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1. 3 Windows 2000 4 Windows XP Brackett 2003 2005 Acheson 2007a 2007b Barringer 2007 Busta 2007 Catlin and Kautter 2007 CARVER is available on FDA s Web site at http www fda gov Food FoodDefense CARVER default htm The source file carver exe is approximately 53 53 MB USFDA 2005 Donald Kautter 2006 Danneels 2007 FDA 2007 News 2007 Pohl 2007 USFDA 2007c 2008 Installation prerequisite of this program requires NET availability on the system you are running The auto executable file dotnetfx exe 22 4 MB can be downloaded from the Microsoft Corp s global site and should be run prior to carver exe When properly installed and having chosen default settings in the Windows XP operating system go to Start All Program fda CARVER see figure 1 Front end window of CARVER Shock software opens up In the quick start pop up window 3 categories represent the fields namely User Assistance Process Diagram and Information Figure 1 User Assistance section has 3 tab buttons Help User Manual and Tutorial First time users must undertake a journey to the User Manual first which is a document file explaining in detail the theory behind CARVER Shock software and also its technical details For a novice Tutorial is of utmost help as in this section a video tutorial file teaches how to use this software in less than 5 min The Process Diagram section has 2 tabs New for creating a new session and Open for opening an e2. Comprehensive REVIEWS in Food Science and Food Safety A Free Software for Food Industries to Ensure Food Safety CARVER Shock Vedpal Yadav and Alka Sharma Abstract Bio terrorism is not a new term for scientists Post 9 11 the United States of America as well as other countries which have grown well economically and countries undergoing the metamorphosis to developed nations are under serious threat of bio terrorism This has led to the development of the software CARVER Shock by Sandia National Laboratories and Food and Drug Administration FDA specifically for risk assessment and protection mechanism in the entire food supply chain from farm to table This software requires training on the software front and interaction with industry people to chalk out a plan to safeguard the premises and the supply chain of the food products in the industry manufacturing Such efforts should be well highlighted and advertised among food processing professionals educators students and those government agencies concerning the food safety issues Everyone must look at this software as this is going to be the future of food processing safety This system works like Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points and can be integrated for total quality management of the concerned industry Our study has highlighted the application of this software in various food industries showing its strength and weaknesses Introduction Food safet
3. Discussion Sandia is a National Nuclear Security Administration labora tory A team from Sandia National Laboratories led the effort to computerize the FDA program so that it will be distributed as widely as possible USFDA 2005 Keller and Killorin 2006 Rigby 2006 SPPA 2006 IFT 2007a 2007b SPAA 2007 Wordpress 2007a 2007b This indeed is a marvelous effort by Sandia National Labora tories and FDA to start a new age of solutions for the problem which is now in its infancy but will soon be a giant to fight against BIO TERRORISM The food defense project began in longhand in effect in response to the federal Bioterrorism Act of 2002 which said the industry should be prepared to defend against any contingency that might arise Brackett 2003 2005 Donald Kautter 2006 Barringer 2007 Busta 2007 Catlin and Kautter 2007 Green 2007 Harlander 2007 Food defense is a national and of international priority for the food industry and the government Product developers research and management professionals regulators academics and anyone involved in food safety and quality will find this software useful to enhance their awareness of and professional development in the field Brackett 2003 2005 Donald Kautter 2006 Barringer 2007 116 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety Vol 10 2011 Busta 2007 Catlin and Kautter 2007 Green 2007 Harlander 2007 The software was used and tested for ruggedness on all the platf
4. SIBILITY i VULNERABILIT Y OVERALL SCORE RECOGNIZABIL ITY SCHOCK TY CARVER Shock Quick Start User Assistance Process Diagram Intoemation Contacts View helpful information in getting started View more detailed help View a video tutorial Create a new session Open an existing session Go to the CFSAN Food Defer View contact informatio Figure 1 Start up window of CARVER Shock To start with the real procedure one must use the default tem plates supplied with the software available when you click on File Open Figure 2 The process can be edited and used for any food industry CARVER Shock Scoring Table Individual Facilities is given in this article and must be referred to for standard scores This table must be taken as reference scale when designing the process diagram of any industry see Figure 2 CARVER Shock software mimics the thought processes in play during a face to face CARVER Shock session by having the user 1 Build a process flow diagram for the system to be evaluated 2011 Institute of Food Technologists 2 Answer a series of questions for each of the seven CARVER Shock attributes for each process flow diagram node Each question has an associated score Based on the answers given the software calculates a score for each CARVER Shock attribute and adds them up to produce a total score for each node Analogous to a face to fa
5. Table 3 Recuperability Recuperability A target s recuperability is measured in the time it will take for the specific facility to recover productivity Example metrics are Recuperability Criteria Scale gt 1 year 6 months to 1 year 3 6 months E 1 3 months 3 4 lt 1 month Table 4 Vulnerability Vulnerability Criteria Scale Sa Table 5 Effect Effect Effect is a measure of the percentage of system productivity damaged by an attack at a single facility Thus effect is inversely related to the total number of facilities producing the same product Example metrics are Effect Criteria Greater than 50 of the system s production impacted 25 50 of the system s production impacted 10 25 of the system s production impacted 1 10 of the system s production impacted 3 4 Less than 1 of system s production impacted 112 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety e Vol 10 2011 2011 Institute of Food Technologists A free software for food industries to ensure food safety Table 6 Recognizability Recognizability Table 7 Shock Shock Shock is the final attribute considered in the methodology Shock is the combined measure of the health psychological and collateral national economic impacts of a successful attack on the target system Shock is considered on a national level The psychological impact will be increased if there are a large number of deaths o
6. ation is available on the facility and the target Hardly Accessible e g inside building in a secured part of facility Human observation and physical barriers with an established means of detection Acces generally restricted to operators or authorized persons Contaminant must be disguised and time limitations are extreme Limited general information available on the facility and the target Not Accessible Physical barriers alarms and human observation Defined means of intervention in place Attacker can access target for less than 5 minutes with all equipment carried in pockets No useful publicly available information concerning the target epidemiology microbiology medicine human and veterinarian radiology and risk assessment The team will apply the CARVER Shock method to each element of food system infrastructure and come to a consensus on the value from 1 to 10 for each attribute using the scenario and assumptions established in Step 1 Rigby 2006 USFDA 2007b Step 3 detailing food supply chain The analysis begins by developing a description of the system under evaluation A graphical representation flow chart of the system and its sub systems complexes components and nodes its smaller structural parts should be developed to facilitate this process For example if you are evaluating hot dog production the food system is hot dog production that can be broken down into subsystems producti
7. ce session total scores range from 1 to 10 for each CARVER Shock attribute and therefore 7 to 70 for each node The user may view the attribute scores and total for each node the total scores for all nodes and the attribute scores for all nodes for example all the node Criticality scores Accessibility scores and so on USFDA 2005 Donald Kautter Vol 10 2011 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 115 A free software for food industries to ensure food safety T CARVER Shock Open Process for Editing Fruit Canning Template Fruit Juice Template Hamburger Template FERRER Hot Fill Baby Food Template Select a Process to edit delete below Note double click wil automaticaly edt the process Process Created Modified A BB arima Slaughter Template 5 25 2007 6 39 PM 5 25 2007 6 41 PM Ey Bottled Water Template 5 25 2007 6 41 PM 5 25 2007 6 41 PM I Cereal Template 5 25 2007 6 41 PM 5 25 2007 6 43 PM Fluid Milk Template 5 25 2007 6 43 PM 5 25 2007 6 59 PM Fresh Vegetable Template 5 25 2007 6 46 PM 5 25 2007 6 46 PM 5 25 2007 6 47 PM 5 25 2007 6 47 PM 5 25 2007 6 47 PM 5 25 2007 6 47 PM ees EI 5 25 2007 6 47 PM 5 25 2007 6 47 PM 5 25 2007 6 47 PM 5 25 2007 6 49 PM Figure 2 Templates available for usage in CARVER Shock 2006 Acheson 2007a Danneels 2007 FDA 2007 News 2007 Pohl 2007 USFDA 2007a 2007c 2008 Results and
8. conomic value Loss lt 10 of animal lives or total economic value conditions associated with higher attractiveness as a target or higher vulnerability are assigned higher values 9 or 10 Eval uating or scoring the various elements of the food sector infras tructure of interest for each of the CARVER Shock attributes can help identify where within that infrastructure an attack is most likely to occur USFDA 2007a Federal agencies such as the Food Safety and Inspection Ser vice FSIS and the FDA have used this method to evaluate the potential vulnerabilities of farm to table supply chains of various food commodities The method can also be used to assess the po tential vulnerabilities of individual facilities or processes Acheson 2007a Steps for conducting a CARVER Shock analysis Step 1 establishing parameters Before any scoring can be gin the scenarios and assumptions you wish to use in the analysis must be established in order to guide all further steps That is you need to answer the question of what you are trying to protect and what you are trying to protect it from Those parameters include e What food supply chain you are going to assess hot dog production or deli meat production or chicken nugget pro duction an overall assessment based on the generic process from farm to table or postslaughter processing in a specific facility and so on 110 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety e Vo
9. erant is added the number of servings that will be sold and eaten from that batch and the char acteristics of the adulterant including its lethality must be known to use this worksheet The numbers generated in this worksheet will help determine where on the criticality scale a given attack will fall see table 8 Summary sheet for total scores This table can be used to total the scores across the CARVER Shock attributes for each node The totals can then be compared across the various nodes to deter mine which nodes are critical The nodes with the highest scores are the critical nodes and should be the focus for beginning to implement countermeasures see table 9 Software Installation and Startup The software CARVER Shock is copyrighted by Sandia Na tional Laboratories and FDA Its version 1 0 0 0 is available for usage for free CARVER Shock runs on hardware systems with the follow ing minimum performance characteristics 1 Pentium I processor 2 256 MB RAM 3 120 MB available hard disk space 4 CD ROM drive 5 Video card displaying 1280 x 1024 desktop area The software is compatible with the following operating sys tems Table 8 Worksheet for calculating criticality D E F Batch Serving Serving Dose Total Distribution Size Size per Batch Required Amount Unit per Required Serving per Batch G Units Produced Entry Point 1 Windows NT Service Pack 4 2 Windows 98
10. i Adampur Hisar Haryana India 125052 Author Sharma is with Dept of Food Technology GJU S amp T Hisar Haryana India 125001 Direct inquiries to author Yadav E mail vedpalp yahoo com 2011 Institute of Food Technologists doi 10 1111 j 1541 4337 2010 00142 x e Accessibility ability to physically access and egress from target e Recuperability ability of system to recover from an at tack e Vulnerability ease of accomplishing attack Effect amount of direct loss from an attack as measured by loss in production e Recognizability ease of identifying target A 7th attribute Shock has been added to the original 6 to assess the combined health economic and psychological impacts of an attack within the food industry USFDA 2005 Computerizing CARVER CARVER has traditionally been used in a face to face setting Experts from FDA and or U S Dept of Agriculture have gone to food processing plants and held meetings The software pro gram takes companies through more than 100 questions about their facilities and processes to help them identify vulnerable areas USFDA 2007c Companies consider what type of attack is the greatest threat and whether a biological or chemical agent might be used in an attack The questions center around which food supply chain the company will assess whether pizza production or a generic process from farm to table USFDA 2007a 2007c Material and Methods The attractivenes
11. l 10 2011 1 2 e What is the endpoint of concern food borne illness and death or economic impacts and so on e What type of attacker and attack you are trying to protect against Attackers could range from disgruntled employees to international terrorist organizations Those different attackers have different capabilities and different goals For example a major assumption used by FSIS and FDA in their vulnerability assessments is that one of the goals of terrorist organizations is to cause mass mortality by adding acutely toxic agents to food products That assumption has a major impact on the scoring of the various parts of the supply chain and the scales for the attributes see below have been developed with that in mind e What agent s might be used The agent used in your sce nario will impact the outcome of the assessment Potential agents include biological chemical or radiological agents Different agents have different properties such as potency heat stability pH stability half life that will determine the impact of an intentional contamination incident USFDA 2007a Step 2 assembling experts A team of subject matter experts should be constituted to conduct the assessment The team should consist at a minimum of experts in food production specifically for the food process being evaluated food science toxicology 2011 Institute of Food Technologists A free software for food industries to ensure food safe
12. ngs of the programmers with the industry people from time to time 4 Auto save feature is missing This feature is required in an Indian scenario as power cuts are frequent and computer systems operate mostly without UPS So important data are lost if the person doing the data entry is too engrossed to save the document from time to time If the Other icon option is used the software will only ask the questions that are asked for all nodes in that category Because an Other process node is user generated there is no way to provide node specific questions This may affect the accuracy of CARVER Shock scores So when the Other icon option is to be used then try to make the questions as elaborate and rate them as given in the reference USFDA 2005 Wordpress 2007a 2007b Because several of the algorithms used to calculate results are related results cannot be viewed until all the questions are answered for all the icons in the process flow diagram So utmost care is to be taken to answer all the questions and that too to the required level of accuracy USFDA 2005 2007a 2007c 2008 To report any bug there is a form at the end of the manual This is a good idea but for software issues bug reporting must be done on line A link for bug reporting and on line help is a must to make this software a great success Taking into consideration the attention span of a normal hu man being 12 to 14 h of assessment are too long a period For tha
13. on of live animals subsystem slaughter processing subsystem distri bution subsystem Those subsystems can be further broken down into complexes such as slaughterhouse facility and processing fa cility Those can be broken down into components and would 2011 Institute of Food Technologists include the raw materials receiving area processing area storage area shipping area and so on and to the smallest possible nodes for example individual pieces of equipment FDA 2007 News 2007 Pohl 2007 Step 4 assigning scores Once the infrastructure has been broken down into its smallest parts components and nodes these can be ranked or scored for each of the 7 CARVER Shock attributes to calculate an overall score for that node The nodes with the higher overall scores are those that are potentially the most vulnerable nodes and therefore most attractive targets for an attacker The rationale for a particular consensus score should be captured Donald Kautter 2006 Danneels 2007 Step 5 applying what has been learned Once the critical nodes of the system have been identified a plan should be developed to put countermeasures in place that minimize the attractiveness of the nodes as targets Countermeasures might in clude enhancements to physical security personnel security and Vol 10 2011 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 111 A free software for food industries to ensure food safety
14. ood defense Brackett RE 2003 Threat vulnerability assessments for foods In USFDA editor Food safety and security Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition p 1 Brackett RE 2005 Subcommittee on the Federal Workforce and Agency Organization Committee on Government Reform Busta FE 2007 Recent developments in the national center for food frotection and defense In Bryant CM editor Global food safety amp quality conference Minnesota Univ of Minnesota p 1 Catlin M Kautter D 2007 An overview of the Carver Plus Shock method for food sector vulnerability assessments In USFDA editor USFDA p 1 14 Danneels JJ 2007 CARVER Shock Albuquerque NM USA Sandia National Laboratories Donald Kautter J 2006 CARVER Shock vulnerability assessments strategic partnership program agroterrorism SPPA Food and Drug Administration DHHS Office of Food Safety Defense and Outreach Multistate Partnership Meeting FDA 2007 CARVER Shock 1 0 0 0 ed Sandia National Laboratory Green K 2007 Strategic partnership program for agroterrorism SPPA initiative execution and outcomes In Bryant CM editor Global food safety amp quality conference Minnesota Univ of Minnesota p 1 Harlander SK 2007 Human and economic impact of contamination and the consequence management system In Bryant CM editor Global food safety amp quality conference Minnesota USA University of Minnesota USA IFT 2007a Food
15. or other symbolic importance Loss of life less than 10 No impact on sensitive subpopulations e g children or elderly National economic impact less than 100 million 2011 Institute of Food Technologists Vol 10 2011 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 113 A free software for food industries to ensure food safety operational security that help to minimize aggressor access to the product or process Catlin and Kautter 2007 Description of attributes and scales The following section defines the attributes used by FDA and USDA to conduct their vulnerability assessments and provides the scales used by the agencies for scoring each attribute These scales were developed with the mindset that mass mortality is a goal of terrorist organizations It is important to remember however that any intentional food contamination could also have major psy chological and economic impacts on the affected industry Tables to assist in calculating the public health impacts and the overall CARVER Shock scores can be found in Table 8 and 9 respec tively USFDA 2005 News 2007 CARVER Shock scoring table individual facilities See Table 1 to Table 7 Criticality of the attack This table can be used to calculate the potential number of deaths and illnesses resulting from addition of a particular adulter ant at a particular point in a given food production process Details of the batch size to which the adult
16. orms mentioned in the manual and was found to be quite stable as the application did not crash even a single time So hats off to the Sandia people While testing some points emerged and are mentioned here as a suggestion for improvement These points were sent to the FDA and Sandia National Laboratories for their consideration 1 File menu has options New to create a new session Open for opening an existing session Quick Start to open a quick start pop up window Other buttons are Edit Delete Export Import and Exit options The compact look of this software provides a very easy impression and thus a psychological effect to the user which is very much required when you are trying to incorporate such software in an established firm or industry that may be set in its way Information section has 2 tabs Websites clicking opens the link http www fda gov Food FoodDefense CARVER default htm in the default web browser and the other tab Contacts opens the same link This repetitive link could have been avoided or the Contacts tab could have been designated to some other webpage for feedback and questions pertaining to CARVER In the Help menu there must be an auto update link to update the patches if any 2011 Institute of Food Technologists A free software for food industries to ensure food safety a Apart from these preliminary findings there are some industry specific requirements which can be met by meet i
17. r the target has historical cultural religious or other symbolic significance Mass casualties are not required to achieve widespread economic loss or psychological damage Collateral economic damage includes such items as decreased national economic activity increased unemployment in collateral industries etc Psychological impact will be increased if victims are members of sensitive subpopulations such as children or the elderly Target has major historical cultural religious or other symbolic importance Loss of over 10 000 lives Major impact on sensitive subpopulations e g children or elderly National economic impact more than 100 billion Target has high historical cultural religious or other symbolic importance Loss of between 1 000 and 10 000 lives Significant impact on sensitive subpopulations e g children or elderly National economic impact between 10 and 100 billion Target has moderate historical cultural religious or other symbolic importance Loss of life between 100 and 1 000 Moderate impact on sensitive subpopulations e g children or elderly National economic impact between 1 and 10 billion Target has little historical cultural religious or other symbolic importance Loss of life less than 100 Small impact on sensitive subpopulations e g children or elderly National economic impact between 100 million and 1 billion Target has no historical cultural religious
18. s of a target can then be ranked on a scale from 1 to 10 on the basis of scales that have been developed for each of the 7 attributes Conditions that are associated with lower attractiveness or lower vulnerability are assigned lower values 1 or 2 whereas Vol 10 2011 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 109 A free software for food industries to ensure food safety Table 1 Criticality Criticality A target is critical when introduction of threat agents into food at this location would have significant health or economic impact Example metrics are Criticality Criteria Use this scale to assess An individual food processing facility Loss of over 10 000 lives OR loss of gt 90 of the total economic value Loss of life is between 1 000 10 000 OR loss of between 61 and 90 of the total economic value Loss of life is between 100 and 1000 OR loss of between 31 and 60 of the total economic value 5 6 Loss of live is less than 100 OR loss of between 10 and 30 of the total economic 3 4 value No loss of life OR lt 10 of the total economic value Criticality Criteria Use this scale to assess An individual crop or animal agriculture facility 1 2 Loss of gt 90 of animal lives or total economic value Loss of 61 90 of animal lives or total economic value Loss of 31 60 of animal lives or total economic value Loss of 10 30 of animal lives or total e
19. safety the federal perspective IFT 2007b Risk assessment to drive research for contaminant detection Keller J Killorin P 2006 A newsletter focusing on food safety issues In Robbins M Sevchik J editors Patco Food Safety Consultants News M 2007 CARVER Shock for safer food Medical News Pohl PI 2007 Introduction of CARVER Shock tool In Bryant CM editor Global food safety amp quality conference Minnesota Univ of Minnesota p 3 Rigby S 2006 How to effectively use the CARVER Shock method of assessing risks and vulnerabilities 2006 AFDO Pre Conference Food Defense Workshop SPPA 2006 Threat assessments and Strategic Partnership Program Agroterrorism SPPA SPAA 2007 Strategic Partnership Program Agroterrorism SPPA initiative USFDA 2005 CARVER Shock primer USFDA 2007a CARVER Shock scoring table individual facilities USFDA 2007b How you can enhance food security USFDA 2007c What is CARVER Shock USFDA 2008 CARVER Shock enhancing food eefense USFDA Wordpress 2007a Guard against agroterrorism Wordpress 2007b National bio surveillance miserable failure Vol 10 2011 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 117
20. t a preassessment version or step must be incorpo rated This would give an outline of the software and a rough estimate of the premises in question resulting in greater ac ceptability of this software which is the ultimate intended goal of developing this software Conclusion After the New York City attacks of 9 11 National Security has shifted to the highest priority for the United State of America and this must be top priority agenda item for every other government too Post 9 11 everyone is looking for better ways to protect the food supply especially from intentional contamination Now the resources are available globally and like minded nations are stressing collaborative efforts to fight terrorism Bio terrorism is at the threshold and we the people of the food industry must make up our mind to incorporate such software as CARVER Shock in our system to be ready to avert damage or disaster Otherwise future generations may not forgive us for the steps we could have taken but did not 2011 Institute of Food Technologists References Acheson DWK 2007a CARVER Shock introduction and food regulatory agency goals In Bryant CM editor Global food safety amp quality conference Minnesota Univ of Minnesota p 1 3 Acheson DWK 2007b Current status of U S food defense In Bryant CM editor Global food safety amp quality conference Minnesota Univ of Minnesota p 3 Barringer AA 2007 Staying ALERT about f
21. ty Table 2 Accessibility Accessibility A target is accessible when an attacker can reach the target to conduct the attack and egress the target undetected Accessibility is the openness of the target to the threat This measure is independent of the probability of successful introduction of threat agents Example metrics are Accessibility Criteria Easily Accessible e g target is outside building and no perimeter defense Limited 9 10 physical or human barriers or observation Attacker has relatively unlimited access to facility and the target are easily available the target Attack can be carried out using medium or large volumes of contaminant without undue concern of detection Multiple sources of information concerning the Accessible e g target is inside building but in unsecured part of facility Human 7 8 observation and physical barriers limited Attacker has access to the target for an hour or less Attack can be carried out with moderate to large volumes of contaminant but requires the use of stealth Only limited specific information is available on the facility and the target Partially Accessible e g inside building but in a relatively unsecured but busy part 5 6 of facility Under constant possible human observation Some physical barriers may be present Contaminant must be disguised and time limitations are significant Only _ general non specific inform
22. xisting session The Information section has 2 tabs Websites clicking on it opens the link http www fda gov Food FoodDefense CARVER default htm in the default web browser and the other tab Contacts opens the same link USFDA 2005 Donald Kautter 2006Danneels 2007 FDA 2007 News 2007 Pohl 2007 USFDA 2007c 2008 The main window has 3 menus on the menu bar File Window and Help This gives the software a clean look but at the same time also gives the notion to the user that this software is in the initial stages of its development as evident from the version number from the help menu The Window menu has 2 options Cascade and Tile to arrange the multiple windows opened in the program The File menu has options New to create a new session Open for opening an existing session and Quick Start to open quick start pop up window Other buttons are Edit Delete Export Import and Exit options H I N o of Units Sold Units for Morbidity No of Before Warning Potential Mortality Illness Before Rate Deaths Warning H 100 G K L 100 M N 114 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety Vol 10 2011 2011 Institute of Food Technologists A free software for food industries to ensure food safety Table 9 Summary sheet for total scores for nodes across CARVER Shock attributes FOOD TARGET Nodes RECUPERABILI TY gt E l lt Q E x ii ACCES
23. y concerns used to focus solely on accidental contam ination But in recent years there has been concern that terrorists could intentionally introduce biological chemical or radiological agents A risk assessment tool called CARVER Shock helps food processors protect their products from deliberate contamina tion Acheson 2007b CARVER was originally developed by the U S military to identify areas that may be vulnerable to an attacker Food and Drug Administration FDA and other agencies have used the method to evaluate potential vulnerabilities in the supply chains of different foods and food processes Pohl 2007 The CARVER Shock method is an offensive targeting pri oritization tool that has been adapted for use in the food sector This tool can be used to assess the vulnerabilities within a sys tem or infrastructure to an attack It allows you to think like an attacker by identifying the most attractive targets for attack By conducting such a vulnerability assessment and determining the most vulnerable points in your infrastructure you can then focus your resources on protecting your most vulnerable points News 2007 CARVER is an acronym for the following 6 attributes used to evaluate the attractiveness of a target for attack e Criticality measure of public health and economic im pacts of an attack MS20100972 Submitted 8 28 2010 Accepted 11 16 2010 Author Yadav is with Food Technology Government Polytechnic Mand
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