WALKair 3000 Ver 5.0 Trouble Shooting Guide
Contents
1. 3 1 3 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 0 A 1 Figures Bird s Eye Antenna VICGWe see i Y Ee Eege 1 10 kc BU RX Direction Disconnected ea ada dd ee e Sege wd ekg 2 6 WU TX Direction Disconnected ue 2 7 IRENA E o HN sas YNN REF E HF NF 2 8 ei TESTINE YF PN FN RYN CYN FYRR YF FFY ERFYN FFA FAEN 2 10 Sector Antenna Positioned in Wrong Durecton scene eee 3 2 MLC TIC dud sub E 3 4 Base Station Transmit Cable Gamm 4 6 Base Station Receive Cable Gamm 4 7 Terminal Station Transmit Cable Gamm 4 9 Terminal Station Receive Cable Gamm 4 11 Example Calculation of Expected Terminal TS RX Power A 4 Tables power versus expected SNR reading cece eee eseeceeeeeeeneeneees 1 8 Die Trane TOi E 2 3 EE 2 4 air Signal Characteristics vs Spectrum Analyzer Settings 4 4 na Gains and OG NS PIONS eege A 2 Chapter 1 Air link Setup Troubleshooting In this Chapter M Part 1 The Air Link is not established on page 1 2 M Part 2 The Air link is up but non optimized on page 1 8 Chapter 1 Air link Setup Troubleshooting P art 1 The Air Link is not established Before performing a failure analysis at the Terminal Station side make sure that the Base Station is operational You can do this by either of the following methods E Ensuring that an operational Terminal Station is in the same sector as the Base Station and that the Base Station Antenna is2. varan We re on your wavelength WALKair 3000 Version 5 0 March 2007 P N 214420 Legal Rights Legal Rights Copyright 2006 Alvarion Ltd All rights reserved The material contained herein is proprietary privileged and confidential and owned by Alvarion or its third party licensors No disclosure thereof shall be made to third parties without the express written permission of Alvarion Ltd Alvarion Ltd reserves the right to alter the equipment specifications and descriptions in this publication without prior notice No part of this publication shall be deemed to be part of any contract or warranty unless specifically incorporated by reference into such contract or watranty Trade Names Alvarion BreezeCOM WALKair WALKnet BreezeNET BreezeACCESS BreezeMANAGE BreezeLINK BreezeConfig BreezeMAX AlvariSTAR BreezeLITE AlvariCRAFT MGW eMGW WAVEXpress MicroXpress WAVEXchange WAVEView GSM Network in a Box and TurboWAVE and or other products and or services referenced here in are either registered trademarks trademarks or service marks of Alvarion Ltd All other names are or may be the trademarks of their respective owners Statement of Conditions The information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice Alvarion Ltd shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with
3. E Chapter 2 The WALKair E1 Alarm Mechanism since many service problems are the result of physical layer problems this chapter describes the E1 alarm mechanism and how it is implemented in the WALKair as a point to multipoint system M Chapter 3 Possible Network Problems and Causes introduces possible problems that occur due to the network and not necessarily due a specific link These problems can be the result of installation planning or commissioning issues ME Chapter 4 Analysis Methods provides tools and methods for analyzing network radio problems Some of the tools are included in the WALKair and WALKnet products others however reguire the use of external measurement eguipment ME Appendix A Terminal Station Power Levels Calculation E Appendix B System Performance Verification This guide assumes that the reader is familiar with the WALKair 3000 system and the content of the WALKair 3000 System Manual and the release notes Contents Chapter 1 Air link Setup Troubleshooting 1 1 Part 1 The Air Link is not established ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccoes 1 2 Sba Current Air Link Status cece ccesceeceececceccecceceesesceseeeees 1 3 Air Link Status Symptoms and Corrective Actions cccceceeceeeeeeeeeeeeenes 1 4 EN Wet guration Probleme ENNER 1 5 O nal Station Type cccccccecceccscesceecescescessssceasecse
4. Estimated Not more than WALKnet 2TS BU Antenna distance 42 5 km View gt RFU amp deviation from Antenna repeat for all actual BS to TS TS s distance Services IP and E1 All defined WALKnet 2BS SA view services Admin services are gt Services gt BS SA amp operational Enabled and Client list gt Service status Active repeat for all Clients TS RX amp TX Compliant to WALKnet 9TS BU power Appendix A View gt Detailed Air calculation Performance gt selected 15 min select all intervals gt mark DL SIG amp UL SIG Air DL SNR amp UL According to WALKnet 2 gt TS BU performance SNR Table 1 1 View gt Detailed Air Performance gt selected 15 min select all intervals gt mark DL SNR amp UL SNR Air FER FER O for at WALKnet 9TS BU performance least 24 hour View gt Detailed Air Performance gt selected 15 min select all intervals gt mark DL FER UL FER WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide Air performance B 4
5. 15 dB and the cable gain is configured at 10 dB 10 dB in absolute value variation of 5 dB lower then the transmitted power is 5 dB lower Thus the transmitted power is Expected transmitted power deviation Real transmitted power 15 dBm expected by the system 5 dB deviation 10 dBm M Ifthe real cable attenuation is 15 dB and the cable gain is configured at 20 dB 20 dB absolute value variation of 5 dB higher then the power transmitted is 5 dB lower Thus the power transmitted is Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Expected transmitted power deviation Real transmitted power 15 dBm expected by the system 5 dB deviation 20 dBm i Take into account the 1dB compression point when transmitting higher than optimal E transmitted power Base Station Se Terminal Stati an Outdoor Unit Terminal Station Power transmitted IF Cable higher than expected Indoor Unit Sa Indoor Unit Ts Cable Gain configured higher than real TX Cable Gain 15 dB F 2 A Figure 4 3 Base Station Transmit Cable Gain WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 4 6 Detecting Cable Gain Configuration Problems Base Station Receive Cable Gain In the RX path the Base Station regulates the Terminal Stations Transmit power using the RTPC mechanism The Terminal Stations power is set to a point where the Receive power at the Base Station is the MODEM working point default 70 dBm A
6. and individual names and data used in examples herein are fictitious unless otherwise noted M Alvarion Ltd reserves the right to alter the equipment specifications and descriptions in this publication without prior notice No part of this publication shall be deemed to be part of any contract or warranty unless specifically incorporated by reference into such contract or warranty E The information contained herein is merely descriptive in nature and does not constitute an offer for the sale of the product described herein E Any changes or modifications of equipment including opening of the eguipment not expressly approved by Alvarion Ltd will void eguipment warranty and any repair thereafter shall be charged for It could also void the user s authority to operate the equipment WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide vi Ed About this Guide This guide summarizes the different scenarios that a field WALKair installer may encounter and describes the corrective actions he she may take in order to restore the WALKair system to its up and running state This guide begins with systematic troubleshooting procedures and proceeds with network problems and analysis methods This guide includes the following chapters M Chapter 1 Air Link Setup Troubleshooting includes a listing of basic air link problems and a detailed description of how the air link is established using the relevant LCI message in each phase
7. direction As a result the Terminal Stations with poor coverage will exhibit degraded performance lower received power and higher transmit power than expected measured value compared to calculated value by radio planning or free space This situation is illustrated by Figure 3 1 below Heading of Base Station Antenna Si J Mn WW J Be i D sector Coverage Re Ki Ai We Ai Ai We id aif f f i Ko S af Se D NV We d a We Ta i n i T D Li Original Sector Coverage DN Vi 1 D Vi Ki een DCS pent A J Mistaken Shifted b 9 s Terminals with low receive power and high transmit power than expected Figure 3 1 Sector Antenna Positioned in Wrong Direction WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 3 2 Base Station Antenna Coverage Furthermore the effect of interfering signals on the uplink performance will be greater as well as downlink interference with other sector links For example this occurs when the same frequency is applied to this sector and the opposite 180 shifted sector Frequency Reuse in the same Base Station In the following scenario an attempt is made to reuse the same frequency for two opposing sectors for the same Base Station If the two sectors do not transmit with the same power set deliberately or following a user error inter sector interference results The sector on the left side of Figure 3 2 below transmits at a greater power than the
8. is 1 km The Base Station is working in the default MODEM working point of 70dBm What is the expected Terminal Transmit Receive power Terminal T Ke ba Sig Terminal to Base Distance 1Km TA Figure A 1 Example Calculation of Expected Terminal TS RX Power Resolution First let s calculate the Free Space fade margin L pade margen 92 5 2010g 26 x 1 120 8 gpn Now subtract the two antenna gains At 26 GHz the gain of a 90 is 15 dBi The gain of Terminal Station antenna at 26 GHz is 35 dBi Thus the total loss is Lrotal 120 8 jp O a lO 70 8 pn The default Base Station MODEM working point values at 26 GHz are 70 dBm Receive power and 15 dBm Transmit power Thus the power received and transmitted at the Terminal Station should be P 15 70 8 55 8 4p P 70 70 84 0 8 9 The expected SNR according to Table 1 1for both BS SA and TS is gt 29dB x When reported by the system these values may vary by 3 dB WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide B Appendix B System Performance Verification In this Appendix M Parameters Checklist to verify that the system is configured and operating correctly Appendix B Configuration Checklist Note the table below is used to verify correct configuration In order to configure the system refer to the Commissioning chapter of the WALKair 3000 System Manual BS SA RFU amp Antenna BS SA RFU amp Ante
9. real Transmit power does not change Base Station d Terminal Station Real transmitted power 0 dBm Outdoor Unit a Termi N erminal Station e IF Cable Power transmitted attenuation 10 dB higher than expected Base Station f Indoor Unit IF Cable TX Cable Gain configured higher than real TX Cable Gain 15 dB egen mg mer Reported TX Power 5dBm S jamas jaman Be Indoor Unit E Ki Figure 4 5 Terminal Station Transmit Cable Gain Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Example MM Ifthe real cable attenuation is 10 dB the power transmitted is O dBm set by Base Station and the cable gain is configured at 15 dB 15 dB in absolute value a variation of 5 dB higher then the Transmit power reported by the TS BU will be 5 dB higher The real power transmitted is still O dBm Thus the Transmit power reported 1S Real power transmitted deviation reported power O dBm 5 dB 5 dBm MM Ifthe real cable attenuation is 10 dB and the cable gain is configured at 5 dB 5 dB in absolute value variation of 5 dB lower then the power reported by the TS BU will be 5 dB lower The real power transmitted is O dBm Thus the transmit power reported is Real power transmitted deviation reported power O dBm 5 dB 5 dBm Although the Terminal Station Transmit power is automatically set by the Base Station using the RTPC process there is a maximal Transmit power l
10. sector on the right side The result is a lower C I ratio to the Terminal Stations associated with the right sector leading to low SNR bit errors while the left sector s performance is not degraded Frequency reuse will degrade the uplink and downlink SNR however the degradation should be symmetrical to both sectors Chapter 3 Possible Network Problems and Their Causes Fundemental Camer hterenng Camer Figure 3 2 Frequency Reuse See Chapter 4 Analysis Methods for details on how to measure the C I value WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 3 4 Random Interference Random Interference The WALKair system operates in the regulated frequency bands Leasing radio spectrum should assure freedom from external interference spectrum A deployed network normally exhibits interference deterministic and due to frequency reuse External interference not caused by the WALKair system can result as a consequence of the activity of other operators radar or other types of radio transmission In some cases the required spectrum or part of it may be influenced by interference resulting in errors Interference can manifest itself in a variety of ways short bursts over wide bands of spectrum constant interference The symptoms of these kinds of interference can appear either as bit errors or can cause air link loss for a period of time Interference can easily be detected prior to the deployment of the system by perfo
11. than expected gt To resolve Type A deviation at the Terminal Station Site 1 Make sure that IF Cable Gain is configured properly 2 Align the Terminal RFU Antenna 3 Make sure that no objects such a metal bar or buildings block the front of the TS RFU toward the Base Station gt To resolve Type A deviation at the Base Station Site 1 Make sure that there are no objects in front of the Base Station antenna Angle of area that should be clear of obstacles Band Antenna Any band Bird s Eye View Figure 1 1 Bird s Eye Antenna View 2 Make sure that the Terminal Station is within the Base Station antenna effective lobe If not align the Base Station antenna vertically and horizontally WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 1 10 Part 2 The Air link is up but not optimized Type B Deviation Type B deviation appears as one of the following E Transmit power reported is higher than expected and Received power reported is as expected E Transmit power reported is as expected and Received power reported is higher than expected gt To resolve Type B deviation ME Check that the Cable Gain at the Terminal Station is not higher than the real actual value Type C Deviation Type C deviation appears as one of the following E Transmit power reported is as expected and Received power reported is lower than expected E Transmit power reported is lower than expected and Received power reporte
12. the RXM is the current frequency index that is being scanned RLC state WAIT_FREQUENCY indicates the modem is waiting for synthesizers to lock RLC state SCAN means seeking a carrier to establish downlink RLC state WAIT_SEARCH means downlink exists waiting for grant to establish up link RLC states SEARCH_HOLD DISTANCE TRAINING SYNC are preliminary phases in up link full link establishment If the Terminal Station RXM is not RX_SYNC at all times no down link Make sure that all the radio configurations are correct especially the RFU Head Type Measure the IF cable for short cut out If test equipment is available measure the IF cable attenuation Measure 48 V at the TS BU IF port Measure 48 V at the RFU IF cable TS RFU side thus making sure that 48 V is supplied to the TS RFU Limit the TS start and stop frequency to those used by the BS If the Terminal RXM RX_SYNC and RLC is not DATA sync at all times no up link E Temporarily lower the RX operation point for this TS at the BS SA e g change to 80dBm E Temporarily change the cable gain to max values TX 20 dB RX 12dB If all the measurements and configurations are OK If there is another operational link in this sector WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide Part 1 The Air Link is not established Align Terminal Station antenna Confirm Base Station antenna alignment V V WV Replace TS RFU gt Replace T
13. the furnishing performance or use of this manual or equipment supplied with it Warranties and Disclaimers All Alvarion Ltd Alvarion products purchased from Alvarion or through any of Alvarion s authorized resellers are subject to the following warranty and product liability terms and conditions Legal Rights Exclusive Warranty a Alvarion warrants that the Product hardware it supplies and the tangible media on which any software is installed under normal use and conditions will be free from significant defects in materials and workmanship for a period of fourteen 14 months from the date of shipment of a given Product to Purchaser the Warranty Period Alvarion will at its sole option and as Purchaser s sole remedy repair or replace any defective Product in accordance with Alvarion standard R amp R procedure b With respect to the Firmware Alvarion warrants the correct functionality according to the attached documentation for a period of fourteen 14 month from invoice date the Warranty Period During the Warranty Period Alvarion may release to its Customers firmware updates which include additional performance improvements and or bug fixes upon availability the Warranty Bug fixes temporary patches and or workarounds may be supplied as Firmware updates Additional hardware if required to install or use Firmware updates must be purchased by the Customer Alvarion will be obliga
14. timeslots are allocated for the Uplink is operative only when transmitting TS bandwidth is allocated for the TS transmitting Using a calibrated spectrum analyzer with the above settings will result in a measurement error of up to 2 dB WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 4 4 Detecting Cable Gain Configuration Problems Detecting Cable Gain Configuration Problems The WALKair Cable Gain setting which is done by the person commissioning the WALKair device informs the system of the IF cable attenuation connecting the indoor unit BU with the outdoor unit RFU The system uses the configured value in its calculation of the overall gain for the system x The Cable Gain is always set to a negative value Incorrect Cable Gain configuration may result in a number of different scenarios as described below Base Station Cable Gain Configuration At the Base Station a variation of the configured values from the real actual Cable Gain will directly affect the power transmitted by the Base Station and the power transmitted by the Terminal Station Base Station Transmit Cable Gain In the TX path see Figure 4 3 a higher configured cable gain absolute value than the real cable attenuation absolute value results in higher transmitted power A lower configured cable gain absolute value than the real cable attenuation absolute value results in a lower transmitted power Example M Ifthe real cable attenuation is
15. AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION OR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL LIFE SUPPORT MACHINES WEAPONS SYSTEMS OR OTHER APPLICATIONS REPRESENTING A SIMILAR DEGREE OF POTENTIAL HAZARD ALVARION SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES b PURCHASER S SOLE REMEDY FOR BREACH OF THE EXPRESS WARRANTIES ABOVE SHALL BE REPLACEMENT OR REFUND OF THE PURCHASE PRICE AS SPECIFIED ABOVE AT ALVARION S OPTION TO THE FULLEST EXTENT ALLOWED BY LAW THE WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS EXPRESS OR IMPLIED EITHER IN FACT OR BY OPERATION OF LAW STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES TERMS OR CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE SATISFACTORY QUALITY CORRESPONDENCE WITH DESCRIPTION NON INFRINGEMENT AND ACCURACY OF INFORMATION GENERATED ALL OF WHICH ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED ALVARION WARRANTIES HEREIN RUN ONLY TO PURCHASER AND ARE NOT EXTENDED TO ANY THIRD PARTIES ALVARION NEITHER ASSUMES NOR AUTHORIZES ANY OTHER PERSON TO ASSUME FOR IT ANY OTHER LIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE SALE INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE OR USE OF ITS PRODUCTS Legal Rights Limitation of Liability a ALVARION SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO THE PURCHASER OR TO ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFITS LOSS OF USE INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS OR FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL PUNITIVE OR CONSEQ
16. Resolution gt To resolve an incorrect configuration E Make sure that the Terminal Station is registered at the BS SA with the correct parameters Customer ID TS type and estimated distance should be within 2 5Km from actual distance WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 1 6 Part 1 The Air Link is not established Transmit Receive Power Problems Transmit receive problems can result from either of the following M Weak signal received at the Terminal Station M Weak signal received at the Base Station as a result of a weak signal transmitted by the Terminal Station gt To correct transmit receive problems 1 Verify that the Terminal Station reaches the following condition RLC state WA 7 SEARCH gt Ifthe Terminal Station does reach such a phase MM Verify configuration at the relevant BS SA M Replace the TS BU gt Ifthe Terminal Station does not reach the phase mentioned for the operational frequencies proceed as follows Align the TS RFU Replace TS RFU Replace TS BU Verify alignment of BS Antenna 2 If RLC state is WA 7 SEARCH but not DATA sync try to reduce the operation point for this TS at the BS SA Chapter 1 Air link Setup Troubleshooting Part 2 The Air link is up but not optimized A WALKair link is deemed as operational and optimized if the following statements are true E The Link budget complies with the theoretical calculation given by radio planning up to 3
17. S BU M Ifthere are no other operational links in this sector gt Confirm Base Station antenna alignment Confirm 48V at the IF cable RFU BS side gt gt Replace the BS SA gt Replace IF MUX if connected gt Replace BS RFU Incorrect Configuration Problems Three different symptoms indicate three different kinds of incorrect configuration as described below Wrong Terminal Station Type The Terminal Station is configured at the Base Station with the wrong Terminal Station type this results in an Air Link status Up condition at the Terminal Station but a Terminal Station mismatch at the Base Station MPU L U gt Enter Option No TSC Terminal Station configuration mismatch BU slot 2 TS 2 Configured TS3300 TYPE A ee i o TESS 200 APs JE Wrong estimated Distance The Terminal Station is configured at the Base Station with a wrong Estimated distance resulting in a more than 2 5Km difference from the actual distance Since this condition can also cause problems to other links verify using WALKnet gt TS View gt TS RFU amp Antenna gt that the actual distance is compliant to the estimated distance Chapter 1 Air link Setup Troubleshooting Terminal Station not defined or disabled at the Base Station If the Terminal Station is not defined or defined but with administrative status disabled at the Base Station the following message is displayed Incorrect Configuration
18. UENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND WHETHER ARISING UNDER BREACH OF CONTRACT TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE AND WHETHER BASED ON THIS AGREEMENT OR OTHERWISE EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES b TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW IN NO EVENT SHALL THE LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES HEREUNDER OF ALVARION OR ITS EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID FOR THE PRODUCT BY PURCHASER NOR SHALL THE AGGREGATE LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES TO ALL PARTIES REGARDING ANY PRODUCT EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID FOR THAT PRODUCT BY THAT PARTY EXCEPT IN THE CASE OF A BREACH OF A PARTY S CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS Electronic Emission Notices This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules ETSI 300 328 UL UL C TUV GS and CE Operation is subject to the following two conditions This device may not cause harmful interference This device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide Legal Rights FCC Radio Frequency Interference Statement This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a class A digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed an
19. aligned correctly the Terminal Station must be within the effective Base Station Antenna lobe See also Chapter 3 Possible Network Problems and Causes for further clarifications MM If no other TS is installed gt Verify correct basic configuration according to Appendix B gt Measure 48 V at the IF port at the BS SA and measure the IF cable for no short or cutout gt Iftest equipment is available measure the IF cable attenuation Measure the signal using a spectrum analyzer by connecting the analyzer according to the RF survey instruction in the User Manual Once you have determined that the Base Station is operational the problem is presumed to be at the Terminal Station site In this case the next step is checking that the Terminal Station is effectively scanning frequencies WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide Part 1 The Air Link is not established Checking the Current Air Link Status To check the Current Air Link Status gt 1 Connect a monitor to the TS BU LCI port and log in as an Administrator ADMIN or as a Technician TECH 2 From the main menu press 32 2392732 The following messages appear in the TS test menu Chapter 1 Air link Setup Troubleshooting gt Air Link Status Symptoms and Corrective Actions There is no full link if the RLC state is other than DATA SYNC If RXM is not RX_SYNC there is currently no downlink The number in the parentheses next to
20. ce After it is determined that the errors are caused either by a stronger level of interference than predicted in radio planning or by random interference it is necessary to verify this condition by measurement In order to measure interference you can disable the transmission of the carrier subject to interference and use a spectrum analyzer as described in the next section Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Measuring Interference In order to rule out an interference problem you can measure the interference in the WALKair IF Measuring Uplink An Uplink IF measurement is conducted by connecting the Spectrum Analyzer to the Rx port on the IF MUX II Measuring a WALKair Signal The following table summarizes the WALKair signal characteristics versus the setting of a spectrum analyzer that is used to measure it Table 4 1 WALKair Signal Characteristics vs Spectrum Analyzer Settings WALKair Signal Characteristics Spectrum Analyzer Settings for Proper Power Measurement 3 5 7 14 MHz wide 16OAM RBW Optimal is 1 75 MHz a setting of modulated signal 1 MHz will yield however close results Pseudo Random Signal Detection type normal Storage type Average more than 100 counts TDMA transmission In case of Downlink the measurement Downlink is a constant is exact transmission of the BS In case of the Uplink measurement the consequently the signal is power measured is a function of how constantly operative many
21. ctional E1 service is NOT the same RAI is Dependent on the receive direction of the interface MM AIS is dependent on the AIS alarm coming from the corresponding E1 interface on the other side of the air The alarms are forwarded from BS to TS BU and vice versa over the EOC channels E Alarm forwarding scenarios The following are examples of signaling scenarios in a WALKair system where the X symbol represents the point of failure In all of the examples the E1 service is applied at the physical layer The second layer may be a Leased Line V5 X Frame Relay service Chapter 2 The WALKair E1 Alarm Mechanism TS BU Rx Direction is Disconnected In this case the incoming E1 frame to the TS BU telecom interface is disconnected The TS BU ID 20 in Figure 2 1 will transmit RAI to the corresponding telecom equipment TS BU ID 20 is faulty and TS BU ID 10 is working normally The BS SA will transmit AIS all ones only on the time slots that are assigned to TS BU ID 20 The time slots are associated with a service Time slots assigned to TS ID 10 will continue to transfer data voice This is known as fractional E1 AIS Note that if the equipment on the BS SA side is disconnected in the same way all the TS BU s transmit AIS GL a Huson eM GERD Terminal Station Figure 2 1 TS BU RX Direction Disconnected WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 2 6 E1 Alarm Mechanism in WALKair TS BU Tx D
22. d is as expected gt To resolve Type C deviation 1 Check that the cable gain at the Terminal Station is not lower than the real actual value 2 Ifthe previous step does not solve the problem gt Atthe Terminal Station site M Replace TS RFU M Replace TS BU gt At the Base Station only if the current BS SA is not connected to an operational Terminal Station M If the sector configuration uses an IF MUX 4 connect the BS SA to another port of the IF MUX 4 M Ifthe sector configuration uses a single BS SA with IF MUX temporarily connect the BS SA directly to the RFU M Replace the BS SA Chapter 2 The WALKair El Alarm Mechanism About this Chapter The purpose of this chapter is to describe signaling over E1 and fractional E1 services in general and in the WALKair system in special The WALKair system complies with the G703 standard However the signaling issue in Point to Multi Point fractional E1 service remains confusing The main aspects of the signaling discussed are framing alarming and CRC on channel 0 Examples are provided following the explanations Chapter 2 The WALKair E1 Alarm Mechanism E1 Alarm Mechanism in WALKair El Interface Modes Unframed In the unframed mode there is no differentiation between time slot O and other time slots The traffic is comprised of a 2Mbit stream In unframed mode the Fractional E1 FE1 service is not relevant Transparent Framed no S
23. d used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference to radio communications Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense Disposal of Electronic and Electrical Waste Pursuant to the WEEE EU Directive electronic and electrical waste must not be disposed of with unsorted waste Please contact your local recycling authority for ee disposal of this product Important Notice Important Notice This user manual is delivered subject to the following conditions and restrictions E This manual contains proprietary information belonging to Alvarion Ltd Such information is supplied solely for the purpose of assisting properly authorized users of the respective Alvarion products MM No part of its contents may be used for any other purpose disclosed to any person or firm or reproduced by any means electronic and mechanical without the express prior written permission of Alvarion Ltd MM The text and graphics are for the purpose of illustration and reference only The specifications on which they are based are subject to change without notice M The software described in this document is furnished under a license The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of that license M Information in this document is subject to change without notice Corporate
24. dB E The TS TX power is not more than 13dBm E The Up Down SNR figures are in compliance with the table below M The link is stable does not fail once every few minutes hours Table 1 1 Rx Power versus Expected SNR Reading 26 28 14MHz Channel em nie E 22 26 E 24 28 ME O EE m 2632 Link Budget Compliance with Radio Planning Ensure that the link budget complies with the theoretic value given by the radio planner up to 3 dB The theoretical calculation of fade margin is the expected attenuation between the Base Station and Terminal Station Antenna By knowing in advance the fade margin you can predict the power received transmitted at the Terminal Station The compliance between the expected power and the power reported by the system may vary by 3 dB WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide Part 2 The Air link is up but not optimized gt If the Link Budget calculation does not comply with the power reported by the system 1 Make sure that the RFU Head Type is configured correctly 2 Follow the next steps according to the incompliance found Chapter 1 Air link Setup Troubleshooting Deviations between expected and reported power at the Terminal Station Deviations between the expected and reported power at the Terminal Station may appear as one of the following three types A B and C Type A Deviation Transmit power reported is higher than expected and Received power is reported lower
25. ernet and E1 Ports Admin amp operational status Clock Configuration BS SA current amp Backup Version IDU Redundancy TS admin amp operational status Ethernet and E1 Ports Admin amp operational status Actual UP amp DOWN System Performance Verification Expected result Configured Enable amp UP Configured Detected correctly All used ports are Enable amp UP Clock priority list is configured in case of TDM services Updated Version Status OK Configured status equal actual status operational status is UP All TS s are Enable amp UP All TS used ports are Enable amp UP How to Verify WALKnet gt BS SA view WALKnet gt BS SA view WALKnet gt BS SA view WALKnet gt BS SA view WALKnet gt BS SA view WALKnet gt BS SA view gt BS SA gt Clock configuration WALKnet gt BS SA view gt BS SA gt Versions WALKnet gt BS SA view WALKnet gt BS SA view gt BS SA gt Registered terminals WALKnet 2 gt TS BU View repeat for all TS s WALKnet gt TS BU View repeat for all Appendix B result me E TS parameters TS Type Detected WALKnet gt TS BU correctly View repeat for all TS s TS RFU amp IF cable gain Configured WALKnet gt TS BU Antenna according to View gt RFU amp the actual cable Antenna repeat for all attenuation TS s TS RFU amp
26. eseeeaesaeeees 1 5 Wrong estimated Distance EE 1 5 Terminal Station not defined or disabled at the Base Station 1 6 Incorrect Configuration Resoluton cece ccc ec ence eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeenensenseneees 1 6 Transmit Receive Power Problems ccc ece ec LL eee eeneenseeseesensenseeeneesenes 1 7 Part 2 The Air link is up but not optimized see NENNEN ENEE E EE 1 8 Link Budget Compliance with Radio Planning 1 8 Deviations between expected and reported power at the Terminal Station 1 10 gt gt aia i VECO RY ND RF FERF FFRYNT RY FY FF FFR EF RR FYR FORWYN FFIT 1 10 RENE Te 1 11 Type IC VAT OM FFYN E FFR EYN RO NF HYF FF YE NOA 1 11 Chapter 2 The WALKair E1 Alarm Mechanism 2 1 E1 Alarm Mechanism in WALKailD l cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccsceccecs 2 2 SH EE Eet 2 2 MA eege 2 2 Transparent Framed no Signaling ices d gege ee ANNERES NEE EE HESE OUR 2 2 Bee Vie INO Aa crocs EN RH E E NAF HE EEF EF FEE EFYRNWY 2 3 Double Frame Format ET 2 3 ORC4 MAIL E Eeer e E EE 2 4 Fractional EI Tae EN 2 5 Ee 2 5 Contents Time Slot O and Fractional E1 Geriee ccc eee ccc cc cece RY RR RR ARR READ RR wnn Na 2 5 Tb BU Rx Direction is Disconnected ea Gan RC GG GU Gu CS 2 6 15 BU Tx Direction is Test eege Eege Nee 2 7 Radio A EEN 2 8 E L soliwarc loopback OPO Sa iaa Y YY Y yd OE DDU NOT 2 9 MACE UE IR NOOO 1 EE 2 9 IER Ree eier 2 9 Po ao AP Zeene eege 2 9 Chapter 3 P
27. gt Bad FER Frame Error Rate less than 10e 6 gt Minimum SNR lower than 22dB in one or more intervals of 15 minutes gt More than 1 of Error Seconds gt Appearance of unavailable seconds The above symptoms are not conclusive that interference is present The same symptoms can appear if the Received signal of a Terminal Station or a Base Station is varied over a large power range and drops to lower than expected values In the case of low received power the SNR is degraded naturally to the lower signal In the case of random interference low SNR along with bit errors will appear when the received power remains constant in other words if the signal level is constant and the interference level is increasing Constant interference is harder to analyze especially in deployed networks because there is no time reference for periods of time when the link had good performance relative to periods of time when random interference appears However certain power levels should match certain SNR values Therefore if the SNR value is constantly low but the Received power is fine this might be an indication of interference WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide Diagnosis of an Interference Problem During the radio planning phase network deployment takes into account the predicted level of interference caused due to frequency reuse for every customer It is important to know these values and compare them with the system performan
28. ignaling The E1 framer is set to work in framed mode Hence in addition to reconstructing the 2Mbit Sec stream the framer also constructs a 125usec frame based on time slot O The BS SA and TS BU refer to time slot 16 as a regular traffic time slot WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 2 2 E1 Alarm Mechanism in WALKair Framing Format The framing structure is defined by the contents of time slot O Double Frame Format Table 2 1 Double Frame Format Ps fa ts la s s lhs Frame Containing Si 1 1 1 1 the Frame Alignment Signal FAS Frame not Containing the Frame Alignment Signal NFAS Si bits reserved for international use If not used these bits should be fixed to 1 m Fixed to 1 Used for synchronization 0011011 flag indication m Remote alarm indication In undisturbed operation 0 in alarm condition 1 E Sa bits Reserved for national use If not used they should be fixed to 1 Chapter 2 The WALKair E1 Alarm Mechanism CRC4 Multi Frame Format Table 2 2 Basic Parameters Sub Frame Multi frame Num o fer fo SE ee Tau Ten er aa 2_ c fo fo i h fo h h a o a saa sas Sa6 Sa7 sas a jes fo fo ih fo h h s o fa a sat sa5 Sa6 Sa7 sas e jes fo poh h fo h h 7z o fi a Leen sas sas sa7 sas _ oe afo fo a h fo h h a Jon fa sa 2 efo fo a h fo h h s lo i fa sa a jes fo poh h p hh e fea fo fo a h fo h h Sad E E Spare b
29. imitation in the Terminal Station Radio parameters menu Modem working point option This option will limit the i Transmit power of the Terminal Station if the power reported by the TS BU exceeds the limitation If an incorrect cable gain is configured at the TX path a link may not be established because of insufficient transmitted power Alternatively a Terminal Station may transmit using a higher power than allowed WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 4 10 Detecting Cable Gain Configuration Problems Terminal Station Receive Cable Gain In the Rx path see Figure 4 6 a higher configured Cable Gain absolute value than the real cable attenuation absolute value results in higher reported Receive power and does not affect the power transmitted as set by Base Station A lower configured cable gain absolute value than the real cable attenuation absolute value results in lower reported received power although the real received power does not change Base Station Terminal Station Real Power received 65 dBm Qe i Outdoor Unit D S D Terminal Station IF d f Cable attenuates d f a Base Station IF Cable 4 Indoor Unit RA Cable Gain configured higher than d real RX Cable Gain 15 dB EP Ane Power RA 60 dBm Incloor Unit Figure 4 6 Terminal Station Receive Cable Gain Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Example M Ifthe real cable attenuation is 10 dB the powe
30. irection is Disconnected The transmitted E1 frame from the TS BU is disconnected and the information does not reach the telecom equipment on the CPE side The telecom equipment towards the TS BU will generate RAI and the TS BU will transmit AIS alarm on all time slots in response Figure 2 2 TS BU TX Direction Disconnected Chapter 2 The WALKair E1 Alarm Mechanism Radio Link Loss In a Radio Loss scenario AIS will be transmitted on all 32 time slots of the E1 towards the telecom equipment on both BS SA and TS BU sides Even if the telecom equipment in the TS BU side is disconnected AIS is still transmitted Figure 2 3 Radio Link Loss WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 2 8 E1 Alarm Mechanism in WALKair El software loopback options Local L loopback Local loopback disconnects the Rx lines from the receiver the data provided by the system interface is routed through the analog receiver back to the system interface This test is used to check the E1 interface including the Air interface When configuring E1 local loopback at the TS the Test equipment should be connected to the BS When configuring E1 local loopback at the BS the test equipment should be connected to the TS a compatible service should be defined Remote R loopback In remote loopback testing the clock and data recovered from the line inputs are routed back to the line outputs via the analog or digital transmitter This loopback i
31. its for international use Em Sa Spare bits for national use x m C1 C4 Cyclic redundancy check bits m A Remote alarm indication E Even frame number is always FAS Odd frame number is always NFAS WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 2 4 E1 Alarm Mechanism in WALKair Fractional El Alarms AIS In general an Alarm Indication Signal will be transmitted whenever an RAI is received by an E1 interface An AIS is different in point to multi point fractional E1 service and in full E1 frame point to point service AIS in point to point systems is known as transmission of All Ones in all time slots except time slot O whereas in fractional E1 service all ones will appear only on the time slots that have a service is assigned to them RAI Time Remote Alarm Indication will be transmitted if the incoming E1 interface loses synchronization with the incoming data The threshold is FAS error ratio greater than 10e 3 RAI will set bit A of the NFAS to 17 Slot O and Fractional E1 Service In case of framed E1 WALKair does not transfer time slot O from the receive direction of the E1 frame to the BU TS BS towards the air In the transmit direction the outgoing E1 frame from the BU interface time slot O is re created The time slot O information is created as follows M CRC is calculated according to the time slots assigned to the port Therefore the CRC code for the BS SA port and the TS BU port containing fra
32. margins in the free space the following formula may be used Lip 92 5 20log F X Dyn where the parameters are as follows L The Free Space loss dB F The frequency Band 10 5 GHz 26 GHz 28 GHz D Distance from Base to Terminal km In order to compute the loss between the two antennas Terminal Station and Base Station the Gain of each antenna needs to be subtracted from the Total Fade Margin Loss All the antenna gains are listed in the following table Table A 1 Antenna Gains and Opening Angles Elevation Antenna Type and dBi Opening Azimuth Angle deg Angle deg WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide P N Terminal Station Power Levels Calculation Table A 1 Antenna Gains and Opening Angles Band Gain Elevation Antenna Type and dBi Opening Azimuth Angle deg Angle deg 2some fis e Jee Horizontal ep os lar Base 45 Horizontal oam or la Base 90 vertie Base 90 Horizontal lm lm le Thus the loss between Terminal and Base will be L L Total dB Fade Margin dB E G pase Antenna dBi o G rerminal Antenna dB Now that the Total Loss is calculated the power expected to be transmitted received by the Terminal Station may be calculated as well P f Rx dBm BaseTx dBm Total dB e E PraseRx dBm o Lrotal aB Appendix A Example In a WALKair 3000 26 GHz system the base antenna lobe is 90 and the distance between Base Station and Terminal Station
33. nna BS SA RFU amp Antenna BS SA RFU amp Antenna BS SA parameters BS SA parameters B 2 Parameter WALKnet Version Authorized Manager ODU redundancy Modulation Change Expected result Updated and compliance to the WALKair 3000 firmware Management IP Configured Configured IF MUX type Configured RFU type Configured IF Cable gains of RFU A and RFU B when using ODU redundancy Configured according to the cable attenuation Enabled and Communication is UP Enabled Configured default 15dBm for 26 28GHZ band How to Verify WALKnet gt Help gt About BS SA LCI gt 1 Configuration Menu gt 9 Management Menu gt 1 Get out band IP address WALKnet gt BS SA view gt Authorized Managers WALKnet gt BS SA view gt RFU and antenna WALKnet gt BS SA view gt RFU and antenna WALKnet gt BS SA view gt RFU and antenna WALKnet gt BS SA view gt RFU and antenna WALKnet gt BS SA view gt RFU and antenna WALKnet gt BS SA view gt RFU and antenna WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide BS SA parameters BS SA parameters BS SA parameters BS SA parameters BS SA parameters BS SA parameters BS SA parameters BS SA parameters TS parameters TS parameters TS parameters Parameter Frequency channel BS SA admin amp operational status Channel BW BS SA Type Eth
34. nna is 5 dB higher Thus the power received is Power received expected deviation power received 70 dBm 5 dB 65 dBm If the real cable attenuation is 15 dB and the attenuation is configured at 20 dB variation of 5 dB higher then the power transmitted by the Terminal Station is 5 dB lower and the actual received power level at the Base Station antenna is 5 dB lower Thus the power received is Power receive expected deviation power received 70 dBm 5 dB 75 dBm 4 8 The real power received by the Base Station may be evaluated by the receive SNR When an SNR of 20 dB is obtained the real power received at the Base Station antenna is 80 dBm Refer to Table 1 1 Receive power versus SNR for information WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide Detecting Cable Gain Configuration Problems Terminal Station Cable Gain Configuration At the Terminal Station the configured cable gain does not directly affect the power transmitted by the Terminal Station but only limits it in extreme cases Terminal Station Transmit Cable Gain In the TX path see Figure 4 5 a higher configured Cable Gain absolute value than the real cable attenuation absolute value results in higher reported Transmit power and does not affect the power transmitted set by Base Station A lower configured Cable Gain absolute value than the real cable attenuation absolute value results in lower reported Transmit power although the
35. ossible Network Problems and Their Causes 3 1 Base Station Antenna Coverage ccccccccsssscccccccccccssssccccccscccccssccccccccscccsss 3 2 Frequency Reuse in the same Base Gtoaton FRY RR AFR A RH nao 3 3 Random Interferon eege eege eege 3 5 Chapter A Analysis Methods ccccssscccessecceneescssseesenseesenseesenneeees 4 1 Diagnosis of an Interference Problem ee ee EEN EE EEN ENEE E 4 2 Measuring Interference ege t gege Ehe EEN Ee ee 4 4 MC SG O UU fa TA E 4 4 Measuring a WAKO 51Gnal ee GU re GUARD CD OR UG DO 4 4 Detecting Cable Gain Configuration Probleme ees E 4 5 Base Station Cable Gain Configuration ssssssseeesseseresssssseeesssssreessseseeees 4 5 Base Station Transmit Cable Gamm 4 5 Base een REceive Cable Gai ue aa Ran CG e e A Ydd DU DON GN YO 4 7 Terminal Station Cable Gain Copnbheuraton 4 9 Terminal Station Transmit Cable Gamm 4 9 Terminal Station Receive Cable Gaitls uu NODAU UL ND NU WB 4 11 Appendix A Terminal Station Power Levels Calculation A 1 Terminal Station Power Levels Calculation ccccccccccccccccccceccces A 2 Appendix B System Performance Verification B 1 Configuration ChecKliStE 0 00 YR Dyb ENEE ee B 2 WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 1 1 2 1 DD 2 3 2 4
36. r received is 0 dBm received from Base and the cable gain is configured at 15 dB 15 dB absolute value variation of 5 dB higher then the Transmit power reported by the TS BU is 5 dB higher The real power transmitted is still O dBm Thus the Transmit power reported Real power received deviation reported power 65 dBm 5dB 60 dBm If the real cable attenuation is 10 dB the power received is 65 dBm received from Base Station and the cable gain is configured at 5 dB 5 dB absolute value variation of 5 dB lower then the power reported by the TS BU is 5 dB lower The real power transmitted is still 65 dBm and the transmit power reported is Real power transmitted deviation reported power 65 dBm 5 dB 70 dBm j The real power received by the Base Station may be evaluated by the receive SNR When an SNR of 20 dB is obtained the real power received at the Base Station antenna is 80 dBm Refer to Table 1 1 Receive power versus SNR table 4 12 WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide A Appendix A Terminal Station Power Levels Calculation In this Appendix M Calculation of received and transmit power levels of a Terminal Station based on a clear line of sight link and using the free space model Appendix A Terminal Station Power Levels Calculation All calculations of the fade margin in this Appendix apply to good weather conditions no rain snow fog etc In order to calculate fade
37. rming a radio survey as recommended in the WALKair 3000 System manual As the spectrum is occupied by the signals of the WALKair system it becomes very difficult to detect interference because this requires disabling the links carriers that are suspected of suffering from interference See Chapter 4 Analysis Methods for a method of interference evaluation based on measurements presented by WALKnet Performance Monitoring Chapter 4 Analysis Methods In this Chapter This Chapter includes M Diagnosis of an Interference Problem on page 4 2 E Measuring Interference on page 4 4 M Detecting Cable Gain Problems on page 4 5 RW Measuring a WALKair Signal on page 4 4 Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Diagnosis of an Interference Problem 4 2 When the symptoms of a problem are detected it is possible to observe the WALKair system s air performance behavior using the WALKnet application and determine in most cases if the cause is radio interference or something else To diagnose an interference problem 1 In the WALKnet application activate the air performance monitoring for the required terminal display the last 24 hours in 15 minutes intervals and follow the instructions below 2 Proceed by differentiating the performance of the uplink channel from the downlink channel In this way the analysis is more focused A link subject to interference is characterized by one or more of the following symptoms
38. s the gain of each unit in the system is known RFU IF MUX cable gain a power of 70 dBm is estimated by the system The system measures the power received by the BS SA and then subtracts the known overall gain of the system Thus an incorrectly configured cable gain will cause a wrong estimation of the power received by the Base Station In the RX path see Figure 4 4 a higher configured larger absolute cable gain than the real cable attenuation results in lower Terminal Station Transmit power and thus lower real received Base Station power poorer SNR A lower configured smaller absolute cable gain than the real cable attenuation results in higher transmitted Terminal Station power and thus higher real received Base Station power better SNR Terminal Station Power transmitted higher than expected Outdoor Unit Terminal Station Power transmitted IF Cable higher than expected oS SS awm Base Station EEN eager Be IF Cable Gain 10dB y Indoor Unit Indoor Unit x e RX Cable Gain configured higher than 1 real RX Cable Gain RX Cable Gain 15dBm Figure 4 4 Base Station Receive Cable Gain Chapter 4 Analysis Methods Example M Ifthe real cable attenuation is 15 dB and the attenuation is configured at 10 dB variation of 5 dB lower then the power transmitted by the Terminal Station is 5 dB higher and the actual received power level at the Base Station ante
39. s used for remote self testing Payload P loopback Payload loopback loops the data stream from the receiver path back to the transmitter section The looped data passes the complete Telecom port receiver including the wander and jitter compensation Similar to the Remote loopback testing it includes an additional component in the E1 interface Chapter 2 The WALKair E1 Alarm Mechanism The following diagram illustrates loopback testing BS or TS Remote bap Payload loop MEAN Get TSor BS loc alloop Figure 2 4 Loopback Testing WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide 2 10 Chapter 3 Possible Network Problems and Their Causes About this Chapter Some link problems are not concerned with a specific air link Since the air is Shared with other links and possibly other systems problems can be common to more than one link This Chapter includes examples of cases with problems common to several Terminal Stations Chapter 3 Possible Network Problems and Their Causes Base Station Antenna Coverage The effective Base Station antenna lobe is defined as the field in which the antenna gain is not less than 3 dB from its maximum gain The effective lobe is a function of the antenna opening angles azimuth and elevation These angles are dependent on the type of antenna chosen for a specific radio planning An installation error occurs if the sector antenna is not pointed in the pre planned heading
40. ted to support solely the two 2 most recent Software major releases ALVARION SHALL NOT BE LIABLE UNDER THIS WARRANTY IF ITS TESTING AND EXAMINATION DISCLOSE THAT THE ALLEGED DEFECT IN THE PRODUCT DOES NOT EXIST OR WAS CAUSED BY PURCHASER S OR ANY THIRD PERSON S MISUSE NEGLIGENCE IMPROPER INSTALLATION OR IMPROPER TESTING UNAUTHORIZED ATTEMPTS TO REPAIR OR ANY OTHER CAUSE BEYOND THE RANGE OF THE INTENDED USE OR BY ACCIDENT FIRE LIGHTNING OR OTHER HAZARD WALKair 3000 Troubleshooting Guide Legal Rights Disclaimer a The Product is sold on an AS IS basis Alvarion its affiliates or its licensors MAKE NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WITH RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE AND THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION ALVARION SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON INFRINGEMENT WITH RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE UNITS OF PRODUCT INCLUDING ALL THE SOFTWARE DELIVERED TO PURCHASER HEREUNDER ARE NOT FAULT TOLERANT AND ARE NOT DESIGNED MANUFACTURED OR INTENDED FOR USE OR RESALE IN APPLICATIONS WHERE THE FAILURE MALFUNCTION OR INACCURACY OF PRODUCTS CARRIES A RISK OF DEATH OR BODILY INJURY OR SEVERE PHYSICAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES MAY INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO USE AS PART OF ON LINE CONTROL SYSTEMS IN HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS REQUIRING FAIL SAFE PERFORMANCE SUCH AS IN THE OPERATION OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES
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