printf nEnter two number scanf d d amp a amp b c a b printf nSum is d c Output Enter two number 3 4 Sum is 7 Function with arguments and no return values Here data transfer take place between the calling function and the called function It is a one way data communication i e the called program receives data from calling program but it does not return any value toth Function with arguments and no return values main data_type func1 x y ee funci a b gt Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main inta b void add int int printf nEnter two number scanf
69. ne operating system 8 Define Multiprocessing Multiprocessing is the process of executing a single job by using multiple CPU s 9 What are language translators The language translators are the programs which come under system software category They are Compilers Interpreters and Assembler 10 What are a Compiler Assembler and Interpreter Compiler It is a program which is used to convert the high level language program into machine language Assembler It is a program which is used to convert the assembly level language program into machine language Interpreter It is a program it takes one statement of a high level language program translates it into machine language instruction and then immediately executes the resulting machine language instruction 11 What is Device Driver In computing a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higherlevel computer programs to interact with a hardware device A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects 12 What is the purpose of a Device Driver A device driver simplifies programming by acting as a translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it Programmers can write the higher level application code independently of whatever specific hardware device it will ultimately control because code and device can interface in a standard way
70. ng principle of the Analytical Engine which is invented by Charles Babbage is similar to today s computer 13 Expand COBOL BASIC FORTRON and IBM COBOL Common Business Oriented Language BASIC Beginner s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code FORTRON FORmula TRANslation IBM International Business Machine 14 Expand IC SSI MSI LSI and VLSI IC Integrated Circuit SSI Small Scale Integration MSI Medium Scale Integration LSI Large Scale Integration VLSI Very Large Scale Integration 15 What are the components of the computer systems Basic components of the computer system are Input Unit Central Processing Unit Secondary Storage Unit and Output Unit 16 What are the functions in the input unit An input device is a device that is used to input data or information into a computer Some examples of input devices include Keyboards Computer mice Light Pen Digitizer Touchpad Trackball Image scanner Webcam Video capture tuner cards Microphones MIDI instruments 17 What are the functions in the output unit In computers a unit which delivers information from the computer to an external device or from internal storage to external storage Speakers Printer Headphone Monitor or Visual Display Unit VDU Plotter 18 What is an ALU Arithmetic logic unit the part of a computer that performs all arithmetic computations such as addition and multiplication and all logical o
71. ng the software package into the computer Assembling It is the process of mounting different computer peripherals into one to make the computer to function properly 3 Difference between web page and website Web page Web site A web page is one screen full of A website is a collection of one or more information from a web site that may web pages designed to convey contain links to other pages in the web information on a particular subject or site or links to external information theme to a web user Every webpage should contain a Page Website will have a domain name Title in the head section A web page Example A company will have a web may contain text animation or site providing structured information graphics elements about the company Web page is an single entity Web site can have more than one web page 4 What are the types of Software 1 Application software 2 System software 5 Define OS An operating system is a set of programs which are used to control and co ordinate the computer system 6 What are the basic functions of an OS Process Management Memory Management File Management Device Management Security Management User Interface 7 What are the types of Operating System JAN 2012 Single user operating system Multi user operating system Time sharing operating system Virtual storage operating system Real time operating system Multiprocessing operating system Virtual machi
72. ng up entire rooms They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity generated a lot of heat which was often the cause of malfunctions First generation computers relied on machine language the lowest level programming language understood by computers to perform operations and they could only solve one problem at a time Input was based on punched cards and paper tape and output was displayed on printouts The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first generation computing devices The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client the U S Census Bureau in 1951 Second Generation 1956 1963 Transistors Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube allowing computers to become smaller faster cheaper more energy efficient and more reliable than their first generation predecessors Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube Second generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic or assembly languages which allowed programmers to specify instructions in
73. ng users to a specific file at a specific site To type in a different URL press command and L at the same time on a Macintosh computer control and L on a PC or locate the address bar at the top of the screen type in the URL and then press return The URL for the Blaine School District Home page is http www blaine k12 wa us Web Browser To access the WWW you need a Browser A Web Browser is client software that gets information from a server It interprets the information formats it and displays it on your computer screen The most popular browser and the one we use most often in Blaine is Internet Explorer WWW World Wide Web or Web Interactive collection of hypertext pages linked to one another They may include text graphics and or links to other spots in the Web The Web is interactive because a user can click on text or graphics to navigate move to more information or other graphics sounds and video that is of interest to them Home page Generally the first page retrieved when accessing a Web site Usually a home page acts as the starting point for a user to access information on the site The home page usually has some type of table of contents for the rest of the site information or other materials When creating Web pages the home page has the filename index html which is the default name The index page automatically opens up as the home page HTML A type of text code in Hypertext Markup Language whic
74. nts of many user 7 Define various Internet Terminologies Internet Network of millions of computers used to send information back and forth to one another There is no authority agency or company that decides what can and cannot be published on the internet This means that virtually anyone can publish and means that there are large numbers of sites that contain false and misleading information It is important to check who takes credit for the site you are viewing Homepage Default setting or the page that opens up when you start your Browser A homepage can also be the entry point for people viewing information that is provided Links Hypertext which when clicked connects you to another site or another page within the same site In most cases these links are usually highlighted in blue and are always underlined Page What is on your screen at any given time The page includes all the information available to you by scrolling up or down however when you click on hypertext your computer will jump to a new page Search Engines Software that allows you to search the Web by typing in a topic of interest Examples of search engines we use are Google HotBot and Northern Light These search engines find exact matches from what has been typed in the search screen to either documents files or subjects of files on the WWW URL or Uniform Resource Locator The address for a specific file on the web as well as a method for directi
75. number2 result printf Enter two numbers and an operator in the format n printf number operator number2 n scanf f Yoc Yof amp number1 amp operator amp number2 if operator result numberl number2 else if operator result number1 number 2 else if operator result number number2 else if operator result numberl number2 else invalid_operator 1 if invalid_operator 1 printf of c f is f in number1 operator number2 result else printf Invalid operator n Switch statement The switch case statement is a better way of writing a program when a series of if elses occurs The general format is switch expression case valuel program statement program statement break case valuen program statement The keyword break must be included at the end of each case statement The default clause is optional and is executed if the cases are not met The right brace at the end signifies the end of the case selections Example include lt stdio h gt main int menu numb1 numb2 total printf enter in two numbers 0O scanf d d amp numb1 amp numb 2 printf enter in choice n printf 1 addition n printf 2 subtraction n scanf d amp menu switch menu case 1 total numb numb 2 break cas
76. o 17 What is meant by debugging Debugging is the process of locating and isolating the errors 18 Specify any five syntax error messages Missing semicolon Missing braces Missing quotes Improper comment characters and Undeclared variables 19 What are the pre processor directives Macro Inclusion Conditional Inclusion and File Inclusion 20 What is dynamic memory allocation Allocating the memory at run time is called as dynamic memory allocation 21 What are the various dynamic memory allocation functions malloc Used to allocate blocks of memory in required size of bytes free Used to release previously allocated memory space calloc Used to allocate memory space for an array of elements realloac Used to modify the size of the previously allocated memory space 22 What is the deference between declaring a variable and defining a variable Declaring a variable means describing its type to the compiler but not allocating any space for it Defining a variable means declaring it and also allocating space to hold the variable A variable Can also be initialized at the time it is defined To put it simply a declaration says to the compiler Some where in the program there will be a variable with this name and this is the kind of data Type it is On the other hand a definition says Right here is this variable with this name and This data type Note that a variable can be declared any number of times but it must
77. o define dissimilar data types The union occupies only the maximum byte of the data type If you declare integer and character then the union occupies only 2 bytes whereas structure occupies only 3 bytes 28 What is the output of the programs given below main float a int x 6 y 4 a float x y printf Value of a f a Output 1 500000 29 Declare the Structure with an example struct name c har name 10 int age float salary el e2 30 Declare the Union with an example union name char name 10 int age float salary el e2 31 What are the main features and applications of C language JAN 2011 C programming language that was capable of both high level machine independent programming and would still allow the programmer to control the behavior of individual bits of information C includes bitwise operators along with powerful pointer manipulation capabilities 32 Define with example integer and floating type of data in C language JAN 2011 The int is used to define integer numbers An integer occupies 2 bytes memory space and its value range limited to 32768 to 32767 that is 215 to 215 1 int count count 5 The float is used to define floating point numbers The float data type is used to store fractional numbers real numbers with 6 digits of precision Floating point numbers are denoted by the keyword float float miles miles 4 5 33 What are the operators exclusively used
78. o store data pointed to by variables Pointer variables that are assigned to the result of a call to the function malloc contain the address of a dynamically allocated area of memory This memory is in an area called the heap 26 What is an heap memory The heap is another area that starts out as small and grows but it grows only when the programmer explicitly calls malloc or other memory allocation functions such as calloc The heap can share a memory segment with either the data segment or the stack or it can have its own segment it all depends on the compiler options and operating system The heap like the stack has a limit on how much it can grow and the same rules apply as to how that limit is determined 27 What is the difference between an array and pointer Difference between arrays and pointers are as follows Array Array allocates space automatically It cannot be resized It cannot be reassigned Size of array name gives the number of bytes occupied by the array Pointer Pointer is explicitly assigned to point to an allocated space It can be resized using realloc Pointers can be reassigned Sezeof pointer name returns the number of bytes used to store the pointer variable 27 What is the purpose of the function main The function main invokes other functions within it It is the first function to Be called when the program starts execution Some salient points about main are as follows It is the startin
79. of the software system 2 Readability of the code 3 Availability of program documentation 4 Implementation program f Testability Allows to debugging of the program during execution It depends on Modularity well structured programs suitable for stepwise testing Structuredness Useful for systematic testing of all components g Efficiency Ability of a software system to fulfill its purpose with the best possible utilization of all necessary resources time storage transmission channels and peripherals h Portability A software system which can be adapted to run on computers other than the one which it was designed It depends on i Degree of hardware independence ii Implementation language iii Specialized system functions iv Hardware properties v System dependent elements are collected in easily interchangeable program components 10 Explain in detail about booting techniques Starting the Computer Explain that the process of starting the computer is known as booting Explain what happens when you start or restart a computer and compare cold boot to warm boot Discuss the role of the kernel or supervisor program in the booting process Address why the kernel is called a memory resident and explain what a nonresident is 1 The BIOS Screen and Setup Program Pronounce BIOS bye ose Define BIOS as built in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk Becaus
80. oking at examples Each example below demonstrates one of the control structures used in algorithms sequential operations conditional operations and iterative operations We also list all variables used at the end of the p seudo code Example 1 Computing Sales Tax Pseudo code the task of computing the final price of an item after figuring in sales tax Note the three types of instructions input get process calculate and output display get price of item get sales tax rate sales tax price of time times sales tax rate final prince price of item plus sales tax display final price halt AnNAWN gt Pseudocode Language Constructs Computation Assignment Compute var1 as the sum of x and y Assign expression to var2 Increment counterl s ut Output Input Get var1 var2 Output Display var1 var2 Selection Single Selection IF 1 IF condition THEN IF condition is true then do subordinate statement 1 etc If condition is false then skip statements 1 1 statement 1 1 2 etc Double Selection IF 2 IF condition THEN IF condition is true then do subordinate statement 1 etc If condition is false then skip statements and execute statements under ELSE 2 1 statement 1 2 2 etc 3 ELSE else if condition is not true then do subordinate statement 2 etc 3 1 statement 2 3 2 statement 3 4 SWITCH expression TO 4 1 case 1 action1 4 2 case 2 action2 43 etc 4 4 default actionx 2
81. olatile memory which does not require a maintained power supply It has been less popularly known as temporary memory Non volatile memory nonvolatile memory NVM or non volatile storage is computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not powered 27 Define 1 Nibble 2 Bit 3 Byte 1 In computers and digital technology a nibble is four binary digits or half of an eight bit byte A nibble can be conveniently represented by one hexadecimal digit 2 A bit short for binary digit is the smallest unit of data in a computer A bit has a Single binary value either 0 or 1 Although computers usually provide instructions that can test and manipulate bits they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes 3 In most computer systems a byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digits long A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter number or typographic symbol for example g 5 or A byte can also hold a string of bits that need to be used in some larger unit for application purposes 28 Write the binary and octal equivalent of hexadecimal number 7BD Binary Equivalent of 7BD 0111 1011 1101 Octal Equivalent of 7BD 011 110 111 101 3675 x 29 Find the octal equivalent of the number 10111001100 1101011 Answer 2714 654 PART B 1 Define computer Explain the characteristics briefly A computer is an elec
82. on For arithmetic relational operators lower variable type is promoted to higher variable type e Among common variable types the type order is below double highest float Int Char lowest For assignments value of right side is converted to type of left The value in code snippets like below depend on the rules double d 12 56 inti d i 34 56 Value of i is first 12 and then 34 Explicit Type conversion of variables Explicit type casting of variables can be done by double d 12 56 int i int d Value of i gets truncated to 12 Conversion from higher type to lower type may lose information Conversion from lower type to higher type should not lose information Avoid implicit type conversion as much as possible b Define delimiters List them Give an example program using various delimiters A delimiter is a sequence of one or more characters used to specify the boundary between separate independent regions in plain text or other data streams An example of a delimiter is the comma character which acts as a field delimiter in a sequence of comma separated values Delimiters Description and Parentheses The Lisp programming language syntax is cited as recognizable primarily by its use of parentheses and Curly brackets lt and gt Angle brackets and commonly used to denote string literals 7 and commonly used to denote string literals 7 lt and gt used to indica
83. on doesn t come to an end 20 What are the Escape Sequences present in C n New Line b Backspace t Form feed Single quote Backspace t Tab r Carriage return a Alert Double quotes 21 Construct an infinite loop using while while 1 0 Here 1 is a non zero value so the condition is always true So it is an infinite loop 22 What will happen when you access the array more than its dimension When you access the array more than its dimensions some garbage value is stored in the array 23 Write the limitations of getchar and sacnf functions for reading strings getchar To read a single character from stdin then getchar is the appropriate scanf scanf allows to read more than just a single character at a time 24 What is the difference between scanf and gets function In scanf when there is a blank was typed the scanf assumes that it is an end gets assumes the enter key as end That is gets gets a new line n terminated string of characters from the keyboard and replaces the n with 0 25 What is a Structure Structure is a group name in which dissimilar data s are grouped together 26 What is meant by Control String in Input Output Statements Control Statements contains the format code characters specifies the type of data that the user accessed within the Input Output statements 27 What is Union Union is a group name used t
84. onal computers for word processing accounting desktop publishing and for running spreadsheet and database management applications O At home the most popular use for personal computers is for playing games 23 Define Mainframe computer Give the name of any one mainframe computer JAN 2012 Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications typically bulk data processing such as census industry and consumer statistics enterprise resource planning and financial processing Mainframe is an industry term for a large computer And because of the sheer development costs mainframes are typically manufactured by large companies such as IBM Amdahl Hitachi Ex ENIAC UNIVAC 24 Define Mini computers A mini computer is a multi user or time sharing system It is used for medium scale data processing such as Bank account processing Payroll processing etc Mini computer process greater storage capacity and larger memories as compared to micro computer 25 Define super computer The fastest type of computer Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations For example weather forecasting requires a supercomputer 26 What is a volatile and non volatile memory Volatile memory also known as volatile storage is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information unlike non v
85. ooks Investments Book UNIT IV PART A 1 What are the different data types available in C There are four basic data types available in C 1 int 2 float 3 char 4 double 2 What are Keywords Keywords are certain reserved words that have standard and pre defined meaning in C These keywords can be used only for their intended purpose 3 What is an Operator and Operand An operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed on operands Example are called arithmetic operators The data items that operators act upon are called operands Example a b In this statement a and b are called operands 4 What is Ternary operators or Conditional operators Ternary operators is a conditional operator with symbols and Syntax variable exp exp2 exp3 If the exp is true variable takes value of exp2 If the exp2 is false variable takes the value of exp3 5 What are the Bitwise operators available in C amp Bitwise AND Bitwise OR One s Complement gt gt Right shift lt lt Left shift Bitwise XOR are called bit field operators Example k j where take one s complement of j and the result is stored in k 6 What are the logical operators available in C The logical operators available in C are amp amp Logical AND Il Logical OR Logical NOT 7 What is the difference between Logical AND and Bitwise AND Logical AND am
86. or a database Blocks of logic A block can contain any set of sequence decision selection and or repetition iteration logic Once defined the block s instructions can be referenced by coding a PERFORM instruction PERFORM block For example the instructions COUNT 0 ACCUMULATOR 0 might be assigned the block name INITIALIZE Subsequently the instruction PERFORM INITIALIZE executes all the instructions in the block To distinguish between formal subroutines and internal procedures some analysts use PERFORM block USING list for a subroutine where list designates a list of variables passed between the calling routine and the subroutine Decision or selection The general form of a decision selection block is IF condition THEN PERFORM block 1 ELSE PERFORM block 2 ENDIF For example IF HOURS gt 40 THEN PERFORM OVERTIME ELSE PERFORM REGULAR ENDIF By convention the THEN block is executed if the condition is true and the ELSE block is executed if the condition is false Note the ENDIF A feature of most pseudocodes is that each block of logic is clearly delimited A decision block always begins with IF and ends with ENDIF so there is no ambiguity Note also the use of indentation It makes the block easy to read It is possible to nest decision logic For example IF condition 1 THEN IF condition 2 THEN P
87. or is incorporated automatically by the linkage editor from a call library Output of the linkage editor is of two types 1 A load module placed in a library a partitioned data set as a named member 2 Diagnostic output produced as a sequential data set 3 The loader prepares the executable program in storage and passes control to it directly Interpreter An interpreter normally means a computer program that executes i e performs instructions written in a programming language An interpreter may be a program that either 1 executes the source code directly 2 translates source code into some efficient intermediate representation code and immediately executes this 3 explicitly executes stored precompiled code made by a compiler which is part of the interpreter system Assembler An assembler translates an assembly language source program into machine codes Though the assembly language is the symbolic representation of machine codes a computer cannot understand it After translating the assembly language program into machine codes by the assembler the program becomes ready for the execution 3 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process JAN 2012 JAN 2011 Software development life cycle model is also called as waterfall model which is followed by majority of systems This software development life cycle process has the following seven stages in it namely 1 SystemRequirements Analysi
88. ordered the steps are in a clear order Unambiguous the operations described are understood by a computing agent without further simplification Effectively computable the computing agent can actually carry out the operation Method for Developing an Algorithm 1 4 Define the problem State the problem you are trying to solve in clear and concise terms List the inputs information needed to solve the problem and the outputs what the algorithm will produce as a result Describe the steps needed to convert or manipulate the inputs to produce the outputs Start at a high level first and keep refining the steps until they are effectively computable operations Test the algorithm choose data sets and verify that your algorithm works 5 Elaborate pseudo code with example Pseudo Code is simply a numbered list of instructions to perform some task In this course we will enforce three standards for good pseudo code 1 2 3 Number each instruction This is to enforce the notion of an ordered sequence of operations Furthermore we introduce a dot notation e g 3 1 come after 3 but before 4 to number subordinate operations for conditional and iterative operations Each instruction should be unambiguous that is the computing agent in this case the reader is capable of carrying out the instruction and effectively computable do able Completeness Nothing is left out Pseudo code is best understood by lo
89. ove through a mouse 3 Scanner The keyboard can input only text through keys provided in it If we want to input a picture the keyboard cannot do that Scanner is an optical device that can input any graphical matter and display it back The common optical scanner devices are Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICR Optical Mark Reader OMR and Optical Character Reader OCR o Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICR This is widely used by banks to process large volumes of cheques and drafts Cheques are put inside the MICR As they enter the reading unit the cheques pass through the magnetic field which causes the read head to recognise the character of the cheques o Optical Mark Reader OMR This technique is used when students have appeared in objective type tests and they had to mark their answer by darkening a square or circular space by pencil These answer sheets are directly fed to a computer for grading where OMR is used o Optical Character Recognition OCR This technique unites the direct reading of any printed character Suppose you have a set of hand written characters on a piece of paper You put it inside the scanner of the computer This pattern is compared with a site of patterns stored inside the computer Whichever pattern is matched is called a character read Patterns that cannot be identified are rejected OCRs are expensive though better the MICR Output Devices 1 Visual Display Unit The most popul
90. p amp Only used in conjunction with two expressions to test more than one condition If both the conditions are true the returns 1 If false then return 0 AND amp Only used in Bitwise manipulation It is a unary operator 8 What is the difference between and operator Where is an assignment operator and is a relational operator Example while i 5 is an infinite loop because it is a non zero value and while i 5 is true only when i 5 9 What is type casting Type casting is the process of converting the value of an expression to a particular data type Example int x y c float x y where a and y are defined as integers Then the result of x y is converted into float 10 What is conversion specification The conversion specifications are used to accept or display the data using the INPUT OUTPUT statements 11 What is the difference between a and a a is a character constant and a is a string 12 What is the difference between if and while statement If while i It is a conditional statement i It is a loop control statement ii If the condition is true it executes some statements ii Executes the statements within the while block if the condition is true iii If the condition is false then it stops the execution the statements iii If the condition is false the control is transferred to the next statement of the loop 13 What is the difference between while loop and do
91. p b printf The Value is d add a b getch addition txt int add int a int b return a b Macro Substitution It is used to define and use integer string or identifier in the source program The three forms of macros are Simple Macro Argumented Macro Nested Macro Simple Macro It is used to define some constants Syntax define identifier string integer Eg define pi 3 14 define CITY chennai Example program include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt define pi 3 14 define CITY chennai void main printf The Value is f 2 pi printf nThe Value CITY is s CITY getch Output The Value is 6 280000 The Value CITY is chennai Argumented Macro It is used to define some complex forms in the source program Syntax define identifier v1 v2 string integer Eg define cube n n n n Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt define cube n n n n void main printf The Value of 3 cube is d cube 3 getch Output The Value of 3 cube is 27 Nested Macro Here one macro is used by another macro Eg define a 3 define sq a a Conditional Inclusion It is used to include some conditional statements Example include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt define a 3 ifdef a define c a 5 endif void main printf nThe value C is d c getchQ Output The value C is 8 Brie
92. perations such s comparison operations The ALU is one component of the CPU central processing unit 19 Define Clients and Servers A client is generally a single user PC or workstation that provides a highly user friendly interface to the end user It runs client processes which send service requests to the server A server is generally a relatively large computer that manages a shared resource and provides a set of shared user services to the clients It runs the server process which services client requests for use of the resource managed by the server The network may be single LAN or WAN or an internet of networks 20 What is a CPU The CPU central processing unit is the part of a computer controls the interpretation and execution of instructions Generally the CPU is a single microchip The CPU clock and main memory make up a computer A complete computer system requires the addition of control units input output and storage devices and an operating system 21 What is meant by generation in computer terminology Generation is the period of years in which the computers are enhanced as previous 22 Define personal computers A small relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user In price personal computers range anywhere from a few hundred dollars to thousands of dollars All are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip Example Businesses use pers
93. re Every member has its own memory The keyword used is struct All members occupy separate memory location hence different interpretations of the same memory location are not possible Consumes more space compared to union Union All members use the same memory The keyword used is union Different interpretations for the same memory location are possible Conservation of memory is possible 31 What is call by value JAN 2011 Passing a variable by value makes a copy of the variable before passing it onto a function This means that if you try to modify the value inside a function it will only have the modified value inside that function One the function returns the variable you passed it will have the same value it had before you passed it into the function 32 What is call by reference There are two instances where a variable is passed by reference 1 When you modify the value of the passed variable locally and also the value of the variable in the calling function as well 2 To avoid making a copy of the variable for efficiency reasons PART B 1 What are functions Explain the types of functions in detail with an example program for each type A function is a self contained block or a sub program of one or more statements that performs a special task when called Types e Pre defined functions e User Defined functions User Defined functions The functions defined by the user for their requirement are called user d
94. regardless of the software superstructure or of underlying hardware 13 What is a linker A linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable program Many programming languages allow you to write different pieces of code called modules separately This simplifies the programming task because you can break a large program into small more manageable pieces Modules has to be put together This is the job of the linker In addition to combining modules a linker also replaces symbolic addresses with real addresses 14 What is a loader In computing a loader is the part of an operating system that is responsible for one of the essential stages in the process of starting a program loading programs that is starting up programs by reading the contents of executable into memory then carrying out other required preparatory tasks after which the program code is finally allowed to run and is started when the operating system passes control to the loaded program code 15 What is Booting In computing booting also known as booting up is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system A boot sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer performs when power is switched on The boot loader typically loads the main operating system for the computer 16 What is application software An application software is a set of programs that allows the computer to perfor
95. rganized manner for processing 2 Storage The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts It is because the processing speed of Central Processing Unit CPU is so fast that the data has to be provided to CPU with the same speed Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for faster access and processing This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer system is designed to do the above functionality It provides space for storing data and instructions The storage unit performs the following major functions e All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing e Intermediate results of processing are also stored here al Mar T CAN RESULTS PROGRAM amp DATA ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT Fig Basic computer Operations 3 Processing The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called processing The Central Processing Unit CPU takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided It is then sent back to the storage unit 4 Output This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful information Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to
96. ridor has a bend in it Just place a mirror at the bend to reflect the light beam towards the other side of the corridor What if the corridor has multiple bends You might places as many mirrors as bends so that it bounces from side to side all along the corridor This is what happens in an optical fibre 4 Wireless Internet Connections Wireless broadband Wireless Internet Connections Instead of using cable networks for your Internet connection WIC uses radio frequency Wireless Internet can be accessed from anywhere as long as your WIFI adaptor is located within a network coverage area It also provides an always on connection and it is still considered to be relatively new Satellite IoS short for Internet over Satellite allows a user to access the Internet via a geostationary satellite that orbits the earth A geostationary satellite is a type of satellite placed at a fixed position above the earth s surface Because of the large distances between home and satellite signals must travel from the earth up to the satellite and back again It causes a slight delay between the request and the answer 6 Explain the functions of operating system JAN 2012 Application software Easy to use programs designed to perform specific tasks System software It is a collection of programs that controls and manage the computer Example OS Language processor etc OPERATING SYSTEM It is a collection of programs that controls and manages
97. s 2 Feasibilitystudy 3 SystemsAnalysisandDesign 4 CodeGeneration 5 Testing 6 Maintenance 7 Implementation System Requirements Analysis The first essential or vital thing required for any software development is system Also the system requirement may vary based on the software product that is going to get developed So a careful analysis has to be made about the system requirement needed for the development of the product After the analysis and design of the system requirement phase the system required for the development would be complete and the concentration can be on the software development process Feasibility study After making an analysis in the system requirement the next step is to make analysis of the software requirement In other words feasibility study is also called as software requirement analysis In this phase development team has to make communication with customers and make analysis of their requirement and analyze the system By making analysis this way it would be possible to make a report of identified area of problem By making a detailed analysis on this area a detailed document or report is prepared in this phase which has details like project plan or schedule of the project the cost estimated for developing and executing the system target dates for each phase of delivery of system developed and so on This phase is the base of software development process since further steps taken in software development life c
98. s amp 1 s only But you do not have to worry about Every number in binary system can be converted to decimal system and vice versa for example 1010 meaning decimal 10 Therefore it is the computer that takes information or data in decimal form from you convert it in to binary form process it producing output in binary form and again convert the output to decimal form The primary memory as you know in the computer is in the form of IC s Integrated Circuits These circuits are called Random Access Memory RAM Each of RAM s locations stores one byte of information One byte is equal to 8 bits A bit is an acronym for binary digit which stands for one binary piece of information This can be either 0 or 1 You will know more about RAM later The Primary or internal storage section is made up of several small storage locations ICs called cells Each of these cells can store a fixed number of bits called word length Each cell has a unique number assigned to it called the address of the cell and it is used to identify the cells The address starts at 0 and goes up to N 1 You should know that the memory is like a large cabinet containing as many drawers as there are addresses on memory Each drawer contains a word and the address is written on outside of the drawer 5 Explain the classification of computers Computer Microcomputer Mini Computer Supercomputer Desktop Compu
99. s and Ink jet printers are of this type This type of printers can produce color printing and elaborate graphics 9 Illustrate the process of addition and subtraction in 1s and 2s complement system with suitable examples JAN 2012 1 s Complement Arithmetic The Formula N 2e 1 N where n is the number of bits per word N is a positive integer Nis N in 1 s complement notation For example with an 8 bit word and N 6 we have N 28 1 6 255 6 249 11111001 2 In Binary An alternate way to find the 1 s complement is to simply take the bit by bit complement of the binary number For example N 6 000001102 N 6 111110012 given the 1 s complement we can find the magnitude of the number by taking it s 1 s complement The largest number that can be represented in 8 bit 1 s complement is 011111112 127 7F The smallest is 100000002 127 Note that the values 000000002 and 111111112both represent zero Addition End around Carry When the addition of two values results in a carry the carry bit is added to the sum in the rightmost position There is no overflow as long as the magnitude of the result is not greater than 2n 1 2 s Complement Arithmetic The Formula NN 2n where n is the number of bits per word N is a positive integer N is N in 2 s complement notation For example with an 8 bit word and N 6 we have N 2s 6 256 6 250 11111010 2 In Binary An alternate way to
100. s and transferred to the primary storage as and when required Most widely used secondary storage devices are magnetic tapes and magnetic disk 1 Magnetic Tape Magnetic tapes are used for large computers like mainframe computers where large volume of data is stored for a longer time In PC also you can use tapes in the form of cassettes The cost of storing data in tapes is inexpensive Tapes consist of magnetic materials that store data permanently It can be 12 5 mm to 25 mm wide plastic film type and 500 meter to 1200 meter long which is coated with magnetic material The deck is connected to the central processor and information is fed into or read from the tape through the processor It similar to cassette tape recorder 10 1 2 inches Fig Magnetic Tape Advantages of Magnetic Tape Compact A 10 inch diameter reel of tape is 2400 feet long and is able to hold 800 1600 or 6250 characters in each inch of its length The maximum capacity of such tape is 180 million characters Thus data are stored much more compactly on tape Economical The cost of storing characters is very less as compared to other storage devices Fast Copying of data is easier and fast Long term Storage and Re usability Magnetic tapes can be used for long term storage and a tape can be used repeatedly with out loss of data Magnetic Disk You might have seen the gramophone record which is circular like a disk and coated with magnetic mat
101. ses a while loop to repeat the statements printf od n loop loop the value of the variable loop is less than or equal to 10 3 The Do While Statement The do while statement allows a loop to continue whilst a condition evaluates as TRUE non zero The loop is executed as least once Example Demonstration of DO WHILE include lt stdio h gt main int value r_digit printf Enter the number to be reversed n scanf d amp value do r_digit value 10 printf d r_digit value value 10 while value 0 printf n The above program reverses a number that is entered by the user It does this by using the modulus operator to extract the right most digit into the variable r_digit The original number is then divided by 10 and the operation repeated whilst the number is not equal to 0 4 Switch Case The switch case statement is a better way of writing a program when a series of if elses occurs The general format is switch expression case value program statement program statement break case valuen program statement break default The keyword break must be included at the end of each case statement The default clause is optional and is executed if the cases are not met The right brace at the end signifies the end of the case selections Example include lt stdio h gt main int menu numb1 numb2 total
102. ses the analogue telephone line if you surf on the internet nobody can call you because the line is busy Using a modem connected to your PC which is very cheap about 10 users connect to the Internet only if you click on the telephone Access Icon and the computer dials the phone number provided by your ISP Internet Service Provider and connects to the network The signal is analogue because data is sent over an analogue telephone network This modem converts received analogue data to digital always analogue on the telephone site and digital on the computer side As dial up access uses ordinary telephone lines the data rates are limited and the quality of the connection is not always good Nowadays very few people use this type of connection 2 DSL DSL or an always on connection uses the existing 2 wire copper telephone line connected to the internet and won t tie up_ your phone like the old modem does There is no need to dial in to your ISP as DSL is always on DSL is called ADSL Short for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line for home subscribers As we said before ADSL is short for asymmetric digital subscriber line and supports data rates up to 10Mbits May 2009 when receiving data download and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data upload ADSL is called asymmetric because it supports different data rates for upload than for download traffic COPPER WIRE INSULATION COPPER MESH OUTSIDE INSULATION
103. some condition It uses two control structures called do while and repeat until 17 What are the rules for writing pseudo code Write on statement per line Capitalize initial keywords Indent to show hierarchy End multi line structure Keep statements language independent 18 What are the features of word processors JAN 2011 Fast Permanent storage Formatting Editing Graphics OLE Spell Check Mail merge 19 How many types a documented can be viewed Normal view Online layout Outline view Page layout view 20 What are the menus available in Ms Word File Edit View Insert Format Tools Table Window Help 21 What is meant by Formatting Formatting is the process of changing the appearance of the text in the document 22 Specify any five toolbars available in Ms Word Standard Formatting Drawing Tables amp Boarders WordArt etc 23 How many Line Spacing options available in Ms Word Single 1 5 Lines Double At least Exactly Multiple 24 What are the Text cases available in Ms Word Sentence case lower case UPPER CASE Title Case tOGGLE CASE 25 What is Subscript and Superscript The Subscript format places the text slightly below a line of normal printed text Eg H20 The Superscript format places the text slightly above a line of normal printed text Kg A2 B2 26 What is Tab and what are the Tab settings available in word Tab is used to control the alignment of text with in the document Word provi
104. ssify computer systems JAN 2011 Based on physical size performance and application areas we can generally divide computers into four major categories Micro computer Mini Computer Mainframe computer and Super Computer 8 Specify the Electronic components used for different computer generations Generations Electronic Components I Generation Vacuum tubes II Generation Transistors II Generation Integrated Circuits IV Generation Microprocessors V Generation Artificial Intelligence 9 Define Software and Hardware JAN 2011 Computer instructions or data anything that can be stored electronically is software Computer hardware computer science the mechanical magnetic electronic and electrical components making up a computer system hardware 10 What are the languages used in computer generations Generations Languages used I Generation Machine Language II Generation Assemble Language Mnemonics III Generation High Level Language BASIC PASCAL COBOL FORTRON IV generation 4GL V Generation Artificial Intelligence 11 Expand ENIVAC ABC EDVAC EDSAC and UNIVAC ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ABC Atanasoff and Berry Computer EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator UNIVAC UNIversal Automatic Computer 12 Who is the father of computer Why Charles Babbage is the father of computer because the parts and worki
105. t Unlike break which breaks the loop continue stament forces the next execution of loop bypassing any code in between For for staments it causes the conditional check and increment of loop variable for while and do while it passes the control to the conditon check jumping all the statements in between Continue plays an important role in efficiently applying certain algorithms Below is a C source code showing the application of continue statement include lt stdio h gt int main for int i 0 1 lt 100 i if G 10 This code prints value only upto 9 even though loop executes 100 times continue printf n d i return 0 goto Statement goto statement is a jump staments and is perhaps the most controversial feature in C Goto in unstructured language such as basic was indispensable and the soul of the programming lanugage but in a structured language they are critcized beyond limit The critics say that due to other jump statements in c goto is not all required and more over it destoys the structure of your program and make it unreadable But on other hand goto statement of C provides some very powerfull programming options in very compicated situation This tutorial will take an neutral stand in such an argument and neither recommend nor discourage use of goto Goto is used for jumping from one point to another point in your function You can not jump from one function to another Jump points or wa
106. t and memory to input output controls on a single chip In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors As these small computers became more powerful they could be linked together to form networks which eventually led to the development of the Internet Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs the mouse and handheld devices Fifth Generation Present and Beyond Artificial Intelligence Fifth generation computing devices based on artificial intelligence are still in development though there are some applications such as voice recognition that are being used today The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self organization UNIT II 1 Define Computer Software Software is a set of programs or collection of programs that is executed by the Computer s CPU to function it in a desired way 2 What is meant by Installation and Assembling Installation It is the process of loadi
107. te XML processing instructions H and used to denote comments in some programming languages lt and gt used in some web templates to specify language boundaries These are also called template delimiters H 012 9 Explain the following JAN 2011 1 if else statement 2 nested if else 3 switch statement If else statement It is basically two way decision making statement and always used in conjunction with condition It is used to control the flow of execution and also used to carry out the logical test and then pickup one of the two possible actions depending on the logical test Program to display the types of character using if else satement include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main char chr clrscr printf Enter a single character scanf amp chr if chr gt a amp amp chr lt z I chr gt A amp amp chr lt Z printf Entered character is an alphabetic n else if chr gt 0 amp amp chr lt 9 printf Entered character is an digit n else printf Entered character is an special character n getch Nested if When a series of if else statements are occurred in a program we can write an entire if else statement in another if else statement called nesting and the statement is called nested if Example include lt stdio h gt main int invalid_operator 0 char operator float numberl
108. te machine language and high level language Machine language High level Language Represented in numbers Human readable form Directly executed by the Central Should be translated into machine code Processing Unit by compiler interpreter Example ADD A B where A and B Example C C are operands and ADD is an opcode 27 Difference between Compiler and Interpreter Compiler Interpreter Executes source code into target or Executes source code directly or to an assembly code intermediate form Compilers convert once the source Interpreter converts every time the program program runs Languages for compiler conversion C Languages for interpreter conversion C MATLAB Python 28 What is IP Address Internet protocol address is the address of a device attached to an IP network TCP IP network Every client server and network device is assigned an IP address and every IP packet traversing an IP network contains a source IP address and a destination IP address 29 Name any four application software packages Word Processors Spreadsheets Data bases Graphics Presentations Web browsers 30 What is soft loading A soft reboot also known as a warm reboot is restarting a computer under software control without removing power or directly triggering a reset line It usually though not always refers to an orderly shutdown and restarting of the machine The Control Alt Delete key combination is
109. tem test and so on Based on the need the testing methods are chosen and reports are prepared about bugs After this process the system again goes to development phase for correction of errors and again tested This process continues until the system is found to be error free To ease the testing process debuggers or testing tools are also available 4 Write a short note on evolution of Internet 100 000 000 Liniv ers ality DARPA Enterprise 10 000 000 Esp erie ext Internets 1 000 000 Kain poe mdane challenge 1972 Cert sketches TC EAP concept March 1973 100 000 Caf Kam pape pubhke hiay 1974 Cerf teamtub qe Da 1974 10 000 First experiments in 1966 ARPA requested quotations in 1968 Packet switching was widely doubted but was desired for its fault tolerance One objective was to build a system that could withstand any systematic attack on central nodes such as from a nuclear strike The van Johnson story AT amp T was particularly pessimistic 4 computers on ARPANET in 1969 in 1973 an effort began to connect ARPANET with mobile networks using synchronous satellites SATNET and mobile packet radio PRNET this effort became known as internetting Part of this research effort resulted in Ethernet in Hawaii July 1977 a four network demonstration linked ARPANET SATNET and the PRNET TCP IP version 4 came in 1978 the new internet protocols generally called TCP IP began to be
110. ternal environment When you work with the computer you feed your data and instructions through some devices to the computer These devices are called Input devices Similarly computer after processing gives output through other devices called output devices Input Devices Input devices are necessary to convert our information or data in to a form which can be understood by the omputer A good input device should provide timely accurate and useful data to the main memory of the computer for processing followings are the most useful input devices 1 Keyboard This is the standard input device attached to all computers The layout of keyboard is just like the traditional typewriter of the type QWERTY It also contains some extra command keys and function keys It contains a total of 101 to 104 keys A typical keyboard used in a computer is shown in Fig 2 6 You have to press correct combination of keys to input data The computer can recognise the electrical signals corresponding to the correct key combination and processing is done accordingly 2 Mouse Mouse is an input device shown in Fig 2 7 that is used with your personal computer It rolls on a small ball and has two or three buttons on the top When you roll the mouse across a flat surface the screen censors the mouse in the direction of mouse movement The cursor moves very fast with mouse giving you more freedom to work in any direction It is easier and faster to m
111. ters can be classified many different ways by size by function and or Smart phones by processing capacity We will study the classification of computers by size The size of a computer often determines its function and processing capacity The size of computers varies widely from tiny to huge and is usually dictated by computing requirements For example it is clear that the IRS will have different requirements than those of a college student The largest computers are supercomputers They are the most powerful the most expensive and the fastest They are capable of processing trillions of instructions per second Examples of users of these computers are governmental agencies such as the IRS the National Weather Service and the National Defense Agency Also they are used in the making of movies space exploration and the design of many other machines The Cray supercomputer is nicknamed Bubbles because of its bubbling coolant liquids Cray supercomputers the first of which was invented by Seymour Cray now maintain 75 percent of the supercomputer market Supercomputers are used for tasks that require mammoth data manipulation Large computers are called mainframes Mainframe computers process data at very high rates of speed measured in the millions of instructions per second They are very expensive costing millions of dollars in some cases Mainframes are designed for multiple users and process vast amounts of data q
112. the client can send a list of the representations it understands and the server reply appropriately NCSA Mosaic came in 1992 and was instantly popular Netscape Communications was formed in 1994 There is not really any new technology in the Web concept just a good combination of ideas Matthew Gray used the first web Ospider6 that he wrote in the spring of 1993 to locate as many web servers as possible Today there are over internetwork 600000 web servers january 1997 according to Netcraft The dotted Lines are my own estimates based on Netcraft and Internet society data 5 Explain various types of Internet Connections Types of Internet Connections As technology grows so does our need for things to go faster Ten years ago websites just included images coloured text and some repetitive melodies Now Flash websites animations high resolution photos online gaming videos or streaming radio on the internet are getting more popular for people who demand faster and faster internet connections The connection speeds listed below represent an average speed at the time of publication May 2009 This will no doubt change over time t 1 PCI modem see image above Analogue up to 56000 bits per second It means that in a second 56000 bits 0 or 1 travel through the copper wire It is both economical and slow and it is also called dial up access If you connect the modem you get internet but as it u
113. tion of rebuilding the system or portions before maintenance cost is out of control Bug Tracking System tools are often deployed at this stage of the process to allow development teams to interface with customer field teams testing the software to identify any real or perceived issues These software tools both open source and commercially licensed provide a customizable process to acquire review acknowledge and respond to reported issues 2 Explain flowchart in detail JAN 2011 Flowcharts A graphical tool that diagrammatically depicts the steps and structure of an algorithm or program Symbols the most commonly used ones Symbol Name Meaning Symbol Meaning Process Any type of internal Connector connects sections of operation data transformation data the flowchart so that the diagram movement logic operation etc can maintain a smooth linear flow LT Input Output input or output of om Terminal indicates start or end of data the program or algorithm Decision evaluates a condition or 4 WW Flow lines arrows that indicate statement and branches depending the direction of the progression of on whether the evaluation is true or the program false General rules for flowcharts All symbols of the flowchart are connected by flow lines note arrows not lines Flowlines enter the top of the symbol and exit out the bottom except for the Decision symbol which c
114. tring2 d i else printf nstring1 is greater than string2 d i getch Output string is greater than string2 100 strlwr strupr It used to change the case of a string syntax strlwr string strupr string Output include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt include lt string h gt void main char a itdept clrscr printf nThe string is s a strupr a printf nThe string after conversion to uppercase s a strlwr a printf nThe string after conversion to lowercase s a getch Output The string is itdept The string after conversion to uppercase TDEPT The string after conversion to lowercase itdept strrev It used to reverse a string syntax strrev string include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt include lt string h gt void main char a Dept clrscr printf nThe string is s strrev a getch Output The string is tpeD What are pointers When and why they are used Explain in detail with sample programs JAN 2011 Pointer is a variable that contains the memory address of another variable Eg int a Uses 1 Dynamic memory allocation is possible with pointers 2 passing arrays and structures to functions 3 passing addresses to functions Accessing Variable through Pointer Example int a x 5 a amp x Exmple program include lt stdio h gt include lt conio h gt void main int x 5 int a a amp X
115. tronic device that operates under the control of a set of instructions that is stored in its memory unit A computer accepts data from an input device and processes it into useful information which it displays on its output device Actually a computer is a collection of hardware and software components that help you accomplish many different tasks Hardware consists of the computer itself and any equipment connected to it Software is the set of instructions that the computer follows in performing a task We will explore hardware and software more in depth in the next module A typical computer system is shown in the figure below 1 Speed 2 Storage capacity 3 Accuracy 4 Reliability 5 Versatility 6 Diligence endurance 2 With suitable examples explain about Number systems JAN 2012 DECIMAL TO BINARY OCTAL HEXADECIMAL 2141 0 6875 SLO e 0 6875 16 41 0 6875 2120 x 2 X 8 x 16 2110 0 3750 65000 4125 215 1 OoOO x8 6875 212 750 o 3 0 ceo 50 x2 41 6875 101001 1011 41 687519 51 54g 5x 8 1x 845x81 44x 877 41 6875 41 68750 29 Ais 2 x 16 9 x 16 Li x 1671 41 687510 BINARY TO DECIMAL OCTAL HEXADECIMAL 1100115 1x25 1x24 0x2 0x2 1x2 1x2 5119 1001011 1101 0100 1011 1101 4B D OCTAL TO DECIMAL BINARY HEXADECIMAL 51 543 5x8 1x8 5x8 4x8 41 687510 27 35 010 111 011 101 10111 011101 27 35 0001 0111 0111 0100 17 7446 HE
116. ude the authoring of an API be it external or internal Deployment and maintenance Deployment starts after the code is appropriately tested is approved for release and sold or otherwise distributed into a production environment Software Training and Support is important because a large percentage of software projects fail because the developers fail to realize that it doesn t matter how much time and planning a development team puts into creating software if nobody in an organization ends up using it People are often resistant to change and avoid venturing into an unfamiliar area so as a part of the deployment phase it is very important to have training classes for new clients of your software Maintenance and enhancing software to cope with newly discovered problems or new requirements can take far more time than the initial development of the software It may be necessary to add code that does not fit the original design to correct an unforeseen problem or it may be that a customer is requesting more functionality and code can be added to accommodate their requests It is during this phase that customer calls come in and you see whether your testing was extensive enough to uncover the problems before customers do If the labor cost of the maintenance phase exceeds 25 of the prior phases labor cost then it is likely that the overall quality of at least one prior phase is poor In that case management should consider the op
117. uickly Banks insurance companies manufacturers mail order companies and airlines are typical users Mainframes are often servers computers that control the networks of computers for large companies like catalog merchandiser L L Bean Microcomputers can be divided into two groups personal computers and workstations Workstations are specialized computers that approach the speed of mainframes Often microcomputers are connected to networks of other computers The price of a microcomputer varies greatly from less than 1000 to several thousand dollars depending on the capacity and features of the computer Microcomputers make up the vast majority of computers Another classification of computer is the notebook computer A notebook computer can fit into a briefcase and weigh fewer than two pounds yet it can compete with the microcomputer A larger heavier version is called a laptop computer Notebooks generally cost more than microcomputers but can run most of the microcomputer software and are more versatile Like other computers notebook computers are getting faster lighter and more functional The smallest computer is the handheld computer called a personal digital assistant or a PDA PDAs are used to track appointments and shipments as well as names and addresses PDAs are called pen based computers because they utilize a pen like stylus that accepts hand written input directly on a touch sensitive screen
118. used to allow the soft rebooting the system 31 What are the steps involved in booting First the Power On Self Tests POST is conducted These tests verify that the system is operating correctly and will display an error message and or output a series of beeps known as beep codes depending on the BIOS manufacturer Second is initialization in which the BIOS look for the video card built in BIOS program and runs it The BIOS then looks for other devices ROMs to see if any of them have BIOSes and they are executed as well Third is to initiate the boot process The BIOS looks for boot information that is contained in file called the master boot record MBR at the first sector on the disk If it is searching a floppy disk it looks at the same address on the floppy disk for a volume boot sector Once an acceptable boot record is found the operating system is loaded which takes over control of the computer 32 What is the difference between text and graphical browsers Text browser Graphical browser No GUI Based on GUI Links are based on text entry Links are present as icons or images Allow users to display and interact Allow users to display and interact with only with text on the web pages various images present on the web Example Lynx web browser Example Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator 33 What are the applications of software JAN 2011 1 Operating system 2 Banking 3 Education 4 Entertainment 3
119. uter System JAN 2011 The Role of Memory The term applies to any electronic component capable of temporarily storing data There are two main categories of memories Internal memory that temporarily memorizes data while programs are running Internal memory uses micro conductors i e fast specialized electronic circuits Internal memory corresponds to what we call random access memory RAM Auxiliary memory also called physical memory or external memory that stores information over the long term including after the computer is turned off Auxiliary memory corresponds to magnetic storage devices such as the hard drive optical storage devices such as CD ROMs and DVD ROMs as well as read only memories Technical Characteristics a Capacity representing the global volume of information in bits that the memory can store b Access time corresponding to the time interval between the read write request and the availability of the data c Cycle time representing the minimum time interval between two successive accesses d Throughput which defines the volume of information exchanged per unit of time expressed in bits per second e Non volatility which characterizes the ability of a memory to store data when it is not being supplied with electricity The fastest memories are located in small numbers close to the processor Auxiliary memories which are not as fast are used to store information permanently
120. vices IBM announced the IBM 702 Electronic Data Processing Machine in 1953 It was developed for business use and could address scientific and engineering applications Till the 1950s all computers that were used were vacuum tube based In the 1960s transistor based computers replaced vacuum tubes Transistors made computers smaller and cheaper They made computers energy efficient But transistors were responsible for the emission of large amounts of heat from the computer Due to this computers were subject to damage The use of transistors marked the second generation of computers Computers belonging to this generation used punched cards for input They used assembly language e Stanford Research Institute brought about ERMA Electronic Recording Machine Accounting Project which dealt with automation of the process of bookkeeping in banking e In 1959 General Electric Corporation delivered its ERMA computing system to the Bank of America in California The use of Integrated circuits ushered in the third generation of computers Small transistors placed on silicon chips called semi conductors This increased the speed and efficiency of computers Operating systems were the human interface to computing operations and keyboards and monitors became the input output devices e In 1968 DEC launched the first mini computer called the PDP 8 e In 1969 the development of ARPANET began with the financial backing of the
121. xecuted if it contains value 2 then block 2 is executed and so on The DEFAULT CASE is coded to define the logic to be executed if the control variable contains none of the listed values A case structure is delimited by ENDSELECT Once again indentation makes the structure easy to read For example the following pseudocode routine accepts a code the TRANSACTION TYPE and based on the value of the code passes control to one of three lower level routines n H ELECT TRANSACTION TYPE CASE modify PERFORM MODIFY STOCK CASE add PERFORM ADD RECORD E PI PI CASE delete ERFORM DELETE RECORD DEFAULT CASE ERFORM TRANSACTION ERROR ENDSELECT 7 Explain in detail about the word processing package JAN 2012 Features of MS Word e Adjustment of Font size type colour Subscript Superscript Spacing Text Effects etc e Bullets and Numberings e Changing case e Borders and Shadings etc e Find and Replace e Alignment left right centre e Spell check e Insertion of tables charts pictures objects clipart shapes e Mail merge 7 Describe about spreadsheet packages JAN 2012 Features of Spread sheets Functions and Arithmetic Formulas Auto calculation Charts Database Import and Export objects files Filters Conversion formulas Alignment of text inside a cell 8 Write the pseudocode to add two matrices JAN 2012 Matrix Ad
122. y points for goto are marked by label statements Label statement can be anywhere in the function above or below the goto statement Special situation in which goto find use is deeply nested loops or if else ladders General form of goto statement is goto labell labell label2 goto label2 Examples goto skip_point printf This part was skipped n skip_point printf Hi there n UNIT V PART A 1 What is meant by Recursive function If a function calls itself again and again then that function is called Recursive function 2 What is an array An array is a group of similar data types stored under a common name int a 10 Here a 10 is an array with 10 values 3 What is a Pointer How a variable is declared to the pointer Pointer is a variable which holds the address of another variable Pointer Declaration datatype variable name Example int x c 5 x amp a 4 What are the uses of Pointers Pointers are used to return more than one value to the function Pointers are more efficient in handling the data in arrays Pointers reduce the length and complexity of the program They increase the execution speed The pointers saves data storage space in memory 5 What is the output of the program main junk int 1 int j ra int i 5 j 2 i i j junk i j j i j printf n d d i j Output 1 2 2 6 What are and amp operators means Operator means value at the address
123. ycle would be based on the analysis made on this phase and so careful analysis has to be made in this phase Systems Analysis and Design This is an important phase in system development Here analysis is made on the design of the system that is going to be developed In other words database design the design of the architecture chosen functional specification design low level design documents high level design documents and so on takes place Care must be taken to prepare these design documents because the next phases namely the development phase is based on these design documents If a well structured and analyzed design document is prepared it would reduce the time taken in the coming steps namely development and testing phases of the software development life cycle Code Generation This is the phase where actual development of the system takes place That is based on the design documents prepared in the earlier phase code is written in the programming technology chosen After the code is developed generation of code also takes place in this phase In other words the code is converted into executables in this phase after code generation Testing A software or system which is not tested would be of poor quality This is because this is the phase where system developed would be tested and reports are prepared about bugs or errors in system To do this testing phase there are different levels and methods of testing like unit testing sys

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