AVAL 6.6 User`s Manual Indirect Firing
Contents
1. Basebleed data Cargo shell for indirect firing Remove Shell for canister phase used for cargo Femove Options for indirect firing shells Separation data Remove Mark this checkbox if not the ballistics for the trajectory are going to be calculated This is valid for conventional and cargo shells The balistics are defined in dialogue named End phase data as 1 1 1 1 A Remove Canister data Subshell data Remove Remove Remove Data for settings calc aa Define data for trajectory end phase Hangetable data Define tuze system and warheads warhead carrier Filename Define Hemove Save as Save Exit Figure 4 Ballistic and warhead carrier data dialog box The ballistic description can be one of the following types e Conventional shell for indirect fire e Cargo shell for indirect fire e Sub shell used in cargo shell AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval e Shell for canister phase The check box named Define data for end phase shall be checked if the trajectory end phase data shall be defined for indirect firing shells 2 1 1 Projectile data This dialogue contains the following data Projectile data Gun twist calturn fi og x Projectile mass mean value 13 3 Projectile mass standard deviation value 0 01 Reference length O12 Standard deviation for elevation E Center of gravity2. fe Use position plus defined mean and standard dey values Separation data for layers and subshells Layer data Layer number nLayer i Amal separation velocity relative to shell usb aper E Time delay for separation T dl amer jo Disturbances in roll Standard deviation ReLayer E Data for subshells Li 1 0 000000 4 0 0 000000 510 000 0 000 0 000 0 0 0 0 Position 3 lo Position vz lo 0 Position 23 Mean radial vel Vardean E St dev radial vel YaDev E Figure 13 Data for subshells dialog box 2 1 9 Data for settings calculations In this dialogue are limitations for elevations defined for each charge The data for all charges are displayed in the first section of the dialogue 17 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval Define data for settings calc x Defined charges for projectile data Data for limitations and separation height below for settings calculation must be defined for all charges and in the same order as In this table 1 TE35 05 0 35 07 3362 339 0 347 17 00 0 2 T 35 0 5 0 35 0 W 388 8 392 0 39407 0 0 0 0 0 0 A T 35 0 5 0 35 0 W 464 2 46904726 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 T 35 0503507 ABAS 4 552 0 557 071 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 T 35 0 5 0 35 0 W 646 0 655 0 684 0 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 E T 35 0 5 0 35 0 V 772 0 795 0 825 0 E D 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Charge Min elevation 0 44 1 0 4400 1 2270 2 0 4000 1 2270 3 0 3400 1 2270 4 0 3200 1 227
3. AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing Pe A January 2008 All rights reserved Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI Sweden www foi se aval aval Qfo1 se AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 6 Table of Contents 1 Definitions 1 1 Coordinate systems eee een 1 2 PMO SUMING JE EEE EE 2 Defining a Weapon platform 2 1 BE Ne 2 1 1 Projectile data rrrrnnnnrnrrnnnnnrvnrrnnnnnvvnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnennnnnnsnee 2 1 2 Aerodynamic data rronnnnrrnnnnnnnvrnrrnnnnrrvnnnnnnnnrennnnnnnrrnnnnnn 2 1 3 End phase data EE NE 2 1 4 ae EE EN 2 1 5 Basebleed data cccccsssssecccccssseeceeccseseeeeseaseeeessssaseeeess 2 1 6 Separation data eee 2 1 7 TN 2 1 8 Sub shell data ee RAR PR sune ORAR Erat 2 1 9 Data for settings calculations 2 1 10 Data for ricochet eee 2 2 Firing SeqUuenCce eee 0000000 nen nn nn 3 Building an indirect fire scene 3 1 Define Map rrnnnnnnrnnnnnnnonnnnnnvnnnnnnvnnnnnsvnnnnnnennnnnnrnnnnnnsnnnnnnee 3 2 Define scene title eee 3 3 EET ego katana da ete mn aaa desce 3 3 1 Transformation data for alternative target position 3 4 Create target path errar 3 5 Define fault tree 0000000000000 anne nen 3 6 Insert weapon platform eres 3 7 Insert observer ssnsdin eee eee eee nenene nenene 3 7 1 Relative ob
4. Results Sep height Sep sidede Sep time Sep Velocity Figure 36 Calculate Dmax dialog box 4 2 Settings calculation for a weapon platform This is an option to calculate and view all possible charges and the settings for each charge for a given firing range The simulation also calculates a preferred set of charges for all rounds described in the firing sequence of the weapon platform This is the calculation performed in a direct fire simulation to define settings for a weapon platform The atmosphere defined in the weapon platform is used in the settings calculations and the atmosphere defined in the direct fire simulation is used to calculate the ballistic trajectory in the indirect fire simulation The dialog box is opened via Ballistics gt Calculate settings in the menu 36 AVAL Calculate settings for indirect firing x Filename for weapon platform F A50vw eaponiS me 205 vinaM 9645 50G120 1205 vingh 66 45 kott wpi Open file Gun powder temperature D Number of charges E Number of rounds E Position for weapon platform pit E se 3000 Ki jo ar lo Height over sea level fo Height over sea level jo Position for target Possible settings for all deles Undefined Undefined Undefined Undefined U des 0 422857 0 000956 17 0558518 1 114651 0 001354 36 50 0 254920 0 000756 12 977999 1 279600 0 001023 47 04 0 180297 0 000642 10 8639958 1 354997 0 000415 55 382
5. Simulation options MonteCarlo simulations A Defined Save as Save Exit Figure 2 Weapon platform for indirect fire dialog box Filename for weapon platform Open an existing or create a new file via the Open button Title for weapon platform Title for the weapon platform File containing data for firing sequence Path and name of a predefined file containing the firing sequence File containing data for ballistic settings calculation Path and name of a predefined file containing ballistic data If a cargo shell is used only one canister and one sub shell shall be defined Data shall correspond to mean values for all canisters and sub shells File containing data for ballistic Monte Carlo simulations and warhead carrier Path and name of a predefined file containing ballistic data and warhead carrier This file shall contain all canisters and sub shells and actual standard deviations Start distance for sensor activation The distance from the ground or a target where the ballistic calculation shall be interrupted and the fuze system of the warhead carrier shall be activated AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval From this point the warhead carrier is assumed to have a straight travel with the direction and velocity calculated in the last time step of the ballistic calculation If the fuze system contains an artillery fuze the given distance is the distance above the highest altitude where t
6. 0 160858 0 000608 10 319279 1 376338 0 000094 i Settings for all rounds 1 405442 0 000538 1 397804 0 000346 Unused 1 354997 0 000415 Unused 1 279600 0 001023 Unused Figure 37 Calculate settings for indirect firing dialog box Open file To open a file with a predefined weapon platform Possible settings for all charges Table with calculated settings for each gun charge described in the weapon platform For each charge elevation bearing and flight time for both underdegree and overdegree trajectory are calculated If a charge is not possible to use for either under or over degree trajectory at given range the result is given as Undefined in the table Settings for all rounds Table with selected charges and firing times for each round described in the firing sequence of the weapon platform If simultaneous impact MRSI is chosen for the weapon the firing time is calculated otherwise the defined min time between rounds is used 37 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 5 Indirect fire simulation 5 1 Simulation settings Start the AVAL program and choose Modes gt Indirect fire map from the top menu An indirect fire simulation is started via MC simulation gt Lethality simulation in the menu Lethality simulation indirect fire x Input data for simulation Simulation file IF AB4IndirectFiret rtillery SafetyiScene S00miScene 5 Simulation tithe Haub77B BF
7. 0 fo f E G Holl fo j fo agrees b bo Degrees 0 Velocity and reaction time to start 0 Alternative target position M Alternative target position pen 426 VTargetForsMA amp TO Soldiers Soldier Velocity and reaction time to start 1 i Remove from scene Cancel Remove from scene Cancel DE Figure 18 Edit target dialog boxes Associated AVAL target The search path to a complete AVAL target description selected via the Open button The format of a target description is the same as used in single target simulations with no exceptions User description An informative description to identify this particular target This description is drawn in the map and written to the scene file and result files Unit symbol Opens a dialog box for selecting symbol to use in the map for the target 22 3 K E N AVAL Figure 19 Unit symbol dialog box The available symbols are those defined in the sym file which is read when loading the map The symbol size is in pixels and will be constant for any zoom scale Ground target Target path Velocity If checked the target height position will be that of the ground at current x and y position The elevation and roll angle of the target will also be automatically calculated with respect to the ground slope and target bearing If not checked the given height elevation and bearing will be used Selecting a predefined path will forc
8. A weapon can be described with one or two barrels The selection of one or two barrels will have effect on the optimized firing times for MRSI Number of rounds Total number of rounds that the weapon can fire Min time delay between rounds The minimum time needed between each round in the firing sequence Next round in the sequence cannot be fired until the delay time for the round has elapsed MRSI The firing time will be calculated with the intention of simultaneous impact for all fired rounds No round will have less delay time than the minimum delay time set for the round Use defined time delay The rounds will be fired with exactly the given delay time between each round preference for selected charges is also possible with this alternative Prefer OD trajectory and select a middle charge preference Calculated settings and gun loads causing an over degree trajectory will be preferred before loads and settings causing under degree trajectories for current firing distance Elevation will be greater than the elevation calculated for max firing distance charge in the middle of possible charges will be selected Prefer UD trajectory and select a middle charge preference Calculated settings and gun loads causing an overdegree trajectory will be preferred before loads and settings causing underdegree trajectories for current firing distance Elevation will be greater than the elevation calculated for max firing distanc
9. T 60 0 5 0 60 T4 60 0 5 0 60 de DO sd CTA EM a L RI Cancel Figure 6 Charge data temperature dependent dialog box 10 2 1 2 Aerodynamic data AVAL Aerodynamic coefficients are defined in this dialogue The method where each coefficient is used is defined in the list below within parenthesis l 10 11 12 Air drag Cp Can only vary with Mach number Induced air drag Cp Varies with Mach number and angle of attack Derivative can be defined which varies with Mach number Normal force coefficient Cy Varies with Mach number and angle of attack Derivative can be defined which varies with Mach number Moment coefficient Cy Varies with Mach number and angle of attack Derivative can be defined which varies with Mach number Position for Cy can be defined as a function of Mach number and angle of attack Damp moment coefficient Cmo Varies with Mach number and angle of attack Magnus force coefficient Cyp Varies with Mach number and angle of attack Derivative can be defined which varies with Mach number Magnus moment coefficient Cup Varies with Mach number and angle of attack Derivative can be defined which varies with Mach number Position for Cmp can be defined as a function of Mach number and angle of attack Spin damp moment coefficient Cp Can only vary with Mach number Spin moment coefficient Ci Can only vary with Mach number Normal force coefficient for rud
10. 0 175 Standard deviation for bearing jo ore RGE ir erra Lu Standard deviation for pitch rate 6 DOF E Transversal moment of merkia 0 75 Standard deviation for yaw rate 6 DOF E 0 1 Max elevation for gun fi FOS Remove PECE Min elevation for gun Charge data Charge data Temperature dep Figure 5 Projectile data dialog box Charge data Charge data contains mean value and standard deviation for muzzle velocity for all charges No temperature dependence are used Charge data Temperature dep Charge data contains mean value and standard deviation for muzzle velocity for all charges when temperature dependence is used The dialogue has the following layout Charge data temperature dependent l x Mean charge temperature 5 Standard deviation for powder temperature fi Enter charge data Charge number 1 Enter temperature table for charge 60 0 5 0 60 0 Add Insert before Enter table with mean values for Vo 1 FAA 160 0 162 8 Update Enter table with standard deviations for vo Remove 0 7 0 8 0 9 Remove all T 60 0 5 0 60 0 7156 8 160 0 162 8 7 D 0 7 0 TED 5 0 60 0 207 1 211 0 214 3 D 1 0 1 T 60 0 5 0 60 0 Vi256 4 261 0 264 9 D 1 2 1 T1 60 0 5 0 60 0 V7305 8 311 0 315 4 0 1 5 1 T 60 0 5 0 60 0 7 viado E 352 0 357 5 7 DULT OG 73829 391 0 397 17 011 92 OF 492427 043361 2 0 2 OG ABI E 462 0 469 1 0232 T 60 0 5 0 60
11. Firing www foi se aval 3 4 Create target path Use the menu command Create a target path The path is then defined by clicking each start break and end point of the path in the map After clicking the end point a click on Esc or Enter stops the input session The paths are automatically named Path nr X with increasing numbers It is now possible to rename edit or remove the created path by selecting Edit object under Map tools in the menu and left click on the created path in the map This will open a dialog box with the path data and options to rename edit or remove points or the whole path Edit target path x User description Path Mo T o 5589905048 i 463815 15 Update point Remove point 1463600 973 5509905 0 1463875 7 50 3 6559936 593 1463568 053 Remove path from scene cancel OK Figure 23 Edit target path dialog box If the target path is not coupled to a target the target can now be edited by selecting Edit object under Map tools in the menu and left click on the target in the map The path is chosen in the list 3 5 Define fault tree Clicking Define faulttree in the menu opens a dialog box where you shall select a predefined scene fault tree file syc Each target inserted in the scene has a fault tree with one or more top events These top events are used as events in the scene fault tree The scene fault tree has the same format as the target fault tree but sha
12. User description Unit symbol Position Position An informative description to identify this particular target This description 1s drawn in the map and written to the scene file and result files Opens a dialog box for selecting symbol to use in the map for the target This dialog and optional symbols are the as for targets See chapter 3 3 Insert target The nominal position of the weapon platform Can be altered in the dialog box or changed by dragging the weapon symbol in the map The nominal aim point for the weapon platform Can be altered in the dialog box or changed by dragging the aim point symbol in the map Adjusted hit point for each round relative nominal aim point If the weapon platform is defined with a firing sequence including more than one round then each round can be adjusted in length or side relative the given nominal aim point The adjustment for each round is defined by selecting the round in the combo box and set its adjustment in the text boxes to the right The adjustment is given positive if the aim point of the round is beyond the nominal aim point and positive if the round aim point is to the right of nominal aim point 28 AVAL k met Th If no adjustment is given for a round the nominal aim point is used for that round The ballistic calculation for weapon settings bearing and elevation 1s performed for the nominal aim point and a point 10 m beyond it The adjusted elevation for each roun
13. checked the current simulation will skip the burst point calculation and use the file in the simulation file It is possible to change this file path in the simulation file using a text editor before loading the simulation file if another burst point file but the last is wanted Before the simulation can start all targets weapons etc used in the scene must be read Opens dialog to select all possible phenomena to be calculated in the simulation Simulation settings are made for each target in the scene This button is disabled until the scene is initialized Used to select a scene top event and time to view in the dialog while running the simulation The result for the selected event is updated in the dialog in the Mean value and Confidence interval text boxes for each Monte Carlo cycle 39 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 5 2 Specify method for calculating fragment hits on target If a warhead effect containing fragment data is selected options are available for calculating fragment hits on target Click on the button Options for fragment hit calc and then the following dialog box is opened Options for fragment calculations x Standard calculate all wich approaches the target and ground Optimized fusing target geometry for selecting possible fragments all calculate all fragments JM Generate result files For Fragment hits For each target Cancel Figure 39 Options for
14. dew flight time kc E Standard dev bearing Db E Standard dev elevation De E FMA eapor DomyBonusBorusCanister FEC bal 34 5 70000 0 0000 0 000 Add Insert before Remove Remove all Figure 11 Data for all canister shells dialog box 15 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 2 1 8 Sub shell data Three times are defined Ts The nominal flight time for sub shell This 1s used for determining the separation point Tsa Time until sub shell is armed If the sub shell hits ground before this time it wont function adequate Tsd Time until auto destruction If the sub shell contain a scanning infrared sensor the height Hs is the distance over ground where scanning on target area normally starts This data together with the nominal flight time is used by the fire element calculator to determine the separation point Sub shells are located in layers The projectile in Figure 12 below has three layers and four sub shells in layer number I Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 tan van Ra tan Van Ren taz Vaz Rea Sub 1 Layer 1 Sub 2 Layer 1 11 V511 211 3512 s12 212 N v Vr he Vinn 12 Vrd12 a q gt y Sub 3 Layer 1 513 Ye13 2013 Sub 4 Layer 1 Ni Vam13 Vraz Nan 14 Vrd14 Figure 12 Subshell description The following data are common for each layer ta Time delay until separation for layer number 1 This time delay is measured from the time w
15. elevation causing max distance Epmax Elevation for under degree trajectories O lt E lt Epmax Elevation for over degree trajectories Epmax lt E lt 0 5 7 If separation takes place the given data shall correspond to the separation point in trajectory The program automatically calculates the separation height over ground by iterations The separation height is determined from nominal flight time for canister and sub shell and their ballistic data which are necessary for both canister and sub shells 13 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 2 1 4 Thrust data The following variables are defined as time dependent input data for rockets e Pull force T t e Projectile mass m t e Position of the projectile centre of gravity Xcg t e Axial moment of inertia for the projectile I t e Transverse moment of inertia for the projectile y z t 2 1 5 Basebleed data The following variables are defined a base bleed Basebleed data f Remove Gaz density ext 0 117 Loss factor rel 0 7 x V Remove Mass flow Rotation factor Ku Remove Const beta for calc Kp 1 05 Const b for calc Ke 0 0007 Powder mass 0 388 St dev powder temp 0 Coefficients for CD red Remove Centre of gravity at end bum 0 6046 Loss factor w 0 0 7 Arial moment of inertia at end burn 0 155 Const alfa for cale Ep 0 75 Transw moment of inertia at end burn 1 419 Const a for cal
16. via Component gt Alternative position in the single target menu Window Single simulation MC simulation Target Component Test geometry Plot signature Plot options Mew component Copy component MM Target Mo 1 Delete component Enable mouse selection Select From list Modify attributes Modify co ordinates Alternative position Calculate SAVE Evaluate penetration criterion Read Set Figure 20 Calculate alternative position menu option Calculate Select a new alternative target with the same component content as the original loaded target Transformation data will be calculated for each component used in the target If components in the original target are not found in the alternative target searched by number and type no transformation data will be set Occasionally calculations can result in wrong transformation data for some components in a target due to mismatched component geometry or singularity in the Euler transformation matrix The calculated transformation data can be checked via Alternative position gt Set in the menu Save Saves the calculated or read transformation data to selected file File extension frf is assumed Read Reads a predefined transformation data file File extension trf is assumed Set Alternative Sets Resets the target components by calculated or read transformation data Hit points and created hole
17. y axis is from west to east and heights are positive above a defined zero plane sea level The ballistic calculations are performed in a right handed coordinate system with the x axis headed north and z axis headed downwards Consequently all heights from the database are converted to negative z values Note the difference between heights positive upwards and z values positive downwards Directions are defined with their bearing measured clockwise from the x axis north Xp X coordinate for the target position in the scene Yp Y coordinate for the target position in the scene Vi Target velocity Bearing Target traveling direction Given clockwise relative north axis All targets in the scene are assumed to be ground targets and they are vertically translated to locate the smallest z value in the local coordinate system on the ground If the ground is broken the elevation and roll angle of the target is automatically adjusted to the ground slope with respect to the target bearing for every new position of the target Figure 1 Coordinate system AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 1 2 File structure Input files File type Included file references x mls Indirect fire simulation file mpc atm for simulation mpc Indirect fire scene height data base evp trg wpi SYC o Height data base Extension depending on provider See User s Manual MAPS evp Environment p
18. 0 5 0 3000 1 2270 E 0 2600 1 1870 Update Max elevation 1 eder Figure 14 Data for settings calculation dialog box 2 1 10 Data for ricochet In this dialogue are data for ricochet defined Data are defined for ground conditions which can be water or ice stony or frozen ground and miscellaneous ground projectile can deviate to the right due to high spin rate Data for this deviation are randomized rectangular between two values which are defined in the dialogue Ricochet will only occur when the impact fuze failure which is determined by the function probability defined for the impact fuze Ricochet depends on the trajectory type For an over degree trajectory ricochet never occur For an under degree trajectory is the ricochet randomized The probability is depending on the impact angle on ground these data are defined in dialogue For further information see the reference documentation for ballistics 18 AVAL Define data for ricochet x Data for ground conditions water and ice Stony and Frozen ground Data For standard dev due to rotation Min value For dew to the right T Max value for dew to the right 0 3 Data For ricochet probability Impact angle Probability For ricochet l O 0000 1 000 Insert before 1 5706 0 000 Remove Remove all Cancel Figure 15 Data for ricochet dialog box 2 2 Firing sequence The weapon platform contains
19. 1 Relative observer position In this mode the observer nominal position is used and the standard deviation and accuracy of his position is given The deviation for target surveying is also given with standard deviation and accuracy for distance and bearing to the target separately In order to calculate the faults given from bearing deviation the surveying point must be given which consequently should be near the center of the observed targets 29 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval Observer settings Observer pues p T yfiasse20 Figure 26 Observer settings dialog box Measurements relative observer position 3 7 2 From map In this mode the observer position and nominal aim point surveying point is not used and therefore greyed out in the dialog box The deviation for the observer is given with standard deviation and accuracy for the observer reported x and y position of the target Observer settings po po Figure 27 Observer settings dialog box Measurements from map 30 AVAL de 3 8 Environment protection Opens dialog to define environment protection or load a predefined environment protection file The environment protection file is optional and if omitted no protection will be considered from the environment Environment protection from ground objects can be roughly described for different ground categories and is used to reduce penetration capacity for fragmen
20. L ROOM Safety 4 rounds Indirect fire scene F AB4 IndirectFire Artillery safetyiScene S00miScene 5 Open file Atmosphere for simulation FAE Atmospheres FNL atm Open file Number of MC Cycles 1 000 Single weapon simulation Start seed fi 2345 Calclulate warhead effects ET m Use defined Burstpomntel Options for fragment hi cal ge Enter time for evaluations sec Max 10 60 0 Simulation settings Initialize Start Stop Result presentations ect presentation variable T extfile F AB4 IndirectFire Artillery Safety Scene Dilmi Scene Burst points F AB4 IndirectFire Antilery Safety Scene 500m Scene Effects in scene F A64 IndirectFire Artillery Safety Scene S00mScene Mean value o Current MO cycle o Elapzed time Confidence nterval 954 fo Ec Have as Have E mit T Figure 38 Lethality simulation indirect fire dialog box Simulation file Create a new file to save simulation settings or open an existing file with predefined simulation settings Simulation title Descriptive name of the simulation for administrative purpose Indirect fire scene Path and name of the indirect fire scene to simulate If a new simulation is created the current scene in the indirect fire window will be used If a predefined simulation file is 38 Atmosphere for simulation Single weapon simulation Calculate warhead effect Use defined burst points Initialize Simulation settin
21. a path and name of a file with the weapon firing sequence A firing sequence is defined in a dialog box opened via Weapon gt Firing sequence in the menu Define firing sequence x Filename FAA BOM eapon Dom Bonuss Firing4Aounds fed Open file Options for calc settings Humber of barrels 1 2 1 Humber of rounds 4 Min time delay between each round Found no 1 Time delay jo MASI The firing time for each round iz calculated with the purpose that all burstpoints is as closed as possible in time Time delay 15 min time between successive rounds Time delay All rounds is fired with defined time delay When OD trajectory selected a charge which can produce an overdegree DD trajectory tz prefered If two barrels is specified the same charge and settings are used for first and second round 3rd and 4th round and so on Add Insert before MASI For ranges when several charges are possible f Use defined time delay Might be used for all ranges Update f Prefer OD trajectory and select a middle size charge Prefer UD trajectory and select a middle size charge Always UD trajectory and lowest possible charge Remove all Figure 16 Define firing sequence dialog box 19 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval Filename Click Open file to open an existing file or create a new firing sequence file Number of barrels
22. alculated setting with weapon deviation o Perform ballistic calculation using the adjusted settings and the weapon nominal position The ballistic calculation breaks at given distance for sensor activation from the ground height over ground for artillery fuzes or a target o For conventional shells Calculate burst point using the warhead carrier of the weapon with direction and velocity from the last ballistic iteration step Burst points are calculated on all targets if hit and the ground and the burst point with shortest burst time is used If Calculate warhead effects is checked and the warhead detonates warhead effects are calculated in the scene using the 41 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval calculated burst point All targets in the scene are included with their position and velocity at calculated burst time o For cargo shells Calculate separation data Perform ballistic calculation using the calculated separation data for each sub shell The ballistic calculation breaks at given distance for sensor activation from the ground height over ground for artillery fuzes or a target Calculate burst point using the warhead carrier of the sub shell with direction and velocity from the last ballistic iteration step Burst points are calculated on all targets and the ground and the burst point with shortest burst time is used If Calculate warhead effects is checked and the warhead deton
23. ates calculate effects in the scene with the calculated burst point All targets in the scene are included with their position and velocity at calculated burst time Observer deviation Nominal aim point Deviation of weapon elevation and bearing ballistic data atmosphere and sensors Adjusted aim point due to observer faults corrected with erver accuracy Calculated burst point O fy anan Calculated ballistics i amp Randomized position corrected with positioning accuracy Nominal position Figure 41 Possible faults included in the simulations 5 4 Result presentation 5 4 1 Graphics The following simulation results are presented in the map window or a target window Burst points 42 All burst points are always drawn in the map In order to reduce the calculation time all burst points are drawn after the last Monte Carlo cycle The number of burst points shown is maximized to 32768 due to limitations in the map Additional burst points are used but not drawn in the map Figure 42 Example of ploted burst points Hits by Warhead effects on the ground Only drawn if the simulation is performed for one single Monte Carlo cycle and Calculate warhead effect is checked Warhead effects that hit a target or that loose all their velocity due to environment protection will not be drawn in the map Figure 43 Example of hits by warhead effects on the ground Warhead hits on targets War
24. c Kt Reference rotation 1780 Mean powder temp 5 Nozzle diameter 0 039 C E Baseplane diameter 0 1 43 ance i i Figure 9 Basebleed data dialog box Base drag mass flow and rotation factor dependence are defined in additional dialogues 2 1 6 Separation data Standard deviations for cargo separation time together with limitations for separation are defined in this dialogue Limitations are min and max rotation velocity for different separation velocities 14 AVAL Separation data x Standard dey For separation time sTsep Jo Enter limitations for separation Velocity Eds Min limit For rotation velocity sell Max limit For rotation velocity 545 180 0 512 0 512 0 zda 0 597 0 785 0 300 0 672 0 974 0 330 0 780 0 1258 0 425 0 1400 0 1400 0 Insert before Remove all Figure 10 Separation data dialog box 2 1 7 Canister data Each canister might have separate data Following data are defined for each canister A file defined containing the ballistic input data Change in axial velocity at separation point Mean and standard deviation for flight time Standard deviations for bearing and elevation disturbances at separation point Data for all canister shells f a x Define data for each canister shell File containining ballistic data F AB0 Weapon Dom Bonus BonusCanister FEC bal Select Avial velocity change Vac 34 5 Mean flight time to Standard
25. d will be interpolated extrapolated from these two settings The bearing will be adjusted geometrically with respect to side leeway due to gun twist Figure 25 Example showing separate round aim points If the option Map tools gt Show separate round aim points is activated each aim point can be moved by dragging the aim point symbol with left mouse button down If the nominal aim point is moved in the map the round aim points will follow the nominal aim point with their relative adjustment intact 3 Insert observer If an observer is added to the scene the fault from the observers surveillance of the target position is added to the nominal aim point for each weapon platform inserted to scene The observer is inserted into the scene by putting the symbol in the map with the left mouse button When the button is released a dialog box is opened to set data for the observer After inserting an observer its data can be edited by choosing Map tools Edit object under in the menu and selecting the observer by left clicking on the symbol and this will open the same dialog box Its position can also be changed by selecting Move object left click on the symbol and drag it with the left mouse button down Only one observer can be added to a scene The observer can be set to survey the target in one of two ways relative his own position by measuring the distance and bearing to the target or by reading the target position from a map 3 7
26. der C y component Can only vary with Mach number Normal force coefficient for rudder C z component Can only vary with Mach number Moment coefficient for rudder Cmy y component Can only vary with Mach number 11 Point mass NATO 6DOF NATO 6DOF NATO 6DOF NATO 6DOF 6DOF NATO 6DOF NATO 6DOF 6DOF 6DOF 6DOF 6DOF AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 13 Derivative for normal force coefficient used for twisted fins NATO 6DOF Can only vary with Mach number Notify that the normal force coefficient is defined instead of the lift coefficient which NATO s modified mass point model are using The program calculates the lift coefficient C from the normal force coefficient Cn Aerodynamic data X p lle Remove Induced drag coeff LO a E Remove Normal force coeff CH ro Remove Moment coeff CM E Remove Moment damping coeff CMG D Magnus force coeli CNP E Remove Magnus moment coeff CMP E Remove Spinn damping coeff CLP ro Remove Spinn moment coeff LL E Remove Rudder coefficients E Normal force coeff for fins CNfin o Remove Cancel OF Figure 7 Aerodynamic data dialog 2 1 3 End phase data The dialogue has the following layout 12 AVAL End phase data x Define data For one charge data for both UD and OD trajectories is not nessesarry Charge number l Sav
27. e charge in the middle of possible charges will be selected Prefer UD trajectory and lowest possible charge preference Calculated settings and gun loads causing an overdegree trajectory will be preferred before loads and settings causing underdegree trajectories for current firing distance Elevation will be greater than the elevation calculated for max firing distance The lowest of possible charges will be selected 20 AVAL S de 3 Building an indirect fire scene complete scene can be read from file or built in AVAL and saved to file All commands to build a scene are found in the Indirect fire map menu under Scene Window Scene Weapon Ballistics MC simulation Map tools Open scene Save 35 Save Define Map Define scene title Insert target Define Faulttree Insert weapon platform Insert Observer Environment protection Create a target path View target Creake indirect fire map protection NUM F Figure 17 AVAL Indirect fire mode Scene The Indirect fire scene 1s built with following commands and preferable in given order Define Map Define scene title Insert target Create target path Define fault tree Insert weapon platform Insert observer Environment protection 3 1 Define Map This command loads a bitmap image as map a map data file with position coordinates and resolution meters pixel for the map and a file with map symbols A
28. e data for this charge Remove data for this charge Enter data For UD trajectory distance shall increase Enter data For OD trajectory distance shall increase Distance 5000 Distance roo velocity 600 Rotation velocity 10000 Velocity ENE Rotation velocity 7000 Flight time o Standard dev length 10 Flight time e Standard dev length po Elevation 03 O Standard dev side io Elevation is O Standard dev side po O S000 600 10 0 0 300 10000 10 0 10 0 7000 3350 60 0 1 300 7000 10 0 10 0 15000 330 40 0 1 000 6000 10 0 10 0 15000 330 40 0 1 000 6000 10 0 10 0 a a Insert before Insert before Update Update Remove Remove Remove all Data For all saved charges Figure 8 End phase data dialog box If the shell does not separate in trajectory the following data must be defined for each charge as a function of distance considering a flat ground e Di Distance to impact position e V Velocity at impact position e ti Flight time to impact position e 0 Elevation at impact position e pi Rotation velocity at impact position OG Standard deviation in length for defined distances Os Standard deviation in side for defined distances Data are possible to define for both under and over degree trajectories An under degree trajectory is a trajectory with a distance smaller than max range Dmax and an elevation smaller than the
29. e fuze 0 0 if trigging on ground height or time 45 FOI FO i Swedish Defence Research Agency Phone 46 0 8 555 030 00 www foi se SE 164 90 Stockholm Sweden Fax 46 0 8 555 031 00
30. e the target to follow this path with given velocity If the start position of the path and the position of the target do not coincide the start point of the path will be moved to the target position If the target position is altered later by mouse or via the dialog box the start point of the connected path will follow the target position path can only be coupled to one target If a target path is not coupled when the targets are inserted this can be done afterwards by editing the targets The velocity is the velocity of the target in a path or in the bearing of the target In case an alternative position of the target is selected the velocity 1s set to 0 Reaction time to start The target will start moving with defined velocity in target direction or along a path if defined or is transformed to an alternative position if defined when the first warhead detonates delayed with the defined reaction time of the target Alternative position The target components are transformed according to defined transformation file at defined reaction time from the first warhead detonation in the scene For example can a standing soldier be transformed into a laying position See 5 3 1 for file format etc 23 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 3 3 1 Transformation data for alternative target position Transformation data can be calculated saved read and used in single target mode on currently loaded target
31. fragment calculations dialog box In this mode are three options possible Standard means that all fragments which approach the target are calculated If the burst point is situated inside a sphere containing all target geometry all fragments are calculated until the leave the sphere or hits the target If a ground is defined all fragments which approach the ground polygons also are calculated If the radio button named optimized is selected a more sophisticated selection method is used A fragment which direction has a bearing which is between the bearings for target limitations Bmin Bmax IS selected see Figure 40 below The elevation angle for the fragment direction must be greater than the min elevation angle Omin in Figure 40 below The ground is not considered at all with this method 40 AVAL Minsk Detonation pomt Figure 40 Definition of fragment ejection angles used for optimized fragment calculations 5 3 Calculation scheme during the simulation When a simulation is started the calculations will be performed according to the following scheme For each Monte Carlo cycle e Randomize observer surveying faults e For each weapon in the scene o Adjust aim point with observer faults o Adjust weapon position with randomized weapon surveying faults o Calculate weapon settings and firing time for each round e Sort all rounds from all weapons firing time e For each round sorted by firing time o Adjust c
32. gs Select presentation variable AVAL opened the scene given in that simulation file will be loaded into the current window Path and name of the atmosphere to be used in the simulation The atmosphere given in the weapon platform will be used for the settings calculation Possibility to perform a simulation with one weapon platform in the scene at a time Simulations with a single weapon is bounded to one Monte Carlo cycle If not checked only burst points will be calculated If checked simulations with all warhead effects against the targets in the scene will be performed after each burst point Since warhead effects in a shell are calculated directly after the burst point a different random series will be created when calculating effects compared to when not This will consequently result in different burst point patterns when calculation of warhead effects are included or not The reason to calculate warhead effects direct after the burst point is that the shells will detonate separately in time If a moving target is hit by one round its mobility may be disabled and it will therefore not be in the same position as if not hit when the next round is approaching To work around this a previous calculated burst point file can be used in the simulation For each simulation performed a burst point file is created and its full path is saved in the simulation file If a simulation is previously performed and this alternative is
33. he fuze is able trig the warhead Deviation for settings The standard deviation for elevation and bearing when fires the weapon Calculated settings will be randomized based on these deviations to get the actual elevation and bearing of the weapon when fired Deviation for position Standard deviation and accuracy for the weapon platform position The nominal position is defined when inserting the weapon into the scene and that position will be randomized based on these deviations to define its assumed position From this assumed position the weapon settings are calculated Simulation options settings calculations Simulation options for calculating weapon settings Simulation options for settings calc j i xX FA ADN tmosphere FAL atm Detine atmosphere ESTE Gr forme assurea qui power LET E o Deviation for meassured muzzle velocity lo Trajectory methods TEE method canttersmellre afecto method separation Pointhd ass Fomtiiass Fomthiass NATO NET f HATO C EDGOF EDGE EDGF Figure 3 Simulations options for settings calculations dialog box Atmosphere path and name of the atmosphere data file to be used for the settings calculation is defined Deviation Depending on the given ballistic data either the standard deviation for powder temperature or muzzle velocity is given Trajectory method Depending on given ballistic data there are up to three alternative calculation method
34. head hits on targets are only updated if the simulation is performed for one single Monte Carlo cycle and Calculate warhead effect is checked Each target in the scene can be viewed in a single target window The dialog to select targets is opened in the indirect fire menu via Scene gt View target 43 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval View target in map x Select target F Cancel Figure 44 View target in map dialog box Figure 45 Example of warhead effect hits on target 5 4 2 Output files An indirect fire simulation will produce a result text file a burst point file and an effect file 5 4 2 1 Result text file The result text file will get the name SimFileN txt where SimFile is the name of the simulation file without file extension and N is an increasing numbering of consecutively produced result files using the same simulation file The text file includes the following information Simulation date and time Simulation settings for each target in the scene Number of MC cycles and detailed result of each cycle run Evaluation time and outcome of the scene fault tree For each target a section is given with o Target name and its start position in scene o Number of hits on each target Hits by warhead carrier are increased when the target have trigged the fuze Hits by warhead effect are increased for each hit by a fragment shaped charge etc In the example file below a shaped cha
35. hen separation first started Vai Axial separation velocity for sub shells in layer number 1 Osi Standard deviation in radial direction for sub shells in layer number i The nominal direction is calculated from y z coordinate for sub shell position A layer can contain an arbitrary number of sub shells For each sub shell in a layer the x y z coordinates for position must always be defined This position is used for determining nominal radial direction and in some cases even radial velocity The following data is defined for each sub shell in a layer Xsij x coordinate for sub shell number j 1 layer number i Ysij y coordinate for sub shell number j i layer number 1 Zsij z coordinate for sub shell number j 1 layer number 1 16 AVAL Vrmij The mean value for radial velocity is optional Vrdij The standard deviation for radial velocity 1s optional The dialogue has the following layout Data for subshells i x lf several canistershells are defined the same subshell cofiguration tz used for all canistershells Define ballistic data for subshells Filename F ABO Weapon D om BorustBonusSub FEC bal Define Remove Nominal flight time for subshell Ts 1 4 Height over ground when target scanning starts Hs 250 Time until subshell is armed Tsa 1 0 Time until subshell is autodestructed Tad 1 n Method for calculating radial spread for subshells Use position and rotation velocity for cargo shell
36. ion dialog box Open file To open a file with predefined ballistic data Calculation options Selection of ballistic calculation method and earth approximation Settings for trajectory x LE method Trajectory method canistershell Latitude fi 04 2 E Pointless E NETO Hos 0 UF Carol effects Position on earth Trajectory method subshells PointMass f NATE E DEE Earth approx Flat C On i Off Spherical Figure 30 Settings for trajectory dialog box Stop conditions stop condition must be selected for the ballistic calculation 32 AVAL de etan raet ini p r gt r Hegg E EU VT STOUT EVE Stop yet Figure 31 Stop conditions dialog box If the ballistic data contains a cargo shell with sub shells the stop condition must be set for the sub shells as well Set initial velocity Opens a dialog with charges defined in the ballistic data Initial velocity x 1 Yor 3870 2 Vol 4630 3 Vol En i 4 Vol 616 0 5 Vol 815 0 Figure 32 Initial velocity dialog box Select atmosphere An atmosphere must be defined to be used in the calculation 33 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval Atmosphere FAARDVA amp mosphere FML atm Figure 33 Atmosphere dialog box In the dialog a new atmosphere can be defined or a predefined atmosphere can be read from file Write plotfile Optional
37. ll include a file path to a translation file A translation file must be manually created to connect target top events to scene events In the translation file selected top events in each target are given unique scene event numbers and these scene events are used in the scene fault tree in the same way as component numbers are used in a target fault tree 26 AVAL Example of a translation file used in a scene fault tree IScene event Target number Target event 5001 1 3017 5002 Es 3017 5003 3 3017 5004 4 3017 2005 5 3017 In the example above four targets of the same kind are inserted in the scene Only the top event 3017 for each target are used in the scene fault tree If top event number 3017 of target number 2 occurs in the simulation this will be represented as if scene event 5002 has occurred in the scene fault tree Scene event 5002 represents in turn the sub event 4002 in the fault tree which is used in the top event definitions Example of a scene fault tree with scene events from the translation file above 2 Fault tree type 2 Scene 5001 5005 C A66 Calc F Scene Demo Transl ftr Min and Max scene event number file path 4001 4005 Sub events min and max numbers 7001 7005 Top events min and max numbers Sub events 4001 AFV 1 disabled L 1 5001 4002 AFV 2 disabled L 1 5002 4003 AFV 3 disabled L 1 5003 4004 AFV 4 disabled L 1 5004 4005 AFV 5 disabled L 1 5005 Top event
38. rge with impact fuze causes these to be equal o The outcome of the target fault tree e A section with other result files and calculation times 44 AVAL 5 4 2 2 Effect file The effect file will get the name SimFileEffectN skv where Sim File is the name of the simulation file without file extension and N is an increasing numbering of consecutively produced result files using the same simulation file The effect file includes the outcome of the top events in the scene fault tree for each evaluation time and each Monte Carlo cycle 5 4 2 3 Burst point file The burst point file will get the name SimFileBurtsPointN skv where Sim File is the name of the simulation file without file extension and N is an increasing numbering of consecutively produced result files using the same simulation file The burst point file contains the following data for each round fired in the simulation Cycle Gun Shot Sub Warhead HitType TandemFlag BurstTime RollAngle RollRate X Y Z DiX DirY DirZ VelX VelY VelZ VelTarget Monte Carlo cycle Weapon platform firing the round Round number for firing weapon Subshell number if cargo shell 0 if conventional shell Warhead identification O Miss 1 Impact 2 Fuze 0 No tandem 1 Tandem Warhead carrier roll angle at burst time Rotation velocity Shell position at burst time Shell direction at burst time Shell velocity at burst time Absolute velocity of target trigging th
39. rotection See User s Manual MAPS Complete AVAL target description See AVAL Target description manual wpi Indirect fire weapon description bal sg atm for settings calc sve Scene Scene faulttree tree a sn MN file for target top events into scene events Es ul Firing sequence for weapon Complete AVAL warhead carrier description See AVAL User s Manual AVAL SS 2 Defining a Weapon platform Start the AV AL program and choose Modes gt Indirect fire map from the top menu A weapon platform is defined by selecting Weapon gt Weapon from the menu which will open a dialog to define data for the weapon platform description Weapon platform for indirect fire x Filename for weapon platform Faw eapon Dom onust Borus DSMI Rounds _sc1A wpi Title for weapon platform Haub e B Bonus 4 rounds File containing data for the firing sequence F ABO Weapon D orm BonussFirng2Rounde teg Open file File containing data for ballistic settings calculations F ABO Weapon D among BBB org 7B b l FEC bal Open file File containing data for ballistic MC simulations and warhead carrier F ABO Weapon Dom Bonus F5Bonus77B bfl DOSMI scl4 b Open file Start distance for sensor activation 50 Deviations for settings Deviations for position Bearing jo Sigma x y 0 ACCUICH 1 4 fi Elevation 0 Height 0 Accuracy height fi Simulation options for settings calculations 7 Defined
40. s 7001 Least 1 AFV disabled L 1 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 7002 Least 2 AFVs disabled L 2 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 7003 Least 3 AFVs disabled L 3 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 7004 Least 4 AFVs disabled L 4 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 7005 Least 5 AFVs disabled L 5 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 3 6 Insert weapon platform A symbol for the weapon will follow the mouse cursor and its position is defined by clicking in the map When the mouse button is released a dialog box will be opened for adding data to the weapon platform These values can be edited afterwards by selecting Map tools gt Edit object in the menu and click on the weapon symbol which will open the same dialog 2 AVAL 6 6 User www foi se aval s Manual Indirect Firing x Associated indirect fire weapon F ABO Weapon s weSS5G1205556120 25koth wo Open User description wen 1 Unit symbol Position 4 z H 65893558 f 457560 1 f 01 18 Sim paint x Y A 658750 A i 462416 5 70 97 Pick in map Adjusted aim point for each round relative nominal hitpoint ler rad Funken l Negative value for hit Length adjustment 50 before nominal hitpoint Round 1 v l l p Negative value for hit side adjustment E left of nominal hitpoint Remove from scene Cancel Figure 24 Edit weapon dialog box Associated in direct fire weapon Search path to a file with a complete description of an indirect fire weapon wpi
41. s are included in the transformation 24 AVAL me Figure 21 Example of a target transformed via a transformation data file Transformation file format First row in the file is the title of the original target which must match the original target title Then follows one row for each component to transform containing Component type 0 vital I structure ERA and LRA is not yet implemented Component number Rotation about the z axis psi Rotation about the y axis theta Rotation about the x axis phi Displacement in x direction Displacement in y direction Displacement in z direction Example of a transformation data file T SOLDIER CROUCHING A65 ITarget title Type Comp number psi theta phi dx dy dz I Type O Vital 1 Structure 2 ERA 3 LRA 0 0359 0 2144 0 2284 0 143 0 5457 0 0009 0 143 0 5452 0 0015 0 1508 2 4562 0 0816 1 3398 0 8517 0 0702 0 9819 0 1201 0 0735 0 5395 0 8501 0 1181 0 9627 0 2188 0 0274 0 5387 0 85 0 118 0 2487 0 7537 0 3115 0 2481 0 7536 0 3115 0 2999 0 7454 0 2873 0 2975 0 7865 0 2737 0 301 0 7867 0 2736 0 2996 0 7865 0 2737 0 15 0 5434 0 0029 0 1431 0 5452 0 0015 0 0032 0 1632 0 0205 0 0031 0 1632 0 0206 0 1468 0 5446 0 0067 0 0359 0 2144 0 2284 ISENE a V E EL JDM S wha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Figure 22 Example of a transformation file 25 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect
42. s to select from mass point method NATO s modified mass point method and six degrees of freedom Trajectory method canister phase AVAL o 4 5m a i N This option is enabled if the ballistic data contains a canister phase Trajectory method separation This option is enabled if the ballistic data contains separation data Simulation options Monte Carlo simulation Contains the same options as Simulation options settings calculations except for the atmosphere which is omitted here The atmosphere for Monte Carlo simulations is defined when defining the simulation 2 1 Ballistic data The ballistic description of a shell used in a weapon platform can be either a conventional shell or a cargo shell The ballistic data for the cargo shell must be complemented with ballistic data for the sub shells and optional ballistic data for the canister phase of cargo shell The dialog box for ballistic data is opened from the menu via Weapon gt Ballistics The ballistic calculation is described in Reference Manual Ballistics Ballistic and warhead carrier data l X Filename RE dv eaponDom 12 argo U argoS hell bal Title 1 20 Cargo shell Set projectile type Shell for direct firing Data for trajectory calculations Projectile data Remove Conventional shell for indirect firing Aerodynamic data Remove O Subshell used in cargo shell End phase data Remove Thrust data
43. server position eee 3 7 2 FON MAD eta eksamen 3 8 Environment protection eee 3 9 File format for indirect fire SCENE 4 Ballistic simulation 4 1 Trajectory calculations cccccscccccseeeccesseeeceeseeeceesseesseaes 4 2 Settings calculation for a weapon platform 5 Indirect fire simulation 5 1 MU ON SOLOS amassar es da das NE EN AVAL AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 5 2 Specify method for calculating fragment hits on target 40 5 3 Calculation scheme during the simulation 41 5 4 Result presentation rnnnrnnnnnnnvnnnnnonnnnnnvnnnnnnrnnnnnnrennnnnnennnnnennnnnnnen 42 5 4 1 EEEN E NR EE E E a ko 42 5 4 2 MUNNEN 44 AVAL 1 Definitions An indirect fire scene is defined in an environment described by a map height data and environment protection These input data are common for indirect fire simulation and minefield simulation and therefore they are described in a separate document User s Manual MAPS In addition to the environment an indirect fire scene will consist of following objects described in this document e Targets e Target paths e Weapon platforms e Observer e Scene fault tree 1 1 Coordinate systems AVAL assumes all coordinates to be given in the 2 5gon V 1990 coordinate system also named RT90 in plane and RH 70 in height In these systems the x axis is from south to north
44. simplified terrain map will be loaded or created if it does not exist automatically The map is common for Indirect fire mode and Minefield mode and therefore described in User s Manual MAPS Height data is optional and if omitted all heights are assumed to be 0 0 3 2 Define scene title Give the scene a descriptive name for administration purposes 3 3 Insert target When this command is selected a target symbol will be added to mouse pointer and the position of the target is defined by left clicking in the map When the mouse button is released 21 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval a dialog box will be opened to define data for the target After inserting a target its data can be edited by choosing Map tools Edit object in the menu and selecting the target by left clicking on the symbol which will open the same dialog box Its position can be also changed by selecting Move object left click on the symbol and drag it with the left mouse button down Edit target x Edit target x Associated AYAL target Associated AVAL target F1461 VTargebFors H TO Soldiers T NAT Open 1481 VTargetFors NATO Soldiers T NAT Open User description User description Soldier 1 Unit symbol Soldier 1 Unit symbol M Ground target I Ground target Target path No path Target path No path Position sy AH 6593922 6 f 464352 0 Position 7 4H 6593923 6 14643528 JU po Bearing Elev Roll
45. the calculations can be saved to a plotfile with a defined time step Calculate trajectory To calculate a single shell trajectory for defined VO elevation bearing start points and projectile mass The calculation results are given in the dialog and saved to file if the Write plot file option is checked 34 Single trajectory calculation p o qe rate EE Sten ete EP Figure 34 Single trajectory dialog box Calculate settings To calculate settings for defined range bearing to hit point VO start point and projectile mass o x FAARDMenherng 2003 03 07 dire elo pripertectH au DT Sand 12000 15 o maw rate ENDE aben rabe E LSS oo b joias joss po 13408 jes jo B p EE Figure 35 Find settings dialog box 35 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval Calculate Dmax Calculate settings for and max firing range with defined VO start point and projectile mass Calculate Dmax 4 x Flotfile F 8 50yerifiering 2003 03 01 Indirekt eldyv pryperfectHaub v081 h nd Start conditions Yo E 5 Bearing jo Projectile Mass 42 25 ze bart jo eStart jo Height fo mantrate EMDE o Pitch rate EL o Limax 273 3 8 Drax Elevation 0 8997 Distance 2731 3 3 Elevation 1 1827 Side deviation U Bearing 0 0000 Height 20 Rolrate 11447 Time 97 2083 MaxHeight 110808 Velocity 330 xe 273133 v0 gt 00 Wee 1251 ze 308 1 Sep distance
46. ting warheads Each terrain type in the map can be connected with a protection type defined in an environment protection file evp Several terrain types can have the same protection type The environment protection file is common for Indirect fire mode and Minefield mode and therefore described in User s Manual MAPS 3 9 File format for indirect fire scene When the scene is created it can be saved to file via Scene gt Save or Save as and a saved scene can be saved via Scene gt Read minefield scene Example of an indirect fire scene file Figure 28 Example of indirect fire scene file 31 AVAL 6 6 User s Manual Indirect Firing www foi se aval 4 Ballistic simulation Ballistic simulation can be performed for either a single shell to find settings range and trajectory or for a weapon platform to find possible gun charges and settings for all rounds in its firing sequence For the ballistic calculation please refer to Reference Manual for Ballistics 4 1 Trajectory calculations Ballistic calculations for a single shell is started via Ballistics gt Trajectory in the menu Trajectory calculations x Filename AA 0erifiering 2003 03 01 sindirekt eld Open file Set initial velocity Stop conditions Select atmosphere Write plotfile fe Yes Timestep for nlotfile 1 C No Calculate trajectory Calculate settings Calculate Dmax Figure 29 Trajectory calculat
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