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Science Skill Handbook.

1. Student Resources CONTENTS ane 3 MENU 154 Scientific Methods 136 Math Review siec oe aun arepa aaa 154 Identity J Ouen a 136 Ussiracuon Saoire a 154 Gather and Organize Use Rato ie pci 57 Mon A 136 Wiese cin al Sete a N 157 Formia Hypothesis eo een 139 Use Broportionset si 158 Test the HypoNesis an eat ay ae 140 Use Percentaces tirn a ae ee ae 159 C et D e e a a 140 Solve One Step Equations 159 Anayzethe Ditra a a E 143 Use Staris tics anann e a eat 160 Draw Con sions al 144 EEE T A as se 161 a a ea a 144 Science Applications 164 Sale Symbols see E ee 145 Medstre ino tek 164 Safety in the Science Laboratory 146 Dimensional Analysis eanta ee 164 General Safety Rules e 146 Precision and Significant Digits 166 Prevent Accident iS 146 Scientic NOtANOMean A 166 Laboratory Worst care 146 Make and Use Graphs 167 Laboratory Olano 147 in e ionn ee aaah GB Reference Handbooks AS ve _A ____ BB Weather Map Symbols 169 Extra Try at Home Labs Topographic Map Symbols 170 Space Probe Plights arero Hor SURO CRS Titan rre Ne EE e Er a taken se 171 Creatine Crater A eae 148 Many Moons eRe ieee Rie es 149 Bie US A tee arte NN 149 Computer Skills 150 Use a Word Processing Program 150 Usea Data Dase aar it pet 151 Use the Intermnet oerion TE yeenn ne 151 WSe a Spreddshieet a ioa a Ley Use Graplii
2. Cover tl NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers tr Billy amp Sally Fletcher Tom Stack amp Assoc b Photodisc i ii tl NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers tr Billy amp Sally Fletcher Tom Stack amp Assoc b Photodisc iv bkgd John Evans cover tl NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers tr Billy amp Sally Fletcher Tom Stack amp Assoc b Photodisc v t PhotoDisc b John Evans vi 1 John Evans r Geoff Butler vii 1 John Evans r PhotoDisc viii PhotoDisc ix Aaron Haupt Photography x t Julian Baum Science Photo Library Photo Researchers b NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers xi AFP CORBIS xii NASA 1 Pekka Parviainen Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 2 t David J Phillip AP Wide World Photos 2 3 Malin Space Science Systems NASA 3 t Malin Space Science Systems NASA JPL br courtesy DC Golden 5 Geco UK Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 6 7 TSADO NASA Tom Stack amp Assoc 8 1 Weinberg Clark The Image Bank Getty Images r Stephen Marks The Image Bank Getty Images 9 1 PhotoEdit Inc r Wernher Krutein Liaison Agency Getty Images 10 Chuck Place Stock Boston 11 NASA 12 t Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS b Simon Fraser Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 13 Raphael Gaillarde Liaison Agency Getty Images 14 t Icon Images b Diane Graham Henry amp Kathleen Culbert Aguilar 15 NASA 16 NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 17 N
3. E E Glossary Glosario impact basin nebula cr ter de impacto nebulosa rT impact basin a hollow left on the surface of the Moon caused by an object striking its surface p 57 crater de impacto un hueco dejado en la superficie de la luna causada por un objeto que choc contra su superficie p 57 lt _ 0 mcm Jupiter largest and fifth planet from the Sun contains more mass than all the other planets combined has continuous storms of high pressure gas and an atmosphere mostly of hydrogen and helium p 82 light year unit representing the distance light travels in one year about 9 5 trillion km used to record distances between stars and galaxies p 107 lunar eclipse occurs when Earth s shadow falls on the Moon p 50 J piter el quinto planeta m s cercano al sol y tambi n el m s grande contiene m s masa que todos los otros planetas en conjunto tiene tormentas contin uas de gas a alta presi n y una atm sfera compuesta principalmente por hidr geno y helio p 82 a o luz unidad que representa la distancia que la luz viaja en un a o cerca de 9 5 trillones de kil met ros usada para registrar las distancias entre las estrellas y las galaxias p 107 eclipse lunar ocurre cuando la sombra de la Tierra cubre la luna p 50 N maria MAHR ee uh dark colored relatively flat regions of mares regiones de la Luna relativamente planas y de the Moo
4. The sum is 10 5 m Practice Problem How many significant digits are in the measurement 7 071 301 m How many signifi cant digits are in the measurement 0 003010 g Practice Problem Multiply 5 28 and 5 2 using the rule for multiplying and dividing Record the answer using the correct number of significant digits 166 J STUDENT RESOURCES Scientific Notation Many times numbers used in science are very small or very large Because these num bers are difficult to work with scientists use scientific notation To write numbers in sci entific notation move the decimal point until only one non zero digit remains on the left Then count the number of places you moved the decimal point and use that number as a power of ten For example the average distance from the Sun to Mars is 227 800 000 000 m In scientific notation this distance is 2 278 x 10 m Because you moved the decimal point to the left the number is a positive power of ten The mass of an electron is about 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg Expressed in scientific notation this mass is 9 11 x 107 kg Because the decimal point was moved to the right the number is a negative power of ten Example Earth is 149 600 000 km from the Sun Express this in scientific notation Step 1 Move the decimal point until one non zero digit remains on the left 1 496 000 00 Step 2 Count the number of decimal places you have moved In this case e
5. 10 LCD 30 Step 2 Rename each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 7X3 21 10 X3 30 3xX2 6 15X2 30 Step 3 Subtract the numerators AREA AAA 30 30 30 30 Step 4 Find the GCF 15 30 GCF 15 1 2 1 y 5 of all muscle contractions are cardiac muscle Example 4 Tony wants to make cookies that call for A of a cup of flour but he only has gt of a cup How much more flour does he need Step 1 Find the LCD of the fractions 3_1 ide LCD 12 Step 2 Rename each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 3xXx3 9 4X3 12 1x4 4 3x4 12 Step 3 ange the numerators 9 E eee es 12 27 12 12 5 12 of a cup of flour Practice Problem Using the information provided to you in Example 3 above determine how many muscle contractions are voluntary skeletal muscle yooqpuey IIS Yew MATH SKILL HANDBOOK J 155 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Multiply Fractions To multiply with frac tions multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators Find the simplest form if necessary Example Multiply by Step 1 Multiply the numerators and denominators e BA A OS Oe a Step 2 Find the GCF san 15 GCF 3 Step 3 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF a ae Fuel 3 5 als 5 1 3 ANE ilies 5 multiplied by 3 IST Practice Problem Multiply by a Find a Reciprocal Two numbers whose product is 1 are called multiplicative inve
6. 184 J STUDENT RESOURCES Neptune 74 76 76 89 89 94 95 lab exploration of 19 Neutron star 118 New Millennium Program NMP 27 27 act New moon 47 48 Next Generation James Webb Space Telescope 28 28 Northern lights 111 111 North Star 30 30 lab North Star Polaris 105 105 Nuclear fusion 72 73 115 116 116 0G Observatories 10 Oops Accidents in Science It Came from Outer Space 96 Oort Cloud 90 Oort Jan 90 Optical telescopes 10 10 12 11 12 14 lab Orbit 17 17 of Earth 43 of planets 74 75 lab Orion 104 104 105 Oscillating model of universe 122 Outer planets 72 82 87 89 Jupiter 74 82 82 83 89 89 94 95 lab Neptune 74 86 86 89 89 94 95 lab Pluto 74 86 87 87 89 89 94 95 lab Saturn 74 84 84 89 89 94 95 lab Uranus 74 85 85 89 89 94 95 lab Q Parallax 107 107 126 127 lab Penumbra 49 50 Percentages 80 act Phases of Moon 47 48 55 lab Phobos moon of Mars 81 81 Photosphere 109 109 Pioneer 10 mission 18 18 20 Planet s See also individual planets distances between 70 71 78 94 95 lab formation of 72 inner 72 76 81 88 88 modeling 84 lab moons of See Moon s gt CONTENTS p Russell Henry motions of 74 75 lab 85 85 orbital speed of 74 orbits of 74 75 lab outer 72 82 87 89 94 95 lab ring systems of 82 82 84 84 85 Planetariums 69 lab Pluto 74 8
7. 36 37 39 44 44 Step 2 Determine the middle measure 36 37 39 44 44 The median is 39 m s To find the mode Step 1 Group the numbers that are the same together 44 44 36 37 39 Step 2 Determine the number that occurs most in the set 44 44 36 37 39 The mode is 44 m s To find the range Step 1 Arrange the measures from largest to smallest 44 44 39 37 36 Step 2 Determine the largest and smallest measures in the set 44 44 39 37 36 Step 3 Find the difference between the largest and smallest measures 44 36 8 The range is 8 m s Practice Problem Find the mean median mode and range for the data set 8 4 12 8 11 14 16 gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Use Geometry The branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement properties and rela tionships of points lines angles surfaces and solids is called geometry Perimeter The perimeter P is the distance around a geometric figure To find the peri meter of a rectangle add the length and width and multiply that sum by two or 2 1 w To find perimeters of irregular figures add the length of the sides Example 1 Find the perimeter of a rectangle that is 3 m long and 5 m wide Step 1 You know that the perimeter is 2 times the sum of the width and length P 2 3m 5m Step 2 Find the sum of the width and length P 2 8m Step 3 Multiply by 2 P 16m The perimeter is 16 m Example 2 Find the per
8. Add or Subtract Decimals When adding and subtracting decimals line up the decimal points before carrying out the operation Example 1 Find the sum of 47 68 and 7 80 Step 1 Line up the decimal places when you write the numbers 47 68 T780 Step 2 Add the decimals 47 68 7 80 55 48 The sum of 47 68 and 7 80 is 55 48 Example 2 Find the difference of 42 17 and 15 85 Step 1 Line up the decimal places when you write the number 42 17 Tibag Step 2 Subtract the decimals 42 17 b 26 32 The difference of 42 17 and 15 85 is 26 32 Practice Problem Find the sum of 1 245 and 3 842 yooqpuey IIS WeW MATH SKILLHANDBOOK J 157 gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Multiply Decimals To multiply decimals multiply the numbers like any other number ignoring the decimal point Count the deci mal places in each factor The product will have the same number of decimal places as the sum of the decimal places in the factors Example Multiply 2 4 by 5 9 Step 1 Multiply the factors like two whole numbers 24 X 59 1416 Step 2 Find the sum of the number of decimal places in the factors Each factor has one decimal place for a sum of two decimal places Step 3 The product will have two decimal places 14 16 The product of 2 4 and 5 9 is 14 16 Practice Problem Multiply 4 6 by 2 2 Divide Decimals When dividing decimals change the divisor to a whole number To
9. Analyze Your Data 31 127 Conclude and Apply PA IS o A A E Follow Your Plan 31 Form a Hypothesis 126 Make a Plan 30 Make the Model 95 Plan the Model 95 Test Your Hypothesis 95 126 127 Seasons 43 43 44 44 45 act 70 61 lab on Mars 80 Seismic waves 51 Shepard Alan B 21 Sirius 104 106 Skylab space station 24 24 Sojourner robot rover 79 Solar eclipse 48 48 49 49 Solar flares 110 111 Solar system 68 96 71 71 act asteroids in 92 92 93 93 comets in 87 90 90 91 91 distances in 70 71 78 94 95 lab formation of 72 72 73 73 inner planets of 72 76 81 88 88 meteors in 91 91 92 models of 70 71 94 95 lab outer planets of 72 82 87 89 94 lab planetary motions in 74 75 lab 85 85 Solstice 44 44 Space distance in 106 act 107 122 lab measurement in 107 122 lab weather in 109 act Space exploration 15 29 early missions 15 22 international cooperation in 24 24 25 25 of Jupiter 18 19 20 82 of Mars 18 26 26 78 80 80 act of Mercury 19 76 of Moon OND 22227 DO IESO of Neptune 19 86 of Pluto 87 of Saturn 28 84 of Uranus 85 of Venus 18 19 77 Space probes 17 20 Cassini 28 28 84 Galileo 19 20 20 act 82 93 Gemini 21 Global Surveyor 26 79 80 Magellan 18 18 19 77 77 Mariner 18 18 19 76 77 Mars Odyssey 79 Mars Pathfinder 26 79 NEAR 93 Pioneer 10 18 18 20 20 robotic 21 Stardus
10. TRIHP es gift GIHET i i con e idea i DEE uh Maa gem JEM o ee go GOH He ea veisas es sing SING AW nas Saver eae soft SAWFT 1A ene ere vision VIH zhun Ore ta orbit OR buht ae efor alesse ae cake KAYK 9 Dita coin COYN a seed cent SEED SENT U A foot FOOT AANE TEE EE Cr ee zone raise ZOHN RAYZ D V a c re T English pees pees Espa ol absolute magnitude measure of the amount of light a magnitud absoluta medida de la cantidad real de luz star actually gives off p 106 que genera una estrella p 106 apparent magnitude measure of the amount of light magnitud aparente medida de la cantidad de luz from a star that is received on Farth p 106 recibida en la Tierra desde una estrella p 106 asteroid a piece of rock or metal made up of material asteroide pedazo de roca o metal formado de material similar to that which formed the planets mostly similar al que forma los planetas se encuentran found in the asteroid belt between the orbits of principalmente en el cintur n de asteroides entre las Mars and Jupiter p 92 rbitas de Marte y J piter p 92 axis imaginary vertical line that cuts through the cen eje l nea vertical imaginaria que atraviesa el centro de ter of Earth and around which Farth spins p 41 la Tierra y alrededor de la cual gira sta p 41 pc Big Bang theory states that about 13 7 billion years ago teor a de la Gran Explosion establece que hace aproxi
11. aproxima al sol p 90 constelaci n grupo de estrellas que forma un patr n en el cielo y que semeja un objeto Libra un ani mal Pegaso o un personaje familiar Ori n p 104 corona capa m s externa y m s grande de la atm sfera solar se extiende millones de kil metros den tro del espacio y tiene una temperatura hasta de 2 millones de grados Kelvin p 109 lt _ G ccc Earth third planet from the Sun has an atmosphere that protects life and surface temperatures that allow water to exist as a solid liquid and gas p 78 electromagnetic spectrum arrangement of electromag netic waves according to their wavelengths p 9 ellipse ee LIHPS elongated closed curve that describes Earth s yearlong orbit around the Sun p 43 equinox EE kwuh nahks twice yearly time each spring and fall when the Sun is directly over the equator and the number of daylight and nighttime hours are equal worldwide p 45 Tierra tercer planeta m s cercano al sol tiene una atm sfera que protege la vida y temperaturas en su superficie que permiten la presencia de agua en estado s lido l quido y gaseoso p 78 espectro electromagn tico ordenamiento de las ondas electromagn ticas de acuerdo con su longitud de onda p 9 elipse curva cerrada y elongada que describe la rbita anual de la Tierra alrededor del sol p 43 equinoccio dos veces al a o en primavera y oto o cuando el sol est posic
12. e polystyrene balls 5 e toothpicks 5 e small stick on labels 5 e tennis ball e meterstick amp Procedure 1 Write the names Mariner 2 Pioneer 10 Mariner 10 Viking 1 and Voyager 2 on the five labels and stick each label on a toothpick Stick a labeled toothpick into each of the polystyrene balls to repre sent these five United States space probes 2 Place the tennis ball in an open space such as a basketball court or field 3 Measure a distance of 0 42 m from the tennis ball and place the Mariner 2 probe in that spot Place the Pioneer 10 probe 6 28 m away the Mariner 10 probe 0 92 m from the ball the Viking 1 probe 0 78 m away and the Voyager 2 probe 43 47 m from the tennis ball 3 Conclude and Apply Create a timeline showing the year each probe was launched and its destination and relate this information to the distance traveled 2 Mercury is 58 million km from the sun and Earth is 150 million km Use this information to calculate the scale used for this activity Creating Craters amp Real World Question Why does the Moon have craters Possible Materials as HZ e drink mix or powdered baby formula e black pepper or paprika large deep cooking tray or large bowl marbles small round candies aquarium gravel tweezers bag of cotton balls amp Procedure 1 Pour a 3 cm layer of powder over the bottom of a large deep cooking tray 2 Sprinkle a fine layer
13. rainy in one city What percent of the days in that city were rainy Solve One Step Equations A statement that two things are equal is an equation For example A B is an equa tion that states that A is equal to B An equation is solved when a variable is replaced with a value that makes both sides of the equation equal To make both sides equal the inverse operation is used Addition and subtraction are inverses and multipli cation and division are inverses Example 1 Solve the equation x 10 35 Step 1 Find the solution by adding 10 to each side of the equation x 10 35 x 10 10 35 10 x 45 Step 2 Check the solution x 10 35 45 10 35 35 35 Both sides of the equation are equal so x 45 Example 2 In the formula a bc find the value of cifa 20 and b 2 Step 1 Rearrange the formula so a bc the unknown value is by a bc itself on one side of the b b equation by dividing both 7 C sides by b Step 2 Replace the variables a La b and b with the values that gt are given iS 10 c Step 3 Check the solution a bc 20 2 X 10 20 20 Both sides of the equation are equal so c 10 is the solution when a 20 and b 2 Practice Problem In the formula h gd find the value of d if g 12 3 and h 17 4 yooqpuey IIS Yew MATH SKILLHANDBOOK J 159 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Use Statistics The branch of mathematics
14. scientists might use a milliliter Because a milliliter takes up the volume of a cube measuring 1 cm on each side it also can be called a cubic centimeter cm cm X cm X cm You can use beakers and graduated cylin ders to measure liquid volume A graduated cylinder shown in Figure 13 is marked from bottom to top in milliliters In lab you might use a 10 mL graduated cylinder or a 100 mL graduated cylinder When measuring liquids notice that the liquid has a curved surface Look at the surface at eye level and measure the bottom of the curve This is called the meniscus The graduated cylinder in Figure 13 contains 79 0 mL or 79 0 cm of a liquid Temperature Scientists often measure temperature using the Celsius scale Pure water has a freezing point of 0 C and boil ing point of 100 C The unit of measure ment is degrees Celsius Two other scales often used are the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales gt CONTENTS gt Science Skill Handbook Figure 14 A thermometer measures the tempera ture of an object Scientists use a thermometer to meas ure temperature Most thermometers in a laboratory are glass tubes with a bulb at the bottom end containing a liquid such as colored alcohol The liquid rises or falls with a change in temperature To read a glass thermometer like the thermometer in Figure 14 rotate it slowly until a red line appears Read the temperature where the red line ends Form Operational Def
15. the universe began with a huge fiery explosion madamente 13 7 billones de afios el universo se p25 origin con una enorme explosi n p 125 black hole final stage in the evolution of a very massive agujero negro etapa final en la evoluci n de una star where the core s mass collapses to a point that estrella masiva en donde la masa del n cleo se its gravity is so strong that not even light can colapsa hasta el punto de que su gravedad es tan escape p 118 fuerte que ni siquiera la luz puede escapar p 118 ih chromosphere layer of the Sun s atmosphere above the cromosfera capa de la atm sfera del sol que se encuen photosphere p 109 tra sobre la fotosfera p 109 176 J STUDENT RESOURCES gt CONTENTS p comet Great Red Spot comet space object made of dust and rock particles mixed with frozen water methane and ammonia that forms a bright coma as it approaches the Sun p 90 constellation group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky that looks like a familiar object Libra animal Pegasus or character Orion p 104 corona outermost largest layer of the Sun s atmo sphere extends millions of kilometers into space and has temperatures up to 2 million K p 109 Glossary Glosario cometa La Gran Mancha Roja cometa objeto espacial formado por particulas de polvo y roca mezcladas con agua congelada metano y amoniaco que forman una cola brillante cuando se
16. database can be reor ganized in any way that suits your needs Learn the Skill A computer program that allows you to create your own database is a database management system DBMS It allows you to add delete or change infor mation Take time to get to know the fea tures of your database software Determine what facts you would like to include and research to collect your information Determine how you want to organize the information Follow the instructions for your particu lar DBMS to set up fields Then enter each item of data in the appropriate field Follow the instructions to sort the infor mation in order of importance Evaluate the information in your database and add delete or change as necessary Use the Internet The Internet is a global network of computers where information is stored and shared To use the Internet like the stu dents in Figure 17 you need a modem to connect your computer to a phone line and an Internet Service Provider account Learn the Skill To access internet sites and information use a Web browser which lets you view and explore pages on the World Wide Web Each page is its own site and each site has its own address called a URL Once you have found a Web browser follow these steps for a search this also is how you search a database Figure 17 The Internet allows you to search a global network for a variety of information Be as specific as possib
17. length times the width times the height V 2 0m X 4 0m X 3 0m Step 2 Multiply the length times the width times the height V 24 m The volume is 24 m Practice Problem Find the volume of a rectangular solid that is 8 m long 4 m wide and 4 m high To find the volume of other solids mul tiply the area of the base times the height Example 1 Find the volume of a solid that has a triangular base with a length of 8 0 m and a height of 7 0 m The height of the entire solid is 15 0 m Step 1 You know that the base is a triangle and the area of a triangle is gt the base times the height and the volume is the area of the base times the height v bx h x 15 Step 2 Find the area of the base v 4 8x7 x 15 ESE v 5x 56 x 15 Step 3 Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid V 28 le V 420 m The volume is 420 m Example 2 Find the volume of a cylinder that has a base with a radius of 12 0 cm and a height of 21 0 cm Step 1 You know that the base is a circle and the area of a circle is the square of the radius times qr and the volume is the area of the base times the height V ar X 21 V 11122 X 21 Step 2 Find the area of the base V 14477 X 21 V 452 X 21 Step 3 Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid V 9490 cm The volume is 9490 cm Example 3 Find the volume of a cylinder that has a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 4 8 mm Ste
18. longest lived isotope for that element Rows of elements are called periods Atomic number increases across a period Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium 58 q 59 q 61 62 a Lanthanide Ce Pr Pm Sm i 140 116 140 908 145 150 36 The arrow shows where these ss Ue aia e into the d Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium periodic table They are move T A a F 2 to the bottom of the table to Actinide Th E Pa E U Np o Pu o SAVE peer series 232 038 231 036 238 029 237 244 174 J STUDENT RESOURCES 4 CONTENTS gt Metal Metalloid Nonmetal The color of an element s block tells you if the element is a metal nonmetal or metalloid Aluminum 13 a O 26 982 Reference Handbooks Science Visit bookj msscience com for updates to the periodic table Helium eS He Chlorine 17 Cl Y Silicon 14 Si syooqpuepH aduaJajay 28 086 35 453 Nickel 28 ny LI 58 693 Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine 31 32 33 34 35 36 Ga H Ge L as O Se LY Br 0 Kr Y 69 723 Krypton 72 64 78 96 83 798 Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tellurium lodine Xenon 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 pq H ag O ca H a sn H sp WJ Te T Xe Y Antimony In 106 42 107 868 112 411 114 818 118 710 121 760 131 293 Platinum Thallium Bismuth Polonium 78 79 81 83 Pt Au Tl E Bi T 195 078 196 967 204 383 208 980 Darmstadtium
19. look carefully for details It is important to record observations accurately and completely Always record your notes immediately as you make them so you do not miss details or make a mistake when recording results from memory Never put unidentified observations on scraps of paper Instead they should be recorded in a note book like the one in Figure 10 Write your data neatly so you can easily read it later At each point in the experiment record your observations and label them That way you will not have to determine what the figures mean when you look at your notes later Set up any tables that you will need to use ahead of time so you can record any observations right away Remember to avoid bias when collecting data by not including personal thoughts when you record observations Record only what you observe Estimate Scientific work also involves esti mating To estimate is to make a judgment about the size or the number of something without measuring or counting This is important when the number or size of an object or population is too large or too dif ficult to accurately count or measure lt CONTENTS Sample Scientists may use a sample or a portion of the total number as a type of estimation To sample is to take a small rep resentative portion of the objects or organ isms of a population for research By making careful observations or manipulat ing variables within that portion of the group informati
20. of black pepper over the powder 3 Lay a 2 3 cm layer of cotton over half of the powder 148 J STUDENT RESOURCES 4 CONTENTS 4 Drop marbles and other small objects 5 Drop objects on to the half of the tray 6 Remove the objects and cotton and 3 Conclude and Apply 2 Infer why the Moon has many craters on into the powder not covered by the cot ton Carefully remove the objects with tweezers and observe the craters and impact patterns they make covered by cotton observe the marks made by objects in the powder i Compare the impacts made by the objects in the powder not covered by cotton with the impacts in the powder covered by cotton its surface but Earth does not Adult supervision Extra Try at Home Labs 3 Use pennies to represent moons witha How do the number of moons of the nine diameter between 200 1 000 km Place planets compare pennies next to the planets with moons this size Possible Materials Ez 4 Use a hole punch to punch out holes e golf balls 5 e hole puncher from colored construction paper These o o softballs 4 pennies 10 holes represent moons smaller than e colored construction quarters 8 200 km in diameter Research which paper e meterstick planets have moons this size and place amp the holes next to them 1 Lay the golf balls and softballs on the de floor in a row to represent the nine plan 1 Infer why terrestri
21. order from general to spe cific Branch the related concepts from the major concept and describe the relationship on the connecting line Continue to more specific concepts until finished is classified as ie Es E fo oun d Es E no Definite Definite shape volume Figure 3 A network tree shows how concepts or objects are related Events Chain Another type of concept map is an events chain Sometimes called a flow chart 1t models the order or sequence of items An events chain can be used to describe a sequence of events the steps in a procedure or the stages of a process When making an events chain first find the one event that starts the chain This event is called the initiating event Then find the next event and continue until the outcome is reached as shown in Figure 4 SCIENCE SKILLHANDBOOK J 137 lt CONTENTS yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Initiating Event Sound is produced Sound travels Sound hits hard surface Sound reflects back Echo is heard Figure 4 Events chain concept maps show the order of steps in a process or event This concept map shows how a sound makes an echo Cycle Map A specific type of events chain is a cycle map It is used when the series of events do not produce a final outcome but instead relate back to the beginning event such as in Figure 5 Therefore the cycle repeats itself To ma
22. ratio of the vertical change rise to the 4 o pda E vertical change rise _ change iny horizontal change run change in x Step 1 Determine the x axis and y axis variables Time varies independently of distance and is Example Find the slope of the graph in Figure 20 plotted on the x axis Distance is dependent Step 1 You know that the slope is the change in y on time and is plotted on the y axis divided by the change in x Step 2 Determine the scale of each axis The x axis Slope nangen E change in x data ranges from 0 to 5 The y axis data ranges from 0 to 40 Step 2 Determine the data points you will be using For a straight line choose the two sets of Step 3 Using graph paper draw and label the axes points that are the farthest apart Include units in the labels a 40 0 km Step 4 Draw a point at the intersection of the time 5 0 hr v value on the x axis and corresponding dis Step 3 Find the change in y and x J l N tance value on the y axis Connect the points Slope 40km x and label the graph with a title as shown in 5h Figure 20 Step 4 Divide the change in y by the change in x T Slope skm a h o S The slope of the graph is 8 km h x MATH SKILLHANDBOOK J 167 gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Bar Graph To compare data that does not change continuously you might choose a bar graph A bar graph uses bars to show the relationships between variables The
23. some members in the group but not by all Place those members that share that feature in a subgroup You can classify members into smaller and smaller subgroups based on characteristics Remember that when you classify you are grouping objects or events for a purpose Keep your purpose in mind as you select the features to form groups and subgroups Compare and Contrast Observations can be analyzed by noting the similarities and differences between two more objects or events that you observe When you look at objects or events to see how they are similar you are comparing them Contrasting is looking for differences in objects or events SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK J 143 Timothy Fuller Science Skill Handbook Aaron Haupt Science Skill Handbook Recognize Cause and Effect A cause is a reason for an action or condition The effect is that action or condition When two events happen together it is not nec essarily true that one event caused the other Scientists must design a controlled investigation to recognize the exact cause and effect Draw Conclusions When scientists have analyzed the data they collected they proceed to draw conclu sions about the data These conclusions are sometimes stated in words similar to the hypothesis that you formed earlier They may confirm a hypothesis or lead you to a new hypothesis Infer Scientists often make inferences based on their observations An inference is an attempt to e
24. the Sun p 43 rocket special engine that can work in space and burns liquid or solid fuel p 15 rotation spinning of Earth on its imaginary axis which takes about 24 hours to complete and causes day and night to occur p 41 telescopio reflectante esfera telescopio reflectante telescopio ptico que utiliza un espejo c ncavo para enfocar la luz y formar una imagen en el punto focal p 10 telescopio de refracci n telescopio ptico que utiliza un lente doble convexo para formar una imagen en el punto focal p 10 revoluci n rbita el ptica de un a o de duraci n que la Tierra recorre alrededor del sol p 43 cohete m quina especial que puede funcionar en el espacio y quema combustible s lido o l quido p 15 rotaci n rotaci n de la Tierra sobre su eje imagi nario lo cual toma cerca de 24 horas para comple tarse y causa la alternancia entre el d a y la noche p 41 lt OG ____ _ satellite any natural or artificial object that revolves around another object p 17 Saturn second largest and sixth planet from the Sun has a complex ring system at least 31 moons and a thick atmosphere made mostly of hydrogen and helium p 84 solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow over part of Earth p 49 solar system system of nine planets including Earth and other objects that revolve around the Sun p 71 solst
25. the Sun Adult supervision required for all labs EXTRA TRY AT HOME LABS J 149 El CONTENTS Technology Skill Handbook Technology Skill Handbook Computer Skills People who study science rely on com puters like the one in Figure 16 to record and store data and to analyze results from investigations Whether you work in a labo ratory or just need to write a lab report with tables good computer skills are a necessity Using the computer comes with responsi bility Issues of ownership security and pri vacy can arise Remember if you did not author the information you are using you must provide a source for your information Also anything on a computer can be accessed by others Do not put anything on the com puter that you would not want everyone to know To add more security to your work use a password Use a Word Processing Program A computer program that allows you to type your information change it as many times as you need to and then print it out is called a word processing program Word processing programs also can be used to make tables imei AA qa a AT A AC mi SE Figure 16 A computer will make reports neater and more professional looking 150 J STUDENT RESOURCES Learn the Skill To start your word pro cessing program a blank document some times called Document 1 appears on the screen To begin start typing To create a new document click the New button on th
26. three directions cleavage in three directions cleavage in four directions cleavage in two directions two cleavage planes meet at 90 angle cleavage in two directions conchoidal fracture conchoidal fracture fizzes when HCI is added used in cements and other building materials syooqpuepH aduaJajay concrete and cement used as an ornamental building stone used in the manufacture of optical equipment glows under ultraviolet light will transmit light on thin edges 6 sided cross section used in the manufacture of ceramics Square or 8 sided cross section gemstones refractory sand used in glass manufacture electronic equipment radios computers watches gemstones REFERENCE HANDBOOKS J 171 4 CONTENTS gt Reference Handbooks Igneous Granite Large mineral grains of quartz feldspar intrusive hornblende and mica Usually light in color Diorite Large mineral grains of feldspar hornblende and mica Less quartz than granite Intermediate in color Reference Handbooks Gabbro Large mineral grains of feldspar augite and olivine No quartz Dark in color Igneous Rhyolite Small mineral grains of quartz feldspar hornblende extrusive and mica or no visible grains Light in color Andesite Small mineral grains of feldspar hornblende and mica or no visible grains Intermediate in color Basalt Small mineral grains of feldspar augite and pos
27. up all of the equipment ahead of time and make sure everything 1s working properly Figure 19 These students are engaging the audience using a variety of tools lt _CONTENTS Computer Presentations There are many different interactive computer programs that you can use to enhance your presentation Most computers have a compact disc CD drive that can play both CDs and digital video discs DVDs Also there is hardware to connect a regular CD DVD or VCR These tools will enhance your presentation Another method of using the computer to aid in your presentation is to develop a slide show using a computer program This can allow movement of visuals at the pre senter s pace and can allow for visuals to build on one another Learn the Skill In order to create multi media presentations on a computer you need to have certain tools These may include tra ditional graphic tools and drawing programs animation programs and authoring systems that tie everything together Your computer will tell you which tools it supports The most important step is to learn about the tools that you will be using Often color and strong images will con vey a point better than words alone Use the best methods available to convey your point As with other presentations practice many times Practice your presentation with the tools you and any assistants will be using Maintain eye contact with the audience The purpo
28. x axis variable is divided into parts The parts can be numbers such as years or a category such as a type of animal The y axis is a number and increases continuously along the axis Example A recycling center collects 4 0 kg of aluminum on Monday 1 0 kg on Wednesday and 2 0 kg on Friday Create a bar graph of this data Step 1 Select the x axis and y axis variables The measured numbers the masses of alu minum should be placed on the y axis The variable divided into parts collection days is placed on the x axis Step 2 Create a graph grid like you would for a line graph Include labels and units Step 3 For each measured number draw a vertical bar above the x axis value up to the y axis value For the first data point draw a vertical bar above Monday up to 4 0 kg Aluminum Collected During Week Mass kg Monday Wednesday Friday Day of collection Practice Problem Draw a bar graph of the gases in air 78 nitrogen 21 oxygen 1 other gases 168 J STUDENT RESOURCES Circle Graph To display data as parts of a whole you might use a circle graph A circle graph is a circle divided into sections that represent the relative size of each piece of data The entire circle represents 100 half represents 50 and so on Example Airis made up of 78 nitrogen 21 oxygen and 1 other gases Display the composition of air in a circle graph Step 1 Multiply each percent by 360 and divide by 100 to fi
29. 1 000 of the units ina kilounit Step 3 Apply the prefix to the units in the question The units in the question are grams There are 1 000 grams in a kilogram Practice Problem Is a milligram larger or smaller than a gram How many of the smaller units equal one larger unit What fraction of the larger unit does one smaller unit represent 164 J STUDENT RESOURCES Dimensional Analysis Convert SI Units In science quantities such as length mass and time sometimes are measured using different units A process called dimensional analysis can be used to change one unit of measure to another This process involves multiplying your starting quantity and units by one or more conver sion factors A conversion factor is a ratio equal to one and can be made from any two equal quantities with different units If 1 000 mL equal 1 L then two ratios can be made e oe ive 1 000 mL One can covert between units in the SI sys tem by using the equivalents in Table 3 to make conversion factors Example 1 How many cm are in 4 m Step 1 Write conversion factors for the units given From Table 3 you know that 100 cm 1m The conversion factors are 100 cm on AS 1m 100 cm Step 2 Decide which conversion factor to use Select the factor that has the units you are convert ing from m in the denominator and the units you are converting to cm in the numerator 100 cm 1m Step 3 Multiply the starting quantity and units by
30. 126 127 Launch Labs 7 39 69 103 Mini Labs 21 57 79 122 Model and Invent 94 95 Moon Phases and Eclipses 55 Planetary Orbits 75 Sunspots 113 Tilt and Temperature 70 71 Try at Home Mini Labs 12 42 47 lt CONTENTS Index Measurement 84 105 Use the Internet 30 31 Large Magellanic Cloud 121 121 Launch Labs An Astronomer s View 7 How can you tour the solar system 69 Model Rotation and Revolution 39 Why do clusters of galaxies move apart 103 Lenses 10 10 Light distortion in Earth s atmosphere 7 lab speed of 9 ultraviolet 9 visible 7 lab Light pollution 12 12 lab Light year 107 Local Group 120 123 Lunar eclipse 50 50 55 lab Lunar Orbiter 21 56 Lunar Prospector 58 58 Lunar Prospector spacecraft 2 Lunar Rover vehicle 22 22 Magellan mission 18 18 19 Magellan space probe 77 77 Magnetic axis of Farth 42 42 Magnetic field of Earth 42 42 Magnitude absolute 106 apparent 106 Main sequence 114 114 115 116 117 Map s of Moon 58 58 59 Maria 51 52 54 Mariner missions 18 18 19 Mariner space probes 76 77 Mars 78 78 81 88 88 distance from Sun 94 95 lab Earth compared to 79 exploration of 18 26 26 78 80 80 act moons of 81 81 orbital speed of 74 polar ice caps on 78 80 seasons on 80 surface features of 78 78 Mars Odyssey 79 Mars Pathfinder 26 79 Mass and energy 115 Matter recycl
31. 22 lab Doppler shift 104 123 123 __ j _ Earth 78 78 88 88 axis of 41 41 43 60 61 lab as center of solar system 70 circumference of 41 density of 41 diameter of 41 distance from Sun 41 43 94 95 lab magnetic axis of 42 42 magnetic field of 42 42 Mars compared to 79 mass of 41 orbital speed of 74 orbit of 43 revolution of 39 lab 41 43 rotation of 39 lab 41 41 spherical shape of 40 40 41 Earthquakes 51 Eclipses 48 48 50 49 act causes of 49 lunar 50 50 55 lab solar 48 48 49 49 Einstein Albert 115 Electromagnetic radiation 8 9 Electromagnetic spectrum 8 9 9 Electromagnetic waves 8 9 8 9 Ellipse 43 43 act Flliptical galaxy 121 121 Energy dark 125 from fusion 115 116 116 and mass 115 Equinox 44 45 Eros asteroid 93 Europa moon of Jupiter 19 20 20 83 83 Event horizon 117 Evolution of stars 116 act 116 119 Foldables 4y Foldables 7 39 69 103 Full moon 48 48 Fusion 72 73 115 116 116 fS Gagarin Yuri A 21 Galaxies 11 100 120 121 clusters of 103 lab 120 elliptical 121 121 irregular 121 121 spiral 120 120 121 Galilei Galileo 12 14 54 71 83 110 Galileo space probe 19 20 20 act 82 93 Ganymede moon of Jupiter 83 83 Gaspra asteroid 93 93 Gemini mission 21 Giants 115 115 117 117 118 128 128 Glenn John 21 21 Globa
32. 6 87 87 89 89 94 95 lab Polaris North Star 30 30 lab 105 105 Poles of Moon 59 Pollution light 12 12 lab Polyakov Valery 24 Project Apollo 22 22 56 Project Gemini 21 Project Mercury 21 21 Prominences 110 111 Proxima Centauri 107 112 Quasars 118 Radiation electromagnetic 8 9 from space 8 13 from Sun 44 Radio telescopes 13 13 Radio waves 8 Reading Check 11 12 20 21 25 26 41 43 47 48 54 57 58 72 79 86 92 106 110 115 117 118 121 Real World Questions 14 30 55 70 75 94 113 126 Recycling 119 Red giants 115 115 117 117 118 128 128 Red shift 123 123 Reflecting telescopes 10 10 14 lab Refracting telescopes 10 10 Revolution 39 lab 41 43 46 Rigel 106 Rock s Moon 54 57 Rockets 15 15 16 23 Rotation 72 of Earth 39 lab 41 41 of Moon 46 56 of Uranus 85 85 Russell Henry 114 Satellite s pH Satellite s 17 17 21 lab 23 Saturn 74 84 84 89 89 94 95 lab exploration of 28 moons of 28 Science and History The Mayan Calendar 62 Science and Society Cities in Space 32 Science Online eclipses 49 ellipses 43 evolution of stars 116 Galileo mission 20 International Space Station 25 Mars exploration 80 New Millenium Program 27 seasons 45 solar system 71 space weather 109 Science Stats 128 Scientific Methods 14 30 31 55 70 71 75 94 95 113 126 127
33. 92 93 93 Asteroid belt 93 93 Astrolabe 30 31 Astronauts 21 21 22 22 24 24 52 Astronomical unit AU 78 Atmosphere distortion of light in 7 lab of Jupiter 82 82 of Mercury 77 of Neptune 86 86 of Saturn 84 of Sun 109 109 Aurora borealis 111 111 Axis 41 41 43 magnetic 42 42 tilt of 60 61 lab 182 J STUDENT RESOURCES 0G Basin s impact 57 57 57 lab 58 Betelgeuse 104 104 128 128 Big bang theory 122 124 125 Big Dipper 105 105 Binary stars 112 Black hole 118 118 Blue shift 123 123 Calendar Mayan 62 62 Callisto moon of Jupiter 83 83 Canis Major 104 Cassini space probe 28 28 84 Cassiopeia 105 Ceres asteroid 93 Charon moon of Pluto 87 87 Chromosphere 109 109 Circumference of Earth 41 Circumpolar constellations 105 Classification of stars 114 115 Clouds of Magellan 121 121 CMEs coronal mass ejections Lee Collins Michael 22 Coma 91 91 Comets 90 90 91 Kuiper Belt of 87 structure of 91 91 Communicating Your Data 14 SSS Ol 7 ano yellow Compass 42 42 lab Concave lens 10 10 Constellation 104 104 105 105 Convex lens 10 10 Copernicus Nicholas 71 74 Corona 109 109 0 Dark energy 125 Data Source 30 lt q CONTENTS Days length of 43 43 Deimos moon of Mars 81 Design Your Own Measuring Parallax 126 127 Distance in space 106 act 107 1
34. ASA 18 Mariner 2 Pioneer 10 NASA Science Source Photo Researchers Viking 1 M Salaber Liaison Agency Getty Images Magellan Julian Baum Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 19 Venera 8 Dorling Kindersley Images Surface of Venus TASS from Sovfoto Mercury Venus NASA JPL Voyager 2 Neptune NASA JPL Caltech others NASA 20 AFP CORBIS 21 NASA 22 NASA Science Source Photo Researchers 23 NASA Liaison Agency Getty Images 24 t NASA b NASA Liaison Agency Getty Images 25 NASA Science Source Photo Researchers 26 NASA JPL Malin Space Science Systems 27 NASA JPL Liaison Agency Getty Images 28 t David Ducros Science Photo Library Photo Researchers b NASA 29 The Cover Story CORBIS 30 Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS 31 Doug Martin 32 Robert McCall 33 1 Novosti Science Photo Library Photo Researchers c Roger K Burnard r NASA 36 Tom Steyer Getty Images 37 NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 38 39 Chad Ehlers Stone Getty Images 48 bl Richard J Wainscoat Peter Arnold Inc others Lick Observatory 50 Dr Fred Espenak Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 51 Bettmann CORBIS 52 NASA 54 Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS 57 BMDO NRL LLNL Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 58 t Zuber et al Johns Hopkins University NASA Photo Researchers b NASA 59 NASA 61 Matt Meadows 62 Cosmo Condina Stone 64 Lick Observatory 65 NASA 68 69 Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS 69 Matt Meadows 72 European Southern Obs
35. ESOURCES Area of a Circle The formula for the area of a circle is A aie Example 1 Find the area of a circle with a radius of 4 0 cm Step 1 A 11 4 0 Step 2 Find the square of the radius A 167 Step 3 Multiply the square of the radius by m A 50 cm The area of the circle is 50 cm2 Example 2 Find the area of a circle with a radius of 225 m Step 1 A T 225 Step 2 Find the square of the radius A 5062571 Step 3 Multiply the square of the radius by m A 158962 5 The area of the circle is 158 962 m2 Example 3 Find the area of a circle whose diameter is 20 0 mm Step 1 You know the formula for the area of a circle is the square of the radius times Tr and that the radius is half of the diameter E 20 0 2 a 2 Step 2 Find the radius A 1r 10 0 Step 3 Find the square of the radius A 10071 Step 4 Multiply the square of the radius by Tr A 314 mm The area is 314 mm Practice Problem Find the area of a circle with a radius of 16 m gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Volume The measure of space occupied by a solid is the volume V To find the vol ume of a rectangular solid multiply the length times width times height or V x w x h It is measured in cubic units such as cubic centimeters cm Example Find the volume of a rectangular solid with a length of 2 0 m a width of 4 0 m and a height of 3 0 m Step 1 You know the formula for volume is the
36. RCES 4 CONTENTS gt Reference Handbooks Topographic Map Symbols Topographic Map Symbols Primary highway hard surface Secondary highway hard surface Supplementary contour Light duty road hard or improved surface Unimproved road S100QPpUeH aduaJajay Eaa 71 Depression contours Railroad single track A State County parish mnia Civil township precinct town barrio 14 m Schools church and cemetery Incorporated city village town hamlet EEE Buildings barn warehouse etc Wells other than water labeled as to type Small park cemetery airport etc Reservation national or state a Tanks oil water etc labeled only if water Land grant Located or landmark object windmill Township or range line Open pit mine or quarry prospect U S land survey F En Pa Township or range line approximate location as Marsh swamp y Wooded marsh ov Perennial streams bes ToS d I a a Woods or brushwood Elevated aqueduct Vineyard i Water well and spring Land subject to controlled inundation a Small rapids t Submerged marsh Large rapids PE Mangrove Intermittent lake a n a re Orchard Intermittent stream ars Sub queducttunne Ee Urban area ieee G
37. The meterstick is 39 4 in long Practice Problem A book has a mass of 5 Ibs What is the mass of the book in kg Practice Problem Use the equivalent for in and cm 1in 2 54 cm to show how 1 in 16 39 cm MATH SKILL HANDBOOK J 165 lt CONTENTS yooqpuey IIS Yew Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Precision and Significant Digits When you make a measurement the value you record depends on the precision of the measuring instrument This precision is represented by the number of significant digits recorded in the measurement When counting the number of significant digits all digits are counted except zeros at the end of a number with no decimal point such as 2 050 and zeros at the beginning of a deci mal such as 0 03020 When adding or sub tracting numbers with different precision round the answer to the smallest number of decimal places of any number in the sum or difference When multiplying or dividing the answer is rounded to the smallest num ber of significant digits of any number being multiplied or divided Example The lengths 5 28 and 5 2 are measured in meters Find the sum of these lengths and record your answer using the correct number of significant digits Step 1 Find the sum 5 28 m 2 digits after the decimal 5 2 m 1 digit after the decimal 10 48 m Step 2 Round to one digit after the decimal because the least number of digits after the decimal of the numbers being added is 1
38. Types of Middle Clouds Some Types of Low Clouds Fronts and Pressure Systems Thin altostratus A Cumulus of fair H or High Center of high or layer weather L orLow low pressure system Thick altostratus W Stratocumulus MmMAMAA old front layer Thin altostratus Fractocumulus of anan Warm front in patches bad weather Thin altostratus Stratus of Occluded front in A fair weather REFERENCE HANDBOOKS J 169 4 CONTENTS gt Reference Handbooks Reference Handbooks Minerals Graphite C Galena PbS Hematite Fe03 Talc Mg Si4070 OH Gypsum CaS0 2H 0 Sphalerite ZnS Muscovite KAI3Si 0 p 0H Biotite K Mg Fe AISiz010 0H Minerals black to black to 1 1 5 gray gray gray gray to 2 5 black black or reddish 5 5 6 5 brown reddish brown greenish 6 6 5 black colorless white gray white brown brown reddish brown greenish white colorless 2 2 5 light gray yellow rose green white greenish black to colorless dark brown colorless colorless red white blue 170 J STUDENT RESOURCES 4 CONTENTS basal cleavage scales cubic cleavage perfect irregular fracture uneven fracture cleavage in one direction basal cleavage cleavage in SIX directions basal cleavage basal cleavage cubic cleavage Mineral Breakage
39. Unununium Ununbium 110 111 112 114 Ds 1 9 Uub Uuq 272 285 289 Ununquadium The names and symbols for elements 111 114 are temporary Final names will be selected when the elements discoveries are verified XX Elements 116 and 118 were thought to have been created The claim was retracted because the experimental results could not be repeated Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 69 71 ae E A J 174 967 Holmium Erbium 67 68 Ho T Er 167 259 Gadolinium Europium Terbium Dysprosium 65 66 Tb LI Dy 162 500 63 Eu T 151 964 158 925 164 930 168 934 Americium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium 97 98 E o 95 100 101 102 103 Am Sy Cf 0 0 0 0 243 258 259 262 REFERENCE HANDBOOKS J 175 d CITB gt Glossary Glosario Como usar el glosario en espanol 1 Busca el t rmino en ingl s que desees encontrar 2 El t rmino en espa ol junto con la definici n se encuentran en la Pronunciation Key columna de la derecha Use the following key to help you sound out words in the glossary A ose we eevee back BAK CW sie ae ie oes food FEWD AY Gagan ace ate day DAY WOO aos pure PYOOR Ai a ae nea father FAH thur oe few FYEW o flower FLOW ur TL eee comma CAH muh Il earns eae ara car CAR a econ se rub RUB e ee less LES Slacks shelf SHELF CC cree ee ee leaf LEEF Clea eee ee nature NAY chur A trip
40. Uses and Other formula Pattern Properties pencil lead lubricants for locks rods to control some small nuclear reactions battery poles source of lead used for pipes shields for X rays fishing equipment sinkers source of iron converted to pig iron made into steel Magnetite black black conchoidal source of iron Fe30 fracture attracts a magnet fool s gold used for talcum powder sculptures paper and tabletops used in plaster of paris and dry wall for building construction main ore of zinc used in paints dyes and medicine occurs in large flexible plates used as an insulator in electrical equipment lubricant occurs in large flexible plates salt soluble in water a preservative Reference Handbooks Minerals Mineral Breakage Uses and Other formula Pattern Properties Calcite CaCO3 Dolomite CaMg C0 2 Fluorite Ca F Hornblende CaNa 3 Mg Al Fe lt Al Si Sig0 gt 5 0H Feldspar KAISizOg NaAl Siz0g CaAl Si Os Augite Ca Na Mg Fe Al Al Si gt 06 Olivine Mg Fe SiO Quartz SiO colorless white pale blue colorless white pink green gray black colorless white blue green red yellow purple green to black colorless white to gray green Minerals colorless white white aa ay olive 6 5 7 green colorless various colors nr cleavage in
41. a variety of internet sites and on CDs These images can be copied and pasted into your docu ment When beginning try editing existing draw ings then work up to creating drawings m The images are made of tiny rectangles of color called pixels Each pixel can be altered Digital photography is another way to add images The photographs in the memory of a digital camera can be down loaded into a computer then edited and added to the document Graphics software also can allow anima tion The software allows drawings to have the appearance of movement by connecting basic drawings automatically This is called in betweening or tweening Remember to save often gt CONTENTS p Technology Skill Handbook Presentation Skills Develop Multimedia Presentations Most presentations are more dynamic if they include diagrams photographs videos or sound recordings like the one shown in Figure 19 A multimedia presentation involves using stereos overhead projectors televisions computers and more Learn the Skill Decide the main points of your presentation and what types of media would best illustrate those points Make sure you know how to use the equipment you are working with m Practice the presentation using the equip ment several times Enlist the help of a classmate to push play or turn lights out for you Be sure to prac tice your presentation with him or her If possible set
42. al planets have fewer x ets The golf balls should represent the moons than gas planets S terrestrial planets and the softballs the 2 Infer why astronomers do not believe all gas planets the moons in the solar system have lt 2 Next to the golf ball representing Earth been discovered v place one quarter A quarter represents a r moon with a diameter greater than O 1 000 km Research which planets have 3 moons this size and place quarters next z to them y a 4 Measure a distance of 5 m from the first How does the size of Earth compare to the dot and mark the location on the floor size of stars with a piece of masking tape This dis tance represents the average diameter of a red giant star Measure a distance of 30 m from the first dot and mark the location on the floor with a piece of masking tape This distance represents the diameter of the 1 Tape a sheet of white paper to the floor supergiant star Antares 2 Draw a dot in the center to the paper Measure a 1 mm distance from the dot and draw a second dot This distance Possible Materials HE e metric ruler e masking tape 5 e meterstick e white paper e tape measure black marker 0 The diameter of Earth is 12 756 km What is the diameter of the Sun ISS the diameter of Earth 2 What is the diameter of an average red 3 Measure a distance of 10 9 cm from the giant first dot and draw a third dot This dis l tance represents the diameter of
43. aratus Wear dust mask and gloves Practice extra care when handling these materials Wear goggles gloves and an apron Follow your teacher s instructions Avoid open flames and heat when using flammable chemicals Tie back hair and loose clothing Follow teacher s instruction on lighting and extinguish ing flames Dispose of wastes as directed by your teacher Notify your teacher if you suspect contact with material Wash hands thoroughly Go to your teacher for first aid yooqpueH JIPS 229195 Go to your teacher for first aid Leave foul area and notify your teacher immediately Do not attempt to fix electrical problems Notify your teacher immediately Go to your teacher for first aid Immediately flush the affected area with water and notify your teacher Always wash hands thoroughly after use Go to your teacher for first aid Notify your teacher immediately Use fire safety equipment if applicable Notify your teacher immediately Use fire safety equipment if applicable Handwashing After the lab wash hands with soap and water before removing goggles SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK J 145 Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Safety in the Science Laboratory The science laboratory is a safe place to work if you follow standard safety proce dures Being responsible for your own safety helps to make the entire laboratory a safer place for ev
44. cience Source Photo Researchers 100 John R Foster Photo Researchers 102 103 TSADO ESO Tom Stack amp Assoc 107 Bob Daemmrich 110 t Carnegie Institution of Washington b NSO SEL Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS 111 1 NASA r Picture Press CORBIS b Bryan amp Cherry Alexander Photo Researchers 112 Celestial Image Co Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 113 Tim Courlas 115 Luke Dodd Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 118 AFP CORBIS 119 NASA 121 t Kitt Peak National Observatory b CORBIS 125 R Williams ST Scl NASA 126 Matt Meadows 128 Dennis Di Cicco Peter Arnold Inc 129 1 file photo r AFP CORBIS 134 PhotoDisc 136 Tom Pantages 140 Michell D Bridwell PhotoEdit Inc 141 t Mark Burnett b Dominic Oldershaw 142 StudiOhio 143 Timothy Fuller 144 Aaron Haupt 146 KS Studios 147 Matt Meadows 150 Amanita Pictures 151 Bob Daemmrich 153 Davis Barber PhotoEdit Inc 169 Matt Meadows 170 1 Dr Richard Kessel c NIBSC Science Photo Library Photo Researchers r David John Visuals Unlimited 171 t Runk Schoenberger from Grant Heilman bl Andrew Syred Science Photo Library Photo Researchers br Rich Brommer 172 tr G R Roberts 1 Ralph Reinhold Earth Scenes br Scott Johnson Animals Animals 173 Martin Harvey DRK Photo Supa CREDITS J 187 gt CONTENTS p
45. cleo se calienta se for man elementos pesados por fusi n y la estrella se expande eventualmente puede explotar para formar una supernova p 119 ________ Uranus YOOR uh nus seventh planet from the Sun is large and gaseous has a distinct bluish green color and rotates on an axis nearly parallel to the plane of its orbit p 85 Urano s ptimo planeta desde el sol es grande y gaseoso tiene un color verde azulado distintivo y gira sobre un eje casi paralelo al plano de su rbita p 85 c Venus second planet from the Sun similar to Earth in mass and size has a thick atmosphere and a surface with craters faultlike cracks and volcanoes p 77 Venus segundo planeta m s cercano al sol similar a la Tierra en masa y tama o tiene una atm sfera gruesa y una superficie con cr teres grietas similares a fallas y volcanes p 77 c waning describes phases that occur after a full moon as the visible lighted side of the Moon grows smaller p 48 waxing describes phases following a new moon as more of the Moon s lighted side becomes visible p 48 white dwarf late stage in the life cycle of a compara tively low mass main sequence star formed when its core depletes its helium and its outer layers escape into space leaving behind a hot dense core p 118 gt CONTENTS p menguante describe las fases posteriores a la luna llena de manera que el lado iluminado de la luna es cada vez
46. copes See also Space probes astrolabe 30 31 compass 42 42 lab Hubble Space Telescope 86 87 91 118 125 Lunar Rover vehicle 22 22 rockets 15 15 16 23 satellites 17 17 21 lab 23 space probes 18 18 20 19 20 act J 26 27 27 space shuttle 15 16 16 23 23 24 space stations 24 24 25 25 25 act 32 32 spectroscope 108 telescopes 10 10 14 11 12 13 14 lab Telescopes 10 14 Hubble 6 8 10 11 11 28 86 87 91 118 125 James Webb 28 28 Keck 12 12 28 optical 10 10 12 11 12 14 lab radio 13 13 reflecting 10 10 14 lab refracting 10 10 Temperature of Sun 109 and tilt of axis 70 61 lab Thagard Norman 24 TIME Science and Society 32 Science and History 62 Titan moon of Saturn 28 84 Titania moon of Uranus 85 Triple stars 112 Triton moon of Neptune 86 86 INDEX J 185 xapu Index Index Try at Home MiniLabs Try at Home MiniLabs Comparing the Sun and the Moon 47 Modeling Planets 84 Observing Effects of Light Pollution 12 Observing Star Patterns 105 Ultraviolet light 9 Umbra 49 50 50 Universe expansion of 103 lab 122 123 122 123 125 origin OL Al Uranus 74 85 85 89 89 94 95 lab 186 J STUDENT RESOURCES Ursa Major 105 105 Use the Internet Star Sightings 30 31 Q Venera space probe 19 77 Venus 70 71 74 77 88 88 94 95 lab exploration of 18 19 Viking missio
47. cs Solares nena e 32 Presentation Skills 153 Develop Multimedia PRESEA 153 Computer Presentations 153 STUDENT RESOURCES J 135 gt CONTENTS p Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Scientific Methods Scientists use an orderly approach called the scientific method to solve problems This includes organizing and recording data so others can understand them Scientists use many variations in this method when they solve problems Identify a Question The first step in a scientific investigation or experiment is to identify a question to be answered or a problem to be solved For example you might ask which gasoline is the most efficient Gather and Organize Information After you have identified your question begin gathering and organizing informa tion There are many ways to gather information such as researching in a library interviewing those knowledgeable about the subject testing and working in the laboratory and field Fieldwork is investigations and observations done outside of a laboratory Researching Information Before moving in a new direction it is important to gather the information that already is known about the subject Start by asking yourself questions to determine exactly what you need to know Then you will look for the information in various refer ence sources like the student is doing in Figure 1 Some sources may include text books encyclope
48. dbook Gra pl nite Carbon Figure 7 This Venn diagram compares and con trasts two substances made from carbon Venn Diagram To illustrate how two sub jects compare and contrast you can use a Venn diagram You can see the character istics that the subjects have in common and those that they do not shown in Figure 7 To create a Venn diagram draw two overlapping ovals that that are big enough to write in List the characteristics unique to one subject in one oval and the characteris tics of the other subject in the other oval The characteristics in common are listed in the overlapping section Make and Use Tables One way to organ ize information so it is easier to understand is to use a table Tables can contain num bers words or both To make a table list the items to be compared in the first column and the char acteristics to be compared in the first row The title should clearly indicate the content of the table and the column or row heads should be clear Notice that in Table 1 the units are included Table 1 Recyclables Collected During Week Day of Week Paper kg Friday 10 0 Make a Model One way to help you better understand the parts of a structure the way a process works or to show things too large or small for viewing is to make a model For example an atomic model made of a plastic ball nucleus and pipe cleaner electron shells can help you visualize how the parts of an atom relate
49. dias government docu ments professional journals science magazines and the Internet Always list the sources of your information 136 J STUDENT RESOURCES Tom Pantages Figure 1 The Internet can be a valuable research tool Evaluate Sources of Information Not all sources of information are reliable You should evaluate all of your sources of information and use only those you know to be depend able For example 1f you are researching ways to make homes more energy efficient a site written by the U S Department of Energy would be more reliable than a site written by a company that is trying to sell a new type of weatherproofing material Also remember that research always is changing Consult the most current resources available to you For example a 1985 resource about saving energy would not reflect the most recent findings Sometimes scientists use data that they did not collect themselves or conclusions drawn by other researchers This data must be evaluated carefully Ask questions about how the data were obtained if the investiga tion was carried out properly and if it has been duplicated exactly with the same results Would you reach the same conclusion from the data Only when you have confidence in the data can you believe it is true and feel comfortable using it gt CONTENTS gt Interpret Scientific Illustrations As you research a topic in science you will see drawings diagrams and photog
50. dividual instance or experimental sub ject for which the independent variable is not changed You can then compare the test results to the control results To design a con trol you can have two cars of the same type The control car uses regular gasoline for four weeks After you are done with the test you can compare the experimental results to the control results Collect Data Whether you are carrying out an investi gation or a short observational experiment you will collect data as shown in Figure 9 Scientists collect data as numbers and descriptions and organize it in specific ways Observe Scientists observe items and events then record what they see When they use only words to describe an observa tion it is called qualitative data Scientists observations also can describe how much there is of something These observations use numbers as well as words in the descrip tion and are called quantitative data For example if a sample of the element gold is described as being shiny and very dense the data are qualitative Quantitative data on this sample of gold might include a mass of 30 g and a density of 19 3 g cm Figure 9 Collecting data is one way to gather information directly gt CONTENTS gt Science Skill Handbook Figure 10 Record data neatly and clearly so it is easy to understand When you make observations you should examine the entire object or situation first and then
51. do this multiply both the divisor and the dividend by the same power of ten Then place the decimal point in the quotient directly above the decimal point in the divi dend Then divide as you do with whole numbers Example Divide 8 84 by 3 4 Step 1 Multiply both factors by 10 3 4 X 10 34 8 84 X 10 88 4 Step 2 Divide 88 4 by 34 2 6 34 88 4 SOON 204 204 0 8 84 divided by 3 4 is 2 6 Practice Problem Divide 75 6 by 3 6 158 J STUDENT RESOURCES Use Proportions An equation that shows that two ratios i A are equivalent is a proportion The ratios 4 and are equivalent so they can be written ig a 4 Ge When two ratios form a proportion the cross products are equal To find the cross This equation is a proportion products in the proportion A multiply the 2 and the 10 and the 4 and the 5 Therefore 2 x 10 4 x 5 or 20 20 Because you know that both proportions are equal you can use cross products to find a missing term in a proportion This is known as solving the proportion Example The heights of a tree and a pole are proportional to the lengths of their shadows The tree casts a shadow of 24 m when a 6 m pole casts a shadow of 4 m What is the height of the tree Step 1 Write a proportion height of tree length of tree s shadow height of pole length of pole s shadow Step 2 Substitute the known values into the propor tion Let h represent the unkno
52. e standard tool bar These tips will help you format the document m The program will automatically move to the next line press Enter if you wish to start a new paragraph Symbols called non printing characters can be hidden by clicking the Show Hide button on your toolbar To insert text move the cursor to the point where you want the insertion to go click on the mouse once and type the text To move several lines of text select the text and click the Cut button on your toolbar Then position your cursor in the location that you want to move the cut text and click Paste If you move to the wrong place click Undo m The spell check feature does not catch words that are misspelled to look like other words like cold instead of gold Always reread your document to catch all spelling mistakes To learn about other word processing methods read the user s manual or click on the Help button You can integrate databases graphics and spreadsheets into documents by copying from another program and pasting it into your document or by using desktop pub lishing DTP DTP software allows you to put text and graphics together to finish your document with a professional look This software varies in how it is used and its capabilities Amanita Pictures gt 610 NTE NTS gt Use a Database A collection of facts stored in a com puter and sorted into different fields is called a database A
53. ervatory Photo Researchers 74 Bettmann CORBIS 76 USGS Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 77 t NASA Photo Researchers b JPL TSADO Tom Stack amp Assoc 78 t Science Photo Library Photo Researchers bl USGS TSADO Tom Stack amp Assoc bc USGS Tom Stack amp Assoc br USGS Tom Stack amp Assoc 79 NASA JPL Malin Space Science Systems 81 Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 82 1 NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers r CORBIS 83 Io USGS TSADO Tom Stack amp Assoc Europa NASA JPL Photo Researchers Ganymede NASA TSADO Tom Stack amp Assoc Callisto JPL b NASA 84 JPL 85 Heidi Hammel NASA 86 1 NASA Science Source Photo Researchers r NASA JPL TSADO Tom Stack amp Assoc 87 CORBIS 88 Mercury NASA JPL TSADO Tom Stack amp Assoc Venus NASA Science Source Photo Researchers Earth CORBIS Mars NASA USGS TSADO Tom Stack amp Assoc 89 Jupiter NASA Science Photo Library Photo Researchers Saturn NASA Science Source Photo Researchers Uranus ASP Science Source Photo Researchers Neptune W Kaufmann JPL Science Source Photo Researchers Pluto CORBIS 90 Pekka Parviainen Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 91 Pekka Parviainen Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 92 Georg Gerster Photo Researchers 93 JPL TSADO Tom Stack amp Assoc 95 Bettmann CORBIS 96 t b Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution 97 t NASA bI JPL NASA br file photo 98 NASA S
54. eryone When performing any lab read and apply the caution statements and safety symbol listed at the beginning of the lab General Safety Rules 1 Obtain your teacher s permission to begin all investigations and use labora tory equipment 2 Study the procedure Ask your teacher any questions Be sure you understand safety symbols shown on the page 3 Notify your teacher about allergies or other health conditions which can affect your participation in a lab 4 Learn and follow use and safety proce dures for your equipment If unsure ask your teacher 146 e J STUDENT RESOURCES KS Studios 5 6 Never eat drink chew gum apply cos metics or do any personal grooming in the lab Never use lab glassware as food or drink containers Keep your hands away from your face and mouth Know the location and proper use of the safety shower eye wash fire blanket and fire alarm Prevent Accidents 1 Use the safety equipment provided to you Goggles and a safety apron should be worn during investigations Do NOT use hair spray mousse or other flammable hair products Tie back long hair and tie down loose clothing Do NOT wear sandals or other open toed shoes in the lab Remove jewelry on hands and wrists Loose jewelry such as chains and long necklaces should be removed to prevent them from getting caught in equipment Do not taste any substances or draw any material into a t
55. es Emergencies 1 Report any fire electrical shock glass ware breakage spill or injury no matter how small to your teacher immediately Follow his or her instructions 2 If your clothing should catch fire STOP DROP and ROLL If possible smother it with the fire blanket or get under a safety shower NEVER RUN 3 If a fire should occur turn off all gas and leave the room according to established procedures 4 In most instances your teacher will clean up spills Do NOT attempt to clean up spills unless you are given per mission and instructions to do so 5 If chemicals come into contact with your eyes or skin notify your teacher immedi ately Use the eyewash or flush your skin or eyes with large quantities of water 6 The fire extinguisher and first aid kit should only be used by your teacher unless it is an extreme emergency and you have been given permission 7 If someone is injured or becomes ill only a professional medical provider or some one certified in first aid should perform first aid procedures yooqpueH IIHS 22U PS SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK J 147 Matt Meadows lt CONTENTS Extra Try at Home Labs Extra Try at Home Labs EXTRA 3 Labs From Your Kitchen Junk Drawer or Yard Space Probe Flights amp Real World Question How can we compare the distances traveled by space probes to their destinations Possible Materials as EZ
56. flip a coin 100 times what are the odds that it will come up heads There are two possible outcomes heads or tails so the odds of coming up heads are 50 100 Another way to say this is that 50 out of 100 times the coin will come up heads In its simplest form the ratio is 1 2 Example 1 A chemical solution contains 40 g of salt and 64 g of baking soda What is the ratio of salt to baking soda as a fraction in simplest form Step 1 Write the ratio as a fraction salt _ 40 baking soda 64 Step 2 Express the fraction in simplest form The GCF of 40 and 64 is 8 40 40 8 _ 5 64 64 8 8 The ratio of salt to baking soda in the sample is 5 8 Example 2 Sean rolls a 6 sided die 6 times What are the odds that the side with a 3 will show Step 1 Write the ratio as a fraction number of sides witha3 _ 1 number of sides 6 Step 2 Multiply by the number of attempts X 6 attempts attempts 1 attempt 1 attempt out of 6 will show a 3 Practice Problem Two metal rods measure 100 cm and 144 cm in length What is the ratio of their lengths in simplest form Use Decimals A fraction with a denominator that is a power of ten can be written as a decimal For example 0 27 means T The decimal point separates the ones place from the tenths place Any fraction can be written as a decimal using division For example the fraction gt can be written as a decimal by dividing 5 by 8 Written as a decimal it is 0 625
57. formed your hypoth esis you need to test it Using an investiga tion you will make observations and collect data or information This data might either support or not support your hypothesis Scientists collect and organize data as num bers and descriptions Follow a Procedure In order to know what materials to use as well as how and in what order to use them you must follow a procedure Figure 8 shows a procedure you might follow to test your hypothesis Procedure 1 Use regular gasoline for two weeks 2 ech the number of kilometers etween fill ups and the am gasoline used E 3 Switch to premium gasoline for two weeks 4 Record the number of kilometers between fill ups and the amount of gasoline used Figure 8 A procedure tells you what to do step by step Identify and Manipulate Variables and Controls In any experiment it is important to keep everything the same except for the item you are testing The one factor you change is called the independent variable The change that results is the dependent variable Make sure you have only one inde pendent variable to assure yourself of the cause of the changes you observe in the dependent variable For example in your gasoline experiment the type of fuel is the independent variable The dependent vari able is the efficiency 140 e J STUDENT RESOURCES Michell D Bridwell PhotoEdit Inc Many experiments also have a control an in
58. ice twice yearly point at which the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator p 44 space probe instrument that travels far into the solar system and gathers data to send back to Earth p 18 space shuttle reusable spacecraft that can carry cargo astronauts and satellites to and from space p 23 space station large facility with living quarters work and exercise areas and equipment and support systems for humans to live and work in space and conduct research p 24 sphere SFIHR a round three dimensional object whose surface is the same distance from its center at all points Earth is a sphere that bulges somewhat at the equator and is slightly flattened at the poles p 40 180 J STUDENT RESOURCES sat lite cualquier objeto natural o artificial que gire alrededor de otro objeto p 17 Saturno adem s de ser el sexto planeta m s cercano al sol tambi n es el segundo en tama o tiene un sis tema de anillos complejo por lo menos 31 lunas y una atm sfera gruesa compuesta principalmente de hidr geno y helio p 84 eclipse solar ocurre cuando la luna pasa directamente entre el sol y la Tierra y se genera una sombra sobre una parte de la Tierra p 49 sistema solar sistema de nueve planetas incluyendo a la Tierra y otros objetos que giran alrededor del sol p 71 solsticio punto en el cual dos veces al a o el sol alcanza su mayor distancia al norte o al sur del ecuado
59. ight Step 3 Show that number as a power of ten 10 The Earth is 1 496 X 10 km from the Sun Practice Problem How many significant digits are in 149 600 000 km How many significant digits are in 1 496 X 108 km Practice Problem Parts used in a high performance car must be measured to 7 X 107 m Express this number as a decimal Practice Problem A CD is spinning at 539 revolu tions per minute Express this number in scientific notation gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Make and Use Graphs Distance v Time Data in tables can be displayed in a graph a visual representation of data 40 Common graph types include line graphs bar graphs and circle graphs E 30 Line Graph A line graph shows a relation 2 eH ship between two variables that change bi continuously The independent variable is changed and is plotted on the x axis The dependent variable is observed and 01 eo US is plotted on the y axis limet Figure 20 This line graph shows the relationship Example Draw a line graph of the data below from between distance and time during a bicycle ride a cyclist in a long distance race a Practice Problem A puppy s shoulder height is Table 5 Bicycle Race Data measured during the first year of her life The follow Time h Distance km ing measurements were collected 3 mo 52 cm DA AA A 6 mo 72 cm 9 mo 83 cm 12 mo 86 cm Graph ES Find a Slope The slope of a straight line is SSS SS the
60. imeter of a shape with sides measuring 2 cm 5 cm 6 cm 3 cm Step 1 You know that the perimeter is the sum of all the sides P 2 5 6 3 Step 2 Find the sum of the sides P2 F563 P 16 The perimeter is 16 cm Practice Problem Find the perimeter of a rectangle with a length of 18 m and a width of 7 m Practice Problem Find the perimeter of a triangle measuring 1 6 cm by 2 4 cm by 2 4 cm Area of a Rectangle The area A is the number of square units needed to cover a surface To find the area of a rectangle multiply the length times the width or l x w When finding area the units also are multiplied Area is given in square units Example Find the area of a rectangle with a length of 1 cm and a width of 10 cm Step 1 You know that the area is the length multi plied by the width A 1cm X 10cm Step 2 Multiply the length by the width Also multi ply the units A 10 cm The area is 10 cm2 Practice Problem Find the area of a square whose sides measure 4 m Area of a Triangle To find the area of a triangle use the formula A base x height The base of a triangle can be any of its sides The height is the perpendicular distance from a base to the opposite endpoint or vertex Example Find the area of a triangle with a base of 18 m and a height of 7 m Step 1 You know that the area is gt the base times the height A 5 18 m X 7m Step 2 Multiply gt by the product of 18 Xx 7 Multiply
61. ing 119 Mayan calendar 62 62 Measurement of distances in solar system 70 71 78 INDEX J 183 xapu Index Index Medicine 94 95 lab of parallax 126 127 lab in space 107 122 lab Medicine and space technology 29 Mercury planet 74 76 76 77 88 88 94 95 lab exploration of 19 Meteor 91 91 92 Meteorite 92 92 96 Meteoroid 91 92 Meteor shower 92 Milky Way Galaxy 100 120 120 121 Mini Labs Inferring Effects of Gravity 79 Making Your Own Compass 42 Measuring Distance in Space 122 Modeling a Satellite 21 Model and Invent Solar System Distance Model 94 95 Moon s 46 59 53 lab craters on 51 52 54 eclipse of 50 50 55 lab exploration of 21 22 22 27 27 56 56 59 ice on 58 59 interior of 51 51 of Jupiter 19 20 20 83 83 mapping 58 58 59 of Mars 81 81 movement of 39 lab 46 46 50 56 of Neptune 86 86 origin of 53 53 of Pluto 87 87 poles of 59 and reflection of Sun 47 rocks on 54 57 of Saturn 28 84 surface of 38 51 51 32 57 57 59 58 of Uranus 85 Moon phases 47 48 55 lab Moonquakes 51 51 National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA 18 29 29 20 27 20732 58 National Geographic Visualizing The Big Bang Theory 124 The Moon s Surface 52 The Solar System s Formation 73 Space Probes 19 Navigation by stars 30 31 lab NEAR spacecraft 93 Nebula 72 72 116 117 HISH
62. initions An opera tional definition defines an object by how it functions works or behaves For example when you are playing hide and seek and a tree is home base you have created an operational definition for a tree Objects can have more than one opera tional definition For example a ruler can be defined as a tool that measures the length of an object how it is used It can also be a tool with a series of marks used as a stan dard when measuring how it works lt CONTENTS Analyze the Data To determine the meaning of your observations and investigation results you will need to look for patterns in the data Then you must think critically to determine what the data mean Scientists use several approaches when they analyze the data they have collected and recorded Each approach 1s useful for identifying specific patterns yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Interpret Data The word interpret means to explain the meaning of something When analyzing data from an experiement try to find out what the data show Identify the control group and the test group to see whether or not changes in the independent variable have had an effect Look for differ ences in the dependent variable between the control and test groups Classify Sorting objects or events into groups based on common features is called classifying When classifying first observe the objects or events to be classified Then select one feature that is shared by
63. ionado directamente sobre el ecuador y el n mero de horas del d a y de la noche son iguales en todo el mundo p 45 full moon phase that occurs when all of the Moon s surface facing Earth reflects light p 47 luna llena fase que ocurre cuando toda la superficie de la luna frente a la Tierra refleja la luz del sol p 47 M galaxy large group of stars dust and gas held together by gravity can be elliptical spiral or irregular p 120 giant late stage in the life of comparatively low mass main sequence star in which hydrogen in the core is deleted the core contracts and temperatures inside the star increase causing its outer layers to expand and cool p 117 Great Red Spot giant high pressure storm in Jupiter s atmosphere p 82 galaxia grupo grande de estrellas polvo y gas en donde todo est unido por gravedad puede ser el ptica espiral o irregular p 120 gigante etapa tard a en la vida de una estrella de secuencia principal de relativamente poca masa en la que el hidr geno en el n cleo est agotado el n cleo se contrae y la temperatura en el interior de la estrella aumenta causando que las capas externas se expandan y enfr en p 117 La Gran Mancha Roja tormenta gigante de alta presi n en la atm sfera de J piter p 82 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO J 177 lt CONTENTS PILE D olleso Glossary Glosario
64. iones relati vas de la luna la Tierra y el sol p 47 1 nebula large cloud of gas and dust that contracts under gravitational force and breaks apart into smaller pieces each of which might collapse to form a star p 116 178 J STUDENT RESOURCES nebulosa nube grande de polvo y gas que se contrae bajo la fuerza gravitacional y se descompone en pedazos m s peque os cada uno de los cuales se puede colapsar para formar una estrella p 116 gt CONTENTS p Neptune radio telescope Neptune usually the eighth planet from the Sun is large and gaseous has rings that vary in thickness and is bluish green in color p 86 neutron star collapsed core of a supernova that can shrink to about 20 km in diameter and contains only neutrons in the dense core p 118 new moon moon phase that occurs when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun at which point the Moon cannot be seen because its lighted half is facing the Sun and its dark side faces Earth p 47 Glossary Glosario Neptuno radiotelescopio Neptuno el octavo planeta desde el sol es grande y gaseoso tiene anillos que varian en espesor y tiene un color verde azulado p 86 estrella de neutrones nucleo colapsado de una super nova que puede contraerse hasta tener un di metro de 20 kil metros y contiene s lo neutrones en su denso n cleo p 118 luna nueva fase lunar que ocurre cuando la luna se encuentra entre la Tierra y el
65. ke a cycle map first decide what event is the beginning event This is also called the initiating event Then list the next events in the order that they occur with the last event relating back to the initiating event Words can be written between the events that describe what happens from one event to the next The number of events in a cycle map can vary but usually contain three or more events 138 e J STUDENT RESOURCES cs entering where mixture the cylinder is compacted inthe inthe Gasoline and air to mix allowing Compression stroke then ignited Gate for the and removed d during the Figure 5 A cycle map shows events that occur in a cycle Spider Map A type of concept map that you can use for brainstorming is the spider map When you have a central idea you might find that you have a jumble of ideas that relate to it but are not necessarily clearly related to each other The spider map on sound in Figure 6 shows that if you write these ideas outside the main concept then you can begin to separate and group unre lated terms so they become more useful through solids 13 a intensity through liquids El g frequency 2 through gases E AR quality outer ear sonogram eS middle ear N sonar Z inner ear ES S echolocation music lt Figure 6 A spider map allows you to list ideas that relate to a central topic but not necessarily to one another lt CONTENTS Science Skill Han
66. l Surveyor space probe 79 80 Graph s 16 act Gravity effects of 79 lab Great Dark Spot Neptune 86 Great Red Spot Jupiter 82 82 Greenhouse effect 77 Hale Bopp comet 90 90 Halley Edmund 90 Hertzsprung Ejnar 114 Hertzsprung Russell H R diagram 114 114 115 116 Hubble Edwin 123 Hubble Space Telescope 6 8 10 11 11 28 86 87 91 AS 125 Hurricanes on Neptune 86 y Impact basin 57 57 57 58 lab Impact theory 53 53 Inner planets 72 76 81 78 78 See also Earth Mars 74 78 78 81 88 88 94 95 lab Mercury 74 76 76 77 88 88 94 95 lab Venus 70 71 74 77 87 88 88 94 95 lab Integrate Chemistry exploring Mars 18 white dwarf matter 117 Integrate Health ultraviolet light 9 Integrate Life Science Earth s rotation 41 Galileo mission 20 Integrate Physics hurricanes on Neptune 86 magnetic field 42 quasars 118 rotational motion 72 seismic waves 51 International Space Station 24 DIOL OCI Ol oe Io moon of Jupiter 20 83 83 Irregular galaxy 121 121 James Webb Space Telescope 28 28 Journal 6 38 68 100 Jupiter 82 82 83 89 89 distance from Sun 94 95 lab exploration of 18 19 20 82 Great Red Spot on 82 82 moons of 19 20 20 83 83 orbital speed of 74 Keck telescopes 12 12 28 Kepler Johannes 74 Kuiper Belt 87 Lab s Building a Reflecting Telescope 14 Design Your Own
67. lacier O E x7369 Spot elevation aig Large falls 670 Water elevation pee a Dry lake bed REFERENCE HANDBOOKS J 173 4 CONTENTS gt Reference Handbooks Columns of elements are called groups Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties State of o Synth etic matter Reference Handbooks Atomic mass The first three symbols tell you the state of matter of the element at room temperature The fourth symbol Lithium i J Beryllium 4 Be O 9 012 identifies elements that are not present in significant amounts on Earth Useful amounts are made synthetically Sodium Magnesium 11 12 va mO 24 305 Manganese 25 E 54 938 Titanium 22 Ti O Scandium 21 Sc E Potassium Calcium 19 20 Ca E Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium 37 38 40 m 43 44 T 45 E Rb Sr E Zr Tc Ru Rh 85 468 87 62 98 101 07 102 906 Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Iridium 55 56 57 UP E 13 CJ 74 A 75 E 77 E Cs LJ Ba LI La LI Hf Ta W Re Ir 132 905 137 327 138 906 178 49 180 948 183 84 186 207 192 217 Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 Fr Ra J Ac LI Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 223 226 227 261 262 266 264 277 268 The number in parentheses is the mass number of the
68. le If you know you want to research gold don t type in elements Keep narrowing your search until you find what you want Web sites that end in com are commercial Web sites org edu and gov are non profit educational or government Web sites m Electronic encyclopedias almanacs indexes and catalogs will help locate and select relevant information Develop a home page with relative ease When developing a Web site NEVER post pictures or disclose personal information such as location names or phone numbers Your school or community usually can host your Web site A basic understanding of HTML hypertext mark up language the language of Web sites is necessary Software that creates HTML code is called authoring software and can be downloaded free from many Web sites This software allows text and pictures to be arranged as the software is writing the HTML code TECHNOLOGY SKILLHANDBOOK J 151 gt CONTENTS gt Bob Daemmrich Technology Skill Handbook yooqpueH JIS bojouyoaL Technology Skill Handbook Use a Spreadsheet A spreadsheet shown in Figure 18 can perform mathematical functions with any data arranged in columns and rows By enter ing a simple equation into a cell the program can perform operations in specific cells rows or columns Learn the Skill Each column vertical is assigned a letter and each row horizontal is assigned a number Each p
69. m mg To measure mass you might use a triple beam balance similar to the one shown in Figure 12 The balance has a pan on one side and a set of beams on the other side Each beam has a rider that slides on the beam When using a triple beam balance place an object on the pan Slide the largest rider along its beam until the pointer drops below zero Then move it back one notch Repeat the process for each rider proceeding from the larger to smaller until the pointer swings an equal distance above and below the zero point Sum the masses on each beam to find the mass of the object Move all riders back to zero when finished Instead of putting materials directly on the balance scientists often take a tare of a container A tare is the mass of a container into which objects or substances are placed for measuring their masses To mass objects or substances find the mass of a clean con tainer Remove the container from the pan and place the object or substances in the container Find the mass of the container with the materials in it Subtract the mass of the empty container from the mass of the filled container to find the mass of the materials you are using Figure 12 A triple beam balance is used to deter mine the mass of an object 142 J STUDENT RESOURCES StudiOhio Figure 13 Graduated cylinders measure liquid volume Liquid Volume To measure liquids the unit used is the liter When a smaller unit is needed
70. menos visible p 48 creciente describe las fases posteriores a la luna nueva de manera que el lado iluminado de la luna es cada vez m s visible p 48 enana blanca etapa tard a en el ciclo de vida de una estrella de secuencia principal de relativamente poca masa formada cuando el n cleo agota su helio y sus capas externas escapan al espacio dejando atr s un n cleo denso y caliente p 118 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO J 181 Dp Aaesso 5 o1leso Index Index Absolute magnitude Italic numbers illustration photo Evolution Bold numbers vocabulary term lab a page on which the entry is used in a lab act a page on which the entry is used in an activity Absolute magnitude 106 Activities Applying Math 16 80 Applying Science 53 106 Integrate Chemistry 18 117 Integrate Health 9 Integrate Life Science 20 41 Integrate Physics 42 51 73 86 118 Science Online 20 25 27 43 45 49 71 80 109 116 Standardized Test Practice 36 37 66 67 100 101 132 133 Aldrin Edwin 22 Alpha Centauri 112 Antares 115 115 Apparent magnitude 106 Applying Math Diameter of Mars 80 Drawing by Numbers 16 Chapter Review 41 65 99 131 Section Reviews 13 22 29 54 8193 119 Applying Science Are distance and brightness related 106 What will you use to survive on the Moon 53 Applying Skills 45 59 74 89 108112125 Aristotle 40 Armstrong Neil 22 Asteroid
71. ment park 66 of 90 rides have a height restriction What fraction of the rides in its simplest form has a height restriction 154 J STUDENT RESOURCES Add and Subtract Fractions To add or subtract fractions with the same denomina tor add or subtract the numerators and write the sum or difference over the denom inator After finding the sum or difference find the simplest form for your fraction Example 1 In the forest outside your house of the animals are rabbits are squirrels and the remainder are birds and insects How many are mammals Step 1 Add the numerators ADAM chee lage Parad 8 E 8 8 8 Step 2 Find the GCF 4 3 GCF 4 Step 3 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF AG ten TE A de i 2 1 F of the animals are mammals Example 2 If of the Earth is covered by freshwater and L of that is in glaciers how much freshwater is not frozen Step 1 Subtract the numerators UA SUL Ses fee o 16 16 Step 2 Find the GCF 6 16 GCF 2 Step 3 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF Gage ep alps I 3 2 8 of the freshwater is not frozen Practice Problem A bicycle rider is going 15 km h for s of his ride 10 km h for 5 of his ride and 8 km h for the remainder of the ride How much of his ride is he going over 8 km h gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Unlike Denominators To add or subtract fractions with unlike denominators first find the least commo
72. micals may be ignited by open flame spark or exposed heat Open flame in use may cause fire Clothing Protection This symbol appears when substances could stain or burn clothing certain chemicals living organisms bacteria fungi blood unpreserved tissues plant materials boiling liquids hot plates dry ice liquid nitrogen razor blades pins scalpels pointed tools dissecting probes bro ken glass ammonia acetone nail polish remover heated sulfur moth balls improper grounding liquid spills short circuits exposed wires pollen moth balls steel wool fiberglass potassium perman ganate bleaches such as hydrogen peroxide acids such as sulfuric acid hydrochloric acid bases such as ammo nia sodium hydroxide mercury many metal compounds iodine poinsettia plant parts alcohol kerosene potassium perman ganate hair clothing paper synthetic materials lt CONTENTS Animal NOW Animal Safety This symbol appears when safety of ani mals and students must be ensured Do not dispose of these materials in the sink or trash can Avoid skin contact with these materials Wear mask or gloves Use proper protection when handling Practice common sense behavior and follow guidelines for use of the tool Make sure there is good ventilation Never smell fumes directly Wear a mask Double check setup with teacher Check condition of wires and app
73. n denominator LCD This is the smallest number that is a com mon multiple of both denominators Rename each fraction with the LCD and then add or subtract Find the simplest form if necessary Example p A chemist makes a paste that is table salt NaCl sugar C H 0 and the rest water H 0 How much of the paste is a solid Step 1 Find the LCD of the fractions 1 1 gt aie 3 LCD 6 Step 2 Rename each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 1X3 3 2X3 6 1X2 2 3Xx2 6 Step 3 Add the numerators 2 Zeer O E 6 2 6 5 E A A of the paste is a solid Example 2 The average precipitation in Grand Junction CO is L inch in November and gt inch in December What is the total average precipitation Step 1 Find E LCD of the fractions 7 a LCD 10 Step 2 nad each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 7X1 7 10Xx1 10 3x2 6 5x2 10 Step 3 Add the numerators A O ES 10 10 10 10 5 inches total precipitation or 1 inches Practice Problem On an electric bill about 5 of the energy is from solar energy and about 5 is from wind power How much of the total bill is from solar energy and wind power combined Example 3 In your body 4 contractions are involuntary Meal and smooth 3 muscle tissue Smooth muscle makes E 5 of your muscle contractions How many of cat manele contractions are made by cardiac muscle z f your muscle Step 1 Find oe LCD of the fractions 7
74. n formed when ancient lava reached the sur face and filled craters on the Moon s surface p 51 Mars fourth planet from the Sun has polar ice caps a thin atmosphere and a reddish appearance caused by iron oxide in weathered rocks and soil p 78 Mercury smallest planet closest to the Sun does not have a true atmosphere has a surface with many craters and high cliffs p 76 meteor a meteoroid that burns up in Earth s atmo sphere p 91 meteorite a meteoroid that strikes the surface of a moon or planet p 92 moon phase change in appearance of the Moon as viewed from the Earth due to the relative positions of the Moon Earth and Sun p 47 color oscuro que se formaron cuando la lava alcanz la superficie y llen los cr teres en la seperficie lunar p 51 Marte cuarto planeta m s cercano al sol tiene cas quetes de hielo polar una atm sfera delgada y una apariencia rojiza causada por el xido de hierro presente en las rocas y suelo de su superficie p 78 Mercurio el planeta m s peque o y m s cercano al sol no tiene una atm sfera verdadera tiene una superfi cie con muchos cr teres y grandes acantilados p 76 meteoro un meteoroide que se incinera en la atm sfera de la Tierra p 91 meteorito un meteoroide que choca contra la superfi cie de la luna o de alg n planeta p 92 fase lunar cambio en la apariencia de la luna seg n es vista desde la Tierra se debe a las posic
75. nd the angle of each section in the circle 78 X a 280 8 21 X an 75 6 1 X oo 3 6 Step 2 Use a compass to draw a circle and to mark the center of the circle Draw a straight line from the center to the edge of the circle Step 3 Use a protractor and the angles you calcu lated to divide the circle into parts Place the center of the protractor over the center of the circle and line the base of the protractor over the straight line Other Practice Problem Draw a circle graph to represent the amount of aluminum collected during the week shown in the bar graph to the left gt CONTENTS gt Reference Handbooks gt Weather Map Symbols A p Sample Station Model E A Location of Barometric pressure in M Type of high clouds weather station millibars with initial 9 or 10 omitted 1 024 7 a Type of middle clouds y A 247 Change in barometric 9 Temperature F a lt pressure in last 3 h i i N 31 28 a Total percentage of sky covered by clouds Typeof ls ey precipitation Windspeed Ys A Type of low clouds and direction 30 Dew point temperature F Sample Plotted Report at Each Station Precipitation Wind Speed Sky Coverage Some Types of High Clouds and Direction fain 74008 G 21100030 Le Vel ofdus covering entire sky Na E A ta 60 we 48 52 knots a openings 1 knot 1 852 km h Completely overcast Some
76. ns 18 18 Viking space probes 79 80 Volcanoes on other planets 78 78 83 83 Voyager missions 19 20 Voyager space probes 82 83 83 84 85 86 lt q CONTENTS White dwarf SH Waning 48 48 Wave s electromagnetic 8 9 8 9 radio 8 seismic 51 Wavelength 8 9 9 Waxing 48 48 Weather in space 109 act White dwarf 115 117 117 Credits Magnification Key Magnifications listed are the magnifica tions at which images were originally photographed LM Light Microscope SEM Scanning Electron Microscope TEM Transmission Electron Microscope Acknowledgments Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who participated in illustrating this pro gram Absolute Science Illustration Andrew Evansen Argosy Articulate Graphics Craig Attebery represented by Frank amp Jeff Lavaty CHK America John Edwards and Associates Gagliano Graphics Pedro Julio Gonzalez represented by Melissa Turk amp The Artist Network Robert Hynes repre sented by Mendola Ltd Morgan Cain amp Associates JTH Illustration Laurie O Keefe Matthew Pippin represented by Beranbaum Artist s Representative Precision Graphics Publisher s Art Rolin Graphics Inc Wendy Smith repre sented by Melissa Turk amp The Artist Network Kevin Torline represented by Berendsen and Associates Inc WILDlife ART Phil Wilson represented by Cliff Knecht Artist Representative Zoo Botanica Photo Credits
77. oint where a row and column intersect is called a cell and is labeled according to where it is located Column A Row 1 A1 Decide how to organize the data and enter it in the correct row or column Spreadsheets can use standard formulas or formulas can be customized to calcu late cells To make a change click on a cell to make it activate and enter the edited data or formula Spreadsheets also can display your results in graphs Choose the style of graph that best represents the data l r A AI Tool Bea Ae E hot Alo AA A A AO 5 n er iH mE u Figure 18 A spreadsheet allows you to perform mathematical operations on your data 152 J STUDENT RESOURCES i Technology Skill Handbook l oi Use Graphics Software Adding pictures called graphics to your documents is one way to make your docu ments more meaningful and exciting This software adds edits and even constructs graphics There is a variety of graphics soft ware programs The tools used for drawing can be a mouse keyboard or other special ized devices Some graphics programs are simple Others are complicated called computer aided design CAD software Learn the Skill It is important to have an understanding of the graphics software being used before starting The better the software is understood the better the results The graphics can be placed in a word processing document m Clip art can be found on
78. on is discovered and con clusions are drawn that might apply to the whole population A poorly chosen sample can be unrepresentative of the whole If you were trying to determine the rainfall in an area it would not be best to take a rainfall sample from under a tree yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Measure You use measurements everyday Scientists also take measurements when col lecting data When taking measurements it is important to know how to use measuring tools properly Accuracy also is important Length To measure length the distance between two points scientists use meters Smaller measurements might be measured in centimeters or millimeters Length is measured using a metric ruler or meter stick When using a metric ruler line up the 0 cm mark with the end of the object being measured and read the number of the unit where the object ends Look at the metric ruler shown in Figure 11 The cen timeter lines are the long numbered lines and the shorter lines are millimeter lines In this instance the length would be 4 50 cm appe L plea paal a diid 4 hi Y paleta ae Figure 11 This metric ruler has centimeter and millimeter divisions SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK J 141 t Mark Burnett b Dominic Oldershaw Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Mass The SI unit for mass is the kilogram kg Scientists can measure mass using units formed by adding metric prefixes to the unit gram g such as milligra
79. p 1 You know that the base is a circle with an area equal to the square of the radius times ar The radius is one half the diameter The volume is the area of the base times the height V mr X 4 8 V a x 157 Xx 4 8 V 157 52 X 4 8 Step 2 Find the area of the base V 56 2577 X 4 8 V 176 63 X 4 8 Step 3 Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid V 847 8 The volume is 847 8 mm Practice Problem Find the volume of a cylinder with a diameter of 7 cm in the base and a height of 16 cm yooqpuey IIS Yew MATH SKILLHANDBOOK J 163 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Science Applications Measure in SI The metric system of measurement was developed in 1795 A modern form of the metric system called the International System SI was adopted in 1960 and pro vides the standard measurements that all scientists around the world can understand The SI system is convenient because unit sizes vary by powers of 10 Prefixes are used to name units Look at Table 3 for some common SI prefixes and their meanings Table 3 Common SI Prefixes Prefix Symbol Meaning ea def 10 ten ees net oe 001 thousandth Example How many grams equal one kilogram Step 1 Find the prefix kilo in Table 3 Step 2 Using Table 3 determine the meaning of kilo According to the table it means 1 000 When the prefix kilo is added to a unit it means that there are
80. r p 44 sonda espacial instrumento que viaja grandes distan cias en el sistema solar recopila datos y los env a a la Tierra p 18 trasbordador espacial nave espacial reutilizable que puede llevar carga astronautas y sat lites hacia y desde el espacio p 23 estaci n espacial instalaci n grande con reas para hospedarse trabajar y hacer ejercicio tiene equipos y sistemas de apoyo para que los seres humanos vivan trabajen y lleven a cabo investigaciones en el espacio p 24 esfera un objeto tridimensional y redondo donde cualquier punto de su superficie est a la misma dis tancia del centro la Tierra es una esfera algo abul tada en el ecuador y ligeramente achatada en los polos p 40 gt CONTENTS p sunspots white dwarf sunspots areas on the Sun s surface that are cooler and less bright than surrounding areas are caused by the Sun s magnetic field and occur in cycles p 110 supergiant late stage in the life cycle of a massive star in which the core heats up heavy elements form by fusion and the star expands can eventually explode to form a supernova p 119 Glossary Glosario manchas solares enana blanca manchas solares areas en la superficie solar que son m s fr as y menos brillantes que las reas circun dantes son causadas por el campo magn tico solar y ocurren en ciclos p 110 supergigante etapa tard a en el ciclo de vida de una estrella masiva en la que el n
81. raphs to help you understand what you read Some illustrations are included to help you under stand an idea that you can t see easily by yourself like the tiny particles in an atom in Figure 2 A drawing helps many people to remember details more easily and provides examples that clarify difficult concepts or give additional information about the topic you are studying Most illustrations have labels or a caption to identify or to provide more information Nucleus Neutron Proton Electrons Figure 2 This drawing shows an atom of carbon with its six protons six neutrons and six electrons Concept Maps One way to organize data is to draw a diagram that shows relationships among ideas or concepts A concept map can help make the meanings of ideas and terms more clear and help you understand and remember what you are studying Concept maps are useful for breaking large concepts down into smaller parts making learning easier has has Definite Definite shape volume has Science Skill Handbook Network Tree A type of concept map that not only shows a relationship but how the concepts are related is a network tree shown in Figure 3 In a network tree the words are written in the ovals while the description of the type of relationship is written across the connecting lines When constructing a network tree write down the topic and all major topics on sep arate pieces of paper or notecards Then arrange them in
82. rses or reciprocals Example Find the reciprocal of 7 Step 1 Inverse the fraction by putting the denomi nator on top and the numerator on the bottom 8 3 The reciprocal of is a Practice Problem Find the reciprocal of gt 156 J STUDENT RESOURCES Divide Fractions To divide one fraction by another fraction multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor Find the simplest form if necessary Example 1 Divide gt by S Step 1 Find the reciprocal of the divisor The reciprocal of is Step 2 Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor 9 1 9 X 1 9 wi jw Step 3 Find the GCF 3 gt GCF 3 Step 4 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF 9 e Wi wlw a es eek 9 divided by 3 ISS Example 2 Divide gt by T Step 1 Find the reciprocal of the divisor The reciprocal of 7 is z Step 2 Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor 2 saa e e A 12 Hit poet ela es 4 Son te Ve 5 divided by 7 S 5 or 2 Practice Problem Divide by Le gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Use Ratios When you compare two numbers by division you are using a ratio Ratios can be written 3 to 5 3 5 or Ratios like fractions also can be written in simplest form Ratios can represent probabilities also called odds This is a ratio that compares the number of ways a certain outcome occurs to the number of outcomes For example if you
83. se of using the computer is not to prompt the presenter but to help the audience understand the points of the presentation yooqpueH JIS bojouyoaL TECHNOLOGY SKILLHANDBOOK J 153 gt Davis Barber PhotoEdit Inc Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Math Review Use Fractions A fraction compares a part to a whole In the fraction 2 the 2 represents the part and is the numerator The 3 represents the whole and is the denominator Reduce Fractions To reduce a fraction you must find the largest factor that is common to both the numerator and the denominator the greatest common factor GCF Divide both numbers by the GCF The fraction has then been reduced or it is in its simplest form Example Twelve of the 20 chemicals in the science lab are in powder form What fraction of the chemicals used in the lab are in powder form Step 1 Write the fraction part _ 12 whole 20 Step 2 To find the GCF of the numerator and denom inator list all of the factors of each number Factors of 12 1 2 3 4 6 12 the numbers that divide evenly into 12 Factors of 20 1 2 4 5 10 20 the numbers that divide evenly into 20 List the common factors 1 2 4 Step 3 Step 4 Choose the greatest factor in the list The GCF of 12 and 20 is 4 Step 5 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF 12 4_3 20 4 5 In the lab of the chemicals are in powder form Practice Problem At an amuse
84. sibly olivine or no visible grains No quartz Dark in color Obsidian Glassy texture No visible grains Volcanic glass Fracture looks like broken glass Pumice Frothy texture Floats in water Usually light in color Sedimentary Conglomerate Coarse grained Gravel or pebble size grains detrital Sandstone Sand sized grains 1 16 to 2 mm Siltstone Grains are smaller than sand but larger than clay Shale Smallest grains Often dark in color Usually platy Sedimentary Limestone Major mineral is calcite Usually forms in oceans and chemical or organic lakes Often contains fossils Coal Forms in swampy areas Compacted layers of organic material mainly plant remains Sedimentary Rock Salt Commonly forms by the evaporation of seawater chemical Metamorphic Gneiss Banding due to alternate layers of different minerals foliated of different colors Parent rock often is granite Schist Parallel arrangement of sheetlike minerals mainly micas Forms from different parent rocks Phyllite Shiny or silky appearance May look wrinkled Common parent rocks are shale and slate Slate Harder denser and shinier than shale Common parent rock is shale Metamorphic Marble Calcite or dolomite Common parent rock is limestone nonfoliated Soapstone Mainly of talc Soft with greasy feel Quartzite Hard with interlocking quartz crystals Common parent rock is sandstone 172 J STUDENT RESOU
85. so is important as a way of improving their investigations Scientists communicate in many ways from writing articles in journals and maga zines that explain their investigations and experiments to announcing important dis coveries on television and radio Scientists also share ideas with colleagues on the Internet or present them as lectures like the student is doing in Figure 15 Figure 15 A student communicates to his peers about his investigation gt CONTENTS gt Science Skill Handbook DISPOSAL Ah BIOLOGICAL EXTREME TEMPERATURE SHARP OBJECT FUME 4 ELECTRICAL IRRITANT CHEMICAL MS Z ll E ES El TOXIC FLAMMABLE OPEN FLAME de Gl E l Eye Safety Proper eye protection should be worn at all times by anyone per forming or observing science activities Special disposal proce dures need to be fol lowed Organisms or other biological materials that might be harmful to humans Objects that can burn skin by being too cold or too hot Use of tools or glass ware that can easily puncture or slice skin Possible danger to res piratory tract from fumes Possible danger from electrical shock or burn Substances that can irritate the skin or mucous membranes of the respiratory tract Chemicals can react with and destroy tissue and other materials Substance may be poi sonous if touched inhaled or swallowed Flammable che
86. sol punto en el cual la luna no puede verse porque su mitad iluminada est frente al sol y su lado oscuro frente a la Tierra p 47 9 observatory building that can house an optical tele scope often has a dome shaped roof that can be opened for viewing p 10 orbit curved path followed by a satellite as it revolves around an object p 17 observatorio edificaci n que puede albergar un tele scopio ptico a menudo tiene un techo en forma de domo que puede abrirse para la observaci n p 10 rbita trayectoria curva seguida por un sat lite con forme gira alrededor de un objeto p 17 photosphere lowest layer of the Sun s atmosphere gives off light and has temperatures of about 6 000K p 109 Pluto considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun has a solid icy rock surface and a single moon Charon p 87 Project Apollo final stage in the U S program to reach the Moon in which Neil Armstrong was the first human to step onto the Moon s surface p 22 Project Gemini second stage in the U S program to reach the Moon in which an astronaut team con nected with another spacecraft in orbit p 21 Project Mercury first step in the U S program to reach the Moon orbited a piloted spacecraft around Earth and brought it back safely p 21 fotosfera capa mas interna de la atm sfera del sol emite luz y tiene temperaturas de cerca de 6 000 grados Kelvin p 109 Plu
87. t OT Vii ie 18 187980 Voyager 19 20 82 83 83 84 85 86 Space shuttle 15 16 16 23 23 24 Space stations 24 25 International 24 25 25 25 act 32 32 Mir 24 24 Skylab 24 24 Spectroscope 108 Spectrum electromagnetic 8 9 9 of star 108 108 123 123 Sphere 40 40 41 Spiral galaxy 120 120 121 Sputnik L 17 21 Standardized Test Practice 36 37 66 67 100 100 132 133 Star s 104 108 absolute magnitude of 106 apparent magnitude of 106 binary 112 classifying 114 115 constellations of 104 104 105 105 evolution of 116 act 116 119 117 fusion reaction in 115 116 116 life cycle of 116 119 117 main sequence 114 114 115 116 117 navigation by 30 31 lab neutron 118 patterns of 105 lab properties of 108 108 spectrum of 108 108 123 123 Sun as 109 112 triple 112 lt CONTENTS Index Triton moon of Neptune Star cluster 112 112 Stardust spacecraft 91 Steady state theory 122 Study Guide 33 63 97 129 Sun 109 113 119 atmosphere of 109 109 as center of solar system 71 corona of 109 109 distance from Earth 41 43 94 95 lab and Earth s rotation 41 eclipse of 48 48 49 49 layers of 109 109 origin of 72 73 radiation from 44 as star 109 112 surface features of 110 110 111 111 temperature of 109 Sunspots 110 110 113 lab Supergiants 115 115 118 Supernova 118 y Technology See Teles
88. t n considerado como el noveno planeta desde el sol tiene una superficie s lida de roca congelada y una luna Caronte p 87 Proyecto Apolo etapa final en el proyecto norteameri cano para llegar a la luna en el que Neil Armstrong fue el primer ser humano en caminar sobre la super ticle lunar P 22 Proyecto G minis segunda etapa del proyecto norteam ericano para llegar a la luna en el que un grupo de astronautas se conect6 con otra nave espacial en rbita p 21 Proyecto Mercurio primera etapa del proyecto norteamericano para llegar a la luna en el que una nave espacial tripulada recorri la rbita de la Tierra y regres de manera segura p 21 c Gmm radio telescope collects and records radio waves travel ing through space can be used day or night under most weather conditions p 13 lt CONTENTS radiotelescopio recolecta y registra ondas de radio que viajan a trav s del espacio puede usarse de dia o de noche en la mayoria de condiciones clim ticas p 13 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO J 179 D gt Aaesso 5 o1leso Glossary Glosario Glossary Glosario reflecting telescope sphere reflecting telescope optical telescope that uses a con cave mirror to focus light and form an image at the focal point p 10 refracting telescope optical telescope that uses a double convex lens to bend light and form an image at the focal point p 10 revolution Earth s yearlong elliptical orbit around
89. that deals with collecting analyzing and presenting data is statistics In statistics there are three common ways to summarize data with a single number the mean the median and the mode The mean of a set of data is the arith metic average It is found by adding the numbers in the data set and dividing by the number of items in the set The median is the middle number in a set of data when the data are arranged in numerical order If there were an even num ber of data points the median would be the mean of the two middle numbers The mode of a set of data is the number or item that appears most often Another number that often is used to describe a set of data is the range The range is the difference between the largest number and the smallest number in a set of data A frequency table shows how many times each piece of data occurs usually in a survey Table 2 below shows the results of a student survey on favorite color Table 2 Student Color Choice Tally Based on the frequency table data which color is the favorite 160 J STUDENT RESOURCES Example The speeds in m s for a race car during five different time trials are 39 37 44 36 and 44 To find the mean Step 1 Find the sum of the numbers 39 37 44 36 4 200 Step 2 Divide the sum by the number of items which is 5 200 5 40 The mean is 40 m s To find the median Step 1 Arrange the measures from least to greatest
90. the conversion factor Cancel the starting units with the units in the denominator There are 400 cm in 4 m 100 cm 4m X Lm 400 cm Practice Problem How many milligrams are in one kilogram Hint You will need to use two conversion factors from Table 3 gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Table 4 Unit System Equivalents E S Measurement Tin 2 54 cm 1yd 0 91 m 1 mi 1 61 km 1 oz 28 359 1 lb 0 45 kg 1 ton short 0 91 tonnes metric tons 11b 4 45 N 1 in 16 39 cm 1 qt 0 95 L 1 gal 3 78 L 1 in 6 45 cm 1 yd 0 83 m 1 mi 2 59 km l acre 0 40 hectares C F 32 1 8 K C 273 Weight is measured in standard Earth gravity Temperature Convert Between Unit Systems Table 4 gives a list of equivalents that can be used to convert between English and SI units Example Ifa meterstick has a length of 100 cm how long is the meterstick in inches Step 1 Write the conversion factors for the units given From Table 4 1 in 2 54 cm 1 in a 2 54 cm 2 54 cm 1 in Step 2 Determine which conversion factor to use You are converting from cm to in Use the conver sion factor with cm on the bottom 1 in 2 54 cm Step 3 Multiply the starting quantity and units by the conversion factor Cancel the starting units with the units in the denominator Round your answer based on the number of significant figures in the conversion factor 1 in FA 39 37 in 100 cm X
91. the units A 5 126 m2 A 63 m The area is 63 m2 Practice Problem Find the area of a triangle with a base of 27 cm and a height of 17 cm yooqpuey IIS Yew MATH SKILL HANDBOOK J 161 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook A mmm elk Math Skill Handbook Circumference of a Circle The diameter d of a circle is the distance across the circle through its center and the radius r is the distance from the center to any point on the circle The radius is half of the diameter The distance around the circle is called the circumference C The formula for finding the circumference is CE oe a The circumference divided by the diameter is always equal to 3 1415926 This nonter minating and nonrepeating number is rep resented by the Greek letter m pi An approximation often used for 7 is 3 14 Example 1 Find the circumference of a circle with a radius of 3 m Step 1 You know the formula for the circumference is 2 times the radius times Tr C 277 3 Step 2 Multiply 2 times the radius C 67 Step 3 Multiply by Tr C 19m The circumference is 19 m Example 2 Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 24 0 cm Step 1 You know the formula for the circumference is the diameter times Tr C Tr 24 0 Step 2 Multiply the diameter by 77 C 75 4 cm The circumference is 75 4 cm Practice Problem Find the circumference of a circle with a radius of 19 cm 162 J STUDENT R
92. to each other Other types of models can by devised on a computer or represented by equations yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Form a Hypothesis A possible explanation based on previ ous knowledge and observations is called a hypothesis After researching gasoline types and recalling previous experiences in your family s car you form a hypothesis our car runs more efficiently because we use pre mium gasoline To be valid a hypothesis has to be something you can test by using an investigation Predict When you apply a hypothesis to a specific situation you predict something about that situation A prediction makes a statement in advance based on prior obser vation experience or scientific reasoning People use predictions to make everyday decisions Scientists test predictions by per forming investigations Based on previous observations and experiences you might form a prediction that cars are more efficient with premium gasoline The pre diction can be tested in an investigation Design an Experiment A scientist needs to make many decisions before beginning an investigation Some of these include how to carry out the investigation what steps to follow how to record the data and how the investigation will answer the question It also is important to address any safety concerns SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK J 139 lt CONTENTS Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Test the Hypothesis Now that you have
93. ube with your mouth Proper behavior is expected in the lab Practical jokes and fooling around can lead to accidents and injury Keep your work area uncluttered Laboratory Work 1 Collect and carry all equipment and materials to your work area before begin ning a lab Remain in your own work area unless given permission by your teacher to leave it gt CONTENTS gt 3 Always slant test tubes away from your self and others when heating them adding substances to them or rinsing them 4 If instructed to smell a substance in a container hold the container a short dis tance away and fan vapors towards your nose 5 Do NOT substitute other chemicals sub stances for those in the materials list unless instructed to do so by your teacher 6 Do NOT take any materials or chemicals outside of the laboratory 7 Stay out of storage areas unless instructed to be there and supervised by your teacher Laboratory Cleanup 1 Turn off all burners water and gas and disconnect all electrical devices 2 Clean all pieces of equipment and return all materials to their proper places Science Skill Handbook 3 Dispose of chemicals and other materi als as directed by your teacher Place broken glass and solid substances in the proper containers Never discard mate rials in the sink 4 Clean your work area 5 Wash your hands with soap and water thoroughly BEFORE removing your goggl
94. wn value the height of the tree A _ 24 6 4 Step 3 Find the cross products hx 4 6X 24 Step 4 Simplify the equation 4h 144 Step 5 Divide each side by 4 i Ea 4 4 h 36 The height of the tree is 36 m Practice Problem The ratios of the weights of two objects on the Moon and on Earth are in proportion A rock weighing 3 N on the Moon weighs 18 N on Earth How much would a rock that weighs 5 N on the Moon weigh on Earth gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Use Percentages The word percent means out of one hun dred It is a ratio that compares a number to 100 Suppose you read that 77 percent of the Earth s surface is covered by water That is the same as reading that the fraction of the Earth s surface covered by water is on To express a fraction as a percent first find the equivalent decimal for the fraction Then multiply the decimal by 100 and add the percent symbol 13 Example Express 39 253 percent Step 1 Find the equivalent decimal for the fraction 0 65 20 13 00 120 100 100 0 Step 2 Rewrite the fraction 50 as 0 65 Step 3 Multiply 0 65 by 100 and add the sign 0 65 X 100 65 65 13 _ eco So 20 65 This also can be solved as a proportion Example Express as a percent Step 1 Write a proportion pes 20 100 Step 2 Find the cross products 1300 20x Step 3 Divide each side by 20 1300 _ 20x 20 20 65 x Practice Problem In one year 73 of 365 days were
95. xplain observations or to indi cate a cause An inference is not a fact but a logical conclusion that needs further investi gation For example you may infer that a fire has caused smoke Until you investigate however you do not know for sure Apply When you draw a conclusion you must apply those conclusions to determine whether the data supports the hypothesis If your data do not support your hypothesis it does not mean that the hypothesis is wrong It means only that the result of the investi gation did not support the hypothesis Maybe the experiment needs to be redesigned or some of the initial observa tions on which the hypothesis was based were incomplete or biased Perhaps more observation or research is needed to refine your hypothesis A successful investigation does not always come out the way you origi nally predicted 144 J STUDENT RESOURCES Avoid Bias Sometimes a scientific investi gation involves making judgments When you make a judgment you form an opinion It is important to be honest and not to allow any expectations of results to bias your judgments This is important through out the entire investigation from research ing to collecting data to drawing conclusions Communicate The communication of ideas is an important part of the work of scientists A discovery that is not reported will not advance the scientific community s under standing or knowledge Communication among scientists al

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