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Palert P Wave Alarm System User Manual

1. 4 4 Palert Operation Time Sequence 4 4 1 Power ON Time Sequence Displacement Pd PGA STA LTA Trigger Ready Trigger Ready LTA Calculation 116 STA Calculation 115 Zero Calculation 122 Power On 4 4 2 Parameter Setting Time Sequence Initialization Data Changed 113 Data Checking and Writing Data Reading 45 49 Palet V1 03 santten TECHNOLOGY CORN 4 4 3 Initialization Time Sequence Loading Parameters and Clear Memory Displacement Pd PGA STA LTA Trigger Ready Trigger Ready LTA Calculation 116 STA Calculation 115 Zero Calculation 122 Initialization 4 4 4 STA LTA Trigger Time Sequence LTA Ready 112 p Max Acceleration STALTA 128 gt Threshold any Earthquake itt _ Earthquake Count Down Timer 120 46 49 Palert V1 03 santiten TECHNOLOGY CORN 4 4 5 Displacement Pd and PGA Trigger Time Sequence Displacement Pd or PGA gt Warning Thresholds 159 gt 160 137 gt 161 or 140 gt 161 Warning Duration 1 95 Low byte DO 1 Displacement Pd or PGA gt Watch Thresholds 159 gt 197 137 gt 164 for 140 gt 121 Watch Duration 195 high byte 000 7 7 Earthquake 111 a E Earthquake Count Down Timer 120 ee 47 49 Palet V1 03 ni tern TECHNOLOGY CORN Table 1 Earthquake Intensity Table Central Weather Bureau
2. 1999a 1999b Wu et al 2003 Using these relationships the shaking intensity can be estimated from a single station with a standard deviation of 1 0 unit of MMI scale or 0 6 unit of Japan and Taiwan intensity Sensors 2008 A 7 scale Thus the magnitude and shaking intensity can be estimated for EEW purposes 3 sec after the P arrival is detected Allen 1978 If r gt 1 sec and Pd gt 0 5 cm at a site then the potential of a damaging earthquake striking this site is high Wu and Kanamori 2005a 2005b 2007 Wu et al 2007 3 Discussion and conclusions From our experience with the Japan Taiwan and southern California data if Pd exceeds 0 5 cm the PGV at the site most likely exceeds the damaging level i e 20 cm s One possible approach for faster warning is to monitor Pd and issue a warning as soon as it has exceeded 0 5 cm As shown in Figure 1 for the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu Oki earthquake at the nearest stations NIGO18 A 14 km the threshold value of Pd 0 5 cm was reached at 1 36 s from the arrival of P wave If we issue a warning at a threshold of Pd 0 5 cm a warning will be issued at 1 36 s after the P arrival and several seconds before the occurrences of PGA and PGV This type of early warning approach will become effective especially for close in sites where warnings are most needed For any warning system reliability is always important and it is desirable to have redundancy built in the system to make it more robust
3. Caution Any change of this address may trigger earthquake signal so please make sure Palert disconnect with other system before you make above procedures dAddress 170 Calibration Factor for c Axis at 1g Palert is calibrated at factory already so it is not recommend for user to change these calibration factors stored in addresses 165 to 170 Address 170 stores the 1g calibration factor for c axis Below describe the calibration procedures a Align Palert c axis vertically b Write 10000 to this address and force Palert into initiation c Find out c axis offset value and write this value by 10 times For example write 10208 into this address if offset value is 1020 8 mg d Check if offset value is near by 1 g Caution Any change of this address may trigger earthquake signal so please make sure Palert disconnect with other system before you make above procedures Address 171 174 NTP Server IP Palert equipped with NTP function which could calibrate its system time via network time server These addresses store NTP server IP information Factory preset value is 192 43 244 18 which is time nist gov When these addresses are changed user must also write 2 into address 113 to effect the changes 35 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORT dAddress 175 Weekday This address indicates the weekday of Palert system time The number is from 1 to 6 stands for Monday to Saturday 7 for Sunday dAddress 176 177 T
4. Taiwan Intensity Scale Range of Ground Acceleration Effects on People Effects Indoors Effects Outdoors Felt only by a few Very minor 0 8 2 5gal people at rest vibrates slightly Felt by the majority Standing vehicles vibrate Hanging lamps and ae of people Some slightly similar to being Minor 2 5 8 0gal objects vibrate awakened from passed by a truck but only slightly sleeping lasts for a short time Buildings shake Felt by nearly asnes windows Standing vehicles vibrate and doors shake i A Light 8 25gal everyone a few obviously electric wires frightened maning sounds sway gent 9 i hanging objects y genty shake visibly Many people are Buildings rock quite frightened noticeably unstable Felt by drivers electric looking for safe objects topple over Moderate 25 80gal wires sway obviously felt by shelter Most people heavy furniture 8 people walking are awakened from moves may cause sleep slight damage Most people are Walls crack heavy Noticeably felt by drivers Strong 80 250gal considerably furniture may some chimneys and large frightened overturn archways topple over Damage to some People have trouble buildings heavy Drivers have trouble Very Strong 250 400gal walking due to furniture overturns steering sand and clay violent rocking doors and windows
5. acceleration occurred Palert will return to normal operation mode when time is up This address stores the timer value in second The factory preset value is 30 Please refer to 4 4 4 earthquake time sequence Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo Displacement Trigger 159 gt 197 Timer 195 High byte 159 gt 160 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 0 Pd Trigger 137 gt 164 Timer 195 High byte 137 gt 162 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 1 PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 112 1 BEA STA LTA AND AND Trigger 128 gt 117 Timer 120 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND AND 108 gt 123 108 gt 124 Address 121 PGA Watch Threshold This address stores PGA Peak Ground Acceleration watch threshold with unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts The recommend value is 67 counts 4 gals An earthquake signal will be set when PGA triggers is enabled address 163 bit 2 and PGA is great and equal to this threshold Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status Trigger Mo ON OFF OFF Displacement Trigger 163 bit 0 Timer 195 High byt
6. GIAUTIA aiani nadadaanan iai nia iiaia 27 Address 129 Maximum a Axis Acceleration in Eathouake 27 Address 130 Maximum b Axis Acceleration in Eathouake 27 Address 131 Maximum c Axis Acceleration in Earthquake eeeee 27 Address 132 Maximum a Axis Acceleration of Vector in Earthquake 27 Address 133 Maximum b Axis Acceleration of Vector in Earthquake 27 Address 134 Maximum c Axis Acceleration of Vector in Eartbouake 28 OAddress 135 PGA Trigger Avis eeren nnek anekani anak akak aak akak akak RRRA 28 Address 136 Real time a AXIS Velocity nnsnnnnnrrrrrrnrtnnnrnnnnrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nanmanna 28 Address 137 Real time a Axis bd 28 Address 138 Real time aler 28 OAddress 139 Pa We EE EE 28 Address 140 PGA Within 10 Geconde 28 OAddress 141 Earthquake Time eat 29 Address 142 Earthquake Time Mont 29 Address 143 Earthquake Time Day 29 Address 144 Earthquake Time Hour 29 Address 145 Earthquake Time Minute 29 Address 146 Earthquake Time Second sssrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnmnnn 29 Address 147 System Time year 29 Address 148 System Time Month 29 Address 149 System Time Day 0 0 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeseeseaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaee 29 Address 150 System Time Hour 29 Address 151 System Time Minute ce eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeseeeeeeaaeaaaaaaaes 29 Addr
7. Input 2 RTD Output Mode GC w Digital Input 3 Reserved 3 2 Information for LED Display Normal Status Display will illustrate three kinds of information periodically which are YYYY MM DD WWW hh mm and ss It will blink if NTP synchronal function is enabled and Palert is unable to synchronize with NTP server YYYY Year MM Month DD Day WWW Weekday hh Hour 9 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORR mm Minute ss Second Earthquake Detected Display will illustrate three kinds of information periodically which are maximum intensity maximum acceleration and what kinds of earthquake trigger algorithms are triggered If Palert is configured as CWB and MMI intensity standard then the information is int l aaaa a and P d A t int l P Represents Maximum Intensity aaaa a_ Maximum Acceleration in Gal Unit P Pd Event Triggered d Displacement Event Triggered A PGA Event Triggered L STA LTA Event Triggered If Palert is configured as GB T intensity standard then the information is Il aa aaa and P d A t II Maximum Intensity aa aaa Maximum Horizontal Acceleration in m sec 2 Unit P Pd Event Triggered d Displacement Event Triggered A PGA Event Triggered L STA LTA Event Triggered Earthquake Pre warning Information Sent by Server When Palert is deployed as a front end instrument for EEW Earthquake Early Warnin
8. The earthquake magnitude and the on site ground motion intensity could be estimated and the warning could be issued In an ideal situation such warnings would be available within 10 sec of the origin time of a large earthquake whose subsequent ground motion may last for tens of seconds Keywords earthquake early warning system seismic hazard mitigation 1 Introduction Because of the extreme complexity involved in the earthquake processes reliable earthquake prediction is not currently possible Kanamori et al 1997 Present technological advances in seismic instrumentation and in digital communication and processing permit the implementation of a real time earthquake monitoring system From the point of view of seismic hazards mitigation earthquake early warning EEW is becoming a practical tool to reduce the loss caused by a damaging earthquake Kanamori et al 1997 Teng et al 1997 Wu and Teng 2002 Allen and Kanamori 2003 The idea of an earthquake early warning system was proposed more than one hundred years ago by Cooper 1868 for San Francisco California About a hundred years later Japan Railways Company designed an EEW system in 1965 and started operation in the following year Nakamura 1988 In the past decade progress has been made towards implementation of earthquake early warning in Japan Taiwan Mexico Southern California Italy and Romania e g Nakamura 1988 Odaka et al 2003 Allen and Kanamori 2003 Hori
9. acceleration in earthquake 130 A A 57 Maximum c axis acceleration in earthquake 131 39 49 Palert V1 03 Mode 1 Mode 2 Integer Number Description Value in parentheses indicate Palert Modbus registers addresses i A SS Maximum a axis acceleration of vector in earthquake 132 r x ee Maximum b axis acceleration of vector in earthquake 133 i i S Maximum c axis acceleration of vector in earthquake 134 A A 61 69 Reserved A A 70 Synchronized Character 0x3033 A A 71 Synchronized Character 0x3035 A A 72 Synchronized Character 0x3135 A A 73 Synchronized Character 0x3031 A A 74 Packet Length A A 75 EEWS DOO intensity 202 A A 76 EEWS DO1 intensity 203 A A 77 78 FTE D04 IP addresses 204 205 A A 79 99 Reserved A 100 a axis Acceleration of Record 1 A 101 b axis Acceleration of Record 1 A 102 c axis Acceleration of Record 1 A 103 Pd of Record 1 A 104 Displacement of Record 1 A A 595 a axis Acceleration of Record 100 A 596 b axis Acceleration of Record 100 A 597 c axis Acceleration of Record 100 A 598 Pd of Record 100 A 599 Displacement of Record 100 Notes a Integer format is low byte at first and follow with high byte b This streaming function is only available for Modbus TCP dAddress 194 Palert Modbus RTU Address setting Factory preset value is 101 The possible number is from 1 to 255 Pl
10. activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo Displacement Trigger 159 gt 197 Timer 195 High byte 159 gt 160 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 0 Pd Trigger 137 gt 164 Timer 195 High byte 137 gt 162 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 1 PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 112 1 112 1 AND AND STA LTA Trigger 128 gt 117 Timer 120 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND AND 108 gt 123 108 gt 124 dAddress 163 Trigger Mode and Low Pass Filter Select Palert equipped 4 kinds of earthquake trigger algorithm as below The recommend trigger algorithms are Pd and STA LTA bit 0 Displacement trigger enable bit 1 Pd trigger enable 32 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORT bit 2 PGA trigger enable bit 3 STA LTA trigger enable bit 7 Low pass filter selector 0 as 10 Hz 1 as 20 Hz STA LTA trigger algorithm is the only one needs to wait for the LTA flag is ready address 112 Other trigger algorithms are able to detect earthquake right after offset calculation Please note that user must write 2 into address 113 in order to effect the above changes Address 164 Pd Watch Threshold This address stores Pd watch threshold unit in 0 001 cm The recommended setting is 0 2 cm The earthquake signal will be set address 111 bit
11. client enable 0 Disable DHCP client function 1 Enable DHCP client function Warning Once Palert got IP from DHCP server There is a chance that user can not find correct Palert IP address to connect To solve this problem user could grounding DIO and observe the IP information from LED display Please keep Palert off any vibration otherwise it will display earthquake information instantly bit 6 Server 1 connection enable 0 Disable server 1 connections 1 Enable server 1 connections Palert supports 2 servers connection By enable this function Palert could automatically connect to server 1 which are defined at addresses 178 and 179 This is very useful when Palert is installed at environment with no real IP It is also the must function for EEW 23 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORT bit 7 Disable service from SANLIEN server SANLIEN will offer firmware update service if Palert is able to connect to internet 0 Enable the service 1 Disable the service bit 8 Enable connection with EEWS warning device FTE D04 0 Disable FTE D04 connection 1 Enable FTE D04 connection Please refer the FTE D04 IP setting on addresses 204 and 205 bit 9 MMI intensity enable 0 Disable MMI intensity standard 1 Enable MMI intensity standard bit 15 Modbus TCP Client function enable It is possible Palert acts as Modbus TCP client When this bit is enabled Palert will automatically write its own 102 word register
12. equal to 16 7184 counts Address 104 Real Time Vector Acceleration This address stores real time vector acceleration unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts The equation of vector is described as below Vector Va b c Address 105 a Axis Offset This address stores a axis offset compensation value unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts The zero point output of accelerometer will be affected by installation or some other issues This value will only calculate at initialization Palert equips automatic zero algorithm so it is no need to calculate offset after initialization Due to installation that a axis will face gravity so there is around 980 gal offset in this axis Address 106 b Axis Offset This address stores b axis offset compensation value unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts The zero point output of accelerometer will be affected by installation or some other issues This value will only calculate at initialization Palert equips automatic zero algorithm so it is no need to calculate offset after initialization Address 107 c Axis Offset This address stores c axis offset compensation value unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts The zero point output of accelerometer will be affected by installation or some other issues This value will only calculate at initialization Palert equips automatic zero algorithm so it is no need to calculate offset after initia
13. established Regarding the IP address setting for server 0 please refer to addresses 176 and 177 bit 2 0 Indicate that there is no connection with server 1 1 Indicate that connection between server 1 and Palert has established Regarding the IP address setting for server 1 please refer to addresses 178 and 179 bit 3 0 Indicate that there is no connection with SANLIEN service server 1 Indicate that the connection with SANLIEN service server has established bit 4 0 Indicate that FTE D04 in not connected 1 Indicate that FT D04 is connected Regarding the IP address setting for FTE D04 please refer to addresses 204 and 205 FTE D04 is an earth quake early warning device which is able to receive earthquake pre warning from Palert Please contact our sales if you would like to have further information or support All indicators mentioned above will only available when NTP or servers connection is enabled Please refer to address 118 for related setting Address 101 Real Time a Axis Acceleration This address stores real time a axis acceleration unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts 18 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORN Address 102 Real Time b Axis Acceleration This address stores real time b axis acceleration unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts Address 103 Real Time c Axis Acceleration This address stores real time c axis acceleration unit in count One gal is
14. is detected 2 Exactly three seconds after P wave 3 Pd great equal Pd watch threshold if Pd trig algorithm is enabled 4 Pd great equal Pd warning threshold if Pd trig algorithm is enabled The packet data format is depending on the data 1 or 2 Palert will stop streaming when user writes 0 to this address Please notice that these kinds of data packets are not standard Modbus protocol so it is not possible to be received by standard PLC Streaming output is also the must function for EEW system Regarding to the layout of these packets are described as below Mode 1 Mode 2 Integer Number Description Value in parentheses indicate Palert Modbus registers addresses Packet type A A 1 Normal streaming packet r 119 P wave streaming packet 300 Pd within 3 seconds after P wave 1191 Pd watch streaming packet 1192 Pd warning streaming packet A A 1 Event flag 111 A A 2 system time year 147 A A 3 system time month 148 A A 4 system time day 149 A A 5 system time hour 150 A A 6 system time minute 151 A A 7 high byte system time second 152 A A 7 low byte system time 10 msecond A A 8 event time year 141 A A 9 event time month 142 A A 10 event time day 143 A A 11 event time hour 144 A A 12 event time minute 145 A A 13 high byte event time second 146 A A 13 low byte event time 10 msecond A A 14 Serial number 200 A A 15 Displacement watch
15. set system time This address stores the information for set Palert system time which is second Palert will update its RTC system time by taking time information stored in addresses from 153 to 158 when address 113 is set to 8 dAddress 159 Real time a Axis Displacement This address stores the real time a axis displacement unit in 0 001 cm It is double integrated from a axis acceleration and filter by 0 075 Hz high pass filter 30 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORR dAddress 160 a Axis Displacement Warning Threshold This address stores a axis warning threshold unit in 0 001 cm The recommended setting is 0 35 cm The earthquake signal will be set address 111 bit 0 when displacement trigger algorithm is enabled address 163 bit 0 and displacement address 159 is great equal to this threshold Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo Displacement Trigger 159 gt 197 Timer 195 High byte 159 gt 160 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 0 Pd Trigger 137 gt 164 Timer 195 High byte 137 gt 162 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 1 PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 112 1 112 1 AND AND STA LTA Trigger 128 gt 117 Timer 120 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND AND 108 gt 12 108 gt
16. signal so please make sure Palert disconnect with other system before you make above procedures dAddress 166 Calibration Factor for b Axis at 0 g Palert is calibrated at factory already so it is not recommend for user to change these calibration factors stored in addresses 165 to 170 Address 166 stores the zero g calibration factor for b axis Below describe the calibration procedures a Align Palert b axis horizontally b Write 0 to this address and force Palert into initiation c Find out b axis offset value and write this value by 10 times For example write 102 into this address if offset value is 10 2 mg d Check if offset value is near by 0 Caution Any change of this address may trigger earthquake signal so please make sure Palert disconnect with other system before you make above procedures dAddress 167 Calibration Factor for c Axis at 0g Palert is calibrated at factory already so it is not recommend for user to change these calibration factors stored in addresses 165 to 170 Address 167 stores the zero g calibration factor for c axis Below describe the calibration procedures a Align Palert c axis horizontally b Write 0 to this address and force Palert into initiation c Find outc axis offset value and write this value by 10 times For example write 102 into this address if offset value is 10 2 mg d Check if offset value is near by 0 Caution Any change of this address may trigger earthquake
17. signal so please make sure Palert disconnect with other system before you make above procedures dAddress 168 Calibration Factor for a Axis at 1g Palert is calibrated at factory already so it is not recommend for user to change these calibration factors stored in addresses 165 to 170 Address 168 stores the 1g calibration factor for a axis Below describe the calibration procedures a Align Palert a axis vertically b Write 10000 to this address and force Palert into initiation c Find out a axis offset value and write this value by 10 times For example write 10208 into 34 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORT this address if offset value is 1020 8 mg d Check if real time value is near by 1 g Caution Any change of this address may trigger earthquake signal so please make sure Palert disconnect with other system before you make above procedures dAddress 169 Calibration Factor for b Axis at 1g Palert is calibrated at factory already so it is not recommend for user to change these calibration factors stored in addresses 165 to 170 Address 169 stores the 1g calibration factor for b axis Below describe the calibration procedures a Align Palert b axis vertically b Write 10000 to this address and force Palert into initiation c Find out b axis offset value and write this value by 10 times For example write 10208 into this address if offset value is 1020 8 mg d Check if offset value is near by 1g
18. value to this address to refresh Palert when change any parameters The available setup options are described as below 2 Update and write parameters into EEPROM and force Palert to restart 4 Update and write Palert its own TCP IP settings into EEPROM and force Palert to restart 8 Update and write system clock Palert will use time information stored in addresses 153 to 158 to update system RTC 128 Force Palert to quit program and entering console mode Caution This procedure is only for firmware upgrade 384 Force Palert to upgrade firmware from FTP server which is as same as TCP serveri Palert will recalculate 3 axes offset value and STA LTA during restart Address 114 Time Zone This address stores the GMT time zone information for NTP time calibration for example Taipei is GMT 8 It is no function when NTP service is disabled Address 115 STA Duration STA stands for Short Time Average which is average of vector in specified short time period The opposing parameter is LTA which stands for Long Time Average It will issue earthquake signal when STA divide LTA is great equal to STA LTA threshold address 117 and STA LTA earthquake trigger algorithm is set address 163 bit 3 is set This address represents the duration of STAin 100ms unit The factory setting of this value is 20 which mean 2 seconds The larger number the less false trigger is The maximum value is 1 21 49 Palet V1 03 re TECHNO
19. 1 when Pd trigger algorithm is enabled Address 163 bit 1 and Pd address 137 is great equal to this threshold Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo Displacement Trigger 159 gt 197 Timer 195 High byte 159 gt 160 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 0 Pd Trigger 137 gt 164 Timer 195 High byte 137 gt 162 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 1 PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 112 1 112 1 AND Timer 120 AND STA LTA Trigger 128 gt 117 OR 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND DO1 ON AND 108 gt 123 108 gt 124 dAddress 165 Calibration Factor for a Axis at 0g Palert is calibrated at factory already so it is not recommend for user to change these calibration factors stored in addresses 165 to 170 Address 165 stores the zero g calibration factor for a axis Below describe the calibration procedures a Align Palert a axis horizontally b Write 0 to this address and force Palert into initiation c Find out a axis offset value and write this value by 10 times For example write 102 into this address if offset value is 10 2 mg 33 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORF d Check if offset value is near by 0 Caution Any change of this address may trigger earthquake
20. 10 Maximum Intensity in Earthquake This address stores the maximum intensity of the last earthquake unit as grade form 0 to 7 based on CWB standard Central Weather Bureau Taiwan or from 1 to 10 on MMI standard or from 0 to 11 based on GB T standard Please refer to address 118 for detail setting dAddress 111 Earthquake Indicator Related bits of this address will be set correspond to earthquake detected by certain trigger algorithms otherwise the value will be 0 when there is no earthquake detected by trigger algorithms When related bits are set the time needed to clear these bits is defined at address 120 20 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORF bit 0 a axis Displacement triggered bit 1 Pd triggered bit 2 PGA triggered bit 3 STA LTA triggered dAddress 112 LTA Ready Indicator LTA stands for Long Time Average which is average of vector in specified long time period The opposing parameter is STA which stands for Short Time Average It will issue earthquake signal when STA divide LTA is great equal to STA LTA threshold address 117 and STA LTA earthquake trigger algorithm is set address 163 bit 3 is set Palert needs enough time to accumulate enough data for LTA calculation This LTA Ready Indicator will become 1 when Palert LTA calculation is completed In other word Palert STA LTA earthquake detecting algorithm can function only this Indicator is 1 dAddress 113 Setup Parameters Write proper
21. 117 Timer 120 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND AND 108 gt 123 108 gt 124 Address 125 PGV within 1 Second This address stores the maximum real time three axes PGV Peak Ground Velocity within one 26 49 Palert V1 03 nl ter TECHNOLOGY CORN second The unit is 0 01 cm second Address 126 PGD within 1 Second This address stores the maximum real time three axes PGD Peak Ground Displacement within one second The unit is 0 001 cm dAddress 127 Information for Last Earthquake This address stores the last earthquake triggered information which is the copy of address 111 Address 128 Real Time STA LTA Palert uses STA LTA as one of earthquake detecting algorithms It will issue earthquake signal address 111 bit 3 when STA LTA trigger algorithm is enabled address 163 bit 3 is set and this value is great equal to STA LTA threshold address 117 Regarding the DOs activities when earthquake signal is set please refer to address 123 and 124 for more detail dAddress 129 Maximum a Axis Acceleration in Earthquake Palert will store the information for maximum acceleration of the latest earthquake This address stores the maximum acceleration in a axis unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts Address 130 Maximum b Axis Acceleration in Earthquake Palert will store the information for maximum acceleration of the latest earthquake This address stores the maximum accelerat
22. 124 dAddress 161 PGA Warning Threshold This address stores PGA warning threshold unit in count The recommended setting is 418 counts 25 gals The earthquake signal will be set address 111 bit 2 when PGA trigger algorithm is enabled Address 163 bit 2 and PGA is great equal to this threshold Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo Displacement Trigger 159 gt 197 Timer 195 High byte 159 gt 160 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 0 Pd Trigger 137 gt 164 Timer 195 High byte 137 gt 162 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 1 31 49 Palert V1 03 mb TECHNOLOGY CORR DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 112 1 DER AND AND STA LTA Trigger 128 gt 117 Timer 120 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND AND 108 gt 12 108 gt 124 dAddress 162 Pd Warning Threshold This address stores Pd warning threshold unit in 0 001 cm The recommended setting is 0 35 cm The earthquake signal will be set address 111 bit 1 when Pd trigger algorithm is enabled Address 163 bit 1 and Pd address 137 is great equal to this threshold Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs
23. 2 1 112 1 STA LTA AND AND Trigger 128 gt 117 Timer 120 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND AND 108 gt 123 108 gt 124 dAddress 118 Operation Mode bit 0 Intensity calculation standard 0 CWB Taiwan standard 1 GB T China standard 22 49 Palet V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORT bit 1 GAS_ mode 0 Standard DOs control mode During this mode The DOs turn on time will be determined by which algorithm is triggered Please refer to addresses 120 121 123 124 161 162 163 164 and 195 1 DOs will only turn on for 2 seconds when earthquake signal is set This is suitable for gas solenoid control bit 2 CWB Intensity calculation mode This bit is useful only if bit 0 is clear 0 Intensity is calculated by maximum acceleration in axes 1 Intensity is calculated by vector bit 3 Server 0 connection enable 0 Disable server 0 connections 1 Enable server 0 connections Palert supports servers connection By enable this function Palert could automatically connect to server 0 which are defined at addresses 176 and 177 This is very useful when Palert is installed at environment with no real IP It is also the must function for EEW bit 4 NTP time calibration enable 0 Disable NTP function 1 Enable NTP function Palert equips NTP function which can automatically calibrate its system time every 10 minutes with NTP server which IP is specified at addresses from 171 to 174 bit 5 DHCP
24. 63 bit 0 and real time a axis displacement address 159 is great equal to this threshold Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo 41 49 Palet V1 03 mb TECHNOLOGY CORR DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo Displacement Trigger 159 gt 197 Timer 195 High byte 159 gt 160 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 0 Pd Trigger 137 gt 164 Timer 195 High byte 137 gt 162 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 1 PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 112 1 112 1 AND Timer 120 AND STA LTA Trigger 128 gt 117 OR 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND DO1 ON AND 108 gt 123 108 gt 124 dAddress 198 Earthquake Pre Warning Register This address is designed for received EEW information from EEW server High byte as predict intensity and low byte as remain seconds for shock wave arrive When there are data write into this address two DOs will be turned on and 7 segments LED will display intensity and count down seconds It will display local earthquake information immediately if Palert detects earthquake This function only available when Palert is integrated with EEW system and with seismologist supports It is also important that the system must obey the i
25. 8 high byte ip2 Address 178 low byte ip3 Address 179 high byte ip4 Address 179 low byte When these addresses are changed user must also write 2 into address 113 to effect the changes Server 1 IP address is also the FTP server IP for firmware upgrade Once user writes 0x180 into address 113 will force Palert to upgrade firmware from FTP server 36 49 Palert V1 03 OAddress 180 191 Palert Network Address Setting These addresses store IP information for Palert User must write 4 into address 113 when there is any change for these addresses The factory preset values are described as below IP 192 168 255 1 Address 180 to 183 Mask 255 255 0 0 Address 184 to 187 Gateway 192 168 0 1 Address 188 to 191 User could ground DIO in order to display Palert IP information from 7 segments LED Please maintain Palert off any vibration in case of Palert displays earthquake trigger information Attention Improper network address setting may cause Palert malfunction Address 192 Available Connections for Host Palert offers 3 TCP connections for hosts simultaneously This address indicates remain connections 37 49 Palert V1 03 dAddress 193 Streaming Output Control miten TECHNOLOGY CORN Palert will stream out data packet continually every second when user writes 1 or 2 into this address Palert will also send out one additional packet in 200 bytes at the moment when below conditions is satisfied 1 P wave
26. B TriNet ShakeMaps Rapid generation of peak ground motion and intensity maps for earthquakes in Southern California Earthquake Spectra 1999b 15 537 555 Wu Y M Chen C C Shin T C Tsai Y B Lee W H K Teng T L Taiwan Rapid Earthquake Information Release System Seism Res Lett 1997 68 931 943 Wu Y M Shin T C Tsai Y B Quick and reliable determination of magnitude for seismic early warning Bull Seism Soc Am 1998 88 1254 1259 Wu Y M Chung J K Shin T C Hsiao N C Tsai Y B Lee W H K Teng T L Development of an integrated seismic early warning system in Taiwan case for Hualien earthquakes Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 1999 10 719 736 Wu Y M Lee W H K Chen C C Shin T C Teng T L Tsai Y B Performance of the Taiwan Rapid Earthquake Information Release System RTD during the 1999 Chi Chi Taiwan Sensors 2008 8 9 22 23 24 25 26 2T 28 29 30 31 earthquake Seismo Res Lett 2000 71 338 343 Wu Y M Shin T C Chang C H Near realtime mapping of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity following a strong earthquake Bull Seism Soc Am 2001 91 1218 1228 Wu Y M Teng T L A virtual sub network approach to earthquake early warning Bull Seism Soc Am 2002 92 2008 2018 Wu Y M Teng T L Shin T C Hsiao N C Relationship between peak ground acceleration peak gr
27. CP Server 0 IP Palert has ability to connect with servers automatically This is an advantage for Palert at the site without real IP It is also the must function for EEW system When server 0 connections enable is set address 118 bit 3 Palert will try to connect to server 0 at all time The connection status will be indicated at address 100 bit 1 Palert will stream out 1200 bytes data packet every second to servers when connections are established Please refer to address 193 for more information about this packet These addresses store TCP server 0 IP information as the order ip1 ip2 ip3 ip4 as below ip1 Address 176 high byte ip2 Address 176 low byte ip3 Address 177 high byte ip4 Address 177 low byte When these addresses are changed user must also write 2 into address 113 to effect the changes Address 178 179 TCP Server 1 IP Palert has ability to connect with servers automatically This is an advantage for Palert at the site without real IP It is also the must function for EEW system When server 1 connections enable is set address 118 bit 6 Palert will try to connect to server 1 at all time The connection status will be indicated at address 100 bit 2 Palert will stream out 1200 bytes data packet every second to servers when connections are established Please refer to address 193 for more information about this packet These addresses store TCP server 1 IP information as the order ip1 ip2 ip3 ip4 as below ip1 Address 17
28. In this paper we explore the feasibility of using several early warning methods to increase the speed and reliability of early warning In these methods the information from the initial part up to a few seconds of P wave is used to estimate the magnitude and the strength of the impending ground motion at the same site In view of the success of the Japan Taiwan and Mexico warning systems we believe that further enhancement of the system like the one described here is worthwhile to make the overall system faster more reliable and robust Currently MEMS Micro Electro Mechanical Systems acceleration sensors are well developed for a wide range of applications from air bag systems detecting industrial vibrations and strong motion recording Holland 2003 MEMS sensors are miniature sensors made in wafer fabrication facilities similar to semiconductor foundries Many types of commercial MEMS accelerometers exist and they are inexpensive Those accelerometers could be used for EEW purposes with the concept described in this paper and are useful for future seismic hazard mitigation Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments which helped improve the manuscript This research was supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China NSC95 2625 Z 002 028 NSC95 2119 M 002 043 MY3 with TEC contribution number 00027 We would like to thank the NIED Japan Central Weather Burea
29. LOGY CORF 2 of LTA Address 116 LTA Duration LTA stands for Long Time Average which is average vector in specified long time period The opposing parameter is STA which stands for Short Time Average It will issue earthquake signal when STA divide LTA is great equal to STA LTA threshold address 117 and STA LTA earthquake trigger algorithm is set address 163 bit 3 is set This address represents the duration of LTA in 100ms unit The factory setting of this value is 800 which mean 80 seconds The Larger number the more sensitive trigger is The maximum number of LTA is 2000 which means 200 seconds dAddress 117 STA LTA Trigger Threshold Palert uses STA LTA as one of earthquake detecting algorithms It will issue earthquake signal address 111 bit 3 when STA LTA trigger algorithm is enabled address 163 bit 3 is set and STA divide LTA Address 128 is great equal to this threshold The factory preset value is 3 Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo Displacement Trigger 159 gt 197 Timer 195 High byte 159 gt 160 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 0 Pd Trigger 137 gt 164 Timer 195 High byte 137 gt 162 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 1 PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 11
30. Represents Maximum Intensity aaaa a Maximum Acceleration in Gal Unit GB T intensity standard YYYY MM DD hh mm ss II aa aaa YYYY Year MM Month DD Day hh Hour mm Minute ss Second II Maximum Intensity aa aaa Maximum Horizontal Acceleration in m sec 2 Unit 3 4 Modbus RTU port The factory setting for Modbus RTU port is com 2 RS 485 However user can change it to com 1 RS 232 by modify the parameter locates at Modbus AO address 201 Please refer chapter 4 for detail Palert also offers RTD Real Time Data stream output function over comport The output port is determined by Modbus RTU port It will be com 2 when Modbus RTU port is 1 when 11 49 Palet V1 03 sar lten TECHNOLOGY CORN Modbus RTU port is com 2 then RTD port will be com 1 The communication configruation for Modbus RTU is 19200 n 8 1 for RTD is 9600 n 8 17 3 5 RTD Real Time Data stream Output Control When DI2 is grounding Palert will enable RTD output function The data format is described as below Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Byte 5 Byte 6 Byte 7 Byte 8 0x0d A axis a axis b axis b axis c axis c axis Ox0a High Low High Low High Low The data output comport is determined by Modbus RTU port The communication configuration is 9600 n 8 1 User must be noticed that all DOs will be controlled by the commands from RTD comport and the 3 axes acceleration data are
31. V 2081 6 49 Palert V1 03 re 1 Features Palert an earthquake P wave instrument with Pd technology embedded which is developed by Prof Yih Min Wu National Taiwan University The design to reduce earthquake damage that an alarm can be issued within 3 seconds after P wave is detected if following shock wave is destructive Palert is a true earthquake on site early warning instrument Offer four kinds of trigger algorithms Pd PGA Displacement and STA LTA for detect earthquake The Pd algorithm is developed by Prof Yih Min Wu Please refer to related documents which have been published PGA stands for Peak Ground Acceleration Palert offers 10 Hz and 20 Hz low pass filter which is selected by user to filter out high frequency components in signal that generated by non earthquake vibration Component a is especially equips with real time displacement calculation which is able to deploy displacement trigger algorithm in a axis The conventional STA LTA trigger algorithm is also available in Palert Intensity standards both for CWB Central Weather Bureau Taiwan and China GB T are available Other useful earthquake information is stored and ready for retrieved in Palert These include earthquake trigger time maximum intensity maximum acceleration for each component and maximum acceleration in vector The powerful networking capability features streaming real time data to hosts automatically connect to up to 2 servers NTP Netw
32. al time a AXIS Velocity This address stores the real time a axis velocity which is integrated from a axis acceleration The unit is 0 01 cm second Address 137 Real time a Axis Pd This address stores the real time a axis Pd unit in 0 001 cm There is a very high possibility the following S wave will be very destructive when P wave is detected and Pd is great equal to 0 3 cm According to the research of Prof Yih Min Wu NTU Please refer to appendix 1 for more information about Pd Address 138 Real time a Axis T c This address stores the real time a axis T c unit in 0 001 Hz Please refer to appendix 1 for more information about T c dAddress 139 Pd Trigger Status This address stores the working status of Pd trigger algorithm It is useful only address 163 bit 1 is set bit 4 P wave is detected bit 5 P wave is detected bit 6 Pd is greater and equal to Pd watch threshold bit 7 Pd is greater and equal to Pd warning threshold Address 140 PGA Within 10 Seconds This address stores the PGA within 10 seconds with unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts 28 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORN dAddress 141 Earthquake Time Year This address stores the last earthquake happened time year dAddress 142 Earthquake Time Month This address stores the last earthquake happened time month dAddress 143 Earthquake Time Day This address stores the last earthquake hap
33. blasts occur bend Severe damage to People move with or collapse of some Landslides and faults 400gal and pe a RES f Great difficulty due to buildings almost all rupture occur railway bend above l severe rocking furniture moves Or underground lines break falls down Note 1gal 1cm sec sec 48 49 Palert V1 03 Appendix 1 EEW Paper by Professor Yih Min Wu National Taiwan University 49 49 Palert V1 03 Sensors 2008 8 1 9 sensors ISSN 1424 8220 2008 by MDPI www mdpi org sensors Full Research Paper Development of an Earthquake Early Warning System Using Real Time Strong Motion Signals Yih Min Wu and Hiroo Kanamori 1 Department of Geosciences National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan E mail drymwu ntu edu tw 2 Seismological Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA E mail hiroo gps caltech edu Author to whom correspondence should be addressed Address No 1 Sec 4th Roosevelt Rd Dept of Geosciences National Taiwan Univ Taipei Taiwan Tel 886 2 2362 0054 Fax 886 2 2364 4625 E mail drymwu ntu edu tw Received 20 December 2007 Accepted 5 January 2008 Published 9 January 2008 Abstract As urbanization progresses worldwide earthquakes pose serious threat to lives and properties for urban areas near major active faults on land or subduction zones offshore Earthquake Early Warning EEW can be a usefu
34. ccceeccceceeeceeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeaeeeeeesaeeeeeeaees 36 Address 180 191 Palert Network Address Geitng 37 Address 192 Available Connections for Host 37 Address 193 Streaming Output Control 38 Address 194 Palert Modbus RTU Address Setting eeccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteteeeeees 40 Address 195 Watch and Warning Pertod 41 Address 196 Maximum Acceleration within 1 Second 41 Address 197 a Axis Displacement Watch Threshold 41 Address 198 Earthquake Pre Warning Register ccccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeettneeeeeees 42 Address 199 Palert Firmware Version 42 Address 200 Palert Serial Number 42 Address 201 Modbus port setting cece eeeececeeeeeeeeeeeeeecaeeeeeeeeeeeeenceaeeeeeees 43 Address 202 DOO activated setting for pre warning Regional EEWS 43 Address 203 DO1 activated setting for pre warning Regional EEWS 43 Address 204 205 EEWS warning device FTE D04 IP address 00000s1ee 43 4 3 Modbus Related Information for Dale 44 4 4 Palert Operation Time Sequence ssesssseieeeesessiirrnttsssstnnnrnnnssrnnnrnnnnssssrnnnnnn n 45 4 4 1 Power ON Time Geouence cececeeccteere eter eee eeecceee eter eeeteecaaeeeeeeeeeteeeaaaes 45 4 4 2 Parameter Setting Time Geouence 45 4 4 3 Initialization Time Geouence eee eeteeecaaaeeeaeeeeeeetaaaes 46 4 4 4 STA LTA Trigger Time Geouence 46 4 4 5 Displacement Pd and PGA Trigger Time Sequence e
35. e Timer 195 Low byte Pd Trigger 163 bit 1 Timer 195 High byte Timer 195 Low byte 25 49 Palert V1 03 ni ten TECHNOLOGY CORN DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 112 1 DER AND AND STA LTA Trigger 128 gt 117 Timer 120 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND AND 108 gt 12 108 gt 124 Address 122 Numbers Of Records for Offset Calculation This address stores the number of records to be averaged for offset calculation during initialization The factory preset value is 200 dAddress 123 and 124 DOs Activated Setting These addresses store the activated acceleration threshold for DOs for STA LTA trigger algorithm The unit is gal and default setting for DOO is 10 and DO1 is 50 Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo Displacement Trigger 159 gt 197 Timer 195 High byte 159 gt 160 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 0 Pd Trigger 137 gt 164 Timer 195 High byte 137 gt 162 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 1 PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 112 1 112 1 STA LTA AND AND Trigger 128 gt
36. e earthquake size and estimation of the earthquake size from the P wave provides information about the strength of shaking to be brought by the following S wave Using P wave information to estimate the strength of S wave destructive shaking is a principal concept of EEW One of the major elements of EEW is to determine the earthquake magnitude rapidly and reliably To determine the size of an earthquake it is important to determine whether the earthquake rupture has stopped or keeps growing which is generally reflected in the period of the initial motion Small and large events generally cause short and long period initial motions respectively The method developed by Nakamura 1988 attempts to use the period averaged over some time window Kanamori 2005 used the following procedure which is modified from the method used by Nakamura 1988 The ground motion displacement u t and velocity w t from the vertical component record are used to compute the following ratio r by f oitcwr SE 1 I u tdt where the integration is taken over the time interval 0 z after the onset of P wave In a series of previous studies Wu and Kananmori 2005a 2005b 2007 Wu et al 2006 2007 T is set at 3 s Using Parseval s theorem E 2 Ae d or of UE e 2 J br af where u f is the frequency spectrum of u t and f 2 is the average of f weighted by Jor ie Thus l Jm T E e 3 T 3 can be used as a paramet
37. ease write 2 into address 113 when there is change in this address 40 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORF dAddress 195 Watch and Warning Period This address stores the watch and warning timer for displacement Pd and PGA trigger algorithms High byte as watch timer in second recommended value is 10 Low byte as warning timer in second recommended value is 30 Please refer to the following table for more detail about DOs activity The numbers with under line shown on this table are addresses DOO DO1 DO Status ON OFF ON OFF Trigger Mo Displacement Trigger 159 gt 197 Timer 195 High byte 159 gt 160 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 0 Pd Trigger 137 gt 164 Timer 195 High byte 137 gt 162 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 1 PGA Trigger PGA gt 121 Timer 195 High byte PGA gt 161 Timer 195 Low byte 163 bit 2 112 1 112 1 AND Timer 120 AND STA LTA Trigger 128 gt 117 OR 128 gt 117 Timer 120 163 bit 3 AND DO1 ON AND 108 gt 12 108 gt 124 dAddress 196 Maximum Acceleration within 1 Second This address stores the maximum acceleration within 1 second unit in gal dAddress 197 a Axis Displacement Watch Threshold This address stores the displacement watch threshold for a axis unit in 0 001 cm The recommended value is 0 2 cm The earthquake signal will be set address 111 bit 0 when displacement trigger algorithm is enabled address 1
38. eeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeaees 19 Address 107 Ee 19 Address 108 Maximum Vector in Eartbouake 19 Address 109 Real Time Earthquake Intensiv 20 Address 110 Maximum Intensity in Earthquake 0 0 00 cceeeeseeeeeesseseessseeeeeseeeeeees 20 Address 111 Earthquake Indicator ce ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaaaaaaee 20 Address 112 LTA Ready Indicator ccceeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeseeeetseessssesseeseeeaaaaaaaaaes 21 Address 113 Setup Parameter 21 OAdAress 114 TIME Zone 21 ACCESS 115 EIERE 21 OAddress 116 ETA DUALO Ma eebe ENEE ee 22 Address 117 STA LTA Trigger Thresbold nenne 22 Address 118 Operation Mode eeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeenei aaa ease aaa aaaaaaaaaee 22 Address 119 DV OS Status viscosacsnasasacseasvaredsoadaradanadaiadaoadaradeansaradesaandacesadaaadevataanae 24 2 49 Palet V1 03 mb TECHNOLOGY CORF O Address 120 Earthquake Event Sustained Duration 24 Address 121 PGA Watch Threshold cccccccccccseeceecaeeeceeeeeseeseeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeauees 25 Address 122 Numbers Of Records for Offset Calculaton 26 Address 123 and 124 DOs Activated Setting eeeeeeeesseeereeeeesrrrrrrrrsesrrrrrnnn 26 Address 125 PGV within 1 SECON ccc cecccceceeeceeeeeeeeseeeeeseeecaeeeeeeeaeeeeeeaaes 26 Address 126 PGD within 1 Gecond 27 Address 127 Information for Last Earthquake eeseeeeeeeesessrrrrrrrssssrrrnnn 27 Address 128 Real Time
39. ents using the nearest stations for Japan black triangles southern California red solid circles and Taiwan blue diamonds Symbols show the event average with standard deviation Solid line shows the least squares fit and the two dashed lines show the range of one standard deviation Sensors 2008 8 6 The standard deviation of the estimate of M is 0 41 for all the events This regression is based on the average T for each event with at least four measurements Figure 3 shows the relationship between Pd and PGV for the 780 records with epicentral distances less than 30 km from Japan Taiwan and southern California We obtained a regression relation log PGV 0 920 log Pd 1 642 0 326 PGV in cm sec and Pd in cm 5 Taiwan 507 records 100 e Southern California 199 records aJapan 74 records 10 0 N 2 gt gt 1 D 0 1 E 7 Linear regression over 780 records log PGV 0 920 log Pd 1 642 SDV 0 326 0 001 0 01 0 1 1 10 Pd cm Figure 3 Relationship between peak initial three second displacement amplitude Pd and peak ground velocity PGV for 780 records with the epicentral distances less than 30 km for Japan black triangles southern California red solid circles and Taiwan blue diamonds Solid line indicates the least squares fit and the two dashed lines show the range of one standard deviation Instrumental intensity scale for large events is defined with respect to PGV Wald et al
40. er representing the average period of the initial portion of the P wave T approximately represents the P wave pulse width which increases with the magnitude and can be used to estimate the event magnitude Another important element of EEW is to estimate the strength of S wave shaking at a site from the initial P waves at the same site Wu and Kanamori 2005a showed that the maximum amplitude of a high pass filtered vertical displacement during the initial 3 sec of the P wave Pd can be used to Sensors 2008 8 5 estimate the PGV at the same site When Pd 0 5 cm the event is most likely damaging T and Pd are the two basic parameters used for EEW in this approach Wu and Kanamori 2005a 2005b 2007 and Wu et al 2006 2007 applied this method to EEW in southern California Taiwan and Japan by determining 7 and Pd Figure 2 shows a good linear trend between Te and M determined from the Japan Taiwan and southern California records t values of 54 events for which at least four measurements are available for each event are shown in this figure The potentially damaging earthquakes with M gt 6 all have t gt 1 sec The regression with errors in both coordinates of M and 7 results in relationships logr 0 296M 1 462 0 122 and M 3 373logr 5 787 0 412 4 Taiwan 11 events e Southern California 26 events 4Japan 17 events log t 0 296 M 1 716 Sdv 0 122 R 0 933 Figure 2 t estimates for 54 ev
41. ess 152 System Time Gecond nanamn nnen 29 Address 153 Set System Time eat 29 Address 154 Set System Time Mont 30 Address 155 Set System Time Day 30 Address 156 Set System Time Hour 30 Address 157 Set System Time Minute 30 Address 158 Set System Time Second ssrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnna 30 3 49 Palert V1 03 mb TECHNOLOGY CORF OAddress 159 Real time a Axis Displacement 0 cccecccececceeeeeeeeeeteettnneeeeees 30 Address 160 a Axis Displacement Warning Threshold eeeseeeeeeeeeeeene 31 Address 161 PGA Warning Threshold ceeecceeeeeeeee eee eeeeccneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaes 31 Address 162 Pd Warning Threshold AA 32 Address 163 Trigger Mode and Low Pass Filter Gelect nnne 32 Address 164 Pd Watch Threshold cccccccceeecceceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeaeeeeeeaaes 33 Address 165 Calibration Factor for a Axis at0o 33 Address 166 Calibration Factor for b Axis at0o 34 Address 167 Calibration Factor for c Axis at g 34 Address 168 Calibration Factor for a Axis at 34 Address 169 Calibration Factor for b Axis at io 35 Address 170 Calibration Factor for c Axis at g 35 Address 171 174 NTP Server IP cccccccccccceeecceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeceeeeeeeuaeeeeeeaaes 35 Address KE E 36 OAddr ss 1767177 1 CP Sewer Q lP EN 36 Address 178 179 TCP Server 1 IP ccc eccc
42. g system server is possible sending EEW information to Palert in order to have earthquake pre warning time for people The information is II 99 d Expected Intensity 99 Expected Earthquake Shockwave Arrival Time in Seconds Attention This function is only available when Palert is connected to seismologic server which has advanced seismology program Please consult SANLIEN if you have EEW application requirement User must be noticed to follow the individual countries earthquake dispatch regulations or laws SANLIEN has provided EEWS service in Taiwan areas which information comes from CWB since 2014 01 01 Please consult our sales if you would like to active this service in Palert system 10 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORN 3 3 Digital Inputs Configurations Reset to Factory Setting Palert will restore all parameters to factory default setting if all four Dis are grounding Display IP Information When DIO is grounding Palert will display IP information as XXX XXX XXX XXX format Please keep Palert off any vibration otherwise it will display earthquake information instantly Display The Last Earthquake Information Palert will display the last earthquake information when DI1 is grounding The display format is described as below CWB and MMI Intensity standard YYYY MM DD hh mm ss int aaaa a YYYY Year MM Month DD Day hh Hour mm Minute ss Second int l P
43. ice FTE D04 IP address Palert has ability to connect with EEWS warning device FTE D04 to issue earthquake pre warning When FTE D04 connections enable is set address 118 bit 8 Palert will try to connect to FTE D04 at all time The connection status will be indicated at address 100 bit 4 These addresses store FTE D04 IP information as the order ip1 ip2 ip3 ip4 as below ip1 Address 204 high byte ip2 Address 204 low byte ip3 Address 205 high byte ip4 Address 205 low byte When these addresses are changed user must also write 2 into address 113 to effect the changes 43 49 Palert V1 03 4 3 Modbus Related Information for Palert mb TECHNOLOGY CORR Palert supports Modbus TCP and Modbus RTU simultaneously ID will be 1 when connected by Modbus TCP The Modbus RTU communication parameters is 19200 n 8 1 Palert supports Modbus function 1 2 3 6 and 16 Example Set STA as 2 5 seconds by using Modbus TCP 2 5 seconds equal to 25 0 1 seconds 25 0x0019 Function code is 6 and the register address is 114 0x0072 Palert uses zero based system The command set will be like this one as below Field TID PID up FC Reg_Offset hex hex Length hex hex hex vate nex hex 0001 oun 0006 01 06 0072 0019 TID Transaction Identifier UID Unit Identifier PID Protocol Identifier Protocol Length FC Function Code 44 49 Palert V1 03
44. ion in b axis unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts dAddress 131 Maximum c Axis Acceleration in Earthquake Palert will store the information for maximum acceleration of the latest earthquake This address stores the maximum acceleration in c axis unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts Address 132 Maximum a Axis Acceleration of Vector in Earthquake Palert will store the information for maximum acceleration of the latest earthquake This address stores the a component acceleration in the maximum vector unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts dAddress 133 Maximum b Axis Acceleration of Vector in Earthquake Palert will store the information for maximum acceleration of the latest earthquake This 27 49 Palet V1 03 mb TECHNOLOGY CORN address stores the b component acceleration in the maximum vector unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts dAddress 134 Maximum c Axis Acceleration of Vector in Earthquake Palert will store the information for maximum acceleration of the latest earthquake This address stores the c component acceleration in the maximum vector unit in count One gal is equal to 16 7184 counts dAddress 135 PGA Trigger Axis This address stores the PGA trigger axis when PGA trigger is enabled address 163 bit 2 and PGA earthquake signal is set 1 is a axis triggered 2 is b axis triggered and 3 is c axis triggered 0 as none dAddress 136 Re
45. l tool for reducing earthquake hazards if the spatial relation between cities and earthquake sources is favorable for such warning and their citizens are properly trained to respond to earthquake warning messages An EEW system forewarns an urban area of forthcoming strong shaking normally with a few sec to a few tens of sec of warning time i e before the arrival of the destructive S wave part of the strong ground motion Even a few second of advanced warning time will be useful for pre programmed emergency measures for various critical facilities such as rapid transit vehicles and high speed trains to avoid potential derailment it will be also useful for orderly shutoff of gas pipelines to minimize fire hazards controlled shutdown of high technological manufacturing operations to reduce potential losses and safe guarding of computer facilities to avoid loss of vital databases We explored a practical approach to EEW with the use of a ground motion period parameter t and a high pass filtered vertical displacement amplitude parameter Pd from the initial 3 sec of the P waveforms At a given site an earthquake magnitude could be determined from te and the peak ground motion velocity PGV could be estimated from Pd In this method incoming strong motion Sensors 2008 amp 2 acceleration signals are recursively converted to ground velocity and displacement A P wave trigger is constantly monitored When a trigger occurs Te and Pd are computed
46. lization dAddress 108 Maximum Vector in Earthquake This address stores the maximum vector acceleration in last earthquake unit as gal This value will be updated when next earthquake is detected This value will be calculated as horizontal vector GB T or tri axes vector based on the setting on address 118 bit 0 19 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORT dAddress 109 Real Time Earthquake Intensity This address stores real time intensity as grade from 0 to 7 based on CWB standard Central Weather Bureau Taiwan or from 1 to 10 based on MMI standard or from 0 to 11 based on GB T standard China This number will only meaningful when earthquake indicator address 111 is set CWB intensity standard address 118 bit 0 is clear User can select intensity calculation standard by using vector or the maximum axis acceleration address 118 bit 2 0 Intensity is calculated by maximum acceleration in axes 1 Intensity is calculated by vector GB T intensity standard address 118 bit 0 is set Intensity will be calculated by vector of two horizontal axes The intensity mapping acceleration standards are described as below 1 lt 1 59 cm sec 2 2 1 60 3 27 cm sec 2 3 3 28 6 73 cm sec 2 4 6 74 13 86 cm sec 2 5 13 87 28 54 cm sec 2 6 28 55 58 76 cm sec 2 7 58 77 121 cm sec 2 8 122 249 cm sec 2 9 250 513 cm sec 2 10 514 1056 cm sec 2 11 gt 1057 cm sec 2 dAddress 1
47. n T Real time seismology and earthquake hazard mitigation Nature 1997 390 461 464 Kanamori H Real time seismology and earthquake damage mitigation Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2005 33 195 214 doi 10 1146 annurev earth 33 092203 122626 Kamigaichi O JMA Earthquake Early Warning Journal of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering 2004 4 134 137 Nakamura Y On the urgent earthquake detection and alarm system UrEDAS Proceeding of 9 world conference on earthquake engineering 1988 Tokyo Kyoto Japan Odaka T Ashiya K Tsukada S Sato S Ohtake K Nozaka D A new method of quickly estimating epicentral distance and magnitude from a single seismic record Bull Seism Soc Am 2003 93 526 532 Teng T L Wu Y M Shin T C Tsai Y B Lee W H K One minute after strong motion map effective epicenter and effective magnitude Bull Seism Soc Am 1997 87 1209 1219 Tsukada S Odaka T Ashiya K Ohtake K Zozaka D Analysis of the envelope waveform of the initial part of P waves and its application to quickly estimating the epicentral distance and magnitude Zisin 2004 56 351 361 Wald D J Quitoriano V Heaton T H Kanamori H Relationships between peak ground acceleration peak ground velocity and modified Mercalli intensity in California Earthquake Spectra 1999a 15 557 564 Wald D J Quitoriano V Heaton T H Kanamori H Scrivner C W Worden C
48. ndividual countries regulations or laws for dispatch earthquake information SANLIEN has provided EEWS service in Taiwan areas which information comes from CWB since 2014 01 01 Please consult our sales if you would like to active this service in Palert system Address 199 Palert Firmware Version This address indicates the Palert firmware version Address 200 Palert Serial Number This Address stores the serial number of Palert User could change this serial number based on the application needed The possible range is from 1 to 65535 42 49 Palet V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORN dAddress 201 Modbus port setting This Address stores the Palert Modbus RTU port setting The available setting is 1 RS 232 or 2 RS 485 The factory default setting is 2 Please write 2 into address 113 when there is changed in this address dAddress 202 DOO activated setting for pre warning Regional EEWS This address stores the activated intensity threshold setting for DOO while address 198 is written by EEWS server during earthquake pre warning User must write 2 into address 113 to store this setting into EEPROM dAddress 203 DO1 activated setting for pre warning Regional EEWS This address stores the activated intensity threshold setting for DO1 while address 198 is written by EEWS server during earthquake pre warning User must write 2 into address 113 to store this setting into EEPROM dAddress 204 205 EEWS warning dev
49. neeeeeeeeeeee 47 Table 1 Earthquake Intensity Table Central Weather Bureau Taiwan 48 4 49 Palet V1 03 TECHNOLOGY CORN Appendix 1 EEW Paper by Professor Yih Min Wu National Taiwan University 49 5 49 Palet V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORR Revisions Date Description Author 20100418 The first edition 1 00 Ching 20100429 Some phrases correction Ching 20100622 1 Streaming packet size is increased from 1100 to 1200 Ching bytes 2 Add DI O status and EEW register in streaming packet Modify description for DI O wiring Add quit program and FTP update description for address 113 5 Add Pa Pv and Pd in streaming packet 6 Add streaming packet type 300 1191 and 1192 7 FTP server IP setting 20100913 Add earthquake maximum acceleration in streaming packet Ching 20100916 DHCP setup method changed Ching 20110420 Modbus RTU port setup method changed Ching 1 Add synchronize characters in streaming packet V 2056 2 Modification for GB T intensity standard 20120313 3 Units corrections Ching Pa count sec 2 Pv 0 01 cm sec 20120419 Add packet length in streaming packet Ching adios Add the connection ability with SANLIEN service server Ching V 2068 20120906 Add Modbus TCP Client function V 2069 Ching 20130923 Add EEWS DOO 1 Intensity control V 2077 Ching apadi Add EEWS alarm device FTE D04 V 2080 Ching Add MMI intensity standard
50. or for c Axis at 0 g Unit 0 1 mg Calibration Factor for a Axis at 1 g Unit 0 1 mg Calibration Factor for b Axis at 1 g Unit 0 1 mg Calibration Factor for Axis at 1 g Unit 0 1 mg server0_ip12 Server0 IP Address 1 2 server0_ip34 Genen IP Address 3 4 server1_ip12 Server1 IP Address 1 2 server1_ip34 Server1 IP Address 3 4 16 49 Palert V1 03 sor ter TECHNOLOGY CORN Cie n ereman Avaiale Connectors for ToP ross 195 R resor ganow Marmur Assertion wirin 1 Secora Un oa a Axis Displacement Watch Threshold Unit 0 001 197 RW disp_watch_threshold cm Tee fes Fmarovesen DOO activated intensity for EEWS pre warning DO1 activated intensity for EEWS pre warning ffted04IP 12 FTE D04 IP Address 1 2 ffted04IP34 FTE D04 IP Address 3 4 17 49 Palet V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORN 4 2 Parameters Description dAddress 100 NTP Synchronal and Server Connected Flag bit 0 0 Palert has not synchronized with NTP server 1 Palert has synchronized with NTP server The synchronal interval is 10 minutes and Palert will try to synchronize with NTP server every 10 seconds if last synchronization is failed The new connection will be established if there is no synchronization within 700 seconds Regarding the IP address setting for NTP server please refer to addresses 171 to 174 bit 1 0 Indicate that there is no connection with server 0 1 Indicate that connection between server 0 and Palert has
51. oral en Palert P Wave Alarm System User Manual Version 1 03 2014 01 SANLIEN TECHNOLOGY CORP INDUSTRY AUTOMATION DIV TEL 02 86659813 FAX 02 866598 14 http www sanlien com 1 49 Palet V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORN UE WE H elle Wen tele Leite e VE 8 3 Hardware information cccccseceeeeeeeeeeccceeeee R 9 El ne DEE 9 3 2 Information f r LED RUE E 9 3 3 Digital Inputs Configurations 0 0 0 0 cece cece cece ee eeeeccaeeeeeeeeeeececaaaeeeeeeeeeseeccaeeeeeees 11 Reset IO Factory Setti E 11 Display IP information EE 11 Display The Last Earthquake Information sssssseeeeesssssssrrssssssrrrrrrrrrrnssssserens 11 34 Modb s RTU PON EE 11 3 5 RTD Real Time Data stream Output Contra 12 3 6 DOs Wiring and Characteristics ccecccceeeee cece ee eeecceeeeeeeeeeeeecaaaeeeeeeeeeteecaaeeeeeees 12 9 77 DIS WINNG DE 13 3 le EEN 13 4 Parameters Geiup iesean aaaea a a naa aR n a Ra Ra Eaa a a R EEA 14 At Parameters LiShs EE EE 14 4 2 Parameters RE lee 18 Address 100 NTP Synchronal and Server Connected Flag 18 Address 101 Real Time a Axis Acceleraton 18 Address 102 Real Time b Axis Acceleraton 19 Address 103 Real Time c Axis Acceleraion 19 Address 104 Real Time Vector Acceleraton 19 Address 105 a Axis OffS t oo eee cccccccceeceeecaeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeseeeeaeeeeeeaeeeeeeaaes 19 Address 106 b Axis OffS t ccc cceccccceeeeceeceeeeeeece
52. ork Time Protocol time calibration With these networking functions Palert is a wonderful front end device for EEW Earthquake Early Warning system With PC utility it is possible to record earthquake data for research purpose and have voice warning if needed Two outputs and supports industrial Modbus TCP RTU communication standard which make Palert an ideal product for earthquake safety control in numerous applications For earthquake on site early warning application both FTE D04 and i touch could provide user friendly interface with Palert For more information about i touch and FTE D04 please refer the website http www sanlien com tw or contact our sales directly 7 49 Palert V1 03 TECHNOLOGY corr 2 Application Topology Modbus TCP Le SCADA or PC Palert SC l Shut Down RS 232 or RS 485 r Modbus RTU Standard Configuration Only one Modbus RTU host can be connected SCADA or PC FTE D04 EEWS Earthquake Warning Device AIRF BEADS 8 O 9 9 r 8 49 Palert V1 03 SCH fter 3 Hardware information 3 1 Wiring D2 COM2 RS 485 D D2 COM2 RS 485 D Relay Output 0 Photo MOS Relay Form A Normal Open 0 6A 60VDC Relay Output 1 Photo MOS Relay Form A Normal Open 0 6A 60VDC DO COM Common for Relay Output 0 and 1 E Digital Input 0 LED display will show IP when grounding Digital Input 1 LED display will show last event information when grounding DI2 Digital
53. ound velocity and intensity in Taiwan Bull Seism Soc Am 2003 93 386 396 Wu Y M Kanamori H Experiment on an onsite early warning method for the Taiwan early warning system Bull Seism Soc Am 2005a 95 347 353 Wu Y M Kanamori H Rapid assessment of damaging potential of earthquakes in Taiwan from the beginning of P Waves Bull Seism Soc Am 2005b 95 1181 1185 Wu Y M Yen H Y Zhao L Huang B S Liang W T Magnitude determination using initial P waves A single station approach Geophys Res Lett 2006 33 L05306 doi 10 1029 2005GL025395 Wu Y M Zhao L Magnitude estimation using the first three seconds P wave amplitude in earthquake early warning Geophys Res Lett 2006 33 L16312 doi 10 1029 2006GL026871 Wu Y M Kanamori H Allen R Hauksson E Determination of earthquake early warning parameters 7 and P4 for southern California Geophys J Int 2007 170 711 717 Wu Y M Kanamori H Exploring the feasibility of on site earthquake early warning using close in records of the 2007 Noto Hanto earthquake Earth Planets and Space 2008 in press Zollo A Lancieri M Nielsen S Earthquake magnitude estimation from peak amplitudes of very early seismic signals on strong motion records Geophys Res Lett 2006 33 L23312 doi 10 1029 2006GL027795 2008 by MDPI http www mdpi org Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes
54. pened time day dAddress 144 Earthquake Time Hour This address stores the last earthquake happened time hour dAddress 145 Earthquake Time Minute This address stores the last earthquake happened time minute dAddress 146 Earthquake Time Second This address stores the last earthquake happened time second dAddress 147 System Time Year This address indicates the Palert system time year dAddress 148 System Time Month This address indicates the Palert system time month dAddress 149 System Time Day This address indicates the Palert system time day dAddress 150 System Time Hour This address indicates the Palert system time hour dAddress 151 System Time Minute This address indicates the Palert system time minute dAddress 152 System Time Second This address indicates the Palert system time second dAddress 153 Set System Time Year Although Palert embedded with NTP function user still could use addresses from 153 to 158 29 49 Palert V1 03 re TECHNOLOGY CORN to set system time This address stores the information for set Palert system time which is year Palert will update its RTC system time by taking time information stored in addresses from 153 to 158 when address 113 is set to 8 dAddress 154 Set System Time Month Although Palert embedded with NTP function user still could use addresses from 153 to 158
55. raw and without filtered The DOs control commands are described as below ON OFF DOO ONO r OFFO r DO1 ON1 r OFF1 r r stands for 0x0d 3 6 DOs Wiring and Characteristics DO is acted just like a switch but with contact capacity of 60V 0 6A Please refer to wiring diagram as below Output Type Readback as 1 Readback as 0 Relay On Relay Off From A Relay Contact 12 49 Palet V1 03 santten TECHNOLOGY CORN 3 7 Dis Wiring Please refer to DI wiring diagram as below Input T ON State OFF State nPE YPE DI value as 1 DI value as 0 Relay Q Dix a D Dix Contact oe CG lonp Lore Q le TTL CMOS nn D Dix TE E za EE Dix Logic Ee a S Logic CND Q GND fee cnn er GH GND Open on EI Q Dix or Q Dix Collector i CG lonp GI ep 3 8 Installation Due to the earthquake trigger algorithm Palert adapted that a axis should be installed as vertical component It is recommended to have anti impact transparent housing covered to avoid artificial impact A backup battery is also good configuration to prevent power failure 13 49 Palert V1 03 SCH fter TECHNOLOGY CORN 4 Parameters Setup The parameters of Palert have been setup optimally However due to different installed location and background noise some adjustments for parameters are necessary Information below is all of the functions description of Palert Please note that addresses are zero ba
56. s into connected servers The writing addresses of these 102 words are based on the remainder of Palert Modbus RTU station address divide 100 and then times 200 For example if Palert s Modbus RTU station address is 101 then the offset address is 200 which mean Palert s will write its own 102 word registers to servers from address 200 if Palert s Modbus RTU station address is 104 then the offset address is 800 This function is very useful for n Palerts out of m Palerts where m gt n topology for on site auto shutdown system which is able to immune false alarm by single station triggered Address 119 DI Os Status The DI Os status will be updated every second High byte represents Dis and low byte as DOs There are 4 Dis map from bit 8 to bit 11 and 2 DOs map from bit 0 to bit 1 It is also possible to use Modus DI and DO commands to read these DI Os status which their addresses are begin from 100 dAddress 120 Earthquake Event Sustained Duration When earthquake is detected Palert will enter earthquake operation mode Below describe tasks performed during this stage a Related earthquake trigger algorithm indicators will be set to 1 Address 111 b Maximum acceleration intensity and time will be update and store in real time c Determining of turn on or turn off for both two DOs 24 49 Palet V1 03 mb TECHNOLOGY CORR d Counting down the earthquake event duration timer Timer will be reset if maximum
57. sed 4 1 Parameters List Palert Modbus Address Mapping Table 400XXX NTP Server Synchronal and Servers Connected 100 connection_flag Fi ag toi R Jaais o Real Time a Axis Acceleration o r feas reaTmeb wis accaeraon os r eas Reartme cas Acceleration ioa R fve ReaTime vector Acceleration o fa eosa faasoa CS o R eosa fowo CS or R feos femsa CS 108 R vocor gama Maxmur Vector in Eannquake nt ab os a inensiy row ReabTimewensiy ro n inensivimex mamom ensiy in Eanna Con R oen eanga racar o i e R iens iTA Reay naca o i Setup Option 1 as Update 2 as Write to EEPROM 4 as Write IP 113 W data_changed Address Setting to EEPROM 8 as Update System Time 16 as Change Servers IP GB T Intensity Standard DO Control Mode 118 RW op_mode Intensity Calculated by Vector Servers Connection and NTP Enable DHCP Modbus TCP Client 119 R DIO_ status DI and DO status 14 49 Palet V1 03 sor fter TECHNOLOGY CORN Palert Modbus Address Mapping Table 400XXX Earthquake Event Sustained Duration Unit 120 RW event_time second pga_watch_threshold PGA Watch Threshold Unit count offset_records Numbers of Records for Offset Calculation DOO gal DOO Activated Setting Unit gal DO1_gal DO1 Activated Setting Unit gal 125 R PGV_1S Peak Ground Velocity Unit 0 01 cm sec 126 R PGD_1S Peak Ground Displacement Unit 0 001 cm 127 R laste
58. tegration the signal can be coverted to velocity and Sensors 2008 amp 3 displacement PGA PGV and PGD are the peak values of the three components In real time operation velocities and displacements are recursively filtered with a one way Butterworth high pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 0 075 Hz for removing the low frequency drift during the first integration process 20 _ 400 l l Q PGA M 6 6 focal depth 10 km e d d Knet Station NIGO18 2 200 l Epicentral distance 14 km RS KH S i 9 l A 200 l l G PGV l l l l Velocity cm sec CH 10 l 20 l T kl 8 l l 4 Pa AN 0 E 0 5 cm l Q o 4 l l l l a 8 bi l O O 12 Pd threshold warning PGD 3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Time after P arrival second Figure 1 Vertical component acceleration velocity and displacement seismograms for the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu Oki earthquake at the nearest stations NIG018 A 14 km A ground motion period parameter T and a high pass filtered displacement amplitude parameter P4 are determined from the initial 3 sec of the P waveforms Sensors 2008 8 4 An earthquake excites both P and S waves The S wave carries the major destructive energy and the smaller amplitude P wave precedes the S wave by the time equal to the 70 of the P wave travel time to the station The initial portion of the P wave despite its small and nondestructive amplitude carries the information of th
59. threshold 197 38 49 Palert V1 03 santten TECHNOLOGY CORR Mode 1 Mode 2 Integer Number Description Value in parentheses indicate Palert Modbus registers addresses A A 16 PGV within 1 second 125 A A 17 PGD within 1 second 126 A A 18 PGA within 10 seconds 140 A A 19 PGA trig axis 135 A A 20 Pd warning threshold 162 A A 21 PGA warning threshold 161 A A 22 Displacement warning threshold 160 A A 23 Pd flag 139 A A 24 Pd watch threshold 164 A A 25 PGA watch threshold 121 A A 26 Intensity now 109 A A 27 Intensity maximum 110 A A 28 PGA within 1 second A A 29 PGA axis within 1 second 138 A A 30 tau c 138 A A 31 Trig mode 163 A A 32 Operation Mode 118 A A 33 Durations for watch and warning 195 A A 34 Firmware version A A 35 38 IP Address 180 183 A A 39 40 Server 0 IP address 176 177 A A 41 42 Server 1 IP address 178 179 A A 43 46 NTP server IP address 171 174 A A 47 Sockets remain 192 A A 48 Connection flag 100 A A 49 D I O status 119 A A 50 EEW register 198 A A 51 Pd in vertical axis 137 0 001cm A A 52 Pv in vertical axis 136 0 01cm sec A A 53 Pa in vertical axis counts sec 2 A A 54 Maximum vector in earthquake 108 A A 55 Maximum a axis acceleration in earthquake 129 A A 56 Maximum b axis
60. to set system time This address stores the information for set Palert system time which is month Palert will update its RTC system time by taking time information stored in addresses from 153 to 158 when address 113 is set to 8 dAddress 155 Set System Time Day Although Palert embedded with NTP function user still could use addresses from 153 to 158 to set system time This address stores the information for set Palert system time which is day Palert will update its RTC system time by taking time information stored in addresses from 153 to 158 when address 113 is set to 8 dAddress 156 Set System Time Hour Although Palert embedded with NTP function user still could use addresses from 153 to 158 to set system time This address stores the information for set Palert system time which is hour Palert will update its RTC system time by taking time information stored in addresses from 153 to 158 when address 113 is set to 8 dAddress 157 Set System Time Minute Although Palert embedded with NTP function user still could use addresses from 153 to 158 to set system time This address stores the information for set Palert system time which is minute Palert will update its RTC system time by taking time information stored in addresses from 153 to 158 when address 113 is set to 8 dAddress 158 Set System Time Second Although Palert embedded with NTP function user still could use addresses from 153 to 158 to
61. u Taiwan and Southern California Earthquake Center for providing us with seismic data References 1 Allen R V Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single traces Bull Seism Soc Am 1978 68 1521 1532 2 Allen RM Kanamori H The potential for earthquake early warning in Southern California Science 2003 300 786 789 3 B se M Ionescu C Wenzel F Earthquake early warning for Bucharest Romania Novel and Sensors 2008 A 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 revised scaling relations Geophys Res Lett 2007 34 L07302 doi 10 1029 2007GL029396 Cooper J D Letter to editor San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin Nov 3 1868 Espinosa Aranda J Jim nez A Ibarrola G Alcantar F Aguilar A Inostroza M Maldonado S Mexico City seismic alert system Seism Res Lett 1995 66 42 53 Hauksson E Small P Hafner K Busby R Clayton R Goltz J Heaton T Hutton K Kanamori H Polet J Given D Jones L M Wald D Southern California Seismic Network Caltech USGS element of TriNet 1997 2001 Seism Res Lett 2001 72 690 704 Holland A Earthquake Data Recorded by the MEMS Accelerometer Seism Res Lett 2003 74 20 26 Horiuchi S Negishi H Abe K Kamimura A Fujinawa Y An automatic processing system for broadcasting earthquake alarms Bull Seism Soc Am 2005 95 708 718 Kanamori H Hauksson E Heato
62. uchi et al 2005 Wu et al 1998 1999 2006 2007 Wu and Teng 2002 Wu and Zhao 2006 Espinosa Aranda et al 1995 Zollo et al 2006 B se et al 2007 In particular the systems developed at the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention NIED Horiuchi et al 2005 and the Japan Meteorological Agency JMA Kamigaichi 2004 Tsukada et al 2004 were integrated in June 2005 The system was successfully activated during the 2007 Noto Hanto Peninsula and the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu Oki earthquakes and provided accurate information regarding the source location magnitude and intensity at about 3 8 s after the arrival of P wave at nearby stations Thus it provided early warning before arrival of strong shaking Currently there are many seismic networks using real time strong motion signals for earthquake monitoring Wu et al 1997 2000 2001 Hauksson et al 2001 In this paper we describe the z and Pd methods developed for earthquake early warning purposes 2 t and PB method Determinations of magnitude and the strength of shaking from the initial P wave are two important elements for earthquake early warning Strength of shaking can practically be represented by peak gound acceleration PGA peak ground velocity PGV and peak ground displacement PGD Figure 1 shows a strong motion record of a Mw6 6 earthquake in Japan Generally strong motion signal represents acceleration and after once and twice in
63. vent Information for Last Earthquake 129 R amaximum Maximum a Axis Acceleration in Earthquake 130 R b maimm Maximum b Axis Acceleration in Earthquake 131 R c mamm Maximum c Axis Acceleration in Earthquake Maximum a Axis Acceleration of Vector in 132 vector_max_a Earthquake Maximum b Axis Acceleration of Vector in 133 vector_max_b Earthquake Maximum c Axis Acceleration of Vector in 134 vector_max_c Earthquake Tis A araos fpoatoerne Cie a ERREECHEN Cir a jem Reavtime asa Unt 000i em Tio a ein mess reon lz rer Cio a renos PGAWitin 10 Secon Oreca Cin a jeva Jarasetocce Tice a erom fearra nme wom Pico a ES Ties a feru feara tmerr Ties a emme ferramen mme Cie a fesoa fearra tme seon Cir r ome SieemTime veor Cie r oomo Bestoe Cie r e sree o 15 49 Palet V1 03 sor fter TECHNOLOGY CORN io a fra fse Cis a oema SystenTine mas Cie a foose Sytem Tine seon el ng Reactie aA Daplacomen Unt 0001 on A Axis Displacement Warning Threshold Unit 160 RW disp_warning_threshold 0 001 cm pga_warning_threshold PGA Warning Threshold Unit count pd_warning_threshold Pd Warning Threshold Unit 0 001 cm Trigger Mode and Low Pass Filter Selection pd_watch threshold Pd Watch Threshold Unit 0 001 cm 165 RW adg Calibration Factor for a Axis at 0 g Unit 0 1 mg 166 RW b0g o Calibration Factor for b Axis at 0 g Unit 0 1 mg Calibration Fact

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