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A Guide for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring

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1. Site Island Start time Weather in past 24 hours Weather Site Name End time Precipitation in past 24 hours 0 Clear sunny Watershed Name Reach length Rainfall within last 24 hours Y N 1 Calm Date Photo s Brief description Amount of rainfall if known 2 Lt Breeze Moon phase Source of information 3 Windy Volunteer name s 4 Very windy Current weather conditions 5 Overcast cloudy 6 Partly cloudy 7 Foggy 8 Drizzle STARTING POINT OBSERVATIONS 9 Rain Starting point description Latitude 10 Snow Longitude 11 Hail 12 Other E _ oo _ E o Odor Odor Algae Foam Turbidity Flow Oil Opala Color 0 None 5 Ammonia 1 Feces 6 Petroleum 2 Fishy 7 Sulfide Dominant stream or shore side vegatation 3 Musty 8 Chlorine Native Non native Natural vegetation zone width 4 Decay 9 Other Land uses and activities Algae Discharges seeps or leaks 0 None ENDING POINT OBSERVATIONS 1 Light lt 5 2 Mod 5 25 Ending point description Odor Algae Foam Latitude 3 High 26 50 Longitude 4 Dense gt 50 Turbidity Flow Oil Opala Color Foam 0 None 1 Separated bubbles 2 Moderate lt 1 2 in high 3 High gt 1 2 in high Turbidity Dominan
2. 19 If you re not ready to start monitoring other events cee 19 The Great North American Secchi Dip 19 In World Water Monitoring Day 19 International Coastal Cleanup 19 Alen Algas Cleanic 20 Storm diam Menili Eesen 20 Marime debris clean Porsies 20 Adopt A Stream Reef Highway 20 Snapshot Day Semen een eM nero Set Seer 20 SECTION 5 Three Levels of Volunteer Monitoring Depends on Your Goals OC UNC C8 00 cect cede sceeee seems ce ptecececanne ZI Community Awafeness seers 2l What STON i eisiea vA Plame your Gy Cit geri scrscusestastioacsassaces 2l Protocols to cOnsidet scicrseeatsatiaearek 22 Community Involvement ee 22 What STON CO einisaon 22 Planning your monitoring program 23 GETS STAVCA oE ian tetanic 21 Additional information gathering 23 Selecting MOnitoring SIDES saissiscestosionnsis 23 Lait TGIASCIIENE tiiri A 23 PHA CTS E ET A PE 23 Haire a Project COOTUINGIOT scssscsnssesuensss 2A Developing standard operating protocols ssesssessssssssssesssese 24 Develop team leaders and fecruit VOMUIECE 1S sc cscnnucaisacensasvtnereaianseons 24 Fieldwork lt aa eee ent eee rr eee 24 Protocols to consider sicarnceressiararsnceieens 25 Community Assessment 25 Whats involved ssersscsersinireeesoeniesiss 25 Planning your monitoring program 25 COE ICE E E 25 Additional information gathering 25 Selectin
3. A Lamotte kit viewing the secchi disk P9 SECCHI DISK cost 43 or make your own Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using equipment Wear safety goggles What you ll need e Secchi disk with measuring line Use a white disk for measuring the clarity of the water in saltwater and the black white disk for freshwater e Clothespin 1 Check to make sure that the Secchi disk is securely attached to the measured line water Record the measurement on your data sheet Repeating the measurement will provide you with a quality control check Turbidity P10 TRANSPARENCY TUBE cost 40 50 A Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all z P8 LAMOTTE GREEN WATER MONITORING KIT procedures before using equipment a total kit cost 200 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all 1 Collect water sample as directed in instructions Remove O procedures before using equipment any large objects from the water sample Q Fill the white container included in the Lamotte kit to the fill 2 Stir sample for 15 seconds to suspend all materials E line being careful not to stir up the bottom sediment Look 3 Stand out of direct sunlight or use your body to cast a for the secchi disk on the bottom of the container Compare the shadow on the tube 5 visibility of the secchi disk to your color card 4 Slowly pour a small amount of sample into the tube Look for target dis
4. 50 200 200 1000 gt 1000 d time factor codes reflect relative error on meter can increase to 100 with improper calibration or use time required for one measurement including replication where recommended e number of readings taken with meter is usually greater than with floats for one discharge measurement A Table 10 1 Major ways to observe estimate and measure flow a There are at least three options for capturing flow information The method you use depends not on the operator s skill time availability and funding but there are additional factors that may be out of your control Three options include observations estimates and L measurements i Observations With the observation method you visually observe the stream and choose the verbal category that describes it best 2 ii Estimates The second option estimates the volume that passes through per unit time either by visualizing the water going into a container and estimating the time it would take to fill it or by estimating the 3 average velocity of objects moving with the water iii Measurements Taking a measurement includes the volume velocity channel dimensions stage or any other of the characteristics required to compute the 4 volume that passes through per unit time b Which method should you use Table 10 1 lists the major ways to observe estimate and measure flow Figure 10 1 is a decision tree to use when deci
5. SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE Date and time of sampling Location of sampling Time in incubator Dilution used Time out lt Preperation of Samples to be filled in later gt gt e Large wells S e Small wells 5 e MPN z e MPN x 10 2 1 For sterile blank water or relatively clean fresh water pour 100 ml of sterile water or sample directly into the sterile 100 ml mixing bottle by filling to the 100 ml line and add one package of the reagent Cap and shake until dissolved 2 For fresh water that is suspected to contain contamination pour 50 ml of sterile distilled water into the mixing bottle and add one package of the reagent Cap and shake until dissolved Then after the foam subsides using a sterile pipette add 10 ml of sample and top off with 40 ml to the 100 ml line Cap and shake again This is a 1 10 dilution 3 For all marine or estuarine water samples salinity greater than 5 ppt pour 50 ml of sterile distilled water into the mixing bottle and add one package of the reagent Cap and shake until dissolved Then using a sterile pipette add 10 ml of sample and top off with 40 ml to the 100 ml line Cap and shake again This is a 1 10 dilution 4 Holding the Quanti tray upright squeeze slightly and pull on the tab to open the tray Pour in the contents of the sterile bottle Tap the small wells of the tray until all the bubbles have risen to the top Set tray face down on the red r
6. L_ Toys Debris from recreational commercial fishing and boat vessel operations 4 Bait Containers Packaging Bleach Cleaner Bottles Buoys Floats Crab Lobster Fish Traps _ Crates _ Fishing Line Fishing Lures SMOKING RELATED ACTIVITIES m Debris associated with smoking related waste _ Cigarettes Cigarette Filters __ Cigarette Lighters 4 Cigar Tips Tobacco Packaging Wrappers MEDICAL PERSONAL HYGIENE seen _ Syringes Condoms Tampons Tampon Applicators _ Fishing Nets Light Bulbs Tubes _ 0i Lube Bottles _ Pallets Plastic Sheeting Tarps Rope E 4 Strapping Bands DUMPING ACTIVITIES m Appliances refrigerators washers etc a Batteries Cars Car Parts __ Construction Materials __ 55 Gal Drums Tires DEBRIS ITEMS OF LOCAL CONCERN e Items listed determined by lacal ICC Coordinator e 2001 The Ocean Conservancy A 12 Volunteer Estuary Monitoring A Methods Manual A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 99 XIGNAddV APPENDIX C 100 APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Appendix A Sample Data Forms National Marine Debris Monitoring Program Data Card Thank you for completing this data card Please answer the questions and return to your survey director This information will be used in The Ocean Conservancy s National Marine Debris Monitor
7. Moon fish Tilapia sp1 Tilapia sp2 Midas cichlid red devil Convict cichlid Nicaragua cichlid Jaguar cichlid Firemouth Johanni cichlid Banded jewel Five spot Oscar Peacock bass Smallmouth bass Largemouth bass Rainbow trout Dojo Chinese catfish Channel catfish Chevron snakehead Rice paddy eel Suckermouth catfish Bristlenose bearded catfish Long fin armored catfish Bronze catfish 315 lt 0 75 Stickfish Silver needlefish 996 lt 4 Threadfin shad 225 lt 1 17 44 Mangrove goby Fang toothed blenny 1 2 gt 2 lt 1 Site Site Type Describe type Site Name Stream Natural or Modified Date Time Ditch Earthen or Concrete Moon phase Spring Spring or Seep Waypoint Lake Natural or Artificial Latitude DD Wetland Natural Or Artificial Longitude DD Photo s Sex Size Classes S O o Cc 7p v 8 w 8 S os 5 lt Species a 5 O opu naniha 4 2 3 5 O opu akupa 5 O opu ndkea 3 O opu nopili 2 1 3 Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters Sp_Conductivity Water quality sampled Collector name s pH Clarity Scoop net Throw net DO Juvenile Postlarvae APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Opae oeha a Opae ula Hthiwai Hapawai P p wai Native Invertebrates Pond snails Apple snail Thiarid snails Pouch snails Introduced invertebrates Frog Freshwat
8. Once you ve determined the depth set the rod to the 6 10 reading To do this press the trigger on top of the rod to slide the smaller rod up or down This will change the setting within the vernier located at the top of the rod The smaller rod has graduations marked in feet starting with 0 for depths less than 1 foot For example if the stream depth at a certain point is foot move the rod so that the 1 foot graduation lines up with the 0 on the vernier If the stream depth is 1 4 feet raise the rod to the 1 foot graduation and align it with the 4 on the vernier To measure the stream flow have one person holding the rod and wearing the headphones Once the rod is set for the proper depth let the flow meter calibrate for 20 seconds in the stream After 20 seconds count the number of clicks or revolutions these will sound like static blips in the headphones for 40 seconds in the headphones and record on the data sheet provided You can determine the velocity by consulting a rating table for your meter that determines velocity one should be provided in your meter s manual 10 Repeat this process for all points Option for facilitating flow measurements l When the ideal stream reach is unavailable you might want to change the configuration of a channel with special devices to aid flow measurements It costs a little more and takes time to set up but this extra cost may be justified in some ca
9. 2006 Hydrology of the Hawaiian Islands University of Hawaii Press Honolulu HI 274 pp Lewis D 1994 We the Navigators The ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific University of Hawaii Press Honolulu HI 442p New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Volunteer Monitoring program http www state nj us dep wms bfbm vm quality_ assurance html NOAA National Ocean Service The Seeds Tell the Story http oceanservice noaa gov education kits pollution lessons pollution_seeds pdf Rathbun J 1996 A Simple Bioassay Using Lettuce Seeds The Volunteer Monitor 8 1 70 72 www epa gov owow monitoring volunteer newsletter volmon08nol pdf Rose A A Wu D Tarnas and D Sailer December 1996 A guide to volunteer water quality monitoring for Hawai A working document Prepared for the Hawari State Department of Health and the Communities of Hawai 1 University of Hawari Sea Grant College Program Available from the National Sea Grant library http nsgd gso uri edu Stepenuck K E Herron and L Green Considerations for Planning Your Program s Data Management System http www usawaterquality org volunteer Outreach Databases pdf Surfrider Foundation Standard Operating Procedure for Bacteriological Analysis of Marine Waters Most Probable Number Method Utilizing Colilert 18 and Enterolert Media http www surfrider org bwtf BW TF_manual_June2003 pdf Thiel T University of Missouri St Louis
10. Department of Biology Make your own incubator http www umsl edu microbes pdf Incubator pdf Webster M and J Zimper University of Hawai i Sea Grant Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials NEMO fact sheets on polluted runoff recycling posters managing boat waste http www soest hawaii edu seagrant communication publications php CNR University of Hawai i Water Quality Extension Program Includes presentations about water quality and watersheds HAPPI Hawaii s Pollution Prevention Information Home Series a set of 16 informational worksheets developed to address water pollution issues in and around your home http www ctahr hawaii edu wq publications publications htm Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX A VOLUNTEER WATER QUALITY MANUALS Central Coast Monitoring Guide California http www mbnms nos noaa gov monitoringnetwork protocols html Citizens Monitoring Bacteria A training manual for monitoring E Coli 2005 http www usawaterquality org volunteer EColi Staff Manual ecoli_may162005 pdf The Clean Water Team Guidance Compendium for Watershed Monitoring and Assessment Great resource for protocols general information http www waterboards ca gov nps cwtguidance html 10 Environmental Protection Agency quality assurance project plan http www epa gov region3 esc QA docs_gapp htm EPA Volunteer Stream monitoring manual http www epa gov owow monitoring volunteer stream
11. Distance from bank For each trial take a reading from a different distance from the bank Record the distance here A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 75 SLNAWAYNSVAW WVAULS OL NOILDAS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS c Depth Depth of water at each trial section EXAMPLE Adapted from Iowater Iowa volunteer water d Flow reading in time T to be used for calculations below quality monitoring Sally and Bill measure stream width SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS 76 Record the time T in seconds it takes for the float to move from the upstream transect to the downstream transect Velocity optional Average Stream Velocity meters per second or m s Average stream velocity is calculated by dividing total flow by the cross sectional area of your transect The cross sectional area is determined by calculating a cross sectional area for the box at each spot of your transect and then summing the cross sectional areas Average Stream Velocity Total Flow W1 SD1 W2 SD2 Wn SDn Where Total Flow W1 SDI1 SV1 W2 SD2 SV2 Wn SDn SVn SD stream depth meters SD1 is the stream depth at spot 1 1 2 etc spots along the stream transect n number of spots along the transect W width of box at each spot 1 meter is used SV stream velocity 1 meter divided by seconds measured meters per second Discharge optional Stream discharge is a measure of the amo
12. Hawai i the watershed areas are all relatively small and in almost all cases the drainage basins end up in the ocean Traditionally the Hawauans had a land division system known as the ahupua a These were areas that incorporated all the land from the sea to the tops of the mountains They were developed so that each community would have access to the various resource needed to sustain life from the sea where fish and seafood could be gathered into the midlands where water and streams made agricultural pursuits bountiful to the higher mountains where remaining native forests contained wood and resources for building It just so happens that these ahupua a were often based on the geographical contours of a single valley or what is now known as a watershed In other words here in Hawai watershed areas at one time contained all the resources required to sustain life While we no longer live in a system that requires sustainability in small areas we can certainly benefit from keeping the ahupua a concept alive and well by utilizing the knowledge of the Native Hawaiians What is the hydrologic cycle The hydrologic cycle is the never ending cycle which water goes through Whatever water we have here on earth is here to stay either in water or vapor form or locked up in the form of ice In the basic model it consists of five states evaporation condensation precipitation infiltration and runoff Evaporation 1s the start of
13. M K and M Pai 1992 The ahupua a concept Relearning coastal resource management from ancient Hawaiians NAGA The ICLARM Quarterly 15 2 11 13 Titcomb M and Mary Kawena Pukui 1972 Native use of fish in Hawai i University Press of Hawai i 175p VOLUNTEER MONITORING PROGRAM INFORMATION Designing your monitoring strategy Basic questions and resources to help guide you http www usawaterquality org volunteer outreach designingyourstrategy pdf Global Rivers Environmental Education Network Good resource for educational based programs http www green org Santa Barbara ChannelKeeper Volunteer Citizen Monitoring Groups http www stream team org Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring National Facilitation Project http www usawaterquality org volunteer Waterkeeper Alliance national organization with local chapters dedicated to protecting the waters from pollution http www waterkeeper org A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring WATER QUALITY DATA AND INFORMATION EPA Better Assessment Science Integrating point and Nonpoint Sources BASINS software system BASINS is a multipurpose environmental analysis system designed for use by regional state and local agencies in performing watershed and water quality based studies This system makes it possible to quickly assess large amounts of point source and non point source data in a format that is easy to use and u
14. Maximum 300 000 Information http www hawau gov health environmental water cleanwater prc index html Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife DOFAW Watershed management and Wildlife urban interface grants Information http www dofaw net A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 109 a XIGNAddV APPENDIX D APPENDIX D FUNDING RESOURCES Hagadone Printing Company Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Nonprofit organizations Emphasis is on those communities choosing to deliver their message through printed means Information http www hagadoneprinting com pages aboutUs communitySupport html The Harold K L Castle Foundation Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501c3 nonprofit organizations Proposals are usually not considered for Ongoing operating expenses vehicles endowments annual fund drives sponsorships or special events Amount of funds awarded varies Information http www castlefoundation org Hawai i Coastal Zone Management program section 309 grants Section 309 of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act establishes a voluntary coastal zone enhancement grants program to encourage states and territories to develop programs in one or more of nine coastal zone enhancement areas The nine enhancement objectives are wetlands public access coastal hazards CSI energy and government facility siting marine debris ocean resources
15. Native use of fish in Hawai i University of Hawai Press Honolulu HI 188p Hawaiian Islands natural history geology Hazlett R W and D W Hyndman 1996 Roadside Geology of Hawai i Mountain Press Publishing Company 304p Kay Alison ed 1994 A Natural History of the Hawaiian Islands Selected Readings II University of Hawai i Press 520p Rauzon M 2001 Isles of Refuge Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands University of Hawai i Press Honolulu HI 205p Russo Ron 1994 Hawaiian reefs A natural history guide Wavecrest Publications San Leandro CA 174p INVASIVE SPECIES Alien marine algae in the Hawaiian Islands http www botany hawaii edu GradStud smith invasive BROCHURE htm Alien and Invasive Algae in Hawai i Hawai i Coral Reef Initiative http yww botany hawaii edu GradStud smith websites ALIEN HOME htm Bishop Museum and the University of Hawai i Guide to introduced marine species of Hawai i http www2 bishopmuseum org HBS invertguide index htm Cox G 1999 Alien Species in North America and Hawai i Impacts on Natural Ecosystems Island Press 1718 Connecticut Ave NW Suite 300 Washington DC 20009 172 187pp 387 p Hawai i Ecosystems at Risk HEAR project http www hear org AlienSpeciesInHawaui National Aquatic Nuisance Task Force http www anstaskforce gov National Biological Information Infrastructure Invasive
16. Sources of pollution discharged over a wide land area not from one specific location These sources include urban runoff agricultural runoff erosion construction and mining Nutrient loading The introduction of excessive amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen or phosphorus from fertilizers into the soil or water usually via non point source runoff and sewage effluent Nutrient loading often leads to algal blooms Objective A specific statement detailing the desired accomplishments or outcomes of a project Pathogenic microorganisms Microorganisms that can cause disease in other organisms or in humans animals and plants Photosynthesis The process by which plants use light energy trapped by chlorophyll to convert water and carbon dioxide into stored energy or food Point source A stationary location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged or emitted e g pipe ditch ship Pollutant A substance that adversely alters the physical chemical or biological properties of the environment Presence absence A monitoring technique that determines simply if an organism is present or not in the sample area Reagent A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect analyze or produce a characteristic reaction in order to determine the presence of another compound Recharge Water that drains through the soil and reaches the water table A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 121 H
17. assess whether the foam appears as e None no sign of foam or bubbles Separated bubbles floating bubbles or groups of small bubbles on the surface of the water that do not forma contiguous layer on the surface bubbles do not form patches greater than 3 inches in diameter Moderate foam contiguous bubbles bubbles attached together forming foam patches with a diameter of more than 3 inches but having a height of less than 1 inch High foam large frothy accumulations of foam approximately 1 inch or more in height and with a diameter greater than foot The presence of foam may be an indication of detergents excessive nutrients or other unnatural inputs to the waterway While foam may be an undesirable result of water pollution it sometimes can result from natural causes for example natural organic matter whipped into a frothy foam due to wave action along a beach Turbidity Turbidity can be described in 3 ways e Clear the water is clear and the observer can easily see the bottom e Cloudy the water is somewhat cloudy but the observer can see greater than 4 inches below the surface of the water or the bottom of the waterway can be seen in greater than 4 inches of water e Murky the water is very turbid and the observer cannot see any more than 4 inches below the surface of the water or the observer cannot see the bottom of the waterway in 4 inches or less of water If your group has sampled and measured for tur
18. body you are interested in monitoring Is your water body listed as impaired by the State Department of Health under the Clean Water Action Section 303 d Are there any species of concern in your watershed or water body This includes aquatic wildlife and insects birds marine mammals or sea turtles Does the water body empty into a marine managed area Check out the Division of Aquatic Resources website at http www hawaii gov dInr dar fish_regs index htm Selecting your monitoring sites and establishing a schedule Identify the landowners and obtain permission to access their property Walk the stream length or coastal area to determine sampling surveying locations Some areas you might want to consider include coastal confluences where streams rivers enter the ocean main stem the principal waterway of a river stream excluding its tributaries sites tributaries paired studies of upstream and downstream sites before and after monitoring on a single site tied to some event You may want to establish sampling sites above and below areas of special interest like storm drains stream junctions or effluent outlets If you have a GPS unit take coordinate readings for the site Think about access and safety issues with regards to getting to the site if high stream flows or tides might influence the site and whether or not the site can easily be located years after your monitoring program is completed Also write down a des
19. in estuaries visual observations can be recorded These include wind conditions surf height sea state conditions and tidal flows Most of the major surface currents in the world are wind driven Since the Earth has an eastward rotation this changes the direction of currents in each hemisphere Thus in the Northern Hemisphere currents are deflected to the right and in the Southern Hemisphere currents are deflected to the left Waves are the main source of energy which causes a beach to change its size shape and sediment type Measurements of wave characteristics include wave height wave period and wave direction Sea state conditions consider the overall area of observation which are impacted by a combination of wind currents and tidal conditions WHY MEASURE CURRENTS IN THE COASTAL AREA The direction and velocity of currents in your area are important for larval transport as well as sediments and other pollutants When currents meet and mix meet land areas or major rivers travel over shallower depths vertical circulation patterns are changed which affect the availability of nutrients to phytoplankton Phytoplankton form the basis of the oceans food chain from small fish to whales Tidal conditions with currents and wind can impact beach conditions transport of sediment and larvae and types of critters that live in tidepool areas and sandy beaches Wind conditions not only affect the conditions in the sea but can transp
20. special area management plans and aquaculture Information http www hawaii gov dbedt czm program_ documents section_309 html Hawai i Community Foundation Nonprofit grants Has recently launched major programs focusing on the protection of natural resources building community leadership and social capital and broad based public health initiatives Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Hawai i nonprofit organizations Funds are not given to support Endowments loans Individuals with the exception of the Scholarships program large capital projects with rare exceptions funding after an event has occurred Amount of funds awarded Varies Information http www hawaiicommunityfoundation org grants grantmaking php Hawai i Invasive Species Council Various grants including education outreach on invasive species in Hawai l Signup on various Invasive Species Council listserves to obtain announcements http www hear org hearlists index html Information http www state hi us dInr dofaw HISC Hawai i Tourism Authority Offers a variety of grants throughout the year Information http www hawaii gov tourism State of Hawai i Legislature Grants in aid Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Any nongovernmental unit Requests for aid submitted directly to the Legislature for approval Information http www capitol hawai gov site1 info grant grant asp Maui County Department of Housing and Hum
21. 10 8 ORD rey WA 0 Ito 14 0 14 1 to 16 5 16 6 to 19 1 SEZ ZIG 27 to 2451 24 2 to 26 7 20 8 t0 29 e 3 a 31 9 to 34 3 34 4 to 36 8 36 9 to 39 4 39 5 to 41 9 42 0 to 44 5 44 6 to 47 0 47 1 to 49 5 49 6 to 52 1 52 2 to 54 6 gt 54 7 Turbidity Value 240 185 150 120 100 65 50 40 35 30 27 24 21 19 17 15 14 13 12 T 10 A Table 9 1 Turbidity chart AGIND TJODOLOUd TVANVW 1414 6 NOILOAS CHEMICAL PARAMETERS Chemicals Cl LETTUCE SEED BIO ASSAY cost Petri dishes 20 for 7 seeds 3 whirlpak 1OO for 17 While chemical analysis of water samples can be costly here is a simple method to determine presence of chemicals especially herbicides Plant seeds such as lettuce seeds are excellent test organisms as they remain dormant and may be stored in a refrigerator for months Once hydrated they undergo rapid physiological changes and become highly sensitive to environmental stress Lettuce seed germination root elongation bioassay has two endpoints seed germination and root length Each endpoint is sensitive to different pollutants to different degrees With presence of these toxicants there will be a noticeable reduction in seed germination and root length The most common lettuce seed varieties used are Buttercrunch and Black Seeded Simpson A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring A9 SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL
22. 24 hour total when taking these additional readings only record the 24 cumulative total 5 The Comments column is used to record observations when there is no discernible precipitation in the gauge but there were conditions such as light rain or rain blowing sideways Other potential uses of rainfall data NOAA s National Weather Service maintains a volunteer Cooperative Observation Program which includes rainfall monitoring Created in 1890 more than 11 000 volunteers take observations on farms in urban and suburban areas National Parks seashores and mountain tops If you are interested in becoming an NWS Cooperative observer contact the NWS 77 v m O a O Z m ra n a m J zd m gt U G J m EG m A T SECTION 11 WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS SECTION 11 WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS representative in the WFO supervising your location In Hawaii the address is NWS Cooperative Program Manager Grosvenor Center Mauka Tower 737 Bishop Street Suite 2200 Honolulu HI 96813 If you are selected to become an official NWS Cooperative station NWS will provide you with the training and supervision you will need to perform your duties Tools for estimating runoff rates The Local Government Assistance Network provides resources and tools to assist local governments with environmental management planning funding and regulatory information This includes a tool for estimating changes in runoff d
23. 3 Take the bag out of the water pour out any excess water 4 Pull on the wire tabs to close the bag Hold onto the wire tables and flip the bag 4 5 times quickly to seal the bag there is no need to squeeze the air out of the top of the bag 5 Fold the end of the wire tabs together at the top twist them together forming a loop 6 Place sample standing straight up in the cooler supported with ice or ice packs Taking a standard sample using a bottle 1 Fill and rinse out the bottle and cap with water from your waterbody three times Make sure that the rinse water is thrown out downstream or downcurrent of where you will be taking your actual sample 2 Hold the bottle near its base and plunge it below the water surface Collect a water sample 8 to 12 inches beneath the surface or mid way between the surface and the bottom if the stream reach is shallow 3 For the bottle leave a 1 inch air space except for DO and BOD samples so that the sample can be shaken right before analysis Recap the bottle carefully 4 Place sample standing straight up in the cooler supported with ice or ice packs M5 COLLECTING SAMPLES IN DEEP WATER You may want to collect ocean samples from boats or off piers bridges or in a deep stream Some people use a special sampling device called a Niskin sampler cost 360 The Niskin sampler is attached to a rope or cable and is lowered into the waterbody being sampled This device is equipped with a mess
24. Date Site ID Lunar phase Site Name Latitude Longitude coordinates Waterbody name Watershed Name Organization name Project name and or ID and or ID Team Name Team members Name of recorder Measurements Equipment circle Measurement Type Parameter Unit Result 1 Result 2 Result 3 Depth Notes Salinit ppt Conductivity cm a Dissolved or oxygen m Turbidit Phosphate w o E S Measurement Depth select one Surface Mid Column Near Bottom OR A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring provide measured depth and unit of measurement J5 XIGNAddV APPENDIX C APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Bacteria Sample Sheet Site Number amp Name Waterbody amp Watershed Name Latitude Longitude Sample Date Sample Time Sampler Name Today s Date Tide H or L Lab Tech Name Score Date Score Time Temp C or F Bacteria Level MPN Number Login Sample Water Air Time Depth Observations Number of Tubes or wells Surf Enterococcus Weather Rain Yor N Surf Enterococcus Weather Rain Yor N Surf Enterococcus Weather Rain Yor N Enterococcus Rain Yor N Tide Time of nearest High or Low tide indicate which Surf Wave height or N A Weather Sunny partly cloudy overcast fog light rain heavy rain Rain circle Y if it has rained in the past 3 days otherwise N Total MPN number of tubes or wells that are yellow E coli or enteroco
25. GUIDE Measure i Here A Figure 9 2 Measuring root length What you ll need Lettuce seeds Buttercrunch or Black Seeded Simpson Whirlpak or bottle Gloves Safety glasses Bleach such as Clorox Distilled water Measuring cup or tube Petri dishes 6 Sharpie pen waterproof 9 cm Whatman 1 filter paper Pipette or dropper Calculator or computer with spreadsheet To avoid collecting surface film which is usually more contaminated than the underlying water submerge the bottle or Whirpak bag about 6 inches and the water bubble in See protocols M2 M5 on how to collect samples Use gloves and eyewear when preparing the assay Performing the assay l Prepare a solution comprised of part Clorox to 10 parts distilled water 2 Soak the seeds for 20 minutes in the 10 solution of Clorox in distilled water then rinse 5 times with distilled water The Clorox will kill any fungi that may interfere with seed germination 3 Label three10 cm plastic Petri dishes per sample with date time sample water ID and seed type 4 Place 9 cm Whatman 1 filter paper into the labeled Petri dishes Three replicate dishes per sample are recommended 5 Pipette 5 to 7 ml of undiluted sample onto the filter paper enough to saturate the paper Use the same volume in all tests Also prepare 3 control dishes using distilled water instead of the sample 6 Place 10 seeds on the paper spaced evenly 7 Incubate dishes at room
26. How is it measured and reported from CWT 2004 Colorimetric This method uses a chemical reagent that reacts with oxygen to produce a colored product The intensity of color is proportional to the concentration of oxygen in the sample and is compared to a series of color intensities that reflect known concentrations of dissolved oxygen This method is found in most educational kits is often used for screening low oxygen levels and provides a quick and rough measurement of DO Titrimetric In this method samples are collected in a special bottle with a specially designed cap or specially designed mouth and glass stopper often sold as BOD bottle that allow for enclosure of liquids without contact with air The Winkler method is the most common method which involves fixing the sample with a series of reagents that form an acid Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring compound that is titrated Titration involves the drop by drop addition of a reagent that neutralizes the acid compound and changes the color of the sample solution Titrimetric kits are useful for routine monitoring in streams and the sample can be fixed and titrated in the field or fixed and taken to a lab for titration Most kits use an eyedropper and syringe type titration and 1s less precise than a digital titrator If you need a high degree of accuracy and precision obtain a digital titrator Polarographic This method uses an electronic devi
27. IN The goal of the Secchi Dip In is to increase the number and interest of volunteers in any type of volunteer monitoring The Dip In also demonstrates the ability of volunteers to collect environmentally important information on lakes rivers and estuaries and gives a national perspective of water quality The process is simple and is considered a snapshot of transparency of the particular water body for that date and time individuals take a transparency measurement on one day during the weeks surrounding Canada Day and July Fourth Individuals may be monitoring lakes reservoirs estuaries rivers or streams using a secchi disk transparency tube or turbidity meter See Section 9 for protocols and description http dipin kent edu A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Photo by Signe Opheim G4ALYVLS LAD OL MOH F NOILOAS ee ee SECTION 4 HOW TO GET STARTED 20 Photo by Megan Webster SECTION 4 HOW TO GET STARTED A World Water Monitoring Day WoRLD WATER MONITORING DAY World Water Monitoring Day WWMD held annually between September 18 and October 18 is an international outreach program that builds public awareness and involvement in protecting water resources around the world Volunteers in communities worldwide monitor the condition of local rivers streams estuaries and other water bodies using simple kits that measure temperature pH turbidity and dissolved oxygen http www wo
28. OTHER APPLICABLE FEDERAL STATE AND LOCAL LAWS LOCAL STATE REGULATIONS Hawai i Coastal Zone Management Hawari revised statute Chapter 205A This statute sets up Hawaii s coastal zone management program and provides objectives policies and guidelines for all agencies charged with adhering to these policies http www capitol hawaii gov hrscurrent Vol04_Ch02010257 HRS0205A HRS_0205A htm FEDERAL LAWS Coastal Zone Management Act CZMA The CZMA established a voluntary national program within the Department of Commerce to encourage coastal States to develop and implement their own coastal zone management plans consistent with the federal law and its goals The goals of the act are to preserve protect develop enhance and restore where possible the coastal resources The National Estuarine Research Reserves system was created in 1972 with the passage of CZMA The Act also provided funds for states to assist in the management of the coastal zone In 1990 a section was added to reduce nonpoint source pollution of coastal waters requiring states that have a CZM program to develop and implement coastal nonpoint pollution control programs Check out the Department of Health s Clean Water Branch Polluted Runoff Control Program http www hawaii gow health environmental water cleanwater prc index html Endangered Species Act ESA The ESA is key legislation for community stewards who may be dealing with an issue invo
29. P3 Temperature P3 temperature reading for meter Total Dissolved Solids P6 Turbidity P10 P11 Chemicals C2 Sending samples to the lab TDS P7 Nutrients C10 Bacteria B4 Dissolved oxygen C3 C4 Nitrate C6 Phosphate C8 Nitrogen Ammonia C9 pH C13 C14 Bacteria B3 Section10 Stream flow S1 S2 S3a S3b S3c S3d Visual observations S4 pala S5 Rapid assessment of fish and invertebrates S6 Section 11 Rainfall W1 Pollution hotspots W2 Section 12 Ocean and weather measurements O1 Aquatic invasive species O2 Coral bleaching and marine disease O3 51 ONIYOLINOW YAALNNTIOA dO S13 31 ASYHL G NOILOAS SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING 52 SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING VOLUNTEER MONITORING PROTOCOLS SUMMARY MATRIX CODE EQUIPMENT TYPE Te TEE Cole Parmer Con 400 meter Lamotte GREEN Water monitoring kit Lamotte temperature strip Field thermometer Oakton Waterproof TDSTestr 2 3 Send sample to the lab Lamotte GREEN Water monitoring kit Secchi dak Ph Lamotte Portable Turbidimeter model 2020 Lettuce seed bio assay Hach Model DE 2 Lamotte GREEN Water monitoring kit Chemetres DO Ki YSI 55 Dissolved Oxygen Meter Lamotte water monitoring kit Chemetrics Nitrate Kit 6904D Lamotte GREEN Water monitoring kit Chemetrics Chemets 0 1 and 1 10 ppm stannous chloride Chemetrics Chemets ammonia salicylate Ci Send sample to the lab Lamott
30. Research Proposals on the following will not be considered in this competition industrial accidents spills routine monitoring projects routine application of well established models projects involving site specific remediation practices drinking water treatment and distribution point source waste water treatment and sanitary sewerage infrastructure and research on human health effects Amount of funds awarded 75 000 to 500 000 Information http es epa gov ncer rfa archive grants 96 96wwsann html NATIONAL FUNDING ORGANIZATIONS Ben and Jerry s Foundation Offers competitive grants to not for profit grassroots organizations throughout the United States which facilitate progressive social change by addressing the underlying conditions of societal and environmental problems Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support The Ben amp Jerry s Foundation does not fund Discretionary or emergency requests colleges or universities individuals or scholarship programs research projects capital campaigns state agencies religious programs international or foreign based programs social service programs Amount of funds awarded Up to 15 000 Information http www benjerry com foundation guidelines html Boat US Foundation To support education amp hands on efforts to clean up the boating environment Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Local community organizations focusing on promoting safe boating practi
31. See Appendix C Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Recruiting volunteers As you start to recruit volunteers for your program think about what motivates volunteers to monitor Some are interested in learning new skills while others are interested in a specific resource and may only participate if they can only monitor that specific site Others are simply interested in meeting others with similar interests There are some volunteers who may feel disgusted with government action and want to take charge over a particular area Beware of these individuals as their goals may not mesh with your groups and may act out individually harming the program Understand your volunteers and their needs and provide opportunities that accommodate them and their schedules such as including social or advanced training activities or not scheduling training sessions during school vacations In addition knowing the why what and who of your monitoring efforts will help you to target potential volunteers The first step for more effective volunteer recruitment 1s documenting roles and responsibilities of volunteers How do you find volunteers You may want to accept volunteers as they come forward or screen them when they apply Think about the needs of your program do you need a statistical expert or someone that loves numbers and charts This type of person will be very useful for analyzing the data Are there people with d
32. Threat to aquatic life Some types of trash pose more of a threat to aquatic life as well as birds On the beach some seabirds have been found to pick out red colored pieces of plastic and weathered glass as it reminds them of their ee 74 Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS favorite food Other items like fishing gear 6 pack plastic tops can entangle animals 3 Threat to human health Some pieces of trash such as discarded diapers medical pet and human waste contain bacteria or other viruses which can make people ill 4 Illegal dumping and littering Some people deliberately dump items in an area which is easily accessible or not noticeable by the general public or in dry gulches Other areas may be near a trash collection facility Leaf litter grass clippings cut trees are trash when it is evident that it has been dumped 5 Accumulation of trash Trash dumped vs accumulated can be determined by its age or where it ends up For example trash that has been transported downstream may be faded be wrapped around vegetation or show signs of decay 6 Sum up the scores 7 Dispose of trash in proper container S6 Fish and Invertebrates rapid assessment WHAT IS A RAPID ASSESSMENT OF FISH AND INVERTEBRATES IN THE STREAM A rapid assessment 1s just that looking for presence or absence of species in streams The part that takes the longest is finding appropriate areas where you can measure f
33. VOLUNTEER MONITORING A jug of distilled or deionized water DI A spritz squirt bottle for DI Plastic cups e g solo 9oz clear plastic for temporary sample containers or for dilutions One 500 1000 ml container with WIDE MOUTH and tight cap for garbage liquid that needs to be flushed into the sanitary sewer Plastic bags for solid garbage Safety Goggles Gloves Permanent marker Spare batteries for pocket meters First Aid Kit Soap bar not liquid Drinking water GPS unit See specific protocols for list of gear and create a specific field gear supply list for binder PROTOCOLS TO CONSIDER Please read sections on volunteer management Section 6 data management Section 7 Transportation and safety Section 8 and collecting samples Section 9 M1 M8 Protocols suitable for this level e Section 9 Conductivity Salinity P2 P3 Temperature P5 Total Dissolved Solids P6 Turbidity P10 P11 Chemicals C2 Sending samples to the lab TDS P7 Nutrients C10 Bacteria B4 Dissolved oxygen C3 C4 Nitrate C6 Phosphate C8 Nitrogen Ammonia C9 pH C13 C14 Bacteria B2 B3 Section10 Stream flow S1 S2 S3a S3b Visual observations S4 pala S5 Rapid assessment of fish and invertebrates S6 Section 11 Rainfall W1 Pollution hotspots W2 Section 12 Ocean and weather measurements O1 Aquatic invasive species O2 Coral bleaching and marine disease O3 COMMUNITY ASSESSMEN
34. about problems and try out equipment at your table Brochure Brochures if written and created creatively help to get the word out about your program and gives basic contact information Word of mouth After you find volunteers use existing volunteers to help recruit new people Television and radio Send press releases to have your program listed on the station s community event listing Internet A website can communicate information about your program and about the waterbody itself Retaining volunteers Retaining volunteers is one of the keys to any successful volunteer based program The better you target your volunteers provide them with a good description of what is expected of them good training and communication regular feedback can help retain volunteers for a long time Why do people leave a program Some reasons are beyond the control of a program such as moving for a new job a new baby or new spouse Some of the things you can control include frustration of the volunteer due to no changes in water quality conditions or the health of the watershed lack of feedback and lack of use from data gathered Some tips for retaining volunteers Some people lose interest because there are no challenges it has gotten easy and repetitious Monitoring by its nature must be repetitious in order for conditions or changes to become discernible Let people know up front what monitoring entails and the need for consistent monit
35. allows for citizen standing overall the act is not really open to public participation with the exception of aiding in developing and implementing a recovery plan for a species Migratory Bird Treaty Act The Migratory Bird Treat Act implements various treaties and conventions between the U S and Canada Japan Mexico and the former Soviet Union for the protection of migratory birds Under the Act taking killing or possessing migratory birds is unlawful Thus it is unlawful to pursue hunt take capture or kill attempt to take capture or kill possess offer to or sell barter purchase deliver or cause to be shipped exported imported transported carried or received any migratory bird part nest egg or product manufactured or not National Environmental Policy Act NEPA This act was passed in 1969 as a formal environmental policy mandate Any federal action that may have a significant effect on the environment must undergo what s commonly referred to as the NEPA process as a means of ensuring consideration for environmental protection Agencies must prepare an Environmental Analysis which covers potential environmental effects of the proposed federal action If it A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 117 4 3 XIGNAddV APPENDIX F amp G 118 APPENDIX F OTHER APPLICABLE FEDERAL STATE AND LOCAL LAWS reveals that significant changes will occur in environmental quality due to the
36. and a hammer to drive the stakes into the ground for a transect line e Tape measure 100 e Waterproof yardstick of other implement to measure depth e Twist ties to mark off intervals on the string of the transect line e Orange large lemon or tennis ball your float e Dip net to scoop your float out of the stream e Stopwatch e Calculator Selecting a stretch of the stream e Straight no bends e 6 inches deep e No areas of slow water such as a pool e Length around 20 feet Measuring the length Mark the upper and lower end by running a transect line across the stream perpendicular to the shore using the string and stakes The upstream transect in transect 1 and the downstream transect 1s 2 Calculate the average cross sectional area e The cross sectional area is the product of stream width Illustration by Geoff Moore A Setting up a transect multiplied by average water depth To calculate the cross sectional area determine the cross sectional area for each transect add the results together and then divide by 2 to determine the average cross sectional area for the stream reach Measuring the cross sectional area Determine the average depth along the transect by marking off equal intervals along the string with the twist ties The intervals can be one fourth one half and three fourths of the distance across the stream Measure the water s depth at each interval point Fig 10 2 To calcu
37. are eligible The Foundation will consider support for startup general operating and special project needs as well as major and minor capital requests Amount of funds awarded Usually 1 000 to 25 000 but may award more Information http alexanderbaldwinfoundation org The Atherton Family Foundation Grants Supports programs and projects within a broad spectrum of activities which in some way benefit the people of the state of Hawai i Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501c3 nonprofit organizations Grant making fields in order of preference are education human services youth development arts culture and humanities health community development environment religion and others Amount of funds awarded Varies usually 1 000 to 35 000 but can be more Information http www athertonfamilyfoundation org Board of Water Supply City amp County of Honolulu Watershed Management Partnership Program For assistance to watershed partnerships agencies and organizations for the management protection and enhancement of watershed areas on O ahu Hawat i Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501c3 nonprofit organizations Subject areas of interest include Watershed studies watershed resource protection educational outreach for watershed management and protection invasive species control forest protection water conservation activities Amount of funds awarded N A Information http www hbws org
38. be packed to prevent breakage If samples are shipped by mail or by other common carrier the shipper must comply with any applicable Department of Transportation regulations Seal or lock the package to prevent tampering Any evidence of tampering can be readily detected if adequate sealing devices are used If the field sampler delivers samples directly to the laboratory custody may be relinquished to laboratory personnel If appropriate personnel are not present to receive the samples they should be locked in a designated area of the laboratory to prevent tampering The person delivering the samples records a log entry stating where and how the samples were delivered and secured Laboratory personnel may then receive custody by noting in a logbook the absence of evidence of tampering unlocking the secured area and signing the custody sheet TS3 Laboratory Sample Control Procedures Sample control procedures are necessary in the laboratory from the time of sample receipt to the time the sample 1s discarded The following procedures are recommended for the laboratory which can include your own lab that you set up as well as a state or commercial lab facility Designate a specific person as custodian and an alternate designated to act as custodian in the custodian s absence All incoming samples must be received by the custodian who must indicate receipt by signing the accompanying custody control forms and who must retain the signed
39. causing injury to persons This obligation exists regardless of the organizations size its income or whether the organization has paid staff If your organization asks a volunteer to do a task which results in them injuring themselves or anyone else the organization at a minimum may be liable No matter what activities your organization is involved in from entering data running a small laboratory to organizing field collection trips on the seaside you will have to consider the duty of care owed to your volunteers Liability depends on establishing that the organization failed to take reasonable care The health and safety law lays down your duties to your employees The law also imposes further responsibilities on you as an employer with regard to people not in your employment such as volunteers and other members of the public who may be affected by your work activities Please refer to the Hawaii and Federal offices of Occupational Heath and Safety Administration for guidance Hawaii office 808 586 9100 http hawai gov labor hiosh index shtml Federal office 800 321 OSHA 6742 http www osha gov CONDUCTING A RISK ASSESSMENT You may want to conduct a risk assessment that will help your group identify and control potential hazards conducted with your activities This is includes identifying all the hazards assessing the risk and putting in places measures to control unacceptable risks A hazard is anything that has the poten
40. clear plastic case Instructions 1 Turn the opening so it faces the front instead of the top 2 Cut the plastic slightly wider than the opening and about 2 inches longer than the height of the opening 3 Tape the plastic to the top of the aquarium so the plastic falls over the opening at the front This is your door 4 Place the lamp in the aquarium letting the cord come out the front under the plastic covering 5 Place the thermometer in the aquarium so that you can read it without opening the plastic door 6 Try different bulbs until you find one that gives you the temperature you need for your incubator If you need to regulate the temperature you can add a dimmer switch to the lamp B3 IDEXX Quanti Tray cost including supplies 6 300 Colilert 18 and Enterolert are approved methods for the bacteriological analysis of marine and estuarine waters The purpose A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring AGIND TODOLOUd TVANVW 1414 6 NOILOAS SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE 6O SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE of this analysis is to give an estimation of the bacteriological density of coliform E Coli and or enterococcus bacteria within the water in question The quality of any analysis is highly dependent upon the integrity of the sample and the methods of testing Enterolert as its name suggests is the method to monitor for Enterococci which is the indicator bacte
41. data about the mean average value It is useful in comparing sets of data which may have the same mean but a different range of values Most standard calculators can perform the standard deviation function The relative standard deviation RSD or coefficient of variation expresses the standard deviation as a percentage The smaller the RSD the more precise your measurements If you only have two replicate samples then you can calculate the relative percent difference RPD The smaller the RPD the more precise your measurements Accuracy How close are your results are to a true or expected value It is a measure of confidence in the measurement This can be determined by comparing analysis of a standard reference or control sample to its actual value For example the pH of a standard buffer solution is 7 0 The smaller the difference between the measurement and its true or expected value the more reliable the result If you have concerns that other components of the sample may be interfering with the analysis of a parameter one way to measure the accuracy is to add a known concentration of the parameter to a portion of the sample This is called a spiked sample The difference between the original measurement and the measurement of the spiked sample should be close to the amount added to the spiked sample Many parameters such as Secchi depth do not have standard references or performance evaluation samples In these c
42. depth less than 18 meters ten fathoms The uses to be protected in this class of waters are oceanographic research the support and propagation of shellfish and other marine life conservation of coral reefs and wilderness areas compatible recreation and aesthetic A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring ALITVNO YALVM OL NOILONGOULNI L NOILOAS SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER QUALITY SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER QUALITY enjoyment The objective of Class A waters is to protect their use for recreational purposes and aesthetic enjoyment These uses must be compatible with the protection and propagation of fish shellfish and wildlife and with recreation in and on these waters Marine bottom ecosystems are divided into Class I and Class II waters The objective of Class I waters is to remain in their most natural state possible with the absolute minimal pollution from human sources Uses of marine bottom ecosystems in this class are passive human uses without intervention or alteration to allow for the perpetuation and preservation of the marine bottom in a most natural state This includes uses such as for nonconsumptive scientific research demonstration observation or monitoring only nonconsumptive education aesthetic enjoyment passive activities and preservation Class II waters uses are such that the protection for propagation of fish shellfish and wildlife and for recreational purposes not be l
43. disposal site Total Dissolved Solids There are several different models of TDS testers to use below are instructions for Oakton Waterproof TDSTestr and ECTestr series Use the chart below provided by Oakton to determine which model to use P OAKTON WATERPROOF TDS TESTER 2 3 cost 70 Read all equipment instructions to familiarize yourself with all parts of the equipment before continuing What you ll need e TDSTestr e Rubbing alcohol e Distilled water e Container to soak electrode in alcohol e Three containers for calibration Before you get started Remove electrode cap Switch unit on for 15 minutes to stabilize the batteries Soak electrodes for a few minutes in alcohol to remove oils Caution Never immerse the electrode above color band This will damage instrument electronics Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE Calibration Select a calibration standard appropriate for your waterproof TDStTestr TDStTestr 2 between 3 ppt and 10 00 ppt TDStTestr 3 between 300 pS and 1990 pS Select a standard calibration solution close to the test solution value and one that has a similar chemical make up to the test solution To determine the chemical makeup of your test solution go back to your research on the waterbody a task from Section 4 to see what information has been collected on your waterbody previously Generally NaCl is used for brines and the 442 formulation is
44. dnr state wi us org water fhp lakes lakesdatabase asp Wisconsin Discovery Farms Trained Local Samplers http www l uwex edu ces erc discovery Wisconsin s Water Action Volunteers http watermonitoring uwex edu wav monitoring database html World Water Monitoring Day http www worldwatermonitoringday org sitereg database html Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 8 TRANSPORTING SAMPLES AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS TS1 Shipping And Custody Adapted from California s Citizen Monitoring Protocols 2004 To prevent contamination and allow for more accurate results you should follow standard procedures for shipping and custody of samples Make sure you have the written procedures for sample handling available and that they are followed whenever samples are collected transferred stored analyzed or destroyed This includes a written record to trace the possession and handling of samples from collection through reporting Here are some procedures you can start with and revise to fit your specific needs 1 e allowing enough time for sample transport if your lab is at a distance A sample is in someone s custody if e It isin one s actual physical possession e It is in one s view after being in one s physical possession e It is one s physical possession and then locked up so that no one can tamper with it e Itis kept ina secured area restricted to authorized personnel only Sample Collection Handling a
45. has SOPs that you can download g Get feedback on your SOPs and QAPP from the State Department of Health or regional EPA staff Contact the Clean Water Branch of DOH 808 586 4309 or EPA region 9 Amy Wagner 510 412 2329 email Wagner A my epamail epa gov or Mark Kutnink 415 972 3801 email Kutnink Mark epamail epa gov Mark Kutnink has examples of QAPPs that he can share with you Check out Appendix A for QAPP information 10 Revise the QAPP based on feedback Comments you receive may include being more specific about your methods or modifying your procedures to adapt to agency requirements The final review and approval can take at least a couple of months Be persistent and always follow up Never wait for an agency to contact you back with comments YOUR QAPP HAS BEEN APPROVED Get out and start monitoring Practice adaptive management evaluate your project along with your QAPP and change it as needed QAPP concepts You will hear these terms with regards to not only a QAPP but for other statistical analysis A QAPP will provide a description has to how your project will incorporate these terms Precision Is there a degree of agreement when you have repeated measurements of the same characteristic This can be measured using the standard deviation or relative percent difference among replicate samples two or more taken from the same place at the same time The standard deviation measures the spread of the
46. hypoxia low levels of dissolved oxygen Photo by Jen Smith IS n m O a O Z a 5 m 7J am gt lt gt 70 gt lt m m 70 72 SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS 16 SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS and become very toxic to aquatic animals at high concentrations 10 mg L or higher under certain conditions Organisms on coral reefs require nutrients very low concentrations of nutrients occur in coastal waters High concentrations can cause phytoplankton and algae blooms and may indicate contamination from bacteria which sources include pollution from sewage agriculture and industrial runoff How is nitrate nitrogen measured and reported Cadmium reduction method The cadmium reduction method is a colorimetric method that involves contact of the nitrate in the sample with cadmium particles which cause nitrates to be converted to nitrites The nitrites then react with another reagent to form a red color whose intensity 1s proportional to the original amount of nitrate The red color is then measured by comparison to a color wheel with a scale in milligrams per liter that increases with the increase in color hue The color wheel should be used only if nitrate concentrations are greater than Img L For concentrations below Img L a spectrophotometer should be used Nitrate electrode method This method uses a probe with a sensor that measures nitrate activity in the water Accuracy
47. identify and report potential bleaching and marine disease Reef Check will serve as the first response area and determine whether a report is valid or not They will house all reports and send information on to the Rapid Response Team if the report is valid For more information check out Reef Check s website www reefcheckhawaii org When the response network is in place responders will be asked to call the Reef Check hotline 808 953 4044 On Hawaii Island the AIS workshops will include a presentation on bleaching and disease Hawaii Island will test out the train the trainers concept and utilize the trained community members to first confirm reports before sending off to Reef Check or the Rapid Response Team Contact the Malama Kai Foundation for more information A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring SLNAWAUNSVAW NVADO ANY IVLSVOD YAHLO zl NOILOAS REFERENCES REFERENCES Central Coast Monitoring Guide California http www mbnms nos noaa gov monitoringnetwork protocols html The Clean Water Team Guidance Compendium for Watershed Monitoring and Assessment Great resource for protocols general information http www swrcb ca gov nps cwtguidance html Environmental Protection Agency The Volunteer Monitor s Guide To Quality Assurance Project Plans http www epa gov owow monitoring volunteer gappcovr htm Environmental Protection Agency EPA Volunteer Stream monitoring manual ht
48. introduced either accidentally or intentionally out compete native species for available resources reproduce prolifically and dominate regions and ecosystems Because they often arrive in new areas unaccompanied by their native predators invasive species can be difficult to control Invertebrate An animal without a backbone such as an urchin or crab Kapu The set of regulations that guided people s behavior reflecting natural cycles following spawning and tides of local areas Failure to comply with these rules met with strict punishment in order to keep a necessary balance Lagoon A shallow sound or body of water connected to a larger body of water Marine debris Marine debris is any type of manufactured or manmade material that enters the coastal or marine environment via a stream outfalls tossed by beachgoers or lost by boats at sea Meniscus The curved top of a column of liquid in a small tube Monitoring The periodic collection and evaluation of data relative to stated project goals objectives and activities Native Organisms brought to a location without the help of man such as by wind wave and or birds Nephelometric turbidity units NTU A measure of the clarity of water Turbidity is measured with an instrument called a nephelometer which measures the intensity of light scatted by suspended matter in the water Turbidity in excess of 5 NTU is just noticeable to the average person Nonpoint source
49. is carryover contamination from reuse of the sample sampling equipment Split sample One sample is divided equally into two or more sample containers and then analyzed by different analysts or labs These are used to measure precision The samples should be thoroughly mixed before splitting The sample can be split in the field field split or in the laboratory lab split A sample split in the field and submitted to the lab without informing the lab is a blind sample Replicate sample Two or more samples are taken from the same site at the same time using the same method and independently analyzed in the same manner Replicate or duplicate only two samples taken samples can be used to detect both natural variability and that caused by field sampling methods Elements of a QAPP The EPA document suggests that potentially 24 elements that can be included ina QAPP Not all may be included in your QAPP depending on your goals objectives scope data uses and DOH guidance Please see the EPA document and sample templates for more information and tips Project Management e Title and approval page Title and date of the QAPP Names of organizations involved Names titles signatures and document signatures of all appropriate approving officials such as project manager project QA officer DOH Table of contents Distribution list e List of organizations and individuals receiving a copy of QAPP and any subsequent revisions P
50. is even better The programmer will understand the technical capabilities of the software but may need guidance from you the project manager on how user friendly to make the entry process what types of reports charts or statistical analyses you need Who will use the data You ve asked this question in stage one when determining what type of monitoring program you want to be involved in If you are planning on being in level 2 or 3 work with the agency staff to determine what type of information and in what format that they would be most interested in But don t forget that those with little experience with computers may want to access the data HOw WILL THE DATA BE USED AND WHAT TYPE OF OUTPUT WILL BEST SERVE THESE PURPOSES This question will be answered in conjunction with who will use the data but with more detail e What parameters do you want to be able to search by i e waterbody name county etc e What type of searching options do you want e Simple Searching on a unique identifier such as site name or county From this you can not narrow your search e Dynamic A search in which options change based on the first selection you make For example you might select your waterbody then narrow it to the site or date and selecting the type of data e Multi variable A search in which multiple parameters can be chosen at one time without narrowing the options down e Are you going to store the raw data
51. kit with checklist Getting started As you begin planning your monitoring program start developing a relationship with the local resource agencies to find out what their needs are Resource agencies such as DOH or DLNR can lend support credibility additional training equipment and sometimes funding in collecting data By including resources agencies at the start of your project can help ensure that your data gets used They can also help you fine tune the protocols listed in this manual to meet their standards so that your data is useful Additional information gathering Look at your checklist that you ve created from Section 4 who will use the data and who is your audience how much A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 25 ONIYOLINOW YAALNNTOA dO S13 31 ASYHL G NOILOAS SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING funds you have where you will monitor when you will monitor how you will monitor and what you will monitor You may need to do some additional research on the water body you are interested in monitoring Is your water body listed as impaired by the State Department of Health under the Clean Water Action Section 303 d Are there any species of concern in your watershed or water body This includes aquatic wildlife and insects birds marine mammals or sea turtles Does the water body empty into a marine managed area Check out the
52. left to right along the comparator until the best color match is found fig 5 Dispose of ampoules in a small trash bag Dispose of used chemicals into your designated waste bucket All wastewater including the tube rinse water should be flushed with flowing water into a sewer system connected wastewater treatment plant and not a cesspool Make sure you rinse and scrub all containers that held chemicals with tap water rinse with distilled water prior to storage i P F i m A Fig 4 TRN A Fig 5 NITROGEN AMMONIA C10 CHEMETS AMMONIA SALICYLATE CHEMISTRY METHOD O 2 0 20 PPM 11410 COST 22 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles What you ll need e Ammonia Salicylate kit e Eyedropper A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 55 AGIND TJODOLOUd TVANVW q13J14 6 NOILOAS en SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE 50 SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE Bucket for disposal of used ampoule Stopwatch or watch with second hand Paper towels Distilled water This test method measures free ammonia and monochloramine in drinking water clean surface water and good quality nitrified wastewater effluent Results are expressed in ppm mg Liter ammonia nitrogen NH3 N High levels of ammonia can reduce the intensity of the developed color from this reagent and give false low test results Samples su
53. meridian usually Greenwich England Longitude lines are called meridians How is it measured Latitude and longitude are defined and measured in degrees minutes and seconds There are 60 seconds ina minute and 60 minutes in a degree of latitude and longitude Why measure latitude and longitude of your area when monitoring There are many ways that monitoring groups identify and describe the location of sampling sites In many cases monitoring sites are described by the stream or coastal area name and geographic location such as Volunteer Creek at Oak Road or Volunteer Creek behind the picnic area in Volunteer Park Make sure you assign a station number to these descriptions i e VC001 VC002 Maps in many forms are also typically used to help identify sites These include road maps state county maps aerial maps hand drawn site maps and topographic maps The most accurate way to identify sampling locations is by determining their latitude and longitude Most groups use a global positioning system GPS to determine latitude and longitude This hand held tool is used in the field and receives signals from orbiting satellites to calculate the lat long coordinates of the user Use EPA s Surf Your Watershed website to utilize the U S Geological Survey s USGS Names Information System to provide latitude and longitude information for locations throughout the U S These locations include bridges schools
54. method employs the cadmium reduction method Results are expressed in ppm mg Liter NO3 N Samples containing nitrite will give erroneous high test results Samples containing in excess of 2000 ppm chloride will give low test results Certain metals chlorine oil and grease will also give low test results A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 55 SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE A Ampoule A Snapper cup Test Procedure 1 Fill the 25 mL dilutor snapper cup to the top edge with distilled water fig 1 2 Fill the 5 mL sample cup to the 5 mL mark middle of arrow with your sample water fig 1 Use an eye dropper to add or remove sample water 3 Empty the contents of one Cadmium Foil Pack into the sample cup Cap the cup and shake it vigorously for exactly 3 minutes Allow the sample to sit undisturbed for 2 minutes 2 Make sure that the VACUette tip is firmly attached to the ampoule tip 3 Holding the VACUette almost horizontally touch the tip to the contents of the sample cup fig 2 NOTE The capillary tip will fill completely with sample 4 Put the VACUette into a vertical position A small portion of the collected sample shaded area should fall into the sleeve of the VACUette tip fig 3 NOTE If none of the sample falls a light tap near the shoulder of the ampoule will accomplish this 5 Place the VACUette in the dilutor snapper cup a
55. o Road Kapa a HI 96766 Phone 808 822 4984 ext 235 Fax 808 822 2190 Email adam_asquith yahoo com West Hawai i Sea Grant Sara Peck Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawai P O Box 489 Kailua Kona HI 96745 Phone 808 329 2861 Fax 808 329 6998 Email peck hawait edu Hawaii Association of Conservation Districts 99 193 Aiea Heights Drive Suite 110 Aiea HI 96701 Phone 808 483 8600 ext 120 Fax 808 483 8619 http www hacdhawaii org index html Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX B CONTACTS OTHER WATER QUALITY RESOURCES Hawaii Association of Watershed Partnerships http www hawp org index php Hilo Bay Watershed Advisory Group Susan O Neill HBWAG Co Spokesperson Phone 808 345 5900 Email susandan aloha net http www numerologyreadings com hilobaywatershed index htm Kailua Bay Advisory Council Contact Todd Cullison 45 1055 Kamehameha Highway Suite 204 K ne ohe HI 96744 Phone 808 277 5611 Fax 808 988 0096 Email tcullison hawaii rr com http www kbac hi org index html LOCAL MARINE EDUCATION PROGRAMS Hanauma Bay Education Program 100 Hanauma Bay Road Honolulu HI 96825 Phone 808 397 5840 E mail hanauma hawaii edu http www 2 hawaii edu hanauma about htm Ocean Science Discovery Center 300 Maalaea Drive Suite 211 Wailuku HI 96793 Phone 1 800 942 5311 Email info osdcmauti org http www osdcmaui org Mau i Ocean Cen
56. of sample Disregard any differences in color between the sample and the standards test is based on turbidity not color Record results as Low Medium High NOTE The standards were produced by comparing Formazin Turbidity standards and matching appropriate chips The results may be expressed as a range of turbidity in FTU s pH Electronic Pocketester ON VW SP WN e Battery compartment cap LCD Display MODE HOLD button CAL RECALL button ON OFF button Electrode Collar Read basic operation manual prior to using Pocketester Front Panel Description 7 Electrode lt pH Electronic Pocketester Automatic Calibration When the TRACER is turned on it will enter the Automatic Calibration mode SELF and CAL will appear while calibration is in progress After the calibration 1s completed the SELF and CAL display icons will extinguish and both the main display and the bar graph will read in pH units The readings will flash on the display until they have stabilized Getting Started l Remove the cap from the bottom of the TRACER to expose the electrode glass surface and reference junction Before first use or after storage soak the electrode with cap removed in a pH 4 buffer for about 10 minutes White KCl crystals may be present in the cap These crystals will dissolve in the soak or they can be rinsed off with tap water Always calibrate close to the expected measurement value 8
57. owned land Federal land when the primary benefit is on private or Tribal land State and local government land on a limited basis and Tribal land Information http www nrcs usda gov programs whip National Resources Conservation Service NRCS Environmental Quality Incentive Program EQIP This program provides a voluntary conservation program for farmers and ranchers that promotes agricultural production and environmental quality as compatible national goals EQIP offers financial and technical help to assist eligible participants install or implement structural and management practices on eligible agricultural land Information http www nrcs usda gov programs eqip National Resources Conservation Service NRCS Conservation Innovation Grants This is a voluntary program intended to stimulate the development and adoption of innovative conservation approaches and technologies while leveraging Federal investment in environmental enhancement and protection in conjunction with agricultural production Information http www nrcs usda gov programs cig National Science Foundation various grants The National Science Foundation promotes and advances scientific progress in the United States by competitively awarding grants and cooperative agreements for research and education in the sciences mathematics and engineering Information http www nsf gov funding U S Department of Agriculture Sustainable Agriculture Research
58. projects that address environmental justice issues Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501c3 nonprofit organizations and other located in locally affected area Amount of funds awarded 25 000 per project max 50 000 per region Information http www epa gov compliance environmentaljustice grants index html Environmental Protection Agency EPA Environmental Research Grants Information http es epa gov ncer rfa Environmental Protection Agency EPA Region 9 includes Hawai i grant opportunities http www epa gov region09 funding index html Environmental Protection Agency EPA Smart Growth Funding To encourage community groups businesses and government agencies to work together on sustainable developmental efforts that protect the local environment and conserve natural resources while supporting a healthy economy and an improved quality of life NOAA Coastal Services Center Program offers several grant programs including in Hawa1 1 the Bay Watershed Education and Training Program The program supports existing environmental education programs fosters the growth of new programs and encourages the development of partnerships among environmental education programs throughout the Hawai i Funded projects provide meaningful outdoor experiences for students and professional development opportunities for teachers in the area of environmental education Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support K through 12
59. proposed action the agency must then provide an environmental impact statement This EIS as it is known includes a description of what the significant environmental impacts will be for a given action and some reasonable alternatives to the proposed action NEPA is also an important law to consider because it actually promotes collaboration between agencies and the public throughout the process The public can help scope the significant issues to include in the EIS and then the public can comment on the draft EIS to which the agency must respond before a final one is produced Collaboration among stakeholders is a great way to influence a particular NEPA process However some stakeholders feel that any collaboration through NEPA is merely advisory since the agency is still the ultimate decision making authority and must only consider the public s opinion The best way to get the most out of a NEPA collaboration is by creating a group of local stakeholders that addresses the scope of the EIS early on and can pull together what could be widely different opinions of the general public APPENDIX G DETERMINING LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Adapted From EPA What is latitude Latitude lat is the angular distance of a particular location north or south from the equator Latitude lines are called parallels What is longitude Longitude long is the angular distance of a particular location east or west of some prime
60. public and independent schools and school systems institutions of higher education commercial and nonprofit organizations state or local government agencies and Indian tribal governments Proposals must address one or both of the two areas of interest 1 Meaningful Outdoor Experiences for Students or 2 Professional Development in the Area of Environmental Education for Teachers Amount of funds awarded Typically 10 000 to 50 000 Information http www epa gov dced topics funding htm Environmental Protection Agency EPA Wetland Program Development Grants These grants provide eligible applicants an opportunity to conduct projects that promote the coordination and acceleration of research investigations experiments training demonstrations surveys and studies relating to the causes effects extent prevention reduction and elimination of water pollution While WPDGs can continue to be used by recipients to build and refine any element of a comprehensive wetland program priority will be given to funding projects that address the three priority areas identified by EPA Developing a comprehensive monitoring and assessment program improving the effectiveness of compensatory mitigation and refining the protection of vulnerable wetlands and aquatic resources Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support States Tribes local governments S T LGs interstate associations intertribal consortia and national non profit non go
61. rivers parks and more Check it out at www epa gov surf surf_search html for more information Calculating Latitude and Longitude manually What you ll need e Topographic map e Metric ruler e Calculator To Determine Latitude 1 Look at the right side upper or lower corner under the map name or the second of two numbers separated by x to find the height scale latitude of the topo map If 7 5 Minute Series enter 450 If 15 Minute Series enter 900 If 7 5 x 15 Minute Series enter 450 2 Using the ruler measure the length of your map exclude the map borders north to south in centimeters 3 Divide 1 by 2 to the nearest whole number 4 Enter the latitude located in the map s edge closest to your site 5 Using the ruler measure from your site straight down to the bottom of the map in centimeters 6 Multiply 5 by 3 to the nearest whole number 7 Determine how many times 60 goes into 6 completely and what 60 goes into 216 is left as the remainder don t use a calculator for this These completely 3 times answers will become the minutes and seconds of the latitude 8 Convert these numbers to minutes and seconds Minutes are equal to the whole number determined in 7 or the number of times 60 goes into 6 completely In other words your whole number after the division in the previous step is the number of 3 minutes and minutes Seconds are equal to what is left remainder after
62. sealed chests will eliminate the need for close control of individual sample containers When the use of a chest will be inconvenient the sampler should place a seal around the cap of the individual sample container which would indicate tampering if removed TS2 Transfer of Custody and Shipment When the samples are transferred the transferee must sign and record the date and time on the chain of custody record Custody transfers if made to a sample custodian in the field should account for each individual sample although samples may be transferred as a group Every person who takes custody must fill in the appropriate section of the chain of custody record The field custodian or field sampler if a custodian has not been assigned is responsible for properly packaging and dispatching samples to the designated laboratory for analysis This responsibility includes filling out dating and signing the appropriate portion of the chain of custody record A recommended chain of custody format is illustrated in the forms Appendix C The chain of custody record and other pertinent forms are sent with the package to the laboratory The field custodian retains a copy of these forms If you are mailing packages through the U S Post Office register it with return receipt requested If packages are sent by common carrier receipts should be retained as part of the permanent chain of custody documentation Samples that are being transported must
63. species http invasivespecies nbii gov State of Hawai i Aquatic Invasive Species Management Plan http www hawai gov dinr dar pubs ais_ mgmt_plan_final pdf University of Hawai i Department of Botany Invasive algae of Hawai i http www hawaii edu reefalgae invasive_ algae INDEX HTM LIMU RESTORATION Abbot Isabella Aiona Limu An Ethnobotanical Study of some Hawaiian Seaweeds Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 1996 39 p Aliomanu limu restoration Kapa a Elementary School http www kauaiworld com articles 2005 05 17 news news0O1 txt Ewa Beach limu restoration and proposed Fishery management Area http www hawaii gov dInr dar regs ch60 6dr pdf Fortner Heather The Limu Eater a cookbook of Hawaiian seaweed UH Sea Grant 1985 102 p Magruder W H and J W Hunt 1979 Seaweeds of Hawai i A photographic identification guide Oriental Publishing Co Honolulu HI Project Ho olokahi Kaiser High School http pikoi hawati edu pikoi4 overview html MARINE DEBRIS Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Derelict Fishing Gear and Related Marine Debris Seminar January 13 16 2004 East West Center University of Hawai i Manoa Documents from the seminar http www wpcouncil org documents APECSeminar index html Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX B CONTACTS OTHER WATER QUALITY RESOURCES EPA site on marine debris http www epa gov owow oceans debris NOAA s
64. stream flow involves two steps summarized below 1 Select your sampling reach and cross section A sampling reach is the area along the stream where you will be taking flow measurements The cross section is from stream bank to stream bank across the stream or channel 2 Select your methods for monitoring stream flow Methods for measuring stream flow vary and can depend not only on your resources but the physical features area you select See flow chart and pros cons of each method Taking Care of Hawai i Waters SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS TYPICAL ERROR AS PERCENT OF EQUIPMENT COST FACTOR C METHOD PARAMETER VALUE LABOR TIME FACTOR D PREPARATION Bucket meter velocity 2 to 5 a to Electronic meter Zito HH velocity na Fill container 10 30 low volume per unit time Imaginary container 500 1000 or more none low volume per unit time varies with method of calibration b Automated flow meter volume per unit time vandalism at preset intervals Apron flume or weir Used to reduce errors accessory forvelocity due to channel shape area or fill container methods a calibration effort level on each field day HES risk of loss or Very low Set up calibration maintenance interval 1 2 months depends on primary measurement method b range of observation is precalibrated to site requires professional oversight c cost codes lt 50
65. strips made of absorbent paper where the indicator molecule has been chemically linked to the paper and does not bleed out These can be used in environmental conditions Colorimeter This method uses a vial filled with the sample water to which a reagent is added The sample changes color and is compared to a color wheel or spectral standard The colorimeter can be used for grab sample measuring but not continuous measuring pH meter A meter is recommended for precise and continuous measurement What can I expect to find DOH standards indicate that pH levels shall not vary more than 0 5 units from ambient conditions and be within a certain range depending on the area The pH usually varies in the ocean surface waters between 7 5 and 8 5 depending on the relative importance of photosynthesis versus respiration TRACE ELEMENTS What are trace elements and why are they important Trace elements such as zinc chromium lead etc are natural elements used in industrial processes which can be toxic to aquatic life Groundwater and wastewater treatment plants are required to monitor these elements regularly to indicate possible contamination in the watershed Some metals such as mercury or lead can bioaccumulate net accumulation Taking Care of Hawaii s Waters SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS of contaminants from air water and solids in the fish that humans eat How is it measured and reported Trace elements are generally me
66. than 1 foot For example if the stream depth at a certain point is 1 foot move the rod so that the l foot graduation lines up with the 0 on the vernier If the stream depth is 1 4 feet raise the rod to the 1 foot graduation and align it with the 4 on the vernier 10 To measure the stream flow have one person holding the rod This person should stand downstream and to the side of the top setting rod Once the rod is set for the proper depth let the flow meter equilibrate for 20 seconds in the stream After 20 seconds average the meter reading for 40 seconds and record on the data sheet provided The data recorder should repeat the information back to the rod person to ensure correct data recording 11 Repeat this process for all points Sid Bucket Wheel Meter Mini Current Meter or AA Current Meter Ben Meadows cost 680 939 What you ll need The meter you select depends on the velocity of water 4 top setting rod Flow meter Headphones Thermometer Watch stopwatch D size batteries Photo from Ben Meadows website 100 tape measure that reads in tenths Data sheets clip board pencil A Bucket wheel meter Calculator Flathead screwdriver Rubber boots or tabis 2 3 people Top setting rodperson and click counter timer data recorder Select a point on the stream to monitor Wadable less than 2 feet Lacks obstructions such as logs rocks human structures or anything els
67. the tablet from the tube or touch the inner surface of the cap or tube If you want to run a quick screening test to see if coliform bacteria are present in numbers greater or less than 20 colonies 100mL of water then run a single tube test 1 Fill the tube to the 10mL line 2 Replace the cap 3 Stand the tube upright with the tablet flat on the bottom of the tube 4 Incubate the tube upright at room temperature for 48 hours Store out of direct sunlight Record the date and time you began the incubation 5 Compare the contents of the tube to the coliform bacteria color chart Record results on data sheet TEST RESULTS SCORE If you want to determine the coliform population density in terms of the Most Probable Number MPN which is the term the water quality standards refer to then use the five tube test 1 Follow the single tube incubation procedure to test 5 tubes at one time 2 Compare the appearance of the tubes to the picture on the coliform color chart Record the results for each tube as positive or negative Count the number of positive tests POSITIVE TUBES MPN INDEX 100 ML SCORE Dispose of tubes in a small trash bag Dispose of used chemicals into your designated waste bucket Make sure you rinse all containers with distilled water after use All wastewater including the tube rinse water should be flushed with flowing water into a sewer system connected wastewater treatment plant and n
68. the volunteers know what is expected from the start and what they can expect from your program improves the satisfaction and results for both the volunteers and program staff Typical volunteer rights e To be provide appropriate orientation and training e To have clear appropriate assignments e To have fulfilling work e To have informed involvement with program supervision and support e To be recognized for their contribution e To be respected as a volunteer e To have time put to best use e To be provided safe healthy and appropriate working conditions Typical program rights e To expect support for the program and its personnel e To screen volunteers e To request references e To require volunteers to be responsible e To reassign volunteers if needed e To receive notice of leaving Typical volunteer responsibilities e To understand their role as a volunteer To be honest about their goals skills limitations and motivations e To fulfill their commitment e To cooperate with staff e To be flexible and open minded e To stay informed e To ask for help By describing your expectations of the volunteer or their responsibilities allows the potential volunteer to better understand what they are committing to time interest resources and schedule are compatible with your program Provide your volunteers with a job description to let them know what is expected of them This should include a liability waiver
69. thousand 8 Record your value on your data sheet 9 Open the daylight plate and rinse the prism with deionized water 10 Lightly dab not wipe the prism with a Kimwipe to dry P3 WATER TEMPERATURE amp CONDUCTIVITY COLE PARMER CON 400 METER cost 515 This meter can be used with fresh and salt water From Heal the Bay Fresh and Marine Water Team What you ll need e Conductivity meter e Distilled water Read all equipment instructions to familiarize yourself with all parts of the equipment before continuing Calibrate equipment according to instructions included by the manufacturer 1 Connect the probe to the conductivity meter by aligning the slots at the top of meter and end of probe 2 Take a water sample using the same procedure as in Collecting Water Samples at the beginning of this section or take measurements directly in the water body 3 Note Temperature results are only recorded from measurements taken directly in the waterbody 4 Press and release the ON OFF button to turn the meter on 5 Hit the ENTER RANGE button slowly and deliberately A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Photo by Jeff Zimpfer 45 AGIND TJODOLOUd TVANVW q1314 6 NOILOAS en el SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE 46 SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE three times Once the ENTER RANGE button is pressed the Meas light should start to flash The first time you hit the enter but
70. used for general water and waste water rinse water boilers and cooling towers lakes streams and wells If you don t do this there will be significant discrepancies between the ppm or ppt reading and the actual ppm or ppt of TDS in the test solution Use a ready made standard solution that has the same types of dissolved solids as the solution to be tested Choose a ready made calibration solution according to the following guidelines 1 Choose a TDS standard calibration solution that contains the same types of dissolved solids to be tested 2 Choose a TDS standard calibration solution that has a ppm or ppt value as close as possible to the value of the solution to be tested If this is not reasonable because of the variations in the test solution it is best to calibrate the TDS indicator with a TDS standard that has a ppm or ppt value in the upper one third of the TDS indicator s measurement range 3 The following Table P6 is a list of ppm TDS standard calibration solutions available from Oakton for Oakton Instruments with their contents and applications described Standardization values of the calibration solutions are based on conditions of 25 C gt ESNI A Oakton TDS tester 442 is a formulation of 40 sodium sulfate 40 bicarbonate and 20 sodium chloride that is used as a TDS Standard for testing natural waters 1 e lakes and streams and boiler and cooling tower waters If this list does not contain a cond
71. water body by alerting them of possible problems The agency may send their technicians to conduct additional tests to determine the source of the problem Data can also be used for providing information on what waters are or are not safe for recreation at any point in time Even still you may want to start with a few parameters and build your program as you gain experience This level may include some more expensive monitoring kits and individual sampling devices for in situ in the field monitoring At this level you may want to extend your monitoring to looking at watershed health looking for erosion hotspots persistence of invasive plants and or measuring rainfall HERE IS WHAT MAY BE INVOLVED WITH THIS LEVEL e Planning ahead where when and how to monitor Utilizing standard operating procedures This may include the use of replicate samples to ensure reliability of the results and control samples Control samples are usually used with distilled water to see if there are problems with the equipment process protocols or handling of the sample Site selection required before going out in the field Training can be informal Taking Care of Hawaii s Waters SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING Calibration of equipment needed Use of more expensive monitoring kits and electronic sampling equipment May use a contracted laboratory for analysis of samples Data management and analysis skills ability to store and
72. when finished to turn the meter off 13 Always rinse the probe and electrode with distilled water and shake dry 14 Disconnect the probe from the meter Temperature P4 LAMOTTE GREEN WATER MONITORING KIT total kit cost 200 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using equipment Submerge the temperature strip on the white container four inches under water if possible for one minute The water temperature will be indicated in green P5 FISHERBRAND 15 0O21B POCKET FIELD THERMOMETER OR OTHER THERMOMETER cost 6 15 A Thermometer Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using equipment Wear safety goggles and gloves especially if using a mercury thermometer l Read all instructions before use 2 Lower thermometer three inches below the water surface Pick a site out of direct sunlight 3 Keep the thermometer below the water surface for about 2 minutes to ensure a constant reading 4 Read the thermometer while it is still in the water 5 To measure air temperature pick a site out of direct sunlight hold the thermometer by the top not the bulb end and read the air temperature after 3 minutes 6 Be careful not to break the thermometer If a mercury thermometer breaks collect all spilled mercury and the pieces of the thermometer into a sampling container for special disposal at the University of Hawar i or a designated toxic waste
73. when working in the ocean Rubber gloves should be worn when handling hazardous materials including water quality testing materials e Wear a hat and sunscreen waterproof for protection from the sun Drink plenty of water while working in the heat or the sun Wear brightly colored clothes or safety vests when working Photo by Liz Foote ALAAVS ANY STTIUWVS DNILYOdUSNVUL 8 NOILOAS SECTION 8 TRANSPORTING SAMPLES AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS along roadways or near traffic e Wear gloves especially if you have open cuts or wounds and safety glasses when working with chemicals e Be aware of pathogenic microorganisms such as Giardia and Leptospira and try to avoid direct contact with the stream water Avoid eating food or snacks during sampling to minimize hand to mouth contamination e Wash hands after every sampling event and after every experiment Using chemicals e Wear safety glasses and gloves when handling chemicals e Know your equipment sampling instructions and procedures before beginning e Know the chemicals you are using and their hazards see Material Safety Data Sheets for each chemical in you will use e Avoid contact between chemical reagents and skin eye nose and mouth Never use your fingers to stopper a sample bottle when shaking a solution e Do not eat or drink while monitoring Wash hands thoroughly before contact with eyes food or mouth e Rinse test vials with deionized or distilled wate
74. whether or not it is safe to use CHEMICALS What are chemical contaminants and why are they important Chemical contaminants like pesticides herbicides and hydrocarbons can be extremely toxic to aquatic organisms Detection of such chemicals could indicate misapplication leakage or spillage upstream of the monitoring point How is it measured and reported Chemicals are generally measured and analyzed in contracted laboratory There are some simple kits available however these are for educational purposes and do not accurately measure the type and quantity Values for chemicals refer to the dissolved fraction and are expressed in micrograms per liter Numeric standards per HAR 11 54 4 are applicable for all Hawaiian waters and vary by chemical and category Categories include Freshwater Acute and Chronic Saltwater Acute and Chronic and Fish consumption The freshwater standards apply where the dissolved inorganic ion concentration salinity is less than 0 5 parts per thousand saltwater standards apply above 0 5 parts per thousand What can I expect to find A study by the USGS of water quality on Oahu during 1999 2001 found that insecticides used for termite control dieldrin aldrin breaks down to dieldrin chloradane and heptachlor and phased out about 1988 were still found in samples that exceed guidelines In Manoa Stream dieldrin was detected 0 015 to 0 077 micrograms per liter more often than other streams sample
75. y org get involved or organize the event in your area Some counties also have an Adopt A Stream program see Honolulu County s program http www cleanwaterhonolulu com storm hero adopt html What you ll need for a rapid trash assessment e At least one team of two people e Measuring tape GPS unit or identifiable landmarks for upper and lower boundaries of survey area Trash bag Gloves Clipboard with pen and form for recording trash Selecting the site Find a 100 foot section of the stream or shoreline to survey If possible select an area with easily identifiable starting and ending landmarks or document it with a GPS unit Measuring the length should cover all the curves of the shoreline or stream and not in just a straight line Determine where the high water mark boundary should be based on whether the opala could be carried by wind or water Surveying the site If you plan on revisiting and reassessing the site for trash accumulation and usage patterns pick up the trash as you record it If you have just one team of two people use this surveying protocol e Surveyor 1 who also serves as the recorder walks along the bank or in the water at the edge of the stream or shore and looks for trash on the bank to the upper bank boundary Surveyor 2 walks in the streambed and up and down the opposite bank A Surveying the shore Each person picks up the trash and surveyor 1 records each item using t
76. you will monitor when you will monitor how you will monitor A REEF Survey and Water Quality Monitoring one day event Tasks to consider e Develop a budget you still need to figure out how much it will cost to conduct your awareness event or project Some budget considerations include e How will you obtain your equipment Ask your local State Department of Health for possible connections The Environmental Protection Agency Region 9 has an equipment loan program for volunteer programs but you must pay for shipping Contact Amy Wagner at EPA Region 9 Laboratory http www epa gov region09 ab contact html See below for suggestions on protocols equipment in Section 9 If you are ordering equipment order at least 2 weeks ahead of the event shipping to Hawar i can be expensive See if you can coordinate your event with others on your island to share in shipping costs Will you need transportation Is there enough parking for volunteers encourage carpooling cycling or walking or if using a bus is there room for a bus to turn around Outreach materials There is a variety of outreach materials available for your use See Appendix B for a list of materials Marketing your event Many papers provide free listing for community events if your target group is the general public A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Photo by Liz Foote 2 ONIYOLINOW YAALNNTIOA dO S13 31 ASYHL G NOILOAS e
77. 0s lead tends to accumulate in soils stays around for a while and ends up entering streams and coastal areas during runoff Biological parameters Biological parameters measure living organisms including disease pathogens i e bacteria and toxic organisms dinoflagellates that cause algal blooms BACTERIA What are bacteria and why are they important Water contaminated with fecal matter may contain pathogens bacteria and other micro organisms that cause illness Many pathogens are difficult measure in water samples Certain bacteria however are relatively easy to measure in water samples and if present are used to measure the level of fecal contamination These are called indicator bacteria The State Department of Health uses enterococci EPA approved as an indicator of sanitary quality of water for drinking and recreational use like swimming or surfing Clostridium perfringens is monitored as a secondary indicator Both enterococci and C perfringens are found in the intestinal tract of both humans and animals Its presence is a good indicator of recent or past fecal contamination in water and spores survive well beyond the typical life span of other fecal bacteria Some organizations monitor for Eshcerichia coliform E Coli fecal coliform or total coliform especially in streams Total coliform is a collection of microorganisms that aid in the decomposition of organic material Where total coliform is found in water test
78. 6 stream full but with no observed flow 7 Small waterfalls a 7 S2 Using estimates to measure flow In this method you have two options 1 Visualize all the water going into a container and estimate the time it would take to fill it using the virtual bucket method or 2 Estimate the average velocity of objects moving with the water and the average dimensions of the channel section width and depth and then compute the estimated volume Flow discharge estimates are reported in one of two ways 1 as a number in volume per unit time 2 as a numeric range category This takes practice with a good eye at estimating length and depth When reporting estimates using reporting option one volume per unit time make sure you distinguish it clearly naming the parameter as a Flow Estimate Using measurements to measure flow Measuring flow can be conducted using five different approaches two are described below as they are the methods used by most volunteer groups Volume per Unit Time Direct measure S5a Fill Container and timepiece method If you are measuring flow through a pipe or in an area with small waterfalls or chutes you may want to use this method In this method you simply measure the volume of water that collects in a container during a period of time Measurement units are quarts per second quart minute or gallon minute GPM cubic meter per hour etc If the flow is in an ord
79. 800 828 7777 Fax 800 828 3299 http sciencekit com LaMotte Company PO Box 329 802 Washington Avenue Chestertown MD 21620 Phone 800 344 3100 Fax 410 778 6394 Sales email mkt lamotte com www lamotte com Vernier Software 13979 SW Millikan Way Beaverton OR 97005 2886 Phone 503 277 2299 or 888 837 6437 Fax 503 277 2440 Email orders vernier com http www vernier com Micrology Laboratories PO Box 340 Goshen IN 46526 5360 Phone 574 533 3351 888 EAS YGEL Fax 574 533 3370 E mail info micrologylabs com http www micrologylabs com YSI Inc 1700 1725 Brannum Lane Yellow Springs OH 45387 1107 Phone 800 765 4974 937 767 7241 Fax 937 767 9353 Email environmental ysi com https www ysi com Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX E WATER QUALITY EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLY VENDORS Oakton Instruments P O Box 5136 Vernon Hills IL 60061 Phone 888 4 OAKTON 1 888 462 5866 Fax 847 247 2984 E mail info 4oakton com PO Box 3450 Fax 508 759 9100 http www 4oakton com Onset Company data loggers Pocasset MA 02559 3450 Phone 1 800 564 4377 Email sales onsetcomp com http www onsetcomp com Project W E T 1001 West Oak Suite 210 Bozeman MT 59715 U S A Phone 406 585 2236 866 337 5486 Fax 406 522 0394 Email info projectwet org http store projectwet org Includes manuals and kits for use with students APPENDIX F
80. AN WATER AcT CWA In 1972 the Clean Water Act then the Federal Water Pollution Control Act was created Over the years it has had several amendments and modifications as well as other acts passed to work in coordination with CWA The statute was ALITVNO YALVM OL NOILONGOULNI L NOILOAS implemented to restore and maintain the chemical physical and biological integrity of the Nation s waters 33 USCA 1251 a as its main goal The Environmental Protection Agency EPA works with the state to set standards of acceptable levels of pollutants in water bodies in order to ensure a designated water quality standard These standards consist of three components 1 designated uses of water 2 water quality criteria to protect the uses and 3 an antidegradation policy directed at keeping healthy waters healthy The State of Hawai i Department of Health DOH is required to designate uses for each waterbody These uses include swimming drinking water and aquatic life The designated use is a goal that is the waterbody may be designated for use of swimming but perhaps not clean enough yet DOH sets numeric and narrative water quality criteria to protect these uses Numeric criteria define a maximum amount of a particular characteristic such as bacteria metals or nitrates in the water Narrative criteria e g no sediment loading above natural conditions may serve as a catch all or a backup when numeric criteria have no
81. DED PROTOCOLS Rainfall is measured with a rain gauge which can be electronic or a simple collection tube that is read manually at the same time each day How and where to set up the rain gauge The rain gauge should be placed where it can be easily read and in an area that is clear of obstructions within a 90 degree cone Attach the gauge to a post making sure it isn t tilted in any direction with at least four feet of clearance from the ground If you have a GPS instrument record the location on your datasheet If not then record the general physical address Recording rainfall data 1 Select a specific time of the day that you can monitor the gauge every day The gauge must be monitored every day when there has been any rain The best time of the day is in the morning as the captured water will evaporate quickly once the weather clears If you plan on being way make sure you have one or more backup monitors 2 Read the amount of captured precipitation at eye level water in the gauge will appear to be rounded This is due to water tension and is called a meniscus The gauge is read at the middle of the meniscus 3 Record the level of rainfall on your datasheet and before dumping out the water double check your reading Empty the gauge and reset it 4 You may want to take additional readings during the day especially during large storms Record the time and reading on your datasheet Don t record anything in the
82. Division of Aquatic Resources website at http www hawaii gov dInr dar fish_regs index htm Photo by Rayn Tabata A Maunalua Bay Selecting your monitoring sites and establishing a schedule Identify the landowners and obtain permission to access their property Walk the stream length or coastal area to determine sampling surveying locations Some areas you might want to consider include coastal confluences where streams rivers enter the ocean main stem the principal waterway of a river stream excluding its tributaries sites tributaries paired studies of upstream and downstream sites before and after monitoring on a single site tied to some event You may want to establish sampling sites above and below areas of special interest like storm drains stream junctions or effluent outlets If you have a GPS unit take coordinate readings for the site Think about access and safety issues with regards to getting to the site if high stream flows or tides might influence the site and whether or not the site can easily be located years after your monitoring program is completed Also write down a description of the area with explicit directions on how to get there Write down the altitude as well you ll need this for calibrating the DO meter If sampling more than one stream color code the streams All sampling surveying material would be coded in that streams color 26 Establish a sampling schedule Sampling reports
83. EPA Volunteer Estuary monitoring manual http www epa gov owow estuaries monitor Heal the Bay The Freshwater and Marine Team Field Guide http www healthebay org assets pdfdocs st_fieldguide pdf Missouri Stream Team Fact sheets http www mostreamteam org mostreamfacts asp Project SEARCH Water Quality Monitoring for Secondary Schools includes a manual presentations forms and a QAPP http www projectsearch org download htm manual Rose A A Wu D Tarnas and D Sailer December 1996 A guide to volunteer water quality monitoring for Hawai 1 A working document Prepared for the Hawa1 1 State Department of Health and the Communities of Hawari University of Hawai i Sea Grant College Program Available from the National Sea Grant library http nsgd gso uri edu University of Rhode Island Watershed Watch various monitoring manuals http www ur1 edu ce wq ww Manuals htm Virginia Department of Environmental Quality http www deq state va us cmonitor guidance html Sample Quality Assurance Project Plans QAPP California Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program SWAMP http www waterboards ca gov water_issues programs swamp qamp shtml Clark County State of Washington Volunteer QAPP http www co clark wa us water resources documents Monitoring volunteer 20QAPP pdf Environmental Protection Agency The Volunteer Monitor s Guide To Quality Assurance Project Plans http www epa gov owow monitoring vo
84. Explorer to create your own maps The State of Hawaii maintains GIS layers at its website at http www state hi us dbedt gis Photo by Matt Rosener A Agricultural land use Hanalei Kaua Discharges seeps or leaks If you come across any obvious discharge points during the survey fill out the discharges section with the discharge s observed If you have a GPS unit record the coordinates of the location on the form A discharge point may not necessarily be a pipe or drain but could also be a dumping location for trash etc If no discharge points were observed write zero or none in this section You may also use the Notes section if you need additional room e Briefly describe the location you may need to use additional space provided in the Notes section e Using the codes provided on the bottom of the datasheet list the discharge point e g pipe open concrete storm drains earthen drains and the discharge type observed if there are any Also fill out the information regarding flow odor foam turbidity color oil and litter in the same manner described above Dominant stream or shore side vegetation Note this section 1s for observers who have some knowledge of the local flora If you do not know primary plant species or native vs nonnative plants put a slash through this section e Native Estimate the percentage of native vegetation present throughout the reach
85. Fax 808 587 2401 http hi water usgs gov A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring LOCAL BUSINESSES Maui Land and Pineapple P O Box 187 Kahului Hawai i 96733 6687 Phone 808 877 3351 Fax 808 871 0953 Email http www mauiland com EDUCATION PRINTED MATERIALS City and County of Honolulu storm water runoff outreach materials targeting different stakeholders http www cleanwaterhonolulu co m storm learning_center learning_ center html County of Maui water conservation information http mauiwater org conservation html Department of Health State of Hawai i Information brochure on water quality standards http hawaii gow health environmental eny planning wqm waqsbrochure pdf Department of Health State of Hawai i Information brochure on leptospirosis http hawaii gov health about reports leptobrochure pdf EPA s Polluted Runoff Outreach materials including a toolbox for creating an outreach campaign http www epa gov owow nps outreach html EPA World Water Monitoring outreach materials http www epa gov owow monitoring volunteer monitoringmonth html EPA s fact sheets on coastal watersheds http www epa gov owow oceans factsheets Hawai i Networked Learning Communities An online resource for educators in improving science math and technology education in Hawaii s schools http www hnlc org home index php 89 g XIGNAddV APPEND
86. How will the volunteers performance be evaluated Documentation and records what are the field and laboratory information and data you need e Raw data e OC checks e Field data sheets e Lab forms e How long and where will the records be maintained e Attach copies of all forms to be used in the project to the QAPP e Measurement Data Acquisition Sampling process design Outline of the experimental design e Types of samples required Sampling frequency Sampling period e g season e How sampling sites are selected and identified over time Identify constraints weather season variations stream flow site access depth of water closure of roads that might affect scheduled activities and how these constraints will be handled Site safety plan A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 29 ONIYOLINOW YAALNNIOA dO S13 31 ASYHL G NOILOAS SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING e In place of the extensive discussion you may cite sections of your SOPs which detail the sampling design of the project Sampling methods requirements e Parameters sampled e How samples will be taken e Equipment and containers used e Sample preservation methods used e Holding times time between taking samples and analyzing them e If the samples are mixed describe how this will be done e Procedures for decontamination and equipment cleaning e
87. IX B 90 APPENDIX B CONTACTS OTHER WATER QUALITY RESOURCES Island Stewardship Guide to Preventing Water Pollution for Maurs Homes and Businesses Maui Watershed Management Advisory Committee and Hawai i Department of Health Kailua Bay Advisory Council website with good information on water quality http www kbac ht org resources htm Surfrider s Respect the Beach program for K 12 grade levels http www surfrider org programs respectthebeach asp University of Hawai i Sea Grant Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials NEMO fact sheets on polluted runoff recycling posters managing boat waste http www soest hawaii edu seagrant communication publications php CNR University of Hawai i Water Quality Extension Program Includes presentations about water quality and watersheds HAPPI Hawaii s Pollution Prevention Information Home Series a set of 16 informational worksheets developed to address water pollution issues in and around your home http www ctahr hawaii edu wq publications publications htm Water words that work Words to use words to avoid when conducting outreach to the public http waterwordsthatwork com Hawaiian Cultural Resources Craighill Handy E S E Green Handy with the collaboration of M Kawena Pukui Revised 1991 Native Planters in Old Hawai i their life lore and environment Bishop Museum 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu HI 96817 676p Titcomb M 1972
88. L NOILOAS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS Oil The visual presence of petroleum or other oily substances can be described in 3 ways e None no oily sheen present e Light sheen a thin accumulation of oil lt 1 8 inch at the surface of the water with the appearance of rainbow colors or metallic appearing patches e Slick a thick accumulation of oil gt 1 8 inch floating at the surface e Tar on banks bed Solid or semi solid accumulations of oil on the shore e g adhering to the sediment or rocks above the water line opala See section on opala for a more intensive survey Include all litter observed within the waterway along the banks or shore within a 20 meter diameter area 10 meter radius of your position Banks or shoreline should be surveyed away from the water for 10 meters Color Color can be assessed for both flowing water e g in streams or in lakes reservoirs estuaries or bays Poor water color e g brown or yellowish can indicate turbidity caused by sediment excessive algal growth and or a point source pollution problem Flowing water To determine water color in flowing streams where little canopy cover is present determine the color by just looking at the stream If it is difficult to determine the water color due to extensive canopy cover shallow water substrate visible or light reflection use the cup method Use a transparent plastic cup to coll
89. M MEASUREMENTS lt M _ TOTAL WIDTH 8 FEET gt INTERVAL WIDTH 2 FEET A Figure 10 2 Measuring cross sectional area current meter use this rule for safety and quality results The product of the stream depth expressed in feet times the water velocity in feet per second should always be less than 10 6 Ideal cross section locations are hard to find and one must make compromises For example if you can t find a long enough reach with water flowing in a uniform matter then find one that has at least 20 feet in reach length If you plan on repeating flow measurements then you need to be able to find the cross section later Use permanent benchmarks or reference points at the site that visually locate the cross section on each side of the channel You can mark the spot with rebar driven into the ground surface spikes at the base of trees or marked boulders number the spike and take GPS coordinates Make sure the landowners or land managers are consulted before selecting and placing permanent benchmarks METHODS FOR MONITORING FLOW S1 Using observations to measure flow This option may be first used to analyze different reaches of the stream to determine its feasibility for measuring flow In this method you observe the flow and choose a verbal category that describes it best 1 Dry streambed 2 isolated pools 3 Trickle lt 1 quart per second 4 1 to 20 quarts sec 5 gt 20 quarts per second
90. NAPSHOT DAY In Fall 2008 the Malama Kai Foundation and the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary partnered together to develop a Snapshot Day program to get people involved in monitoring their local waters Each island held a training session the volunteers monitored basic parameters on one selected day and then reported their results and what they learned to the community See Appendix B for contact information Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters Photo by Megan Webster SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING Introduction Now that you ve thought about why you d like to monitor consider the three levels of monitoring that you can be involved with Community Awareness Community Involvement and Community Assessment Each section below describes why you might want to consider monitoring at that level a list of activities that may be involved tasks for developing your monitoring program and suggested protocols that you might want to consider from Section 9 See Table 5 1 for an overview of protocols COMMUNITY AWARENESS In Section four you defined your goals and asked yourself why you want to monitor If the main answer to the question why was to educate and build awareness of water quality issues then you should select this level of volunteer monitoring This level would be well suited to schools or individual classes to educate them about water qualit
91. O se A 74 Fish and Invertebrates 0 teens 75 What is a rapid assessment Of Tish and invertebrates ssassn fo Why conduct a rapid assessment 75 ProtOGO l Seysses eeii nas 75 A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring SECTION 11 Watershed Measurements Rainfall and runoff eeeeeeeeee 77 What is stormwater runoff oe 71 Why mess re raimtall secession 77 a EE o E E N E N 77 Pollution hotspots 0 ceeeeseeeseeteeeees 78 What are pollution hotspots 4 78 Why look for pollution hotspots 78 POO GON oe E 78 Storm drain monitoring 79 TO SU scgni 79 retting Started sersissicssiuiisersasiisgneiniei 80 A E E 80 Sample COME COM ss cicciesvzscaveeenensarGaccsvess 80 Using the storm drain kit ee 80 General PIOTOCO ixtaysciincoustraesecmetstaaveass 80 Individual Rit instructions seese 81 Cleaning the RH sssrini iustas 82 SECTION 12 Other Coastal and Ocean Measurements Current and weather observations 83 What are current ocean and weather observations ceeeeeeee 83 Why measure currents ocean and weather conditions ccccccceeee 83 ProtoCOlS cssercsrorrinecsiererreiasisnositunen o koseorisii 84 Aquatic invasive species monitoring 84 Coral Bleaching uu eeeeeeeseeseeeeeeeeeees 85 References ccccccccccsscesscceccecesescceees 86 APPENDIX A Other volunteer water MOMON ooh bg UES cecaneeea rarer 87 APPENDIX B O
92. R Hawaii Administrative Rule HRS Hawaii Revised Statute Corps of Engineers MPN Most probable number USGS United States Geological Survey Taking Care of Hawai i Waters Photo by Liz Foote SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER QUALITY A Honolua Bay What is Water Quality Water quality measures the biological chemical and physical attributes present in the water column These attributes include oxygen content temperature salinity turbidity nutrient loading amount of sediment and the presence of bacteria metals and other toxins The sources of water pollution can be natural or anthropogenic human induced and are identified as either point sources or nonpoint sources Natural sources of altered water quality include minerals worn from rocks or sediment from erosion Point sources have a discrete discharge location such as a pipe or culvert and include wastewater treatment plants power plants and industrial facilities that discharge wastewater effluent Nonpoint sources do not have discharges coming out of a defined point but are difficult to identify and are typically conveyed as general runoff or groundwater seepage Examples of nonpoint sources include surface runoff from agricultural land or urban areas Why Measure the Quality of Water The quality of water can affect the suitability of water for drinking recreation wildlife agriculture and other every CONTAMINATED WATER Department of Hea
93. RBIDITY change color to indicate the temperature What is turbidity and why is it important Bulb Thermometers with colored alcohol avoid mercury Turbidity is a measure of water clarity When a water body thermometers The thermometer is lowered three inches in the is cloudy it is often due to the runoff of sediment containing E water and read after 2 minutes small clay particles or other organic particles and can also gt Temperature probes and meters These usually come with be associated with excessive algal growth or point source ah other meters such as pH or conductivity The probe is placed pollution Turbidity varies naturally with the soil type for a in the water and the temperature can be recorded separately example a clayey soil is dominated by very small sized clays or some meters come with data loggers which remain suspended and cause the water to be turbid for Hobo temperature loggers These data loggers can be placed several days Over clearing of vegetation can result in increased in the water for continuous measurements The logger is erosion and turbidity in the streams and nearshore waters removed and data is downloaded directly into a computer Sediment particles suspended in seawater can prevent light from reaching corals and as it settles can smother them What can I expect to find DOH standards indicate generally that temperature shall not vary more than one degree Celsius from ambient conditions In streams t
94. REAM MEASUREMENTS and instructions so that someone who had never been to the site could locate it On streams if possible try to plan your observations so that the starting point is downstream of the ending point i e you then proceed upstream Station ID Give the starting and ending point a unique station identifier for database use An example for the lower reach of Waiulaula Stream would be WAI LWR 001 Latitude Determine latitude from a topographic map GPS unit software program or other means and record it in the box See Appendix H for a way to calculate latitude and longitude without a GPS unit Longitude Determine longitude from a topographic map GPS unit software program or other means and record it in the box See Appendix H for a way to calculate latitude and longitude without a GPS unit Starting Point Observations The following eight parameters should be assessed using the codes provided on the right side of the datasheet Odor An odor of natural or human induced origin may be present at a specific point of your survey reach that you can detect If so record the number of odor type from the Terms and Descriptions page If other is chosen describe the type of smell present Algae Any type of algal growth present in the stream or waterway should be classified by the percentages listed on the Terms and Descriptions page Foam If foam is present at a particular site
95. ROJECT TASK ORGANIZATION e Key personnel and organizations as well as users of your data e List specific roles and responsibilities e Organizational chart is good way to visualize roles and tasks Problem identification background e Brief description of problem your monitoring program is designed to address e List background studies e Why is the project needed e How will the data be used and who will use it e What traditional knowledge could direct the focus methodology and interpretation of this research Is this documented in surveys or interviews Project Task description e Work volunteers will perform and location e What kinds of samples e What conditions are being measured which are critical which are secondary e How will the results be evaluated e Include project timetable with beginning and ending dates for entire project and for specific activities Timetable should include sampling frequency lab schedules and reporting cycles Data Quality objectives for measurement data e Quantitative and qualitative terms to describe how good your data needs to be to meet your projects objectives This includes precision accuracy representativeness completeness comparability and measurement range Training requirements certification e Identify any specialized training or certification requirements that volunteers need to complete tasks e How will you provide the training e Who will conduct the training e
96. RUMENT DISPLAY TO TDS of lake stream well waters WD 00653 89 boiler and cooling tower waters general water treatment waste water and brines TDSTestr 2 7 61 ppt 442 7 23 ppt NaCl Upe A Table P6 Oakton standard calibration solutions A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 47 AGIND TJODOLOUd TVANVW q1314 6 NOILOAS SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE 1 Open battery compartment With meter on press the lower the Secchi disk into the water HOLD key then press the INC key INC key is inside keeping your back toward the sun ee e battery compartment see diagram at left to block glare 2 Press the INC or DEC keys to adjust the TDS factor 3 Lower the disk until it disappears kq 3 After 3 seconds without a key press the display flashes 3 from view Lower it one third of a 4 times then shows ENT Tester accepts TDS factor and meter and then slowly raise the disk returns to measurement mode until it just reappears Move the 4 Replace battery cap disk up and down until the exact i vanishing point 1s found P7 SEND SAMPLE TO THE LAB 4 Attach a clothespin to the line at If total dissolved solids or total suspended sediment is a the point where the line enters the A Secchi disk problem in your waterbody you ll want to send your water sample to a lab Here they will be able to measure the solids more accurately by drying and weighing the solids
97. Record as ppm Phenols Detergents Fill Bottle 0800 to 65 mL line with sample water Use the 1 0 g spoon 0697 to add 2 measures of Detergent Reagent 1 7444 Shake until dissolved Fill to 75 mL line with Detergent Reagent 2 6037 Use pipet 0335 to add 0 5 mL Detergent Reagent 3 7445 Shake vigorously for 15 seconds Wait until layers separate 20 30 seconds If the top layer is light blue less than 0 1 ppm detergent is present and no further testing is necessary If the top layer 1s colorless continue adding Detergent Reagent 3 7445 0 5 mL ata A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring time shaking vigorously for 15 seconds after each addition allowing the layers to separate until the top layer is light blue Count the number of additions of 0 5 mL additions of Detergent Reagent 3 7445 required to change the top layer in the Bottle from colorless to light blue Detergent concentrations in ppm Number of pipets Detergent 3 7445 1 x 0 1 EXAMPLE It takes 9 pipets to turn top layer light blue 9 1 x 0 1 0 8 The amount of detergent is greater than 0 7 ppm but less than 0 9 ppm detergent Turbidity Fill one 0107 test tube to the 10 mL line with sample water Insert tube with black lines to the rear into Octa Slide Viewer 1100 Insert Turbidity Standard Slide Bar 3436 into Octa Slide Viewer Compare the degree to which the black lines are obscured by the turbidity
98. SLNAWSAYNSVAW GAHSYALVM LL NOILOAS SECTION 11 WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS 82 SECTION 11 WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS Preparation of Buffers 1 Filla sample cup with 20 mL of distilled or deionized water 2 The buffer tablet you choose depends on whether you are calibrating with 1 2 or 3 points Calibrating with one point means you are conducting a reading over one range two points readings over two ranges and three points readings over the entire range If you have only one sample cup make sure you rinse out the cup three times with distilled water after previous use Dump buffer into your wastewater container Start with the pH 7 0 buffer tablet first pH 4 0 Code 3983 pH 7 0 Code 3984 pH 10 0 Code 3985 3 Use the tablet crusher 0175 to crush the tablet Stir until the tablet has disintegrated NOTE Buffers should be prepared fresh daily pH Calibration The TRACER can be calibrated at 1 2 or 3 points For the most accurate results with a two point calibration calibrate the TRACER with a pH 7 buffer first then calibrate with either a pH 4 or pH 10 buffer whichever is closest to the pH value of the sample to be tested When performing a three point calibration calibrate with the pH 7 buffer first followed with the pH 4 buffer and then the pH 10 buffer 1 Place the electrode into a buffer solution 4 7 or 10 pH and press the CAL RECALL button Typically pH 7 is calibrated first then 4 or 10 depending on the mea
99. Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Erosion unstable banks bed conditions sedimentation If you encounter any areas of erosion bank instability or excessive bed sedimentation during the survey describe each location and using the codes provided on the Terms sheet list the code that corresponds to the observed problem Special problems Using the codes provided on the Terms sheet list any special problems observed Comments Use this section for any other pertinent comments or information regarding survey observations S5 opala WHAT IS OPALA AND OR MARINE DEBRIS Marine debris is any type of manufactured or manmade material that enters the coastal or marine environment via a stream outfalls tossed by beachgoers or lost by boats at sea There are four types of marine debris derelict fishing gear plastics derelict vessels and glass metal and rubber materials Sources of debris include fishing vessels offshore oil and gas platforms cargo ships and vessels littering and dumping storm water discharges and natural events such as floods hurricanes and tsunamis Large marine debris removal from coral reefs utilizes trained divers to carefully remove fishing gear and other hazardous items from the reef ka J a i EA pe eee A Marine debris WHY USE OPALA MARINE DEBRIS SURVEYS Derelict gear can severely damage a reef and entangle whales dolphins Hawaiian monk seals and sea turtles Humans s
100. T If the answer to why in Section 4 in defining your goals is to provide data for a watershed management plan or other resource planning effort then you will want to select the protocols in this level This level may be used to monitor long term health of the waterhsed or coastal area you have selected HERE IS WHAT MAY BE INVOLVED WITH THIS LEVEL e Planning ahead where when and how to monitor Development of standard operating procedures and a QAPP approved by the Department of Health e Fixed monitoring stations for long term monitoring of trends e Formal training required Calibration of equipment needed with proper documentation Test kits with statement of accuracy on file with Quality Assurance Project Plan QAPP e Annual equipment inspection with log Use of a lab for analysis of samples e Data management and analysis skills ability to store and analyze data PLANNING YOUR MONITORING PROGRAM Here is a summary of steps to consider when planning your monitoring program e Establish relationships with local resources agencies e Gather information about your water body e Determine where how often what you want to monitor and what protocols to use Identify landowners and obtain necessary permissions to monitor e Determine data management needs Develop a budget e Hire a project coordinator Develop Quality Assurance Procedures Plan QAPP e Develop team leaders and recruit volunteers Create a field
101. Use a table to present the information or cite SOPs Sample handling and custody requirements e Samples should be properly labeled in the field Include sample location sample number date and time of sample sample type sampler s name and method used to preserve sample e Procedures used to track samples being delivered or shipped to a lab e Include chain of custody forms e Include written procedures field crews and lab staff should follow when collecting transferring storing analyzing and disposing of samples Analytical methods requirements e List analytical methods and equipment needed for analysis of each parameter either in the field of the lab Quality control requirements e Number and types of field lab quality control samples to be taken Instrument equipment testing inspection and maintenance requirements e Plan for routine inspection and preventative maintenance of field and lab equipment and facilities e Which equipment is routinely inspected e What spare parts and replacement equipment on hand to keep operations running smoothly e Equipment maintenance schedule Instrument calibration and frequency e How will the sampling and analytical instruments be calibrated e Frequency of calibration e Types of standards or certified equipment that is used to calibrate e How calibration records are maintained Instrument Acceptance requirements for supplies e How will you determine if supplies such as sample b
102. V VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VY TAKING CARE OF HAWAI I S WATERS A Guide for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring MAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA A ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This manual was made possible due to the generous support of State of Hawai 1 Tourism Authority s Natural Resources Program Many thanks to Liz Foote of Project S E A Link for allowing us to partner together and help expand the volunteer program at Honolua Bay a ia HAWA sian ee ee eee MALAMA KAI TOURISM AUTHORITY FOUNDATION Primary Author and Editor Jill Komoto Malama Kai Foundation Mahalo to Hawaii Contributors Liz Foote Project S E A Link Megan Webster Maui Land and Pineapple Inc Randy Bartlett Maui Land and Pineapple Inc Dr Carl Evensen University of Hawai Dr Kathy Chaston NOAA Hudson Slay EPA Hawa1 1 Department of Health Watson Okubo Hawai i Department of Health Darrell Kuamo o DLNR DAR Matt Rosener Hanalei Watershed Hui Carolyn Stewart Malama Kai Foundation Melora Purell Kohala Watershed Partnership Alyssa Miller Malama Maunalua Alan Lipp Glenwood Greens Signe Opheim UH Sea Grant Jeff Zimpfer US Fish and Wildlife Service Judy Edwards Ranger Ahihi Kina u NAR John Replogle Ka Ohana O Honu apo Alastair Hebard and Randall Scarborough Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Pd like to thank those on the mainland who I ve met at various water quality conferences th
103. XIGNAddV APPENDIX H 122 APPENDIX H GLOSSARY Refractometer An instrument which measures the bending Water table The upper limit of saturated ground in an aquifer refraction of light through a liquid It can be used to measure the salinity of water Watershed A geographic area in which water sediments and dissolved materials drain to a common outlet to a point on a Respiration The metabolic process by which plants and larger stream lake underlying aquifer estuary or ocean animals convert food to energy Zone of mixing The area where treated wastewater is Restoration Repair or reconstruction of a damaged ecosystem authorized by DOH EPA to mix with a water body is called a or habitat mixing zone Runoff Water from precipitation or irrigation that flows over the ground and into bodies of water It can contribute to soil erosion and carry harmful pollutants Secchi disk The Secchi disk is used to measure how deep a person can see into the water To obtain a measurement the disk is lowered into the water while observing the depth at which it disappears The disk is then raised until it reappears The depth of the water where the disk vanishes and reappears is the Secchi disk reading The depth level reading on the tape at the surface level of the water body is recorded to the nearest foot Sedimentation Settling of particulate matter in water related to particle size water velocity and water flow Spec
104. a point on the stream to monitor e Wadable less than 2 feet e Has a depth greater than 2 feet e Lacks obstructions such as logs rocks human structures or anything else that significantly affects flow within 15 feet up or downstream of the site e At least 10 feet in width if not possible take more readings A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Procedures Attach the Extend the tape flow meter to the topsetting rod Loosen the screw on the end of the meter and fit in onto the base of the rod The meter should fit flush with the rod Tighten the screw measure across the section of stream to be measured Make sure you use the A Marsh Birney Portable Meter side of the tape that measures feet in tenths not inches The tape must be held in place firmly during all measurements and not moved Measure the total width of the stream If the stream width is 20 or greater take measurements at intervals If the stream is less than 20 wide take measurements at 0 5 increments Make sure to take at least 20 measurements Calibrate the meter by turning it from Off to Cal The meter needle should hit the black Cal box If it does not insert new 6 D batteries by unscrewing the back plate of the meter with a flathead screwdriver After calibrating switch the setting to 2 5 to read streamflow measurements 2 5 refers to 2 5 feet
105. ace scum Detergent ppm Chlorine ppm Phenosis ppm Copper ppm Odor number Color Number Other Observations Date Time Initial Reading Visit Date Time Y or N Y or N Y or N Y or N First try Repeat Ammonia Nitrogen ppm pH standard units Turbidity Others state Others state Team Members What test s they did_ What test s they did Dil XIGNAddV APPENDIX C APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Appendix A Sample Data Forms INTERNATIONAL COASTAL CLEANUP DATA CARD Data collected during the International Coastal Cleanup is used to educate the public and develop solutions to solid waste management practices Through cooperative efforts among government agencies private industries community associations environmental organizations and local citizens changes in behavior and practices result which help to conserve and protect the environment The annual cleanup is how we measure our continued success Thank you for being a very important part of this process Type of Cleanup L Shoreline Beach J Underwater Country Where Cleanup Was Conducted Zone or County Cleaned Today s Date Month _ Day Year Number of People Working on This Card Number of Trash Bags Filled NAMES OF PARTICIPANTS IN YOUR GROUP Beach Site Name Name of Coordinator Distance Cleaned Total Estimated Weight Collected If you are interested in learning more about The Ocean Conservancy
106. ally marks on the trash form in the appropriate box above or below the high water line Don t forget to look under logs rocks or bushes Try not to uproot vegetation Look for small pieces of opala such as cigarette butts glass or styrofoam Be careful when picking up sharp objects Make a note at the bottom of the tally sheet if it looks like the items have been littered dumped or accumulated though transportation downstream Record specific descriptions of items found if not fully described in the tally sheet Photo by Jill Komoto Tallying the trash totals on the form e Count up two totals per trash item one for items found above the high water line and one for items found below the high water line e Sum the two totals per trash line Trash assessment parameters 1 In general determine a score for each parameter Use a score of 0 only in extreme conditions Think about the following when scoring a What are the possible sources or factors contributing to the amount and types of trash b Has there been a recent storm c Level of trash Score this based on your first impression d Actual number of trash items found Many times trash 1s broken up into several pieces e If the piece has a greater threat to aquatic life such as plastics then count this individually otherwise count the pieces as part of its parent o If broken glass is scattered then count these up individually
107. an Concerns Grants administration Information http www co maui hi us departments Housing grants htm Email grants hhc co maui hi us Phone 808 270 7807 Office of Hawaiian Affairs To help communities make a difference for Hawaiians in the areas of education health human services and culture Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Hawai i nonprofit organization must have clear potential to improve the socio economic well being of the community include the community in membership decision making and project development and demonstrate outreach and organizing activities Amount of funds awarded up to 50 000 Information http www oha org cat_content asp contentid 5 9 amp catid 57 Patagonia Enviro Action Grants Fund activists who take radical and strategic steps to protect habitat wilderness and biodiversity Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Small 501c3 nonprofit organizations They fund work that is action oriented builds public involvement and support is strategic focuses on root causes accomplishes specific goals and objective takes place in communities in which we do business Areas of interest include Alternative Energy Biodiversity Forests International Media Publications Resource Extraction Social Activism Sustainable Agriculture Toxics Nuclear Water Marine Amount of funds awarded small generally under 10 000 Information http www patagonia com enviro enviro_ grants sht
108. an health Please read HAR 11 54 for more detail and information Why Get Involved Volunteer water quality monitoring programs help to build stewardship of local waters Volunteers learn about the value of our water resources the types of pollution impacting them and what they can do individually to protect our streams and coastal waters A water quality monitoring program can help make the connection between watershed health and the health of our oceans as well as build bridges among the community businesses and various government agencies State agencies have limited funds for monitoring thus many waterbodies are not monitored on a regular basis Data volunteers obtain can be used to update the 303 b list and potentially list a waterbody on the 303 d list paving the way for the State to develop TMDLs and an action plan to improve water quality in your area Photo by Liz Foote Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters Photo by Liz Foote SECTION 2 WATERSHED ESTUARINE amp MARINE PROCESSES A Westside Maui watershed photo by Liz Foote What is a watershed Originally a watershed was defined as a dividing line between two drainage basins Presently according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency A watershed is a geographic area in which all sources of water including lakes rivers estuaries wetlands and streams as well as ground water drain to a common surface water body In the case of
109. analyze data Presenting your results to others PLANNING YOUR MONITORING PROGRAM Here is a summary of steps to consider when planning your monitoring program Establish relationships with local resources agencies Gather information about your water body Determine where how often what you want to monitor and what protocols to use Identify landowners and obtain necessary permissions to monitor Determine data management needs Develop a budget Hire a project coordinator Develop standard operating protocols Develop team leaders and recruit volunteers Create a field kit with checklist Getting started As you begin planning your monitoring program start developing a relationship with the local resource agencies to find out what their needs are Resource agencies such as DOH or DLNKR can lend support credibility additional training equipment and sometimes funding in collecting data By including resources agencies at the start of your project can help ensure that your data gets used They can also help you fine tune the protocols listed in this manual to meet their standards so that your data is useful Additional information gathering Look at your checklist that you ve created from Section 4 who will use the data and who is your audience how much funds you have where you will monitor when you will monitor how you will monitor and what you will monitor You may need to do some additional research on the water
110. and Education Grants SARE grants are used to increase knowledge about sustainable agricultural practices and to help farmers and ranchers adopt those practices Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support There are four types of grants 1 Research amp Education 2 Farmer Rancher 3 Professional Producer 4 Professional development program and 5 Graduate Fellow Eligible applicants depend on the type of grant Information http wsare usu edu grants Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX D FUNDING RESOURCES U S Fish and Wildlife Service Coastal Restoration Program Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support The Coastal Program provides funding and technical assistance to private landowners private non profit organizations government agencies and others to protect and restore coastal and marine habitats and the native species that live there Coastal Program focus areas include Offshore islet restoration community based marine conservation biological surveys and mapping of important marine and coastal habitats and species conservation of coral reefs native plants birds seals invertebrates and sea turtles applied research on management and restoration techniques and environmental education Information http www fws gov pacificislands worg orghc_ coastal html U S Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Bird Habitat Conservation North American Wetlands Conservation Act NAWCA Grants Program Eligible A
111. are looking forward to working with you on this important project Taking Care of Hawai i Waters APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS LANDOWNER ACCESS CONSENT FORM Last Name First Name Plot Number Address City State Zip CONTACT Day Phone Evening Email give team members permission to cross my property to access the stream with the following conditions Check any condition s you wish to impose ____ That the team leader contact me before the first instance of access ____ That know at least one day in advance of each access ____ also would like to add the following restriction s and or comment s lf permission is granted we request that any dangerous dogs be restrained by the owner All reasonable care will be taken by the volunteers to ensure that damage is done to the property will not allow access to my property under any circumstances Print name Signature Date A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 103 XIGNAddV APPENDIX C 104 APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Native Fishes Topminnows Cichlid amp Cichlid like fishes Miscellaneous Introduced Fishes Other Hawai i Rapid Bioassessment Form O opu alamo o Aholehole Zebra head flagtail Aholehole Hawaiian flagtail oO N wo Ama ama Mosquitofish Guppy rainbow fish Sailfin molly tabai Liberty Mexican molly Cuban Molly Green swordtail
112. ases use the trainers value or value that DOH samplers provide as your reference value Representativeness Do the measurements represent the true environmental condition or population at the time the sample was collected Are your sampling locations indicative of the entire water body For example sampling at a known outfall is not representative of the entire system Completeness What is the comparison between the amount of valid usable data that you originally planned to collect versus how much you actually collected You may not take as many samples as planned so try to plan for more samples than you actually need Completeness C 1s calculated by dividing the number of measurements that have been judged valid JV by the total number of originally planned measurements PM and multiplied by 100 C JV PM X 100 Comparability Can the data be compared between sample locations or periods of time within a project or between projects Detection limit A detection limit is the lowest concentration of a given constituent that a method or instrument can detect and report as a value greater than zero Detection limits vary from parameter to parameter and change from time to time due to improvements in analytical procedures and equipment This is important for several reasons depending on the area you are monitoring Some parameters have low concentrations to begin with especially in certain conditions If you need to provide more precise da
113. asured and analyzed ina contracted laboratory There are some simple kits available however these are for educational purposes and do not accurately measure the type and quantity Values for trace elements refer to the dissolved fraction and are expressed in micrograms per liter Numeric standards per HAR 11 54 4 are applicable for all Hawaiian waters and vary by metal and category Categories include Freshwater Acute and Chronic Saltwater Acute and Chronic and Fish consumption The freshwater standards apply where the dissolved inorganic ion concentration salinity is less than 0 5 parts per thousand saltwater standards apply above 0 5 parts per thousand What can I expect to find A study by the USGS of water quality on Oahu during 1999 2001 found that trace elements were elevated above background levels the concentration found in the natural environment without human influences in streambed sediments 1n urban and agricultural areas For example the elements of barium cadmium lead tin and zinc were found at urban sites lead and zinc exceeded guidelines at 50 and 75 percent of urban sites respectively arsenic was greatest at agricultural sites exceeded aquatic life guidelines 67 of agricultural sites Urban sources include vehicular traffic lead from leaded gas barium cadmium and zinc from tire wear A potential source of arsenic is fertilizer Even though leaded gasoline and lead based paints were phased out in the 197
114. at will help give you feedback Collaborate with your regional EPA representative other experience volunteer groups or those who have expertise in monitoring 3 Determine the goals and objectives of the project this should have done even before having to prepare a QAPP See Section 4 4 Collect background information to help in the design of your project See Section 4 5 Refine your goals when you have more information This may be applicable if you ve found out in your research that someone else is sampling in your location or sampling a particular parameter 6 Design the sampling analytical and data requirements the Av Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Zu ONIYOLINOW YAALNNTIOA dO S13 31 ASYHL G NOILOAS SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING 28 SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING what how when and where you will be monitoring 7 How will the project be implemented Set out a task list with timeline for project logistics with who is the leader and when to implement 8 DRAFT your standard operating procedures SOP and QAPP You can use the protocols here listed in this handbook as the basis for your SOPs and adapt as necessary for your particular project You may need to add or change protocols for example how the samples will be delivered to alab The California Citizen Monitoring Network http www waterboards ca gov is a good resource and
115. atabase skills Databases to be discussed in Section 7 may be needed and someone skilled with database development would be able to set up a database so that data collected by volunteers is easily entered Here are some tips to locating volunteers Established groups Work with established groups i e Sierra A Recruiting volunteers Club Surfrider Foundation near your proposed monitoring site and target their membership Newspapers newsletters Send press releases to newspapers include not only dailies but smaller weekly or bi monthly papers Community organizations Attend local groups meetings to talk about your project Photo by Liz Foote 55 n m O O Z o lt O G Z m m 2 ze gt Z gt Q m 2 m Z SECTION 6 VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT Photo by Liz Foote SECTION 6 VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT A Certificates of appreciate 1s a good way to recognize volunteer service Shoreline residents Usually those closest to the waterbody have the most direct interest in the resources not to mention ease of access Contact these residents through neighborhood boards or watershed groups Sporting organizations Local fishing outrigger canoe surfing all have an interest in the waterbody because they usually are in and or on the water every day Special events fairs and festivals Having a booth at a local event not only gives you an opportunity to recruit volunteers but give people a chance to learn
116. ater moving off the watershed Itis affected by weather such as during storms as well as by seasons Summer months flow is typically slower than winter months Itis a function of water volume and velocity Water withdrawals for irrigation and dams can also impact stream flow Stream velocity increases as volume increases and can affect the type of organisms that live in the stream It can also impact how much sediment and silt is carried by the stream and where it settles Smaller streams may have less capacity than larger faster moving streams to dilute and degrade pollutants If you are measuring turbidity and or are conducting a rapid stream bioassessment you will need to measure stream flow as well WHY MEASURE STREAM FLOW In Hawai i native stream animals rely not only on clean water but uninterrupted flow from the stream to the ocean These stream animals evolved from marine forms so they live a life both in the stream and ocean The adults live and breed in freshwater streams and their larvae drift out to the ocean via stream flow to feed for several months before returning to their birth stream This is know as amphidromy Some of the native species rely on freshets or periods of high rainfall ina short time to cue the time to spawn For more information about native and alien freshwater species please see Hawait s Native and Exotic Freshwater Animals by Mike Yamamoto and Annette Tagawa SUMMARY OF METHODS Measuring
117. ates with regards to the nation s fisheries includes public notices about research reports draft rules impacting fisheries as well as grant opportunities announcements http www nmfs noaa gov fishnews htm A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 115 a XIGNAddV APPENDIX E 116 APPENDIX E WATER QUALITY EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLY VENDORS WATER QUALITY LABORATORIES The AECOS Laboratory 45 939 Kamehameha Hwy Suite 104 Kane ohe HI 96744 Laboratory Director Jacqueline Snookie Mello Phone 808 234 7770 Fax 808 234 7775 Email SMello aecos com http www aecos com aecoslab html University of Washington Oceanography Lab The Marine Chemistry Lab at the School of Oceanography provides seawater and freshwater analytical services to the University and Oceanographic communities The lab specializes in the analysis of salinity oxygen nutrients and DOC in aqueous samples and CHN analysis in particulate samples School of Oceanography Box 357940 University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 7940 Facility manager Katherine Krogslund Email kkrog u washington edu http www ocean washington edu 2004 services tech marinechem html WATER QUALITY SUPPLIES Aquatic Ecosystems Inc 2395 Apopka Blvd Apopka FL 32703 Phone 877 347 4788 http www aquaticeco com index cfm Fisher Scientific Phone 800 766 7000 Fax 800 926 1166 https www fishersci com index jsp B
118. ating a QAPP may take time and money but the results are more likely to be considered to be reliable There are several templates available for you see additional resources in Appendix B If you are interested in providing data for DOH to use they require the development of a QAPP QA QC and Standard Operating Procedures SOP Quality assurance refers to the overall management system as defined ina QAPP QA provides the information you need to ascertain the quality of your data and if it meets the requirements of your project Quality control refers to routine United States Office of Wet 5 EPA 841 8 66 003 Erntronmenttal Protectan Cc September 1906 Agency The Volunteer Monitor s Guide To Quality Assurance i Project Plans A EPA s QAPP Guide technical activities or in other words control of errors in the field laboratory or in the office QA QC together helps you provide credible data and in the end saves time and money This section will give you an overview of a QAPP see EPA s The Volunteer Monitor s Guide To Quality Assurance Project Plans and California s Citizen Monitoring Networks Standard Operating Procedures 7 1 1 1 Instructions for the use of Model Quality Assurance Project Plans What are the steps involved in developing a QAPP 1 EPA suggests 11 steps in developing a proper QAPP to ensure that it includes applicable information that is needed by organizations 2 Establish a team of advisors th
119. ay The program is open to elementary teachers who teach some science in the classroom or as teaching specialists All applicants must have at least two years of science teaching experience in a K 12 school not including the current school year Only the Project Director has to meet the above criteria The project staff may consist of educators of any discipline or administrators Amount of funds awarded 50 grants awarded up to 10 000 A minimum of 20 mini grants of up to 2 500 each will be awarded as well Information http www nsta org pd tapestry index htm Walmart State Giving Program Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501c3 nonprofit organizations Initiatives supported includes projects that are designed to help people become more personably sustainable or to help support the environment Examples are parks recycling programs outdoor classrooms and environmental educational initiatives Information http walmartstores com CommunityGiving 8169 aspx OTHER RESOURCES FOR FUNDING SOURCES Coastal Listserve is a coastal engineering list and members post job listings and grant opportunities related to the coastal zone www switzernetwork org fellowship overview htmlhttp udel edu mailman listinfo coastal_list EPA s Catalog of Federal Funding Sources for Watershed Protection http cfpub epa gov fedfund EPA Watershed Funding Website Provides tools databases and information about sources of fundin
120. be to the 10 mL line Add one pH test tab Shake the tube until the test tab has disintegrated Compare the color of the sample to the color card and record the results as pH you can take the reading immediately after the test tab has dissolved you do not have to wait C13 PH STRIPS cost 7 Find pH strips with a wide range and with smaller increments such as pH Hydrion Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles What you ll need e pH Strips Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE D W ydrion in BRILLIANT amp 5 13 A E a na j Liteon A Dian Al an oe FARER ME A pH strips A Reading the pH strips e Gloves e Sample bottle e Deionized water e pH tube Procedure 1 Rinse the pH tube with sample water and refill 2 Tear off a piece of indicator paper that is 1 to 2 centimeters longer than the tube Leave 1 2 cms of paper sticking out the top and recap the tube This avoids contamination from skin acids on fingers 3 Wait for five minutes for the full color to develop 4 Place the tube on the black strip running through the middle of the pH color chart 5 Match the color of the solution with the colors on the chart to find the pH reading 6 Have a second person confirm your color match before recording the reading your data sheet 7 Pour the water into the liquid waste bottle and place the pH pap
121. bidity at time of your survey then in addition to the narrative turbidity observation also give the measured result along with its units e g 5 5 NTU Flow Estimate the amount of water present in the channel or the flow status The flow categories for streams are described below e None dry no water is present in the channel e Low water fills 25 50 of the channel e Medium water fills 50 75 of the channel e High water fills 75 100 of the channel and reaches the base of both lower banks e Flooding water level exceeds channel and bankfull If you are aware of a measured flow rate e g provided by an agency or if your group has measured the flow at the time of your survey then in addition to the narrative flow observation also give the measured flow rate along with its units e g 10 cubic feet per second If agency flow data is used give its source e g USGS DWR etc You may need to use the comment section if this information does not fit in the flow box If you are surveying the shoreline of a lake or reservoir then mark the flow box NA If you are surveying a tidally influenced shore record whether or not the tide is low or high as follows e HT High tide e ET Ebb tide between high and low tide when the tide is falling e LT Low tide e FT Flood Tide between low and high tide when the tide is rising A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 7 SLNAWAYUNSVAW WYJALS O
122. ble barriers to fish passage diversions stream shore modifications or stream channelization Show start and stop points important vegetation features discharges or trash dumps stream or shoreline modifications stream diversions possible barriers to fish Possible Barriers to Fish Passage Location Type 0 natural waterfall 1 man made waterfall or dam 2 Culverts 3 Other Location Type Stream channeling straightening modification Location Type If only one bank describe by R for right and L for left The banks are described as you look downstream 1 stream diversion Location Type channelization concrete channel rip rap OA OIN Other describe in comments Location Type Sedimentation Bed Conditions 1 mud 2 sand 3 rocks riffles Erosion unstable stream banks bed conditions sedimentation 4 other describe Location Bank conditions Bed conditions Erosion Unstable Stream Banks none loss of vegetative cover Location Bank conditions Bed conditions collapsing vegetation Stream bank collapsed stream banks eroding Location Bank conditions Bed conditions OIA OINI gt JO Other describe Special problems Comments Special Problems None fish kills animal carcas flooding no f
123. book or hand reference card If you re feeling adventurous you may want to use a snorkel and mask to survey the entire area underwater 3 Mark with numbers indicating how many you ve found in the appropriate line 1 Sex if known 2 size class 3 sampling method and 4 life stage If you have additional notes then use the note section at the bottom of the page and number it e Example If you ve first found a female O opu nopili size 2 4 adult place a number 1 in each corresponding column And wow You ve found another O opu nopili but this time male size lt 2 juvenile place a number 2 in each corresponding column 4 When you are done with this site go on to your next site Turn in your sheet to your team leader If you are conducting this survey individually turn in your sheet to your local DLNR DAR office Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters Photo by Liz Foote SECTION 11 WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS Rainfall and runoff WHAT IS STORMWATER RUNOFF Stormwater runoff includes rain and irrigation water flowing over impervious surfaces such as roofs driveways and roads If the soil has become soaked due to previous storms then runoff can also occur over lawns and agricultural land Pollutant loads in stormwater are usually highest during the first flush of the first major storm of the season or after a long dry spell Land use has a big impact on whether pollutants are filtere
124. calculated results or both e What reports will you want to get out of the system e Do you want to graph the data view it in a tabular format or use it as part of a GIS system with maps e Graphs are good at viewing basic data but you may want to develop an interactive GIS map system For example users can click on specific sites and obtain a variety of information about the site e Will you want to upload the data to a specific organization or other database such as STORET If so how would the data need to be compiled in order to do that e STORET is EPA s national database into which states and organizations report their water quality data An example of State and volunteer database using STORET A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring o7 INAWADVNVW VLVG Z NOILDAS SECTION 7 DATA MANAGEMENT 58 SECTION 7 DATA MANAGEMENT is IOWATER Each site in IOWATER is assigned a STORET number and when the State of Iowa uploads its information the citizen monitoring data is entered as well http www iowater net database viewdata asp e Do you want to email the data or alerts about the data to other organizations the newspaper or individuals e How many significant figures should be entered to the database and reported in output for each parameter e How do you want the data to be stored within the database Do you want to store the data as a numeric or a character value Some data that you collect
125. ccus MPN number of tubes that flouresce E coli number of coliforms per ml of water Dissolved Oxygen Calibrate to site elevation Reading Mg L Saturation Time Comments 3 Collect Sample for Nutrient Testing Bottle Time collected Time put on ice Relinguished by Time Collect Sample for Bacteria Bottle Time collected Time put on ice Relinguished by Time Sample Bottles received by Time Comments 96 Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Storm Drain Data Form Sampling Site pH Meter Calibration Circle pH calibration 4 0 7 0 10 0 Visit Date Time Precipitation in last 48 Flow Depth cm Flow Width cm Air Temp Water Temp Trash list types in notes Sewage sighted or ied Oil Sheen Surface scum Detergent ppm Chlorine ppm Phenosis ppm Copper ppm Ammonia Nitrogen ppm pH standard units Turbidity Others state Others state Odor number Color Number Other Observations lt lt lt lt Firsttry Repeat __ or or or or ZZZzzz Repeat Team Members _ C WChhatttest s theydid What test s they did OB Note Circle either Y or N in all boxes to indicate yes or no A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Precipitation in last 48 Flow Depth cm Flow Width cm Air Temp Water Temp Trash list types in notes Sewage sighted or smelled Oil Sheen Surf
126. ce that converts signals from a probe placed in the water into units of DO in mg L It is useful when many measurements are needed in a short time or if you d like to transfer the data directly toa computer Results are read directly as mg L whereas with the titration method the results must be converted to mg L What can I expect to find With cool fast flowing turbulent freshwater you can expect to find DO at saturation levels of 9 10 mg L depending on temperature In the ocean you can find a wide range of levels the Department of Health s website shows values ranging from 4 3 to 7 3 during a period in September Hawai i administrative rules standards HAR 11 54 require values ranging between 60 and 80 percent saturation depending on the area determined as a function of salinity and ambient water temperature NUTRIENTS What are nutrients and why are they important Plants require both nitrogen and phosphorus for growth however excessive amounts of these nutrients that drain into surface water can stimulate the production of algae which reduces the dissolved oxygen content in the water Some algae can produce chemicals that are toxic to livestock and wildlife Nitrogen and phosphorus are two of the most heavily applied nutrients in farming operations and the connection to water quality makes good management of fertilizer application crucial Forms of nitrogen include ammonia nitrates and nitrites Excess nitrates can cause
127. ces clean boating education Amount of funds awarded Up to 4 000 Information http www boatus com foundation Environmental Support Center Programs include Leadership and Enhanced Training Program work with other organizations across the country in building your organization Training and Organizational Assistance capacity building for the organization Fundraising for Sustainable Organizations FUNDS Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support FUNDS In the past have supported organizations working on water issues in selected geographic areas and who want to make fundamental changes in their approach to fundraising Information http www envsc org about us ESRI Inc GIS based system grants Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Nonprofit organizations with 501c3 are eligible Schools Provides ESRI GIS software training accessories http www esri com grants index html Home Depot Environmental Grants To promote the most effective environmental effect such as by supporting sustainable and green building practices forestry amp ecology recycling amp clean up lead poisoning prevention and consumer education Information http www homedepotfoundation org A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 13 a XIGNAddV APPENDIX D 114 APPENDIX D FUNDING RESOURCES Ludwick Family Foundation To support environmental organizations Eligible Applicants amp Types of Suppo
128. collect information Be sure to include a m or p m End Time The time you finished collecting information Be sure to include a m or p m Weather in past 24 hours Record any applicable weather codes using the codes provided on the right side of the datasheet Of special importance is any precipitation information see below e Precipitation in past 24 hours e If any rainfall has occurred within the last 24 hours circle yes e If no rain has occurred during the last 24 hours circle no e If you know how much precipitation occurred during the last 24 hours please record the amount in inches If you record the inches of precipitation reference your source for that information e g newspaper rain gauge weather service website television etc here or in the comments section Current weather conditions Record all applicable weather codes at the start of the survey For instance if the weather is sunny and windy record a 0 and a 2 in the box Starting point Where possible begin your survey at a prominent landmark e g a bridge or some other feature that will be easy to find again on subsequent surveys If no prominent landmark is present describe the starting point in detail In some cases you can use surveyor s flagging stakes or some other type of reference mark for subsequent visits Provide enough details Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 10 ST
129. cription of the area with explicit directions on how to get there Write down the altitude as well you ll need this for calibrating the DO meter If sampling more than one stream color code the streams All sampling surveying material would be coded in that streams color Establish a sampling schedule Sampling reports should be handed in at a set time each month A sample report includes a cover page maps survey forms all types sampling forms photographs and any other relevant information Data management plan You ll need to create a plan on how you will record and archive your data See Section 7 for more information on data management Develop a budget After talking to resource agencies and doing some additional research on your water body you have found out what you will be monitoring Now you ll need to figure out a budget and obtain funding The field manual includes some recommended equipment with estimated costs without shipping shipping will vary depending on the company Costs for equipment change frequently Funding resources can be found in Appendix D Think about the long term sustainability of the program to develop a strategy for maintaining the program Some budget considerations which depend on the monitoring protocols that you choose e Project coordinator e Water quality monitoring equipment e Safety supplies such as first aid kit gloves safety goggles e Monitoring extras such as Buckets tab
130. cssweb display cfm sid 1364 Cooke Foundation Ltd grants Supports worthy endeavors in the community that the family feels will make a significant difference in the betterment and welfare of the people of Hawai i Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501c3 nonprofit organizations Demonstration and pilot programs and time limited projects Strengthening activities that help stabilize or grow an organization or improve its performance Joint project requests from two or more nonprofit organizations seeking to explore and resolve community problems that are of interest to the Trustees Amount of funds awarded Maximum of 25 000 Information http www cookefdn org Department of Health Clean Water Branch Polluted Runoff Control Program Clean Water Act Section 319 grants for controlling polluted runoff Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Private schools local governments nonprofit organizations environmental organizations Project types include Demonstrates new and innovative best management practices BMPs in urban forested areas agricultural areas marina and recreational boating areas or hydro modified areas Develops a Watershed Based Plan WBP that includes all of EPA s Components for Watershed Based Plans Protects waters Natural Area Reserves wetlands et al that are at risk of being impaired from residential commercial industrial and or agricultural developments Amount of funds awarded
131. d and that concentrations were highest during base flow and remained elevated during 10 50 NTU 20 1000 NTU Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters Photo by Division of Aquatic Resources SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS storms Concentrations were still one half to one third the concentration in base flow despite the dilution of base flow by storm runoff This suggests more than one source in Manoa stream flushed from the soil during runoff supplied by groundwater inflow or dissolve into the water column from stream sediments DISSOLVED OXYGEN What is dissolved oxygen and why is it important All aquatic organisms need oxygen to live Dissolved oxygen DO is the amount of oxygen dissolved in water and is measured in units of mg L or percent saturation Milligrams per liter is the amount of oxygen in a liter of water Percent saturation is the amount of oxygen ina liter of water relative to the total amount of oxygen that the water can hold at that temperature It varies inversely with temperature as colder water contains a higher concentration of oxygen Fluctuations in dissolved oxygen occur throughout the day due to changes in temperature photosynthesis and respiration of aquatic organisms Generally dissolved oxygen is highest at noon due to photosynthesis from algae and lowest in the evening or early morning hours due to uptake of oxygen through respiration of all organisms in the stream o opu nopili
132. d as a secured area restricted to authorized personnel only Laboratory personnel are responsible for the care and custody of the sample once it is received by them and must be prepared to testify that the sample was in their possession and view or secured in the laboratory at all times from the moment it was received from the custodian until the time that the analyses are completed Once the sample analyses are completed the unused portion of the sample together with all identifying labels must be returned to the custodian The returned tagged sample must be retained in the custody room until permission to destroy the sample is received by the custodian Samples will be destroyed only upon the order of the responsible laboratory official when it is certain that the information is no longer required or the samples have deteriorated For example standard procedures should include discarding samples after the maximum holding time has elapsed The same procedure is true for sample tags The logbook should show when each sample was discarded or if any sample tag was destroyed Procedures should be established for internal audits of sample control information Records should be examined to determine traceability completeness and accuracy TS4 Safety The health and safety of your volunteers should not be taken lightly The duty of care is a general and legal duty on all individuals and organizations to avoid carelessly
133. d before entering storm drains into streams and the ocean Sidewalks roads and parking lots plastered with concrete and asphalt cover the bare soil and prevent pesticides fertilizers and other pollutants from infiltrating or dispersing into the ground Everyday household activities can also contribute to runoff washing the car watering the lawn and garden and washing driveways parking lots and sidewalks The fertilizer and pesticides that are applied to lawns and gardens use of soaps when washing the car that contain phosphorus find their way to our waterways A Stormwater runoff Maui WHY MEASURE RAINFALL The amount and rate of rainfall can affect the amount of runoff into streams and the ocean Combined with other factors rainfall can affect erosion groundwater recharge and water chemistry as well as nonpoint sources pollution into waterways Rainfall data is used in mathematical equations to calculate the rate of runoff Official rain gauges are usually maintained by the U S Geological Survey but are scattered around Rainfall data collected by citizens can assist in knowledge about relationships between rainfall and stream flow hydrology and geomorphology A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring W1 Measuring rainfall What you ll need e Rain gauge with 0 1 inch or 2 mm increments or finer Cost 35 00 e Post e Clipboard e Data sheets e Pencil A Rain gauge RECOMMEN
134. d creates toxic waste when broken Because of its fragility it is not as portable as other methods and you will need to use a table to convert specific gravity to salinity Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE What you ll need e Hydrometer e Hydrometer jar e Thermometer e Hydrometer conversion table e Distilled water Fill a graduated cylinder 3 4 full with your sample water and insert the thermometer so it is completely submerged Record the temperature reading Remove the thermometer and place the hydrometer in the cylinder Wait until the hydrometer has stopped bobbing around Be sure that your eye is even with the water level in the graduated cylinder at the bottom of the meniscus See figure 9 1 Viewing at an angle can give an inaccurate reading Read and record the number on the hydrometer that best matches up with water level This is the specific gravity of the sample Follow along the top row of table to the column with the temperature C of the water sample Then follow down the right side of the table the Observed Reading row to the reading obtained from the hydrometer Where the column and the row intersect on the table is the on salinity reading for the water sample It is expressed in parts per thousand ppt The range of this method is limited to 16 40 ppt with an extent of error 10 1S as 2 2 2 2 2 Make sure you rinse out your equipment w
135. d wastewater treatment plant and not a cesspool Make sure you rinse and scrub all containers that held chemicals with tap water rinse with distilled water prior to storage 52 A Fig 4 C5 POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD DO METER YSI 55 DISSOLVED OXYGEN METER cost 665 759 depending on cable length Read all equipment instructions to A YSI Dissolved Oxygen meter familiarize yourself with all parts of the equipment before continuing Calibrating the DO Meter If you are sampling in a lagoon or in the ocean take a salinity measure first You will need this value to calibrate the DO meter Because DO can be affected by altitude you must calibrate the DO meter to reflect the altitude of each site See the meter manual for detailed calibration instructions Testing Procedure 1 Remove the probe from the calibration chamber Lower the probe in the water halfway between the surface and the bottom of the water column Be careful not to let the probe hit the bottom 2 If the water is fairly still move the probe tip through the water at a rate of one foot per second by creating circles in the water try to keep your circles the same size and move your probe at a consistent speed 3 Once the meter stabilizes you will record three things a Dissolved oxygen measured in mg l b Dissolved oxygen measured in saturation c Temperature measured in C 4 Use the mode button to switch between saturation and mg 1 5 Rep
136. data Site informatian Site Deserigtion atthe Date moron started A Example of a relational database Still not sure whether to use a spreadsheet or database If the answer is yes to any of the following questions you should consider using a database e Do the data need to be stored long term e Do multiple people need access to the data e Do I need to safeguard against erroneous entries Keep in mind that Excel does have the capability to provide checks against erroneous entries as well but you may need an advanced Excel user programmer to set it up e Do the data need to be protected against inadvertent corruption e Isa large part of the information redundant What information do need to know when planning my database The most important thing you need to know before starting out is what do I want to get out of this database What will I be using it for Other questions to ask yourself What resources do I have available Funds what funds do I have available Software does someone have the software I need or will I need to purchase it Is there someone in my group who might volunteer to create a database This person should be familiar not only with creating a database but have the ability to work and communicate well with others It is helpful if this person understands all phases of your monitoring work from data collection recording entering and analyzing if she he can participate that
137. de pictures research in the library or internet contacting government agencies like DLNR Department of Health EPA or talking story with local residents Take a walk along the stream or beach and take notes and pictures of what you are seeing What problems have been identified in the water body Find historical photos and compare with current photos Is the waterbody listed as impaired by the DOH Check out the Department of Health Office of Environmental Planning list of impaired water bodies http www hawaii gov health environmental env planning index htm The information you gather can be used to develop a monitoring program that will the gaps with regards to knowledge about the waterbody or fill an agency landowner need Some resources that are available include e State of Hawai i Water Quality Studies database Environmental documents such as Environmental Assessments Environmental Impact Statements watershed assessments Check out the State library catalog e Another good source is the U S Geological Survey USGS Pacific Islands Water Science Center which has conducted several studies in streams and marine waters around Hawai i http hi water usgs gov e Surf your watershed EPA provides a website where you can find information about the watershed you are interested in You can input your city zip code stream or county From there you can find out about the causes of impairment water use data and even use Enviromapper
138. debook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 5 AGIND TODOLOUd TVANVW q1314 6 NOILOAS SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE A Eyedropper A Snapper cup A DO color comparator Test Procedure 1 Fill the sample cup to the 25 mL mark middle of arrow with your sample water Use an eyedropper to add or remove sample water fig 1 2 Place the CHEMet ampoule in the sample cup Snap the tip by pressing the ampoule against the side of the cup Don t break the tip off completely The ampoule will fill leaving a small bubble to facilitate mixing fig 2 3 Take the ampoule out of the cup Mix the contents of the ampoule by inverting it several times allowing the bubble to travel from end to end each time Wipe all liquid from the exterior of the ampoule Wait 2 minutes for color development fig 3 4 Hold the comparator ina nearly horizontal position while standing directly beneath a bright source of light Place the CHEMet ampoule between the color standards moving it from left to right along the comparator until the best color match is found fig 4 If the color of the CHEMet ampoule is between two color standards a concentration estimate can be made Dispose of ampoules in a small trash bag Dispose of used chemicals into your designated waste bucket All wastewater including the tube rinse water should be flushed with flowing water into a sewer system connecte
139. designed just for overflow during floods the natural features of a stream that slow down the flow of water such as curves and rocks sand and gravel areas and riparian vegetation are absent This allows the polluted water to flow unhindered to the sea There is one final defense however and that is an estuary Moloka 1 Why is vegetation like trees and shrubs important Generally healthy ecosystems have a balance with a higher amount of infiltration than runoff An excess of runoff can cause environmental damage in many ways These include direct erosion transporting pollutants and not allowing for infiltration thereby not replenishing the water table Vegetation is an excellent way to counter all of the above negative impacts of excessive runoff Trees shrubs and grasses can slow down the rate at which water flows along the ground and their roots will also hold the soil in place to prevent direct erosion They can also catch and trap pollutants before they Waiulaula Stream Hawai enter critical areas and the presence of live vegetation and its resultant organic material can create a sponge like effect that holds the water and slowly lets it infiltrate the ground As with any generalization there are instances where vegetation may not actually be the best solution for groundwater replenishment In some areas with highly permeable surfaces such as sandy areas or volcanic basalt even without vegetation the infiltrati
140. diments usually contain higher concentrations of most contaminants than does water Testing sediments using the lettuce seed assay 1 After labeling the Petri dishes cover the bottom with sediment smooth the surface place the filter paper on top and add the seeds If the sediment does not adequately saturate the filter paper add distilled water 2 If you have a soil sample you first need to prepare a liquid solution called an elutriate To do this combine 1 part sample with 4 parts distilled water in a clean jar shake vigorously for 3 minutes let settle overnight and draw off the overlying water elutriate to use in the assay Follow procedures in the previous step and with the water sample to germinate and analyze the results Using a positive control Also known as a reference toxicant a positive control is an artificial sample containing a sufficient concentration of a toxicant to cause a measurable toxic effect The most common reference toxicant used is non iodized sodium chloride table salt NaCl Prepare the sample using 2 g NaCl per liter of distilled water This will cause some seed mortality and reduce root growth by about 50 compared to the negative control Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE C2 OTHER DETERGENTS HACH MODEL DE 2 cost 230 This test responds to synthetic detergents such as laundry detergents dish detergents and car wash detergents It do
141. ding technical support Estimate value of in kind This includes donating the use of equipment You can use what it costs to rent the equipment or what it would cost to purchase it If someone is donating the equipment include the fair market value as well If you need help in writing a grant check out the resources provided in appendix D Hire a project coordinator A project coordinator is critical for managing volunteers the budget the data management system and maintaining relationships with agencies and other monitoring groups While the project coordinator can be a full time job he she will probably start part time as you build your program Good qualities for a coordinator to have 1 Organized 2 Good computer skills including documents spreadsheets presentations and use of the internet 3 Ability to work with a variety of people 4 Good public outreach and marketing skills 5 Ability to work under pressure 6 Grant writing ability and 7 Good sense of humor DEVELOP STANDARD OPERATING PROTOCOLS Start with the protocols listed in this manual You may need to change some of the protocols depending on logistics of your monitoring program location or use of different equipment When using new equipment read all instructions carefully prior to actual training and monitoring including the safety instructions Your standard operating protocols should include e General safety e General sample collection e Monitoring p
142. ding which method to use 5 A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Selecting your sampling reach and cross section A primary goal when selecting a sampling reach and measurement cross section is finding a location with representative flow with the following characteristics The water moves uniformly and smoothly in a direction perpendicular to the transect If possible try to avoid back flowing eddies area of a circular counter current or split streams The reach length ideally should extend for at least 5 channel widths above the measurement section and at least 2 channel widths below the measurement section and be straight with a stable streambed and bank An area of the channel that has obstructions which creates turbulence either vertically or horizontally should be avoided This includes scattered boulders weeds logs or bridge piers or abutments If you are using a float find a reach with slower velocities and greater depths One good cross section location is near the outlet of a pool where velocities don t vary drastically across the channel USDA 1996 USDI 1992 If measurements will be made by wading such as witha 65 SLNAWAYNSVAW WVAULS OL NOILDAS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS May be nonwadable Consider 1 Water depth is 1 Alternative site selection Less than 2 feet OR 2 Special safety precautions and Less than 3 ft with low No training velocity lt 1 to 2 feet per
143. e GREEN Water monitoring kit E A Oakton Waterproof pH 300 meter Lamotte GREEN Water monitoring kit TDI a ena e A as Fill container and timepiece aed Stream flow Marsh McBirney Portable Current Analag or Digital Meter model 201 and a topsetting wading rod Bucket Wheel Meter Mini Current Meter or AA Current Meter N A Manual rain gauge W N A W Lamotte Storm Drain Monitoring kit N A 5S ng P P P y P i P P C C C C C C C C C C C C C C S S 5 S S S S S W Oi S gt Il 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Is 14 15 Bl B2 B3 l 2 3a 3b S3c 3d 4 5 6 l Z 3 Ol O2 02 Aquatic invasive species N A O3 Coral bleaching and marine disease N A Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 6 VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT Recruiting training and retaining volunteers Adapted from Volunteer Management by the Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring National Facilitation Project The success of any volunteer program depends on active and committed volunteers It takes time effort and skill to recruit train and retain good volunteers It is more than just training people to take a few samples There are five R s of volunteer monitoring rights responsibilities recruitment recognition and retention Rights and responsibilities One essential element of a successful volunteer program is ensuring that volunteers have a good experience By helping
144. e Quanti tray method is described here If interested in the test tube method refer to Surfrider s Standard Operating Procedure for Bacteriological Analysis of Marine Waters Most Probable Number Method Utilizing Colilert 18 and Enterolert Media Check it out on Surfrider s website http www surfrider org bwtt BW TF_manual_June2003 pdf The Quanti tray method is easier to use but is more expensive due to the purchase of the Quanti Tray equipment The cost for the equipment used below is around 6 300 Here is what you ll need Quanti tray Sealer Method Lab Materials LI 35 degree Celsius Incubator Q UV Lamp Q Sterile pipettes L Pipette Pump Q Sterile plastic bottles Q Sterile deionized or distilled water Q Enterolert reagent LI Quanti tray sealer trays Q 115V Model 2X Quanti tray Sealer Q 97 well rubber insert for Sealer Q Antibacterial Hand Soap Q Laboratory Notebook Q Disinfectant spray for counter tops Sampling Materials needed for all testing methods Q Cooler Q Blue ice Q Whirlpak sample bags L Sharpie pen for writing site location Q Name on sample bottle whirl pack Q Sample sheet and pen Q Tide Book Q Calculator Lab procedures preventing contamination in the lab 1 Take special care not to contaminate the samples once they are analyzed in your lab 2 All laboratory personnel will wash their hands prior to beginning tests and will wash hands thereafter whenever their hands become soi
145. e example Point source polluters must either have a permit to continue dumping must meet the standards allowed for release or must not discharge anything that will disrupt the integrity of the water body Communities can intervene in the permitting process can file administrative appeals if they feel a point source is not complying with the standards or they can sue to enforce regulation and monitoring to be performed Also the EPA regularly holds public meetings to gather input on the adequacy of water quality standards set Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act CWA the United States Army Corps of Engineers USACE and Environmental Protection Agency EPA jointly regulate the discharge of dredged and fill material into U S waters through a permit review process Individual and general permits are granted by the USACE Permit applicants must prove they have taken steps to avoid wetland impacts where practicable minimized potential impacts to wetlands and provided compensation for any remaining unavoidable impacts Section 401 of the CWA gives the state the authority to review and approve condition or deny all Federal permits that might result in discharge to State waters See www4 law cornell edu uscode 33 ch26 html for full text of the Clean Water Act How Does Hawai i Control Water Pollution Hawai i Revised Statute HRS 342D directs the Director of the Department of Health to prevent control and abate water po
146. e in GLASS Glass pieces SyntheticFabric Grand total Tally all trash in above rows make notes below as needed to facilitate scoring Littered Dumped Downstream accumulation Specific description of items found Taking Care of Hawai i Waters APPENDIX D FUNDING RESOURCES Grant writing Hawai i Community Foundation Grant opportunities and assistance City and County of Honolulu Community Revitalization Unit http www honolulu gov dcs communityrevit htm Hawai i Alliance of Nonprofit Organizations http www hano hawai org Hawai i County Resource Center http www hcrc info grant resources In addition to the sources of grant funding below think about some simple or creative ways of fundraising Bake sales car washes garage yard sales Using collection boxes at your booth during events Fundraising events like dinners concerts Find someone famous in your local community that will attract people to your event Use videos cartoonlets newsletters See awareness outreach as a way to solicit contributions for your activities LOCAL Alexander and Baldwin Foundation Grants The A amp B Foundation works to improve its communities through a responsive broad based program of giving in the following categories health amp human services education community culture and arts maritime and the environment Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Nonprofit organizations with 501c3
147. e made 0 20 ppm Test Procedure 1 Using the syringe dispense 2 5 mL of sample into the sample cup Then using ammonia free water dilute to the 25 mL mark fig 1 2 Using this diluted sample perform Steps 2 through 7 of the 0 2 ppm Test Procedure listed above 3 For final test results multiply the value obtained from the comparator in Step 7 by a factor of 10 Dispose of ampoules in a small trash bag Dispose of used chemicals into your designated waste bucket All wastewater including the tube rinse water should be flushed with flowing water into a sewer system connected wastewater treatment plant and not a cesspool Make sure you rinse and scrub all containers that held chemicals with tap water rinse with distilled water prior to storage C11 SEND SAMPLES TO A CERTIFIED LABORATORY If funding 1s available find a certified laboratory Cost ranges between 25 70 per sample depending on the number of samples submitted quantity discounts offered form of parameter i e nitrite nitrogen total nitrogen and or method used Contact laboratories for up to date information Utilize the sample bottles provided by the laboratory you ve contracted with and follow the how to take a sample from the first part of this section pH C12 LAMOTTE GREEN WATER MONITORING KIT total kit cost 200 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles Fill a large test tu
148. e past several years The volunteer water monitoring community is one of the very helpful knowledgable and dedicated group of people I have met Many thanks to Erick Burres California s Citizen Monitoring Program Linda Green of University of Rhode Island Cooperative Extension Amy Wagner and Audrey Shikelis EPA Region 9 Many thanks to Duane Iwamura s classes at Maui s Kamehameha School and Kate Ireland s Seabury Hall classes for assistance in testing some of the protocols provided in this manual Their feedback resulted in changes that we hope make it easier for you to follow And thanks to the organizations that provided volunteers to help us train the students the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Alastair Hebard and Jerry Stowell and the Digital Bus Ellen Federoff amp Kelly Ledford Cover design and book layout provided by Geoffrey T Moore Silver Moon Art and Design SilverMoonMaui com AsGuidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring iii Arcknowled tement eorna eesi 1 AGONY DiS aaan 2 How to Use This Manual eeeseseees 2 SECTION 1 Introduction to Water Quality What is water quality oe eeeeeeneeees 3 Why measure the quality of water sccsctenceneseviecsnerararecencanentess 3 What are the laws to protect clean water seese 3 Federal Clean Water ACct ccccseseeeees 3 How does Hawaii control water pollution eee A What are Hawaii s water qual
149. e that significantly affects flow within 15 feet up or downstream of the site At least 10 feet in width if not possible take more readings Procedures l Attach the flow meter to the topsetting rod Loosen the screw on the end of the meter and fit it onto the base of the rod The meter should fit flush with the rod Tighten the screw Attach the connecting wire from the top setting rod onto the meter by loosening the screw above the bucket wheel Slide the connecting wire into the base of this screw and tighten g Plug the headphones into the connection at the top of the top setting rod The meter is now ready to collect readings Extend the tape measure across the section of stream to be measured Make sure you use the side of the tape that measures feet in tenths not inches The tape must be held in place firmly during all measurements and not moved Measure the total width of the stream If the stream width is 20 or greater take measurements at intervals If the stream is less than 20 wide take measurements at 0 5 increments Begin on the right bank of the stream and measure across to the left bank right and left banks when facing downstream You may be unable to obtain a reading at depths lt 0 4 Take at least 20 readings To set the top setting rod visually measure the depth of the stream using the graduation lines on the hexagonal rod One line 0 1 Two lines 0 5 Three lines 1 0
150. eat steps 1 3 two more times in two different areas of the stream or coastal area In the end you should have nnn Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE Temperature C rss 5 hoo A Table 9 2 Maximum DO Concentration at Temperature Reading 6 7 18 19 Zi 23 5 1 9 2 2 AJU Dias ee a Po C taken 3 different readings 3 times To calculate percent saturation of the sample 6 Find the temperature of your water sample as measured in the field 7 Find the maximum concentration of your sample at that temperature as given in Table 9 2 8 Calculate the percent saturation by dividing your actual dissolved oxygen by the maximum concentration at the sample temperature Nutrients Monitoring for nutrients can be costly especially if you send the samples out to a commercial lab But for better results and if you are adhering to EPA standards you should send samples to a lab The manual method listed below is a good teaching instrument and can alert officials to potential problems if the area is sampled on a regular basis UH researchers found that the Nitrate nitrite method using the low cost kits provided a reasonable low resolution estimate for nitrate nitrogen Check to see whether other organizations such as the University of Hawaii US Geological Survey or EPA are conducting monitoring in the area Nitrates C6 LAMOTTE GREEN WATER MONITORING KIT total kit cos
151. ect a sample of water from the stream Be sure to minimize the bottom sediments in the sample Place a piece of white paper behind the cup and with the sun at your back observe the color of the water Lakes reservoirs estuaries and bays Observe the color at the water surface and record the narrative results blue blue green etc The Forel Ule color scale is traditionally used in estuarine or marine environments If you have a Secchi Disc and a Forel Ule color scale use the following method With the sun at your back and the Secchi disc near its extinction where you can last see the disk depth determine the best match with the Forel Ule scale In cases where wave action current flow or boat movement make Secchi observations difficult raise the disc to the depth which minimizes the interference caused by movement but still allows for adequate color When recording the Forel Ule color always label the result starting with FU then give the Roman Numeral with the corresponding Arabic number in parentheses For example FU IV 4 Even if you use the Forel Ule scale also record the narrative color e g blue green 72 List land uses and activities Based on your observations record the primary land uses and or activities occurring within 4 mile of the waterway you are surveying You may also be able to obtain a copy of a land use map for the area through your county or city planning department or utilize ESRI s free Arc
152. eds Individual kit instructions Note Reagents marked with a are considered to be toxic and potential health hazards Total residual chlorine e Fill test tube 0106 to 5 mL line with water sample e Add one Chlorine DPD 4R Tablet 6899 Cap and shake until dissolved e Insert test tube into Octa Slide Viewer 1100 Match color with a standard on the Chlorine OctaSlide Bar 3401 Record as ppm Total Residual Chlorine Total copper e Fill two test tubes 0106 to 10 mL line with sample water Add 5 drops of Copper 1 6446 to one test tube Cap and invert to mix If more yellow than second test tube copper is present Insert each test tube into Octa Slide Viewer 1100 Match color with a standard in Copper Octa Slide Bar 3435 Subtract the unreacted sample result from the reacted sample result Record result as ppm Copper Phenols e Fill Sample Reaction Tube 0837 to line with sample water Use 0 1 g spoon 0699 to add 1 measure of Aminoantipyrine Reagent 7825 Cap and mix Use the unmarked pipet 0344 to add 4 drops of Ammonium Hydroxide Solution 7826 Cap and mix Use the 1 0 mL pipet 0330 to add 2 mL 2 measures of Potassium Ferricyanide Solution 7827 Cap and mix Solution will turn orange pink if phenols are present Fill test tube 0106 to 10 mL line with solution Insert test tube into Octa Slide Viewer 1100 Match sample color to a color standard on Phenols Octa Slide Bar 3434
153. ee SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING 22 Photo by Megan Webster SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING Where will you conduct your monitoring Choose an area that has easy access to the waterway with restroom facilities nearby Find a public place if possible like a State or County park Recruit assistants Recruit as many trainers as you can especially if you have several people coming Ensure that at least one of the trainers has first aid CPR training or make sure that it is a park with lifeguards if at the beach Recruit your volunteers Who is your target group Select a date for both a presentation and in the field training e Locate a facility to give a presentation many schools or local community centers offer their facilities free to community groups e Give a presentation about water quality monitoring including watershed basics why we monitor what the various parameters indicate You may want to ask someone from the University local nonprofit or resource agencies like USGS or NRCS to give the presentation e Make sure you allow enough time to schedule the field trip if for a school and obtain all necessary permissions including from parents legal guardians e Have a plan B in case of illness by the trainer s bad weather or natural disaster This may include selecting alternate sites or postponement Exchange cell phone numbers with key organizing personnel in case of the
154. efc boisestate edu efc Tools Plan2Fund tabid 104 Default aspx WHERE CAN FIND FUNDS Appendix D has list of some grant possibilities It can depend on what and where you are monitoring or if there are endangered species present Volunteer monitoring programs are best run when they are funded by a diverse range of funding types private foundations local state and federal agencies individual donors or through annual fundraisers How much experience do you have If you don t have any experience in water quality monitoring you ll want to seek technical assistance Locate someone who has started a program that you are interested in A good place to start is local schools University of Hawai Sea Grant local offices or DOH Check with DOH to see if your island has a volunteer monitoring or other representative to help you F T A Obtaining help from the experts A Alien Algae Cleanup Day What is your time commitment A more stringent monitoring program will require more time and energy from your volunteers They may be asked to sample during storm events You will also need time to develop data databases input and analyze data and write reports Public outreach to the community resource agencies and local media is critical for the success of your program and it takes time to develop these relationships s S eae oa aah a Other events to protect water quality THE GREAT NORTH AMERICAN SECCHI DIP
155. en Meadows Company PO Box 5277 Janesville WI USA 53547 5277 Phone 800 241 6401 Fax 800 628 2068 http www benmeadows com Extech Instruments 285 Bear Hill Road Waltham MA 02451 Phone 781 890 7440 ext 220 Fax 781 890 7864 Email sales extech com http www extech com instrument index html Chemetrics Inc 4295 Catlett Rd Calverton VA 20138 Phone 800 356 3072 540 788 9026 Fax 540 788 4856 Email orders chemetrics com http www chemetrics com Forestry Supplies Inc 205 West Rankin Street P O Box 8397 Jackson MS 39284 8397 Phone 800 647 5368 http www forestry suppliers com Cole Parmer Instrument Company 625 East Bunker Court Vernon Hills Illinois 60061 1844 USA Phone 800 323 4340 Fax 847 247 2929 Email sales coleparmer com www coleparmer com Hawaii Rainwater Catchment test kits Hawaii Rainwater Catchment Systems Association c o UH CTAHR NREM Cooperative Extension Service 875 Komohana Road Hilo HI 96720 Phone 808 981 5199 Fax 808 981 5211 http www hawaiirain org resources kits php Hach Company P O Box 389 Loveland Colorado 80539 0389 Phone 800 227 4224 Fax 970 669 2932 http www hach com IDEXX Laboratories One IDEXX Drive Westbrook Maine 04092 Phone 800 321 0207 Fax 207 556 4630 Email water idexx com http www idexx com Science Kit amp Boreal Laboratories 777 E Park Dr Tonawanda NY 14150 Phone
156. enger weight that triggers the Niskin sampler to close at a specific depth A much cheaper alternative is to get a bucket and rope 5 or attach a bottle to a pole In each case make sure you rinse out the container three times with the sample water before taking a sample Toss the bucket off the boat bridge let it sink and fill Haul it up swirl it around spill it out toss the bucket back again Now you can take a sample with your prepared bottle When you rinse the sample bottle with water from a bucket it s important to keep swirling the water in the bucket so that particles do not settle to the bottom and you have a representative sample Again rinse the bottle three times first A Miskin deep water sampler If you are transporting your samples make sure that the sample is placed in a cooler with ice The bacteria samples should be tested within six hours of taking the sample M6 COLLECTING PRESERVED SAMPLES Preserved samples are water samples requiring some type of chemical additive to prevent the sample from undergoing unwanted chemical reactions Never place the preserved sample container direction into the waterbody Use the specifically designated filling container to fill the sample bottles containing the preservative M7 CLEANING SAMPLING CONTAINERS Make sure you rinse out all sampling containers this includes re usable sampling bottles test tubes sample cups etc with fresh water scrubbing b
157. ensive and detailed methods The following characteristics can be observed Algae Excessive algal growth may be an indication of insufficient flow high water temperatures lack of riparian cover excessive nutrients or other factors The presence of some algae is natural and important because it forms the base for the food chain An imbalance in the amount of algae can decrease water clarity and alter the color of the water Foam The presence of foam may be an indication of detergents excessive nutrients or other unnatural inputs to the waterway While foam may be an undesirable result of pollution it can also result from the presence of natural protein sources for example natural organic matter whipped into a frothy foam due to wave action along a beach Turbidity In a general sense this is also referred to as a lack of transparency or clarity It is most commonly associated with rainfall events but can also be associated with excessive algal growth or point source pollution In addition to visual observations of turbidity this parameter can also be measured by empirical procedures Color Color can be assessed for both flowing water e g in streams or in lakes estuaries or bays Poor color e g brown or yellowish can indicate turbidity caused by sediment pollution or excessive algae blooms Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Oil Oil on the surface of water may be a result of natural
158. er in the solid waste container Maintenance 1 Rinse the tube with deionized water and dry it before returning it to the kit 2 Minimize damage or staining of the color chart store in dark 3 Avoid storing the pH paper in damp conditions as water reacts with dyes in the paper C14 COLORIMETER HACH 17 N WIDE RANGE 4 10 PH TEST KIT cost 65 for 100 tests Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles 1 Fill a viewing tube to the first 5 mL line with sample water This is the blank A Hach kit 2 Place this tube in the top left opening of the color comparator 3 Fill another viewing tube to the first 5 mL line with sample water 4 Add six drops of Wide Range 4 pH Indicator Solution to the second tube Swirl to mix 5 Place the second tube in the top right opening of the color comparator 6 Hold comparator up to a light source such as the sky a window or a lamp Look through the openings in front 7 Rotate the color disc until the color matches in the two openings Read the pH in the scale window 8 Dispose of used chemicals into your designated waste bucket Make sure you rinse all containers with distilled water after use All wastewater including the tube rinse water should be flushed with flowing water into a sewer system connected wastewater treatment plant and not a cesspool 9 Rinse out and scrub test tubes using tap water
159. er of A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Illustration by Geoff Moore SLNAWAYNSVAW WVAULS OL NOILDAS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS magnitude of 20 quarts second then you may want to use the apron method described later to help channel the water What you ll need e The container size can be filled in about 15 20 seconds e Watch with second hand Procedures without an apron e Get materials ready the person with the watch will tell the container holder when to place the bucket under the flow Make sure you have good footing e At the timers signal the bucket holder places the bucket under the flow and takes it out when filled e Convert the capacity and time to XX minute CURRENT VELOCITY AND CROSS SECTION VELOCITY AREA S3b Float method from EPA s guide to volunteer monitoring in streams This method commonly used by volunteer groups floats an object like an orange or tennis ball for a specified distance It is generally less accurate than using current meters see below but is much less expensive The float method is better in streams that are too shallow for these meters lt 0 2 feet or those with a flow rate below the level of detection of the meter Oranges are usually used because they are easy to see float partially submerged and are biodegradable if lost What you ll need e Ball of heavy duty string four stakes
160. er sponge Species Opaekala ole Mountain pae Chinese mystery snail Ramshorn snail Asiatic freshwater clam Red eared slider Sex o ko 8 iS a g O o S E x Q is oO Cc 2 LL D E Size Classes Samplina Method Life Staqe Hook and lin Scoop net Throw net Aerial net Juvenile Postlarvae Q O O 2 lt L Notes 405 403 o 11169 E Wattle necked softshell turtle 452 _ F Chinese softshell turtle Oo Trial number Discharge 1 2 3 4 5 Calculations Flow ALC Width ae ee E E T Distance from bank M A Average cross sectional area of the stream Depth M L Length of the stream reach measured usually 20 ft Flow reading M C A coefficient or correction factor 0 8 for rocky bottom streams or 0 9 for muddy bottom streams Velocity P 0 T Time in seconds for the float to travel the length of L Discharge C o Substrate oOo I Site sketch A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 105 XIGNAddV APPENDIX C APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Hawai i Volunteer Monitoring Visual Assessment Form
161. er to refract light Hydrometer The specific gravity or density of water is higher when the dissolved solids salt and other substances in the water are higher A hydrometer measures specific gravity which can then be converted to salinity Conductivity and salinity results are usually expressed in grams liter g l or parts per thousand ppt for sea water Pacific Ocean waters are around 32 g l in winter In freshwater the term total dissolved solids TDS is often used for the same thing instead of salinity Useful TDS units are milligrams liter mg l or parts per million ppm What affects it in water Rain In pristine environments rainwater conductivity equals zero i e the rain is essentially distilled water Rain falling into a waterbody or rain runoff flowing into it will decrease conductivity salinity Minerals Soil and rocks release ions into the waters that flow through or over them The geology of a certain area will determine the amount and type of ions Spring water typically shows higher conductivity than inland rain water Ocean Spray The salinity conductivity of coastal rivers is influenced by sea spray that can carry salts into the air which then fall back into the rivers with rainfall Tides and mixing zones A mixing zone is an area where fresh and salt water merge together In flat areas water at the stream mouths are often salty because of salt water intrusion during high tides The flow o
162. ererete erate 53 Lamotte Ril vas tccosttscacsiesinsensceuestieen 53 Chemetrics Nitrate kit Cadmium method coscc 54 Phos phai eeen 3 Lamotte Ril vasacscateatcscinveiageonseuesieesi 55 Chemetrics Phosphate Rit 3 Nitrogen AMmMmonia sicsesezsoncewecveress 55 Chemetrics Ammonia Salicylate 55 Chemistry Method Rit rescceseceseeee 55 Send sample to the lab ssscseerss 56 UL e E E E E 56 Lamotte Kiles 56 aE ao AE hireenesteatseeomaneaee 56 Hach colorimeter 17 N widerange Kis oretateicesencmncue 57 Oakton waterproof pH 300 meter 57 E EE E T 37 lee og E N a eee ee 57 Lamotte GREEN water POM IO Es caceneeteeeeneeaane 3 Coliscan Easygel for E Coli 58 IDEXX Quanti tray for enterococci 59 Send sample to the la Dieiccsouscicsveress 59 SECTION 10 Stream Measurements Steam OW sesemon 62 W hat is stream ROW sesscucrcatrtuseatouens 62 Why picastre If rassines 62 Summary of methods ssssniinsearss 62 Methods for monitoring oW 65 OU od are ere ee ree 65 TOOL AE E N 65 MORUT NES oiii an 65 Volunae per Winit Ome ssir 65 Fill container and timepiece 65 F lout MANOR iesaiste 66 Electromagnetic current meter ao 67 Visual observations seeeeeeeeeeeee 69 What are visual observations 69 Why use visual observations 0 0 69 PCC COL curen sea eee ets 69 Opala sissy e AA 73 What is Opala a cgteetas accents 73 Why measure Opala smissrireisoiisssissas 73 POC
163. ert the test tube containing the prepared sample in the right opening of the color comparator 8 Fill the other test tube with demineralized water and place it in the left opening of the comparator 9 Hold the comparator up to a light such as the sky a window or a lamp and view through the two openings in the front Rotate the Detergents Color Disc until a color match is obtained Read the ppm Detergents LAS and or ABS from the scale window 10 If the color is darker than the highest reading on the color disc the original sample may be diluted 20 to 1 by adding 1 mL of sample to the test tube using the plastic dropper filled to the top or 1 mL mark and filling the test tube to the upper mark 20 mL with demineralized water Repeat Steps 2 through 9 and multiply the results by 20 Notes If the water sample is turbid the chloroform layer must be filtered after Step 6 using the procedure given below a Place a small ball about the size of a large pea of glass wool in the filter thimble b Using the draw off pipet to remove the chloroform filter the chloroform through the glass wool and into the extra test tube c Proceed with Step 7 d Enough Wash Water Buffer is included for 32 tests Enough Detergent Test Solution and Chloroform are included for approximately 90 tests Dispose of used chemicals into your designated waste bucket All wastewater including the tube rinse water should be flushed with flowing water in
164. es provide template reports create special data dumps for data sharing with other databases and on R Ea Generally only one user can enter modify data at a time unless used in a networked mode during which data integrity may be jeopardized if more than one person uploads data at once thus overwriting the others data Data entry from a single computer Can store large volumes of data Training needed for data entry at a single location and often for only a few individuals Good for searching and retrieving data query friendly Queries can be tricky in trying to obtain accurate answers Data on web usually static e g a person has to upload information to the web manually it is not uploaded to the web automatically as a user enters data into the database ONLINE DATABASES era Access My SOL Oracle Costs vary free to tens of thousands of dollars Need a programmer to set up Need to train users Need a programmer to maintain database code over time Electronic file backup simple Can be programmed to meet individual program needs e g allow for data entry templates recognize data entry mistakes provide template reports create special data dumps for data sharing with other databases and STORET Multiple users can modify data at one time Data entry can be done from any computer with internet access password protected Can store large volumes of data Training required for many users l
165. es not respond to soaps Soaps are salts of fatty acids whereas detergents are salts of sulfonic acids The Hach test responds primarily to LAS detergents linear alkylate sulfonate and ABS alkyl benzene sulfonate detergents WARNING The chemicals in this kit may be hazardous to the health and safety of the user if inappropriately handled Read all warnings carefully before performing the test and use appropriate safety equipment What you ll need e Hach Model DE 2 Test kit e Demineralized water e Distilled water Instructions 1 Fill one of the test tubes to the upper mark 20 mL with the water to be tested 2 Add 12 drops of Detergent Test Solution and shake to mix 3 Add chloroform to the lowest mark 5 mL on the test tube Chloroform is heavier than water and will sink Place the stopper on the test tube shake vigorously for 30 seconds and allow to stand for one minute to allow the chloroform to separate 4 Using the draw off pipet remove the water from the tube and discard 5 Refill the test tube to the upper mark with the Wash Water Buffer and using the draw off pipet remove the Wash Water Buffer and discard This step washes away the remaining water sample 6 Refill the test tube to the upper mark with the Wash Water Fach Company trademark Buffer place the stopper on the test tube and shake vigorously for 30 seconds Allow the tube to stand for one minute to allow the chloroform to separate 7 Ins
166. ese are particles that will not pass through a 2 micron filter Along with turbidity total solids can be an indicator of poor management practices in construction agriculture logging wastewater discharges and other sources Total solids can affect the water balance in the cells of aquatic organisms and chemicals and other toxicants attach to solid particles How is it measured and reported Total solids are measured in milligrams per liter mg L They are usually measured in a laboratory by weighing the Photo by Jill Komoto amount of solids present in a known volume of sample There are some electronic devices on the market including several by A Concrete stream O ahu the Onset Corporation all affect water temperature Concrete channelization of streams to provide for flood control can also increase water temperature What can I expect to find rm and decrease recharge to groundwater due to the impervious The State of Hawai i HAR 11 54 includes water quality surface and removal of a vegetative canopy cover which standards for total suspended solids for inland waters there are provides shade Coral reef bleaching is associated with high two different standards one for the dry season May through a temperatures with concerns of impacts from global warming October 31 and one for the wet season November 1 through April 30 T How is it measured and reported a Temperature strips These are quick and easy strips which TU
167. eters or inches This can be used anywhere including the surf zone and is a relative measure of turbidity Nepholometer or turbidimeter This measures how much light is scattered when directed at a water sample The units are reported in nephelometric turbidity units NTUs or Formazin turbidity Units FTU which numerically mean the same thing What affects it Natural Factors e Algae and nutrient loading e Suspended sediment from erosion and sediment transport e Seasonal weather storm events e Local stream morphology will determine whether sediments are deposited or eroded Human Factors e Erosion due to removal of riparian vegetation changes in stream morphology or stream flow patterns e Excessive nutrient loading and algal growth WHAT CAN EXPECT TO FIND DOH standards for turbidity are different depending on the area DOH s website shows values ranging from 0 to 41 NTUs during a period in September Typical values are shown below in table 3 1 WATER TYPE Water bodies with sparse plant and animal life Drinking water Typical groundwater Water bodies with moderate plant and animal life Water bodies enriched with nutrients supporting large plumes of planktonic life Winter storm flows in streams and rivers A Table 3 1 Typical turbidity values Chemical Parameters Chemical parameters measure qualities such as how water looks smells and tastes Chemical attributes of water can also affect its toxicity and
168. f streams into estuaries can greatly affect salinity as well as the location of the estuarine mixing zone This is very important to the survival of estuarine organisms Evaporation Evaporation and loss of fresh water will increase the conductivity and salinity of a waterbody Warm weather can even increase ocean salinity A Fresh and salt water mixing Kiholo Bay Hawaii What can I expect to find Generally DOH standards state that salinity shall not vary more than ten per cent from ambient conditions wetlands estuaries or natural or seasonal changes considering hydrologic input and oceanographic factors all other areas DOH s website shows values ranging from 1 45 ina river to 35 4 g L ppt parts per thousand during a period in September Hanalei Watershed Hui reported average salinity values of 1 4 ppt for monitored streams and 29 34 ppt in ocean waters TEMPERATURE Why is temperature important Many aquatic organisms require clean cool water for reproduction and growth Temperature of a water body can vary due to seasonal and diurnal influences Inflowing water flow rate wind speed air temperature and riparian shade can Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters Photo by Jill Komoto SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS will pass through a filter with pores of around 2 microns 0 002 cm in size Suspended solids include silt and clay particles plankton algae fine organic debris and other particulate matter Th
169. flowing without whitecaps and is at least 6 8 deep In coastal waters take the sample approximately six inches below the surface of the water in ankle to knee deep water from an area where waves are breaking or water is agitated Take the sample during an incoming surge of water Try to avoid taking the sample from an area where the water is not moving Surfrider Blue Water Task Force M4 COLLECTING STANDARD SAMPLES IN SHALLOW WATER A standard sample is used to collect measurements on site including turbidity pH conductivity nitrates and phosphates Standard samples are rinsed in the water body three times before being filled to insure that any contaminants that may have been in the sample container are removed prior taking the actual sample Taking a standard sample using a Whirl pak bag 1 Fill and rinse out the bag with water from your waterbody three times Make sure that the rinse water is thrown out downstream or downcurrent of where you will be taking your actual sample 2 Hold the two white pull tabs in each hand lowering the bag into the water with the opening facing upstream or towards the incoming surge of water The bag should fill with water if not scoop the water in by drawing the bag upstream and away from you Fill no more than three quarter full Photos by Randy Bartlett AGIND TODOLOUd TVANVW q1314 6 NOILOAS SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE 44 SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE
170. for eleven wave crests to pass a fixed object or if there is no fixed object available then the time for eleven waves to break on the beach Using a stopwatch start timing when the first wave passes the object or breaks on the beach and stop it on the eleventh Divide the total number of seconds by ten to get the wave period The wave direction is the direction from which the waves approach and is measured in degrees Using a compass stand higher up on the beach and sight the compass along the direction from which the waves are coming Waves will be coming at right angles to the wave crests Sea State Conditions Select the answer that best describes the sea state conditions and circle it on your field sheet Choose one of the following Calm Swell Choppy or White Caps Determining Tidal Conditions It is critical to know what the tidal conditions are at the time you are sampling Use a tide chart to determine the tidal conditions Tide charts show the two high tides and two low tides that occur every 24 hours You ll need to adjust the basic 84 tides according to where you are in the islands Record the tidal conditions on the field sheet by circling the answer of the correct condition Wind Conditions Wind plays an important role in determining wave height and sea state conditions in the ocean and currents in estuaries A scale known as the Beaufort Scale was created to quantify wind strength Figure 12 1 Use the Bea
171. forms as permanent records A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 39 ALAAVS ANY SAIUWVS DNILYOdSNVUL 8 NOILDAS SECTION 8 TRANSPORTING SAMPLES AND SAFETY AO Photo by Amy Wagner SECTION 8 TRANSPORTING SAMPLES AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS THE CUSTODIAN MAINTAINS A PERMANENT LOGBOOK TO RECORD FOR EACH SAMPLE e The person delivering the sample e The person receiving the sample e Date and time received e Source of sample e Date the sample was taken e Sample identification log number e How transmitted to the laboratory and e The condition received sealed unsealed broken container or other pertinent remarks This log should also show the movement of each sample within the laboratory i e who removed the sample from the custody area when it was removed when it was returned and when it was destroyed Establish a standardized format for logbook entries Designate a custody room which should be a clean dry isolated room building and or refrigerated space that can be securely locked from the outside The custodian must ensure that heat sensitive samples light sensitive samples radioactive samples or other sample materials having unusual physical characteristics or requiring special handling are properly stored and maintained prior to analysis Distribution of samples to the analyst performing the analysis must be made by the custodian The laboratory area must be maintaine
172. g to practitioners and funders that serve to protect watersheds http www epa gov owow funding html EPA Sustainable Financing Tools http www epa gov owow funding tools html The Foundation Center Grantmaker Websites http fdncenter org funders grantmaker The Foundation Center request for proposals announcements http fdncenter org pnd rfp cat_environment jhtml Grants Alerts search engine for education grants http www grantsalert com Invasive Species Manager s Tool Kit Grants amp Funding http www invasivespeciesinfo gov toolkit grantsrequests shtml Kauai Planning and Action Alliance resources for Kauai organizations http www kauainetwork org section php sub_cat_id 1 NAPCOR The National Association for PET C ontainer Resources Vision statement To be the credible voice and champion of the PET polyethylene terephthalate packaging industry to facilitate solutions to the introduction and use of PET packaging and to provide education on the benefits of PET packaging The NAPCOR Store is a one stop shop for tools and resources to promote and increase PET plastic recycling in your community http www napcor com plastic bottles store html NOAA s Coral Listserve also provides a forum for discussion of coral reef health and monitoring members post job listings and grant opportunities related to coral reefs http coral aoml noaa gov mailman listinfo coral list NOAA s FishNews provides weekly upd
173. g monitoring sites sses 26 Data mandgemtient sirsiran 26 E T EAEE E 26 Hire a project co rdinator sesse 27 Quality Assurance Protec Pan QAP P occa 27 D a EEEE sees a E 1 ae E eee 27 OEP CORCEDIS sheectensestcnoreuonsepsenaaeees 28 Quality control OC samples vee 28 Elements of OAR P voccsnseieioierstetecseenas 29 Develop team leaders and recruit VOMINECETS sssisisscssissess 30 Fieldwork lt n eee rene te ee reer eee 30 Protocols to consider icons cercestisntarsargeneess 30 SECTION 6 Volunteer Management Rights and responsibilities volunteers and volunteer program 22 Recruiting volunteers cseeeeeeeree 33 Retaining volunteers 34 Recognition of volunteers ee 33 Training volunteers 0 ce eeseeeeeeeeees 35 SECTION 7 Data Management OVEN We cre regen ee cee 37 What information you need to know to plan your database 3 What resources do I have available 37 Who will tise he data sisussasisiisisss 37 Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters How will the data be used we 37 How will you control the Peliability OF tie data saissssisiesoneiss 38 What type of security do you need 38 Web based databases cc eeeeeeseeeeee 38 SECTION 8 Transporting Samples and Safety Shipping and Custody eceeeeeeteees 39 Transfer of custody and shipment 39 Laboratory sample control procedures 40 AO aes rA gate 40 R
174. g the proper incubation period 24 28 hours are valid Disposal Quanti trays may be disposed of in the regular trash Any samples reference materials or equipment that are known or suspected to have been contaminated with bacteria via your samples must be sterilized prior to disposal B4 SEND SAMPLES TO A CERTIFIED LABORATORY If you have the funds you may also send your samples to a professional lab Make sure that the lab has been approved by the state and follows established quality assurance and control protocols Cost ranges between 45 110 per sample depending on the number of samples submitted quantity discounts offered form of parameter i e Total coliforms Enterococcus and or method used Contact laboratories for up to date information AGIND TODOLOUd TVANVW q13J14 6 NOILOAS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS 62 Photo by Jill Komoto SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS Waiulaula Stream Hawai In this section you ll learn about conducting measurements in the stream stream flow visual observations i e general observations on odor color oil etc Opala counting the type and amount and rapid bioassessments presence or absence of freshwater organisms Stream Flow WHAT IS STREAM FLOW Stream flow or discharge is the volume of water that moves over a set point over a fixed point in time It is usually expressed in cubic feet per second ft3 sec and is directly related to the amount of w
175. gram including contact information Appendix C Sample forms Here you find a variety of forms and templates you can use or modify for your own program Appendix D Funding resources Wondering how you can fund your program Look here to locate an appropriate funding source Appendix E Equipment and supply vendors Here is a list of commonly used water quality supply vendors Appendix F Applicable Federal State and Local Laws Know your laws It is important that you understand the laws that government agencies businesses landowners and the community must comply with Appendix G Glossary What does that term mean Here is a list of common water quality and other related terminology including Hawaiian words Appendix H Determining Latitude and Longitude Don t have a GPS unit to determine your location Here is a method using a topographic map ruler and calculator to determine latitude and longitude ACRONYMS CWA Clean Water Act DAR Division of Aquatic Resources DLNR Department of Land and Natural Resources DO Dissolved Oxygen DOH Department of Health EPA Environmental Protection NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan SOP Standard Operating Protocols STORET Storage and Retrieval data management system by EPA TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load USACE United States Army Agency GPS Global positioning satellites HA
176. he temperature shall not exceed 30 degrees Celsius as a function of recent rainfall events and elevation at the sampling sites Typical temperature ranges are coastal waters 23 27 C 71 81 F streams 16 21 C 60 70 F in streams that have been channelized temperatures can be found up to 30 C or more 86 F Photo by Judy Edwards TOTAL SOLIDS ra What are total solids and why is it important A Erosion at Baldwin Beach Maui Total solids are elements that are suspended or dissolved in water the residue that remains after a water sample is evaporated Solids in water have different attributes and sizes In stream water dissolved solids consist of calcium chlorides nitrate phosphorus iron sulfur and other ions particles that en el A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 15 SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS How is it measured and reported Secchi Disk The observer measures the depth at which the secchi disc is no longer visible The results are measured in feet or meters This method depends on the amount of sunlight shadows and ripples that are in your sample area Because of this it can t be used in the surf zone or in short depths Transparency tube The observer views an object or a Secchi pattern through the water in a tube adding water gradually till the object is no longer visible The results are measured in centim
177. here is no one standard to define room temperature Most would consider normal room temperature to vary from 68 74 F but even within this range the growth of bacteria will be varied Members of the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae which includes coliforms and E coli are generally hardy growers that prefer higher than room temperatures but which will grow at those temperatures They tend to grow at a faster rate than most other bacterial types when conditions are favorable Thus try to place inoculated Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE dishes in a warm place in a room for incubation if a controlled temperature incubator is not available What you ll need Micrology Lab s Coliscan Easygel Petri dishes Permanent marker or waxpencil Homemade incubator see end of this section or simple chick egg incubator Gloves Safety goggles Water tight bags for disposal Procedures Label the petri dishes with sample information Date and time site ID sampler using a permanent marker or wax pencil Inoculation of Coliscan Easygel 1 Sterilely transfer water from the sample containers into the bottles of Coliscan Easygel Consult the following table for rough guidelines for inoculum amount Swirl the bottles to distribute the inoculum and then pour the medium inoculum mixtures into the correctly labeled petri dishes Place the lids back on to the petri dishes Gently swirl the
178. i i Stream visual assessment protocol http www hawai1 gov health environmental env planning wqm nrcesvaprotocol pdf Online training in watershed management EPA http www epa gov watertrain Riley A 1998 Restoring Streams in Cities A guide for planners policymakers and citizens Island Press Washington D C 423p Riparian Restoration Plant Database http www ctahr hawaii edu rnre Riparian_Restoration_Plant_ Database asp Stormwater magazine Storm water management tools techniques and case studies Free magazine subscription http www stormh2o com sw html Stream corridor restoration Principles Processes and Practices The document encourages locally led public involvement in restoration planning and implementation Click on Table of Contents for the entire document http www nrcs usda gov technical stream_ restoration newgra html Waipio Valley Stream Restoration Study a research collaboration of scientists and students http www bishopmuseum org research natsci waipiostudy students intro html Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS VOLUNTEER RESPONSIBILITIES CONSENT FORM Please initial each item and sign at the bottom of the form 1 Fulfill the given assignments or notify the program coordinator of any change in plans 2 Each monitoring team leader and member will fulfill roles and responsibilities as established by the program 3 Always obtain permiss
179. ikely needed at multiple locations Good for searching and retrieving data query friendly Queries can be tricky in trying to obtain accurate answers Web posting of data is dynamic e g as data is entered into the database the website is updated automatically Training may be required to teach people to use Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 7 DATA MANAGEMENT Spreadsheets are easier to use but While many people are familiar with spreadsheets they are limited in the ways it stores data It is possible to create spreadsheets that limit data entry errors But once you start entering a lot of data you may realize that you are creating duplicates of some fields such as the site location That s where a database is helpful you only have to enter certain items like site location once This 1s called a relational database it has multiple tables that are related to each other by values that are common between the tables For example you might have a table with basic site information site number description of site latitude and longitude date monitoring started Another table might have all of the monitoring data for all sites Rather than enter the basic site information each time in a spreadsheet you can list it just once in a database and link it with other types of data using the site number With many databases you can still export to Excel and create charts and graphs or other tables WO mortboring
180. imited in any way Basic water quality standards that are applicable to all waters states that All waters shall be free of substances attributable to domestic industrial or other controllable sources of pollutants including 1 Materials that will settle to form objectionable sludge or bottom deposits 2 Floating debris oil grease scum or other floating materials 3 Substances that produce a distinguishable taste in the water or detectable off flavor in the flesh of fish or in visual observed changes in color turbidity or other conditions in the receiving waters 4 High or low temperatures biocides pathogenic organisms toxic radioactive corrosive or other harmful substances at levels or in combinations sufficient to be toxic or harmful to human animal plant or aquatic life or in amounts sufficient to interfere with any beneficial use see above use classifications of the water 5 Substances or conditions or combinations thereof in concentrations which produce undesirable aquatic life such as an increase in algae and 6 Soil particles resulting from erosion on land involved in earthwork such as the construction of public works highways subdivisions recreational commercial or industrial developments or the cultivation and management of agricultural lands To comply with the above criteria all state waters are subject to monitoring and standards for acute and chronic toxicity and the protection of hum
181. important Salts that dissolve in water break into positively and negatively charged ions Conductivity is the ability of water to transmit an electrical current and the dissolved ions are the conductors Salinity measures the amount of salts in the water Dissolved ions increase both conductivity and salinity so the two are related High salinity values can impact ecological value of surface waters and limit usage for recreation agriculture and industries Fresh and marine water organisms have very different tolerances to changes in salinity One cause of increased salinity in additional to tidal fluxes is land management practices such as over clearing of vegetation that increases the recharge of water to groundwater resources The water table is brought closer to the surface and thus increases the amount of the salt laden groundwater into the streams or introduces more salt into the stream from runoff Increases in irrigation or domestic use can also cause the water table to rise and flow can decrease as a result Corals tolerate a narrow range of salinity values between 30 to 40 parts per thousand A Refractometer How is it measured and reported Conductivity meters These electronic meters use a probe that applies voltage between two electrodes spaced a known distance apart and records the drop in voltage These meters are best for measuring fresh or brackish waters Refractometer A refractometer measures the ability of the wat
182. ing Office nS 1432 N Great Neck Road Suite 103 p lt at Virginia Beach VA 23454 USA a Phone 757 496 0920 The Ocean ENN Fax 757 496 3207 Conservancy 2001 The Ocean Conservancy Formerly the Center for Marine Conservation Volunteer Estuary Monitoring A Methods Manual Taking Care of Hawai i Waters APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Appendix A Sample Data Forms ITEMS COLLECTED The debris forms listed on this data card should be considered as indicator items based on their known uses related activities and impacts in the marine aquatic environment animal entanglement and ingestion habitat destruction human health and safety vessel disablement and economics and aesthetics Volunteers should clean up all debris found on the beach but only record information on the items listed below Keep a count of your items using tick marks and enter the item total in the box Example Bags Food Wrappers THE III SHORELINE AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES Debris from beach goers sports games festivals litter from streets storm drains etc Bags Food Wrappers Balloons __ Beverage Bottles plastic 2 liters or less 4 Beverage Bottles glass Beverage Cans Caps Lids _ amp Clothing Cloth OCEAN WATERWAY ACTIVITIES Cups Plates Forks Knives Spoons 4 Diapers _ Fast food Containers _ 6 Pack Holders Pull Tabs __ Shotgun Shells Wadding Straws Stirrers
183. ing Program s data base to determine trends and sources of specific debris items Name Affiliation NMDMP Region Survey Site Survey Number Today s date Air Temperature Wind Direction Wind Speed 1 no wind 2 slight 3 moderate 4 heavy 5 gale Brief Description of Weather Weather Conditions from previous week Time Beginning of Survey Time End of Survey Other Remarks Safety Tips 1 Wear gloves and closed toed shoes 4 Watch out for wildlife 2 Be careful with sharp objects and syringes 5 Don t lift heavy objects 3 Stay out of dunes 6 Do not go near any large drums Dead Live and or Entangled Animals Survey Director Please return this card to your survey director or mail it to Foreign Labels The Ocean Conservancy 1432 N Great Neck Road Suite 103 Virginia Beach VA 23454 wl a gt amp SZ VS The Ocean ai G Con servancy Printed on recycled paper 2001 The Ocean Conservancy A 13 Volunteer Estuary Monitoring A Methods Manual Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Appendix A Sample Data Forms Items Collected You may find it helpful to work with a buddy as you clean the area one of you pick ing up trash and the other taking notes An easy way to keep track of the items you find is by making tick marks The box is for total items see sample below Example Balloons HH HT HH II Ocean Based Gloves PI sheets gt 1 meter Light bulbs tube
184. ing is also conducted for E Coli and fecal coliform E Coli is a type of fecal coliform that is associated with human or animal waste and can originate from the presence of large congregations of birds livestock dogs septic systems or non treated human waste How is it measured and reported Bacteria is reported in Colilert 18 method This method tests for Total Coliform and Eshcerichia Coliform E Coli EPA recommends testing for enterococci instead of Total coliform and E Coli for salt water testing Enterolert testing This method tests for enterococci using the Quanti Tray sealer or 5 or 15 test tube method The Enterolert reagent is used for the detection of enterococcus bacteria in fresh and marine water Millipore Test paddle test This is a test used by students but not by Surfrider chapters as the results are unreliable It can be used as a screening method to determine whether a problem exists at a site Quanti Tray IDEXX is a company that supplies water quality testing materials and has created the Quanti Tray that improves the accuracy reduces sample contamination and eliminates the need for the use of disposable test tubes This 1s an EPA approved method SUALAWVUYVd ALITVNO YALVM NOILOAS What can I expect to find Department of Health DOH enterococcus standards are usually reported that a geometric mean should not exceed X amount per 100 per one hundred milliliters where not less than five sam
185. intaining relationships with agencies and other monitoring groups While the project coordinator can be a full time job he she will probably start part time as you build your program Good qualities for a coordinator to have 1 Organized 2 Good computer skills including documents spreadsheets presentations and use of the internet 3 Ability to work with a variety of people 4 Good public outreach and marketing skills 5 Ability to work under pressure 6 Grant writing ability and 7 Good sense of humor DEVELOP A QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN AND QUALITY ASSURANCE QUALITY CONTROL PLAN adapted from EPA s Guide to Quality Assurance Project Plans Note This will include standard operating protocols Overview A Quality Assurance Project Plan QAPP is a document that outlines the procedures of a monitoring project to ensure that the data collected and analyzed meets the project requirements If you are providing test results that provide more reliable data you may want to look into creating a QAPP A QAPP contains a definition of the problem project organization data quality objectives i e accuracy comparability completeness precision training requirements documentation and records sampling method requirements sampling handling and custody requirements analytical methods requirements technical requirements quality control testing inspection and maintenance instrument calibration and frequency etc As you can see cre
186. ion from landowner before entering private property 4 Follow the safety guidelines for sampling and surveying including the following Wear rubber boots hiking boots tabis or similar protective footwear when conducting stream survey and sampling work Do not survey or take samples in or close to the stream during flooding Always conduct surveying or sampling field work with a partner Do not enter the ocean at high surf for sampling or surveying purposes Always wear safety glasses and protective gloves during sampling and water quality analysis Always carry a first aid kit while on a field survey or sampling trip NAME Please print SIGNATURE DATE A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 95 XIGNAddV SAMPLE FORMS APPENDIX C JUaWIYS JO pou oul ayeq n eubIs Aq A10 810q287 oul 9372q I n eubIs Aq oul a1eq InN eubIs SIS jeue n 2eubIs Aq pjal4 104 Asoqesogey peusinbuljay a11IGOW Aq parley oul aleq ojnjeubls Aq PdAladoy ojinjzeUubls Aq oul ajeq oj N JeUubIS Aq PeAlaI0y 9jJN JEUDBIS Aq oll 9372q N eubIs Aq p ADO Y N eubIS Aq O l w JIEM a es E p J np SJOUIeE UOT ON D S u01 907 Jaquinn SISAJeUY JO ON UO L1S UO L1S otN JeUuBIS S1 dWLeS AINS wo Apojsng jo uleyy XIGNAddV Taking Care of Hawai i Waters 94 APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Data Sheet for Water Quality Monitoring Page of Total
187. isk Assessment osesrasiiiisotskeiiiss 4 Pastra noe COVE ATE srnueeriarii iepen 41 Sira a ee ee ener ne eee 41 SECTION 9 Field Manual Protocol Guide Prior to monitoring 7 Preparing collection containers 43 Where to sample streams and coastal waters eee 43 Sample collection 0 0 0 eeeeseeseeeeeeeeees ae Collecting standard samples Tapio cy UO h akc ta ceereene eee ee mer eee ae rere 45 Using a W hiripak bag ssiri t ET VOT e R At Collecting a standard sample TOES ole On ec ccana 44 Collecting a preserved sample 44 Cleaning sampling containers 44 Equipment storage and maintenance 44 ie or Reena rete ere rr eer eer 44 Conductivity Salinity ssiri 44 Hydrometet eeepc 44 FREtPACHOMIE ICT asccastict oreecncesaseieentaet 45 Cole Parmer Con 400 meter casas 45 Ton OV IAT E cc sais dans i 46 Lario e k emer oer ee 46 Pocket field thermometet 46 Total Dissolved Solids sccasecusssstinsiss sesies 46 Oakton Waterproof TDS Testr 2 3 46 Send sample to laborarisa 48 A IEE EOT 48 onone lt a Gemeente mere rte 48 Se 1c E rere 48 Transparency De sceoin 48 Lamotte portable turbidimeter 49 O EA EE 49 CIC aa rcp E E A E 49 ete seed BIOASSAY cicais 49 Detergents Hach model DE 2 51 Dissolved ONYE Mesiano 51 Linot kiboree 51 Chemetrics DO kit sissies 52 TABLE OF CONTENTS YSI 55 Dissolved oxygen meter 52 PCT E E 33 Pe e rrerce ate tr t
188. ith all parts of the equipment before continuing What you ll need e Turbidimeter e Paper towels Calibration Calibrate the turbidimeter according to equipment instructions Testing Procedure Adapted from the Heal the Bay Freshwater and Marine Team Guide 1 Rinse the two empty turbidity tubes and caps comes with the kit with sample water three times Shake out excess water 2 Fill both turbidity tubes to the neck so that there are no air bubbles Make sure to take the cleanest sample you A Turbidimeter can by going upstream or upcurrent of any other team members that might be clouding the water 3 Cap the tubes and wipe them dry Make sure they are dry and clean no fingerprints 4 Hold one tube upside down before inserting it into the meter Be careful not to create bubbles 5 Open the meter lid Align the indexing arrow on the tube with the indexing arrow on the meter Insert the turbidity tube into the chamber 6 Close the lid Push the READ button The turbidity in NTU units will be displayed within 5 seconds 7 Repeat steps 4 6 two more times with the first tube Then repeat steps 4 6 three times with the second tube In the end you should have a total of 6 turbidity readings 3 for each tube 8 To turn the meter off hold the READ button down for several seconds until the display says off 9 Rinse all tubes with distilled water Centimeters 6 4 to 7 0 7 Mito 82 Conte 7 9 6 to
189. ith distilled water A Figure 9 1 How to read a hydrometer P2 REFRACTOMETER AQUATIC ECO SYSTEMS SALINITY REFRACTOMETER cost 42 to 109 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using equipment What you ll need e Refractometer e Kimwipes e Distilled water Calibrate refractometer see instrument manual for calibration instructions Testing procedure 1 Because this test is temperature sensitive try to keep the refractometer as close as possible to room temperature Keep the refractometer out of the sun and do not hold it in your hand when not in use 2 Close the daylight plate gently 3 Open the daylight plate and apply 1 or 2 drops of the water sample onto the prism surface 4 The water sample solution will spread into a thin film A Using a refractometer between the daylight plate and prism The sample should be spread completely over the prism surface with no bubbles If not repeat steps 2 and 3 with more of the water sample 5 Stand with your back to the sun Hold the refractometer with the daylight plate upwards and observe the field of view through the eyepiece If the field of view 1s not clear adjust it by turning the cross strip portion on the eyepiece either clockwise or counterclockwise 6 Read the scale where the boundary line of the blue and white fields cross the scale 7 The value of the scale to the right of the field of view is the salinity in parts per
190. ity standards Hawaii Administrative Rule HAR 11 54 c ccccccscsensacensscesoees 4 Why should I get involved 0 0 6 SECTION 2 Watershed Estuarine amp Marine Processes What is a watershed oo ceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 7 The hydrologic cycle eeeseeeeeeeeeeeees 7 Groundwater and streams 00c00008 7 Importance of vegetation 0 0 0 0 eee Geologic factors cieceseseeseeteeeeeeeteenees 10 Estuaries 0 ccceecccceceessssececececsessneeeeseceens 10 Nearshore marine environment 11 SECTION 3 Water Quality Parameters MP SiC a eer eaters 12 Condu ctivity Salinity sccecsssiecuesncansatzoceess 12 Toper Nal commen meee reer a ren ere tere 12 Total Solids cceccceeccsseesssscesseeeessseceseees 13 Ee cla E N E ener ene 13 Chemical ccccccccccccssscessssseessseeesseseeeens 14 aera cer O EE E 14 Dissolved Oxya eN osisssa 15 DN Ah epee eens averse nsec E 15 od ig ere een E eter ett 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS Trace CLEA ernia 16 Biological eeeeeeeeeeeeeeesssesesessssssrsessrsesee 17 TE AUST E sadeas E EE E 17 SECTION 4 How to Get Started What You Need to Know Defining your goals sseeseeeeeeseeesesessees 18 Gather information about your water body ee eeeeeeeees 18 How much funds do you have 19 Where can Tind funding cessisse 19 How much experience do you have Is there someone who can help 19 What is your time commitment
191. izer that can also end up in our streams By identifying these hotspots we can better understand why our streams and nearshore waters are impaired and flag the area for further monitoring to determine the extent of the impairment Photo by Liz Foote if any This can A Erosion at construction site lead to projects restoring the area or best management practices These methods can include better fertilizer pesticide application or alternative methods of controlling pests vegetated areas where runoff can be stored and then filtered before entering the ground or the stream use of pervious materials which help to filter the water directly into the ground instead of running directly into the streams catchments to capture water before it ends up on the ground which can be used for watering during times of drought or re directing runoff and re vegetating stream banks to prevent future erosion W2 Identifying Pollution Hotspots What you ll need e Clipboard or Notebook e Pencil e Color pencils if you want to highlight areas RECOMMENDED PROTOCOLS 1 To start with if you haven t already you may want to conduct a literature search to find reports management strategic plans or other documents that may identify various uses in your watershed that may be a pollution hotspot Another method might be to use Google Earth or even a tool like Mapquest which can identify various businesses in the area 2 If
192. k on the bottom of the tube If disk is visible add water until it just disappears S 5 If target is not visible pour water off water a little at a time oN or use release valve until disk is just visible 5 6 Record nearest NTU mark or use a tape measure to 5 measure from disk at bottom of tube to top of water level 7 Record measurement on data sheet Make sure you indicate centimeter or inches if you used a tape measure Dump contents of tube 8 Repeat steps 2 through 7 9 Record the second measurement on the data sheet Indicate if you measured in cm centimeters or in inches 10 Add both of the readings and divide by two and record this number on the data sheet Photos by uill Komoto 2 Lean over the side of the boat bridge be careful and A Using a transparency tube can nance 48 Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE 11 Use the turbidity value conversion chart See Table 9 1 to determine the turbidity value from the average measurement step 12 if you measured with a tape measure If you used the NTU measurements written on the tube record this information If disk is still visible after being filled to the top mark please record as lt 10 NTUs 12 Rinse out the tube with distilled water prior to storage P11 NEPHOLOMETER TURBIDIMETER LAMOTTE PORTABLE TURBIDIMETER MODEL 2020 cost 800 Read all equipment instructions to familiarize yourself w
193. ke Michigan Federation s Adopt A Beach http www lakemichigan org adopt search asp Maine Healthy Beaches Program http www mainecoastdata org public Maine s PEARL Public Educational Access to Environmental Information database http pearl maine edu Massachusetts Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Bay Watchers http cdmo baruch sc edu Minnesota s St Louis River River Watch http www slriverwatch org Missouri Stream Teams http www mostreamteam org Istpage asp New Jersey s Watershed Watch Partnership http www state nj us dep wms bfbm vm index html New York s Hudson Basin River Watch http www hudsonbasin org dataxchange html New York s Westchester County s Citizen Volunteer Monitoring Program http cvmp westchestergov com cvmp Ohio s Greenacres Foundation Little Miami Watershed Monitoring Program http Imr mce database daap uc edu Imr home main htm Pathfinder Science s online mapping system http pathfinderscience net about index cfm Pennsylvania Environmental Alliance for Senior Involvement http www easi org monitor index php module Monitor Anything South Carolina Oyster Restoration and Enhancement http score dnr sc gov deep php subject 5 amp topic 25 Washington s Nature Mapping http www cbr washington edu naturemapping West Virginia Save Our Streams http www wvdep org dwwm wvsos vad index htm Wisconsin s Citizen Lake Monitoring Network http www
194. late average depth for each transect divide the total for the three depth measurements by 4 You divide by 4 instead of 3 because you need to account for the 0 depths that occur at the shores Determine the width of each transect by measuring the distance from shoreline to shoreline Add together all the interval widths for each transect to determine its width Calculate the cross sectional area of each transect by multiplying width times average depth To determine the average cross sectional area of the entire stream reach A in the flow formula add together the average cross sectional area of each transect and then divide by 2 Measure travel time Have one volunteer go to the upstream transect The float should be positioned so that it floats in the fastest current As the float is positioned and let go the volunteer should yell start and the timer should begin timing The clock stops when the float passes fully under the downstream transect After the float travels under the transect line it can be scooped out with the net Conduct this test at least three times Try to float the object Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS at different distances from the bank to get various velocity estimates Discard any float trials if the object gets hung up in the stream by rocks roots debris etc Calculate flow Flow can be calculated using this equation Flow ALC T Where A Ave
195. ld include taking a reading recording data and cleaning up Then have each person become familiar with each step eee A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 35 SECTION 7 DATA MANAGEMENT SECTION 7 DATA MANAGEMENT Adapted from Considerations for Planning Your Program s Data Management System by the Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring National Facilitation Project Overview Even if you are planning a once a year event such as a Snapshot day or participating in World Water Monitoring Day you will want to maintain some type of data management system A data management system includes not only the storage of the monitoring data you collect but a method for collecting recording entering and retrieval of data for future analysis There are a variety of data management systems the type you choose depends on you and your volunteer abilities funding available and how you plan to use the data Table 7 1 gives an overview of some methods with strengths and weaknesses For collecting or recording of data most people will use the manual method recording results on the data sheet There are some pieces of equipment that have software recording the data you connect it to a computer to download the data Some examples of this type of monitoring equipment include a GPS unit e g Trimble or the Onset Water Temperature Data Loggers Set up and Costs Maintenance Security Backup and Data Quality Ente
196. led with samples etc 3 Use tight fitting sterile latex gloves when working with samples in the lab 4 All counters must be cleaned with a bactericide prior to performing tests 5 Sample bottles or Whirl paks must be inverted to mix prior to opening in the lab 6 After opening the samples sub samples for dilutions must be performed as soon as possible to minimize the potential for contamination Only sterile pipettes must be used for sub sampling 7 Use sterile dilution water The water used to prepare culture media and reagents will be sterile distilled water stored out of direct sunlight to prevent growth of algae All marine water samples must be diluted by at least 1 10 with distilled sterile water 8 False Positives These are wells in which a different bacteria other than enterococci has grown and caused a biochemical reaction resulting in fluorescence Even when all of the above precautions are followed there may still be false positive wells in the incubated quanti trays Do not record false positives as positive wells However you should make a note in your lab book or lab data sheet regarding the presence of the false positives for future reference Preparation of samples Depending on the water sample you ll need to prepare each sample differently With a black magic marker label the Quanti tray Label the back of a Quanti tray pouch with e Sampler s name e Tester s name Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters
197. les clipboards pens waterproof paper scissors Facility to give presentations and demonstrations to the community many will offer facilities for free for volunteer groups Projector check with your local resource agency or nonprofit A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 25 ONIYOLINOW YAALNNIOA dO S13 31 J33JH4H1L G NOILOAS SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING organization to see if you can borrow one e Screen may be necessary e Extension cords e Computer with spreadsheet and word document software e GPS unit e Outreach and marketing materials printing website graphic layout database design e Volunteer supplies such as food water giveaways e Project and volunteer coordinator time e Giving presentations e Training e Overall coordination e Monitoring day e Data management e Estimate value of volunteer time e You ll need this when applying for grants documentation of match either cash or in kind services If a volunteer is providing specialized services then use the charts provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics at http www bls gov bls blswage htm The website at http www independents ector org programs research volunteer_time html provides the value of volunteer services use the most current year value Volunteer time can include time to attend presentations training and actual monitoring experts provi
198. line and are classified based on their ecological or natural characteristics Fresh waters are classified as following 1 Flowing waters streams flowing seeps and springs ditches and other flumes that flow into receiving water bodies 2 Standing waters lakes and reservoirs and 3 Wetlands Brackish or saline waters are classified as the following 1 Standing waters anchialine pools or saline lakes 2 Wetlands and 3 Estuaries All marine waters are either embayments open coastal or oceanic waters Embayments or open coastal waters are also classified according to the following bottom subtypes 1 Sand beaches 2 Lava rock shorelines and solution benches 3 Marine pools and protected coves 4 Artificial basins 5 Reef flats and 6 Soft bottoms Inland and marine waters including marine bottom ecosystems are further classified according to their uses and water quality standards for each parameter are developed for each type of use by general or specific location Inland waters are comprised of Class 1 and Class 2 waters The objective of Class waters is to remain in their most natural state possible with the absolute minimal pollution from human sources Waste discharge is prohibited in Class 1 waters Class 1 waters are further divided into Class la andlb where Class lb uses are limited to scientific and educational purposes and protection of native breeding stock baseline references from which human caused changes can be measu
199. llution in the State DOH may control all management practices for domestic sewage sewage sludge and recycled water whether or not the practices cause water pollution In order to comply with this duty the Director may enact rules under Chapter 91 in order to meet these duties With regards to civil penalties If one violates this chapter any rule or any term or condition of a permit or variance issued they shall be fined not more than 25 000 for each separate offense Each day of each violation constitutes a separate offense Administrative penalties may also be imposed Negligent violations can incur 1 a fine of not less than 2 500 but not more than 25 000 per day of violation or 2 imprisonment for not more than one year or 3 a fine and imprisonment If a person has been convicted more than once under this chapter punishment shall be 1 by a fine of not more than 50 000 per day of violation or 2 imprisonment of not more than two years or 3 a fine and imprisonment Negligent violations include 1 violations of this chapter rule condition in a permit or requirement imposed in a pretreatment program or 2 negligence in introducing any water pollutant or hazardous substance which the person knew or reasonably should have known could cause personal injury or property damage into a sewerage system or into a publicly owned treatment or 3 other than in compliance with all applicable federal state or local requirement
200. low Large pieces of debris A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring OD ai WIN O other 107 XIGNAddV APPENDIX C 108 PLASTIC Plastic bags Plastic bottles Plastic bottle caps Plastic cup lid straw Plastic pipe segments Plastic Six Pack Rings Plastic Wrapper Soft Plastic Pieces Hard Plastic Pieces Styrofoam cups pieces Styrofoam Pellets Fishing Line Oyster sticks Lobster trap Tarp Buoys Other write in BIOHAZARD Human Waste Diapers Pet Waste Syringes or Pipettes Dead Animals Other write in CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS Concrete not placed Rebar Bricks Wood Debris Other write in MISCELLANEOUS Synthetic Rubber Foam Rubber Gill net floats Balloons Ceramic pots shards Hose Pieces Cigarette Butts Golf Balls Tennis Balls Other write in Total pieces Above APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Rapid Opala Assessment Worksheet OPALA ITEM TALLY Tally Above Tally Below Total Tally Above METAR Aluminum Fol Aluminum or SteelCans BottleCaps Jo o oo Metal Pipe Segments Auto Parts specify below Wie SSS S dd SS Wire LARGE Appliances D WO D O o S Furniture Garbage Bags of Trash Tires Shopping Carts Cars Other write oo TOXIC Spray Paint Cans Lighters Small Batteries Vehicle Batteries Other write in BIODEGRADABLE Cardboard Food Waste Leaf Litter Piles Other writ
201. low WHY CONDUCT A RAPID ASSESSMENT Local biologists can not be everywhere the distribution of freshwater species around the state is unknown This information assists biologists in further understanding the life history and other characteristics of freshwater species including their requirements tolerances for various water quality parameters RECOMMENDED PROTOCOLS This method is adapted from DLNR DAR s rapid assessment method What you need Stream reach with at least 20 feet of one type of habitat riffle run or pond Tennis ball or orange Measuring tape 100ft Watch with timer that has tenths of seconds Clipboard with pencil ID Form ID book Clear plastic bag 1 gallon size Tabis for better footing Opae net or two scoop nets Electrical plastic ties Because the fabric ties are easily destroyed replace them with the electrical plastic ties Mark on the handles where the ties are then drill a hole at your marked spot You may also want to cut down the poles and tie up any side pockets in the net e WQ meter s or other equipment to measure pH DO temperature turbidity OR use a transparency tube for measuring clarity e Hat sunscreen rain gear if appropriate Quick dry shorts or pants e GPS unit e Camera Taking flow measurements An important component of this method is taking flow measurements See the Flow measurement section for instructions as well as how to determine which meth
202. lth d F day use Anything that flows from yards streets and gutters enters the storm drain and flows to the streams and ocean untreated For example fertilizer contains nitrates which in disproportionate quantities can upset the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus nutrients that plants need for growth but also cause the excessive production of algae Too much algae can limit the amount of oxygen that other plants and fish need or crowd out native plants and algae Other pollutants such as bacteria are carried by the stream to the ocean and can cause bacterial levels to exceed state standards for recreational contact High levels of bacteria can indicate an increased risk of disease for people who swim surf snorkel dive fish or have other contact with the stream or ocean water Metals such as lead and copper found in brake pads have been found in fish and can cause changes in reproductive behavior Symptoms in humans can range from excessive headaches to kidney damage These metals are found in significant quantities during storm water runoff Researchers are even finding concentrations of the ingredients of sunscreen products in fish and other marine organisms When streams are stripped of vegetation or buildings placed too close to the stream banks erosion can occur The concrete streambeds facilitate the transfer of the sediment to the ocean where it can smother corals What are the Laws to Protect Clean Water FEDERAL CLE
203. lunteer gappcovr htm Native American Fish amp Wildlife Society Alaska http www alaska net aknafws qapp html New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Volunteer Monitoring program http www state nj us dep wms bfbm vm quality_ assurance html APPENDIX B CONTACTS OTHER WATER QUALITY RESOURCES Malama Kai Foundation P O Box 6882 Kamuela HI 96743 USA Phone 808 885 6354 Fax 808 885 6474 Email info malama kai org NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Ala Wai Watershed Association Contact Karen Ah Mai 1314 South King Street 521 Honolulu HI 96814 Phone 808 955 7882 Fax 808 732 7329 Email awwa alawai org http www malama kat org Community Conservation Network PO Box 4674 Honolulu HI 96812 Phone 808 528 3700 Fax 808 528 3701 Email info conservationpractice org http alawai org index htm http conservationpractice org A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring Malama Maunalua Malama Hawaii c o The Nature Conservancy of Hawai i 923 Nu uanu Avenue Honolulu HI 96817 Email greenwaveproductions gmail com The Digital Bus Ellen Federoff Educational Outreach Coordinator Phone 808 442 7152 Fax 808 442 7140 Email ellen digitalbus org http www digitalbus org index htm 87 dq Y SADIGNAddV APPENDIX B APPENDIX B CONTACTS OTHER WATER QUALITY RESOURCES The Nature Conservancy 923 Nu uanu Avenue Honolulu HI 96817 Ph
204. lunteers Volunteeer training testing at various sites or will animals bird be disturbed Is it the time when birds or turtles are nesting or 1s it a beach where Hawaiian monk seals are known to haul out Permission Do you need permission from the landowner to conduct a training Distance is the site close to where most volunteers live Useage is it a popular area for residents and or visitors If so it may be difficult to keep people s attention or find an appropriate place to conduct monitoring Time of day while regular monitoring may be conducted at all times of the day you may want to select at time when it is cooler either earlier in the morning or later in the afternoon depending on the place If the place is shaded this may not make a difference Place to set up a tent with table and chairs to provide shade INAWASDVNVW Yaa LNNTIOA 9 NOILOAS and a place to rest for volunteers What should be involved in field training If you have a large group more than 6 consider breaking the instruction into several stations if you have enough trainers Give a brief overview of why we re monitoring and basic safety instructions Demonstrate how to take a water sample Have each person try this out using various pieces of containers such as Whirl pak bottle or bottle on a pole if you have these types Demonstrate use of the equipment or other stream watershed or coastal protocols you are following This shou
205. lving an endangered or threatened species It is helpful to understand the basics of this statute even if your issue is not directly affected by ESA because recommendations given by your group may not be feasible for implementation due to extenuating circumstances In 1973 the ESA achieved approval by Congress as a means to conserve restore and protect endangered and threatened species and their habitats The ESA consists of five key regulations addressing how a species gets listed the process for consulting federal actions a prohibition of taking a listed species the process for getting a permit to take and enforcement mandates of the act A species is listed based on scientific and commercial data proving its immediate danger of extinction or likelihood to become endangered The second step simply determines whether a listed species may be present on federal land like a national forest and if it is in jeopardy what actions should be taken to avoid species harm The third and fourth components define what it means to take kill injure or harm a species and the process rules for determining whether a permit to incidentally take it is reasonable under certain circumstances Finally enforcement of ESA is the responsibility of the U S Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA but citizens also have standing to stop an agency violation of the mandate Although ESA
206. ly occurring lipids but more commonly is an indicator of petroleum Most of the hydrocarbon molecules found in petroleum are lighter than water and therefore float at its surface Even very small amounts of oil can cause large rainbow colored sheens which result from the fact that hydrocarbon molecules are repelled by water molecules When weathered oil winds up on a shoreline the lighter molecules evaporate or degrade and the remaining tar is left behind While petroleum 1s biodegradable it is also toxic A Oil sheen on water opala Opala litter degrades the aesthetic quality of a water body but is often detrimental to wildlife due to entanglement or even ingestion Litter can also increase nutrient loading Odor Certain odors such as chemical petroleum decay fecal matter and rotten egg smells can indicate water quality problems RECOMMENDED PROTOCOLS ADAPTED FROM THE CLEAN WATER TEAM GUIDANCE COMPENDIUM FOR WATERSHED MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT These procedures utilize minimal equipment and training It will take about 2 3 hours for a team of volunteers to survey a stream or shoreline Survey reach lengths should be approximately 4 to mile in length depending on the terrain and accessibility How often should I survey the area This depends on your monitoring goals Two types of goals are provided below a Gross problem identification In this situation it is assumed that based on the res
207. m O O Z Y m re V L m p m 7 Cc gt 2 Z m Qo z4 gt Z Z m U O O m n m 7 Illustration by Riki Inzano e artbyriki yahoo com A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring SECTION 2 WATERSHED ESTUARINE amp MARINE PROCESSES 10 Photo by Jill Komoto SECTION 2 WATERSHED ESTUARINE amp MARINE PROCESSES Hawai i Streams Streams can be classified by three types of general behavior perennial or streams that flow year round nonperennial or those that flow only intermittently and ditches which are man made diversions These three genotypes of streams can be known by a number of terms including river creek crick gulch gully canal ravine drainage basin etc Perennial streams continuously carry water from the mountains to the sea Since this can contain pollutants it is these streams along with groundwater discharge that create the base level of pollutants entering the estuaries and sea In times of heavy rains or flooding additional pollutants can enter through intermittent streams as well as ditches The latter two types of streams nonperennial and ditches can be problematic in times of heavy rains because in the case of intermittent streams pollutant levels can accumulate for a considerable time before being washed into the stream thus spiking pollutant levels to unacceptable high levels In the case of man made ditches especially those
208. man feces Instructions for completing the Hawaii Volunteer Monitoring Visual Assessment Form Body of Water Write in the name of the stream tributary or gulch you are surveying If you are surveying a lake reservoir estuarine or coastal environment write in the name of that water body Watershed Name Write in the name of the watershed or ahupua a you are surveying in This information can be found on the State of Hawaii s GIS website Historic Land Divisions http www state hi us dbedt gis histlanddiv htm by creating your own maps using ESRI Corporation s free ArcExplorer Mapping software at http www esri com software arcexplorer download html Island Name of the Island your survey reach is located in Volunteers Names of all volunteers present during the survey Date The date when the survey was actually conducted Reach Length Indicate the distance of stream or shore surveyed The protocol recommends surveying to mile If a different survey length was surveyed please explain why in the notes section To determine the length of the reach use your maps or the odometer of your car There may be cases when physical landmarks such as bridges roads or tributaries will bracket the reach In such cases these starting and ending landmarks may dictate the length of the reach You can also use a GPS unit to determine the reach length Start Time Include the start time of the survey when you began to
209. marine debris program with general information on marine debris http marinedebris noaa gov Ocean Conservancy National Marine Debris Monitoring Program 5 year program analysis http www oceanconservancy org site PageServer pagename mdm_debris Marine Resource information Hawai i Ocean User s Guide http ha waihumpback whale noaa gov special_ offerings sp_off publication_pdfs HawaiiOcean UsersGuide_2004 pdf Ocean Atlas of Hawai i Description of the ocean around Hawai i marine climate water properties currents tides waves http radlab soest hawaii edu atlas RECYCLING TRASH Adopt a beach Hawai i http www ado ptabeachhawaii com Hawai i Island recycling http www recyclehawaii org where htm Honolulu recycling and waste disposal http www opala org Kaua i county recycling program http www kauai gov Default aspx tabid 68 Kaua i recycling for the arts transforming glass into art http www kauaiglass org Maui recycling service http www mauirecycles com O ahu community recycling http www ocr2000 com index html STREAMS Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001 Hawai i Stream Visual Assessment Protocol http hawai gov health environmental env planning wqm nrcsvaprotocol pdf Yamamoto M A Tagawa and L Shimizu Ide 2000 Hawairs Native and Exotic Freshwater Animals Mutual Publishing 200pp TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE Smith
210. may be above or below the detection limit and recorded with the less than or more than sign lt or gt e Do you want the database to report statistical output What type of statistics do you want e This will help to determine the structure of the data most databases are limited in their statistical output limited to averages or standard deviation You may need to export the data to specialized statistical software or consider purchasing Excel Statistic software add ins such as Analyze it How WILL YOU CONTROL THE RELIABILITY ALSO KNOWN AS DATA INTEGRITY OF THE DATA The programmer you select should be familiar with various methods to limit or enhance the accuracy of the data being input This may include authorized users only password protected using drop down boxes limiting entry to the list or setting range restrictions for parameters All people who will be entering the data should be trained and provided with a user manual You should also develop a plan on how you will double check the accuracy of the entered data WHAT SORT OF SECURITY DO YOU WANT THE DATABASE TO HAVE How WILL YOU CONTROL THAT SECURITY Most databases as mentioned previously will have internal security or the use of usernames and passwords in order to enter the data If you are developing an web based database you will need to consider external security to prevent hackers from hijacking or messing up your data You ll also need
211. mber Note that code numbers for each reagent are listed in the kit instructions and the above section LaMotte reagents are registered with POISINDEX a computerized poison control information system available to all local poison control centers Keep hazardous material safety data sheets for each reagent and chemical supplied by LaMotte with each reagent and also available on their website in the kit at all times The sheets include important safety precautions and emergency first aid proce Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 12 OTHER COASTAL AND OCEAN MEASUREMENTS For other monitoring protocols in the coastal area check out Getting Involved in Caring for Hawaii s Coastal Resources A Community Guidebook which can be obtained through your local Division of Aquatics office or online at the Community Conservation Network website www conservationpractice org Protocols include Tidepool monitoring human use surveys coral reef surveys and marine mammal observation If you are interested in Beach Mapping which includes mapping erosion hotspots surfing areas beach access shoreline structures and wildlife check out Surfrider Foundation s Beachscape A community based coastal mapping program Current and other weather observations in marine and estuarine conditions WHAT ARE CURRENT OCEAN AND WEATHER OBSERVATIONS IN THE COASTAL AREA When it is not feasible to enter the water such as at beaches or
212. ml Young Brothers Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501 c 3 nonprofit organizations Projects eligible for grants are in the categories of health education civic and community services youth activities cultural enrichment environment and special community projects Amount of funds awarded up to 1 000 Information http www htbyb com yb communitygiftgiving php Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX D FUNDING RESOURCES FEDERAL Environmental Protection Agency EPA Environmental Education Grants Provides financial support for projects that increase public awareness about environmental issues and provide the public with skills to make informed decisions and take responsible actions Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Educational agencies colleges universities state educational or environmental agencies not for profit organizations and noncommercial educational broadcasting entities are eligible Award Amounts Project Examples Up to 50 000 awarded per project It is a competitive program matching funds of 25 of the total grant are required The likelihood of funding increases with more modest requests a significant amount of the regional allocation is targeted for requests of 10 000 or less Information http epa gov region09 enviroed grants html Environmental Protection Agency EPA Environmental Justice Grants Provides financial assistance to eligible community groups with
213. mmitted to conserving and preserving the aquatic environment and its resources Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support All applicants Public education formal and informal grass roots conservation and enhancement projects environmentally focused research that leads to conservation measures public awareness initiatives Environmental assessment and monitoring projects volunteer supported community activism Amount of funds awarded 1 000 10 000 Information http www projectaware org americas english grants asp Sea World and Busch Gardens Conservation Fund Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support All applicants The primary focus is to support conservation efforts directly benefiting wildlife in their native ranges in situ Project areas include Species Research Aquatic Species Research Terrestrial Habitat Protection Animal Rescue amp Rehabilitation Conservation Education Amount of funds awarded Usually between 5 000 and 25 000 Information http www swbg conservationfund org Switzer Foundation Environmental Fellowship Award Program Switzer Foundation To support projects that have direct early amp measurable results in improving the quality of the natural environment Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Graduate students in environmental fields Amount of funds awarded A one year 13 000 cash award Information http www switzernetwork org Tiffany amp Company Foundatio
214. monitoring milestones e Get your program listed in the national Volunteer Monitor newsletter Training volunteers Training volunteers depends on the program level you choose Basic information that should be included in all training workshops e Purpose goals and objectives of the program e Water quality terms for example runoff urban point and nonpoint agriculture e Basic water quality parameters and why they are important e Basic ecosystem ecology and watershed processes e Current information about the water body being tested e Role of the volunteer e Parameters being tested in this program with protocols e Demonstrate how to calibrate equipment which is usually SECTION 6 VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT done before going out into the field e Data use how and by whom e Reporting results After an overview of water quality basics the water body watershed being monitored field training is conducted A hands on training at one of the sites is the best way to expose volunteers to show them the process involved When selecting a training site consider the following Accessibility is parking and bathrooms available Size too large of an area allows people to wander off Safety no steep slopes large boulders in the way to access the water not a known area with a lot of criminal activity Photo by Jill Komoto Features enough diversity necessary habitats available Vulnerability will it be damaged by having vo
215. n Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support The Foundation supports research as well as community based work promoting the conservation of coral reefs 501c3 nonprofit organizations Information http www tffanyandcofoundation org The Tom s of Maine Grant Program Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501c3 nonprofit organizations Funded projects must integrate two areas of Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX D FUNDING RESOURCES giving which the Tom s of Maine support such as environment and education environment and the arts or environment and human needs of youth disabled people and indigenous people They are moving towards grants funding core missions and leadership development programs Amount of funds awarded Grants range from 1 000 to 10 000 Information http www tomsofmaine com toms community grants asp The Tool Factory Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Provides education grants for cameras and educational software at the Tool Factory K 12 and special education schools in the US its territories and Canada are eligible to apply Private public and charter schools are equally considered Information http www toolfactory com olympus_contest Toyota TAPESTRY Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Toyota TAPESTRY is open to K 12 teachers of science The program is open to all middle and high school science teachers who teach at least two science classes per d
216. n although no one really knows what factor this excess water would have on the cycle Some scientists feel that the excess water may exacerbate the warming while others believe that it may lessen its effect In areas with high snowfall the accumulated snow also known as snowpack generally stays throughout winter then gradually melts and like rain is taken in as groundwater as well as runoff Many of the temperate regions of the world are very dependent on this as a source of their water however in Hawai there are few areas that receive much snowfall so it does not have much of an impact here What is groundwater and why is it important Groundwater is that water which has already infiltrated the water table In Hawa it usually forms into a lens shape floating SASSADOUd ANINVW 2 ANIUVALSA GAHSYALVM Z NOILDOAS on the surrounding seawater The edges of the freshwater lens are always draining into and mixing with the surrounding ocean water In general groundwater due to the filtration process is cleaner than surface runoff however various factors come into play including how porous the surface 1s Areas with higher porosity such as sand or volcanic basalt on the newer islands are very conducive to capturing groundwater but that same porosity allows bacterial viral and chemical infiltration as well In east Hawai i Island an area of porous volcanic basalt where cesspools are the norm high fecal coliform counts in the
217. n also be used to identify any special problems illegal activities or interesting observations e g wildlife fish etc Photos taken If time allows include photo documentation with this survey Briefly include photo information on the stream and shore walk form so that any photos taken during the survey can be tracked Draw a map of the reach or shoreline After you have walked the reach draw a map or sketch of the reach that depicts the key features including start and stop points vegetation features discharges stream or shoreline modifications stream diversions possible fish barriers erosion photo point locations direction of flow and a north arrow approximate direction of north Possible barriers to fish passage such as perched culverts making it difficult for o opu to make its way upstream waterfalls either natural or manmade or lack of water and stream shore modifications such as diversions stream channelization or armoring e g rip rap If you encounter any of the above problems use this section to describe each location where a barrier diversion modification or channelization was observed Make sure you include it in your map or site sketch as well With regard to possible fish barriers take into consideration flow levels throughout the year i e will an object or structure be a barrier to fish passage at the time of the year in which fish migration occurs A Guidebook for Getting
218. n hazards Look for these potential pollution hotspots and draw them on your map e Trash bins leaking fluids e Storm drains e Auto repair shops e Car washes e Construction areas note places where dirt is not covered up rivlets or eroded spots in hills where dirt is tending to congregate such as after rainfall e Nurseries e Dry cleaners Discuss your results with your group and your team leader are there problem areas that need immediate attention See Table 11 1 for contact information Storm drain monitoring INTRODUCTION Storm drains which channel urban runoff provide endpoints at which some parameters can be measured Some examples of urban runoff sources are motor oil coolant copper from brake pads paints soaps fertilizers and trash This can come from overland runoff from roads and parking lots i e copper from brake pads motor oil permeate through farming and ranching lands fertilizers and improper or illegal connections to the storm drain system These protocols are based on the Central Coast Regional Citizen Monitoring Guide California which utilize Texas Watch protocols developed with the cooperation of the U S EPA The Lamotte Storm Drain Monitoring kit Model SSDK cost 378 reagent refill 110 was developed according to National Pollutant Discharge Elimination NPDES Phase I dry weather monitoring requirements and 1s designed to detect illegal stormdrain connections and di
219. n the area In the UH study of the Waimanalo Kailua area researchers found phosphate levels ranging with geometric means of 2 75 to 27 97 ug l streams 10 38 to 40 11 ug l estuaries 2 75 to 9 86 ug l marine pH What is pH and why is it important The pH measures acidity and alkalinity of water with a pH below 7 indicating acidic conditions and above 7 indicating alkaline conditions Changes in pH could be due to erosion of some types of geological features or effluent from wastewater treatment plants Low pH levels present a problem for most organisms with the exception of bacteria which can survive pH levels as low as 2 0 Some species of fish and aquatic life are more sensitive to low pH levels than others While pH is unlikely to change much over time a change in pH in coastal waters can indicate the presence of a new source of pollution or indicate an increase in pollution from an existing source How is it measured and reported Soluble indicator These indicators are used in liquid indicator kits where some type of concentrate 1s added to the water and the color is compared to a pH scale See method 1 for a description of its use This method is also found in litmus strips that contain the liquid indicator and bleed out when dipped in the water solution The litmus strips are good for a laboratory or ina class exercise and not recommended for environmental conditions Colorfast indicator strips These are non bleeding
220. n users ee Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 12 OTHER COASTAL AND OCEAN MEASUREMENTS ERN CTN WIND SPEED SEA SURFACE piste 5s is Light breeze 7 Apr Small wavelets not breaking leaves on trees rustle wind felt on face Gentle breeze breeze Aug Aug Larger Larger wavelets scattered white caps flags extended scattered white caps Larger wavelets scattered white caps flags extended extended SS breeze 13 18 Small waves numerous whitecaps loose leaves litter and dust raised up le Fresh breeze breeze 92 2d Moderate waves many whitecaps some spray waves many Moderate waves many whitecaps some spray some spray EE a ae al Large waves whitecaps everywhere more spray large tree branches sway wind whistling in wires Moderate gale 32 38 Foam from breaking waves blown in streaks whole trees move resistance felt when walking against wind Fresh gale 39 46 Moderate high waves of greater length twigs and small branches broken off trees progress impeded when walking Strong gale 47 54 High waves sea begins to roll spray reduce visibility roof tiles blown off 10 Whole gale 55 63 Very high waves with overhanging crests heavy rolling poor visibility trees broken or uprooted A Figure 12 1 Beaufort Scale O3 Coral Bleaching and Marine Disease CCMD The CCMD Local Action Strategy is working with Reef Check Hawaii to develop an Eyes on the Reef program which will train ocean users to
221. nce standards academy National Environmental Monitoring Index NEMI is a free searchable clearinghouse of methods and procedures for both regulatory and non regulatory monitoring purposes for water sediment air and tissues At this time there is not a lot of methods that are used by volunteer groups but is a good website to check out http www nemi gov NOAA N SPECT tool Nonpoint Source Pollution and Erosion Comparison is a complex yet user friendly geographic information system GIS extension that helps coastal managers and local decision makers predict potential water quality impacts from nonpoint source pollution and erosion http www csc noaa gov crs cwq nspect html State of Hawai i Department of Health Clean Water Branch http www hawaii gov health environmental water cleanwater index html State of Hawai i Water Quality studies database http www aecos com CORAL CZM_WQ html Surfrider Foundation Hawai i water quality and beach status reports conducted annually Check out the State of the Beach http www surfrider org Hawai i USGS Pacific Islands Water Science Center The Pacific Islands Water Science Center collects hydrologic information and studies water resource issues in support of the USGS mission http hi water usgs gov office mission html Watershed restoration Center for Watershed Protection http WWWw cwp org Department of Land and Natural Resources Conser
222. nd Identification It is important that a minimum number of persons be involved in sample collection and handling Use guidelines established in standard manuals for sample collection preservation and handling e g EPA NPDES Compliance Sampling Inspection Manual MCD 51 Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater Complete the field records at the time the sample is collected and sign or initial it including the date and time by the sample collector s Field records should contain the following information e Unique sample or log number Date and time Source of sample including name location and sample type Preservative used Analyses required Name of collector s Pertinent field data pH DO Cl residual etc Serial number on seals and transportation cases Comments Identify each sample by affixing a pressure sensitive gummed label or standardized tag on the container s Where a label is not available write the sample information on the sample container with an indelible marking pen This label should contain e Sample number e Source of sample e Preservative used e Collector s initials e The analysis required should be identified Place the closed sample container in a transportation case along with the chain of custody record form pertinent field records and analysis request form Seal and label the transportation case Fill out all records legibly in waterproof pen The use of locked or
223. nd oceans are important to the health of the environment e Do you want to identify actual or potential sources of pollution e Do you want to provide high quality data to assist local agencies in monitoring the health of your waterbody A Kamehameha Schools Who is going to use the data e Students and teachers e Local communities e Your watershed group for preparation of a management plan e Landowners e Local State and Federal agencies Where are you going to monitor While you may be interested in the health of the water at a beach you must also think about what other sources of water enter the area See Section below This not only includes the waterbodies itself but exact locations are where you are going to monitor Is this a public area Will you need landowner permission Is it a culturally sensitive area When will you monitor This can depend on why you want to monitor Do you want to see what the water quality is after a storm A restriction on when you will monitor can depend on the availability of both volunteers funding and equipment If you have all readily available then you can monitor more frequently How will you monitor This depends on why you want to monitor and who 1s going to use the data you provide See section 5 for an introduction to the three types of programs protocols you will use depending on the questions you want to answer GATHER INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR WATER BODY This can inclu
224. nd snap the tip fig 4 Don t break the tip off completely The ampoule will fill leaving a bubble to facilitate mixing 6 Take the ampoule out of the cup Mix the contents of the ampoule by inverting it several times allowing the bubble to travel from end to end fig 5 Dry the exterior of the ampoule and wait 10 minutes for color development 7 Hold the comparator in a nearly horizontal position while standing directly beneath a bright source of light Place the VACUette ampoule between the color standards moving it from left to right along the comparator until the best color match is found fig 6 If the color of the VACUette ampoule is between two color standards a concentration estimate can be made 8 Any kit using cadmium such as the Chemetrics Nitrate kits should store used waste in a separate cadmium waste container for special disposal at a designated toxic waste disposal site Make sure you rinse and scrub all containers that held chemicals with tap water rinse with distilled water prior to storage 9 The CHEMets Nitrate 0 1 and 1 5 ppm using the Zinc reduction method can be used with seawater however as of October 2007 the product is not yet available and is expected 54 A Sample cup A Nitrate color comparator to be out in 2008 Nitrate is reduced to nitrite in the presence of zinc This test method is applicable to industrial wastewater drinking water surface water and seawater It can also be used to meas
225. nderstand Installed on a personal computer BASINS allows the user to assess water quality at selected stream sites or throughout an entire watershed This invaluable tool integrates environmental data analytical tools and modeling programs to support development of cost effective approaches to watershed management and environmental protection including TMDLs http www epa gov waterscience basins EPA STORET STORET short for STOrage and RETrieval is a repository for water quality biological and physical data and 1s used by state environmental agencies EPA and other federal agencies universities private citizens and many others http www epa gov storet EPA Environmental Technology Verification Program This program verifies the performance of innovative technologies that have the potential to improve protection of human health and the environment Check out the Monitoring systems and Water Quality Protection areas http www epa gov etv index html EPA Water Quality Assessment and Total Maximum Daily Loads Information This site provides information reported by the states to EPA about the conditions in their surface waters http www epa gov waters ir EPA Water Quality Standards Academy This website provides 9 g XIGNAddV APPENDIX B 22 APPENDIX B CONTACTS OTHER WATER QUALITY RESOURCES classroom based courses and occasional satellite broadcasts of instruction http www epa gov waterscie
226. need to implement plan B A Little things to bring LITTLE THINGS THAT YOU SHOULD ALWAYS REMEMBER TO BRING e Garbage bags First aid kit Buckets A folding table Paper towels Your sampling equipment kits Drinking water Soap bar not liquid Distilled water if using kits Sunscreen hat Gloves Safety goggles Measuring beakers or small cups for pouring sample water PROTOCOLS TO CONSIDER Please read sections on safety Section 8 and collecting samples Section 9 M1 M6 Protocols suitable for this level e Section 9 Conductivity Salinity P1 P2 Temperature P4 P5 Turbidity P8 P9 P10 Chemicals Cl Dissolved Oxygen C2 C3 high school and higher Nutrients C5 C6 high school and higher C7 C8 high school and higher C9 high school and higher pH C11 C12 C13 high school and higher Bacteria BI B2 Section 10 Rapid assessment of fish and invertebrates in the stream S6 without taking a flow instrument Identification of aquatic species only Section 11 Rainfall W1 Pollution hotspots W2 Section 12 Ocean and currents observations O1 Identifying aquatic invasive species O2 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT If the answer to why in section 4 in defining your goals was to get people involved in stewardship of nearby waters then you should select the protocols in this program Use this method if you want to assist local agencies in monitoring the health of your
227. nt by observing the orange 4 If possible find and retrieve the orange 5 Record the direction of the current on your field sheet by circling the correct direction Choices are upcoast downcoast or None if the peel does not appear to move in either direction Wave characteristics If you are measuring currents you should measure take wave measurements since both can give a picture of sand and A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 85 SLNAWAYNSVAW NVADO ANY 1VLSYOO YAHLO ZL NOILOJS SECTION 12 OTHER COASTAL AND OCEAN MEASUREMENTS SECTION 12 OTHER COASTAL AND OCEAN MEASUREMENTS larval transport Wave measurements include wave height wave period and wave direction Illustration by Jill Komoto A Estimating wave height Wave height is a visual estimate of the wave height from the bottom of the wave trough to the peak Use the following instructions to visually estimate the surf height at your monitoring site 1 Stand on the beach or shoreline facing the waterbody Have at least two people take independent visual height estimations 2 Take your wave height measurements in the area where you conduct other water sampling Visually estimate the height of surf from the bottom trough of the wave to its peak 3 Circle the answer on the field sheet that best describes the surf height Flat 0 1 ft Low 1 3 ft Medium 3 7 ft and High is 7 ft or larger Wave period is the time in seconds
228. nvironmental Services Contact Iwalani Sato Phone 808 768 3300 Email isato honolulu gov http www cleanwaterhonolulu com storm index php Coastal Zone Management Program Contact Melissa Iwamoto Office of Planning P O Box 2359 Honolulu HI 96804 Phone 808 587 2845 Fax 808 587 2899 Email miwamoto dbedt hawaii gov http hawau gov dbedt czm initiative nonpoint php Department of Health Clean Water Branch Environmental Management Division State Department of Health P O Box 3378 Honolulu HI 96801 3378 Phone 808 586 4309 Fax 808 586 4352 Email CleanWaterBranch eha health state hi us http www hawai gov health environmental water cleanwater index html Department of Health Environmental Planning Office 19 Ala Moana Blvd Room 312 Honolulu HI 96814 Phone 808 586 4337 http hawait gov health environmental env planning index html Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Aquatics 1151 Punchbowl Street 330 Honolulu HI 96813 Phone 808 587 0100 Fax 808 587 0115 http hawau gov dInr dar University of Hawai i Sea Grant Link to University of Hawai i Sea Grant Staff Directory http www soest hawaii edu seagrant directory directory php ext O ahu Sea Grant 2525 Correa Road HIG 238 Honolulu HI 96822 Phone 808 956 7031 Fax 808 956 2858 Kaua i Sea Grant Adam Asquith Ph D Kaua i Agricultural Research Station 7370 A Kuamo
229. o 25 000 Information http www nmsfocean org docs oatf_rfp doc NOAA Bay Watershed Education and Training BWET B WET Hawai i provides support and technical assistance to existing environmental education programs fosters the growth of new programs and encourages the development of partnerships among environmental educators and programs Eligible Applicants and Types of Support Primary recipients include community groups schools teachers nonprofit organizations and state and local governments Funds projects that provide meaningful outdoor experiences for K 12 students and professional development opportunities for teachers in the area of environmental education Information http www csc noaa gov psc bwet html National Park Service NPS Rivers Trails and Conservation Assistance Program To provide technical assistance to citizen groups local communities and governments working to conserve river corridors and watersheds and to establish trails and greenways Information http www nps gov rtca National Resources Conservation Service NRCS Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program WHIP This is a voluntary program for people who want to develop and improve wildlife habitat primarily on private land NRCS provides both technical assistance and up to 75 percent cost share assistance to establish and improve fish and wildlife habitat Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Eligible lands under the program are Privately
230. od to use Read through this section thoroughly before conducting this survey In addition to conduct this bioassessment it is recommended that you find a variety of sites with stream reaches containing different stream types such as one witha pool cascades waterfalls riffles and even flowing sections Making a list of monitoring sites After determining the sections of the stream to take flow measurements create a list of your monitoring sites with the following information to expedite monitoring at future assessments Site D Site name Longitude and latitude Waypoint number Stream type eh a E T Site Type a Stream Natural or Modified b Ditch Earthen or Concrete c Spring Spring or Seep d Lake Natural or Artificial e Wetland Natural or Artificial Conducting the assessment 1 Fill out the general information from the site list create earlier a Enter the date and time a m or p m moon phase Check a calendar to determine the moon phase b Enter collector s names c If taking water quality samples circle Y Fill in the temperature specific Conductivity pH Dissolved oxygen clarity d Circle general observation for flow low medium or high 2 Take five flow measurements for each site at evenly spaced sections along your transect from bank to bank On the backside of the form create a brief sketch of the area Record the following information a Width width of the cross section b
231. of this meter can be affected by high concentrations of chloride or bicarbonate ions as well as fluctuating pH levels What can I expect to find DOH standards for Nitrate nitrite nitrogen and total nitrogen vary depending on the area Natural levels of nitrates or ammonia are low less than 1 mg L however in the effluent of wastewater levels can be as high as 30 mg L How is phosphorus measured and reported Monitoring for phosphorus is difficult because it involves measuring very low concentrations down to 0 01 mg L or lower But even low concentrations of phosphorus can have dramatic impacts on aquatic ecosystems Less sensitive methods should be used only to identify serious problem areas Ascorbic acid method In this method a combined liquid or prepackaged powder reagent 1s added to either 50 or 25 mL of the water sample This reagent colors the sample water blue in proportion to the concentration of orthophosphate in the sample Absorbance or transmittance is measured after 10 minutes but before 30 minutes using a color comparator or an electric meter Color comparators are useful for identifying heavily polluted sites with high concentrations greater than 0 1 mg L Matching hues can be very subjective and lead to variable results A field spectrophotometer or colorimeter is recommended for accurate determination of low concentrations between 0 2 and 0 02 mg L What can I expect to find DOH standards again vary depending o
232. of paper or laminate 2 Atleast two weeks prior to starting your monitoring program check to make sure that any reagents or other products have not expired 3 Read all instructions for your equipment before going out to monitor 4 Calibrate equipment according to instructions provided with the equipment 5 Prepare for various weather conditions You may need to bring tents raingear sunscreen or rocks to hold materials down during windy conditions During windy conditions make sure everything is secure have a closed plastic box to hold materials not being used and or assign a volunteer to keep an eye on all equipment M2 Preparing the collection container General preparations e Label bag or bottle with site number date and time e Tear off the top of the bag or remove the cap just prior to sampling Try to avoid touching the inside of the container e Never touch inside of a sterile whirl pak or bottle Preparing reusable sampling container e Wash each sample bottle or glassware piece with a brush and phosphate free detergent e Rinse three times with cold tap water e Rinse with 10 percent hydrochloric acid e Rinse three times with deionized water M3 Where to sample In a stream sample away from the stream bank in the main channel avoid stagnant water If shallow wade carefully out into the center current disturbing as little of the bottom sediment as possible Collect the water in an area that is fast
233. on is very high and the introduction of deep rooted non native trees has been shown to decrease the water table What is an estuary and why is it important According to the US EPA An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water along the coast where freshwater from rivers and streams meet and mix with salt water from the ocean Estuaries and the lands surrounding them are places of transition from land to sea and although influenced by the tides they are protected from the full force of ocean waves winds and storms by such landforms as barrier islands or peninsulas Estuaries are an excellent habitat for all manner of flora and fauna from freshwater plants in the upper regions to salt tolerant plants nearer to the sea and from birds and animals on Honu apo Estuary Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters Photo by Jill Komoto Photo by John Replogle SECTION 2 WATERSHED ESTUARINE amp MARINE PROCESSES land to fish hatcheries and shellfish in the water As fresh water flows through the plants in the estuaries some contaminants are trapped and filtered by the plants the excess nutrients are taken up by the plants and the slow intermixing of the runoff and seawater acts like a settling pond where much of the sediments settle to the bottom and don t reach the sea itself One prime example of estuarine loss and its effect on the ocean 1s Waikiki on Oahu In the past much of that area was estuarial wetlands but progres
234. one 808 537 4508 Fax 808 545 2019 E mail hawaii tnc org http www nature org wherewework northamerica states hawai1 Hanalei Watershed Hui Post Office Box 1285 Hanalei HI 96714 Phone 808 826 1985 Fax 808 826 1012 Email hanaleiriver hawaiian net http www hanaleiwatershedhui org Project S E A Link Contact Liz Foote 160 Kinohi Loa Loop Wailuku HI 96793 Phone 808 669 9062 Email lfoote hawaii rr com http www projectsealink org The Hawai i Wildlife Fund Contact Hannah Bernard PO Box 790637 Paia HI 96779 Phone 808 579 9138 Email wild aloha net http www wildhawai org Sierra Club Hawaii Chapter P O Box 2577 Honolulu HI 96803 Phone 808 538 6616 Email jeffsmikulina sierraclub org http www h1 sierraclub org Kai Makana P O Box 22719 Honolulu HI 96823 Phone 808 261 8939 Email info kaimakana org http www kaimakana org Surfrider Foundation Oahu Scott Werny Clearwater hawaii rr com http www surfrider org oahu default htm Kauai Paul Tannebaum paultannenbaum gmail com http www surfrider org kauai SR_ Kauai Home html Maui maui surfrider hawauantel net http www surfrider org maui LOCAL AGENCIES City and County of Honolulu Board of Water Supply 630 S Beretania St Honolulu HI 96843 Phone 808 748 5000 Email contactus hbws org http www hbws org cssweb display cfm sid 1059 City and County of Honolulu Department of E
235. or qualifying the data Validation and verification methods procedures used to validate and verify data For example e Comparing computer entries to field data sheets e Looking for data gaps e Re checking calculations e How will errors be corrected and be conveyed to data users Reconciliation with data quality objectives e What is the process for determining whether the data meet project objectives e Calculate and compare projects actual data quality indicators to those specified at start of project Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING What will be done if these are not the same e Discard the data set limits on use of data or revise the project s data quality objectives See Section 7 for information on data management DEVELOP TEAM LEADERS AND RECRUIT VOLUNTEERS Train leaders who can train volunteers All Team Leaders must complete at least two hands on training sessions on monitoring Topics include general hydrology ecology safety quality assurance and quality control measures sampling procedures field analytical techniques and data recording Leaders train the volunteers and must also participate in semi annual quality control sessions which allow for the groups to check the accuracy and precision of their equipment and testing techniques See Section 6 on volunteer management FIELDWORK PREPARATION CREATE A FIELD KIT FOR YOUR VOLUNTEER MONITORS Binder wi
236. oring Offer workshops in new techniques that you may utilize in the future This may get a volunteer so excited that they may help you obtain funding Get people involved in other aspects of the program like fundraising giving presentations to others on the results of their efforts Within your program offer the volunteers who have vested a lot of time and effort in the process to become monitoring leaders or trainers Make sure you have regular feedback about what the program and volunteers are accomplishing get the word out through newsletters email lists media and a website Recognition of volunteers One way to retain volunteers and instill satisfaction in their work is to show volunteers that you appreciate their work There are many ways to show how much you appreciate volunteers here are some examples e T shirts hats stickers tote bags with your program logo e BBQs picnics potlucks at the end of each season s monitoring Provide giveaways from local vendors e Have special treats at workshops or when monitoring find goodies at your local farmer s market e Provide special workshops on topics of interest or new monitoring techniques e Articles in local papers Get a monthly column that allows you to report your group s results or to highlight volunteer of the month e Offer scholarships to state or national conservation or monitoring conferences e Certificates of recognition after completing various
237. ort toxic air particles which can eventually settle on land and on the sea surface potentially impacting aquatic resources O1 Ocean and weather measurements Heal the Bay s Freshwater and Marine Team Field Guide and UNESCO s Sandwatch program gives some protocols to follow when determining flow conditions in marine and estuarine waters Photo by Jill Komoto A Estimating current direction What you ll need e Orange s lemon or tennis ball e Watch with second hand or stopwatch Net with long handle to capture the orange lemon tennis ball e Compass GPS or general location of your monitoring site Clipboard and pencil Form for recording current and weather observations Prior to taking measurements note on your form the location using either a GPS unit or the physical location Measuring Current Direction Current 1s determined by watching what direction a floating object moves in relation to the beach 1 Stand on the beach or shoreline facing the waterbody Draw a line perpendicular in the sand or dirt to mark your starting position You will use this line to determine the direction of the orange upcoast or downcoast 2 Throw the orange or other object into the water You may use peels but small peels are difficult to see 3 Stand on the start line that was drawn on the shoreline Watch the orange to determine the direction it 1s moving Wait at least two minutes to determine the direction of the curre
238. osion and stabilization measure Carrying capacity humans in an area Number of individuals that the resources of an area can support Deforestation The permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands Diurnal Occurring or active during the daytime rather than at night Ecosystem A community of plants animals and microorganisms that are linked by energy and nutrient flows and that interact with each other and with the physical environment Effluent Wastewater treated or untreated that flows out of a treatment plant sewer or industrial outfall Endemic Organisms that are native and can be found only in that location Examples of organisms that are endemic to Hawai i are the spectacled parrotfish fantail filefish and Hawaiian Monk Seal Erosion The wearing away and removal of materials of the Earth s crust by natural means including running water waves moving ice wind currents and chemical solution Fluorescence The absorption of light at one wavelength and its re emission at a longer wavelength Fluorescence plays an important role in the perceived color of many objects Forel Ule Scale The Forel Ule Scale is a method to approximately determine the color of bodies of water used in limnology and oceanography By means of different inorganic compounds ammonia copper sulfate neutral potassium chromate a color palette is produced in a series of numerically designated vials 00 21 which is com
239. ot a cesspool B2 E COLI COLISCAN EASYGEL FOR E COLI cost 20 20 tests per set There are several options for testing for the presence of bacteria While not EPA approved for Level 2 the Coliscan Easygel for E Coli is recommended due to its ease of use and lower cost The method is not recommended for very low counts as even with the largest sample volume the detection limit is 20 E coli 100ml You ll also need a homemade incubator or a simple chick egg incubator How does it work The Easygel contains a sugar linked to a dye which when acted on by the enzyme galactosidase produced by coliforms including E coli turns the colony a pink color Similarly there is a second sugar linked to a different dye which produces a blue green color when acted on by the enzyme glucuronidase Because E coli produces both galactosidase and f glucuronidase E coli colonies grow with a purple color pink blue The combination of these two dyes makes possible the unique ability to use one test to differentiate and quantify coliforms and E coli Because E coli is a member of the coliform group add the number of purple colonies to the number of pink colonies when counting total coliforms When incubating the Easygel Micrology Laboratories has these comments Coliscan can effectively differentiate general coliforms from E coli when incubated at either room temperatures or at elevated temperatures such as 90 98 F However t
240. ot brought to that location naturally but by man such as the Polynesian The common guava and feral pigs are examples Aloha aina Love of the land people do not posses or own land and its resources but maintain stewardship over it Ambient Environmental conditions such as temperature that are normal for a given location Anthropogenic Human induced or resulting from human activities often used to refer to environmental changes global or local in scale Background concentration Concentration of a substance in a particular environment that is indicative of minimal influence by human sources Benthic zone Occurring at the bottom of a body of water usually in the depths of the ocean Biocide A chemical with the capacity to kill organisms Examples include pesticide antimicrobial pesticides herbicides fungicides and insecticides Biodiversity The variety and variability of life forms including genetic and ecosystem diversity in a defined area at and over time Biomass The quantity of living matter living organisms expressed as unit of weight per unit are or unit volume Biotechnical Combination of a structural or mechanical element and vegetative elements working together to stabilize a site specific condition Structural components are employed to allow the establishment of vegetative elements while at the same time providing a level of protection for stability Vegetative components serve as a natural er
241. ottles are adequate for your programs needs Data acquisition requirements e What types of data does your project utilize that is not obtained through your monitoring activities This can include historical information aerial photos topo maps Google Earth or reports from other monitoring groups e Discuss limits on use of this data resulting from uncertainty about its quality Data management e From field collection to lab analysis to data storage and use e How will you check for accuracy and completeness of field and lab forms e How will errors be minimized and corrected in calculations data entry to forms and databases and report writing e Examples of forms and checklists used Identify computer hardware and software used to manage data Assessment and Oversight e Assessment and response actions e How will field lab and data management activities organizations and individuals be evaluated e How will problems be corrected that are identified through these assessments Reports e Identify frequency content and distribution of reports to data users sponsors funders and partnership organizations that detail project status results of internal assessments and audits and how QA problems have been resolved Data Validation and Usability e Data review validation and verification requirements what will be done and by whom e How will data be reviewed e How will decisions be made regarding accepting rejecting
242. ottles and tubes with a brush followed with a distilled water rinse Any kit using cadmium such as the Chemetrics Nitrate kits should store used waste in a separate cadmium waste container for special disposal at a designated toxic waste disposal site Dispose of all other used chemicals into your designated waste bucket All wastewater including the tube rinse water should be flushed with flowing water into a sewer system connected wastewater treatment plant and not a cesspool Ms EQUIPMENT STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE Read the safety instructions carefully that should come with each piece of equipment In general all equipment should be kept in a safe and cool place out of sunlight areas that could potentially be flooded and out of the reach of keiki It is recommended that you maintain records for checking out and in the equipment inspection of equipment maintenance records and when the equipment is calibrated Borrowing information should include the person s name signature date time out date time in type of equipment borrower s phone number If you are required to prepare a QAPP details on how equipment is stored and maintained is required WATER MONITORING PROTOCOLS PHYSICAL PARAMETERS Conductivity Salinity P1 HYDROMETER cost hydrometer and jar 36 thermometer 6 15 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using equipment Be careful when using a hydrometer it is fragile an
243. pH meter below the line on the meter 2 Record the pH after the reading becomes stable and the display stops flashing The main display will indicate the pH in numeric units from 0 00 to 14 00 The bar graph will also display the pH value The center of the bar graph is 7 00 As the pH increases the bar graph will move from the center to the right If the pH 1s less than 7 00 the bar graph will move from the center to the left 3 Press the ON OFF button to turn the meter off Rinse the electrode with distilled water Replace cap Cleaning the kit 1 Clean the kit immediately after use 2 IMPORTANT Rinse test tubes with deionized water 3 times in succession after each test procedure is completed 3 At the end of each day all sampling and test glassware should be brushed with the test tube brush 0514 and detergent and rinsed 3 times in succession with deionized water 4 To avoid possible detergent test interference do not use detergent soap to clean Detergent Bottle 0800 rinse 3 times in succession with deionized water only 5 Dispose of rinsing water in wastewater container 6 Be sure to note broken equipment or chemicals that need to be replaced Phone numbers in case of emergency with kit In case of an accident or suspected poisoning immediately call the Poison Control Center at 1 800 662 9886 or call your doctor Be prepared to give them the name of the possible reagent in question and its LaMotte code nu
244. pared with the color of the water body The result is a color index for the water body which gives an indication of the transparency of the water and thus helps to classify gross biological activity The color graduations correspond to open sea and lake water colors as they appear to an observer ashore or on board a vessel The method is used in conjunction with the Secchi_disk Geometric Mean A measure of central tendency calculated by multiplying a series of numbers and taking the nth root of the product where n is the number of items in the series The geometric mean is often used when finding an average for numbers presented as percentages Global Positioning System GPS A system of satellites and receiving devices used to compute positions on the Earth Goal A general summary of the desired state that a project is working to achieve Gradient Gradient is the slope of the stream and is measured by the difference in elevation between two points on a stream divided by the distance between the two points that the water actually flows Gradient is usually expressed in feet per mile of meters per kilometer Gradient looks at how far the water drops over the distance the water actually flows The gradient influences the velocity of the stream The steeper the gradient the higher will be the velocity if all other factors are held constant Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX H GLOSSARY Groundwater The supply of fre
245. per second indicating that you are estimating the flow within that range If the meter is maxed out when you set it to the 2 5 setting you will have to change the setting to the 5 or 10 feet per second scale depending on the streamflow Read all measurements from the appropriate setting The Time Con should be set at 2 Place the top setting rod in the water so that the meter bulb faces upstream Make sure the rod sits flat stands upright and there are no rocks sticks etc obstructing the meter bulb Hold the cord straight up from the meter bulb so that there is no slack in the cord Begin on the right bank when facing downstream of the stream and measure across to the left bank You may be unable to obtain a reading at depths lt 0 2 Take at least 20 readings To set the top setting rod visually measure the depth of the stream using the graduation lines on the hexagonal rod One line 0 1 Two lines 0 5 Three lines 1 0 Once you ve determined the depth set the rod to the 6 10 reading To do this press the trigger see diagram to slide Photo from Marsh Birney website SLNAWAYNSVAW WVAULS OL NOILDAS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS 68 SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS the smaller rod up or down This will change the setting within the vernier located at the top of the rod The smaller rod has graduations marked in feet starting with 0 for depths less
246. ple who are certified in CPR and first aid such as local lifeguards to assist Have one or two kayaks or canoes in the water to provide extra support e Always monitor with at least one partner e Never drink the water in the stream Bring your own water from home e Please don t walk on unstable streambanks Disturbing these banks can accelerate erosion and may prove dangerous if a bank collapses e Be very careful not to disturb streamside vegetation e Be very careful when monitoring swiftly flowing streams do NOT attempt to wade into or across them when the water is swift or above knee height If at any time you feel uncomfortable about the condition of the stream or your surroundings stop monitoring and leave the site YOUR SAFETY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING Safe work habits To ensure that the project is safe make sure you and your volunteers are aware of the following procedures e Volunteer should be well supervised and thoroughly trained in proper work methods and safety procedures Ensure that all volunteers are capable of performing the assigned work e If tools are used ensure that they are in proper working condition that they are handled properly and that volunteers are briefed on proper use Stop work during bad weather or when unsafe conditions arise Safe work clothes e Volunteers should wear appropriate clothing such as covered shoes protective clothing gloves and eye protection A Be prepared
247. ples which shall be spaced to cover a period between 25 and 30 days There is also a single sample limit This depends on the location You can find a wide range of levels a look at the Department of Health s website http emdweb doh hawai gov Clean WaterBranch Water Quality Data default asp a look at one period found samples ranging from 8 to 880 Aen for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 17 SECTION 4 HOW TO GET STARTED 18 Photo by Jill Komoto SECTION 4 HOW TO GET STARTED Define your goals Before embarking on a volunteer monitoring program you need to define your goals Ask yourself why what who where when and how Write down these questions and provide your answers Use this list to determine what monitoring program level you should be in See Section 5 Why do you want to monitor e Do you have a question that needs answering e Do you want to educate people about water quality and make them more aware of how they can protect the areas they swim fish paddle or play in e Do you want to know whether water quality is improving or diminishing e Do you want to know whether land use activities are having an impact on the water you drink surf swim fish or paddle in e Do you want to see what lives in the waterbody you are interested in What do you want to do with the monitoring results e Do you want to educate students and the local community about why clean streams a
248. poured dish until the entire dish is covered with liquid but be careful not to splash over the side or on the lid WATER SOURCES INCOLUMN AMOUNT Environmental River lake pond stream ditch 1 0 to 5 0 mL Drinking water well municipal bottled SOME 2 Place the dishes right side up directly into a level incubator or on a warm level spot in the room while still liquid Solidification will occur in approximately 40 minutes 3 Incubate at 35 C 95 F for 24 hours or at room temperature for 48 hours Micrology Labs gives some comments on incubation e At elevated temperatures no counts should be made after 48 hours as any coliforms present will be quite evident by that time and if new colonies form after 48 hours they are most likely not coliforms but some other type of slow growing organisms that should not be included in your data e At room temperatures the best procedure is to watch the plates by checking them at 10 12 hour intervals until you observe some pink or purple colonies starting to form and then allowing another 24 30 hours for the maturation of those colonies Since the coliforms including E coli are generally the faster growing organisms these will be the first to grow and be counted Colonies that may show up at a later time are likely to not be coliforms Inspect the dishes i Count all the purple colonies on the Coliscan dish disregard any light blue blue green or white colonies and repor
249. pplicants amp Types of Support Provides matching grants to organizations and individuals who have developed partnerships to carry out wetlands conservation projects in the United States Canada and Mexico Amount of funds awarded Small grants less than 25 000 larger grants in Standard grants program Information http www fws gov birdhabitat NAWCA grants htm U S Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species Private Stewardship Program Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support The Private Stewardship program provides grants and other assistance to individuals and groups involved in local private and voluntary conservation efforts that benefit federally listed proposed or candidate species or other at risk species A ten percent match of cash or through in kind contribution is required Private landowners are eligible and in Fiscal Year 2004 more than 7 million was awarded Information http www fws gov endangered grants index html Water amp Watersheds Research U S Dept of Agriculture USDA U S EPA amp the National Science Foundation NSF The goal of this competition is to develop an improved understanding of the natural and anthropogenic processes that govern the quality and availability of water resources 1n natural and human dominated systems Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Areas of interest include Biological and Ecological Research Hydrologic Geochemical and Engineering Research Social Science
250. puter with spreadsheet and word document software e GPS unit e Outreach and marketing materials printing website graphic layout database design e Volunteer supplies such as food water giveaways e Project and volunteer coordinator time e Giving presentations e Training e Overall coordination e Monitoring day e Data management e Estimate value of volunteer time You ll need this when applying for grants documentation of match either cash or in kind services If a volunteer is providing specialized services then use the charts provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics at http www bls gov bls blswage htm The website at http www independentsector org programs research volunteer_time html provides the value of volunteer ee Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING services use the most current year value Volunteer time can include time to attend presentations training and actual monitoring experts providing technical support Estimate value of in kind This includes donating the use of equipment You can use what it costs to rent the equipment or what it would cost to purchase it If someone is donating the equipment include the fair market value as well If you need help in writing a grant check out the resources provided in appendix D Hire a project coordinator A project coordinator is critical for managing volunteers the budget the data management system and ma
251. r after each test dry hands and outside of vial e Tightly close all reagent containers after use check for correct cap e Wipe up spills when they occur SECTION 8 TRANSPORTING SAMPLES AND SAFETY Photo by Jill Komoto A Wear safety glasses and gloves when handling chemicals Disposal of chemicals e Chemical waste disposal In the field collect all chemical wastes in a clearly labeled plastic container You may wish to use a separate container for wastes from nitrate and ammonia tests since the reagents used in these include cadmium and mercury both heavy metals Do not dispose of wastes in the stream or on the streambank Proper disposal of chemical reagents and solutions is necessary since many of them are toxic Follow your school s recommended procedure for storage and disposal of chemical wastes To 42 Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE COLLECTING A WATER SAMPLE M1 Before setting out to monitor l Make a list of all of your monitoring needs Don t forget the little items This might include e Designated bucket for disposing of used reagents used kit items e Garbage bags e Paper towels e Pens pencils Notebook for additional notes Distilled water Test tube brush e Drinking water Stay hydrated e Gloves Safety goggles Tables tents chairs Monitoring forms Clipboards Stopwatch or watch with second hand e Copies of monitoring protocols copy on waterpro
252. rage cross sectional area of the stream L Length of the stream reach measured C A coefficient of correction factor 0 8 for rocky bottom streams or 0 9 for muddy bottom streams T Time in seconds for the float to travel the length of L Record the flow on the data form Using an electromagnetic current meter There are several types of flow meters that can be used One less expensive 1 000 meter is the bucket wheel or pygmy meter While it produces accurate data it requires a lot of maintenance and can be more difficult for volunteers to use The other type of meter current meter is more expensive and easier to use 2 000 3 000 but is not necessarily more accurate than the bucket wheel One advantage of the current meter is that has the capability to download data directly to your computer The two methods below describe the Six Tenths Monitoring Method and are conducted when water depths are 2 feet or less the reading is taken in the water column six tenths from the surface or four tenths from the stream bottom S3c Marsh Mcbirney Portable Current Analag or Digital Meter model 201 and a topsetting wading rod What you ll need 4 top setting rod Flow meter Thermometer Watch stopwatch D size batteries 100 tape measure that reads in tenths Data sheets clip board pencil Flathead screwdriver Rubber boots or tabis 2 3 people Top setting rodperson timer data recorder Select
253. red Other allowed uses include compatible recreation aesthetic enjoyment and other nondegrading uses Class 1b water uses are designated for domestic water supplies food processing protection of native breeding stock the support and propagation of aquatic life baseline references from which human caused changes can be measured scientific and educational purposes compatible recreation and aesthetic enjoyment Public access to these waters may be restricted to protect drinking water supplies Class 2 waters objective is to protect their use for recreational purposes the support and propagation of aquatic life agricultural and industrial water supplies shipping and navigation These uses must be compatible with the protection and propagation of fish shellfish and wildlife and with recreation in and on these waters No discharge 1s allowed in these waters that has not received the best degree of treatment or control compatible with the criteria established for this class Marine waters are comprised of Class AA and A waters The objective of class AA waters is to remain in their most natural state possible with the absolute minimal pollution or alteration of water quality from human sources Waste discharge is prohibited in Class AA waters No zones of mixing are allowed in Class AA waters to include 1 Within a defined reef area in waters of a depth less than 18 meters ten fathoms or 2 Within a defined reef area in waters of a
254. ria that DOH uses for saltwater and is EPA approved for ambient waters Colilert 18 is used for monitoring E Coli Since DOH uses Enterococci as its indicator bacteria only the Enterolert method will be described here Additional safety measures Because you may be sampling in potentially contaminated waters precautions should be taken in addition to those listed in Section 8 e Prevent coming into contact with the contaminated water Use gloves when sampling and wash with soap following sampling and analysis If there has been a known sewage spill or the beach has been closed by DOH do not enter the waters e Never sample from bridges or roads where there is the potential for being at risk from automobile traffic e Never sample when river surf or beach shore conditions are hazardous e Always wash down all surfaces used in the processing of samples with anti bacterial solutions e g Lysol etc once the Quanti trays are in the incubator or after a spill of a sample Setting up your own lab In order to analyze your samples you ll need space to set up your equipment A garage or other covered area works well Make sure you have a good stable power source a running water supply and space to work and store materials Some equipment should be stored in a climate controlled environment Keep the lab space clean Laboratory steps There are two methods one using test tubes the other using the IDEXX Quanti Tray Only th
255. ring and Storing Data Searching and Sharing Data PAPER FILES Very inexpensive Good to keep even with electronic data management system Lowest percent chance of error in data reported on data sheets Save copies of field and lab datasets Maintenance security and file backup dependant on amount of data collected and room to store it Depending on amount of data collected may require a large amount of storage space Similar amount of time as with spreadsheets but depends on amount of data being stored Depends on amount of data to be shared and how well organized your files are SPREADSHEETS Inexpensive Familiar to many and easy for most to use Electronic file back up simple Can be programmed to meet individual program needs but easier to use a database with built in backup capabilities Only one user can enter modify data at a time Good for storing small datasets Not as query friendly as a relational database Good at simple statistical and mathematical analyses Graphing friend A Table 7 1 Issues to consider when developing a data management system DESKTOP DATABASES e g Access Filemaker Pro Inexpensive Fairly easy to use after setup Good for small datasets May need to hire someone to develop database Need to train users Electronic file backup simple Can be programmed to meet individual program needs e g allow for data entry templates recognize data entry mistak
256. rinse with distilled water prior to storing the kit C15 PH METER OAKTON WATERPROOF PH 300 METER COST 540 Read all equipment instructions to familiarize yourself with all parts of the equipment before continuing What you ll need e pH meter e Distilled water A pH meter Calibrating the pH meter Check that the pH meter is calibrated correctly before each use according to equipment instructions Testing Procedure 1 Turn the pH Tester 2 meter on by pressing the ON OFF button 2 Dip the pH meter directly into the stream and let the meter stabilize 3 Record the pH reading on the field sheet 4 Repeat steps 2 3 two more times in different parts of the waterbody In the end you should have 3 separate pH readings 5 Turn off the meter by pressing the ON OFF button 6 Rinse the electrode with distilled water PROTOCOLS FOR BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS Bacteria B1 LAMOTTE GREEN WATER MONITORING KIT cost 200 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles The coliform test in this kit will show if you have above or below 20 coliform colonies per 100 mL of stream water Even if the result of this test shows that the test for coliform is negative this is not proof that the water is safe to drink The tablet enclosed with the kit contains nutrients to support the grown of coliform bacteria and a pH indicator If coliform organisms are present ga
257. rldwatermonitoringday us INTERNATIONAL COASTAL CLEANUP The Ocean Conservancy sponsors an International Coastal Cleanup day each year where trash is collected from streams lakes beaches and underwater Each area has a local coordinator who collects data such as number of people participating pounds of trash collected and the type and category of marine debris http www oceanconservancy org site PageServer pagename press_icc ALIEN ALGAE CLEANUP The University of Hawai i Manoa Marine Option program currently coordinates A ohe Limu e utilizing dozens of volunteers including SCUBA divers snorkelers boogie boarders and a chain of volunteers on the beach to remove invasive algae such as Gracilaria salicornia from reefs Currently held in Waikiki the program may be expanding STORM DRAIN STENCILING Storm drain stenciling uses a design with a fish or other marine animal with a message that everything that is dumped in the drain ends up in the ocean The City and County of Honolulu offers storm drain stenciling kits with the clean water reminder Dump No Waste Protect our Waters For Life The stencil also includes the City mascot the o opu since it is recommended for use as a biological indicator of stream water quality Check out http www cleanwaterhonol ulu com storm hero stenciling html The Maui chapter of the Surfrider Foundation offers a storm drain stenciling program for middle and high school studen
258. rnal reference sample is split You should analyze the split external reference and compare your results to the professional lab At least two external reference samples must be run per year How to calculate the Most Probable Number of Enterococci Cells Per 100ml of Sample Turn the incubator off and remove all the trays recording the time on each 1 After the incubation period observe and count the number of positive fluorescent wells For enterococci look for blue fluorescence with a 6 watt 365nm UV light within 5 inches of the sample Face light away from your eyes and towards the sample The fluorescence intensity of positive wells may vary 2 Wells that fluoresce yellow or yellow green are false positives 3 Refer to the MPN table provided by IDEXX specific to the type of quanti tray used 51 well or 97 well type of quanti tray to obtain a Most Probable Number per 100 ml of sample 4 Ifa dilution was performed after obtaining the initial MPN result from the table multiply that result by the dilution level to obtain the final result e g if a 1 10 dilution was employed multiply the result from the MPN table by 10 to get the final result in MPN 100 ml 5 Ifthe sample is inadvertently incubated over 28 hours without observation the following guidelines apply Lack of fluorescence after 28 hours is a valid negative test Fluorescence after 28 hours is an invalid result In other words only positive results obtained usin
259. rotocols per parameter e Custodial and handling procedures including transportation and disposal of reagents or hazardous materials e Basic data management DEVELOP TEAM LEADERS AND RECRUIT VOLUNTEERS Train leaders who can train volunteers All Team Leaders must complete at least two hands on training sessions on monitoring Topics include general hydrology ecology safety quality assurance and quality control measures sampling procedures field analytical techniques and data recording Leaders train the volunteers and must also participate in semi annual quality control sessions which allow for the groups to check the accuracy and precision of their equipment and testing techniques See Section 6 on volunteer management Photo by Liz Foote A Water quality field kit FIELDWORK PREPARATION CREATE A FIELD KIT FOR YOUR VOLUNTEER MONITORS Binder with e Ample supply of blank field data sheets e Sheets for calibration records e Copies of previous field data sheets e Field manual for all protocols e List of monitoring locations with GPS coordinates e Checklist for supplies to bring e Any other stuff that the group wants to have Field Gear e Sampling apparatus e Weight for apparatus e Whirlpaks Sample bottles or Bucket for getting sample water e Pole beaker bucket rope for deep water sampling e Yardstick or measuring tapes e Measurement Instruments and kits e Paper towels SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF
260. rs and government we can achieve our goal toward a healthy watershed The program is designed to assess the quality of the water in the stream and if any source of pollution is detected we will seek to solve the problem cooperatively As the volunteers begin to characterize portions of the stream and take water samples they may require access to a part of your property in order to get to our up streams It is our policy never to allow our volunteers to cross private land unless we have written permission from the landowner We only need limited access to and along the stream All reasonable care will be taken to limit any impact on your property In most cases the access will be a one time event as the volunteers walk up the stream to verify their maps showing the course of the stream After verifying the course of the stream the team will select water monitoring stations We foresee a group of ___ volunteers requiring access possibly ____ times a month to obtain water samples at these stations All volunteers are registered and trained and have been extensive safety briefings The enclosed form is provided to make it easy for you to allow the team members access to your property under any limitation you feel necessary to impose If you would like further information you may contact me at XXX XXXX Please return the form in the enclosed envelope by as we have as ambitious schedule to accomplish the task we have outlined for ourselves We
261. rt 501c3 nonprofit organizations New vehicles or equipment equipment replacement and modernization improvements to facilities and educational materials Amount of funds awarded Grants range from 5 000 to 50 000 Information http www ludwick org Merck Family Foundation The two goals of the Foundation are 1 To restore and protect the natural environment and ensure a healthy planet for generations to come And 2 To strengthen the social fabric and the physical landscape of the urban community A current focus in the environment is climate change Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501c3 nonprofit organizations The Fund strongly prefers applications printed double sided on non chlorine bleached 100 recycled or alternative paper and organizations that have a commitment to recycled and reused products throughout their work Information http www merckff org index html National Fish and Wildlife Foundation NFWF NFWE conserves healthy populations of fish wildlife and plants on land and in the sea through creative and respectful partnerships sustainable solutions and better education Information http www nfwf org The Ocean Fund founded by Royal Caribbean International and Celebrity Cruises To support marine conservation organizations in their efforts to preserve the world s oceans Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Non profit groups and institutions conducting activities direc
262. s Oil gas containers gt 1 quart Pipe thread protectors Nets gt 5 meshes Traps pots Fishing line Light sticks Rope gt 1 meter Salt bags Fish baskets Cruiseline logo items Floats Buoys Land Based Syringes Condoms Metal beverage cans Motor oil containers 1 quart Balloons Six pack rings Straws Tampon applicators Cotton swabs General Sources Plastic bags with seam lt 1 meter 1 meter Straps Open Closed Plastic bottles beverage food bleach cleaner _ z _ boa a __ eed _ __ L __ O e E ma a other pl bottles Comments A 14 Volunteer Estuary Monitoring A Methods Manual A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 10 XIGNAddV APPENDIX C 102 APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS LAND ACCESS PERMISSION LETTER From To Re Permission to access stream as part of the Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Program Aloha The accompanying brochure explains the Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Program am writing to inform you about the program and to ask for your cooperation and assistance if you care to join the Water Monitoring Team in carrying out the program As you own property near one of the streams am sure you are interested in keeping the water in the stream as clean as possible We feel that though a collaborative program with the community private landowne
263. s are equal to what is left remainder after the 33 seconds division in 7 SD XIGNAddV 9 Determine the longitude of your site by adding 4 to 8 2 Using the ruler measure the width of your map exclude the sili ak G map borders east to west in centimeters cm 3 Divide 1 by 2 to the nearest whole number 4 Enter the longitude located in the map s lower right hand corner 5 Using the ruler measure from your site straight across to the right hand side of the map in centimeters 6 Multiply 5 by 3 to the nearest whole number 7 Determine how many times 60 goes into 6 completely and what 60 goes into 333 is left as the remainder don t use a calculator for this These completely 5 times answers will become the minutes and seconds of the longitude The longitude degrees are 4 8 Convert to these numbers to minutes and seconds Minutes are equal to the whole number determined in 7 or the number of times 60 goes into 6 completely In other words your whole number after the division in the previous step is the number of 5 minutes and minutes Seconds are equal to what is left remainder after the 33 seconds division in 7 r Monitoring APPENDIX H 12O APPENDIX H GLOSSARY Ahupua a Land division from the mountains to the sea is the basic unit of Hawaiian natural and cultural resource management aina Ocean that which nourishes Alien or Introduced Species Organisms that were n
264. s efforts to protect our oceans and waterways and if you would like to receive Action Alerts on critical marine conservation issues from The Ocean Conservancy s free Ocean Action Network OAN please check the box below with your name and address 1 Name Age Address City State Country Zip Code Phone j Email would like information on L The Ocean Conservancy _ The OAN 2 Name Age Address City State Country Zip Code Phone Email would like information on _j The Ocean Conservancy L The OAN 3 Name Age Address City State Country Zip Code Phone Email would like information on _ The Ocean Conservancy L The OAN 4 Name Age Address City State Country Zip Code Phone Email would like information on _jJ The Ocean Conservancy L The OAN ENTANGLED ANIMALS Dead or J Alive Type of Animal s and What Entangled the Animal WHAT WAS THE MOST PECULIAR ITEM YOU COLLECTED The following national and international organizations endorse and or support the International Coastal Cleanup U S Environmental Protection Agency IUCN The World Conservation Union Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOC of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO A 11 Please return this card to your area coordinator or mail it to The Ocean Conservancy wil Pollution Prevention and Monitor
265. s filled in the area and created the Ala Wai canal as the main outlet to the sea Coastal environments Coastal environments include anchialine ponds tidepools Photo by Jill Komoto and coral reefs Anchialine ponds Hawai i is the only state in the USA A Wai opae Tidepools Hawai i to contain anchialine ponds These are brackish ponds that form on lava flats near the sea and are connected to the ocean One experiment being done right now in the Ala Wai by underground lava tubes Seepage allows some seawater is the planting of rafts of aquatic plants that take up the to enter the ponds which then mixes with the groundwater pollutants While this may not be as effective as natural from the freshwater lens Due to their isolated nature unique wetland restoration it is at least a step in the right direction subspecies of aquatic life have formed over the millennium and shows that technical solutions can help lessen our impact Over the years many have been lost due to being filled in for on the environment Additional actions such as keeping construction projects and further threatened by introduced pollutants off the streets and out of the storm drains planting exotic fish that throw the whole ecosystem out of balance and appropriate vegetation in denuded areas taking pro active kill off the endemic species steps to minimize sewage releases into the streams etc can be Tidepools Tidepools differ from anchialine pond
266. s in beneficial to the health of the nearshore waters that they are connected by surface infiltration of seawater This occurs as the tides rise and fall everyday While not as ecologically unique as anchialine ponds tidepools can form a sheltered habitat for many nearshore species as well as areas for people to explore snorkel in etc Nearshore waters As we see in the case of Waikiki nearshore environments can be detrimentally affected by loss of the natural mountain to sea flow of the water Polluted water SASSADOUd ANINVW 2 ANIUVALSA GAHSYALVM Z NOILDOAS not only has an effect on the whole nearshore ecosystem but on the human use of the area Since this area is heavily used by the public and is one of the hallmark tourism areas steps are being taken to lessen the pollution entering the sea Photo by Jill Komoto A Anchialine ponds Ahihi Kina u Maui ree A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 11 SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS 2 SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Physical Parameters Physical parameters measure solids plastics and debris in the water as well as the color taste or heat of the water This section describes the parameters of salinity taste temperature heat total dissolved solids solids and turbidity solids cloudiness See section 10 for information on visual assessments and assessment of trash CONDUCTIVITY SALINITY What is salinity and why is it
267. s or permits which causes such treatment works to violate any effluent limitation or condition in any permit issued to the treatment works Specifically HRS 342D 50 states that No person including any public body shall discharge any water pollutant into state waters or cause or allow any water pollutant to enter state waters except in compliance with this chapter rules adopted pursuant to this chapter or a permit or variance issued by the director What are Hawaii s Water Quality Standards Hawaii s Water Quality Standards Hawai i Administrative Rule HAR 11 54 Hawai i has a general policy of water quality anti degradation The overall policies include 1 Protecting existing uses and the level of water quality 2 Maintain and protect the quality of water in areas where the quality exceed levels necessary to support propagation of fish shellfish and wildlife and recreation unless allowing lower water quality is necessary to accommodate important economic or social development in the area in which the waters are located and 3 High quality waters in national and state parks and wildlife refuge with exceptional recreational or ecological significance shall be maintained and protected Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER QUALITY Class AA waters Hanauma Bay These rules classify Hawai i State waters as inland or marine waters Inland waters can be fresh brackish or sa
268. s will be generated as a result of the bacteria metabolizing the nutrients in the tablet The gas is trapped in the gelling substance and cuase the gel to rise in the tube The pH indicator may change color from red to yellow as further evidence of coliform activity na for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring AGIND TJODOLOUd TVANVW q1314 6 NOILOAS SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE 58 SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE What you ll need e Coliform kit equipment e Other whirlpak bag or sample bottle e Bleach e Goggles e Gloves Procedure Dechlorination of water sample If you are using tap water or other water that may contain chlorine to measure coliforms you will need to dechlorinate your water sample Water with chlorine tends to suppress the growth of coliform bacteria when used with this kit 1 Tear off top of a Water Sampling Bag included with kit at the scored line 2 Pull the tabs outward to open the bag 3 Fill the bag to the 100ml fill line with the tap or chlorinated sample water 4 Pull wire ends to close the bag 5 Hold tape wire and whirl the bag 3 complete revolutions 6 Unwhirl bag and pull tabs to open Fold one tape wire inward to form a pouring spout If you do not need to dechlorinate the sample then collect the sample per instructions at the beginning of this section To avoid any contamination do not remove
269. sac Fill container method 4 1 Best at small waterfalls O or chutes Estimate with imaginary bucket 2 Measure smaller flows than float or meters 3 Limits max flow 4 liters sec 5 gal bucket in 5 sec not feasible in low gradient streams 1 For rough estimates 2 Velocity is high or water too deep Yes Float method 1 if velocity gt 0 2 fps go to items 4 amp 5 2 Current meter not available 3 Velocity too low or water too shallow for meter 2 Water depth gt 4 inches 3 Small stream AND velocity gt 1 5 fps No width x depth lt 1 2 sq ft 4 Float or pygmy meter fe methods 1 if velocity gt 0 2 fps go to items 4 amp 5 Difficult reach Try SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS ss thi reach 1 Alternative site mona 2 Current meter or float iae a 2 on ig with caution 1 Float or pygmy meter k ai pacha ieni No 3 Flume or wier to channel go to items 4 amp 5 flow where appropriate 2 Try apron weir or flume splits or jumps to channel flow Yes Area up to 20 points per transect space at max 1 ft 5 Stream width gt 10 to intervals 12 feet No Velocity meter or float multiple locations preferred Yes Area space points at 1 ft intervals Velocity use meter or float measurement take readings at multiple locations across stream width A Figure 10 1 Stream Flow method decision tree E 64 Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 10 STREA
270. safety safety safety Remember these precautions to pass along to your volunteers Section 9 Field manual This section lists some protocols that you can use for monitoring water quality by code It is meant to be a simple pullout section that you can make multiple copies of or laminate Section 10 Stream measurements Want to get involved in more than water quality monitoring Monitoring the flow recording visual observations during a stream walk opala cleanup and recording and fish invertebrate rapid assessments are all indicators of the health of the stream and its resulting impact on coastal areas Section 11 Watershed measurements Watershed measurements are an important component of water quality monitoring In this section you ll learn about how to record rainfall some tools for estimating runoff how to identify areas of pollution hotspots source of potential pollution and how to conduct storm drain monitoring Section 12 Other coastal and ocean measurements Other ocean related monitoring that can help in understanding the health of coastal resources is measuring ocean currents tides observing the weather looking for aquatic invasive species and identifying coral bleaching and marine disease Appendix A Other volunteer water monitoring manuals Sources for other volunteer manuals Appendix B Other organizational resources Contacts This is a list of additional resources to assist you in developing your pro
271. scharges Volunteers are trained one day and asked to conduct sampling once to twice a month They are divided into several teams with three to four members each Sampling is conducted twice within a 24 hour period with at least 4 hours between each sampling event The parameters monitored include detergents phenols ammonia nitrogen chlorine turbidity pH water and air temperature odor and color Volunteers also note if they see oil sheen sewage trash and surface scum present W3 Monitoring storm drains What you ll need e Maps of your area working with the County s Public Works PROBLEM CONTACT Water pollution or improper discharges Oil spills or hazardous materials Chemical spills Solid wastes or littering Department of Health Clean Water Branch 808 586 4309 US Coast Guard 800 552 6458 or VHF channel 16 Department of Health Hazard Evaluation amp Emergency Response 808 586 4249 Department of Health Solid and Hazardous Waste Branch 808 586 4226 Statewide Litter Hotline managed by Community Work Day 888 592 2522 A Table 11 1 Contact information for pollution hotspot problems A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 79 SLNAWSAYNSVAW GAHSYALVM LL NOILOAS SECTION 11 WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS 80 SECTION 11 WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS department to obtain these maps and insights on storm drains to focus on You may need to map out the physical location of the s
272. ses When the flow through a channel is no more than 2 liter second the water can be channeled into a flexible apron that discharges into a bucket and the rate at which the bucket is filled is measured see Container and timepiece method under Volume per Unit Time To be successful with this method you must get all the water in the channel to flow into the apron and to have a sufficient step under the apron discharge that would accommodate a bucket Cloths clay or other materials can temporarily seal cracks Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS some people have used Plumber s Putty to create a spout in waterfalls 3 Another option is to use a flatter tray and transfer the water into a bucket later for volume measurement 4 In higher gradient streams a small weir or barrier can be used to channel flow into a container S4 Visual observations WHAT IS A VISUAL ASSESSMENT A visual assessment can provide first level of information about a waterbody This can also include taste and odor It doesn t use measurement tools but a good eye for determining distances color irregularities and water pollution or your nose to determine peculiar odors WHY USE VISUAL OBSERVATIONS These observations are useful as screening tools for a more detailed investigation They allow us to obtain general information for large areas within a short period of time relative to more exp
273. should be handed in at a set time each month A sample report includes a cover page maps survey forms all types sampling forms photographs and any other relevant information Data management plan You ll need to create a plan on how you will record and archive your data See Section 7 for more information on data management Develop a budget After talking to resource agencies and doing some additional research on your water body you have found out what you will be monitoring Now you ll need to figure out a budget and obtain funding The field manual includes some recommended equipment with estimated costs without shipping shipping will vary depending on the company Costs for equipment change frequently Funding resources can be found in Appendix D Think about the long term sustainability of the program to develop a strategy for maintaining the program Some budget considerations which depend on the monitoring protocols that you choose e Project coordinator e Water quality monitoring equipment e Safety supplies such as first aid kit gloves safety goggles e Monitoring extras such as Buckets tables clipboards pens waterproof paper scissors e Facility to give presentations and demonstrations to the community many will offer facilities for free for volunteer groups e Projector check with your local resource agency or nonprofit organization to see if you can borrow one e Screen may be necessary e Extension cords e Com
274. shwater found beneath the Earth s surface usually in aquifers which is often used to supply wells and springs Habitat The environment in which an animal or plant can normally be found or normally grows Heterotroph Any living organism that obtains its energy from organic substances produced by other organisms All animals and fungi are heterotrophs and they include herbivores plant eaters carnivores eats other animals and saprotrophs those that feed on dead animal and plant material Hydrology The scientific study of the properties distribution and effects of water on the earth s surface in the soil and underlying rocks and in the atmosphere Hydrometer A device used to compare the densities of liquids Impervious surface Impervious surfaces are mainly constructed surfaces rooftops sidewalks roads and parking lots covered by impenetrable materials such as asphalt concrete brick and stone These materials seal surfaces repel water and prevent precipitation and meltwater from infiltrating soils Soils compacted by urban development are also highly impervious Indigenous Organisms that are native but can be found elsewhere An example of this is the Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle Intrusion saltwater This occurs when a lowered water table encourages the seawater to flow into the ground and mix with the groundwater Invasive Species Plants animals and microbes not native to a region which when
275. spected to contain ammonia at greater than 10 times the test range 20 ppm if performing the 0 2 ppm procedure 200 ppm if performing the 0 20 ppm procedure must be further diluted to ensure that this phenomenon has not occurred 0 L p z a AAPO A Snapper cup 2 ppm Test Procedure Fill the sample cup to the 25 mL mark middle of arrow with your sample water fig 1 Use an eyedropper to add or remove sample water Add 2 drops of A 1401 Catalyzer Solution fig 2 Stir briefly with the tip of the ampoule Add 2 drops of A 1400 Activator Solution fig 2 Stir briefly with the tip of the ampoule Immediately snap the tip by pressing the ampoule against the side of the cup Don t break the tip off completely The ampoule will fill leaving a small bubble to facilitate mixing fig 3 Take the ampoule out of the cup Mix the contents of the ampoule by inverting it several times allowing the bubble to travel from end to end each time fig 4 Wipe all liquid from the exterior of the ampoule Wait 15 minutes for color development Hold the high range comparator in a nearly horizontal position while standing directly beneath a bright source of light Place the CHEMet ampoule between the color standards moving it from left to right along the comparator until the best color match is found fig 5 If the color of the CHEMet ampoule is between two color standards a concentration estimate can b
276. surement range If readings are going to be made over the entire range calibrate with 4 7 and 10 buffers 2 The TRACER will automatically recognize the solution and calibrate itself to that value The circled number on the display will match the pH of the buffer Note that if the buffer is more than pH unit off from the 4 7 or 10 pH buffer the TRACER will assume an error and abort the calibration CAL and END will be displayed 3 During calibration the pH reading will flash on the main display 4 When calibration is complete the TRACER will automatically display END and return to the pH measurement mode 5 Rinse the electrode with distilled water 6 The appropriate circled indicator 4 7 or 10 will appear on the display when a calibration has been completed The calibration will be stored until a new calibration is performed 7 For a two or three point calibration repeat Steps 1 5 Create new buffer solution if you have only one cup See section above for preparation of buffer 8 The meter should be calibrated before each use to obtain the most accurate results 9 Always turn the meter off and then on before calibrating to allow sufficient time to complete the calibrations during one power cycle If the meter auto powers off during calibration the calibrations remain valid but new calibrations will turn the circled indicators off pH Measurement 1 Place the electrode in the test sample Do not submerge the
277. surrounding inshore waters are common It is for that reason that septic tank systems with a leach field a surrounding area of lower porosity designed to filter out pollutants have been mandated by law for any property of less than one acre on the Island of Hawai i Areas with lower porosity found on the more eroded older islands have had the accumulation of soil and eroded volcanic basalt fill in the porous bedrock thus making permeability much lower and percentage of runoff versus infiltrated water much higher Luckily the soils of the older islands are much more conducive towards the growth of vegetation than the lava fields of the newer islands SECTION 2 WATERSHED ESTUARINE amp MARINE PROCESSES THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE CONDENSATION EVAPORATION Ocean PRECIPITATION Taking Care of Hawai i Waters SOURCES OF INPUTS INTO WATERSHEDS tee Se Py il 7 iil nan ae eae heya Heavy rains lead to stormwater Jipa viai etait runoff which can carry pollutants nr and trash into waterways Improper household water use can contribute pollutants to i 4 aa f streams Q i pes Pell Runoff from poor irrigation and land 5 sh practices on agricultural lands can contribute fertilizer pesticides and herbicides into waterways Channelized streams carry water faster and at higher volumes but can contribute to flooding and stream bank erosion resulting sediments can smother corals n
278. surveyed Optional If you can identify the primary species list them or describe them common names are acceptable e Non native Estimate the percentage of non native vegetation present throughout the reach If you can identify T I Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS the primary species list them or describe them common names are acceptable e Natural vegetation zone width Estimate the overall width of the natural vegetation on both sides of the stream or along the shoreline If there is little or no natural vegetation present please describe what is present e g golf course cement path etc Ending point Where possible end your survey at a prominent landmark e g a bridge something that will be easy to find again on subsequent surveys If no prominent landmark is present describe the ending point in detail In some cases you can use surveyor s flagging stakes or some other type of reference mark for subsequent visits Provide enough details and instructions so that someone who had never been to the site could locate it Record the Station ID Latitude and Longitude in the same manner as described above for the Starting point Ending point observations Fill this section out the same way the Starting point observations section was filled out Notes special problems comments Use this section to describe any of the above parameters in further detail This section ca
279. t 200 Nutrients 5971 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles Do mg L Temperature C NO S so S NI NO OO N NO aay AIAI AI BTW WwW IW IW IW W W G AaAIAININI O oO orly Nni Dy Vy Ww bdr SS M O A A e M o ea o fee a ean R RO ES on i CO W gt Do mg L 9 85 9 65 Do mg L 7 28 7 16 7 16 6 93 6 82 6 71 6 61 6 51 6 41 6 41 622 Temperature c DORR Avi IDJ Sio Wi amp Go AGIND TJODOLOUd TVANVW q1314 6 NOILOAS N TS Test Procedure 1 Fill the test tube 0106 to the 5 mL line with the water sample Add one Nitrate 1 TesTab 2799 Cap the tube and mix until the tablet has disintegrated Add one Nitrate 2 TesTab NN 3703 Cap the tube and mix until the tablet has disintegrated Wait 5 minutes Hold the tube against the white part of the Nitrate Color Chart 5891 CC Match the color of the solution in the tube to a color on the Nitrate Color Chart 8 Record the Nitrate test result eee ot ee ee C7 CADMIUM REDUCTION METHOD Chemetrics Nitrate Kit 6904D cost 60 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles What you ll need e Nitrate kit e Eyedropper e Distilled water e Bucket for disposal of used ampoule e Stopwatch or watch with second hand e Paper towels The Nitrate VACUettes 1 test
280. t or can not be developed Antidegradation policies are developed to limit activities that will spoil existing water quality or improvements that have been achieved A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 5 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER QUALITY SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER QUALITY Every two years the DOH must provide a Biennial Water Quality Report to Congress also known as the 305 b report This report required by Section 305 b of the Clean Water Act includes an assessment of the States waters to determine if designated uses are being met CWA Section 303 d requires the DOH to prepare a list every two years as well of threatened and impaired waters and then develop cleanup plans for the waters on this list based on the total maximum daily load TMDL of pollutants that the waterbody can receive and still meet the water quality standards A TMDL basically is a cap for every problem pollutant in the waterbody It is divided into potential sources 1 Background conditions 2 Allocations for all point sources also known as wasteload allocations 3 Allocations for all the nonpoint sources also known as load allocations and 4 Margin of safety But after developing these TMDLs a strategic plan with a timeline is needed to achieve these TMDLs Changes may be made to existing permits which include improving or enacting best management practices BMPs A Point sourc
281. t state and Federal agencies to restore fishery habitat around the coastal U S General Information http www nmfs noaa govw habitat restoration funding_ opportunities funding html Five star restoration The Five Star Restoration Program brings together students conservation corps other youth groups citizen groups corporations landowners and government agencies to provide environmental education and training through projects that restore wetlands and streams The program provides challenge grants technical support and opportunities for information exchange to enable community based restoration projects Funding levels are modest from 5 000 to 20 000 with 10 000 as the average amount awarded per project http www epa gov owow wetlands restore Sstar NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries Foundation Ernest F Hollings Ocean Awareness Trust Fund New for 2006 The Foundation seeks to fund projects that educate and engage the public to increase their awareness of ocean issues and understanding of their relevance to future health and well being Key areas include marine debris human interaction with marine mammals or public health issues like red tide or marine pharmaceuticals Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support Formal or informal education institutions nonprofits commercial organizations and state local and Indian tribal governments Amount of funds awarded Total funding for 2006 150 000 awards typically 10 000 t
282. t stream or shore side vegatation 0 Clear Native Non native Natural vegetation zone width 1 Cloudy 2 Murky Land uses and activities Land Uses Discharge Points Flow Oil Discharges seeps or leaks 0 undeveloped 0 none 0 None 0 None Comments 1 residential 1 pipes 1 Low 1 Light sheen 2 rural residential 2 concrete drain channel 2 Med 2 Slick 3 commercial offices 3 earth drainage ditches 3 High 3 Tar on banks bed 4 auto repair gas station 4 other describe 4 Flood 5 industrial Types of Discharges Opala 6 sewage treatment 0 none no flow 0 None 7 institution school 1 seep spring 1 Light lt 5 pcs 8 landfill 2 pond drainage 2 Mod 6 10 pcs 9 agriculture 3 industrial 3 High 11 25 pcs 10 grazing 4 sewage discharge 4 Somewhat dense 26 50 pcs 11 animal feedlot dairy 5 storm water runoff 5 Dense gt 50 pcs 13 construction 6 agricultural Color 14 logging 7 feedlot dairy grazing 0 None 4 Green 15 golf course 8 leaking pipeline 1 Blue 5 Red 15 mining 9 illegal dump site 2 Brown 6 Yellow 16 park recreation facilities 10 other describe 3 Olive brown 7 Other 106 17 Strip mines quarries gravel pits 18 open space describe 19 other describe Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX C SAMPLE FORMS Draw a map of the stream reach or shoreline passage erosion and sedimentation and locations of any photos taken Possi
283. t the results in terms of E coli per ml of water NOTE To report in terms of E coli per 100 ml of water first find the number to multiply by To do this first divide 100 by the number of ml that you used for your sample Then multiply the count in your plate by the result obtained from 1 For example a 3 ml sample 100 3 33 3 So 4 E coli colonies multiplied by 33 3 will equal 133 2 E coli per 100 ml of water 2 Count all the pink and purple colonies on the Coliscan dish disregard any light blue blue green or white colonies and report the results in terms of coliforms per ml of water Disposal 1 Place dishes and Coliscan bottles in a pressure cooker and cook at 15 lbs for 15 minutes This is the best method 2 Place dishes and Coliscan bottles in an ovenproof bag seal it and heat in an oven at 300 F for 45 minutes 3 Places dishes and Coliscan bottles in a large pan cover with water and boil for 45 minutes Place 5 ml about teaspoon of straight bleach onto the surface of the medium of each plate Allow to sit at least 5 minutes 4 Place in a watertight bag and discard in trash How to make your own incubator from The Amateur Scientist Scientific American June 1994 pp 108 111 by John Iovine What you ll need e 20 gallon aquarium doesn t need to air water tight e Heavyweight clear plastic e Strong tape e Small lamp that can use up to 75 watt bulb e Thermometer 0 100 C preferably in a
284. ta you will need to use the methods instruments with low detection limits Measurement range The measurement range is the range of reliable measurements of an instrument or measuring device Knowing the measurement range of the instrument is crucial if conditions in a waterbody are above or below the range of the device you want to use Quality control QC samples One common source of error in both sampling and analytical procedures is contamination A QC sample can help you identify when and how this might occur While there is no set number of field or lab QC samples to be taken a general rule is that 10 of the samples should be QC Taking Care of Hawaii s Waters SECTION 5 THREE LEVELS OF VOLUNTEER MONITORING After the project is over you can determine data quality by evaluating the results of QC samples and determining precision and accuracy Here are the different types of QC samples Field blank A clean sample produced in the field used to analytical problems during the whole process sampling transport and lab analysis Take a clean sampling container with clean water 1 e distilled water to the sampling site Handle all samples including the field blank the same way Since each sample will have an ID number you will know which one is your field blank Equipment or rinsate blank A clean sample used to check the cleanliness of sample collection equipment This type of blank is used to determine if there
285. tainers Return containers to the kit directly after using e Avoid prolonged exposure of equipment and reagents to sunlight e Check expiration dates of reagents and replace any that are out of date SAMPLE COLLECTION PROTOCOL e If it has rained more than 1 10th of an inch in the last 48 hours DO NOT SAMPLE Never sample when conditions are dangerous high water high tide obvious toxins e g raw sewage unstable or slippery slopes biohazards e g needles etc Use the buddy system at least two people should be conducting the monitoring Fill out the data sheet e Date and time e Samplers names e Record any notes on anything surround the site that could affect your data Note anything that may be directly affecting the data or conditions that have been affected by the stormdrain flow This may include e Land use changes upstream and downstream Vegetation changes including algae Signs of recent higher flows coming out of the storm drain ie watermarks erosion at the bottom of the stormdrain Signs of life in the water Possible discharge sources Information from passerbys Record photo numbers and description of what is in the photo Write the sample location and date on the bag prior to sampling Collect the sample using gloves and a Whirlpak bag Take the sample from the mid part of the flow without disturbing the bottom of the stormdrain If the water is at a very low flow then you might need
286. temperature in the dark for 5 days You can check the dishes briefly during incubation If the paper seems dry pipette a few ml of distilled water onto the paper Interpreting the results 1 For each dish record the following a The percent of seeds that germinated b The individual root length to the nearest mm Figure 9 2 2 If fewer than 80 of the sees in the control sample germinate this indicates a problem with the assay e g bad seeds poor incubation conditions and the test should be re run 3 For each sample including the control calculate the mean and standard deviation for each endpoint Comparisons can be made by using the Student s t test Another less quantitative method is to compare the mean standard deviation of each sample to the control If a sample s mean standard deviation does not overlap with that of the control there is a strong likelihood that the sample is significantly more toxic than the control 4 Tip If your control sample using the distilled water has a lower seed germination than in the test water samples there may be a lack of dissolved salts in the distilled water that stresses the seeds and roots One solution is to use dechlorinated tap water as your control source If you find that the water body you are testing does not cause a noticeable reduction in seed germination or root growth then try one of the following methods test the sediment or use a positive control Silty se
287. ter Contact Education Director 192 Ma alaea Road Ma alaea HI 96793 Phone 808 270 7085 Fax 808 270 7070 www mauioceancenter com Waikiki Aquarium Contact Mark Heckman 2777 Kalakaua Ave Honolulu HI 96815 4027 Phone 808 923 9741 FAX 808 923 1771 Email mheckman waquarium org http www waquarium org FEDERAL AGENCIES Environmental Protection Agency Contact Wendy Wiltse 300 Ala Moana Blvd Box 50003 Room 5 152 Honolulu HI 96850 Phone 808 541 2752 FAX 808 541 2712 http www epa gov Region9 index html Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary http hawaiuhumpback whale noaa gov Welcome html Email hihumpback whale noaa gov Kaua i Office Kukui Grove Executive Center 4370 Kukui Grove Street Suite 206 Lihu e HI 96766 Phone 808 246 2860 Fax 808 246 2862 Mau Office 726 Kihei Road Kihei HI 96753 Phone 808 879 2818 800 831 4888 Fax 808 874 3815 O ahu Office Contact Naomi McIntosh 6600 Kalaniana ole Highway Suite 301 Honolulu HI 96825 Phone 808 397 2651 Fax 808 397 2650 Natural Resources Conservation Service NRCS USDA NRCS Hawai i State Office P O Box 50004 Honolulu Hawai i 96850 0050 Phone 808 541 2600 Fax 808 541 1335 or 541 2652 http www hi nrcs usda gov US Geological Services Pacific Islands Water Science Center 677 Ala Moana Blvd Suite 415 Honolulu HI 96813 Phone 808 587 2400
288. th e Ample supply of blank field data sheets e Sheets for calibration records e Copies of previous field data sheets e Field manual for all protocols e List of monitoring locations with GPS coordinates e Checklist for supplies to bring e Any other stuff that the group wants to have Field Gear e Sampling apparatus Weight for apparatus Whirlpaks Sample bottles or Bucket for getting sample water Pole beaker bucket rope for deep water sampling Yardstick or measuring tapes Measurement Instruments and kits Paper towels A jug of distilled or deionized water DI A spritz squirt bottle for DI Plastic cups e g solo 9oz clear plastic for temporary sample containers or for dilutions One 500 1000 ml container with WIDE MOUTH and tight cap for garbage liquid that needs to be flushed into the sanitary sewer Plastic bags for solid garbage Safety Goggles Gloves Permanent marker Spare batteries for pocket meters First Aid Kit Soap bar not liquid Drinking water GPS unit See specific protocols for list of gear and create a specific field A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring gear supply list for binder PROTOCOLS TO CONSIDER Please read sections on volunteer management Section 6 data management Section 7 Transportation and safety Section 8 and collecting samples Section 9 M1 M8 Protocols suitable for this level Section 9 Conductivity Salinity
289. the 36 seconds division in 7 9 Determine the latitude of your site by adding 4 to 8 Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters APPENDIX G DETERMINING LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Adapted From EPA To Determine Longitude 1 Look at the right side upper or lower corner under the map name or the second of two numbers separated by x to find the width scale longitude of the topo map If 7 5 Minute Series enter 450 If 15 Minute Series enter 900 If 7 5 x 15 Minute Series enter 900 2 Using the ruler measure the width of your map exclude the iT a T map borders east to west in centimeters cm 3 Divide 1 by 2 to the nearest whole number 4 Enter the longitude located in the map s lower right hand corner 5 Using the ruler measure from your site straight across to the right hand side of the map in centimeters 6 Multiply 5 by 3 to the nearest whole number 7 Determine how many times 60 goes into 6 completely and what 60 goes into 333 is left as the remainder don t use a calculator for this These completely 5 times answers will become the minutes and seconds of the longitude The longitude degrees are 4 8 Convert to these numbers to minutes and seconds Minutes are equal to the whole number determined in 7 or the number of times 60 goes into 6 completely In other words your whole number after the division in the previous step is the number of 5 minutes and minutes Second
290. the cycle where water is taken into the atmosphere in vapor form When temperature and humidity levels reach a critical state this causes condensation usually in the form of clouds When the clouds cool and can no longer hold the moisture precipitation occurs This is in the AsGuidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring form of rain snow hail etc As the precipitation reaches the ground a portion of it infiltrates or soaks into the ground while some flows on the surface and becomes runoff All the while as this occurs evaporation and condensation are still taking place The water that infiltrates the ground usually goes to replenish the aquifer or water table This is water that saturates the ground and is held in place by various factors Meanwhile the runoff water flows due to gravity in the watershed to streams ponds puddles and in Hawai1 s case eventually the ocean Various models for different areas can calculate the amount water that infiltrates evaporates and becomes runoff In more complex models the cycle takes into consideration factors such as transpiration which is the direct vapor loss from trees and vegetation into the atmosphere Another variable to be considered is ice which can temporarily take the water out of the cycle until it melts For this reason global warming which would melt much of the polar ice and re introduce the water it contains into the hydrologic cycle is a concer
291. ther organizational T Cli bac tea eterna meee ee 87 APPENDIX C SAMO ln ONE See street eee eee ee 93 APPENDIX D Funding resources ee noe 109 APPENDIX E Equipment and Supply vendors 116 APPENDIX F Other Applicable Federal State and Locala sees ee a nee ee Lil APPENDIX G Method for calculating Hiwmdeaad longitude eae e 118 APPENDIX H OEA 120 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL ACRONYMS HOW TO USE THE VOLUNTEER WATER MONITORING MANUAL This manual 1s provided as a guidance tool for those interested in getting started in volunteer water monitoring it is not intended to cover all aspects and protocols involved in volunteer monitoring Each area site provides its own challenges While many of the protocols have been tested by volunteers your site access to technical experts and equipment and abilities of your volunteers will differ Please feel free to copy anything in this manual and adopt change as needed for your particular area Section 1 Introduction to water quality In this section you ll learn about the basics of water quality what are water quality standards why we should monitor water quality and why you should get involved Section 2 Watershed estuarine and marine processes This section gives an overview of watersheds streams estuaries the hydrologic cycle and more Section 3 Water quality parameters Learn about the various water quality parameters why they are monitored the various methods used and ho
292. tial to cause harm e g a faulty electrical socket Risk is the likelihood of the hazard causing harm and the degree of harm it could cause e g an electrical shock which could lead to a fatality How do you conduct a risk assessment Here is one method e Identify the organization s personnel by name not just position their responsibilities training received experience level qualifications to perform such work and contact information Taking Care of Hawaii s Waters SECTION 8 TRANSPORTING SAMPLES AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Make a list of the tasks and duties to be performed and identify potential hazards and how to avoid minimize the potential for those hazards Provide a list of personal protection equipment that will be used and provide List the work location s and the potential hazards associated with those locations e g large slippery rocks mosquitoes Do the same for all of the equipment and include Material Safety Data Sheets MSDS for chemicals that may be used Include your emergency procedures plan on who person and place and how radio phone to communicate health and safety issues Address standard health and safety issues e g no horse play work in teams of at least two Your organization may also need to address their responsibility for buildings and premises Do NEED INSURANCE COVERAGE At the very least each volunteer should sign a liability waiver but even this doesn t pro
293. tly related to marine conservation including research education and innovative technologies Amount of funds awarded averages 25 000 50 000 but no maximum Information http www royalcaribbean com ourCompany environment oceanFund do The David and Lucile Packard Foundation Conservation and Science Program The Conservation and Science Program is focused on the challenge of sustainability finding paths for human progress that protect and restore the ecological systems upon which all life depends Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support 501c3 nonprofit organizations in areas of oceans and coasts and atmosphere Coastal systems program for Western pacific islands only Amount of funds awarded Varies Information http www packard org categoryList aspx Root CatID 3 amp CategoryID 61 PADI Foundation grants To encourage the understanding amp preservation of the aquatic environment and to encourage sensitivity to and protection of underwater life National Fish and Wildlife Foundation has a variety of grant programs Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support All applicants Projects should enrich mankind s understanding of the aquatic environment and encourage sensitivity to and protection of the delicate ecological balance of underwater life Amount of funds awarded Up to 20 000 typical award 5 000 to 10 000 Information http www padifoundation org Project AWARE Foundation grants Project AWARE is co
294. to a sewer system connected wastewater treatment plant and not a cesspool Prior to storing of the kit clean all test tubes by scrubbing them with a test tube brush using only tap water Don t use soap or detergent Rinse tubes and any equipment with distilled water before putting the kit away Dissolved Oxygen DO C3 LAMOTTE GREEN WATER MONITORING KIT total kit cost 200 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles Fill the small glass tube until it is overflowing Add two DO test tabs to the glass tube Cap the tube and shake it until the tablets have disintegrated about four minutes Wait an additional five minutes Compare the color of the sample to the color card and record the results as ppm dissolved oxygen C4 DISSOLVED OXYGEN TEST KIT CHEMETRICS DO KIT 1 12 PPM cost 35 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles What you ll need e Dissolved oxygen kit e Eyedropper e Paper towels e Distilled water e Bucket for disposal of used ampoule e Stopwatch or watch with second hand Using test kits to obtain accurate dissolved oxygen is difficult exposure to the air will cause the sample to reach saturation Biological activity can cause oxygen to deplete With the following instructions try to use a steady hand to reduce shaking the sample too much when dipping and pouring A Gui
295. to consider who will be the database administrator this person will have the ability to assign users and edit the data Users or data entry personnel can enter the data but not edit the data Online or web based databases Many companies like Google are providing free online web space for sharing documents presentations scheduling meetings and databases Most free online databases have some level of secured access but some are limited in terms of amount of storage Some on line databases are easier to use than others Here are a few to check out Google documents www docs google com Zoho online http zoho com Gnumeric Free spreadsheet with statistical software http www gnome org projects gnumeric There are many examples of online volunteer monitoring databases you may want to check these out if you plan on developing one Alabama Water Watch http frontpage auburn edu icaae index aspx Colorado River Watch http wildlife state co us riverwatch Click Data Colorado Data Sharing Network http coloradowatershed org CWQMC Earthforce http www earthforce org section programs green Great North American Secchi Dip in http dipin kent edu DipInData htm Illinois Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program http www epa state il us water conservation 2000 volunteer lake monitoring Indiana s Hoosier Riverwatch http www HoosierRiverwatch com IOWATER http www iowater net database viewdata asp La
296. to map out your watershed http cfpub epa gov surf locate index cfm e STORET short for STOrage and RETrieval is a repository for water quality biological and physical data and is used by state environmental agencies EPA and other federal agencies universities private citizens and many others http www epa gov storet Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters _ Photo provided by Jeff Zimpfer SECTION 4 HOW TO GET STARTED e The Surfrider Foundation provides an annual State of the Beach report with regards to the health of our nation s beaches This includes information on surf zone water quality beach erosion beach ecology and other indicators of beach health http www surfrider org stateofthebeach home asp e Talk to kupuna about the area What do they remember How much funds do you have The amount of funds you have may limit the types of monitoring you can do Try partnering with other organizations to obtain access to funding and or equipment EPA Region 9 has a volunteer equipment loan program you can test out various types of equipment and pay for shipping Other local organizations like the Surfrider Foundation Digital Bus Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary and Department of Health may have equipment for loan as well One tool developed by Boise State University assists organizations in determining their funding needs to meet the goals and objectives of their watershed program plan http
297. to use another Whirlpak bag to create a ledge to divert the water into the first Whirlpak bag for the sample Take photos if you can not accurately describe an event happening at the time of sampling that can not be adequately described in words Record your photo number on your data sheet Things that you might want to take a picture of unusual water color or flows unusual amount or types of trash pollution sources USING THE STORM DRAIN KIT General protocols Rinse the test tube you are using for your chemical reaction out three times with distilled water before putting the sample water into the tube Cap the tube after filling with distilled water shake and empty the water into your designated wastewater container To determine the color comparison e One person does the detergent testing for all sites For each dropper full of the detergent make a tick mark on the data sheet This shows how much reagent has been used e One person does all the phenols testing Split up the rest of the remaining parameters Use the Borger Color System and compare the sample side Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 11 WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS by side to the color examples The Borger Color System is an inexpensive portable reference for shades typically found in natural waters originally developed for color insects and larvae found in streams and lakes Also allows for recording the color algae and bacteria found on stream b
298. ton the LCD should display two decimal places 0 00 uS Each time the ENTER RANGE button is pressed the meter will drop a decimal place The second time you should see 0 0 uS and the third time 0 uS 6 Dip the probe into the sample container making sure that the second metal band on the probe is submerged in the water sample or waterbody If the meter says OR Over Range hit the ENTER RANGE button again The LCD will then display in mS 7 Use the probe to stir the sample and allow time for the A Conductivity meter meter to correct the readings for solution temperature changes The temperature must remain stable for at least one minute before you record the result 8 When the temperature has been stable for longer than one minute note the conductivity reading on the LCD Note If your reading is below 300 uS remove the probe from the sample and turn the meter off by pressing the ON OFF button Repeat steps 3 10 If the results are still below 300 uS record the result and make your monitoring program leader aware of this measurement 9 Record results under the appropriate column uS cm or mS cm on your Field Sheet under conductivity Record water temperature results and the time 10 Pour the sample back into the waterbody and take a new sample with the same container If you are sampling directly in the waterbody move to a slightly different location 11 Repeat steps 2 10 12 Press and release the ON OFF button
299. torm drains using a GPS unit Select storm drains located downstream of different land uses Equipment needed l Data sheets data binder Thermometer Whirl pak bags Permanent marker Rubber gloves and eye protection LaMotte Storm drain monitoring kit Ruler in centimeters Distilled deionized water Wastewater container SOND WB Wh 10 Storm drain monitoring information display 11 Paper Towels 12 Sponge 13 Trash bags 14 Cooler with ice GETTING STARTED e Conduct about 1 2 training sessions to familiarize yourself with the Lamotte stormdrain kit follow the instructions for each chemical test Calibrate the pH meter within 24 hours of usage SAFETY FIRST Always practice safety tips as provided at the beginning of section 8 Many of the chemicals used in the Lamotte kit are toxic or caustic As a reminder e Avoid contact between reagent chemicals and skin eyes nose and mouth Gloves and safety goggles are a must When rinsing test tubes or mixing chemicals cap the tubes with the covers never with your gloved finger When you are dispensing a reagent from a plastic squeeze bottle hold the bottle vertically upside down not at an angle and gently squeeze it If this does not work then the dispensing cap or plug may be clogged Wipe up any reagent spills liquid or powder as soon as they happen Close all reagent containers tightly making sure you do not interchange caps from different con
300. tp www epa gov owow monitoring volunteer stream Environmental Protection Agency EPA Volunteer Estuary monitoring manual http www epa gov owow estuaries monitor Environmental Protection Agency EPA NPDES Compliance Sampling Inspection Manual MCD 51 Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater Hawaii Administrative Rule 11 54 Water Quality Standards http gen doh hawait gov sites har admrules default aspx Hawaii Administrative Rule 11 54 Water Pollution Control http gen doh hawaii gov sites har admrules default aspx Hawaii Revised Statute 342 D Water Pollution http www capitol hawau gov hrscurrent Vol06_Ch0321 0344 HRS0342D HRS_0342D htm Herron E K Stepenuck L Green and K Addy US Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring National Facilitation Project Designing your monitoring strategy Basic questions and resources to help guide you http www usawaterquality org volunteer outreach designing yourstrategy pdf Herron E L Green and K Stepenuck US Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring National Facilitation Project Volunteer Management and Support http www usawaterquality org volunteer Outreach Volunteer ManagementVIII pdf Komoto J 2006 Getting Involved in Caring for Hawaii s Coastal Resources A Community Guidebook Department of Land amp Natural Resources Division of Aquatic Resources http www conservationpractice org upload EntireGuideBook pdf Lau S L and J F Mink
301. trophotometer A photometer a device for measuring light intensity that can measure intensity as a function of the color or more specifically the wavelength of light Stewardship Care or management of land or waters and passing healthy ecosystems to future generations Stream velocity The speed at which water flows through a stream The higher the velocity the greater the erosive force of the stream Sustainable Referring to an activity that is able to be carried out without damaging the long term health and integrity of natural and cultural environments Tidepool A tidepool is a rocky pool by the ocean that is filled with seawater which forms when the ocean covers the beach twice a day during the tides Toxin A toxin 1s a substance that 1s capable of inducing adverse effects i e illness organ dysfunction or death to living organisms Transect An area of land or seafloor sectioned off usually in the form of a long continuous strip and used to survey the distribution of organisms or substrate across a given area Sample plots or points are established along the transect for collecting data Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters TAKING CARE OF HAWAI I S WATERS A Guide for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring
302. ts http www surfrider org maui MARINE DEBRIS CLEANUP The Hawai i Wildlife Fund in partnership with several agencies and businesses have been conducting a community marine debris cleanup since 2003 on the island of Hawai i Individuals and community groups come out to pick up trash which includes fishing ropes nets and buoys thousands of pieces of plastic rubber styrofoam aluminum cans and even anchors The nets and ropes are collected separately and shipped via a donated Matson container to Honolulu for burning in the H waste plant In 2003 over 50 tons of debris were collected by 150 people Contact Bill Gilmartin of the Hawai i Wildlife Fund at PO Box 70 Volcano HI 96785 ADOPT A STREAM REEF HIGHWAY Clean Water Honolulu CWH City and County of Honolulu sponsors a Clean a Reef program that coordinates with dive clubs and other volunteers to collect garbage from the reef throughout the year CWH also sponsors an Adopt a Stream program to work with communities to keep their local streams free from garbage Groups are required to conduct clean ups four times a year and a sign is installed indicating their support They receive training materials and other resources to assist in the quarterly cleanups The State of Hawai i Department of Transportation sponsors an Adopt a Highway program See what you can do to reduce litter than can eventually end up in the ocean http www state hi us dot highways Adopt Highway htm S
303. ubber mat with small wells going in first If the indicator light on the sealer is green slowly push the mat into the sealer lifting the metal guide if necessary As the tray comes out of the back of the sealer allow it to fully seal then pick up the sealed tray once movement ceases Examine the tray to make sure that there 1s water in every cell and that the tray is completely sealed 5 Place the sealed tray in a 41 0 5 C incubator for a minimum of 24 hours and a maximum of 28 hours includes warming time and make sure you record the time in on your sheet This 1s the incubation period Make sure to include any control samples see quality contr section with these samples Photos by Alastair Hebard A Quality control Quality control for bacteria samples 1 Run duplicates A minimum of 5 of the samples on a given day should be sub sampled and run in duplicate At least one duplicate should be run on every day in which the analyses are run Attempt to select samples that yield positive results 1 e suspected of contamination for the duplicate analyses 2 Negative Blanks One blank sterile water sample will be analyzed per batch of samples processed 3 External Reference Samples A positive control is a sample prepared in the lab to contain a known approximate concentration of enterococcus bacteria An external reference sample is a positive control prepared and provided by a professional laboratory The exte
304. uctivity standard calibration solution required by application it is possible to have tailor made conductivity calibration solutions produced at a local testing laboratory Consult your OAKTON Distributor for alternatives Instructions for calibration 1 Pour calibration standard into two separate containers and tap or deionized water into a third 2 Rinse electrode in the deionized water then rinse it in first container of standard then dip it into the second container of standard 3 Switch unit on ON OFF button Wait several minutes to allow display to stabilize 4 Using a small screwdriver adjust the trimpot located inside the Testr s battery compartment until the display reads the same value as the standard 5 Rinse the electrode in the tap or deionized water and proceed with testing TDS or Conductivity Testing 1 Remove electrode cap Switch unit on ON OFF key 2 Dip electrode into test solution Make sure sensor is fully covered 3 Wait for reading to stabilize Automatic Temperature Compensation corrects for temperature changes Note reading 4 Press ON OFF to turn off Tester Replace electrode cap Note Tester automatically shuts off after 8 5 minutes of nonuse HOLD function Press HOLD key to freeze display Press HOLD again to release Setting TDS Factor TDSTestrs only The TDSTestrs let you select a TDS factor of 0 4 to 1 0 APPLICATION CALIBRATING STANDARD USE WITH ADJUST INST
305. ue to land use changes http www ecn purdue edu runoff thianew Pollution hotspots WHAT ARE POLLUTION HOTSPOTS Pollution hotspots are areas where pollutants such as chemicals bacteria sediment or nutrients are in close proximity to waterways or can easily make its way to storm drains and eventually into streams or the ocean Hotspots can include both point and nonpoint sources of pollution e Pipe outfalls into streams or the ocean e Agricultural operations e Automotive businesses e Medical facilities e Other commercial businesses like beauty salons dry cleaners paint shops or printing photographic processors e Golf courses e Nurseries e Large trash bins where people throw all sorts of garbage into can leak and end up in our waters especially if near a storm drain e Person washing their car with hose running e Eroding roads Other areas may not be as obvious such as a sloped parking lot near a stream that has a small gully developing on the stream bank This can not only facilitate runoff into the Phot by Jill Komoto 78 stream but increase the amount of sediment that enters into the water by eroding the stream bank WHY LOOK FOR POLLUTION HOTSPOTS Commercial businesses use a variety of chemicals and other hazardous waste If disposed of improperly this waste can end up in our water and can be toxic to both human health and aquatic life Agriculture and golf courses both use pesticides and fertil
306. ufort Scale to quantify the wind strength at your location 1 Select the Beaufort Scale Number that best represents the wind conditions at your site 2 Look up the Beaufort Scale in the chart provided below 3 Select the appropriate Beaufort Scale number from the Number column that best reflects the wind conditions at the monitoring site using the Description column Wind Speed column and Sea Surface column 4 Record the appropriate Beaufort scale Number on the field sheet Also make other observations at the site about the wind conditions Note if there are gusty conditions whether you are in a bay whether there are large trees or buildings that could influence wind conditions at your site Photo by Jill Komoto A Estimating wind conditions O2 Aquatic Invasive Species As of June 2008 the Malama Kai Foundation UH Sea Grant and DLNR DAR have been working on a pilot project on Hawaii Island to hold workshops targeting oceans users on identifying and reporting potentially new aquatic invasive species At least two community members will be identified and trained as first responders the ones who will first confirm new sitings of AIS before reporting to DLNR DAR A watch list of key AIS is created for Hawari Island with the AIS Steering committee input and others with specialized knowledge Identification cards are made up and laminated At the same time workshops are held around the island with ocea
307. ults of an initial Stream or Shore Walk a more in depth monitoring program will be designed Photo from Istockphoto com 69 SLNAWAYUNSVAW WYJALS OL NOILOAS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS 7O SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS to evaluate specific non point or point source pollution problems b Baseline monitoring For baseline monitoring it is recommended that volunteers survey the same reach 2 3 times per year specifically during early spring before trees or shrubs are in full leaf and water levels are generally high late summer when water levels are low or late fall US EPA 1997 What you ll need e Team minimum of 2 of volunteers Note taker Observer and or Observer Photographer e Data sheets and clipboard e Pencil pen e Topographic Map e Road map e Camera e Ruler for scale e Waterproof boots or waders or tabis for streams e Optional e Plant communities guide for your region e Additional water testing equipment e Transparent cup for evaluating the color of the water e GPS unit Safety reminders e Make sure the area you are surveying is either accessible to the public or that you have obtained permission from the landowner prior to the survey Inclement weather Flood conditions fast flowing water or very cold water Dangerous insects and animals e g centipedes scorpions bees dogs feral pigs Harmful or hazardous trash e g broken glass hypodermic needles hu
308. unt of water that flows by a certain point ina particular period of time It is the volume per unit time D W Z L AVT Where Multiply D Discharge cubic meters per second W Mean stream width m Z Mean stream depth m L Length of stream section measured m T Time to float length L A Bottom correction constant A 9 for sandy muddy bottom A 8 for gravel rock bottom depth and velocity for Waiulaula Stream Waiulaula Stream is 4 2 meters wide STREAM DEPTH meters STREAM VELOCITY meters second 1 meter 4 seconds 0 25 1 meter 3 seconds 0 33 1 meter 7 seconds 0 143 Average Stream Depth 0 21 m 0 45 m 0 62 m 0 35 m 4 041m Total Flow 1 m 0 21 m 0 125 m s 1 m 0 45 m 0 25 m s 1 m 0 62 m 0 33 m s 1 m 0 35 m 0 143 m s 0 39 m3 second Average Stream Velocity Total Flow Cross Sectional Area Average Stream Velocity 0 39 m3 second 1 m 0 21 m 1 m 0 45 m 1 m 0 62 m 1 m 0 35 m 0 24 m s f Substrate Indicate what the substrate stream bottom is primarily comprised of sand cobble boulder other 2 In the flow transect area carefully place your Opae net with the opening facing upstream crossing the handles at the top You may need to use your other hand to chase aquatic organisms into the net or use your partner to herd them towards the net Scoop the net up and identify the critters using your
309. ure nitrate in the presence of up to A Fig 4 A Fig 5 A Fig 6 0 4 ppm mg Liter nitrite nitrogen NO2 N by difference PHOSPHATE C8 LAMOTTE GREEN WATER MONITORING KIT total kit cost 200 Nutrients 5971 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles Test Procedure 1 Fill the test tube 0106 to the 5 mL line with the water sample Add one Phosphorus Tes Tab 5422 Cap the tube and mix until the tablet has disintegrated Wait 5 minutes Hold the tube against the white part Phosphate Color Chart 5892 CC Match the color of the solution in the tube to a color on the Phosphate Color Chart 6 Record the Phosphate test result a E e ILUS Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 9 FIELD MANUAL PROTOCOL GUIDE C9 CHEMETRICS CHEMETS O 1 AND 1 10 PPM STANNOUS CHLORIDE CHEMISTRY METHOD cost 55 Read all safety cards and familiarize yourself with all A Activator solution range A Phosphate color comparator high range procedures before using kits Wear safety goggles What you ll need e Phosphate kit e Eyedropper e Distilled water e Bucket for disposal of used ampoule e Stopwatch or watch with second hand e Paper towels Test procedure 1 Fill the sample cup to the 25 mL mark middle of the arrow with your sample water Use an eye dropper to add or remove sample water fig 1 2 Add 2 drops of A 8500 Activator Sol
310. ution fig 2 Cap the sample cup and shake it to mix the contents well 3 Place the CHEMet ampoule in the sample cup Snap the tip by pressing the ampoule against the side of the cup Don t break the tip off completely The ampoule will fill leaving a small bubble to facilitate mixing fig 3 4 Take the ampoule out of the cup Mix the contents of the ampoule by inverting it several times allowing the bubble to travel from end to end each time fig 4 Wipe all liquid from the A Phosphate color comparator low exterior of the ampoule Wait 2 minutes for color development 5 Use the appropriate comparator to determine the level of ortho phosphate in the sample If the color of the CHEMet ampoule is between two color standards a concentration estimate can be made If the ampoule appears to be lighter tan the lowest standard on the high range comparator then use the low range comparator a Using the low range comparator Place the CHEMet ampoule flat end downward into the center tube of the low range comparator Direct the top of the comparator up toward a source of bright light while viewing from the bottom Rotate the comparator until the color standard below the CHEMet ampoule shows the closest match fig 5 b Using the high range compartor Hold the high range comparator in a nearly horizontal position while standing directly beneath a bright source of light Place the CHEMet ampoule between the color standards moving it from
311. vation Hawai i information on Hawaii s natural resources http www state hi us dInr consrvhi intro html Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife http www dofaw net Hawaiian streams information DLNR Division of Aquatic Resources see also the bibliography section for additional references http www hawaii gov dInr dar streams index htm Hawai i Association of Watershed Partnerships information on watershed partnerships and how to help http www hawp org Hawai i streams information Hawai i Stream Research Center http www hawaii edu hsrc home Kido M 2002 The Hawai i Stream Bioassessment Protocol version 3 01 The Hawai i Stream Research Center Center for Conservation Research and Training University of Hawai i 48p http www hawaii gov health environmental env planning wqm hsbp301 pdf National River Restoration Science Synthesis NRRSS River Restoration in our Nation A Scientific Synthesis to Inform Policy Grassroots Actions and Future Research http www orrss umd edu NRRSS_Proj_ Descr htm Native plants to control stream bank erosion http www ctahr hawait edu rnre Downloads Plants 202 20Control pdf Natural Resources Conservation Service Hawai i office information for communities farmers on soils plants stream restoration water quality http www hi nrcs usda gov Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001 Hawa
312. vernmental organizations 50 000 to 300 000 typically available Information http www epa gov owow wetlands grantguidelines NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program Grants Eligible Applicants amp Types of Support State and Territory Coral Reef Management Applicants State and Territory Management Agencies State and Territory Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring Applicants State and Territory Management Agencies Coral Reef Ecosystem Research Applicants Academia NGO s etc Projects to Improve or Amend Coral Reef Fishery Management Plans Applicants South Atlantic Caribbean Gulf of Mexico and Western Pacific Fishery Management Councils General Coral Reef Conservation Applicants Academia NGOs Local and Tribal governments community organizations etc and International Coral Reef Conservation Applicants International governments NGOs Amount of funds awarded Varies Information http www coralreef noaa gov grants html NOAA Restoration Center Various funding opportunities including Habitat Restoration American Rivers 5 Star program Marine debris etc The Community based Restoration Program s objective is to bring together citizen groups public and nonprofit organizations A Guidebook for Getting Started in Volunteer Water Monitoring 1 a XIGNAddV APPENDIX D APPENDIX D FUNDING RESOURCES industry corporations and businesses youth conservation corps students landowners and local governmen
313. vide much assurance against potential lawsuits Every organization should also have insurance coverage s but this can be expensive There are several insurance options and policies to consider Review this insurance coverage at least once a year as well as your volunteer liability waivers SAFETY TIPS General Safety e Ensure that proper evacuation and emergency response protocols are established and in place in the event of an accident or injury Consider requiring a number of participants to complete first aid and CPR training and provide a first aid kit for activities Never send volunteers into the field without some type of communications equipment especially if they are alone e Always let someone else know where you are when you intend to return and what to do if you don t come back at the appointed time e Always obtain permission from the landowner before crossing private property e Watch for hostile dogs and pests such as centipedes wasps and scorpions e Carry a first aid kit and make sure someone knows how to use It e Watch for vegetation that may cause rashes irritation or scratches and stinging jellyfish e Team leaders should inspect and restock safety equipment including first aid kit gloves and eye wash They should keep a record of all injuries and report them to the project coordinator Water monitoring safety e If you ll be working in the ocean take extra precautions to avoid problems Ask peo
314. w changes can impact the health of the waterbody humans and aquatic life Section 4 How to get started This section outlines the basics of what you need to know in order to get started in volunteer water monitoring By asking yourself the simple question of what is your goal you can determine what level of involvement you should be in And if you aren t ready to get started there is a list of some events organized by others Section 5 Three levels of volunteer monitoring This section gives an overview of the different levels of monitoring depending on your goals It lists what might be involved at each level and tells you how you might plan your monitoring program At the end of each level it references the various protocols you might consider as part of your program in sections 9 12 Section 6 Volunteer management Wondering how to recruit volunteers This section gives an overview of how to recruit train manage and retain your volunteers with tips from those who have developed programs elsewhere Section 7 Data management What will you do with the data you collect What s the best method to use This section gives an overview of various ways to manage your data which depends on the level of involvement you ve selected in section 3 Section 8 Transporting samples and safety issues If you will not be analyzing your samples on site or will be transporting the samples to a lab here are some protocols to use And
315. wimming snorkeling or diving can also become entangled in the gear Many marine species including birds turtles and seals mistake litter for food and end up starving due to lack of proper nutrition Some litter such as syringes or broken glass pose as a human health hazard if stepped on Surveys can be conducted both on the beach and in the streams Photo by Jill Komoto 73 n m O O Z n 28 m gt lt lt m gt n m lt m Z T SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS SECTION 10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS A rapid trash assessment can be used for many purposes as part of a regular monitoring program evaluation of management actions determining trash accumulation rates comparing sites with and without public access or for targeting outreach to the community by identification of the type of Oopala Regular monitoring of pala can also help document how trash may accumulate at certain times of the year or during events such as storms RECOMMENDED PROTOCOLS You ll need to adapt these protocols to your individual area Depending on the amount of trash in your selected area it should take about 1 2 hours Re visit the site at various times of the year to characterize the type and amount of trash for water quality purposes If you are interested in participating in the Ocean Conservancy s International Coastal Cleanup day see http www oceanconservancy org for more information on how to
316. y the importance of clean water what are watersheds and the impacts we have on the ocean from our daily lives You may also not have the time or monies available for regular monitoring and perhaps would prefer to participate in annual events such as World Water Monitoring days as described in Section 4 Even if you want to learn about what lives in your water body this program gives you some basic protocols to follow You will help to build community awareness about water quality issues and how human impacts in the watershed will affect oceans and what they can do about it HERE IS WHAT MAY BE INVOLVED WITH THIS LEVEL e Utilization of simple kits to monitor water quality and teach people about what the different parameters indicate about the health of the water body or watershed e Select whatever water body is convenient and safe for access e Simple lettuce bioassay analysis good exercise for students e Ways to spot pollution hot spots e Taking a dip net sample of fish and invertebrates in the stream and identifying them e Beach cleanups and counting key types of marine debris e Tips on how to protect water quality in the household PLANNING FOR A ONE TIME OR ANNUAL EDUCATIONAL EVENT Whether for school or for the general community planning for monitoring should still be done Look at your checklist that you ve created from Section four who will use the data and who is your audience how much funds you have where
317. you have the time you may want to conduct a visual Taking Care of Hawai i s Waters SECTION 11 WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS assessment of your area See Section 10 3 Make a map of the area you want to assess for pollution hotspots adapted from UH CTAHR s Mapping Your House and Yard to Identify Pollution Risks To draw your map you will be creating an aerial view the way the area would look like if you took a photo of it from the air The amount of detail you put in your map will depend on the map s you already have and the time and resources you have available but be sure to include the following features property boundaries if in a neighborhood garden areas and flower beds roads paved roads unpaved Sidewalks paved Sidewalks unpaved Parking lots ponds streams and drainage ditches any paved areas like driveways and patios Just start walking around your neighborhood careful not to trespass Record the following e Date e Address or provide GPS coordinates if you have a GPS meter e Take pictures Try to include as much information as possible on your map Show the approximate size of flower beds gardens driveways and patios and their distances from each other A sketch will be adequate for beginning the planning process Having a more accurate map will allow you to calculate the areas of gardens lawns and other features which can later be useful in planning the best ways to reduce pollutio

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