universiti teknologi malaysia universiti teknologi malaysia
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1. float V T setup_adc_ports ANO setup adc ADC CLOCK INTERNAL setup psp PSP DISABLED setup spi SPI SS DISABLED setup timer O RTCC INTERNALIRTCC DIV 1 setup timer I TI1 DISABLED setup timer 2 T2 DISABLED 0 1 setup comparator NC NC NC NOC setup vref FALSE TODO USER CODE V read_adc V V 1 51 printf Voltage 6 4f n r V T 100 V printf Temperature 3 1f n r degree Celcius T putc Ox0D putc Ox0A Figure 3 9 Programming for ADC in PIC C Compiler Figure 3 8 below shows the corresponding hex file for the ADC programming 37 include lt 16F877A h gt device adc 10 FUSES NOWDT INo Watch Dog Timer FUSES HS High speed Osc gt 4mhz FUSES NOPUT INo Power Up Timer FUSES NOPROTECT Code not protected from reading FUSES NODEBUG INo Debug mode for ICD FUSES NOBROWNOUT No brownout reset FUSES NOLVP No low voltage prgming B3 PIC16 or B5 PIC18 used for I O FUSES NOCPD No EE protection FUSES WRT_50 Lower half of Program Memory is Write Protected use delay clock 20000000 use rs232 baud 9600 parity N xmit PIN_C6 rcv PIN_C7 bits 8 Figure 3 10 Hex file in PIC C 3 4 3 Algorithm and Programming in Visual Basic 6 0 Graphical user interface for this project have been developed in Visual Basic 6 0 The purpose of this graphical user interface is to display the temperature and duration of the ultrasound therapy application The flow of th2. Figure 3 13 Introduction form Once the START DEMO button is pressed form of Figure 3 14 will be shown This is the user manual form This form will give information to the user on how to use this graphical user interface To proceed to the main form where to display the temperature the user must click on the next button 40 Putin user name and age in the box provided at the top of the page Click START button to begin application Click STOP button to end application Click on HELP button to go to help information page Click EXIT to exit the program Figure 3 14 Users manual form After the user had click the next button as in form 2 of Figure 3 14 above the user will be redirected to the main from as shown in Figure 3 15 below There was a calendar at the right top this form which shows the current date and time The users have the option to put in their personal particular such as name and age First the user must click on the corresponding box to activate it and then type in their personal particular The START button is used to start the application Once the START button is clicked start time and temperature will be shown Stop time and temperature will be shown when the user click on the STOP button to stop the application USER MANUAL and HELP box will redirect the user back to the user manual and help form In this form MS Comm is needed to be place here because this GUI gets their input from R
3. Human Volume 28 Number 3 Pg 246 250 1993 Dov Maor Javier Grinfeld and Kullervo Hynynen Ultrasound Therapy United States Patent US Patent 6 612 988 B2 2003 Gary Cornell Visual Basic 6 from the Ground Up Build Window and Internet Applications Step by Step California McGraw Hill 1998 H Miwa M Kino L K Han K Takaoka T Tsujita H Furuhata M Sugiyama H Seno Y Morita Y Kimura and H Okuda Effect of ultrasound application on fat mobilization Pathophysiology 9 13_ 19 2002 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 64 James J Romano The use of Ultrasound in Cosmetic surgery San Francisco CA 94108 415 981 3911 2007 Jared Hoylman Understanding and Using VisualBasic 6 Part 6 Reynolds Electronics http www rentron com receiving data htm 2007 Jerry L Prince and Jonathan M Links Medical Imaging Signal and Systems Pearson Prentice Hall Bioengineering John Z S The Biophysical Effects of Ultrasound A Review of the Current Literature Pg 7 9 Joseph J Carr and John M Brown Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology Fourth Edition New Jersey Prentice Hall Inc 2001 Kenneth W Coffey and Gregory F Dorholt Apparatus and Method for Substantially Stationary Transducer Therapeutic Ultrasound Treatment US United States Patent US Patent 6599 246 B1 2003 Kullervo Hynynen and Gregory T Clement Ultrasound
4. 56 58 60 Application of temperature monitoring in ultrasound therapy 61 xiii C F K ADC BNR CPU GUI LC I O PC ROM RTD US VB xiv LIST OF SYMBOLS Degree Celsius Degree Fahrenheit Kelvin Absorption coefficient cm Analog to Digital Converter Beam Non Uniformity Ratio Central Processing Unit Graphical User Interface beam intensity in W cm Integrated Circuit Input Output Personal Computer Random Access Memory Read Only Memory Resistance Thermo Detector heat energy in watts Ultrasound Visual basic XV LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Full System of Temperature Monitoring Project for 66 Ultrasound Therapy Machine B Full Source Code for ADC Programming in PIC C Compiler 67 C Full Source Code of Graphical User Interface in Visual 68 Basic 6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Background Ultrasound is defined as sound wave having a freguency greater than the upper limit of human hearing Although this limit varies from person to person it is approximately 20 kilohertz 20 000 hertz in healthy young adults and thus 20 kHz serves as a useful lower limit in describing ultrasound There are two primary form of ultrasound diagnostic and therapeutic Diagnostic ultrasound is used for medical imaging while the therapeutic counterpart is used in the treatment of various physical ailments and fitness machines In fact ultrasound has been used in therapeutic for over 60 years
5. End Sub Private Sub cmdStart Click Message box confirm the user whether startt or cancel start begin MsgBox Start a new session vbOK Cancel vbQuestion vbDefaultButton1 Start If begin vbOK Then Start a new session Establish and print starting time StartTime Now IbIStart_TimeD Caption Format StartTime hh mm ss IblStop TimeD Caption IblElapsed TD Caption End If 69 Get input from MSComm and display temperature during start MSComm1 InputLen 10 If MSComm1 InBufferCount gt 10 Then InData MSComm1 Input MSComm1 InBufferCount 0 IblTemp1 Caption InData End If End Sub Private Sub cmdStop Click Message box confirm the user whether stop or cancel stop nono MsgBox Stop this current application vbOK Cancel vbDefaultButton1 vbExclamation Stop If nono vbOK Then Find the ending time compute the elapsed time Put both values in label boxes StopTime Now ElapsedTime StopTime StartTime IblStop TimeD Caption Format StopTime hh mm ss IblElapsed TD Caption Format ElapsedTime hh mm ss Put the stop temperature in label boxes MSComm1 InputLen 10 If MSComm1 InBufferCount gt 10 Then InData MSComm1 Input MSComm1 InBufferCount 0 IblTemp2 Caption InData End If End Sub Private Sub cmdUserManual Click Form4 Show Unload Form1 End Sub Private Sub Form_Load MSComm1 PortOpen True End Sub Private Sub Form_Unload Cance
6. The mechanisms of action of ultrasound should be considered in terms of four categories First is the thermal effect which relates to the heat generated into the deeper tissues and especially the collagen and the benefits derived from this Second is the mechanical effect 3 which relates to the high speed vibrations that act on the tissue just like a micro massage Third is the cavitations effect This refers to the production of countless microscopic droplets of oxygen from the vibration process Fourth are the biological effects 1 which include blood vessel dilatation improved blood flow and circulation sonopheresis improved lymph flow muscle relaxation reduced inflammation and pain relief 13 The technology of ultrasound revolves around the transmission of cyclic waves through the skin and the surrounding tissues The ultrasonic machine sends millions of vibrations 1 000 000 per second into the deep tissues of the skin breaking stubborn fat so that the fat can be decomposed Ultrasound also encourages the production of collagen which irons out unsightly wrinkles and fat deposits Ultrasound vibrating in a high freguency results in increased tissue stimulation promotion of local metabolism and excretion of skin waste 1 As a result of millions of tiny sound waves being sent through the skin per second frictional heat is created In general we can state that heat created is the product of the applied power intensity I
7. 3 3 MHz However the freguently most often used for physical therapy application is a frequency of about 1 0 MHz or 3 0 MHz because they offer good compromises between sufficiently deep penetration and adequate heating under customary exposure levels Sound waves can be produced as continuous wave or as pulsed wave A pulsed wave is intermittently interrupted Pulsed waves are further characterized by specifying the fraction of time the sound is present over one pulse period This fraction is called the duty cycle and is calculated by dividing the pulse time on by the total time of a pulse period or similarly time on plus time off Duty cycle for therapy machines when in pulsed mode range from about 5 percent to about 50 percent Intensity determined the strength of an ultrasound beam It is the rate at which energy is delivered per unit area and is expressed in units of watts per square centimeter Intensities employed in physical therapy are limited to the range of about 0 25 watts per square centimeter to about 3 00 watts per square centimeter In addition for pulsed sound beam the intensity of the beam will be zero when the beam is off and at its maximum during the pulse Temporal average intensity of a beam is obtained by averaging the intensity over both the on and off periods Hence the temporal average intensity is decrease proportionally to the amount of time the sound is off Since the amount of heating depends on the temporal
8. 3 4 2 Programming in PIC C Compiler 3 4 3 Algorithm and Programming in Visual Basic 6 0 3 4 3 1 Forms 3 4 3 2 GUI Source Code 3 5 Problem and Solution in Implementation RESULT AND ANALYSIS 4 1 Introduction viii 20 21 22 23 28 30 31 31 33 34 34 35 37 39 42 45 46 4 2 4 3 4 4 Experiment 1 Determine Relationship of Power 46 Supply and Voltage for Ultrasound Therapy Probes 4 2 1 Procedures 47 4 2 2 Experimental Result Analysis 48 4 2 2 1 Transmitted the Ultrasound 49 Through Transmission Gel for Continuous Waveform 4 2 2 2 Transmitted the Ultrasound 50 Through Transmission Gel for Pulse Waveform 4 2 2 3 Transmitted the Ultrasound 51 Through Water for Continuous Waveform 4 2 2 4 Transmitted the Ultrasound 52 Through Water for Pulse Waveform 4 2 2 5 No Specific Transmission 53 Medium for Continuous Waveform 4 2 2 6 No Specific Transmission 54 Medium for Pulse Waveform 4 2 3 Result Discussion 55 Experiment 2 Determine the Thermal Effect 56 with the Time of Ultrasound Irradiation 4 3 1 Procedures 56 4 3 2 Experimental Result Analysis 57 4 3 3 Result Discussion 58 Experiment 3 Experiment 3 Comparison 58 between system measurement and thermometer measurement 441 Procedures 59 4 4 2 Experimental Results 59 4 4 3 Discussion 60 4 5 Limitation 4 6 Possible Application 5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDICES 61 61 62 63 66 TABLE NO 2 1 2 2 2
9. Plot graph 7 Make comparison 4 4 2 Experimental Result Table 4 8 Test Measurement Results Test Thermometer UC System LIC Accuracy 1 25 25 7 97 20 2 30 29 2 97 30 3 35 34 5 98 57 4 40 40 3 99 99 5 45 45 4 99 99 60 Temperature OC Thermometer E System Test Set Figure 4 11 Graph of measurement between thermometer and system 4 4 3 Discussion Accuracy calculation Accuracy Thermometer OC System LIC Thermometer OC From Table 4 8 it is found out that most of the temperature measurement accuracies are more 95 Thus this system is reliable Graph of Figure 4 11 shows that the temperature for both measurement are linear 61 4 5 Limitation Only contact temperature measurement is allowable for this system The whole system is large and cannot keep in the casing of the ultrasound therapy transducer 4 6 Possible Application and Market Figure 4 12 below shows the possible application of this system From the figure the temperature sensor is attached in the casing of the ultrasound therapy transducer US Therapy Transmitter Temperature Sensor Figure 4 12 Application of temperature monitoring in ultrasound therapy CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION A temperature monitoring system for ultrasound therapy machine has been developed This system is able
10. Therapy United States Patent US Patent 6 770 031 B2 2004 Lennart D J Nonthermal Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound The Frequency Resonance Hypothesis Journal of Athletic Training 37 3 293 299 2002 Lou Tylee Learn Visual Basic 6 0 Bellevue KIDware 206 721 2556 http www jetcity com kidware Microlink Engineering Solutions Acquiring Data from the RS232 Serial Port http www microlink co uk rs232 html 2006 R S Khandpur Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation Second Edition New Delhi Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited 2007 20 21 65 Speed C A Therapeutic Ultrasound in Soft Tissue Lesions Rheumatology Oxford Journal 40 12 1331 1336 2001 William R Hendee and E Russell Ritenour Medical Imaging Physics Fourth Editon New York Wiley Liss Inc 2002 66 APPENDIX A Full System of Temperature Monitoring Project for Ultrasound Therapy Machine PIC16F877A Schematic Diagram of Temperature Sensor Circuit AM 339 6 De 5 R4 Qt e 1 00 si Lvi i 129 m ae 2N3702 c2 aa ATMA 2 ms as t 1OqnF 470uF POL 1 102 R3 pa z 8 p N LED ns 5 i 67 APPENDIX B Full Source Code for ADC Programming in PIC C Compiler void main float V T setup_adc_ports ANO setup adc ADC CLOCK INTERNAL setup psp PSP DISABLED setup spi SPI SS DISABLED setup timer O RTCC INTERNALIRTCC DIV 1 setup timer I T1 DISABLED setup timer 2 T2 D
11. between the space of the transmitter and the receiver as shown in Figure 4 1 The three conditions were il lil 47 Transmitted the ultrasound through transmission gel Transmitted the ultrasound through water No specific transmission medium very near transmission through air The power of the machine for fat removal is changed from 1W to 8W Five measurement of voltage are taken for each power level For this experiment there are two different waveform used continuous and pulse Ultrasound Transmission Gel erat Oscilloscope Figure 4 1 Experimental setup to determine the relationship between power and voltage 421 Procedures ONS Ne ce Gs IS IPA The experiment was set up as Figure 4 1 Choose continuous waveform from the machine for fat removal Start with power 1W Take measurement of output voltage from oscilloscope Increase the power one unit until 8W Repeat step 3 step 4 and step 5 until five measurements were taken for each power level The corresponding voltage and power is recorded in table Three graph of voltage versus power containing five series of measurement each were plotted Repeat step 3 4 5 6 7 and 8 for pulse waveform 48 4 2 2 Experimental Result Analysis The data for continuous waveform were recorded in Table 4 1 Table 4 3 and Table 4 5 and the corresponding graph of voltage versus power were plotted in Figure 4 2 Figure 4 4 and Figure 4 6 respectively On the ot
12. button and hold it down while dragging the cursor toward the lower right corner When you release the mouse button the control is drawn 17 CHAPTER 3 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 3 1 Introduction This chapter describes the design and implementation for the temperature monitoring system for an ultrasound therapy machine This system implementation functions as one of the important safety feature in the ultrasound therapy machine This project included the implementation of the hardware and software The required range of temperature monitoring is from 350C to 550C Meanwhile the resolution of this system is needed at 10C Figure 3 1 below shows the simplified block diagram of a smart ultrasound therapy machine This ultrasound therapy machine will have three main important subsystems which includes ultrasound therapy waveform transmitter ultrasound receiver monitoring system and temperature monitoring system However this report is specifically focus on the temperature monitoring design and implementation for this system 29 Ultrasound Skin and soft Temperature tissue Monitoring Waveform Transmitter Ultrasound Receiver Monitoring Figure 3 1 Simplified block diagram of a smart ultrasound therapy machine Below is the detail block diagram for a smart ultrasound therapy machine This block diagram shows the detail compartment for every single block diagram from Figure 3 1
13. for this project such as temperature sensor circuit embedded analog to digital converter in PIC16F877A microcontroller and RS232 serial input output port 3 31 Temperature Sensor Circuit Figure 3 4 below shows the schematic diagram of the temperature sensor circuit that has been developed in Multisim 8 A Re A s 3a Di 1 e LV1 12V 2N3702 c2 4 t 470uF POL z01 SV Figure 3 4 Circuit diagram of temperature sensor circuit The listings of components used to build the temperature sensor circuit are shown in Table 3 1 The heart of this circuit is the IC LM 35 temperature sensor Table 3 1 Components that build up temperature sensor circuit 32 Number Components Description 1 LM 35 Precision centigrade temperature sensor 2 TL 431 Precision voltage reference 3 LM 358 Dual single supply op amp 4 LEDI 5mm LED 5 QI General purpose PNP transistor 6 D1 D2 1N4148 silicon diodes 7 D3 D4 1N4002 rectifier diodes 8 ZD1 Zener diode 12V 400mW 9 Preset trim pot 2 2K 10 Resistor e RI 10K e R3 4 7M e R3 1 2K e R4 1K e RS 1K e R6 330 11 Capacitors e C1 0 IUF ceramic cap e C2 470HF electrolytic cap 12 Miniature relay DC12V DPDT Figure 3 5 below shows the picture of the temperature sensor circuit that have been developed and used in this project Figure 3 5 Temperature sensor circuit 33 The input heat of this circuit is sensed by LM 35
14. in W cm and the absorption coefficient cm 7 U al Where Un is the heat energy in watts W a is the absorption coefficient cm I is the beam intensity in W cm This heat in the deep layers of the skin facilitates skin metabolism collagen rejuvenation and reduction of fat deposits This heat also causes the skin to excrete waste Through the slight heat that is produced by the friction of the sound waves interacting with the deep tissue the waste that rests just beneath the skin will be dissolved and the cellular fat shrunk This all leads to a more attractive and younger appearance 1 Ultrasonic waves cause liquid in the skin to form a vacuum which is known as the hollow effect In this vacuum state gas rapidly vaporizes and emits numerous tiny bubbles These bubbles initiate exothermic reactions or oxidation This results in the decrease of damage particles Ultrasonic waves promote pH changes These changes include oxidation reduced alkalinity and changes in ionization and gelation 1 14 In addition biological effect is caused by the motion of the intracellular which is created by the vibrations of the membrane under the influence of the ultrasound waves These movements often take the form of twisting action 2 5 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Temperature is a measure of the average heat or thermal energy of the particles in a substance It is also the degree of hotness or coldness the can be
15. objects The drop down box at the top of the window lists all objects in the current form Two views are available alphabetic and categorized Under this box are the available properties for the currently selected object Properties Forml Alphabetic Categorized Formi 1 3D False E sH3000000F2 2 Sizable Formi True True 13 Copy Pen O Solid 1 True WB 000000008 1 Transparent MS Sans Serif True II 2300000122 6285 0 Icon False n Figure 2 9 Properties The Form Layout Window shows where upon program execution the form will be displayed relative to monitor s screen j Form Layout Figure 2 10 Form layout 27 The Project Window displays a list of all forms and modules making up the application A view of the Form or Code windows window containing the actual Basic coding also can be obtained from the Project window Project Projectl Project1 Project1 9 Forms Figure 2 11 Project window The user interface is drawn in the form window There are two ways to place controls on a form First double click the tool in the toolbox and it is created with a default size on the form You can then move it or resize it The second way is click the tool in the toolbox then move the mouse pointer to the form window The cursor changes to a crosshair Place the crosshair at the upper left corner of where you want the control to be press the left mouse
16. temperature sensor This temperature sensor is factory calibrated in the Celsius scale with a linear degree and voltage correlation The output voltage at pin 2 of LM 35 change with temperature from 550mV 55UC to 1500mV 150UC 3 3 2 Embedded ADC in PIC16F877A Microcontroller This project requires resolution of 0 1L C So the suitable ADC should be the one of 10 bit In this project embedded ADC in PIC16F877A is used Figure 3 6 below shows the image and the pin diagram of the microcontroller used MCLRVep 1 KA bp rerreo RADANO s m C 2 29 O RBEGPEC RAVAN1 sm C 2 RA2 AN2 VREF a m C 4 RAS ANS VREF C 5 RA4TOCK e a C 6 RASAN4 55 s e C 7 REO RDVANS Hj 2 RE1ANANG s 7 o RE2 CS AN7 s m C 10 33 LI RBOANT 2 LJ RD7PSP7 29 I gt RDGPSPS OSC1 CLKIN s 13 28 ee RD5 PSP5 OSC2CLKOUT 14 27 D RD4PSP4 RCOTIOSOTICKI s s T 15 26 ee RC7RXDT RC1 71081CCP2 m m C 16 25 De ROSITXICK RC2CCP1 sm C 17 24 RC5 SDO RCISCK SCL e a CJ 18 23 ee Rc4SDISDA RDO PSPO m C 19 22 HI RD3PSP3 RD1 PSP1 e C 20 RO2 PSP2 ss kei 2 co ua wo oO a Figure 3 6 Image and pin diagram of PIC16F877A Figure 3 7 below shows the microcontroller circuit and its connection with the temperature sensor circuit and RS232 The input from temperature sensor circuit is conne
17. therapy machine 1 3 Objectives of Project There are two objectives to achieve in this project The first objective is to obtain the characteristics of heat increasing because of ultrasound power Other than that the second objective of this project is to develop hardware and software to monitor the temperature generates by the ultrasound therapy machine 1 4 Scope of Project There are several scope had been outlined for this projects The scope of this project includes using semiconductor temperature sensor LM 35 build hardware for the system and interface the hardware to computer using RS232 serial port communication display the temperature on personal computer The temperature sensor is required to cover the temperature from 350C to 550C with a resolution of 1HC 1 5 Work Breakdown In order to achieve the objective of this project there are several tasks that need to be done as shown in Figure 1 1 below These tasks are divided into three main categories that are study design and implementation The related items that need to study in detail are the principles of ultrasound therapy thermal effects from ultrasound therapy temperature sensor analog to digital converter microcontroller architecture programming for microcontroller and programming for graphical user interface Other than that for this system it is needed to design the system block diagram hardware circuit
18. 3 3 1 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 LIST OF TABLE TITLE Comparison between contact and non contact temperature sensor Comparison between thermocouple RTD thermistor and I C sensor RS232 pin assignments DB9 PC signal set Components that build up temperature sensor circuit Relationship of power supply and output voltage Relationship of power supply and output voltage Relationship of power supply and output voltage Relationship of power supply and output voltage Relationship of power supply and output voltage Relationship of power supply and output voltage Relationship of ultrasound therapy irradiation time and temperature Test measurements result PAGE 17 19 23 32 49 50 51 52 53 54 57 59 xi FIGURE NO 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 2A 22 2 3 2 4 2 9 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 LIST OF FIGURE TITLE Work breakdowns for the project of temperature monitoring system for ultrasound therapy machine Work flow of this project Gantt Chart of the project schedule for semester 1 Gantt Chart of the project schedule for semester 2 Ultrasound therapy Drawing of an ultrasound therapy machine Thermal equilibrium Tissue temperatures at 2 5 cm with 1 5 W cm ultrasound treatments Plastic package bottom view of LM 35 RS232 DB9 pinout Form Toolbox Properties Form layout Project window Simplified block diagram of a smart ultrasound therapy machine Deta
19. After that the whole system was integrated for testing and optimization before the real demo and presentation to the panel of the final year project Literature review and theoritical study Selection of hardware components Hardware Implementation Software Implementation Hardware and Software Integration il Ann Testing and Optimization mM A Presentation and Demo Report Writing HH Figure 1 2 Work flow of this project Meanwhile the project schedule or Gantt chart of this project is included in the section 1 7 Gantt chart of Figure 1 3 and Figure 1 4 shows the detail of the works done with the time spending on it for the duration of two semesters 17 Gantt Chart Week Activities Ne Re 16 17 1 Literature review 2 Study on microcontrolle r 3 Study on ultrasound therapy block diagram 4 Experimental setup 5 Data analysis 6 Presentation 7 Report writing Study week Exam week Figure 1 3 Gantt Chart of the project schedule for semester 1 Week Activities 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 Circuit implementation 2 Software implementation 3 Testing and optimization of system 4 Presentation 5 Demo 6 Report writing Study week Exam week Figure 1 4 Gantt Ch
20. ISABLED 0 1 setup comparator NC NC NC NO setup vref FALSE TODO USER CODE V read_adc V V 1 51 printf Voltage 6 4f n r V T 100 V printf Temperature 3 1f n r degree Celcius T putc OxOD putc Ox0A Hex file include lt 16F877A h gt device adc 10 FUSES NOWDT INo Watch Dog Timer FUSES HS High speed Osc gt 4mhz FUSES NOPUT INo Power Up Timer FUSES NOPROTECT Code not protected from reading FUSES NODEBUG INo Debug mode for ICD FUSES NOBROWNOUT No brownout reset FUSES NOLVP No low voltage prgming B3 PIC16 or B5 PIC18 used for I O FUSES NOCPD No EE protection FUSES WRT 5046 Lower half of Program Memory is Write Protected use delay clock 20000000 use rs232 baud 9600 parity N xmit PIN_C6 rcv PIN_C7 bits 8 68 APPENDIX C Full Source Code of Graphical User Interface in Visual Basic 6 0 Form 1 Declare Variables Dim StartTime As Variant Dim StopTime As Variant Dim ElapsedTime As Variant Dim TempF As Variant Dim TempC As Variant Dim InData As String Private Sub cmdExit_Click Message box confirm the user whether quit or cancel quit answer MsgBox Do you want to guit vbExclamation vbOKCancel vbDefaultButton1 Exit If answer vbOK Then Exit the program End Else MsgBox Action canceled vbInformation Cancel End If End Sub Private Sub cmdHelp_Click Go to help page when the user click on help button Form3 Show Unload Forml
21. S232 port Other than that a timer also had been included here because it counts the time interval that the data being sent to the GUI 41 2009 Wednesday 00 00 00 PM Figure 3 15 Main form display temperature Figure 3 16 below shows the help information form In this form is included the information that the user might needed when using this GUI application BACK button will redirect the user back to main form 42 E HELP Information Ea This system will display the duration and the temperature for an ultrasound therapy application Cick START button to begin application Start time and start tempearture will be shown Click STOP button to end this application Stop time and stop temperature will be shown Temperature is shown in Degree Celcius Click on HELP button to come back to this help information page Click EXIT to exit the program Figure 3 16 Help form 3 4 3 2 GUI Source Code All the variables used must be declared as in the Figure 3 17 below Dim StartTime As Variant Dim StopTime As Variant Dim ElapsedTime As Variant Dim TempF As Variant Dim TempC As Variant Dim InData As String Figure 3 17 Variable declaration This part of report will describe about the source code implemented for graphical user interface 43 Private Sub cmdStart Click Message box confirm the user whether start or cancel start begin MsgBox Start a new session voOKC
22. Solution in Implementation The actual plan for this system is using infrared temperature sensor However because of time limitation the sensor had been replaced with semiconductor integrated circuit sensor Infrared temperature sensor is hard to find in local market CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 41 Introduction Some experiments had been conducted throughout semester one First experiment was to find the relationship between voltage and power of an ultrasound therapy machine The effects of the distances from the transmitter to the receiver with the output voltage were observed Then the data collected were plotted on graph for further analyzed After that there was another experiment to find out the relationship of the thermal effect with the time of ultrasound therapy irradiation The data obtained were then plotted on graph for further analyzed 42 Experiment 1 Determine Relationship of Power Supply and Voltage of an Ultrasound Therapy Devices Figure 4 1 shows the experimental setup to determine the relationship between power supply and the output voltage of a machine for fat removal with the application of ultrasound Tx represent the ultrasound transmitter and Rx represent the ultrasound receiver The oscilloscope will show the ultrasound waveform and the corresponding voltage will be read from the amplitude of the waveform There are three condition tested in this experiment which is differing by the three different medium
23. This include in the management of pain musculoskeletal injuries inflamed tendons soft tissue damage strained and torn muscle scar tissue sensitivity and tension sprained ligaments and also in cosmetic At the moment recent uses of ultrasound therapy include the accelerated healing of fractures muscle injury and thrombolysis Ultrasound may induce thermal and non thermal physiological effects in tissue Thermal effects of ultrasound upon tissue may include increased blood flow reduction in muscle spasm increased extensibility of collagen fibres and a pro inflammatory response It is estimated that thermal effects occur with the elevation of tissue temperature to about 40 C to 450C for at least 5 minutes However the excessive thermal effects seen in particular with higher ultrasound intensities and the possible failure of the machine may damage the tissue and causing burning to the skin surface 1 2 Problem Statement Although there are a wide variety of ultrasound therapy product but none of them is eguipped with the temperature monitoring system However it is important to monitor the heat produce by the product because the excessive heat that is possible cause by the failure of the machine high intensity for long duration application could cause damage to the tissue and burn the skin surface Thus temperature monitoring is actually an important safety feature that must be included in an ultrasound
24. UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT Author s full name MANI A P CHOW Date of birth _6 AUGUST 1986 Title TEMPERATURE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ULTRASOUND THERAPY MACHINE Academic Session 2008 2009 declare that this thesis is classified as CONFIDENTIAL Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972 RESTRICTED Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done OPEN ACCESS agree that my thesis to be published as online open access full text acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange Certified by Sir ye SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR 860806 02 5750 DR BUSTANUR ROSIDI NEW IC NO PASSPORT NO NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date 11 MAY 2009 Date 11 MAY 2009 NOTES If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED please attach with the letter from the organisation with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction I We hereby declare that I we have read this thesis and in my our opinion this thesis is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the purpose of awarding a Bachelor
25. act there would be no net heat transfer Ain eguilibrium with B Figure 2 3 Thermal equilibrium The zeroth law states that if two systems are at the same time in thermal eguilibrium with a third system they are in thermal eguilibrium with each other If A and C are in thermal eguilibrium with B then A is in thermal eguilibrium with B Practically this means that all three are at the same temperature and it forms the basis for comparison of temperatures It is so named because it logically precedes the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 2 6 Thermal Effect of Ultrasound Ultrasound is capable of producing thermal therapeutic effects In 1987 Dyson suggested that the tissue must reach a temperature of 400C to 450C for at least five minutes to be therapeutic in nature Experiments performed with nonperfused tissue demonstrated that ultrasound of frequency 1 MHz and intensity 1W cm could increase the tissue temperature at a rate of 0 86 C min Draper et al Ashton et al and Chan et al measures the increased in muscle temperature during a ten minutes treatment with either 1 MHz or 3 MHz ultrasound by inserting thermistors to various depth within 5cm or less The data they obtained shows that treatment with 1 MHz or 3 MHz ultrasound resulted in a time and dosage dependent 16 increase in tissue temperature However the 3 MHz frequency increased tissue temperature at a faster rate
26. ancel vbQuestion _vbDefaultButton1 Start Figure 3 18 Message box coding This part of source code is used to prompt the user confirmation about starting the application A message box as below appears Oo Start a new session Figure 3 19 Start Message Box If the user select yes then start time and the current temperature sensed will be displayed on the main form If begin vbOK Then Start a new session Establish and print starting time StartTime Now IbIStart_TimeD Caption Format StartTime hh mm ss IbIStop_TimeD Caption IblElapsed_TD Caption End If Figure 3 20 Source code for start time 44 Get input from MSComm and display temperature during start MSComm1 InputLen 10 If MSComm1 InBufferCount gt 10 Then InData MSComm1 Input MSComm1 InBufferCount 0 IblTemp1 Caption InData End If Figure 3 21 Source code for start temperature The following source code is used to display the calendar Local variables declaration is used here in line 3 Time and Date Calendar Display Private Sub Timer1_Timer Dim Today As Variant Today Now IblDay Caption Format Today dddd IblMonth Caption Format Today mmmm IblYear Caption Format Today yyyy IblNumber Caption Format Today d SON OO TA CON SE oe I IblTime Caption Format Today h mm ss ampm End Sub gt Figure 3 22 Source code for calendar 45 3 5 Problem and
27. art of the project schedule for semester 2 1 8 Thesis Outline This thesis is a report of a final year project of title Temperature Monitoring System for Ultrasound Therapy Machine There are five main chapters explained in detail within this thesis Chapter 1 explain in detail the information about the project background problem statement objectives scope work flow Gantt chart thesis content and work breakdown In this chapter the reader could find out the overview of this project and also the significant of this project Next in chapter 2 the related literature to this project is provided in detail The topic explained in this chapter included medical ultrasound therapeutic ultrasound thermal effect of ultrasound and basic of hardware involve Chapter 3 is about design and implementation In this chapter the design and implementation step is explained in detail Chapter 4 contains the information about the results and discussion and the last Chapter 5 summarize about this project CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Medical Ultrasound Ultrasound has been employed in medicine for more than 50 years The early application of ultrasound for medical treatment was introduced in Germany in the late 1930s and in the United States in the late 1940s Ultrasound refers to acoustical waves above the range of human hearings frequencies higher than 20 000 Hz Although the same frequencies may be used both in medi
28. asuring conditions Generally around 20 C 5 to 10 C at best Speed of response Generally slow aboutl to 2 minutes May take more than 1 hour in unfavourable conditions Generally 2 to 3 seconds Less than 10 seconds in the worst case Example Thermocouples Resistance Thermo Detector RTD Thermistor Glass Thermometer and Bimetallic Infrared Thermal Imagers Optical Pyrometers 2 8 Comparison between 4 Types of Temperature Sensor There are various temperature sensors available in market The selection of sensor to be used for certain project are depends on the scope of the project Table 2 2 below describes some of the difference in advantages and disadvantages between thermocouple resistance thermo detector thermistor and I C sensor 19 Table 2 2 Comparison between thermocouple RTD thermistor and I C sensor Disadvantages Thermocouple gt VOLTAGE T TEMPERATURE Advantages e Self powered e Simple e Rugged e Inexpensive e Wide Variety e Wide temperature range e Non linear e Low voltage e Reference Required e Least stable e Least sensitive Resistance Thermo e Most stable e Expensive Detector RTD e Most accurate e Current source y oea e More linear than required R thermocouple e Small resistance w change z e Low absolute B resistance z e Self heating TEMPERATURE Thermistor e High output e Non linear A e Fa
29. average intensity thus less heating will occur even though the temporal peak intensity is unchanged Since the ultrasound beam is not uniform some regions of the beam will be more intense than other regions The measurement of intensity gives an average intensity and is referred to as the spatial average intensity The World Health Organization limits the spatial average intensity to a maximum of 3 watt per square centimeter On the other hand intensities greater than 10 watt per square centimeter are used to destroy tissue surgically and temporal average intensities below 0 21 watt per square centimeter are used for diagnostic purposes 8 11 2 3 Previous Patent on Ultrasound Therapy Products Figure 2 1 below shows the block diagram of an ultrasound therapy machine invented by Maor et al in the patent number US 6 619 88 B2 6 Dates of this patent is on 2 September 2003 Obtain Image Transmit image information to controller Identify material layers including thickness Determine excitation correction factors Excite transducer elements Figure 2 1 Ultrasound therapy 12 Figure 2 2 is it corresponding drawing of the system Adjuster Freguency 18 Generator 2 Figure 2 2 Drawing of an ultrasound therapy machine This system is configured to deliver ultrasound energy in the range of 0 01 Mhz to 10 Mhz that is focused in the patient brain 6 2 4 The Mechanisms of Action of Ultrasound
30. cal ultrasound and in high frequency radio systems 2 to 10 MHz there is a distinguishing difference between them Radio signals are electromagnetic waves while medical ultrasound signals are acoustical An ultrasonic wave is acoustical which means that it requires a medium in which to propagate while the electromagnetic signal can propagate in outer space where no known medium exists The use of ultrasound in medical field can be divided into two major areas therapeutic and diagnostic The major difference between the two applications is the ultrasonic power at which the equipment operates In therapeutic applications the system operate at ultrasonic power levels of up to several watts per square centimeter while the diagnostic equipment operates at power levels of well below 100mW cm The therapeutic equipment is designed to agitate the tissue to the level where thermal heating occurs in the tissue For diagnostic purpose on the other hand as long as a sufficient amount of signal has returned for electronic processing no additional energy is necessary Since the absorption of ultrasound in tissue is proportional to the operating freguency which in turn is related to the desired resolution ability to detect certain size target the choice of ultrasonic power levels used is often dictated by the application The main attraction of ultrasound in medical modalities lies in its non invasive character externally applied non traumat
31. cted to ANO pin 2 and ground pin 14 is connected to the ground of the temperature sensor circuit Output from the ADC is connected to personal computer through RS232 serial port 34 Temperature sensor circuit PIC16F877A Figure 3 7 Embedded ADC in PIC16F877A connected to PC through RS232 3 4 Software Implementation For software implementation PIC C Compiler is used to write and compile the program of the microcontroller Meanwhile PICkit 2 v2 40 is used to load the hex file from the PIC C to the microcontroller Other than that Visual Basic 6 0 is used for programming the user interface and monitoring the start temperature and time stop temperature and time and also the ultrasound therapy application duration 3 4 1 Algorithm for Analog to Digital Converter Figure 3 8 below shows the flow chart of how to setup ADC and read the value of ADC from the PIC 16F877A Microcontroller 35 Setup ADC clock Set port Analog or Digital Voltage Reference Set Channel n to be read analog value n 0 12 Read analog value in digital from the channel n Figure 3 8 Flow chart of ADC 3 4 2 Programming in PIC C Compiler First the equation those relate the output voltage from temperature sensor circuit had been determined This equation is required to convert the output voltage from pin 2 of LM 35 to temperature in UC The equation is Temperature 100 Output Voltage 36 void main
32. d the Ultrasound through Water for Continuous Waveform Table 4 3 Relationship of power supply and output voltage Power Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial Watt Volt Volt Volt Volt 5 Volt i 1 88 1 88 1 92 2 00 1 92 1 92 2 04 1 96 2 04 1 96 i 2 00 2 12 2 00 2 08 2 00 i 2 04 2 20 2 04 2 12 2 08 i 2 12 2 16 2 12 2 16 2 12 2 08 2 24 2 16 2 20 2 16 i 2 12 2 28 2 24 2 24 2 20 i 2 16 2 28 2 28 2 24 2 24 Voltage V vs Power W Trial 1 E Trial 2 d Trial 3 lt Trial 4 Trial 4 Voltage V le Figure 4 4 Graph of voltage versus power supply 4 2 2 4 Transmitted the Ultrasound through Water for Pulse Waveform Table 4 4 Relationship of power supply and output voltage Power Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Watt Volt Volt Volt Volt Volt 1 1 88 1 88 1 84 1 84 1 8 1 96 1 96 1 92 1 88 1 96 2 04 1 96 1 96 1 92 2 2 04 2 2 04 1 96 2 04 i 2 08 2 04 2 08 2 2 08 2 12 2 08 2 12 2 08 2 12 2 2 2 12 2 16 2 16 2 16 i 2 2 2 16 2 24 2 2 2 24 52 Voltage V Voltage V vs Power W Trial 1 E Trial 2 d Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Figure 4 5 Graph of voltage versus power supply Volyage V 4 2 2 5 No Specific Transmission Medium for Continuous Waveform Table 4 5 Relationship of powe
33. eing sent to it by a device So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize There is also a digital to analog converter that allows the processor to send data to the device it is controlling 22 2 11 RS232 Serial Port RS232 is a popular communications protocol for connecting modems and data acguisition devices to computer RS232 devices can be plugged straight into the computer s serial port also known as the COM or Comms port 18 In serial communications the terminal end PC is called Data Terminal Eguipment or DTEs and the modem is called Data communication eguipment or DCEs To obtain data from RS232 instrument and display it on PC we need some software There is version 4 3 of the Windmill RS232 software now available for free from their website 18 RS stands for recommended standard In the 60 s a committee now known as the Electronic Industries Association developed an interface to connect to connect computer to terminals to modems The standard defines the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the connection including the function of the signals and handshake pins the voltage levels and maximum bit rate A nine pin D plug has become the standard fitting for the serial ports of PCs 18 The pin connections used are shown in Figure 2 6 and the corresponding pin assignments are shown in Table 2 3 Data carrier detect Data set ready Recei
34. er Receiv Temperature Monitoring Waveform Transmitter Receiver Monitoring Figure 3 2 Detailed block diagram of a smart ultrasound therapy machine 30 3 2 Temperature Monitoring System for Ultrasound Therapy Machine Figure 3 2 above shows the connection between the three subsystems and how it will be integrated However this project reports only about the temperature monitoring system for this ultrasound therapy machine Temperature monitoring system block diagram is as shown in Figure 3 3 below Amplifier Personal Computer Figure 3 3 Block diagram of the temperature monitoring system Basically in this project of temperature monitoring system for ultrasound therapy machine there are hardware and software to be implement As seen from the block diagram above the hardware that needs to be implement are temperature sensor circuit amplifier and analog to digital circuit In addition in order to display the temperature on personal computer software coding for analog to digital converter that read the analog temperature measured by the sensor and converts it to digital number has been developed in PIC C programming To make this project more user friendly graphical user interface 31 that display the temperature on personal computer have been implement in Visual Basic 6 0 environment 3 3 Hardware Implementation This section will discuss about the components and circuit that have been developed
35. erface The complete system integration is then test for the stability and accuracy of the measurement The results show that the accuracy of this system is more than 95 percents In conclusion temperature monitoring system is essential for ultrasound therapy machine It is possible to be attached into the casing of the ultrasound therapy transducer to monitor the effect of temperature rise For this miniaturization is needed vi ABSTRAK Penggunaan ultrasonik di dalam bidang terapi adalah berdasarkan pelbagai kesan termasuk pemanasan Walau bagaimanapun kesan pemanasan ini tidak di awasi di dalam kebanyakan mesin terapi utrasonik yang terdapat di pasaran pada masa sekarang Kesan pemanasan ini mungkin boleh meningkat sehingga beberapa darjah Celsius Tetapi peningkatan suhu ini mungkin lebih daripada julat yang dibenarkan dan membahayakan pengguna kerana boleh menyebabkan kerosakan pada tisu dan juga kulit terbakar Oleh itu projek ini telah dilaksanakan yang bertujuan untuk menambahkan lagi ciri ciri keselamatan yang terdapat pada mesin terapi ultrasonik yang terdapat di pasaran pada masa sekarang Secara ringkas projek ini ialah tentang pembinaan sistem pengawasan suhu bagi mesin terapi ultrasonik Projek ini termasuk pembinaan litar pengesan suhu litar penukar analog ke digit dan grafik antaramuka pengguna Sistem yang telah lengkap dibina ini kemudian diuji kestabilan dan ketepatannya di dalam pengukuran Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa ke
36. ess love and support emotionally and financially all these years I would also like to thank CLEANER LAB team staff and students for their co operations guidance help and invaluable assistance in this project Special thanks also goes to my fellow friends whose we share the same lab CLEANER LAB through our FYP Mohd Hafiz Sheikh Fairuz Hakim Lee Siew Wen Noraini Huda Norsyazwani Nur Afni Nur Hazreen Nur Liyana Mardhiah and Zubaidah for their helping and memories Last but not least SEP and SEB members batch 2005 and those whom involve directly and indirectly with this project There is no such meaningful word than Thank You So Much ABSTRACT The use of ultrasound in therapy is based on many effects including thermal However this thermal effect from ultrasound therapy machine is not monitor in most of the currently available machine The thermal effect may raise the temperature up to several degrees Celsius However this temperature rise may be somehow out of the allowable range and hazardous because it is possible to cause tissue damage and skin burn Thus this project had been implemented in order to add the safety feature of the currently available ultrasound therapy machine in market In brief this project is about the development of temperature monitoring system for ultrasound therapy machine This includes the implementation of the temperature sensor circuit analog to digital converter and graphical user int
37. her hand Table 4 2 Table 4 5 and Table 4 6 record the data for pulse waveform Graph of output voltage versus power supply were plotted in Figure 4 3 Figure 4 5 and Figure 4 7 49 4 2 2 1 Transmitted the Ultrasound through Transmission Gel for Continuous Waveform Table 4 1 Relationship of power supply and output voltage Power Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Watt 1 2 3 4 5 Volt Volt Volt Volt Volt 1 20 15 5 10 14 2 20 17 10 9 23 3 20 15 10 10 24 4 15 15 15 10 31 5 20 18 20 20 35 6 22 20 23 20 17 7 25 39 23 23 12 8 30 23 25 22 14 Voltage V vs Power W Trial 1 Trial 2 D a0 o gt it Trial 3 gt Trial 4 Trial 5 Figure 4 2 Graph of voltage versus power supply Voltage V 50 4 2 2 2 Transmitted the Ultrasound through Transmission Gel for Pulse Waveform Table 4 2 Relationship of power supply and output voltage Power Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Watt 1 2 3 4 5 Volt Volt Volt Volt Volt 1 15 6 11 23 35 2 14 10 16 19 33 3 11 12 11 17 35 4 10 11 7 26 39 5 12 18 23 18 27 6 20 17 22 21 22 7 11 20 24 19 28 8 20 18 21 20 26 Voltage V vs Power W Trial 1 E Trial 2 gt Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Figure 4 3 Graph of voltage versus power supply 51 4 2 2 3 Transmitte
38. ic and also apparently safe at the acoustical intensities and duty cycles presently used in medical 2 2 Therapeutic Ultrasound For a given sound source the higher the frequency the less the sound beam diverges Sound at audible frequencies appears to spread out in all directions whereas ultrasound beam are well collimated Provided that ultrasound beams at frequencies greater than 800 kHz are sufficiently collimated to electively expose a limited target area for physical therapy treatment At frequencies less than about 800kHz the ultrasound beam s intensity levels is sufficiently low as to be outside the range for physical therapy treatment but has been used at these low intensity levels for diagnostic procedures 8 Absorption of sound and therefore attenuation increases as the frequency increases Absorption occurs in part because of the internal friction in tissue that needs to be overcome in the passage of sound The higher the frequency the more rapidly the molecules are forced to move against this friction As the absorption increases there is less sound energy available to propagate through the tissue At frequencies greater than 20 MHz superficial absorption becomes so great that less than 1 percent of the sound penetrates beyond the first centimeter Therefore for physical therapy applications the frequency range is generally considered to be limited to frequencies within the range of about 800 kHz to about 10
39. iled block diagram of a smart ultrasound therapy machine Block diagram of the temperature monitoring system Circuit diagram of temperature sensor circuit Temperature sensor circuit Image and pin diagram of PIC16F877A PAGE 21 22 25 25 26 26 27 29 29 30 31 32 33 xii 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 10 3 11 3 12 3 13 3 14 3 15 3 16 3 17 3 18 3 19 3 20 3 21 3 22 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 4 10 4 11 4 12 Embedded ADC in PIC16F877A connected to PC through RS232 Flow chart of ADC Programming for ADC in PIC C Compiler Hex file in PIC C Flows of GUI programming Visual basic 6 0 Introduction form Users manual form Main form display temperature Help form Variable declaration Message box coding Start Message Box Source code for start time Source code for start temperature Source code for calendar Experimental setup to determine the relationship between power and voltage Graph of voltage versus power supply Graph of voltage versus power supply Graph of voltage versus power supply Graph of voltage versus power supply Graph of voltage versus power supply Graph of voltage versus power supply Distance between transmitter and receiver of ultrasound and the output voltage Experimental setup Graph of Temperature versus Time Graph of measurement between thermometer and system 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
40. is GUI is shown in Figure 3 11 below Stored data in SRAM Send data to PC RS232 PC Display Temperature 38 Convert Voltage to Temperature T 100 V Saved data in SRAM Figure 3 11 Flows of GUI programming Figure 3 12 shows the form properties form layout and toolbox in visual basic 6 0 Command button label text box and many more tools are select from the toolbox on the left Double clicking on the desired tool and it will appear on the form The properties of each box can be choose to change from the properties design Project Form Form w e rc EBay Ga G Bea amp E iaa Ew amp ror EE ii Js H BO m ee wy a wf a m Ba p aa 2009 Wednesday 00 00 00 PM Form maneePSM1 frm E Form2 Form2 frm II Form3 Form3 frm E3 Form4 Form4 frm Returns sets the background color used to display text and graphics in an object Figure 3 12 Visual basic 6 0 39 3 4 3 1 Forms There are four main forms in this graphical user interface The first form is the introduction form which is shown in Figure 3 13 below This form appear when the user start running the visual basic program In only contains the information about the title of this project presenter supervisor and a start command button with caption START DEMO amp WELCOME Supernsed By 1 Dr Bustanur Rosidi 2 Dr Ing Eko Supriyanto START DEMO
41. l Basic is governed by an event processor Nothing happens until an event is detected Once an event is detected the code corresponding to that event event procedure is executed Program control is then returned to the event processor 17 24 These are some of the feature of the visual basic I Full set of objects draw the application II Lots of icons and pictures for use III Response to mouse and keyboard actions IV Clipboard and printer access V Full array of mathematical string handling and graphics functions VI Can handle fixed and dynamic variable and control arrays VII Sequential and random access file support VIII Useful debugger and error handling facilities IX Powerful database access tools X ActiveX support XI Package amp Deployment Wizard makes distributing your applications simple There are several items in visual basic that will be used in graphical user interface implementation For example form is the windows that will be create for user interface Controls is the graphical features drawn on forms to allow user interaction text boxes labels scroll bars command buttons etc Forms and Controls are objects Every characteristic of a form or control is specified by a property Example properties include names captions size color position and contents Visual Basic applies default properties It can be change properties at design time or run time Modules are the collection of general proced
42. l As Integer MSComm1 PortOpen False End Sub Time and Date Calendar Display Private Sub Timer1_Timer Dim Today As Variant 70 Today Now IblDay Caption Format Today dddd IblMonth Caption Format Today mmmm IblYear Caption Format Today yyyy IblNumber Caption Format Today d IbITime Caption Format Today h mm ss ampm End Sub Form 2 Private Sub cmdStartDemo Click Form4 Show Unload Form2 End Sub Form 3 Private Sub cmdBack Click Form1 Show Unload Form3 End Sub Form 4 Private Sub Command1_Click Form1 Show Unload Form4 End Sub
43. le factor II 0 5UC accuracy guarantee at a 250C IV Rated for full 55 to a1501 C range V Suitable for remote applications VI Low cost due to wafer level trimming VIL Operates from 4 to 30 volts VIII Less than 60 MA current drain IX Low self heating 0 08I1C in still air X Nonlinearity only 1 4 1C typical XI Low impedance output 0 1 Q for 1 mA load 21 TO 92 Plastic Package BOTTOM VIEW Figure 2 5 Plastic package bottom view of LM 35 2 10 Microcontroller A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with support functions such as a crystal oscillator timers watchdog serial and analog I O Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is often also included on chip as well as a typically small reads write memory It is design for small applications compare to microprocessors and are used in automatically controlled products and devices such as automobile engine control systems remote control and many other applications Since embedded processors are usually used to control devices they sometimes need to accept input from the device they are controlling This is the purpose of the analog to digital converter Since processors are built to interpret and process digital data i e 1s and Os they won t be able to do anything with the analog signals that may be b
44. measured using a thermometer It s also a measure of how fast the atoms and molecules of a substance are moving Historically there were two temperature scales Fahrenheit and Celsius that were produced as a practical convenience and neither of them have a deep physical meaning The scale that is universally adopted as fundamental in physics is the Kelvin scale where absolute zero is defined as zero on the Kelvin scale The increments in the Kelvin scale are called degrees and identically match the separation in Celsius degrees In order to calibrate thermometers between laboratories there needs to be a specific temperature that can be reliably reproduced One of these temperatures is called the triple point of water the temperature where water ice and water vapor coexist at atmospheric pressure The triple point of water is Te 273 16 K The relationship between degree Fahrenheit Celsius and Kelvin are F 1 8 C 32 K C 273 It is observed that a higher temperature object which is in contact with a lower temperature object will transfer heat to the lower temperature object The objects will approach the same temperature and in the absence of loss to other objects they will then maintain a constant temperature They are then said to be in 15 thermal eguilibrium Thermal eguilibrium is the subject of the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Therefore A and Care in thermal equilibrium If they were brought in cont
45. r supply and output voltage Power Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Watt 1 2 3 4 5 Volt Volt Volt Volt Volt 1 0 58 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 68 2 0 6 0 62 0 66 0 62 0 72 3 0 6 0 64 0 68 0 66 0 76 4 0 62 0 64 0 64 0 72 0 76 5 0 68 0 66 0 68 0 74 0 78 6 0 64 0 68 0 7 0 76 0 8 T 0 68 0 72 0 72 0 8 0 84 8 0 72 0 74 0 74 0 86 0 86 Trial 1 f Trial 2 t Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Figure 4 6 Graph of voltage versus power supply 53 4 2 2 6 No Specific Transmission Medium for Pulse Waveform Table 4 6 Relationship of power supply and output voltage Power Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Watt 1 2 3 4 5 Volt Volt Volt Volt Volt 1 0 58 0 58 0 66 0 52 0 66 2 0 6 0 58 0 68 0 6 0 7 3 0 7 0 6 0 7 0 62 0 74 4 0 74 0 7 0 72 0 76 0 78 5 0 78 0 78 0 74 0 8 0 78 6 0 78 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 7 0 82 0 8 0 82 0 82 0 82 8 0 84 0 84 0 82 0 82 0 84 54 Voltage V Voltage V vs Power W Trial 1 E Trial 2 d Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Figure 4 7 Graph of voltage versus power supply 55 4 2 3 Result Discussion There are similarity shown in the graph of Figure 4 4 Figure 4 5 Figure 4 6 and Figure 4 7 The increment in power is causing linear increment in voltage But the graph of Figure 4 2 and Figure 4 3 shows that the incremen
46. s degree of Electrical Engineering Medical Electronics Mos Signature A ne Ot Name of Supervisor I Dr Bustanur Rosidi Date 11 May 2009 Me Signature Na aan Name of Supervisor II Ir Dr Ing Eko Supriyanto Date 11 May 2009 TEMPERATURE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ULTRASOUND THERAPY MACHINE MANI A P CHOW Submitted to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the reguirements for the award of the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Medical Electronics Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Technology Malaysia MAY 2009 I declare that this thesis entitle Temperature Monitoring System for Ultrasound Therapy Machine is the result of my own research except as cited in the reference This thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree Signature Pa en E er era Name MANI A P CHOW Date 11 MAY 2009 Dedicated in thankful appreciation for support encouragement and understandings to my beloved father mother brothers sisters lecturers and friends ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I would like to express my sincere appreciation to both of my Final Year Project supervisors Dr Bustanur Rosidi and Dr Eko Supriyanto for their continuous guidance encouragement and thought that has given to me through completing this project My appreciation also goes to my beloved family for their understanding endl
47. software algorithm and software programming Following the design is the implementation of the hardware software and system integration Main Process Implementation Principles of Ultrasound Therapy Hardware Circuit System Block Diagram Thermal Effect from Ultrasound Therapy Software Coding Hardware Architecture Temperature Sensor Hardware and software Integration Hardware Circuit Analog to Digital Converter Software Algorithm Microcontroller Architecture Software Coding Programming in PIC C Compiler Visual Basic 6 0 Figure 1 1 Work breakdowns for the project of temperature monitoring system for ultrasound therapy machine 1 6 Work Flow The summary of work flow for this project is simplified into block diagram as shown in the Figure 1 2 below The starting point of this project is the literature review and theoretical study But these actions are continuous as new information must be gathered from time to time in order to proceed with this project After having an overview of the component to include in this project the suitable components were selected based on the scope and limitation of this project Hardware implementations begin after the components were available On the other hand software implementations begin with algorithm for the analog to digital converter and continue with the graphical user interface
48. st e Limited R e Twp wire ohms temperature range O measurement e Fragile e Current source 8 required a T TEMPERATURE e Self heating LC Sensor Y or T wz orc T TEMPERATURE e Most linear e Highest output e Inexpensive e Measurement range lt 200 1C e Power supply required e Slow e Self heating e Limited configurations 20 2 9 Temperature Sensor LM 35 The LM35 series are precision integrated circuit temperature sensors whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius Centigrade temperature The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 1 4 C at room temperature and 1 411C over a full 55 to 1500C temperature range Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level The LM35 s low output impedance linear output and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy It can be used with single power supplies or with plus and minus supplies As it draws only 60 mA from its supply it has very low self heating less than 0 1L C in still air The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to a15011C temperature range The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO 46 transistor packages Features of LM 35 I Calibrated directly in Celsius Centigrade Il Linear a 10 0 mV LIC sca
49. t 1MHz continuous ultrasound for 10 minutes 1 5 W cm produced a 50C increase in the gastrocnemius muscle over 10 minutes at a depth of 3 cm without surface skin heating 41 40 Temperature C 40 C threshold baseine T 17 ultrasound treatment T T 1 3 4 5 6 Time min Figure 2 4 Tissue temperatures at 2 5 cm with 1 5 W cm ultrasound treatments 2 7 Comparison between Contact and Non Contact Temperature Sensor Table 2 1 below describes the difference between contact and non contact temperature sensor in terms of measuring condition measuring range measuring accuracy and speed of the system Table 2 1 Comparison between contact and non contact temperature sensor Contact Methods Non contact method Measuring conditions Measuring head contacts the measuring objects No changes should be introduced in the temperature of the measured object when it is brought into contact with the Contact with the measuring object is indirect Thus the measuring object must be observable 18 measuring head Measuring range Measurements made above 1200 C are difficult but measurements below 1000 C are easily made Large errors tend to occur when measurements are made below 1000 C Measurements above 1000 C is easily made Measuring accuracy Generally 0 5 to 1 0 01 is possible depending on the me
50. t in power does not cause linear increment in voltage This phenomenon can be explained by Figure 4 8 below The amplitude of the graph represents the voltage while the horizontal axis represents the distance between the transmitter and receiver If the transmitter and receiver are placed very near to each other it will cause the non linear relationship of output voltage and supply power to the ultrasound machine However as the distance in more far it will result in linear relationship between voltage and power voltage Distance between transmitter and receiver Figure 4 8 Distance between transmitter and receiver of ultrasound and the output voltage 56 4 3 Experiment 2 Determine the Thermal Effect with Time of an Ultrasound Therapy The experiment set up was as in Figure 4 9 Thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the fat inside the tank The temperature reading was taken every 5 minutes after the continuous irradiation of ultrasound Ultrasound was irradiated from a fat removal machine The ultrasound frequency used was 1MHz and power is select to 8Watts Figure 4 9 Experimental setup 4 3 1 Procedures Set up the experiment as Figure 4 9 Irradiate ultrasound towards the tank containing fat Take the temperature reading every 5 minutes until 120 minutes Record the data in a table un a i na Plotted the graph from the data obtained 4 3 2 Experimental Res
51. tepatan sistem ini adalah melebihi 95 peratus Kesimpulannya pengawasan suhu adalah penting bagi mesin terapi ultrasonik Sistem ini boleh disertakan sekali di dalam tranduser terapi ultrasonik untuk mengawasi suhu Untuk tujuan ini pengecilan skala diperlukan CHAPTER vii TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE DECLARATION OF THESIS DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT vi LIST OF TABLE iv LIST OF FIGURE v LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF APPENDICES INTRODUCTION 1 1 Background 1 2 Problem Statement 1 3 Objectives of Project 1 4 Scope of Project 1 5 Work Breakdown 1 6 Work Flow 1 7 Gantt Chart 1 8 Thesis Outline NN A Ww N N Ne LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Medical Ultrasound 8 2 2 Therapeutic Ultrasound 9 2 3 Previous Patent on Ultrasound Therapy product 11 2 4 25 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 2 12 The mechanism of Action of Ultrasound Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Thermal Effect of Ultrasound Comparison between Contact and Non Contact Temperature Sensor Comparison between 4 Types of Temperature Sensor Temperature Sensor LM 35 Microcontroller RS 232 Serial Port Visual Basic 6 0 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 3 1 Introduction 3 2 Temperature Monitoring System for Ultrasound Therapy Machine 3 3 Hardware Implementation Spon Temperature Sensor Circuit 332 Embedded ADC in PIC16877A Microcontroller 3 4 Software Implementation 3 4 1 Algorithm for Analog to Digital Converter
52. than the 1 MHz frequency 16 Ultrasound induce temperature rise varies with tissue properties such as absorption coefficient density perfusion pulse duration PRF pulse repetition frequency and beam or scanning configuration The unique property of ultrasound induced temperature rise is that it is focal which may not trigger systemic heat dissipating thermoregulatory mechanism The factors that affect tissue temperature rice include the ultrasound field parameters the involved tissue characteristics thermal conductivity of tissue and blood perfusion of tissue Temperature rises are steeper in tissues that are poorly vascularizad such as tendon and fat and in tissues that conduct heat such as bone Tissues adjacent to bone are particularly susceptible to heat increase via conduction Biological tissue absorption is directly related to the protein content Collagen are particularly has high absorption Generally absorption is greatest in mineralized bone followed by skin tendon spinal cord and finally brain liver or kidney 16 The primary ultrasound parameters to consider for thermal considerations include the wave form either pulse or continuous average and spatial intensity W cm beam non uniformity ratio BNR time of exposure duty cycle and frequency Generally pulsed waves produce less heat than continuous while intensity parameters determine the total energy transferred to the tissue Draper et al demonstrated tha
53. to cover the range from 35 resolution of 0 1 C Cto55 C with a This system consists of temperature sensor circuit analog to digital converter and graphical user interface This system is developed to be integrated with the ultrasound therapy machine as one of the important safety feature For the purpose of integration FPGA may be used to as high speed system is needed for the ultrasound therapy generation and monitoring Other than that the ultrasound therapy is optimum to be used in water Thus a temperature sensor that can be immersed in water is needed to replace the semiconductor sensor A suitable one for that purpose is the infrared temperature sensor 63 REFERENCES Charles S Desilets and Cameron Pollock Apparatus and Method for the destruction of Adipose Tissue United States Patent Application Publication US Patent 2007 00551156 A1 2007 Cribbs R Hennige C and Hillstead R Ultrasonic Treatment and Imaging of Adipose Tissue US Patent 2004 0039312 A1 2007 Chris Guy and Dominic Fythce An Introduction to the Principles of Medical Imaging Revised Edition London Imperial College Press 2005 D Langin Control of fatty acid and glycerol release in adipose tissue lipolysis C R Biologies 329 598 607 2006 D O Draper and S Sunderland Examination of The Law of Grotthus Draper Does Ultrasound Penetrate Subcutaneous Fat in
54. ult Analysis The data obtained were recorded in Table 4 7 and the corresponding graph was plotted as shown in Figure 4 10 Table 4 7 Relationship of ultrasound therapy irradiation time and temperature Time minutes Temperature C 5 18 10 18 15 18 20 19 25 19 30 20 35 20 40 20 45 21 50 21 55 22 60 22 65 23 70 23 75 24 80 24 85 25 90 25 95 25 100 25 105 26 110 26 115 26 120 27 57 58 Temperature C vs Time minutes C o ee NE o o v 5 vu 2 v Time 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 Figure 4 10 Graph of Temperature versus Time 43 3 Result Discussion From the graph of Figure 4 10 it shows that the temperature is increasing as the time of ultrasound irradiation longer This means that ultrasound irradiation produce heat This result is significant because it is one of the factors that help in fat destruction 4 4 Experiment 3 Comparison between system measurement and thermometer measurement This experiment was set up to determine the accuracy of the temperature monitoring system 59 4 4 1 Procedures 1 Fill in a tank with water 2 Take the temperature reading outside the tank using thermometer 3 Take temperature measurement using the system implement in this project 4 Change the test water for 5 set of reading 5 Record the data in table 6
55. ures variable declarations and constant definitions used by application 17 There are three primary steps involved in building a Visual Basic application 1 Draw the user interface 2 Assign properties to controls 3 Attach code to controls Six windows appear upon start Visual Basic The Main Window consists of the title bar menu bar and toolbar The title bar indicates the project name the current Visual Basic operating mode and the current form The menu bar has drop 25 down menus from which you control the operation of the Visual Basic environment The toolbar has buttons that provide shortcuts to some of the menu options The main window also shows the location of the current form relative to the upper left corner of the screen and the width and length of the current form 17 The Form Window is central to developing Visual Basic applications It is where the application is drawn a Forml Figure 2 7 Form The toolbox contains the selection menu for controls used in the application General Pointer R Label A abl Framd Check Box amp Combo Boe EH Horizontal Scroll Bam 2 Time FA Sj Directory List Box Shapes Object Linkingin Picture Box Text Box Command Button Option Button List Box Vertical Scroll Bar Drive List Box File List Box Lines Data Tool Figure 2 8 Toolbox 26 The Properties Window is used to establish initial property values for
56. ve data Request to send Transmit data Clear to send Data terminal ready Ring indicator Signal ground Protective ground Figure 2 6 RS232 DB9 pinout 23 Table 2 3 RS232 pin assignments DB9 PC signal set Pin 1 Input DCD Data Carrier Detect Pin 2 Input RXD Received Data Pin 3 Output TXD Transmitted Data Pin 4 Output DTR Data Terminal Ready Pin 5 Signal Ground Pin 6 Input DSR Data Set Ready Pin 7 Output RTS Request To Send Pin8 Input CTS Clear To Send Pin9 Input RI Ring Indicator The speed of RS232 communications is expressed in Baud The maximum speed according to the standard is 20000 Baud However modern eguipment can operate much faster than this No matter how fast or slow the connection the maximum number of readings per second that it can take from the instrument depends on software The length of the cable also plays a part in maximum speed The longer the cable the greater the cable s capacitance that results in the slower speed which can obtain accurate results 18 2 12 Visual Basic 6 0 Visual Basic is a tool that allows the development of Windows Graphic User Interface GUI application which the applications have a familiar appearance to the user Visual Basic is event driven meaning that the code remains idle until called upon to respond to some event button pressing menu selection and etc Visua
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