electrical treeing phenomena in polyethylene insulator
Contents
1. h Trimettie aE Front AMI Model Motion Study 1 SolidWorks 2009 Inda Defned Elingaseny TG Figure 3 16 Layout the Outer Part 31 3 8 Simulation Part Basically the simulation was conducted after project had been finished designed Actually the simulation circuit is very simple designed that based on the desired of the project which is it contain the resistor switch and the supply voltage The constant voltage that used is 20kv and the specified resistor is 20 ohm In addition in order to get the varied of the value of the wave shaping elements the variable of the value of resistor are used in this simulation The figure below showed the circuit simulation that used in this project va Ve de E File Edit View Simulation Format Tools Help Dea 45 ft oma p pe pong powergui Ideal Switch T DC Voltage Source Rea 100 ode45 Figure 3 17 Circuit Simulation CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4 1 Force value In order to determine the value of the velocity ball at each sensor the force at each sensor needs to be determining it is because based on the formula force below F mv 4 1 Where e F force e m mass ofthe ball e v velocity the velocity 1s proportional with the force while the mass of the ball constant Hence below showed the each step calculation of the force2. FORCE Figure 4 5 Equivalent Force Diagram 39 41 21 Calculation At the x axis F SIN 30 F2 SIN 30 2F1 SIN 30 F SIN 30 2 4525 SIN30 2 7 848 SIN 30 F 18 1485 Newton At the y axis F COS 30 mg F2 COS 30 2F1 COS 30 F COS 30 1X 9 81 2 4525 COS 30 2 7 848 COS 30 F COS 30 2 4525 COS 30 2 7 848 COS 30 1X 9 81 F 6 821 Newton The total net force F F E F y 18 14852 6 821 F 19 388 Newton Velocity _m eS _ 981 Y 19 388 v 1 97635 m Time als 40 _ 1 97635 0 15 t 0 071328 s Kinetic Energy K mv 1 K 5 9 81x2 197635 K 1 952979N m 4 1 3 Sensor 3 2F1 FZ FORCE Figure 4 6 Force Diagram At the Ball When the angle is 60 degree the schematic diagram is showed below 41 2F1 amp F2 Figure 4 7 Equivalent Force Diagram 4 1 3 1 Calculation At the x axis F SIN 60 F2 SIN60 2F1 SIN 60 F SIN 60 2 4525 SIN60 2 7 848 SIN 60 F 18 1485 Newton At the y axis 42 F COS 60 mg F2 COS 60 2F1 COS 60 F COS 60 1X 9 81 2 4525 COS 60 2 7 848 COS 60 F COS 60 2 4525 COS 60 2 7 848 COS 60 1X 9 81 F 1 4725 Newton The total net force F JRZ F F F 18 14852 0 73575 F 18 2081 Newton Velocity m v F _ 9 81 78 2081 v 1 856075m Time _ 1 856
3. Kinetic Energy Variable formula can be obtained in the world the equation or formula always relates to each other Beside that the basic fundamental physic such as distance time mass length and temperature always applied and used in the daily life In addition In physics velocity is the measurement of the rate and direction of change in the position of an object It is a vector physical quantity which means that both magnitude and direction are required to define it The scalar absolute value magnitude of velocity is speed a quantity that is measured in meters per second m s or ms The time also can be determined by using the equation of the velocity Below is the equation of the velocity V 3 3 Where e v velocity e d distance e t time 19 The kinetic energy is the energy which creates based on the motion It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity The body maintains this kinetic energy when having the energy during the acceleration unless its speed changes Hence below 1s the formula kinetic energy that used in the calculation Kinetic energy mv 3 4 Where e m Mass e v velocity 3 6 External Resistor In this project the water reistor shown below will be used as external resistor of the Impulse Current Generator The resistance value depends on the concentration of CuSO45H20 in the resistor tube Besides that the water resistor a
4. Applets PulsedPower CopperSulfateResistor J L Zimheld V G Foley R E Dollinger and W J Sajeant Development Of Enhanced Fault Tolerance For A 600 kV Impulse Generator University of New York 1996 Steven E Meiners An Impulse Generator Simulator Circuit Master Thesis University of Pittsburgh 2002
5. Beside that Matlab is widely used in academic and research institutions as well as industrial enterprises 12 Table 3 2 Matlab Upgrade 12 Version Release name Year Release Date Notes MATLAB 1 0 1984 MATLAB 2 1986 MATLAB 3 1987 MATLAB 3 5 1990 Ran on MS DOS but required at least a 386 processor Version 3 5m required math coprocessor MATLAB 4 1992 MATLAB 4 2c R7 1994 Ran on Windows 3 1 Required a math coprocessor MATLAB 5 0 R8 1996 December 1996 MATLAB 5 1 R9 San May 1997 MATLAB 5 1 1 R9 1 MATLAB 5 2 R10 March 1998 MATLAB 5 2 1 R10 1 aa MATLAB 5 3 R11 January 1999 MATLAB 5 3 1 R111 Ca November 1999 MATLAB 6 0 R12 2000 November 2000 MATLAB 6 1 R12 1 2001 June 2001 MATLAB 6 5 R13 2002 July 2002 MATLAB 6 5 1 R13SP1 MATLAB 6 5 2 R13SP2 2003 16 3 4 The Force Law Basically the force can be called as a push or a pull of the object In other word the force can be called as accelerate of the objects The unit of the force is in the newton In the real world it already describe that the newton have three laws 3 4 1 Newton First Law Motion The first law stated that an object will remain at rest or move with constant velocity when there is no net force acting on it In addition this law can be described as the Inertia 3 4 2 Newton Second Law Motion The Newton s Second Law differs with the Newton First Law where it considered an object that has net force In addition the acceleration is directly
6. The first step in designed to determine the angle and the displacement at each sensor After that the second step is to determine the total net force at each sensor in consider all force that exist at each sensor The last step is to determine the velocity kinetic energy and time at each sensor The data will be filled in the table 33 4 1 1 Step Calculation Figure 4 1 Distance At Each Sensor s j0 4 2 S displacement J radius 0 radius From the figure 4 1 above the distance between each sensor is 150 mm and the angle each sensor is set 30 degree From the formula above the radius is 286 mm Now for the calculation of the force each sensor all parameter need to be consider such as the friction of the sensor friction of the surface and the mass of the ball that used The material that used for the rail is the wood and the material that used for the sensor is steel In order to calculate the friction of each part the equation below are used F uN 4 3 Where 34 e Kis the resistive force of friction e wis the coefficient of friction for the two surface e N is the normal or perpendicular force pushing the two objects together e uN is p times N For the coefficient friction of the wood 1s 0 25 and for the coefficient friction of the steel is 0 8 The mass of the ball that used is 1 kg or 9 81 Newton Based on the value above the friction of the wood and the steel can be calculated as shown below For t
7. 075 0 15 t 0 08082 s Kinetic Energy K mv 1 K 5 9 81x1 856075 K 1 7225072Nm2 43 41 4 Sensor 4 FORCE F2 2F1 Figure 4 8 Force Diagram At the Ball When the angle is 90 degree the schematic diagram is showed below 2F1 7F1 cos 90 2F1 2F1 SIN 90 Figure 4 9 Equivalent Force Diagram 44 4 1 4 1 Calculation At the x axis F SIN 90 F2 SIN90 2F1 SIN 90 F SIN 90 2 4525 SIN90 2 7 848 SIN 90 F 18 1485 Newton At the y axis F COS 90 mg F2 COS 908 2F1 COS 90 F COS 90 1X 9 81 2 4525 COS 90 2 7 848 COS 90 F COS 90 2 4525 COS 90 2 7 848 COS 90 1 X 9 81 F 0 Newton The total net force F IR FE F 4 18 1485 0 F 18 145 Newton Velocity m v F 9 81 78145 v 1 8496 m 45 Time V d _ 1 8496 0 15 c t 0 0810986s Kinetic Energy K Sg gt mv 2 1 Las 9 81x1 84967 K 1 710511Nm2 Table 4 1 Result Of Force Velocity Kinetic energy and time SENSOR FORCE N Velocity Kinetic Energy Time m Nm s 46 2 5 2 LLJ 1 5 gt J velocity f kinetic energy 1 lt time 0 5 0 1 3 4 SENSOR Figure 4 10 Graph of the Value versus Sensor The result in Figure 4 10 showed the calculation and sketched the graph of the force velocity kinetic energy and the time ball travel at the sensor Based on the table 4
8. 1 and figure 4 11 it shown that the value velocity and the kinetic energy are decrease as the distance increased while the value of the time is increased It is because the friction of the ball is increased from one sensor to another sensor Hence the value of the force will be decreased and it gives the effect to another parameter value Moreover the various weight of the ball also influenced the parameter value Based on the project the weight of the ball had been specified that Ikg will be used and the result of the calculation had been shown above 47 4 2 Simulation result In order to investigate and obtain the best configuration of the pulse current several simulations had been done The software Matlab had been used to do the simulation These simulations give the desired result that the pulse generator produces Based on the project the value of the resistance had been designed 1s 20 ohm while the injected high voltage is 20 kV Hence the figure 4 11 showed the simulation result BEY Signal Builder ipsmyop Signa Bilder O TT O OST NOT n I File Edit Group Signal Axes Help su fR TIE Group1 Signal 3 0 07 0 072 0 074 0 076 0 078 0 08 0 082 0 084 0 086 0 088 0 0 Time sec Figure 4 11 Simulation Result The figure 4 11 shown the result that the switching time on and off at each sensor with different time In addition in order to get the pure output of the multiple impulse generators the inductance
9. 4 3 5 3 6 LIST OF FIGURES TITLE Circuit Impulse Circuit Layout For Impulse Test Circuit For Impulse Test Current In The Multiple Lightning Methodology Chart Water Resistor and Cupric Sulphate CuSO4 5H20 Design Resistor Spring Part Sensor Part Ball Part PAGE 11 13 20 21 23 24 24 xii 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 1 4 2 4 2 4 4 Rail Part Resistor Part Combination Part Connection HV Side Bolt Part Rail and Plate Part The Inner Part Complete Combination Outer Part 1 Outer Part 2 Layout Outer Part Circuit Simulation Distance At Each sensor Force Diagram At the Ball Equivalent Force Diagram Force Diagram At the Ball 29 25 29 26 26 26 21 28 31 31 32 33 35 35 31 xiii 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 4 10 411 Equivalent Force Diagram Force Diagram At the Ball Equivalent Force Diagram Force Diagram At the Ball Equivalent Force Diagram Graph of the Value versus Sensor Simulation Result 38 40 41 43 44 46 47 XIV Ed HV tf tt XV LIST OF SYMBOLS Acceleration Distance Diameter Electric field Force High voltage Kinetic Energy Mass Resistivity Time Front Time Tail Time velocity Ohm CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction Of The Study Multiple Impulse generators are the apparatus which produce the high voltage and the high curre
10. PSZ 19 16 Pind 1 07 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT Author s full name AHMAD BADRUL HISYAM BIN MAMAT Date of birth NOVEMBER 19th 1988 Title DESIGN A MULTIPLE IMPULSE GENERATOR USING ROLLER COASTER METHOD Academic Session 2010 2011 declare that this thesis is classified as CONFIDENTIAL Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972 RESTRICTED Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done OPEN ACCESS agree that my thesis to be published as online open access full text I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows 1 The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2 The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only 3 The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange Certified by SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR 881119 11 5363 DR MUHAMMAD ABU BAKAR SIDIK NEW IC NO PASSPORT NO NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date 20th MAY 2011 Date 20th MAY 2011 NOTES i If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED please attach with the letter from the organisation with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis 1s sufficient in terms of scope and qualit
11. RT NNTP IER OS RIT gS MO RE Eom Sip wwr bol N IAS E E IS SISI ES VISIT Select one or two edges vertices and then a text location Figure 3 4 Spring Part BM SolidWorks lbal amp bad separuh bulat 5 Oe SolidWorks Search Ai su Ba rr OP a Bit XI Aes y TT Mode Motion Study tT TH 2 Sa Ver FFCV FWRI III MTUV NE L I SolidWorks 2009 Figure 3 5 Sensor Part 24 Figure 3 6 Ball Part Figure 3 7 Rail Part 25 Figure 3 8 Resistor Part 3 7 2 Inner Part This part is considered about the combination part of each component The distances between sensors are considered carefully in terms of the angle between sensors It is to determine the time travel of the ball velocity and kinetic energy of the ball at each sensor Besides that at the inner part it showed the complete combination from the high voltage side the low voltage side and at the middle of the rail The simple of the operation is when the ball passes through between each sensor the current will be flow from the high voltage side to the low voltage side Then the current will be analyzed The figure below has shown the step by step combination verity ah scm rma are a la e a gt amp ba TT EA lhi J 8 gt ce et oe e ap gp Poi aa a ae Figure 3 9 Combination Part 26 HV Figure 3 10 Connection HV Side Figure 3 11 Bolt Part Fig
12. annot hold longer with the high temperature Hence the new equipment needs to be constructed in order to produce the multiple impulse generators 15 Organization Thesis This study attempts to design and simulate the multiple impulse current generators The study materials organized in the following manner Chapter 1 contains introduction and initial contents of the study A review of impulse current generator and its application is presented in Chapter 2 Chapter 3 includes the designed hardware and its description Preliminary results are presented in Chapter 4 Chapter 5 presented the conclusion and the recommendation CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Introduction To Multiple Impulse Generator Multiple impulse generator consist two parts which are multiple impulse current generator and also the multiple voltage generator The MIGe 1s an impulse generator consist the capacitor inductance and also the resistance The capacitor which is function charges a required voltage and then discharge through a wave shaping circuit Beside that the waveform that produced by the MIGe is used to represent the natural lightning phenomena with selected the peak of the current or voltage from the waveform In the laboratories the impulse voltage and impulse current generator are used for the testing equipment high voltage Basically the capacitor are charging and discharging by the supply voltage The energy that stored in the capacitor will be released t
13. e aware when conduct the high voltage during the experiment It is very important to have some safety awareness before starting any high voltage testing to prevent any accidents from happening during the experiment 5 2 5 Multiple Impulse Generator Safety Procedure At this part the safety procedures will be elaborated upon point by point It is very important to make attention due to the conduct the MIGe where it is the high voltage eguipment So the safety procedures need to be taken in order to make the experiment successful such as 6 Check all the apparatus Make sure the MIGe has been connected to proper grounding system Make sure the distance of sphere gap is within breakdown range Make sure all the cables are connected properly Make modifications on the components of wave shaping circuit Switch on the digital oscilloscope Make sure the setting of the oscilloscope are within the measuring range of signal Switch on the power supply of main control and sub control unit DO ON AU A Y N e Time delay between each control unit is pre set 10 Switch on HVDC power supply 11 Charge the capacitor to the desired voltage level never exceed the capacitors maximum charging limit 12 Wait approximately two minutes to ensure those capacitors are fully charged 13 Press the trigger button at the main control unit for the purpose of causing breakdown at the sphere gaps 14 The generated lightning imp
14. ed such as switching tester component and etc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 50 REFERENCES N K Kishore P Bhakta and R K Sharan On The Development of An Impulse Current Generator Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnet Interference and Compatibility 1997 M S Naidu and V Karamaju High Voltage Engineering 3rd edition Mc Graw Hill 2004 Impulse Current Systems Type SSGA 30 200kA User Manual HAEFELHigh Voltage Test Robert Bosch Stuttgar DE High Voltage Switch John Pesley Pulse Power Switching Devices Zulkarnam Bin Ahmad Noorden Converting 2MV Impulse Voltage Generator Into 35kA Impulse Current Generator Zuraimi Bin Adziz Design of a Triggerable High Current Switch and Modelling of the Spark Gap Behrooz Vahidi and Jamal Beiza Using PSpice in Teaching Impulse Voltage Testing of Power Transformers to Senior Undergraduate Students IEEETransactions On Education May 2005 IEEE 2004 Vol 48 No 2 Ahmad Sharunizam bin Md Ghani Measurement of Fast High Current Impulse Bachelor s Degree Thesis Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2003 http en wikipedia org wiki Solid Works 11 12 13 14 15 51 Zaid bin Yaakob Design and Construction of Resistor Use in Impulse Voltage Generator Bachelor s Degree Thesis Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2004 http en wikipedia org wiki MATLAB http www pulsedpower net
15. ent Generator In order to produce the large value impulse current the bank capacitors connected in parallel It will be charged to a specified value and then discharged through the R L C circuit as shown in the Figure 2 2 below i t O O Figure 2 2 Circuit For Impulse Test If the voltage V to the discharged capacitor C when the spark gap is trigged the current can be compute that vary with time by the equation below i t eU sin wt 2 1 y gt 2 2 2 oe oa 2 3 Under the condition under damped oscillation the equivalent resistance which is the formula R lt 2VL the test object should be chosen Beside that the time taken for the current increase from zero value to the first peak value T1 which known as the front time Tf 1 T tp sin 7 2 4 The duration of tail time tt or duration for one half cycles of the damped Oscillatory wave 72 is TU ja R2 LC 41 2 15 t 2 5 The following parlances are used for determining the waveforms of the Impulse current only 1f the test object is an ideal arrester Hefley 1982 peak current ip 2 6 C front time T tf 1 25VLC 2 7 tall time T t 2 5VLC 2 8 2 4 Safety Procedure At the laboratory work IVAT the most important that need to be considered is the safety It is because in this experiment the uses high voltage can be dangerous if the event procedure error occur Hence it needs to b
16. esis LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Introduction Multiple Impulse Current Generator 22 Impulse Current Generator 2 3 Theory Impulse Current Generator 2 4 Safety Procedure 2 3 Multiple Impulse generator Safety Procedure 2 6 User Safety Procedure 2 7 Multiple Lightning Current Impulse METHODOLOGY 3 1 Introduction 3 2 Software Study Solid Works 3 3 Software Study Matlab 3 4 The Force Law 10 10 12 13 15 16 viii 3 4 1 Newton First Law 3 42 Newton Second Law 3 4 3 Newton Third Law 3 44 Force of friction 3 5 The Formula Velocity kinetic energy 3 6 External Resistor 3 7 Designing Part 3 7 1 Component Part 3 7 2 Inner Part 3 7 3 Outer Part 3 8 Simulation Part RESULTS AND DICUSSION 4 1 Force Value 41 1 Step Calculation 4 1 1 1 Sensor 1 4 1 1 2 Calculation 4 1 2 Sensor 2 4 1 2 1 Calculation 4 1 3 Sensor 3 16 16 17 17 18 18 22 23 25 28 31 32 35 35 36 37 39 40 4 1 3 1 Calculation 4 1 4 Sensor 4 4 1 4 1 Calculation 4 2 Simulation Result CONCLUSION 5 1 Conclusion 3 2 Recommendation REFERENCES 41 43 44 47 48 48 50 TABLE 3 1 32 deo 3 4 4 1 LIST OF TABLES TITLE Solid Works Upgrade Matlab Upgrade Type of Friction Calculator Result of Force Velocity Kinetic Energy and Time PAGE 14 15 18 22 45 Xi FIGURE 1 1 2 1 22 2 3 3 1 32 3 3 3
17. essary to know the test circuit impedance and the variation possibility to achieve the claimed waveform 2 The figure 1 1 below showed the example circuit of the impulse current Figure 1 1 Circuit Impulse Beside that other method had been used for produce the multiple impulse generator such as electronic device pendulum concept and the movement train on the rail but these method are limited for certain application For example is the electronic device method it easy to be broken if it is continuously applied for the testing In addition the one application of the multiple impulses in the real world 1s the switching In this project the software solid works had been used for the design and the software matlab had been used to do the simulation beside that this software 1s easy to use and easy to understand because it used the simple language This project use the high voltage HV to conduct the experiment hence the safety should be concern when dealing with the HV It is very important to have some safety awareness before starting use the HV testing to avoid the accident 2 1 2 Objective Of The Study The multiple impulse current generator need to be studied in order to investigate and to understand the effect and also the application that can be used in the electrical equipment either to do the testing or as the switching These are the objective of the study e To study the multiple impulse generator e To design the m
18. ground which categorized as cloud to ground downward negative charge cloud to ground downward positive 11 charge ground to cloud upward negative charge and ground to cloud upward positive charge Ground to cloud discharge is uncommon happen because it always happens soon the peak of the mountains only However cloud to ground lightning has been studied more widely compared to ground to cloud lightning because this type of lightning always causes human injuries disturbance on power telecommunication systems and electronics devices According to Uman about 90 of the cloud to ground lightning discharges are initiated by downward negative charged leaders while only 10 of cloud to ground flashed initiated by downward positive leaders 7 8 9 A research on the wave shapes of lightning currents has been done by Berger in year 1967 The common characteristic features and complete current flow in multiple negative polarity lightning flash is illustrated in Figure below The steeped leader has a current rise time of 10 to 15us while the subsequent strokes currents in multiple lightning flashes have much shorter rise time than first current which is 1 to2us to reach the crests The crest currents of those dart leaders are slightly lower than first current however three of them have a quite similar tail time 8 9 Figure 2 3 Current In The Multiple Lightning CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 31 Introduction This thesis focuses on t
19. he designed part and also the simulation part in order to gain the desired waveform To obtain the desired waveform output the simulation part becomes the basic structure and the main for this thesis By using the software Matlab the configuration for the impulse current generator can be predicted through the simulation In addition the principles of impulse current generator all the theory needed and calculation were studied through lecturer text books and journal from the website This chapter includes the technologies and tools used in developing the application This chapter also describes the design methodologies being adopted The design methodology of the application is important because it determines the quality of the end product In this project there are some particular phases to follow begins with doing a lot of literature reviews regarding to the related topic After that the phase will continue by doing the software study As be mentioned earlier the software that will be going be used is the Solids Works which is specified to design the 3D model Next phase is implementing the simulation by using the Matlab software Figure 3 1 below is the flow chart methodology 13 LITERATUREVIEW SOFT WARE STUDY DESIGN MODEL SIMULATION PART Figure 3 1 Methodology Chart 3 2 Software Study Solid Works Solid works is the design 3D software mechanical It is widely used in the world for the purpose of the design Be
20. he friction of the wood F uN F 0 25 x 1x 9 81 F 2 4525 Newton For the friction of the steel F uN F 0 8 x 1 x 9 81 F 7 848 Newton After that the force at each sensor needed to calculate in order to determine the velocity time and also the kinetic energy at each part of the sensor From the theory stated that the velocity become decrease when the time increases Hence below are the calculations of each part of the sensor in considering all the friction that occurring at the sensor 35 4 1 1 1 Sensor 1 FORCE F2 2F1 Figure 4 2 Force Diagram At the Ball F2 The friction at the wood F1 The friction at the steel or the sensor mg Mass of the ball When the angle is 0 degree the schematic diagram is showed below FORCE 2F1 Figure 4 3 Equivalent Force Diagram 36 4 1 1 2 Calculation At the x axis F F2 2F1 F 2 4525 2 7 848 F 18 1485 Newton At the y axis F mg F 1 x 9 81 F 9 81 Newton The total net force F Fo F F 418 14852 9 812 F 20 63 newton Velocity v F 9 81 ROTTE v 2 102956 m Time t d 2 102956 0 15 t 0 071328 s 37 Kinetic Energy 1 Ke 5 9 81x2 102956 K 2 2112 Nm 4 1 2 Sensor 2 2F1 FORCE Figure 4 4 Force Diagram At the Ball 38 When the angle is 30 degree the schematic diagram is showed below 2F1 2F1 COS 30 2F1 amp F2 2F1 2F1 SIN 30
21. hrough the spark gap and then the triggering signal is received from the triggering unit The wave shaping unit used to determine the waveform In addition the waveform of the impulse can be controlled by adjust the resistance or the inductance value Lastly the waveform can be seen at the oscilloscope by through the high voltage probe 3 Many applications MIGe are used in the real world such as tests the equipment such as the fuses and also laboratories equipment thermonuclear fusion and the lasers 4 RI Wo R2 C2 V t Figure 2 1 Circuit Layout For Impulse Test 2 2 Impulse Current Generator The definition of the impulse current generator is the current changing the high peak amplitude that appear normally accordance to the charge and discharge of the energy storage capacitor They are frequently generated by breakdown processes combined with high forces and temperatures In the real world the impulse current are used for the testing equipments in the laboratories power system or in the high voltage system In addition the surge voltage protectors need to be tested with the twice exponential impulse currents to determine the characteristic thermal mechanical and electrical consequences High impulse currents are needed not only for tests on equipment such as lightning arresters and fuses but also for many other technical applications such as lasers thermonuclear fusion and plasma devices 4 2 3 Theory Of Impulse Curr
22. must be installing at the load It is because the function of the inductor as the control the wave shaping of the waveform but based on the project the load resistor only used Hence the result was shown as above CHAPTERS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 51 Conclusion The multiple impulse generator can be constructed that based on the designed had been done The investigation of the configuration of the shape of the multiple impulse generators can be determined by the simulation that sing the software Matlab In this project the shape of the output was successfully obtained from the simulation In addition there are many effect of wave shaping element that need to be considered in the constructed of the multiple impulse generators The load such as the external inductor and resistance need to be use in order to determine the waveform of the multiple impulse generators Based on the project the only load resistance used and the result simulation showed the pulse generator So the developed of the multiple impulse generator successfully and the result showed that the positive manner 5 2 Recommendation Based on the result obtained the simulation part was successfully and the desired results that need are approved In the future the construction of the wave 49 shaping element can be do more practical by construct the hardware in order to consider all element So by using the multiple impulse generators more application can be us
23. n to me I would also like to thank all staffs of Faculty of Electrical Engineering of UTM especially IVAT s staffs for their co operations guidance s and helps in this study Nevertheless my great appreciation dedicated to my family Ahmad Hisamuddin Mamat Nurul Akma Mamat Nur Farahin Mamat Mohd Ridwan Mamat Nazira Mamat Narimah Mamat Noriah Mamat my entire friend and all SEE members who involve directly or indirectly with this project Thank you very much ABSTRACT The multiple impulse generator consist of two part with consist the impulse voltage generator and also the multiple impulse current generator High current impulse generator is standard equipment in high voltage laboratories where it is normally used for high current tests on power apparatus and equipment Flexibility to carry out several kind of test for industrial services and applied research is suitable for general purpose laboratories Computational simulation of devices and equipment is a useful tool for optimizing test capabilities of such laboratories Impulse current is generally generated by storing a level of energy in a system and then discharging suddenly For the discharge process to take place fast switches have to be use Based on the project the fast switch had been designed by using the sensor part and the ball Measuring procedure was stimulated software matlab Satisfactory agreement is obtained in the simulation Moreover it confirms tha
24. nt surges It usually use at the laboratories for the test equipment and also the power apparatus Beside that the multiple impulse divide by two parts with consist the impulse voltage generator and also the multiple impulse current generator The multiple impulse current generator produce by the rapid changing current with the high amplitude appear normally accordance with the discharge of the energy storage In addition the multiple impulses current are needed not only for the test equipment in the laboratories such as the lightning arrester and the fuses but It widely use for the application such as lasers thermonuclear fusion and the plasma device 1 From the theory state that the lightning strike producing the high voltage and high current The protective gears have to discharge lightning current without damage Hence some of the component are used for generate the impulse current such as the capacitor resistor and inductance The capacitance are capable for producing high short circuit current therefore the capacitance are connected parallel with the other component After that the capacitance are charge to a specific voltage relative to the ground by through the charging resistor by the high voltage and low current by direct current source The combination of the resistance and inductance with the pulse capacity will influence the waveform of the impulse current significantly For the effective test producer in the laboratories it is nec
25. proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass when the net force acting on an object is not zero the object will accelerate at the direction of the exerted force It can be expressed in formula F ma 3 1 where e Fis the net force in N e mis the mass of an object in kg and Bo sb i 3 2 e ais its acceleration in m s 17 3 4 3 Newton Third Law Motion It stated that when one object applies a force on a second object then the second object will applies a force back that has an equal magnitude but opposite direction These forces are called action reaction forces 3 4 4 Force Of Friction In other hand the force of the friction is the force that occurs when the two surfaces meet each other As mentioned early that each surface have their own friction The variable of the friction had been determined by the engineer at the world and it friction are important in order to design the object Hence the friction can be calculated by the formula below F HFN 3 2 where e Fris the force of friction in N e His the coefficient of friction and e Fy is the normal force in N The value of H depends on surface you are dealing with The following table shows some example of H 18 Table 3 3 The Type Of The Friction 13 Surface Value of H rubber on dry asphalt 1 rubber on wet asphalt 0 95 Steel on steel 0 18 Steel on ice 0 010 rubber on ice 0 005 3 5 The Formula Of the Velocity
26. rameter e Feature Parameter can be described as the line lengths or the circle of the diameters For example tangent parallel concentric horizontal or vertical Features refer to the building blocks of the part It contains the shapes and operations that construct the part Shape based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses holes slots This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material from the part 15 3 3 Software Study Matlab The software matlab or called the matrix laboratory is a numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language In addition the matlab is the upgrade of the other programming such as code block c Pspice micropy and visual basic audio Beside that it also allow the matrix manipulations plotting of functions and data implementation of algorithms creation of user interfaces and interfacing with programs written in other languages including C C Java and fortran 11 Furthermore the Matlab is the software simulation It 1s widely used in the world for the purpose of the simulation Beside that the software are easy to be used and simple to be understand The language that used is simple and it also has the tutorial for the purpose learning the Matlab In the year 2004 the Matlab had around one million users across industry had use the Matlab The users come from various backgrounds of engineering science and economics
27. s conc solute 82 809 gramsiliter g l Cw conc water 968 67 grams liter g l C s alternate 93 778 grams liter g l a V volume 0 0011781 cubic meter m p resistivity 0 52360 Ohm meters A area 0 0078540 square meters Table 3 4 Calculator 15 3 7 Designing part The software solid works had been used in order to provide the designed Actually this software can be make the real 3 D design and it also easy to convert from 2 D to the 3 D In additions this software are easy to understand it is because a lot of the example that already has in this software In order to make the designed it divided by three parts e component part e inner part e outer part 23 3 7 1 Component Part Based on the project each component of each part is carefully considered in terms of the distances and sizes Beside that in order to make perfect creation all the parameters should be taken into account in terms of length diameter and thickness It Is to ensure the perfect creation can be made The figure below had shown the scale of the component Each component had it own parameter value which the diameter sensor is 500mm the diameter ball 2 5cm the length of the spring 80mm and the thickness and length of the rail is 80mm and 586mm pring comel dop jadi boh DE SolidWorks Search SolidWorks D We a 19 Kk BE apr Dr AU i w a s amp amp a l albielelcisia premo Team mee
28. s the function wave shaping element and it is a very practical approach because it provides pure resistance as desired Water resistor 1s a tube type high voltage resistor which contains Cupric Sulphate or Copper Sulphate Pentahyrate CuSO4 5H2O To determine the accuracy of measurement resistor the insulator meter is used in measuring the value of water resistor Figure 3 2 below shows the 2 D diagram of the water resistor used in this project 14 20 LLL LL Terminal Figure 3 2 Water Resistor and Cupric Sulphate CuSO4 5H20 Beside that in order to design the value of the resistance all parameter needed to be considered such as the length diameter of the insulating tube concentration water concentration culphuric sulphate resistive and the volume of the resistor The figures 3 3 below shows the parameter and the formula in order to design the resistor 21 Insulating Tube Figure 3 3 Design Resistor 2 A lira 3 5 v A l 3 6 _ RA 3 7 Where e A electrode area e D electrode diameter e m 314159265 e l length of resistor e p resistivity of solution e V volume of resistor The easier way to design the resistor is by using the calculator as shown below It very simple and easy to determine all the parameter needed 22 Parameter Value Units Special Values D diameter 10 centimeters Distances l length 15 centimeters Distances R resistance 10 Ohms C
29. side that the software are easy to be used and simple to be understand The language that used is simple and it also has the tutorial for the purpose learning the solid works In addition the solid works can be converted from the 2D to the 3D The Solid Works is currently used by over 1 3 million engineers and designers at more than 130 000 companies worldwide 8 The solid works first introduced in 1995 as a competitor to CAD programs such as Programming ENGINEER AutoCAD and Unigraphics Solutions Beside that the solid works was founded by the specialist engineering Jon Hirsch tick by 1993 where it is the cruised a team of engineers to build a company that developed 3D CAD software that was easy to use and a easy to install in the desktop or in the 14 laptop The software solid works always upgrade to get the better software and also to ensure it very easy and simple to use for the design Table 3 1 Solid Works Upgrade 10 Name Version Build Number Date solidworks 95 R 1995 Solidworks 2001 R 2001 2003 Solidworks 2004 Solidworks 2006 R 2005 R7 Solidworks 2007 R 2006 Solidworks 2008 R 2007 Solidworks 2009 7 9 16 2006 Solidworks 2010 SP4 0 10 0 2009 SolidWorks 2011 spo Oct 18 2010 Sold Works is a solid model and utilizes a parametric feature based approach to create models and assemblies In addition the solid works divide two parts e Pa
30. t simulation is useful to improve the laboratory test capacity vi ABSTRAK Penjana impuls ganda terdiri daripada dua bahagian dengan terdiri impuls voltan penjanar dan juga beberapa penjanar impuls arus Penjana arus tinggi adalah peralatan piawaian didalam makmal voltan tinggi dimana ia biasanya digunakan untuk ujian dieletrik keatas peralatan dan radas Kefleksibelan untuk melakukan beberapa ujian didalam perkhidmatan perindustrian dan adptasi kajian adalah sesuai dengan tujuan utama makmal voltan tinggi Dalam keadaan ini simulasi linguistic berkomputer sangat berguna untuk mengoptimumkan kebolehan makmal Impuls arus umumnya dihasilkan dengan menyimpan tahap tenaga dalam suatu system dan kemudian digunakan secara tiba tiba Untuk proses pembuangan berlangsung suis cepat harus digunakan Berdasarkan projek suis cepat telah dirancang dengan menggunakan bahagian pengesan dan bola Prosedur Pengukuran dilakukan matlab perisian Keputusan memuaskan diperoleh di simulasi Selain itu ja menegaskan simulasi yang berguna untuk meningkatkan kapasiti makmal uji CHAPTER TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE DECLARATION OF THESIS DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction of the study vii PAGE ll ill Vi vii xi xii XV 1 2 Objective of the study 1 3 Scope of the study 1 4 Problem statement 1 5 Organization Th
31. ulse will stroke on protection devices 10 15 At the same time the lightning impulse will be captured by the oscilloscope automatically Save and keep the lightning wave shape as a record 16 Switch off the HVDC power supply and control units 17 Switch off digital oscilloscope 18 Discharge the capacitors using grounding rod 2 6 User Safety Procedure The person who conducts testing using the high voltage experiment needs to follow the safety procedure for the purpose of individual safety It is very important to have the basic knowledge to prevent them from having direct contact with the district area of experiment 7 Hence the users need to follow some procedures as listed below 1 Wear safety shoes 2 Make sure experiment gate is locked during the experiment 3 Nobody 1s allowed to approach the multiple impulse generators MIGe during the experiment process 3 Make sure the power supply of HVDC and control unit are switched OFF before somebody come closer to MIGe 4 Make sure the grounding rod is attached to MIGe during the equipment setup 6 Inform laboratory technician before start doing any experiment 7 Always be accompanied by an assistant during the experiment 2 7 Multiple Lightning Current Impulse Lightning is the most common threat to telecommunication systems and others electronics equipments According to the researches done by Martin A Uman there are four types of lightning between cloud and
32. ultiple impulse generator using roller coaster concept e Todo the simulation by using the Matlab software 13 Scope of Study The scopes of the study are as below e Using the software Matlab to do the simulation e Using the software solid works to design the multiple impulse generator roller coaster 1 4 Problem Statement As usually most of the electrical equipments have it own protection system such as the circuit breaker arrester relay and etc In addition this protection system cannot ensure those electrical equipments safe from any damage or fault The characteristic lightning phenomenon can cause any damage or fault to our electrical component and also to the protection system due to overvoltage and over current produced by the lightning strokes 3 Beside that the lightning phenomena can reduce the efficiency of the component and decrease the performance of the protection system if it happened rapidly So the lightning impulse current test should be done to the protection systems in order to ensure the lightning protection systems are in a good condition To do the test the multiple impulse current generator is constructed because the lightning phenomenon uncommonly happened and uncontrolled So the existing multiple impulse generator MIG uses electronic device 1s limited to certain application and seem easy to be broken if it is continuous by applied for testing It is because the electronic equipment c
33. ure 3 12 Rail and Plate Part 27 FREEON NRI bad asembly3 rail A 7 SolidWorks Search Doro BX a EELS M B 4x sE si a Gl LI f E E f i wW y INNI Model PMoton Swa TT SolidWorks 2009 i Under Defined Editing Assembly_ J Do D ld 3 9 f 0 8 bad asemblyS rai aa vRE d i OR amp FX hi sua Jee ame La ew kilel inner part ihe pena A y i LO iit PE Figure 3 13 The Inner Part Complete Combination 28 3 7 3 Outer part Based on project the outer part is the last designed and its means that the complete designed The safety is very important to concern in that project because it conduct the high voltage HV Besides that the designed should be relevant and ensure that from the start to the end of the designed it not gives the harmful to other people and it save to use In addition at his part it showed the combination with the culphuric sulphate resistor The figure below showed the outer part complete combination bad asembly7 rail AASA T ir ARE R Be T amp 2 f S Figure 3 14 Outer Part 1 29 LAGI sE l sE a i oe i i J i t t A Se Be at S resistor Figure 3 15 Outer Part 2 30 JB eid II NE rsi AK i 4 im SILA po ERLA ORs ah mm
34. y for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering Electrical Signature dille Name of Supervisor DR MUHAMMAD ABU BAKAR SIDIK Date 20 MAY 2011 DESIGN A MULTIPLE IMPULSE GENERATOR USING ROLLER COASTER METHOD AHMAD BADRUL HISYAM BIN MAMAT A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering Electrical Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia MAY 2011 I declare that this thesis entitled Design A Multiple Impulse Generator Using Roller Coaster Method is the result of my own research except as cited in the references The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree Sienatute alech EN Name gt AHMAD BADRUL HISYAM BIN MAMAT Date 20 MAY 2011 Dedicated in thankful appreciation for support encouragement and understanding to my beloved mother father brothers and sisters ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I would like to express my heartily gratitude to my supervisor Dr Muhammad Abu Bakar Sidik for his guidance and enthusiasm given throughout the progress of this project and also giving the brilliant idea and advices in order to complete this project My appreciation also goes to my family who has been so tolerant and supports me all these years Thanks for their encouragement love and emotional support that they had give
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search