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Power Viewer Plus - Software Manual

1. 16 10 ZOOMING 6 6 i645 6 ew aie ted oo O48 G4 OHS OE a eS 16 10 1 Time Zoom 16 10 2 Level Zoom 45 47 58 58 959 59 60 61 62 62 64 65 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 71 76 1 78 79 80 82 82 83 84 86 86 87 R amp S Power Viewer Plus _ eh Manual 17 18 19 20 21 16 11 Automatic Pulse Measurement 16 11 1 Measurement Results 16 12 Common Measurement Tasks Statistics 17 1 17 2 17 3 17 4 17 5 SONOS ww awaited owe ee ha eee Be Graphical Data View POF NOTO p2evtecueeecueeeae oe eee setae ase wars 17 3 1 PDF Background Information CDF Mode CCDF Mode Timeslot Mode 18 1 Settings Contents 18 2 Graphical Data View 22200008 Multi Channel Power Measurements 19 1 Channel Configuration 0 00 ee eee eee 19 2 Measurement Settings 0 ce eee ee eee 19 3 Mathematical Expressions 00 000 Script Based Measurement 20 1 20 2 20 3 20 4 Script Syntax 20 1 1 Variables 20 1 2 Predefined Variables 46 20 1 3 Variable Value Assignments 20 NO NY BD NM NM ND NM NM NNN NN NO SSSSSSSSSSSSSS 4 Equations COMMCWNS rrera due eae ae ened ew pe 6 Suppressing Output 4 T 8 9 Loops 1 1 1 1 Waiting Periods 0 002 ee eee LO LOODS 220 becuse ctutassencaceeccnanbeees 1 Defining Devices
2. 0 cee ee eee 1 10 Waiting for Measurement Completion 1 11 SCPI Commands and Queries 1 12 Reading Scalar Results 1 13 Reading Array Results 1 14 Converting Readings 2000 1 15 Printing to the Log Window 1 16 Displaying Scalar Results 1 17 Displaying Array Data Numerically 1 18 Displaying Array Data as a Bargraph 20 1 19 Displaying Array Data as a Trace 20 1 20 Saving Array Data to Text File 20 1 21 Sending Data to Processing Panels Triggered Average Power Measurement Burst Power Measurement 00 Buffered Mode Measurements Data Processing Panels 21 1 The DataLog 21 1 1 Settings 21 1 2 The Context Menu 21 1 3 The Time Line Indicator 21 1 4 Zooming Limit Monitoring 94 94 96 97 98 100 101 102 102 105 106 107 108 109 R amp S Power Viewer Plus _ ee eh Manual 22 23 24 25 26 Contents 21 2 1 Settings 2 0 2 2 22222 eee 21 2 2 Configuring the Server 006 21 2 3 Client Connections 20002 ee 21 3 Statistical Analysis 0 0 0 cee eee eee 21 3 1 Histogram Display 008 2ko OOPPO oseeawe oA ERE ce eee eae ee nes 21 3 3 The Context M
3. Points The view always captures the last 5000 measured values but the number of evaluated samples can be set to the last 250 or 1000 values or to all 5000 of them Changing the number of evaluated samples does not erase any data Histogram Q Q Plot These settings determine the view to the histogram or the quantiles display Both representations are calculated from the same data and changing the representation does not erase any data Clear Clears all data in this view After the data is cleared the message Waiting for data appears in the quantile plot representation until 50 samples have been collected In the histogram representation the histogram is not painted for less than 50 samples 140 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels 21 3 4 Manual Analysis Panel Settings The analysis panel has its own settings dialog similar to the measurements Unlike measurements the analysis panel does not generate any data but merely captures readings from active measurements State p A I Clear All m Default All Feeds Source Continuous Chi Paviw y Ch2 pay Ww ch3 lorr _ Fig 21 3 6 Analysis panel settings Start Stop The analysis process does not start automatically when a measurement is started Instead it needs to be activated separately This allows the user to setup the measurement before starting the analysis Starting the analysis erases all previo
4. Rolling the mouse wheel backwards zooms out The center point for the Zoom operation is the center point of the marked area The time resolution is rounded to the next useful value on a 1 2 5 scale After the zoom operation has completed the marked area and the arrows disappear The zoom operation can be aborted by clicking the right or left mouse key instead of rolling the mouse wheel Undo When no zoom area is selected the mouse wheel serves as an undo function for the time zoom Rolling the mouse wheel backwards restores the previous timing 86 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements Manual 16 10 22 Level Zoom The level zoom mode is activated by clicking and releasing the left mouse key in the trace window A set of vertical arrows marks the zoom level and indicates that the zoom operation can now be completed using the mouse wheel Scale Traces View Lines 15 dBm MINTI l a im i p Fig 16 10 2 Level zoom in a trace measurement Rolling the mouse wheel forward magnifies the trace and centers it around the selected zoom point Rolling the mouse wheel backwards undoes the last level zoom operation The level zoom mode is automatically aborted if the mouse cursor is moved without rolling the wheel This prevents users from remaining in level Zoom mode unintentionally 87 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements SaaS EEE Eee 16 11 Automatic Pulse Measurement Pulses are measured in lin
5. Timeslot Mode al Manual 18 1 Timeslot Mode This mode measures the average power of a definable number up to 16 of successive timeslots within a frame structure with equal spacing When the averaging function is activated averaging factor of two or more measurements are performed with chopper stabilization to obtain more accurate results with reduced noise and Zero offset Chopper stabilization involves reversing the polarity of the detector output signal from frame to frame Taking the difference of the output signals minimizes the video path s effect on noise and Zero drift Settings The power scale section sets the y axis for the timeslot display The numbers do not affect the measurement itself 20 dBm Ref 10 dB div Fig Setting the timeslot display s y axis Ref Sets the maximum power level for the timeslot display Idiv Defines the scaling between 0 1 dB div and 20 dB div Tim im g ra Number 8 Width 576 563 us Exdude 3ys start 2US end Delay jos Fig 18 1 1 Setting the timeslot structure The timing section sets all parameters that are required to precisely define the timeslot structure for the signal to be analyzed To obtain stable and reliable results it is essential that these parameters match the signal exactly 102 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Timeslot Mode a a aT Number Defines the number of timeslots that belong to a single frame The permissi
6. Capture Remove 3 n Capture Remove Capture Remove Show AWGN Reference Curve Fig 17 1 1 Settings for the statistics mode Distribution Function Power Viewer Plus displays the CDF CCDF or PDF for a signal The CCDF shows how often a measured power value is above a certain level For this purpose the x axis uses a logarithmic power scale The y coordinate is scaled logarithmically and in probabilities from 100 down to 10 The CCDF can also be viewed as a relative graph in which case the x axis is scaled to the signal s average power Total Samples The number of samples determines the length of the evaluation window The overall window length is calculated from the sampling rate 80 MHz 12 5 ns interval and the sample count The default evaluation length is one million samples and the maximum permissible value is 768 million samples The application uses an asynchronous measurement mode for the statistics measurement Thus a measurement is started without waiting for any trigger event and stopped when the set evaluation period has elapsed Manual 94 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Statistics Manual Sample counts larger than 24 million points are divided into up to 32 sets of measurements each of which evaluates up to 24 million points At full bandwidth the time required for one measurement with 24 million samples is 0 3 seconds Therefore larger sample counts require more time for the measurement to
7. Departures from this straight line indicate that the normal distribution model is a poor fit for the distribution of the measured values ee ee ee ee ee ey ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee i i ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ay 8 763 dBm 0 099 dB eee ee ee ee i ee eee ee ee ee ed Measured data quantiles aq Normal theoretical quantiles o Fig 15 9 1 Q Q Plot display Two additional red lines mark the 95 confidence band If all graph points are located within this band the measured values have a normal distribution at a 95 confidence level The diagram is vertically and horizontally scaled to o Therefore each grid line represents a step size of 1 o The Q Normal Plot is used as a graphical test for normal distribution Manual 70 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements Go Eee 16 Trace Measurements In the trace mode the envelope power can be recorded as a function of time This is done by sampling power over a time interval that can be specified by the user The power values are assigned to a number of pixels video points that each contain data such as the average power the maximum power and a randomly sampled value AS 16 1 Measurement Settings The power scale is defined by two parameters the reference level and the level step per division Both values can be changed in steps by pressing the plus and minus buttons on the settings panel In addition values can be
8. Equiv Sampling 12 500 ns Unit eam T ly 20 dBm Ref High Level 90 W Ties ss 8 dB div Mid Leve N Low Level Time Scale Pulse Duration 553 102 us ZA Au a il Ta Rise Time EA T Rising Edge 1 216 us 400 us Fall Time 2 297 us Delay 0s Faling Edge 554 318 us Trigger Top Power 9 921 dBm ARM Mode Normal iv Source we EXT Level 2dBm Hysteresis 0 5dB Holdoff Os Dropout 2 77ms Averaging Count 8 iv Measurements d Pulse l4 Jie S Parameters Level Offset Signal Frequency Gamma Correction NRP Z81 100128 Y aa se 0 60 o 00 S 0 dB 1 GHZ Sensor selection General Data log running indicator parameters Measurement running indicator Fig 11 1 The main application window Manual 47 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps EE SSS SSS es 11 1 Numeric Entry Fields The Power Viewer Software uses custom entry fields for most numeric data These entry fields are closely related to regular text entry boxes that allow the user to enter any text Custom entry fields differ from regular entry fields in that they format and validate the user input when the enter button is pressed or the field looses the focus During the editing process the entry field changes its background color That change informs the user that the current data has not yet been accepted Signal Frequency Signal Frequency l 1 GHZ 1 GHz Fig 11 1 1 Custom data entry field after left and during right editing Numbers are entere
9. The histogram sorts the measured values into categories data bins that are evenly distributed between the minimum and maximum reading The result is displayed as a bar chart with the height of the bars indicating how many measurements fall into each category The number of samples that are used for evaluation can be selected to be 250 1000 or 5000 Min and max power Statistics Count 963 6049 uW 983 195 uw 961 439 uW 982 483 uw S000 983 1 772 UW 259 690 mW Average power Standard deviation Fig 21 3 2 Histogram display The minimum Min and maximum Max power readings are displayed in the upper left corner The count Cnt indicates how many readings were accumulated for the analysis The count remains at a constant value as soon as the set number of readings has been reached The average Avg power of all accumulated readings and the sample standard deviation s is displayed in the panel s upper right corner The following formulas are used to calculate these two parameters The terms L95 and U95 are used for the 95 confidence intervals for the average power level 138 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels ee eee oe ma eee 21 3 2 Q Q Plot The Q Q Plot Quantile Quantile Plot is a graphical method for comparing two probability distributions The Power Viewer Plus software provides a normal probability plot that compares the probability distribution of the measured values against a no
10. harmonics The sensors always measure the average signal power at a performance level that is close to that of thermal sensors Due to the ease of use and excellent performance offered by these sensors Rohde amp Schwarz calls these devices R amp S Universal Power Sensors The universal power sensors dynamic range and measurement speed are higher than can be achieved with thermal sensors For most signals and measurement tasks universal power sensors are ideal devices These sensors also allow measurement of the RF envelope but the sampling rate of about 150 kHz must be considered as a limiting factor in such cases 4 4 Average Power Sensors The Rohde amp Schwarz Average Power Sensors also use three diode paths Unlike the universal power sensors the detector design used for average power sensors allows an RF frequency as low as 9 kHz Due to this detector design the bandwidth is lower Consequently this sensor is only intended for performing average power measurements 4 5 Wideband Diode Power Sensors Wideband diode sensors use a single full wave diode detector and operate it across the entire useful power range The detector s bandwidth is much higher than with CW sensors and the sample rate is in the order of 80 MHz Manual 14 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Power Sensor Technologies Full wave Video A D Micro Attenuator rectifier Chopper amplifier converter Fig 4 5 1 Wideband power sensor design Simila
11. using one of the following commands e telnet lt ip address gt lt port gt e nc lt ip address gt lt port gt If the server can be reached a welcome message is printed and the user may be requested to enter the authentication data Welcome to the Rohde amp Schwarz Power Viewer Plus Limit Monitoring Server Login user Password user Connection accepted Sending limit violations 13 16 61 Pulse Po OK 1 55424e 16 W 13 16 63 Pulse Po ERROR HIGH 6 666125619 Y 13 16 66 Pulse Po OK 1 73467 e 16 W 13 16 07 Pulse Po ERROR HIGH 2 34629e 85 W Connection closed by server Fig 21 2 6 Client communication Note Netcat is a very versatile tool and it can also be used to install malicious backdoors on the host PC For this reason most virus protection software packages classify nc exe as a threat and disable its execution The limit monitoring server uses port 16000 by default This port is not typically used by other applications The default telnet port is 23 136 Manual R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels 21 3 Manual Statistical Analysis The analysis panel receives up to four scalar measurands and performs a Statistical analysis on this data Similar to the data log the analysis panel does not take measurements itself but merely evaluates data that is generated in the measurement panels continuous trace timeslot etc The screen shot below shows the analysis panel r
12. 1 lt SYST DISP UPD OFF O lt RST 0 lt SENS FUNC POW AVG 0 lt SENS AVER COUN AUTO OFF 0 lt SENS AVER COUN 2 0 lt SENS AVER STAT ON 0 lt SENS AVER TCON REP ECHO OFF Result 1 1 MeasCnt dummy array variable PRINT Measuring LOOP INF 1 sFreq S Index LOOP SMeasCnt Fig 3 9 Script mode for custom measurements Please note that some of the features listed above are only supported by certain R amp S NRP Z power sensors For example thermal sensors do not provide statistical signal analysis or trace measurements Manual 12 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Power Sensor Technologies SS ae ee ee ee eas 4 Power Sensor Technologies Rohde amp Schwarz offers a large choice of USB power sensors that use different technologies and cover a wide range of frequencies and power levels This chapter briefly outlines the differences between the sensor technologies and indicates which sensor would best fit certain measurement tasks All R amp S NRPZ power sensors are standalone instruments that contain the detector the analog circuitry and the digital signal processing ina single housing The entire instrument is fully characterized during the production process which eliminates the need for later calibration using a reference power source Zeroing is generally only required for measuring low power levels in which case the zeroing offset noise and drift stated in the specification sheet contribute to the over
13. 124 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels SSS aaa ee 21 1 The Data Log The Data Log panel captures up to four scalar measurements over a period of several days A maximum of 20000 data points is available for memory recordings in the log panel Writing captured data to a file places no restrictions on the number of recorded samples other than file size restrictions imposed by the underlying operating system Memory recording and file recording are independent and can be configured separately The log panel shows a preview of all 20000 data points If multiple measured values fall within the time period covered by one video point statistics containing minimum maximum and average values are automatically generated Y unit X zoom area Level lines Channel name Leveling mode View mode Write indicator 60 0 50 0 40 0 30 0 20 0 10 0 Os 125 45 36 5 455 605 TaS a4 s 9465 108s 1205 Continuous Time Line 1 Time Line z Level Lines Pay Level Lines Fpk Start 12 54 41 bs 12 55 07 bs 12 55 33 1 21 01 dBm 1 5 44 dBm Total 1205 Rel 26 25 Rel 52 95 2 3 23 dBm 2 7 39 dBm Res 12 000 ms j A 26 7 5 A 17 76 dB A 15 83 dB Time line data Time line indicator Measurement and time information Fig 21 1 1 Data log panel Manual 125 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels Manual 21 1 1 ie i mp The data log captures data Settings The data log panel has its own setti
14. 2 cee eeee 11 2 The Menu Bar 2 ene A a ee 11 2 2 Sensor ee ee ee eee 11 2 3 Measurement 0 2 ee eee 11 2 4 Data Processing 0 ce eee eee 1129 WINKGOW 6 lt 4 65444344 4096 5408S 66405544406 11260 HGO betenent cous eee bene eet eee bes Vico VRC TOOWIWAlr eeevueeueewee oe ewe eee aes ae ee 11 4 Selecting a Sensor 00 eee eee 11 5 General Measurement Settings Hardcopy Features 12 1 Print Report 12 2 Copy to Clipboard 12 3 Save Graphics to File The Message Log Channel Assignment Continuous Power Measur 15 1 Settings 15 2 Numerical Data View ement 15 3 Negative Power Readings 0000008 15 4 Accuracy of Peak Power Measurements 15 5 Relative Measurements 0e000 15 6 Analog Meter 15 7 Trend Chart 15 8 Histogram Display 2 2 2 eee eee eee eee 19 SAO PIOU siers pa oe oad amp Soe Se Be eS we bec Gs dee Trace Measurements 16 1 Measurement Settings 2 20 2 ee ee eee 16 2 Custom Settings 16 3 Graphical Trace View 16 4 Context Menu 16 5 Trace Representations 2 2 0 ee eee 16 6 View Modes 16 7 Lines 16 8 Reference Trace 2 ee ee ee ee eee 16 9 Using Markers 16 9 1 Pulse Width Measurements 16 9 2 Pulse Rise Time Measurements
15. 5 dB Holdoff ps Dropout 0s Fig 16 1 3 Setting the trigger Mode The trigger mode can be set to Free Run Auto Normal or Single mode In free run mode the sensor does not wait for trigger events and continuously acquires waveforms The waveform display is not synchronized and the waveforms typically roll across the display Averaging is disabled in this mode In auto trigger mode the sensor acquires data even if no trigger event occurs Auto mode uses a timer that starts when a trigger occurs After 1 s has elapsed the software forces a trigger release and restarts its timer In the absence of valid trigger events the acquired waveforms are not synchronized Average filter settings do not apply in this case When valid triggers exist the waveforms become synchronized and averaging can be used In normal mode the sensor only acquires a waveform when it is triggered by an internal or external trigger event If no trigger event occurs over a period of about 2 seconds the Trig indication is shown on the user interface The last waveform acquired remains on the display and the sensor keeps waiting for the next trigger event If no waveform has been acquired the display remains blank In single mode the sensor arms its trigger unit when the ARM button is pressed Subsequently it performs one acquisition as soon as the trigger condition is met If no trigger event occurs over a period of about 2 seconds the Trig indication is s
16. Additional Video Update Time 100 ms Disable LCD Background Disable Trace Anti Aliasing Fig 9 1 1 Drawing performance settings Disable Transparency Effects Lowers CPU consumption by avoiding semi transparent drawing operations Transparent drawing is used for example for the grid lines in the trace mode because it makes it possible to see trace points that fall exactly onto a grid line Number of Video Points for Traces Set to 500 by default this number provides a good compromise between measurement speed and resolution The higher the number of video points the higher the CPU load and acquisition time On low performance PCs it may be desirable to lower this number Manual 38 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Configuring the Application a Set Additional Video Update Time Adds idle time between two measurements This reduces CPU load and provides resources to other applications The default idle time between two measurements is in the order of 100 ms Disable LCD Background Replaces the blue color gradient used in all LCD displays with a simple gray color This option is useful for increasing the display contrast and for reducing CPU usage Disable Trace Anti Aliasing Turns off anti aliasing in all trace and statistics measurement panels Turning anti aliasing off soeeds up drawing operations and reduces CPU usage Manual 39 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Configuring the Application SS ey 9 2 Hardcopy Sett
17. ArrayVar gt lt start index gt lt stop index gt J 20 1 2 Predefined Variables The script language supports predefined variables The content of these variables cannot be changed _ TIME Elapsed time in seconds since start of script Manual 111 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Script Based Measurement SSS SSS SS ee 20 1 3 Variable Value Assignments The script language supports different types of variable data assignments Common to all assignments is that the target variable is automatically created if it did not exist before the assignment A unit text can optionally be set Variable data can either be assigned from a constant value a list of constant values or from a SCPI query These assignment types are explained below lt ScalarVar gt lt Value gt lt Unit gt The assignment creates a scalar variable from a numeric value The unit text may optionally be set lt StrVar gt lt String gt The assignment creates a string variable from the given text string lt ArrayVar gt lt Start gt lt Inc gt lt Stop gt lt Unit gt The assignment creates an array which contains numeric values starting with the value specified by lt Start gt The array values are automatically increased or decreased by the amount specifies by lt Inc gt Filling the array is stopped when the lt Stop gt value has been reached or exceeded All three parameters can be either numeric values or scalar variable
18. La Cleanlooks Continuous Count 0 256 ae WIN 10 000 ms Averaging WIN 10 000 ms D Manual r Count 256 Continuous G Manual 4 Count 256 y i WIN 10 000 ms WindowsXP Continuous Averaging WIN 10 000 ms Count 256 w Manual 33 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Connecting Sensors to the PC 8 Connecting Sensors to the PC Please see your R amp S NRP Z power sensor s manual for information on how to put the sensor into operation Follow these instructions to prevent damage to the sensor particularly if you are putting it into operation for the first time The following section provides additional information that is related to the USB interface or to operating multiple sensors simultaneously 8 1 Using Multiple Sensors If multiple sensors need to be connected to a single computer check to ensure that the overall current requirements for operating all sensors can be met Each single sensor draws between 300 mA and 500 mA depending on the sensor type Example The R amp S NRP Z81 sensor is rated at up to 500 mA supply current Using four sensors simultaneously on one hub requires a total current of at least two amperes Many consumer hubs cannot provide this current over a long period of time even if they are rated for this value For industrial grade applications it is advisable to use USB hubs for a DIN rail mount that can provide
19. The number of samples that are used for evaluation can be 250 1000 or 5000 Min and max power DE WUUIIL Statistics ax 5 442 dBm u35 5 776 dBm Min 9 119 dBm vg 5 761 dBm Cnt SUO0 L35 5 784 dBm 5 0 098 dB Siececntotnae all 171 6351 uly 143 16 uw Min power Average power Max power Standard deviation Fig 15 8 1 Histogram display The minimum Min and maximum Max power readings are displayed in the upper left corner The count Cnt indicates how many readings were accumulated for the analysis The count remains at a constant value as soon as the set number of readings has been reached The average Avg power of all accumulated readings and the sample standard deviation s is displayed in the panel s upper right corner The following formulas are used to calculate these two parameters The terms L95 and U95 are used for the 95 confidence intervals for the average power level 2 5 2 5 L95 X U95 x VN VN Manual 69 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Continuous Power Measurement SSeS SSS EEE Se eee 15 9 Q Q Plot The Q Q Plot Quantile Quantile Plot is a graphical method for comparing two probability distributions The Power Viewer Plus software provides a normal probability plot that compares the probability distribution of the measured values against an ideal normal distribution lf the measured values are distributed normally all graph points are located on a straight line
20. a known period time it is advisable to set the aperture time to multiples of the period time In such cases using a low averaging filter count such as two can deliver stable measurement results lErr rsnrpz_chan_setContAvAperture ulUSBSession 1 dWindowS The averaging filter can be configured to either manual mode or automatic mode The auto mode example below sets the filter to a 0 01 dB resolution lErr rsnrpz_avg_configureAvgAuto ulUSBSession 1 3 Alternatively the averaging filter mode can be set to a fixed value such as 2 4 8 or 16 This setting is best if a constant measurement time is required and the signal level does not change much lErr rsnrpz_avg_configureAvgManual ulUSBSession 1 ulAvCnt The averaging filter can be configured to repeating mode or moving filter mode In repeating mode each measurement cycle initially clears the filter and then accumulates measurements until the filter is entirely filled lErr rsnrpz_avg setTerminalControl ulLUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ_TERMINAL_CONTROL_REPEAT Manual 149 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a ae The rsnrpz_chan_initiate function starts one measurement cycle The function returns immediately Therefore the application must subsequently poll the sensor for measurement completion lErr rsnrpz_chan_initiate ulUSBSession 1 The completion state should be polled in a loop but it must be ensured that the CPU is made avai
21. activated 15 dBm 10 dB div 100 us div cD M 200 us 500 pnts ENV 80 800 us Fig 16 6 1 EDGE burst in envelope view mode Manual 80 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements Manual Persistent Dots In the persistent dots mode the software collects data on up to 32 trace measurements These trace data points are displayed without interconnecting lines This mode is useful for analyzing waveform anomalies The example below shows a jittered AM signal that is captured in realtime mode no averaging 5 dBm v 1 dB div 100 us div 100 us 900 us Points 500 Mode DOTS 29 Fig 16 6 2 Jittered AM signal in persistent dots view mode Moving Average and Exp Moving Average The moving average modes provide additional video filtering of up to 512 trace measurements The regular moving average mode displays the average trace data of the last 512 measurements All traces are weighted equally This filter provides the best noise reduction The exponential moving average filter uses an exponential weighting of the last 512 measurements The last measurement is weighted the most whereas older measurements only have little influence on the displayed result This filter responds faster to signal changes but provides less noise reduction Since the view modes do not affect the measurement itself it is generally possible to combine these video averaging filters with un triggered measurements e g noise like signals The
22. before triggering can occur again As with the holdoff parameter unwanted trigger events can be excluded The set dropout time only affects the internal trigger source 3 00 dBm i 1 00 dB Trigger level m E T 3 00 dBm 5 00 dem 7 00 dBm 9 00 dBm 11 00 dem 13 00 dB Fig 16 1 4 Holdoff time red and dropout time blue The figure above shows the various times related to a trigger event The green diamonds mark the trigger point in time located on the rising edge of a pulse The red arrow marks the holdoff time This time must elapse before the trigger system is rearmed and the system can re trigger The blue arrows mark the dropout time periods The signal level must remain below the trigger threshold before the system can re trigger Manual 74 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements Go U a Using the dropout time is useful in many applications e Triggering on the first pulse of a pulse train e Triggering on bursts that contain intra pulse modulation with AM content e Triggering on levels that are close to the pulse top Trigger Position gt 38 68 us Delay os Fig 16 1 5 Setting the trigger position Trigger Position This setting defines the trigger point s position within the trace view area The arrow buttons move the trace back or forth by one division The trace position setting allows the user to view the signal at times before the physical trigger point Please note that this time
23. change this setting Selective suspend mode is DISABLED E Fig 9 4 1 USB settings Long Distance Mode This mode is only available for Windows based operating systems It reduces the number of simultaneous read processes which lowers USB resource allocation in the operation systems dramatically AnywhereUSB connections for example require activation of the Long Distance Connection mode Selective Suspend Mode Windows can turn off unused USB hubs or unused ports on USB hubs This is the default setting on most fresh installations In some situations this mechanism does not work properly and can leave a hub turned off or in an undefined state Disabling selective suspend turns this power saving mechanism off for all hubs and subsequently requires a system reboot The selective suspend should only be turned off if USB devices do not get activated after they were plugged into a USB port Manual 42 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Configuring the Application 9 5 USB Device Tree The Sensors tab is shown below and is used for analyzing the USB device tree on Microsoft Windows based operating systems The tree is mainly intended for diagnostic purposes because some sensor hub configurations have shown poor performance These configurations are highlighted with a yellow exclamation mark Jo Program Settings e aran The USB device tree below is intended for diagnostic purposes _ Refresh W amp Roo
24. do not perform measurements but receive measured values for evaluation Most data processing functions must be started manually after the measurement has begun Typically the data processing automatically finishes when the measurement stops Data Processing Data Log The data log captures up to four different values over a definable period The data is captured in two ways The default method stores the readings in up to 20000 data bins memory This data can be viewed and exported to a file The second method writes the captured values directly to a file while the measurement is running There is no limitation on the number of data points when writing to a file Data Processing Analysis The analysis window evaluates up to four measurands statistically In the default configuration the Power Viewer Plus creates a histogram view in each analysis channel Data Processing Limit Monitor The limit monitor module compares up to 16 measurands against upper and lower warning and error limits It can send limit violations to a remote host via its internal TCP IP server 52 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps 11 2 5 Window Copy Graphics to Clipboard Ctrl C si Save Graphics to File Ctri F Print Report Ctrl R Save Measurement Data m Tile Alt T Cascade Alt C 4 Show Tool Bar Toggle Settings Panel Alt 5 pt Message Log Ctrl L Fig 11 2 5 Window menu Window Copy Graphics to Clipboard Sends
25. eee eee eee 21 6 2 Installation on Windows Based Systems 22 6 3 Installation on Linux Based Systems 23 6 4 Installation on MacOSX ce ee ees 25 6 5 Sensor Firmware Requirements 06 28 6 6 Supported R amp S NRPZ Sensors 0 29 6 7 Running Multiple Instances 30 7 Command Line Options 31 7 4 General Options 2si4c046 586 642 o44S se KEES SS ERS 31 7 2 Setting the Application Style 06 33 8 Connecting Sensors to the PC 34 8 1 Using Multiple Sensors 2 00 e eee eee 34 8 2 Using USB Extension Hardware 004 35 8 2 1 R amp S NRP Z3 Active USB Adapter 35 8 2 2 R amp S NRP Z4 Passive USB Adapter 35 8 2 3 R amp S NRP Z5 Sensor Hub 36 8 2 4 Third Party Products 2 4 37 9 Configuring the Application 38 9 1 Drawing Performance 02 cece eee eee 38 9 2 Hardcopy Settings ecane ee ee ee 40 9 3 Timeout Related Settings 0008 41 9 4 USB Related Settings 2 42 9 5 USB Device Tree cee eee 43 9 6 Debug Options aiiciacru twee ewe os awl ore aoe en 44 Manual 3 R amp S Power Viewer Plus _ ee eh Manual Contents 10 Setting the Application Colors 11 12 13 14 15 16 First Steps 11 1 Numeric Entry Fields 0 0 2
26. entered manually in a logarithmic or linear scale Power Scale Full Scale Auto Set ap all 20 dBm Ref ety Sk 10 dB div Fig Settings for trace measurements Reference level Ref Specifies the upper limit of the trace view area This setting only affects the graphical data representation in the application It has no influence on the measurement or sensor configuration Idiv Sets the scaling of the level axis Zooming operations keep the reference level constant and adjust the lower level accordingly Auto Set Tries to adjust the level scaling trigger level and timing to match the applied signal All other parameters are set back to defaults If the auto set process fails all settings are left untouched Trigger Position 38 68 us Delay Os Fig 16 1 1 Setting the time scale Power Viewer Plus uses a fixed grid of 10 divisions for the time scale The time resolution is set per division with the lowest possible value being 5 ns div Please note that not all sensors support the same time resolution Additional information can be found in the sensor data sheets The two buttons plus and minus increase or decrease the time per division value in fixed steps These steps follow the order 1 2 5 10 or vice versa The appropriate unit is automatically added to the numeric value Manual 71 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements SSS eee Averaging Count 3s Fi
27. first delta marker The result is shown in the figure below 5 00 dBm 0 00 dBm 5 00 dBm 10 00 dem 15 00 dem 20 00 dem Fig 16 9 5 Rise time measurement using markers The pulse rise time can be read from the AT measurement for delta marker two Fef bikr Delta bikr 1 F Delta bikr T 2 000 Ws T 350 4 NE T 294 7 ns Y 1 17 dem AT 1 650 ws AT 645 1 ne iM dB M dB Fig 16 9 6 Marker readings for the pulse rise time measurement Manual 85 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements 16 10 16 10 1 Manual Zooming The Power Viewer Software supports time and level zooming in the trace panel Both zoom operations are controlled using the left mouse key and the mouse wheel Time zoom operations always reconfigure the sensor whereas level zooms only adjust the view port Time Zoom The time zoom mode is entered by holding the left mouse key down while dragging the mouse cursor horizontally A blue area highlights the minimum area that will be shown when the zoom operation completes When the left mouse key is released two horizontal arrows indicate that the zoom operation can now be performed using the mouse wheel Scale Traces View Lines Fig 16 10 1 Time zoom in a trace measurement Rolling the mouse scroll wheel forward or clicking into the marked area zooms into the trace and magnifies the marked area The time resolution is rounded to the next useful value on a 1 2 5 scale
28. is possible to simply use the linear power reading s absolute value for the log10 function The low power values do not typically contribute to any measurement In very rare cases a power value that is exactly zero may arise Zero cannot be converted into the logarithmic scale and must therefore be replaced by another value The Power Viewer Plus software uses the closest valid point in such cases 23 9 1 Single Shot Events Measuring single shot events requires slightly different averaging filter settings Please note that disabling averaging also reduces the sensor s dynamic range The average filter count is set to one and the filter is disabled lErr rsnrpz_scope_setAverageCount ulUSBSession 1 1 lErr rsnrpz_scope_setAverageEnabled ulUSBSession 1 false Additionally non Z81 sensors require enabling of the real time mode In this mode the chopper is turned off and only one single trace is processed The Z81 sensor does not require this commana rsnrpz_scope_setRealtimeEnabled ulUSBSession 1 true Manual 153 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a ae 23 9 2 Peak Trace Data Wideband sensors such as the NRP Z81 provide multiple trace data representations The AVERAGE trace representation is always sent and cannot be deselected Alternatively the sensor can be switched to auxiliary mode and it can send two additional representations such as the RANDOM and MAXIMUM trace data lErr rsnr
29. measured traces Reference trace data gets scaled or moved when the x or y scaling is changed Clicking Clear Ref removes all reference trace data from memory Manual 82 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements LSS EEE Eee 16 9 Using Markers Markers can be tied to trace points for performing automated measurements The context menu is used to activate the Marker Configuration dialog shown below amp Marker Configuration o So Exdude Time Exdude Time Exdude Time Exdude Time Fig 16 9 1 Marker configuration dialog Power Viewer Plus offers one reference and up to four delta markers Each of the markers can be assigned to the average random or peak trace This assignment is independent of whether the trace is enabled for viewing The reference marker is set to a point in time relative to the trigger point Alternatively it may be set to automatic peak tracking mode which positions the marker to the maximum power value within the visible trace area Ref blkr T 2 000 Ws Ay 3 44 dem Fig 16 9 2 Markers in trace display The reference marker is indicated with a small purple arrow that points downward to the trace that it is associated with Delta markers can be defined relative to the reference marker or relative to other delta markers This allows the user to build chains of markers and perform measurements between marker points Each delta marker can be operated in different operating
30. selecting Configure Options Debug contav fastmode 0 1 In normal measurement mode the sensor measurements are initiated at a lower rate All measurements are forwarded to the data processing panels Only one measurement within a time period of 100 ms is sent to the numeric display This ensures a convenient display update rate while simultaneously allowing for fast settling of the moving average filter In applications in which CPU consumption is not critical it is possible to increase the measurement rate to capture more sensor readings in data processing panels such as the data log Manual 63 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Continuous Power Measurement ea Eee SEE ee 15 2 Numerical Data View Power Viewer Plus displays average power readings in numerical and graphical form The numerical display shows the main measurement as well as additional information such as the averaging count measurement mode and measurement window aperture Icons Sampling window aperture Averaging filter count Absolute or relative indicator r AVS ABS WIN 10 000 us 9 44 dBm Pk 18 91 d m Pk Av 9 16 dB Peak power Peak to average ratio Average power Fig 15 2 1 The numerical data view The units can be switched between dBm dBW and W A context menu can be activated by right clicking in the display area This menu sets the display resolution to 0 001 0 01 or 0 1 The display resolution setting does not affect the measure
31. set to a fixed point in time at which its level exactly matches the pulse top power The first delta marker is set to search a level that is 3 dB down from the reference marker to the left side This positions marker one at the rising edge s 50 power level The second delta marker is set to search the same power level to the right side It is related to the first delta marker and thus marks positions at the same power level on the falling edge The result is shown in the figure below REF 10 00 dBm 5 00 dB div 5 00 dorm eh lt 1 ee ee ee eee een Cee See 5 00 dBm 10 00 dBm Fig 16 9 3 Markers in a pulse width measurement The pulse width can be read from the AT measurement for delta marker two Ref Mikr Delta Mikr 1 F Delta Mkr z T 2 O00 ws T 187 3 ne T 4 901 us AY T 17 dem AT 1 613 us AT 4 714 us M dB M dB Fig 16 9 4 Marker readings for the pulse width measurement 84 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements EEE Eee 16 9 2 Pulse Rise Time Measurements The rise or fall time of a pulse can be measured using a set of two delta markers and the reference marker The reference marker is set to a fixed point in time at which its level exactly matches the pulse top power The first delta marker is set to search a level that is 1 dB down to the left side It is related to the reference marker The second delta marker is set to search a level that is 19 dB down to the left side It is related to the
32. the l and Q signals are not zero u 0 and the chi square distribution cannot be used for the resulting envelope power Please note that the assumptions above are valid for power levels that are significantly higher than the power sensor noise level 99 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Statistics Manual 17 4 CDF Mode 100 5 dB div AWGN CED 1E 05 30 dBm 500 pnts 20 dBm 0 029 dBm 10 614 dB Fig 17 4 1 The CDF curve of a 3GPP signal with an AWGN reference curve at an average power level of 0 dBm CDF stands for cumulative distribution function and is the integral of the PDF curve The advantage of the CDF curve is that it emphasizes minimum power values The ideal AWGN reference signal remains the exponential function because the integral of e remains e 100 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Statistics LLL U 17 5 CCDF Mode O O 30 dBm 500 pnts 20 dBm Fig 17 5 1 The CCDF curve of a 3GPP signal with an AWGN reference curve at an average power level of 0 dBm CCDF stands for complementary cumulative distribution function and is the complement of the CDF curve Its curve is calculated using the following equation CCDF 1 CDF The advantage of the CCDF curve is that it emphasizes peak power values That is the main reason why the CCDF plays an important role in many applications The ideal AWGN reference signal is described by the exponential function Manual 101 R amp S Power Viewer Plus
33. update the USB drivers if required Start Power Viewer Plus Verify that the sensor was detected during the initial scan Do not start any measurements but open the firmware update dialog from the menu bar Ensure that the correct sensor is selected Ensure that the correct sensor information is listed Verify the sensor type and serial number Select the sensor firmware file nrp Press the Start button and wait until the update sequence has finished Update Firmware Sensor NRP Z61 100037 Firmware File x PROJECT NRP SW Bin_781 Firmware NRP 781_SensorApp 01_32 nrp Type NRP 731 Serial 100037 Current Firmware 0132 FPGA Configuration 79 23 5C 19 5T 19 Update Status Fig 22 1 Dialog for updating firmware Manual 143 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Updating the Sensor Firmware 22 1 Recovering from a Failed Update After an unsuccessful update the sensor is usually still accessible via USB but it will no longer operate normally In this case the update process needs to be repeated or an alternative update method must be tried Please see the description of the two methods below Method 1 Repeat the update If the sensor still appears as an R amp S NRP Z sensor during a scan the procedure described above must be repeated until the update finishes with the Done message Method 2 Unknown device If the sensor firmware becomes corrupted in such a way that the device no longer appear
34. would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Library If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system which is implemented by public license practices Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system it is up to the author donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License 12 If the distribution and or use of the Library is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces the original copyright holder who places the Library under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded In such case this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this Licen
35. 00 11 01 38 Continuous using new power range 67 dBm 23 dBm Fig 13 1 The message log window Clear Clears all of the window s content Copy Copies the window content as text to the system clipboard This text may then be pasted into other applications such as email clients Dealing with unexpected behavior If the program or sensor displays unexpected behavior it is advisable to forward a detailed problem description along with system information such as the sensor type serial number and firmware version string to the R amp S customer support customersupport rohde schwarz com 60 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Channel Assignment SL ee 14 Channel Assignment Power Viewer Plus maintains a list of alias names that can be assigned to sensors Each R amp S NRP Z sensor can have an individual name assigned to it which is displayed throughout the application as an additional piece of information If no alias name is set for a sensor the application only displays its type and serial number in all sensor selection controls The Channel Assignment dialog uses the placeholder lt name gt if no alias name has been defined Double clicking the name field allows the user to edit the entry pi Channel Assignment Delete wW NRP 400 000000 Sim NWRP 81 100037 NRP 481 900001 NMRP 11 102064 NRP 2481 100128 Input NRP 51 100014 NRP 781 900008 NRP 11 100025 NRP Z57 101131 ee t
36. 1 Graphics copied to clipboard Save Graphics to File The save graphics to file function creates a bitmap of fixed size from the current measurement and subsequently creates a png file on the desktop or in the user s home directory By default colors are inverted and a resolution of 800 x 600 pixels is used If this is not acceptable these parameters can be changed in the settings dialog box 59 R amp S Power Viewer Plus The Message Log Manual 13 The Message Log The Message Log window can be activated from the Window menu This window lists text messages warnings and errors that are generated by the application or by the VXI PnP driver si gt Message Log Clear 9 11 01 21 Continuous measurement started 11 01 26 Device change detected 11 01 26 will scan when measurement has finished 11 01 26 Device change detected 9 11 01 26 will scan when measurement has finished WE 11 01 31 Driver error WS Method CDeviceNrpZ MeasureContav WE Function rsnrpz_avg_getCount iu rsnrpz return code ERROR Time out expired ME Error during continuous power measurement 11 01 37 Continuous measurement stopped 11 01 37 Device change detected 5 11 01 37 No sensors found Enabling simulation as NRP Z00 11 01 37 Sensor NRP Z11 100023 not yet available Adding to list 11 01 37 Sensor NRP Z81 100128 not yet available Adding to list Sy 11 01 38 Continuous using NRP Z00 0000
37. Comments are not evaluated by the Power Viewer Plus script parser They can be added by using the following syntax e All text following the or character s e Lines starting with a or character Suppressing Output A leading at sign entirely suppresses this code line s output during script execution This can be useful when time critical measurements need to be implemented Permanently suppressing the output is possible by using the ECHO instruction Syntax ECHO ON OFF Waiting Periods The DELAY instruction is used to wait for a definable amount of time The waiting period is specified in seconds and script execution is suspended for at least this amount of time Example e Pause for 5 seconds DELAY 5 0 e Pause for a time defined by a scalar variable expression DELAY Var 113 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Script Based Measurement 20 1 8 20 1 9 Manual Loops Loops are used to repeat script sections multiple times The script section to be repeated is enclosed by the LOOP and the associated END instruction Loops can be nested The argument defines how many times the script section is repeated Using the keyword INF as the loop count repeats the loop infinitely LOOP INF A scalar variable or a variable expression that evaluates to a scalar result may also be used as the loop count Examples e Repeat the enclosed section five times LOOP 5 END e Repeat the section until the user sto
38. EVICE 2 NRP Z11 100023 mal lt RST i312 lt RST 14 15 1 lt SENS FUNC POW AVG continuous average power 16 2 lt SENS FUNC POW AVG a Dy 18 1 lt SENS FREQ Freq correction frequency 19 2 lt SENS FREQ Freq 20 21 1 lt SENS AVER COUN 4 avearging 22 2 lt SENS AVER COUN 4 23 24 1 lt SENS AVER STAT ON 25 2 lt SENS AVER STAT ON 26 27 1 lt SENS AVER TCON REP repeating filter 28 2 lt SENS AVER TCON REP 29 30 LOOP 10 ou 32 1 lt READ SPowChl1 f initiate and read result fe 2 lt READ S PowCh2 34 35 SResult PowChl1 S PowCh2 36 Result 10 logid0 Result 37 38 NUM Result Ratio 39 40 DELAY 0 2 waiting time in s 41 2 Fig 20 1 The script window The scripting panel provides three pages on its main panel The first page contains the measurement results and status messages during script execution Data can be viewed numerically or graphically as trace or bar chart The layout of this panel is designed by the UI editor which is located on the third page The second page contains the script editor Data generated by the script measurement can be sent to the data processing modules for evaluation 110 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Script Based Measurement SSS SSS SS ee 20 1 Script Syntax The script language consists of three major elements e Comments e SCPI commands and queries e Instructions Comments are ignored during script execution an
39. OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE LIBRARY IS WITH YOU SHOULD THE LIBRARY PROVE DEFECTIVE YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING REPAIR OR CORRECTION 16 INNO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND OR REDISTRIBUTE THE LIBRARY AS PERMITTED ABOVE BE LIABLE TO Manual 160 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Licenses ee YOU FOR DAMAGES INCLUDING ANY GENERAL SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE LIBRARY INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE LIBRARY TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER SOFTWARE EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES Manual 161
40. R amp S Power Viewer Plus 88 Software Manual R amp S Power Viewer Plus V 5 6 Printed in Germany ROHDE amp SCHWARZ R amp S Power Viewer Plus SSS SSS ST Dear Customer R amp S is a registered trademark of Rohde amp Schwarz GmbH amp Co KG R amp S is referred to as R amp S throughout this manual Mac and Mac OS are trademarks of Apple Inc registered in the U S and other countries Microsoft and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and or other countries Trade names are trademarks of their respective owners 2011 Rohde amp Schwarz GmbH amp Co KG 81671 Munich Germany Printed in Germany Subject to change Data without tolerance limits is not binding Manual 2 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Contents LLL ey 1 Contents 1 Contents 3 2 Overview 7 3 Key Software Features 8 4 Power Sensor Technologies 13 4 1 Thermal Power Sensors 00 0 eee eeeee 13 4 2 CW Power Sensors 2 0 0 cece eee eee eens 13 4 3 Multi Path Diode Power Sensors 14 4 4 Average Power Sensors 0 0c sesane ennn 14 4 5 Wideband Diode Power Sensors 22 14 5 Uncertainty Calculation 16 5 1 Measurements at 10dBm eee eens 17 5 2 Measurements at 50dBmM eee eens 18 5 3 Thelnfluence of Mismatch 220 00s 19 6 Software Installation 21 6 1 System Requirements 2 2
41. S Power Viewer Plus Continuous Power Measurement Manual 15 5 gt REF e The probability for one sample out of the given 40000 values is 1 40000 2 5 The associated o value for this probability for the normal distribution is about 4 5 according to the following equation e The peak sampling noise that needs to be expected based on the normal distribution is therefore 1 uW 4 5 4 5 W e Due to the detector s non linear response additional noise multiplying factors need to be considered depending on the signal level applied to the sensor These factors are provided in the sensor s technical specifications For a signal level of 1 mW at room temperature the noise multiplication factor is 3 8 e The overall noise power that needs to be expected calculates to 4 5 uW 3 8 17 1 uW e The total error based on the above assumption for a 0 dBm signal would then be 17 1 uw 100 1 71 Power Viewer Plus removes the numeric peak and peak to average ratio for peak readings below 3 dBm Relative Measurements Relative measurements display the current reading relative to a previously set reference power level This measurement mode is useful when the measurement task requires analysis of a power reading s Stability or drift When the measurement mode is changed to relative Power Viewer Plus saves the current reading as a reference value Subsequent mode changes then no longer alter this reference power l
42. T 2 50 dBm Fig 16 3 2 Trigger level located above the visible area If the trigger position time is located outside the display area the green arrow rotates and indicates the direction in which the physical trigger position is located 15 00 dBrn 4 7 50 d m Fig 16 3 3 Trigger position to the left of the visible area Context Menu The graphical trace view provides a context menu that can be activated by right clicking the mouse This context menu contains all functions directly related to the graphical data representation and its settings do not affect sensor settings Log dBm Lin Watt Trace p View Mode P Lines p Marker Copy To Ref Clear Ref Fig 16 4 1 Context menu for the graphical trace view 78 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements SaaS EEE Ee Log Lin Trace data can be viewed in a linear scale watts or in a logarithmic scale dBm The menu switches back and forth between these two views However when switching from linear to log mode negative y values are truncated and the lowest dBm level set to 60 dBm 16 5 Trace Representations Some power sensors e g the R amp S NRP Z8x return multiple trace data representations Due to the high sampling rate that these sensors use the average random and peak power information is available for each video point The difference between these representations is outlined below Average This representation averages the power
43. Update S Parameters tool from the R amp S NRP Toolkit The following screen shot shows an example dialog for configuring the R amp S NRP Z81 sensor with a file S2P describing a 10 dB attenuator pad Update Parameters Parameter File D Data ATT10D8 52P Browse Uncertainty File z Browse Mominal Power Limits of Sensor 2 Port Combination Lower w Upper w fi e 008 Parameter Device Mnemonic Parameter Correction ATTI 0DE E Active by Default Operator Calibration Lab my Lab Calibration Engineer my Mame Start Cancel Select Backup Directory Restore Fig 11 5 2 S Parameter tool from the R amp S NRP Toolkit Please note that the nominal power limits provided in this dialog box set the sensor s power range when the S parameter set is enabled In the example shown above the NRP Z81 s default power range is changed from the range of 60 dBm to 20 dBm to the range of 50 dBm to 30 dBm These limits are for example used as the trigger level limits in the Trace or Statistics measurement modes Leaving the values at zero restricts the sensor so that it only accepts a 0 dBm trigger level Manual 57 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Hardcopy Features 12 Hardcopy Features Power Viewer Plus provides two features that greatly simplify documentation tasks With a simple mouse click it is possible to create a print report for the trace statistics or data log panel Additionally th
44. a Level Sets the trigger threshold for internal triggering derived from the test signal In order to achieve stable trigger conditions it is advisable to use a trigger level above 20 dBm Holdoff Suppresses trigger events within the set holdoff time in seconds starting from the time of the last successful triggering Dropout Sets the dropout time in microseconds With a positive or alternatively negative trigger slope the dropout time is the minimum time for which the signal must be below above the trigger power level before triggering can reoccur As with the holdoff parameter unwanted trigger events can be excluded The set dropout time only affects the internal trigger source Manual 104 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Timeslot Mode LLL SS ay 18 2 Graphical Data View The graphical timeslot power view contains the information shown in the figure below Reference level Level scaling Trigger level 10 dB div Aver 128 Width 577 000 us Av 8 634 dBm Pk 5 343 dBm Pk Av 3 291 dB Marker measurement Average filter count AcqT 1185 ms Timeslot width Fig 18 2 1 The timeslot panel All bars are updated continuously The update rate depends mainly on the setting for the average filter count The higher the filter count the lower the update rate and the noise level Markers A maximum of four markers can be placed on any of the 16 timeslots to achiev
45. ain menu All color changes are applied immediately in all application windows Therefore it is possible to open windows such as the trace measurement and observe the color changes directly gt Application Colors a nS ale Load Brightness Contrast Average Trace Random Trace i Absolute Marker Peak Trace Relative Markers Trigger Indicator Fig 10 1 Color settings dialog box Preset The entire application can be set to one of the predefined color schemes or to a user defined color set Save As This button saves the user color scheme to a file Load This button loads a color scheme from a file and replaces the current user color set Manual 45 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Setting the Application Colors oS SSS eer se Brightness The brightness control changes the brightness for the entire application Changing the brightness setting does not affect any of the user s color definitions Contrast The contrast control changes the contrast setting for the entire application Increasing the contrast reduces the brightness of background colors and increases the brightness of foreground colors Changing the contrast does not affect any of the user s color definitions Color tiles The small colored tiles represent the color of the individual elements One of these tiles can be selected for editing using the HSV color controls HSV color control The application
46. all accuracy 4 1 Thermal Power Sensors Thermal sensors use a load resistor for converting the RF power into heat The temperature difference between this resistor and the surrounding area is measured by thermocouples The resulting DC voltage is proportional to the RF power coaxial RF feeder co planar line thermal transducer SS A 4 E N a cK XK vt ag tapered mod transmisssion LL Fig 4 1 1 Detector design in thermal power sensor The Rohde amp Schwarz thermal power sensors can be used from DC up to their specified upper frequency limit The dynamic range is typically in the order of 55 dB and starts at power levels of around 35 dBm Thermal power sensors provide the highest accuracy and linearity of all power sensors on the market Their measurements are not influenced by the modulation or harmonics and the results always represent the average signal power However the nature of the underlying sensor technology limits the dynamic range Furthermore the measurement speed is generally slower than that of diode sensors Thermal sensors cannot measure the envelope of an RF signal 4 2 CW Power Sensors CW sensors are simple diode sensors that contain a half wave or full wave rectifier as the detector element At power levels below 20 dBm the diode characteristic provides an almost linear relationship between the detector output voltage and the RF power This power range is referred to as the squ
47. annel display their channel numbers in square brackets These devices cannot be assigned again to a different channel Each sensor can be configured individually This accounts for the use of different sensor technologies or individual path losses or measurement frequencies within one setup If an alias name has been assigned to a sensor this name is displayed first followed by the sensor type and serial number in parentheses Manual 107 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Multi Channel Power Measurements 19 2 Manual Measurement Settings The measurement settings are similar to the ones available for the continuous power average mode Please refer to the chapter 15 Continuous Power Measurements for a more detailed discussion of these parameters Level Offset 0 dB Frequency 1 GHz Buty Cyde S arameters Averaging Auto M Sampling Window Aperture Use Manual Entry Fig 19 2 1 Multi channel measurement settings The general correction settings such as the frequency level offset or S parameter correction are not used in multi channel measurement mode Instead each channel provides its own settings 108 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Multi Channel Power Measurements 19 3 Mathematical Expressions Power Viewer Plus provides a set containing the most commonly required mathematical operations that can be computed from two measured values These four computed values are referred to as channe
48. anual 145 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a ere 23 2 Numeric Results All numeric power readings are provided in watts The reading includes a level offset that is either set by the user or provided by the S parameter device In many applications however it is desirable to show power readings on a logarithmic scale Conversion can be performed by taking the absolute value of the power reading adding a very small offset and then using the log10 function double dValdBm 30 0 10 0 log10 fabs dValW 1e 32 The small offset ensures that the log10 function s argument can never be exactly zero 23 3 Opening and Closing the Sensor Connection The first step is to open the sensor connection The following code lines demonstrate how this is done using the driver functions The example sets the USB timeout to 5 seconds and does not reset the sensor The return value is the USB session that must be used in all further communication with the sensor ViStatus lErr ViSession ulUSBSession rsnrpz_setTimeout 5000 lErr rsnrpz_init lt USB resource string gt false false amp ulUSBSession if lErr 0 error handling If the sensor is no longer needed for further measurements the connection should be closed The following lines demonstrate how to do this After the sensor is closed the session number must not be used anymore lErr rsnrpz_close ulUSBSession ulUSBSession 23 4 Mult
49. are law region of the detector diode CW sensors typically use the diode at power levels beyond the square law region and the software must compensate for the resulting Manual 13 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Power Sensor Technologies a eee non linearities With CW signals this compensation is possible and the sensor provides correct readings of the average RF power Modulated or pulsed signals as well as signals containing harmonics may lead to large measurement errors at levels that exceed the detector s square law region Due to these limitations the Rohde amp Schwarz NRPZ product range does not include CW sensors 4 3 Multi Path Diode Power Sensors The Rohde amp Schwarz multi path diode sensors use up to three independent full wave diode detectors These detectors along with their analog and digital signal processing are referred to as paths Each path is designed for operation in a separate power range with a 6 dB overlap between the paths 1 23 dBm ae ext trigger Fig 4 3 1 Multi path diode sensor design The data from all paths is processed in parallel For each power level within the specified sensor limits at least one path operates within the detector s square law region and delivers an output signal that is proportional to the RF energy The sensor software automatically determines the path that best fits the incident RF power As a result these sensors exhibit little sensitivity to modulation and
50. ate process Remove any unneeded USB hardware and any other R amp S USB sensors before starting the update process This is not a requirement for a regular firmware update process but it lowers the risk of overloading the USB interface by drawing too much current Do not use laptops for the update and ensure that power saving is disabled If you need to use a laptop and you encounter errors timeout messages during the update it is advisable to connect the sensor via a USB hub that uses its own power supply This is required because some laptop computers use USB hardware that issues regular suspend commands that could interrupt the firmware update process Directly connect the sensor to the PC without using any USB extenders such as USB LAN adapters etc Do not interrupt the update process Wait until you either get an error message or the Done message and the update is completed Do not run or start any other software accessing the sensor during the firmware update process Do not start or use any other applications that may cause a high CPU load during the firmware update process Ensure that the selected firmware file fits the sensor model 142 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Updating the Sensor Firmware ae EEE Once all the above requirements are met the firmware update process can be started Rohde amp Schwarz recommends following the steps below Setup the sensor connection and wait for the operating system to
51. ble range is from one to 16 Width Sets the width of a single timeslot within the frame structure Each timeslot has exactly the same width Exclude Defines the time gaps at the beginning or at the end of a timeslot that is not evaluated for the measurement These parameters are used to define the spacing between adjacent timeslots Delay Specifies the time between the physical trigger event and the start of the first timeslot The averaging filter reduces the noise level significantly Averaging Count is Fig 18 1 2 Setting the filter count for the averaging filter Count The filter count sets the number of frames that are to be evaluated to form one measurement result Timeslot measurements always require stable and reliable trigger conditions This is particularly important when averaging is enabled and multiple measurements are used for one result Trigger N source Internal Slope Positive Level i0 dBm Hysteresis 1 gB Holdoff Os Dropout 200 ns Fig 18 1 3 Trigger settings Source The trigger source can be either internal or external When an external source is used R amp S NRP Z3 or R amp S NRP Z5 adapter only the settings for polarity and holdoff time are available Slope The trigger slope can be set to either the positive or negative edge This setting is available for all trigger sources Manual 103 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Timeslot Mode a aa
52. cope_meas_getPulseReferenceLevels ulLUSBSession 1 amp dLowRefLevel amp dHighRefLevel amp dMidRefLevel Please note that all power readings are in linear units and they contain any level offset that was previously set Manual 156 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Customer Support LSS SSS SS Saws 24 Customer Support Technical support where and when you need it For quick expert help with any Rohde amp Schwarz equipment contact one of our Customer Support Centers A team of highly qualified engineers provides telephone support and will work with you to find a solution to your query on any aspect of the operation programming or application of Rohde amp Schwarz equipment Up to date information and upgrades To keep your instrument up to date and to be informed about new application notes related to your instrument please send an e mail to the Customer Support Center stating your instrument and your wish We will take care to ensure that you get the right information Europe Africa Middle East Phone 49 89 4129 12345 customersupport rohde schwarz com North America Phone 1 888 TEST RSA 1 888 837 8772 customer support rsa rohde schwarz com Latin America Phone 1 410 910 7988 customersupport la rohde schwarz com Asia Pacific Phone 65 65 13 04 88 customersupport asia rohde schwarz com 25 Open Source Acknowledgment This software makes use of valuable open source software packages The verbatim license texts a
53. corder captures up to 20000 data points to memory Additionally live file writing can be activated with no limit for the number of data points These two processes are independent of each other The data log panel s captured data may also be saved to a file with the save button from the application s tool bar Fa The output format is ASCII csv which saves data in individual columns that are separated by commas Manual 127 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels aS SSS ee ee Live File Output k Log Data to File Interval ios Select File C Test Data from NRP 231 Power Sensors Stability Test csv Fig 21 1 5 Live file output settings Log Data to File The data log can be configured for writing measured data to a file while the measurement is running Writing takes place instantaneously and may therefore slow down the measurement Interval The interval sets the time period for accumulating data before a new file entry is written For each time interval the data log panel generates the signal statistics which contain the average minimum and maximum reading for each channel Depending on the desired capturing time Rohde amp Schwarz recommends setting a time interval that keeps the output file size within reasonable limits File Name The file name specifies the file to which data is appended during the log process The file format is csv Besides regular file names there
54. d may be used for explanatory purposes SCPI commands start with an optional instrument ID and the lt character and are sent directly to the sensor They are used to configure it or to read measurement results Instructions are evaluated by the script parser and are not sent to the power sensor 20 1 1 Variables The script language supports variables for storing measurement results or other sensor readings Variable names always start with the dollar sign Variables are created automatically when they are accessed for the first time and they exist for as long as the script runs A variable can contain data of different types such as floating point data array data integer data or text This data type is automatically set when data is assigned to the variable Individual array elements can be accessed by enclosing the index in square brackets and appending it to the variable name The index can either be a numeric value or another variable expression that evaluates to a positive scalar value The index of the first array element is one Variables may also contain a unit text that can optionally be set when data is assigned to the variable Syntax of a variable expression that evaluates to scalar data lt ScalarVar gt lt ArrayVar gt lt index gt lt scalar var expression gt Syntax of a variable expression that evaluates to an array lt ArrayVar gt lt ArrayVar gt lt index gt lt index gt lt
55. d with or without their unit The unit can be one of the following letters Giga Mega kilo milli nano micro pico femto FTO OCD QA ZQ The entry fields also provide a tooltip help function that shows the minimum and maximum permissible input value Additionally a step size can be defined to increase or decrease the value when the mouse wheel is turned Duty cycle in o Min 000I o Max 99 999 Step 1 o Fig 11 1 2 Example of the help tooltip function The step value can be defined as follows First place the cursor in front of the digit that should serve as the step size Then press the right mouse key and select Set Step from Csr in the context menu Manual 48 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps 11 2 The Menu Bar 11 2 1 File gt File Sensor Measurerr W Load Project IEJ Save Project As fo Exit Fig 11 2 1 File settings File Load Project Loads a previously saved configuration These settings affect all measurements and fully restore the state of the entire application including window positions File Save Project As Saves the configuration of the entire application to a file This file may later be used to restore a measurement configuration Measurement data is not saved as part of the settings file File Exit Aborts all running measurements disconnects from the power sensor and subsequently ends the application 11 2 2 Sensor M
56. d with two chopper cycles and a measurement window aperture of 20 ms is sufficient The total integration time is twice the aperture time multiplied by the averaging filter count R amp S Power Viewer Plus Uncertainty Calculation Manual 5 2 Measurements at 50 dBm This example calculates the absolute uncertainty for the R amp S NRPZ11 when used for measuring a CW signal at 2 GHz and at a very low power level of 50 dBm The temperature shall be 30 C All values marked with an arrow are taken from the R amp S NRPZxx Power Sensor Specifications that are available from the Rohde amp Schwarz website Power level in W 10 nW gt Used path 1 gt Uncertainty for absolute power measurements 0 081 dB gt Zero offset after zeroing 104 pW 0 045 dB gt Zero drift after zeroing 35 pW 0 0015 dB gt Measurement noise 65 pW Multiplier for 1 28 s integration time is sqrt 10 24s T x 2 8 182 pW 0 078 dB Total expanded uncertainty 0 12 dB 2 8 After zeroing the absolute accuracy is 0 12 dB when using an integration time of 1 28 s This integration time can be achieved with an average filter count of 32 and a measurement window of 20 ms Further improvement of the uncertainty is possible by increasing the averaging filter count The total integration time is twice the aperture time multiplied by the averaging filter count R amp S Power Viewer Plus Uncertainty Calculation ee ee 5 3 The Influence of Mismatch P
57. dditional toolkit programs such as the S parameter update or the classic Power Viewer 5 Enable R amp S Power Viewer Plus SA Rohde amp Schwarz NRP Toolkit Setup Choose Components Choose which Features of Rohde amp Schwarz WRP Toolkit you want to install T Check the components you want to install and uncheck the components you don t want to install Click Next to continue Select components to install USE Driver ee R amp S NRP Toolkit R amp S Powerviewer Plus Space required 19 0MB Fig 6 2 1 R amp S NRP Toolkit installer After the installation has completed the sensors can be connected to the PC If the USB drivers were updated or newly installed recognizing the sensor may take more time when it is plugged in for the very first time Manual 22 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation LLL SSSI Sey 6 3 Installation on Linux Based Systems This application is part of the R amp S NRP Toolkit In contrast to the Windows R amp S NRP Toolkit the Linux version contains the following components e NrpZ Kernel module e NrpLib Low level driver e RsNrpZ VXI PnP driver e HTML help files for the VXI PnP driver e Power Viewer Plus and PDF manual e Example programs for use with VXI PnP driver The toolkit comes as a self extracting archive that must be run with root user permissions sudo NrpLinuxPckg lt date gt run Running the installer requires the following tools and packages to be pres
58. divided into two sections The left side provides measurement and data log running indicators as well as a control for sensor selection If no sensor was detected during the last USB bus scan only the sensor simulation function NRP Z00 is available This simulation capability can be used for basic demonstration and testing of the program s functionality NRP 281 100128 amp fin Fig 11 4 1 Second toolbar with sensor selection The application remembers the last sensor selection and tries to reuse this device if it was detected during a USB scan If the last sensor that was used is no longer detected the first detected sensor is used instead Please note that changing the sensor type may affect measurement settings Power Viewer Plus double checks measurement settings before a measurement is started and corrects values if necessary Manual 55 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps 11 5 General Measurement Settings The right toolbar section provides general settings for defining the signal frequency level offset or gamma correction settings or for selecting the use of an S parameter set 5Parameters Level Offset Signal Frequency Gamma Correction tiel o e 0 dB 1 GHz Fig 11 5 1 Second toolbar with general settings Please note that the general settings are applicable to all measurement functions except for multi channel measurements The multi channel measurement function provides indiv
59. e current graphics can be copied to the system clipboard and pasted into any other application 12 1 Print Report i F The print button in the toolbar automatically creates a one page measurement report from the current data Colors are inverted for printer friendliness The picture below shows an example of the generated form RAS Power Viewer Plus Trace Printout Fiter 14 07 2011 17 30 59 Averaging 1024 NRP Z81 100128 01 32 TS 23 5C 19 ST 19 Trigger 20 n 0 5 dB 1000 us 20 dBm 10 dB div 500 us div cam ae il I Ih if ii i i Mt it i Fig 12 1 1 Example of a printed report On Linux based systems the printer selection dialog offers printing directly to a pdf file in which case a PDF document is created without the use of any third party software Manual 58 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Hardcopy Features Manual a 12 2 12 3 Copy to Clipboard The copy to clipboard function creates a bitmap of fixed size from the current measurement and subsequently places the bitmap into the system clipboard By default colors are inverted and a resolution of 800 x 600 pixels is used If this is not acceptable these parameters can be changed in the settings dialog box The figure below shows a captured measurement at a resolution of 800 x 600 pixels 20 dBm l 10 dB div 500 us div _ l l TT 1 ms 4 ms Measure Points 500 Mode NORM Fig 12 2
60. e entire pulse analysis Manual 92 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements Manual 16 12 Common Measurement Tasks The trace panel can be used for many different measurement tasks The following overview provides advice on how to configure the trace measurement for common signals Repetitive pulsed signals without jitter Trigger Normal Averaging gt 2 View Normal This is the most commonly used setting It measures the signal s envelope power continuously Repetitive pulsed signals with jitter Trigger Normal Averaging Real Time OFF View Envelope Persistent Dots Continuously measures the envelope power Averaging should not be used if the jitter needs to be observed CW like signals e g WCDMA without trigger Trigger Free Run Averaging N A View Moving Average Continuously measures the average power level of asynchronous trace measurements Single shot signals Trigger Single ARM Averaging Real Time OFF View Normal The averaging should be set to real time because the sensor otherwise requires multiple trigger events to generate one measurement result 93 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Statistics 17 Statistics The Statistics mode makes it possible to measure the envelope power s complementary cumulative distribution function CCDF or probability density function PDF 17 1 Settings CCDF abs X Total Samples 768 M rence Curves L Capture m Remove z
61. e precise average power readings These readings are displayed below the bar graph area 10 dB div Marker 1 Marker 2 v Marker3 Marker 4 Fig 18 2 2 Context menu in the timeslot average view A context menu can be activated within the bargraph view by right Manual 105 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Timeslot Mode Manual 4 clicking with the mouse This menu is used for selecting the active marker one to four As a next step markers can be dragged by holding down the left mouse button within the graphics area A thin line displays the column on which the marker is to be placed Moving the mouse to the very left or very right border disables the marker Multi Channel Power Measurements Many power measurement tasks require simultaneous measurement of multiple channels The multi channel measurement panel provides up to 16 parallel power measurements In addition four results can be computed using mathematical expressions Channel number and sensor Sensor status Averaging count Measured value Sampling window Jo Multi Channel RUNNING Esc Ea Resolution Unit 2781 100128 2 100014 Mi 1 2 3 6 1 d Bm WIN 10 000 us 1 GHz AV 8 a 6 x D 1 d Bm WIN 20 000 ms 1 GHz 2 90 dB Mathematical configuration Computed value Fig 19 1 Multi channel measurement Each of the 16 channels use a separate sen
62. e with the international IEC 469 standard The algorithm in the power sensor first determines the pulse amplitude of the measured trace by establishing the distance between the top power and base power This pulse amplitude then serves as the basis for the percentage values for the three reference levels that can be preset high mid and low These three levels are used to measure the pulse Typical values are 90 50 and 10 While the low and high reference levels are only employed to determine the pulse s rise and fall times the mid reference level is used to determine all other timing parameters Automatic pulse measurement can be activated in the trace settings if the sensor supports this feature e g R amp S NRP Z 8x The measurement is performed inside the sensor and data is provided for each captured trace Pulse measurement data can also be sent to the data processing panels The following figure explains the terms used with the automatic pulse measurement Peak power 5 00 de Top power j nN N High ref level oT Ps n TEELE A EEEE EE EEEE ESEE E E A S E PM E A A ES EEEN Mid ref level 10 00 dem 15 00 dBm Low ref level 20 00 dam 25 00 demi T i li if iW Base power HAW WTA i i Mi MAEN E i Di imi a wv Gein lt i gt lt P Rise time Fall time Fig 16 11 1 Automatic pulse measurement Base power The base power is the average power for the period without a
63. ean value of zero and a standard deviation of one The resulting carrier envelope power is proportional to the sum of and Q Pal 0 The figure below shows the resulting vector and RF signal based on the two normally distributed baseband signals a 10 0mW 999 9 uW diy 200 000 us div a T7 500 pnts 2 000 ms The PDF of a normal distribution can be described by the following formula p micin f o u x e o If a new random variable is created from k independent normally distributed random variables with a mean of zero u 0 and a variance of one o 1 the resulting distribution is the chi square distribution 1 2 phd 12 f x k T k 2 0 x lt 0 Manual 98 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Statistics Manual In the case of I Q modulation the degree of freedom is two k 2 which simplifies the PDF according to the following equation 1 f x2 56 This equation demonstrates that the AWGN signal produces a PDF that can be approximated by the exponential function This is the AWGN reference curve that the Power Viewer Software adds as the reference The statistics become more complex when the signal consists of two components such as a constant RF carrier with a modulated signal Q 20 00 dBm F P A Fe Crees woven 30 00 dBm Pay 5 01 dBm Fig 17 3 4 Constant signal with added I Q modulation and PDF In this case the mean values of
64. easurement Data Proce x Zero Signal off Properties Query Extended Information Run Self Test signal off yi Scan for Sensors Channel Assignment Update Firmware Fig 11 2 2 Sensor menu Sensor Zero Starts the zeroing sequence for the selected sensor For this purpose the RF signal must be switched off or the sensor must be disconnected from the signal source The sensor automatically detects the presence of any significant power which causes zeroing to be aborted followed by output of an error message Manual 49 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps ESS SSS SSS es The zeroing process may take more then 8 seconds to complete and varies with the sensor model Generally it is possible to run the sensor zeroing with a small signal such as broadband noise applied to the sensor This makes it possible to compensate for this signal in later measurements Sensor Properties Displays a panel that contains a set of important sensor properties such as the frequency and power range as well as the firmware version Sensor Query Extended Information Reads all available information from the selected sensor This menu option is only available when no measurements are running Sensor Run Self Test Performs a self test on the selected sensor and returns the results as text message The detector s noise level is measured as part of the sensor self test routines This only works when no RF signal is applied to the s
65. eceiving data from a trace measurement pulse analysis e Trace RUNNING Scale Traces View Lines Pulse Duration 553 077 us WA ak oe ae z mies Pa hal Pd ota Wy ha Analysis o amp s Ch 1 Pulse Ptop Ch 2 Pulse Ptop i l j doe of sranre X Max 0 174dBm u95 0 157 dBm 5 l cin ca Plot 95 Band Min 0 014 dBm Avg 0 109 dBm oleae ies laa Cnt 537 L95 0 060 dBm 0 014 dBm 27 s 0 024 dB a 537 oona e T N 5 Avgi 0 109 d8m i Sama E aila I lita a A 0 024 d Normal theoretical quantiles o Ch 3 Rise Time Ch 4 Fall Time Max 2 025 us u95 2 020 us Max 2 374us u95 2 364 us Min 1 978 us Avg 2 006 us Min 2 295 us Avg 2 341 us Cnt L95 1 992 us Cnt 537 L95 2 318 us 537 s 7 126 ns s 11 380 ns tae uu i ee Aa a a e Fig 21 3 1 The analysis panel Each of the four views within the analysis panel can be configured to a histogram display or a quantile plot The four analysis views operate independently and can be freely assigned to any available measurand By default each view is configured to the histogram display and for evaluation of the last 1000 measurements These settings can be changed using the context menu for the individual view 137 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels 21 3 1 Manual Histogram Display
66. ed in such a way that the CPU becomes available to the driver thread periodically Manual 152 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a ae Sleep 100 or SwitchToThread ViBoolean bMeasCompleted lErr rsnrpz_chan_isMeasurementComplete ulUSBSession 1 amp bMeasCompleted After the measurement has completed the data array can be read using the rsnrpz_meass_fetchBufferMeasurement function The values that are returned are in linear units and include any offset configured using rsnrpz_corr_setOffset The number of trace points must match the number of video points set with rsnrpz_scope_setPoints ViReal64 pdMeasAv iTracePoints ViInt32 iReadCount lErr rsnrpz_meass_fetchBufferMeasurement ulLUSBSession 1 iTracePoints pdMeasAv amp iReadCount The settings from the above example return the average trace representation Based on the averaging filter settings and the trace time the sensor captures multiple samples and calculates the average trace data The return data is provided in linear units However many applications require power values on a logarithmic scale The conversion can be done using the following equation Prog 10 logio Pin dBm 30 dBm Care must be taken if signal portions close to the noise floor must be converted Depending on the zero reference point for the internal analog to digital converter negative power readings may occur This is normal behavior and in most cases it
67. ed individually Therefore different data processing panels could evaluate different data simultaneously The input filter of each data processing panel is configured by the following parameters e Source e Measurand 1 4 The Source denominates the measurement from which the panel may receive data Depending on which measurement this is there is a corresponding set of measurands that can be assigned to the data processing panel s input channels 123 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels Manual The table below lists data that is available to the data processing panels for each measurement Cont Multi Ch Timeslot Statistics Trace Script Pav Pa Pav rel Pav rel Average Ch 1 16 M 1 4 Mkr 1 Mkr 2 Mkr 3 Mkr 3 Pa R n Gate Pa Gate Pox Mkr Ref P Mkr D dP Mkr D dT Rise Time Fall Time Pulse Width Period Time Pulse Prop Pulse Pox Ch 1 4 QeveovvorSSS5aSSESS55 sox 3 dBm Average power Peak power Average power relative Average power relative Average filter count Measurement channel 1 16 Math channel 1 4 Marker 1 reading Marker 2 reading Marker 3 reading Marker 4 reading Average power Reading atn Gated measurement average Gated measurement peak Reference marker power Marker n power ratio Marker n time difference Pulse rise time Pulse fall time Pulse width Pulse period time Pulse top power Pulse peak power Channel 1 4
68. ensor s input while the test is running Sensor Scan for Sensors Starts the process of detecting available R amp S NR Z USB sensors Activating this menu item repopulates the sensor selection control If no sensor is detected a sensor simulation function R amp S NRP Z00 will be available Scanning is also performed automatically when new sensors are connected to the PC or sensors are removed The automatic scanning capabilities are inhibited while measurements are running and they resume after all measurements have been stopped Sensor Channel Assignment Displays a panel that allows the user to assign alias names to each sensor This simplifies working with multiple sensors Alias names are only valid within Power Viewer Plus Sensor Update Firmware Opens the sensor firmware update dialog Please see the firmware update section for detailed information about the update process Manual 50 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps 11 2 3 Measurement Measurement Data P Start E top Continuous Trace Statistics iy timeslot Multi Channel Scripting Fig 11 2 3 Measurement menu Measurement Start Starts the measurement in the window that is currently active This button is disabled when another measurement window is already running Please note that some sensors may not support all measurement modes In such cases the start button is disabled even if the measurement window is open and no
69. ent in the system e dialog base64 tar gcc e ia32 libs on amd64 systems only e Kernel modules under 1ib modules lt version gt e Kernel headers under usr include linux The self extracting archive first extracts it s content to a temporary directory under tmp and then transfers control to the installation script in this directory File Edit View Search Terminal Help Installer Checking tools Checking disk space in usr local Checking for root permission Checking kernel version Start installation Fig 6 3 1 R amp S NRP Toolkit installer for Linux If the basic system requirements are met the screen shown above should appear and prompt the user to confirm if the installation should start Next the legal terms are displayed Use q to quit this screen and then accept the license terms Manual 23 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation Installer Do you accept the license terms Fig 6 3 2 Accepting the license terms The license terms must be accepted in order to continue with the installation The following screen allows the user to select the items for installation The first entry compiles the kernel module and installs all required drivers This step is crucial for operating the sensors on a Linux system It is also required for running the Power Viewer Plus application or for compiling the example programs Select items for installation HeCompile and install the
70. ents however the higher noise floor must be considered This is especially the case with peak power measurements Please see the chapter 15 4 Continuous Power Measurements Accuracy of Peak Power Measurements in this document for more details It must also be noted that triggering is always a realtime process that is based on samples that have not yet been subject to averaging As a result power levels in the order of 20 dBm or higher are required when Manual 15 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Power Sensor Technologies a a a eer ee using the sensor s internal trigger feature Decreasing the sensor s bandwidth decreases the noise floor and therefore also decreases the lower trigger level limit 5 Uncertainty Calculation This chapter briefly explains how to calculate the measurement uncertainty based on the figures provided in the sensor s specifications The data sheet lists the absolute uncertainty for power measurements in dB depending on the power level and frequency Other contributors such as zero offset or noise are provided in watts and can be converted into dB using the following equation PHAP 10dB 1 e og gt This equation uses P as the power level of interest and AP as the relative error The result is the error e in dB Uncertainties are statistical measures and they must be added by summing up the squared uncertainties and then calculating the square root Ga e US t This equation can be u
71. enu 22008 21 3 4 Analysis Panel Settings Updating the Sensor Firmware 22 1 Recovering from a Failed Update Programming Guide 23 1 Sensor Resource StringS 22 eee ee eee 23 2 Numeric Results 4426840444400 44465 44644554445 23 3 Opening and Closing the Sensor Connection 23 4 Multiple Sensors 0 0 ee ee 235 Enor HandiNO wsa 05 40 one ee deed Mae ee a oe aes 240 ZONO 3 5 6 a a wig dese he aes ban hed etnias ob Roe sh Gee Bd ae wt 23 7 Identifying a Sensor IDN 20008 23 8 Continuous Average Power Measurement 23 9 Trace Measurements e0c08cc eee 23 9 1 Single Shot Events 00000 23 9 2 Peak Trace Data 23 9 3 Automatic Pulse Measurement Customer Support Open Source Acknowledgment Licenses 26 1 GNU Lesser General Public License LGPL 2 1 145 145 146 146 146 147 147 148 148 151 153 154 155 157 157 158 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Overview Manual Overview The new R amp S NRP Z power sensors from Rohde amp Schwarz represent the latest in power measurement technology They offer all the functionality of conventional power meters and more within the small housing of a power sensor The USB interface on an R amp S NRPZ sensor enables operation with an R amp S NRP power meter or with a PC running under either Mic
72. er 12 5 dBm Lower 13 dBm _ Error Thresholds Upper 0 dBm Lower 0 dBm Fig 21 2 3 Settings for warning and error levels Warning Thresholds Error Thresholds When these functions are enabled the system compares the measurand against the upper and lower limit values Each time the measurand passes one of these thresholds an entry is generated in the incident log Power values can be entered in watts default or in dBm Manual 132 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels SSS ee Log to File B TCP IP Server Play Sound Fig 21 2 4 Action settings for responses to threshold incidents Actions By default incidents are logged to the incident log The capacity of this log is limited and it only displays the most recent entries The action settings are used to enable additional features such as writing to a log file or sending incidents to a remote host Log to File A file entry is generated each time a limit violation occurs or ceases New incidents are appended to the end of the log file Writing occurs immediately Consequently this can slow down the measurement rate TCP IP Server The limit monitor can be configured to start a TCP IP server process for as long as a measurement is active Remote applications can connect to this server and receive incidents Beep An acoustic signal is generated each time a limit violation occurs or ceases Manual 133 R amp S Power Vi
73. erate properly with a modified version of the library if the user installs one as long as the modified version is interface compatible with the version that the work was made with e c Accompany the work with a written offer valid for at least three years to give the same user the materials specified in Subsection 6a above for a charge no more than the cost of performing this distribution e d If distribution of the work is made by offering access to copy from a designated place offer equivalent access to copy the above specified materials from the same place e Verify that the user has already received a copy of these materials or that you have already sent this user a copy For an executable the required form of the work that uses the Library must include any data and utility programs needed for reproducing the executable from it However as a special exception the materials to be distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed in either source or binary form with the major components compiler kernel and so on of the operating system on which the executable runs unless that component itself accompanies the executable Manual 159 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Licenses ee ee ae It may happen that this requirement contradicts the license restrictions of other proprietary libraries that do not normally accompany the operating system Such a contradiction means you cannot use both them and the Library togethe
74. es Once this change is made in a given copy it is irreversible for that copy so the ordinary GNU General Public License applies to all subsequent copies and derivative works made from that copy This option is useful when you wish to copy part of the code of the Library into a program that is not a library 4 You may copy and distribute the Library or a portion or derivative of it under Section 2 in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you accompany it with the complete corresponding machine readable source code which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange If distribution of object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place satisfies the requirement to distribute the source code even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code 5 A program that contains no derivative of any portion of the Library but is designed to work with the Library by being compiled or linked with it is called a work that uses the Library Such a work in isolation is not a derivative work of the Library and therefore falls outside the scope of this License However linking a work that uses the Library with the Library creates an executable that is a derivative of the Library because it contains p
75. ets the x axis back to the entire log time and returns all traces back to full auto leveling Show Statistics The data log always uses 20000 data points evenly spaced across the total log time Each data point represents a bin that may contain multiple measured values To prevent the loss of any information each bin is represented by the average minimum and maximum value that was received By default the envelope of the recorded data is displayed minimum and maximum If this is not desired the statistics view can be disabled so that it only shows average data Manual 129 R amp S Power Viewer Plus a as Manual 21 1 3 21 1 4 Data Processing Panels Lines This menu item activates level lines and time lines The functionality of these lines is similar to the ones described in the chapter 16 Trace Measurements Time Lines to Window Places the time lines back into the viewing area at the 10 and 90 points Clear All Data This menu entry stops the data log and removes all data from the log To prevent unintentional deletions the user is queried before the log is stopped and data is erased The Time Line Indicator The time line indicator is located below the data log traces It shows the overall log time and the currently visible area in case a trace section is magnified using the zoom operations 14s 135 22 5 25 5 245 a2 s a6 s 40s I AE a Fig 21 1 7 The time line indicator Additionally the time l
76. evel and a new level is set using the REF button 66 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Continuous Power Measurement Manual 15 6 Analog Meter Power Viewer Plus also displays power readings graphically as an analog bar graph The bar graph shows the average power level as a blue arrow and the peak power level as a red arrow Each arrow holds the maximum value for a time period of about 5 seconds Maximum readings are indicated by the smaller and darker arrows Sensor limit Max hold for 5 seconds Average power reading Peak power reading Fig 15 6 1 Analog meter in absolute measurement mode The analog meter can also be used in the relative measurement mode in which case it displays the change in the measured value relative to a previously set value A context menu can be invoked by a right mouse click and used to change the display range between a 20 dB 10 dB 2 dB and 1 dB full scale Fig 15 6 2 Analog meter in relative measurement mode Please note that some sensors only provide average power measurements In such cases the red arrow is not visible 67 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Continuous Power Measurement 15 7 Trend Chart For analysis of power readings over time Power Viewer Plus provides meer an additional statistics panel This panel supports multiple views such as a trend chart a histogram or the Q Q plot The view mode is selected via the panel s context menu The trend display shows past
77. ewer Plus a a Manual 21 2 2 Data Processing Panels Configuring the Server The server process allows for one TCP IP connection from a remote host Once this connection is established all incidents are sent to the remote host as text messages The limit monitor starts the server when the measurement is started and stops it when the measurement is stopped Only one client connection is allowed at a time Note Running the server process may present a security risk to your IT network By default the server is configured to only allow connections from the local host 127 0 0 1 It may also be required to configure your local firewall software to allow for inbound traffic on the port used by the server gt Server Settings Server IP Settings Host IP 177 0 0 1 Port 16000 Access Rules Deny all Allow 127 0 0 1 Order Deny Allow M Credentials fa Require Authentication Login user Password user Fig 21 2 5 The server settings dialog Host IP Sets the IP address for the network interface at which the server is listening for incoming connections By default the IP address 127 0 0 1 is used for the local machine Port Sets the port at which the server listens for incoming connections It must be ensured that the port is not already being used by another service The command netstat an fi
78. expressions lt ArrayVar gt lt Val gt lt Val gt lt Unit gt The assignment creates an array which contains the values listed in the assignment Examples e Assign an integer value without unit to a variable The variable is created if it did not exist Counter 1 e Assign a floating point value without unit to a variable The variable is created if it did not exist Data 5 3 e Create an array variable with given values The array always contains floating point values The unit is set to dBm ArrData 20 30 40 50 dBm e Create an array variable with a range of values starting at 104 and ending at 10 The increment is 2 10 The unit is set to W ArrData 1e 4 2e 4 1e 3 W Variable data can also be assigned with SCPI queries In this case the variable data type is set according to the data type returned by the query Please see the section SCPI Commands and Queries for more details Manual 112 R amp S Power Viewer Plus SS at Manual 20 1 4 20 1 5 20 1 6 20 1 7 Script Based Measurement Equations The script value supports mathematical equation which can be used to alter the value of variables All variable expressions used in equations must evaluate to a scalar value The target variable of an expression is always a scalar float type Example e Convert a linear power value into dBm Plog 10 log10 1e 32 abs Plin 30 Comments
79. firmware supports this feature High resolution pulse analysis uses an equivalent sampling technique and provides more precise measurement results Measurement time increases when high resolution pulse analysis is used When the sensor uses high resolution pulse analysis an additional line in the results table displays the equivalent sampling time Ref Level The low mid and high reference level values define the levels used for determining the pulse timing All values are specified as a percentage of the pulse amplitude the difference between the top and base powers Levels are related to power readings in watts The following table compares levels expressed in volts watts and dBW Level V Level W Level dBW 10 1 20 50 25 6 90 81 0 92 10 10 50 2 90 0 46 90 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements 16 11 11 Measurement Results These check boxes select which results are shown in the graphical trace view Low level and high level values are marked by small horizontal lines for the rising and falling edge that the sensor evaluates The positions of the rising and falling edge are marked with small diamonds 15 mw 2 mW div 50 ns div 50 ns 500 pnts 450 ns Fig 16 11 3 Automatic pulse measurement in trace view Algorithm The analysis algorithm is used to determine the pulse top and pulse base powers These two power levels are fundamental for the pulse analysis because they are required for calculat
80. g 16 1 2 Setting the averaging count Averaging Count This value sets the number of traces to be evaluated to form one measurement result Averaging reduces the noise level of the average trace but increases measurement time Changing the averaging count does not have any effect on traces that represent random sampling data A peak trace representation usually increases slightly in level with an increase in the averaging count It should also be noted that using trace averaging requires a stable trigger event Otherwise traces with different timings are averaged which leads to erratic results The averaging count can be set to Real Time in which case all averaging is turned off entirely This is useful for measuring single shot events When the averaging function is deactivated measurements are performed without chopper stabilization meaning that a measurement then consists of a single sampling sequence activated by a trigger event Otherwise the detector s output voltage polarity is reversed automatically for alternate sampling sequences This suppresses low frequency noise and increases the accuracy with which the average power is measured at each pixel Averaging has no effect on the randomly selected samples the largest values for each averaging sequence are output as peak values Manual 72 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements Trigger ARM Mode Auto bd Source we ExT Slope hy Level 0 dBm Hysteresis 9
81. g Coe ee Fig 14 1 The channel assignment dialog Using alias names simplifies measurement tasks that involve multiple sensors For example calculating an amplifier gain requires measurement of the input and output power Alias names such as input or output may be assigned to the sensors connected to these ports Sensors that are detected during a scan are indicated by illuminated light bulbs whereas unavailable devices appear as gray bulbs Manual 61 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Continuous Power Measurement ae Eee EEE eee 15 Continuous Power Measurement B In this mode the measurement signal s average power is measured asynchronously within definable time intervals This time interval is referred to as the sampling window or aperture time The width of a sampling window is preset to a length that is optimal for the selected sensor but it can be changed to other values The measurements are performed with chopper stabilization to obtain more accurate results with reduced noise and zero offset Therefore a measurement is always performed over two sampling windows with the polarity of the detector output signal being reversed for the second window Taking the difference between the output signals minimizes the video path s influence on noise and and on zero drift When the averaging function is activated the averaging factor determines how often the described measurement cycle is repeated 15 1 Settings Averag
82. h Resolution Thresholds High Ref Level Distal Mid Ref Level Mesial Low Ref Level Proximal Related to Measurement Results ow Rise Time Pulse Duration Fall Time Pulse Period Peak Power Top Power Average Power Overshot Rising Edge Overshot Falling Edge Fig 16 11 2 Automatic pulse measurement settings Algorithm This control is used to select the analysis algorithm for determining the pulse top and pulse base powers These two power levels are fundamental for all further signal analysis The default setting Histogram determines the pulse top and pulse Manual 89 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements Manual base power levels by evaluating the probability density of all the values for one recorded trace This algorithm is recommended for most pulses The Integration algorithm approximates the pulse by an ideal signal with the same energy content pulse duration and pulse period Use this algorithms for pulses with fast rise times and fall times as well as for pulses with amplitude variations e g modulation The Peak algorithm is not available on all of the wideband power sensor s firmware versions Please consult the sensor firmware s release notes to see if this feature is supported The algorithm uses the overall peak power as the reference and is useful for Gaussian pulse shapes Prefer High Res This check box enables high resolution pulse analysis if the sensor
83. hase angle the incident power varies between the left and right term of the equation The following equations can approximate the maximum relative deviation Emax between the source power Pezo and the incident power P E nax 200 rer fore lt 20 Eaa ST dBror fore lt 1dB Uncertainty calculations use statistical figures instead of the Emax errors from the equations above The following equation shows the relationship between the expanded uncertainty k 2 and the error This shows that the expanded uncertainty used for the uncertainty calculation is higher than the maximum error Manual 19 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Uncertainty Calculation Manual Data sheets often express the impedance matching of a device as a standing wave ratio SWR The relationship between the SWR and the reflection coefficient is expressed by the following equations l r g js r L 7 s The example below demonstrates the influence of mismatch caused by a signal source that is directly connected to a power sensor Load R amp S NRPZ11 SWR 1 2 r_ 0 09 Source R amp S SMBV100A SWR 1 6 re 0 23 Us 2 0 707 8 7 dB 0 09 0 23 0 25 dB 20 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation LLL ey 6 Software Installation The following section outlines the process for installing Power Viewer Plus on various platforms 6 1 System Requirements If the sensors are to be controlled by a PC rather than by
84. he debug page for the program settings dialog This dialog is reached from the menu bar by selecting Configure Options Debug The syntax for adding custom commands is trace cmd lt command gt Multiple lines may be appended after each other Lines starting with a hash mark are treated as a comment and ignored e Disabling the NRP Z81 equivalent sampling mode trace cmd SENS TRAC ESAM AUTO OFF e NRP Z81 trace measurements at reduced bandwidth trace cmd SENS BWID VID 5 MHz e Using a specific sensor path with the 3 path diode sensors trace cmd SENS RANG AUTO OFF trace cmd SENS RANG 2 Manual 76 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements 16 3 Graphical Trace View The graphical trace view contains the information shown below Reference level Delayed trigger Legend Physical trigger Level lines Scaling Trigger level 15 dBm 10 dB div 100 us div 700 us 2 0 243 dBm F 348 058 us 3 235 dBm 3 116 dBm Pk 3 104 dBm 3 478 dB 21 92 dB Measurement Number of samples Trigger Time gate area Time at right screen border Time at left screen border Fig 16 3 1 The graphical trace view Manual TT R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements 16 4 Manual If the trigger level is located outside of the visible area the green trigger level line disappears In its place a little arrow next to the T indicates the direction in which the trigger level is located 0 00 dBm
85. hown on the user interface The waveform acquisition includes averaging which means that 2 N trigger events must occur before the acquisition completes If single shot events are to be analyzed the averaging filter count must be set to Real Time Source This setting establishes the trigger signal s source Internal means that the trigger event is generated by the applied RF signal and by the set trigger level The External setting uses the BNC input signal from the R amp S NRP Z3 or R amp S NRP Z5 adapter When an external source is used the trigger level and hysteresis functions are not effective Manual 73 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements SaaS EEE Ee Slope The trigger slope can be set to either the positive or negative edge This setting is available for all trigger sources Level This level setting establishes the trigger threshold for internal triggering derived from the test signal In order to achieve stable triggering conditions a trigger level above 40 dBm is advisable Holdoff The holdoff setting suppresses trigger events within the set holdoff time in seconds starting from the time of the last successful triggering The holdoff time must be larger than the total trace time Dropout This setting establishes the dropout time in microseconds With a positive or alternatively negative trigger slope the dropout time is the minimum time for which the signal must be below above the trigger power level
86. idual settings for each sensor Signal Frequency This frequency is used to correct measurement results in various ways It is essential that the current carrier frequency be set Otherwise non linearities or temperature dependencies considerably greater than those stated in the data sheet can arise Level Offset The offset accounts for external losses If for example a 60 dB directional coupler is used to sense power from a DVB T transmitter the coupling loss can be used as the offset Power Viewer Plus sets up the sensor accordingly and displays the corrected power measurements Gamma Correction The gamma correction value sets the source s complex reflection coefficient A magnitude value of zero corresponds to an ideally matched source and a value of one to total reflection The phase angle can be set between 360 0 and 360 0 degrees S Parameters embedding This check box activates S parameter correction by setting the default S parameter data set stored in the sensor S parameter correction is used to compensate for a component attenuator directional coupler connected ahead of the sensor by means of its S parameter data set Using S parameters instead of a fixed offset allows more precise measurements because the interaction between the sensor and the component can be taken into account Manual 56 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps SSE EEE SSS ey S Parameter sets are loaded into the sensor using the
87. ification of the work for the customer s own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications You must give prominent notice with each copy of the work that the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are covered by this License You must supply a copy of this License If the work during execution displays copyright notices you must include the copyright notice for the Library among them as well as a reference directing the user to the copy of this License Also you must do one of these things a Accompany the work with the complete corresponding machine readable source code for the Library including whatever changes were used in the work which must be distributed under Sections 1 and 2 above and if the work is an executable linked with the Library with the complete machine readable work that uses the Library as object code and or source code so that the user can modify the Library and then relink to produce a modified executable containing the modified Library It is understood that the user who changes the contents of definitions files in the Library will not necessarily be able to recompile the application to use the modified definitions e b Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the Library A suitable mechanism is one that 1 uses at run time a copy of the library already present on the user s computer system rather than copying library functions into the executable and 2 will op
88. ignal to fall below the trigger threshold for the defined period of time before the trigger system rearms again Please note that the trigger level is set in linear units lErr rsnrpz_trigger_setSource ulLUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ_TRIGGER_SOURCE_INTERNAL lErr rsnrpz_trigger_setSlope ulUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ SLOPE POSITIVE lErr rsnrpz_trigger_setDropoutTime ulUSBSession 1 dDropoutTime lErr rsnrpz_trigger_setHysteresis ulUSBSession 1 1 lErr rsnrpz_trigger_setLevel ulUSBSession 1 dTrigLevelW Setting an averaging filter is in most cases desired when trace data is to be measured Averaging reduces the noise dramatically and therefore increases the dynamic range lErr rsnrpz_scope_setAverageCount ulUSBSession 1 iAverageCount lErr rsnrpz_scope_setAverageEnabled ulUSBSession 1 true The averaging filter can be operated in either repeating or moving mode In repeating mode the filter content is cleared at the beginning of the measurement cycle Once the filter is entirely filled the measurement terminates and the result can be read lErr rsnrpz_scope_setAverageTerminalControl ulLUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ_TERMINAL_CONTROL_REPEAT The rsnrpz_chan_initiate function call starts the measurement cycle and returns immediately lErr rsnrpz_chan_initiate ulUSBSession 1 Before any data can be read from the sensor the measurement status must be polled repeatedly This polling must be implement
89. iguration with the passive USB adapter 35 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Connecting Sensors to the PC ET EES SSS San eas 8 2 3 R amp S NRP Z5 Sensor Hub The R amp S NRP Z5 sensor hub allows up to four power sensors to be operated on one PC It combines the following functions e 4 port USB 2 0 hub with Multi TT architecture e Power supply e Through wired trigger bus e Trigger input and trigger output via BNC sockets It is possible to cascade several R amp S NRP Z5 sensor hubs by connecting the R amp S Instrument port of an R amp S NRP Z5 to one of the sensor ports of another R amp S NRP Z5 However external triggering and the use of the Trigger Master function are then not possible Instead it is recommended that you connect all R amp S NRP Z5 hubs individually to the USB host or to an interposed USB hub Then feed the external trigger signal to all R amp S NRP Z5 hubs via their trigger inputs ml ye ag re a Fig 8 2 3 Connecting the USB hub Manual 36 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Connecting Sensors to the PC EE LS ESS SSS EE ee Sees 8 2 4 Third Party Products This section lists devices that are manufactured by other vendors and have been used successfully with R amp S NRP Zxx power sensors Rohde amp Schwarz cannot provide a continuous guarantee that these products will work with R amp S NRP Zxx sensors because technical changes or newer versions of these products are not retested Icron www ic
90. ine indicator displays a small marker at the current write position as well as the position of the two time lines Zooming Zooming can be performed in the x or y direction separately by using the left mouse button and the mouse wheel Y direction e Select the center point for the y zoom and T click once using the left mouse button A ah zoom point indicator is placed at this point e Turn the mouse wheel forward to zoom in e Turn the mouse wheel backwards to zoom out e Press the left mouse key again to disable zoom mode and remove the zoom point indicator X direction e Position the mouse at the beginning of the a x range that should be magnified e Press the left mouse key and hold it while you move the mouse to the right side Release the left mouse key at the right end of the x zoom area A semi transparent area marks the zoom range e Turn the mouse wheel forward to zoom into the highlighted area The the system remembers the x zoom ranges Turning the mouse wheel backwards restores the last display range 130 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels SSS SSS 5S SS SSS Se 21 2 Limit Monitoring The limit monitoring panel receives up to 16 scalar measurands and compares them against warning and error thresholds The limit monitoring panel does not take measurements itself instead it evaluates data that is generated by the measurement panels continuous trace timeslot etc The screen shot below
91. ined as the period between the point in time when the signal exceeds the lower reference level and the point in time when it exceeds the upper reference level If no rising edge can be detected is displayed Rising Edge The point in time when the first rising edge occurs i e the point in time at which the signal exceeds the average reference level The rising edge position is based on the delayed trigger point Rising Edge To Phys Trig Unlike the standard rising edge time this time is related to the physical trigger If no trigger delay is set this measurement is omitted Fall Time The time of the first falling edge The fall time is defined as the period between the point in time when the signal falls below the upper reference level and the point in time when it falls below the lower reference level If no falling edge can be detected is displayed Falling Edge The point in time when the first falling edge occurs i e the point in time at which the signal falls below the average reference level The falling edge position is referenced to the delayed trigger point Falling Edge To Phys Trig In contrast to the standard falling edge time this time is related to the physical trigger If no trigger delay is set this measurement is omitted Peak Power The maximum power value for the entire trace Top Power The pulse s top power This power level is determined by the analysis algorithm and is fundamental for th
92. ing Manual Count 4 Duty Cycle Enable Correction Percentage 435 Sampling Window Aperture Use Manual Entry Time 4 6 ms Enable Smoothing Fig 15 1 1 Settings for continuous power measurements Averaging The averaging mode can be set to either Auto or Manual In manual mode the sensor uses an averaging factor that is set by the user between 1 no averaging and 65536 In auto mode the sensor determines the optimum average filter count based on a resolution of 0 01 dB Count This is the number of measured values that have to be averaged to generate the measurement results Raising the averaging factor reduces fluctuation in measured values and lengthens the amount of time required to complete the measurement Manual 62 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Continuous Power Measurement Go SSE EEE eee Duty Cycle The duty cycle can be set as a percentage when pulse modulated signals are corrected With correction activated the sensor calculates pulse power from the duty cycle and the average power Sampling Window Aperture The sampling window aperture time is the time period that is used to form one sample The Power Viewer Plus software automatically uses a default window that best fits the selected sensor Wider sampling windows may be required if the measurement result exhibits fluctuations due to modulation In this case it is beneficial to set the sampling window length to a value equal to
93. ing message indicating that an application is already running Power Viewer Plus does not detect if any other application is already accessing the low level drivers For this reason itis advisable to close all other R amp S NRP Z related applications before starting Power Viewer Plus 30 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Command Line Options ESSE SSS EE ee 7 Command Line Options 7 1 General Options The Power Viewer Plus software supports a set of command line options that affect the application s look and feel as well its startup behavior native The user interface look is left as native as possible classic pv This option starts Power Viewer Plus in a mode in which it only displays the continuous power measurement window This is similar to the classic Power Viewer application e Disables all features but the continuous power measurement e Always starts with a fixed application window size e Continuous power measurement is activated e The analog bar and trend display are not available e The measurement starts automatically if a sensor is detected no splash This option omits the initial splash screen and speeds up the application startup project lt file gt This option loads a specific project file at startup If the application is available the default project file is written If the specified project file is not available the default settings are applied sensor lt sensor gt This option includes n
94. ing the pulse amplitude The reference levels are specified as a percentage of the pulse amplitude and they are required for measuring the entire pulse timing Equiv Sampling This entry is only displayed if the high resolution pulse analysis is used by the sensor firmware and shows the equivalent sampling time This time provides a good measure of the accuracy that is achieved with the automatic pulse measurements The following example demonstrates the difference in resolution Without equivalent sampling 20 us div 500 video points lt 400 ns sample With equivalent sampling Signal dependent 2 5 ns High resolution pulse analysis is useful when pulses with large duty cycles need to be measured for example in radar applications Manual 91 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements SaaS SSS EEE Ee Unit The reference level values are specified as a percentage of the pulse amplitude and they can be voltage or power related Level The low mid and high reference levels that are used for the automatic pulse measurement The levels are set as a percentage of the pulse amplitude Pulse Duration The time between the pulse s first rising edge and subsequent falling edge If the duration cannot be determined is displayed Pulse Period The time between two consecutive edges of the same type If the period cannot be determined is displayed Rise Time The time of the first rising edge The rise time is def
95. ings Power Viewer Plus creates print reports or copies measurement results to the system clipboard This greatly simplifies documentation tasks Please see the Hardcopy Features and Copy to Clipboard sections for additional details gt Program Settings 2 emo Do Not Invert Colors Use Custom Size Instead of Default 800 x 600 800 X 600 pas Fig 9 2 1 Hardcopy settings Do Not Invert Colors By default the application uses printer friendly colors when copying data to the system clipboard This feature can be turned off by choosing not to invert the screen colors Use Custom Size The Copy to Clipboard function always creates a bitmap of a fixed size This simplifies documentation tasks since any display resolution may be used and you do not need to specifically rescale captured images Manual 40 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Configuring the Application 9 3 Timeout Related Settings The Timeout tab is shown below and is mainly used for connections across USB extenders or USB to LAN interfaces These devices often introduce large turnaround times that need to be taken care of 2 Program Settings E ene Drawing Hardcopy Timeout USB Sensors Debug USB Communication Set Communication Timeout 25000 ms Measurements __ Set Measurement Timeout 10000 ms Fig 9 3 1 Timeout settings USB Communicatio
96. interval pre trigger depends on the sensor hardware used Power Viewer Plus automatically corrects invalid ranges for the current sensor Delay The trigger delay creates a delayed trigger point that is not identical to the physical trigger point Power Viewer Plus uses the delayed trigger point as the zero position for the time axis The delay setting can be used to compensate for signal delays caused by long cabling and external trigger source Measurements Fulse P Marker Fig 16 1 6 Additional measurement settings Pulse This button opens the Auto Pulse Settings panel Use this panel to configure all parameters that are relevant to the automatic pulse measurement The check box is used to enable or disable the automatic pulse measurement globally Marker This button opens the Advanced Marker Settings panel Use this panel to configure all parameters that are relevant to the marker measurements The check box is used to enable or disable the marker measurements globally Manual 15 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements 16 2 Custom Settings The Power Viewer Plus software provides a mechanism for adding custom settings to the trace measurement configuration For this purpose SCPI commands can be sent at the end of the trace measurement configuration Adding these commands is generally not required but it may be useful for special applications or for debugging The SCPI commands can be specified on t
97. into most applications such as Microsoft Excel or Open Office Window Show Tool Bar Enables or disables the upper tool bar Disabling the tool bar is useful if the application shall be used with screen resolutions of 800 x 600 pixels or less Window Toggle Settings Panel Enables or disables the settings panel on the right side of the application window Removing the settings panel frees some display Manual 53 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps Manual 11 2 6 space and can be useful if the screen resolution is limited e g 640x480 pixels Help Help GY About This Software Fig 11 2 6 Help menu option Help About This Software Displays program information such as the software version number and licensing information 54 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps SSE EEE SSS es 11 3 The Toolbar The application provides a main toolbar that is located at the top of the main program window This toolbar hosts shortcuts to commonly used functions and measurements Stop measurement Start measurement Zero sensor fy E yo ER gt E Toggle settings Save measurement data Save graphics to file Copy graphics to clipboard Print measurement report Save project file Load project file Fig 11 3 1 The main toolbar 11 4 Selecting a Sensor A second toolbar is located at the lower border It is used for sensor selection and for general settings This toolbar is
98. iple Sensors Multiple sensors may be opened simultaneously within one application The rsnrpz_init function must be called once for each sensor using the sensor resource string The USB session ID numbers returned from this function are then used to access the individual sensors Manual 146 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a ere 23 5 Error Handling Most rsnrpz_ driver functions return an error code If the function call is successful the return value is zero If an error was returned further information may be obtained from the rsnrpz_error_message function This function translates the error code into a human readable text message char szMessage 256 rsnrpz_error_message ulUSBSession lErr szMessage Additionally errors that arise inside the sensor can be queried from the sensor error queue The rsnrpz_error_query should be called as long as the LErr2 return variable is not equal to zero and the return code lErr is zero lErr rsnrpz_error_query ulUSBSession amp lErr2 szMessage Please note that both functions require a valid session number If the rsnrpz_init function fails and no valid session number is available session is zero these functions cannot be used In most cases this indicates that the sensor has already been opened by another application or that the sensor firmware is outdated 23 6 Zeroing Zeroing the sensor might be required if very low signal levels need to be measu
99. is a set of place holders that can be used within the file name E The temporary directory Sh The user s home directory Sm The name of the measurement Sd The day when the data log was started St The time when the data log was started Example t pvp m d t csv This creates log files with the name pvp Continuous 20090624 154627 csv if used with the continuous measurement mode The storage location is the temporary folder set in the operating system e g C TEMP Manual 128 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels SSS aaa ee 21 1 2 The Context Menu The data log panel provides a context menu that can be activated by right clicking in the graphics area When multiple traces are visible the context menu is invoked for the trace that is located at the current mouse position Auto Level This Entire Time Auto Scale All Show Statistics Lines Time Lines to Window Clear All Data Fig 21 1 6 Context menu for the data log panel Auto Level This This option sets the current trace back to full auto leveling This is useful when previous zoom actions were used to magnify trace details Entire Time This menu item sets all traces back to the entire log time This option is useful when previous zoom actions were used to magnify trace details The time axis is always common for all traces Therefore this action involves all traces Auto Scale All This option combines both of the above options It s
100. k Continue I a 7 Fig 6 4 3 Installation selection The Application Development entry is optional and is not enabled by default It installs simple C programs that use the VXI PnP driver These small programs may be used as starting points for your own implementations Manual 26 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation After successful installation the Power Viewer Plus application can be started from the Rohde Schwarz folder that was created in the Mac OS X application directory On E Preview app QuickTi layer app Rohde Schwarz Safari app i Stickies app Utilities Open in Finder Fig 6 4 4 The Rohde Schwarz folder Manual 27 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation Manual Sensor Firmware Requirements Power Viewer Plus may require newer firmware versions on certain power sensors Please see the firmware update section in this manual for more details on updating the sensor firmware The latest firmware files are available free of charge from the Rohde amp Schwarz website R amp S NRP Z8x R amp S NRP Z1x R amp S NRP Z2x R amp S NRP Z3x R amp S NRP Z5x 1 16 or later 1 20 recommended 4 08 or later 4 08 or later 4 08 or later 4 08 or later 28 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation LLL SSSI Sey 6 6 Supported R amp S NRPZ Sensors The following table provides an overview of the sensors that are supported in Power Viewer Plus USB Sup
101. kernel driver 2 Install the PowerViewerPlus application 3 Compile and install the examples lt Cancel gt Fig 6 3 3 Installation items After the installation has been completed the Power Viewer Plus application is launched by a start script PowerViewerPlus This script first verifies that it is not being called with super user privileges Then it starts the Power Viewer Plus binary Manual 24 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation LLL SSSI Sey 6 4 Installation on Mac OS X This application is part of the R amp S NRP Toolkit In contrast to the Windows R amp S NRP Toolkit the Mac OS X version contains the following components e RsNrpLib framework Low level driver e RsNrpz framework VXI PnP driver e HTML help files for the VXI PnP driver e Power Viewer Plus and PDF manual e Example programs for use with the VXI PnP driver The toolkit comes as a dmg disk image that can be mounted by double clicking the file in the Mac OS X Finder This image contains the Nrp Toolkit mpkg installer Double click this entry in the disk image view NrpToolkit mpkg NRP Toolkit ROHDE amp SCHWARZ NRP Toolkit 4 NrpToolkit mpkg Fig 6 4 1 Contents of the dmg image Manual 25 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation SLL ey The welcome message provides an overview of the packages that are part of the installer and indicates their default installation location Ins
102. lable to the driver thread between subsequent polls Sleep 100 or SwitchToThread ViBoolean bMeasCompleted lErr rsnrpz_chan_isMeasurementComplete ulUSBSession 1 amp bMeasCompleted When the measurement cycle has completed successfully the result can be read and a new measurement cycle may be started ViReal64 fMeasResult lErr rsnrpz_meass_fetchMeasurement ulUSBSession 1 amp fMeasResult Manual 150 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a ae 23 9 Trace Measurements This example demonstrates how to implement a trace measurement for a repeating signal that provides a stable trigger condition First the sensor s operation mode needs to be set This step is only required initially lErr rsnrpz_chan_mode ulUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ SENSOR MODE SCOPE Second the carrier frequency must be set Setting the carrier frequency is required for precise power measurements lErr rsnrpz_chan_setCorrectionFrequency ulUSBSession 1 dCarrierHz In many cases the power sensor is not directly connected to the DUT and compensation must be made for additional cable loss The following two functions enable and set the level offset lErr rsnrpz_corr_setOffset ulUSBSession 1 dOffsetdB lErr rsnrpz_corr_setOffsetEnabled ulUSBSession 1 bEnOffset The function below configures the measurement bandwidth Using a lower bandwidth decreases measurement noise and increases trigger sensitivity The
103. list of available bandwidth IDs can be obtained using rsnrpz_bandwidth_getBwList lErr rsnrpz_bandwidth_setBw ulUSBSession 1 The number of video points for the trace measurement is set using rsnrpz_ scope _setPoints Using 500 points usually represents a good compromise between USB transfer speed and resolution The trace data s transfer time increases with the number of video points lErr rsnrpz_scope_setPoints ulUSBSession 1 iVideoPoints Manual 151 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a ae The trace time sets the overall capture time for one trace measurement Each video point represents the time period resulting from the trace time divided by the number of video points lErr rsnrpz_scope_setTime ulUSBSession 1 dTraceTime The offset time is used to capture signal portions before the trigger point The valid time range depends on the sensor and must be looked up in the sensor manual The function call is not required if this feature is not needed An offset time of zero starts trace capturing at the trigger position lErr rsnrpz_scope_ setOffsetTime ulUSBSession 1 dOffsetTime Configuring the trigger condition is crucial for all trace measurements The following lines configure the trigger system to internal triggering on a positive slope The hysteresis should be set to a small value e g 1 dB to allow for stable triggering The dropout time can be set optionally and requires the s
104. ls M1 M2 M3 and M4 Feed 1 chi ha Operation Ratio buy a Feed Ch2 Fig 19 3 1 Mathematical settings for multi channel measurements Sum Two measured power values are added in linear scale watts The result is displayed in watts or dBm Diff Two measured values are subtracted from each other in linear scale watts The result is displayed in watts or dBm Ratio The ratio is calculated by dividing one measurement by the other one The result is displayed without a unit or is converted to dB RCoeff The reflection coefficient is computed from two measured values in logarithmic scale using the following equation P P RC 10 SWR The standing wave ratio is computed from two measured values using the following equation 1 RC l RC SWR Manual 109 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Script Based Measurement 20 Manual script Based Measurement The script based measurement function is useful for implementing custom measurement tasks that cannot be covered by the measurement panels provided in Power Viewer Plus For this purpose a script language is used This language consist of SCPI commands that are sent to the sensor as well as instructions that are interpreted by Power Viewer Plus es eco fmSa Load Save Measurements Edit UL C Read Only Pam ae 7 Freq 1e9 rm 9 DEVICE 1 NRP Z81 100037 10 D
105. m Fixed Statistics Ch 1 MIN _ 5 4 Fy dBm Fixed Statistics MAX 3 3 MIN 6 63 Os 39 840 s 79s 119s S 199s 19 920 s 59 760 s 99s 139s 179s Fig 3 6 Recording measured data 10 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Key Software Features Manual Performing 4 channel statistical analysis on any measured data Max 329 056 uW u95 329 006 uw Min 328 686 uW Avg 328 886 uW Cnt 1000 L95 328 766 uW 59 824 nW adili Max 329 056 uW 329 006 uW Min 328 686 uW 328 886 uW Cnt 1000 328 766 uW 59 824 nW Measured data quantiles o s E Ea ie aoe 30 138 gw Normal theoretical e o Fig 3 7 Four channel statistical analysis Configuring 16 channel limit monitoring for any measured data optionally sending limit violations to a remote host via a TCP IP server Limit Monitor O o on vea o ee O A ee Ce e Reverse 3 41128 dBm Forward Forward Reverse Reverse Reverse Forward Forward Forward Forward Fig 3 8 Limit monitoring 36947 dBm 65 dBm 38802 dBm 07283 dBm 15 44 38 11 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Key Software Features _PrPS SSS IM e Creating custom measurements in script mode Scripting 5 Fo Ex Load Save Measurements JENISE exit ut _ Read Only lita uaa Te FRSE 1 lt SOUR FREQ SFreq 1 lt SOUR POW 10 dBm 1 lt OUTP STATE ON
106. measured values over time New values are appended on the right side of the chart and they move to the left side with time Average power Peak power 20 10 0 10 70 ial o 30 40 60 Fig 15 7 1 Trend chart in absolute measurement mode Analogously to the analog meter the blue trace indicates average power whereas the red trace is used for peak power readings The trend chart does not provide a time scale because the time varies depending on the filter and measurement window settings Please note that Power Viewer Plus sets the sensor to a moving average filter mode This ensures a constant measurement rate regardless of the averaging filter count or sampling window length As a result fast level changes do not appear as a step in the trend chart Instead they exhibit a smooth transition from one level to the other 20 10 10 20 30 I 40 50 60 Fig 15 7 2 Step response for a measurement taken with an NRP Z81 on a 3GPP signal with the manual averaging filter set to 256 and the aperture set to 10 ms Manual 68 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Continuous Power Measurement ea See SEE eee 15 8 Histogram Display The histogram sorts the measured values into categories data bins that are evenly distributed between the minimum and maximum readings The results are displayed as a bar chart in which the height of a bar indicates how many measurements fall into each category
107. measurement is running Measurement Stop Stops the currently active measurement To add a level of protection a measurement can only be stopped when its window is active and selected This prevents unintentional stopping of a measurement Measurement Continuous Opens the panel for the continuous measurement mode In this mode the power sensors perform asynchronous measurements on the signal power over a definable time interval aperture time Measurement Trace Opens the panel for the Trace measurement mode The panel displays the envelope power versus time Measurement Statistics Opens the panel for the Statistics measurement mode In this mode the signals CDF CCDF or PDF can be measured Measurement Timeslot Opens the panel for the Timeslot measurement mode This mode measures the average and peak power of a definable number of successive timeslots Measurement Multi Channel Opens a panel that can display continuous power readings for up to 16 sensors Measurement Scripting Opens the scripting window The scripting measurement module is used to execute SCPI scripts or to define custom measurements Please see the scripting section for additional details Manual 51 R amp S Power Viewer Plus a a a aie Manual 11 2 4 First Steps Data Processing Data Processing Con Data Log Analysis Limit Monitor Fig 11 2 4 Data Processing menu This menu contains functions that
108. ment itself it only limits the number of visible digits Both linear and logarithmic power readings are average measurements based on the current average filter setting If the sensor provides peak power data these readings are displayed below the main reading In the upper left display corner a set of icons informs the user about the measurement state Duty cycle correction This icon is displayed in the display s upper left corner when duty cycle correction is active S parameter device This icon is displayed in the display s upper left corner when S parameter correction is active Offset This icon is displayed in the display s upper left corner when a level offset is set Manual 64 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Continuous Power Measurement Manual 15 3 15 4 Over range warning This icon is displayed in the display s upper left corner when the power level approaches the sensor destruction limit Negative Power Readings When a noisy signal is measured close to the power level at which the sensor was zeroed negative power readings may occur in the linear scale The logarithmic scale ignores the polarity and always uses the linear power reading s absolute value In rare cases the reading may be exactly zero Since it is impossible to convert zero into a logarithmic scale a value that is 20 dB below the minimum specified measurement level is used instead Accuracy of Peak Power Measurements Please note
109. modes These modes are outlined below Fixed Time This mode is available for the reference and the delta markers The marker is positioned at a fixed point in time This time is relative to the trigger point whereas the delta marker time is related to the marker that it is dependent on Fixed time markers can be dragged using the mouse Auto Peak This option is only available for the reference marker If selected this marker automatically tracks the peak power value within the visible trace area A Level This option is only available for the delta markers If selected this marker is automatically positioned at the desired signal level by Manual 83 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements SaaS EEE Eee Manual searching to the right or left The level is entered as a value that is relative to the power level upon which the marker is dependent An additional exclude time can be set to inhibit searching within this period of time Next Peak This option is only available for the delta markers If selected this marker automatically searches for the next signal peak The level value defines a relative threshold for the peak search It should be set so that noise peaks are not accidentally evaluated as signal peaks An additional exclude time can be set to inhibit searching within this period 16 9 1 Pulse Width Measurements An automatic pulse width measurement can be performed using three markers The reference marker is
110. n By default this value is set internally to 5 seconds Connections across the Internet e g using the Digi AnywhereUSB device www digi com may require values of up to 15 seconds Measurement Timeout This function is used internally to set the time between the point when a measurement is initiated and the maximum waiting time for the result Normally the internal time of 5 seconds should be sufficient However very slow connections may make it necessary to increase this time Manual 41 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Configuring the Application So SSS SS Se eee 9 4 USB Related Settings The USB tab is shown below and is used for altering USB interface related settings on Microsoft Windows based operating systems o gt Program Settings P xX Drawing Hardcopy Timeout MEESI sensors J Debus Enabling Long Distance mode lowers the amount of USB interface related resources that the NRP Z instrument driver requires Enabling LD mode may be required when multiple power sensors are operated simultaneously with USB extenders Some systems require administrator rights to change this setting LD mode is OFF Lo Digable The operating system may turn off unused hubs or hub ports This feature is referred to as Selective Suspend Under some circumstances this feature can lead to a situation where a hub port is left turned off and does not recognize USB device anymore Some systems require administrator rights to
111. n event or until the definable timeout has expired This is useful when it is necessary to synchronize to the measurement completion state During the waiting period the user can stop the script using the Stop button Example e Start a measurement and wait for its completion The maximum waiting time is set to 10 seconds lt INIT IMM WAIT OPC 10 lt FETCH SCPI Commands and Queries SCPI commands are directly send to the sensor The list of available commands can be found in the instrument s user manual It is important to note that the capital letters used in the commands are mandatory whereas the lower case letters are optional Command in user manual SENSe AVERage COUNt 32 Possible syntax lt SENS AVER COUN 32 Queries are used similarly to SCPI commands but they end with a question mark All SCPI commands or queries start with an optional instrument ID and the lt character The lt character is mandatory and tells the script parser to treat the following text as SCPI language If the initial instrument ID is omitted the script parser assumes device index zero SCPI queries may use two additional arguments The first argument defines a variable that receives the result If no variable is specified the result is not memorized The second argument may be used to assign a unit text to the variable Syntax lt ID gt lt lt Query gt lt Args gt lt Var gt lt Unit gt Examples e Read the ave
112. nd i listening provides a list of all ports that the system is currently listening to 134 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels SSS SaaS See Access Rules The access rules define which clients are allowed to connect to the limit monitoring server For this purpose two lists of IP addresses define hosts that are denied and hosts that are allowed to connect The order in which these two lists are evaluated can be selected The second list to be evaluated takes precedence over the list that is evaluated first Each list may contain the keyword All or a comma separated list of IP addresses or fractions of IP addresses Example Order Deny Allow Deny All Allow 192 168 In the example above the deny list is evaluated first The keyword All indicates that any incoming request will be rejected Second the allow list is evaluated All servers that match 192 168 x x are allowed to connect Require Authentication When this authentications setting is enabled the server prompts a connecting client for a login and a password Server status messages are shown on the application s message log panel This window can be activated from the menu bar by selecting Window Message Log Manual 135 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels 21 2 3 Client Connections The telnet and netcat tools can be used as clients for connecting to the limit monitoring server The client is invoked from the command line
113. ndent and separate works in themselves then this License and its terms do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Library the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it Thus it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you rather the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Library Manual 158 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Licenses ee ee ae In addition mere aggregation of another work not based on the Library with the Library or with a work based on the Library on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License 3 You may opt to apply the terms of the ordinary GNU General Public License instead of this License to a given copy of the Library To do this you must alter all the notices that refer to this License so that they refer to the ordinary GNU General Public License version 2 instead of to this License If a newer version than version 2 of the ordinary GNU General Public License has appeared then you can specify that version instead if you wish Do not make any other change in these notic
114. ngs dialog similar to the one for measurements Unlike measurements the data log does not generate data but rather processes measurands from active measurements State Fig 21 1 2 State settings Start Stop The data log process does not start automatically when a measurement is started it needs to be activated separately This allows the user to setup the measurement first and then start the log Starting the log erases all previous data from the log memory The data log s capturing state is indicated by a hard disk icon in the lower left corner of the application window The data log is not active 126 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels SSS aaa SSS See Feeds Source Continuous n Ch2 OFF Spent Fig 21 1 3 Feed definitions Feeds First set the Source to select the measurement that feeds data into the log panel Second select up to four measurands for the four data log channels Power values are normally received in watts but may be converted into dBm Max Capture Time Days HH MM FE ik o fo 00 05 Fig 21 1 4 Capture time settings Max Capture Time The maximum capture time can be set to a period of up to seven days The 20000 data points in the panel s internal buffer are spaced evenly across the capture time Once the capture time has elapsed the data log is automatically deactivated and no more data is recorded Please note that the data re
115. nrpz_chan_info ulUSBSession 1 Type 256 szType char szSerial 256 lErr rsnrpz_chan_info ulUSBSession 1 Serial 256 szSerial printf s s s szManuf szType szSerial Continuous Average Power Measurement This example demonstrates how to implement a simple continuous average power measurement First the sensor s operation mode needs to be set This step only needs to be performed once when multiple average power measurements are required lErr rsnrpz_chan_mode ulUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ_SENSOR_MODE_CONTAV Second the carrier frequency must be set Setting the carrier frequency is always required for precise measurements lErr rsnrpz_chan_setCorrectionFrequency ulUSBSession 1 dCarrierHz 148 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a ae In many cases the power sensor is not directly connected to the DUT and compensation must be made for additional cable loss The two functions described below enable and set the level offset Please note that further level related commands expect levels that include the correction factor lErr rsnrpz_corr_setOffset ulUSBSession 1 dOffsetdB lErr rsnrpz_corr_setOffsetEnabled ulUSBSession 1 true The aperture time is the time for which the sensor integrates the signal in order to generate a a single sample Normally the sensor uses a default aperture that is best for noise and measurement speed When measuring AM modulated signals with
116. ny signal content Typically this is the average noise power The base power is referred to as the 0 level Manual 88 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements SaaS EEE Eee Top power The top power is the pulse power excluding any overshot at the beginning of the pulse This power level is referred to as the 100 level Peak power The peak power is the maximum power value captured in the trace The low mid and high reference levels The three reference power levels are specified by the user as a percentage of the pulse amplitude The amplitude is the power difference between the pulse s top power and its base power The three reference power levels are used to determine all pulse timing related values such as the rise time and fall time or the pulse width and pulse repetition time Please note that automatic pulse measurements are based on the average trace data returned from the sensor It is important that stable trigger conditions exist and that the average count is set high enough in order to run the automatic pulse measurement function Enabling automatic pulse measurement slightly slows down the measurement rate This is normal and is due to the sensor s internal processing routines The automatic pulse measurement settings are configured in a separate dialog that is accessible from the trace measurement configuration dialog box 2 Auto Pulse Settings o pnt Sen Type Integration Prefer Hig
117. o splash and omits the initial sensor scanning Instead the specified sensor is made available regardless of its physical availability The sensor must be defined by the sensor type and by its serial number for example Z11 123456 no multi Disables the multi channel measurement mode Manual 31 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Command Line Options ee ee eres no flash Disables the firmware flash dialog no timeslot Disables the timeslot measurement mode no statistics Disables the statistics measurement mode no trace Disables the trace measurement mode no scripting Disables the scripting measurement mode no datalog Disables the data log window no analysis Disables the data analysis window no monitor Disables the limit monitoring window debug Writes additional log messages to the message log window This may be useful for debugging software problems Manual 32 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Command Line Options NR N 7 2 Setting the Application Style The style of the Power Viewer Plus user interface can be changed using the style command line option Changing the style might be useful if the application should use the operating system s look and feel By default Power Viewer Plus uses an internal style that is independent of the underlying operating system style lt style gt lt style gt User Interface Example Plastique Continuous WIN 10 000 ms Manual Count 256
118. oint count this setting is useful for outdoor service applications trace meastime 1 When this option is enabled the Power Viewer software displays the total trace measurement time in the trace window This time is the period starting at the initiation of the measurement and ending when all data is received by the host tsl peak 0 When this setting is disabled the Power Viewer software omits peak readings in the timeslot measurement mode Please note that peak measurements are subject to higher noise content and the readings are only useful for levels greater than 5 dBm contav cmd lt cmd_list gt trace cmd lt cmd_list gt multi cmd lt ch gt lt cmd_list gt If set accordingly Power Viewer Plus appends the SCPI commands provided in the command list lt cmd_list gt at the end of the measurement configuration The command list can either be a single SCPI command or a list of commands separated by a semicolon For the multi channel measurement mode the channel number must also be provided Using these commands is risky because it may leave the sensor and user interface in different states trace noinfo 1 This option suppresses the Measure information box in the trace window 44 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Setting the Application Colors Eee EEE SSS Se er res 10 Setting the Application Colors Power Viewer Plus provides a color settings dialog box that can be accessed by selecting Configure Colors from the m
119. ome of the key features that Power Viewer Plus offers e Measuring the average and peak powers and viewing the numeric results Optionally adding an analog bar display a trend chart or statistical analysis Fig 3 1 Viewing measurement results e Viewing the RF power envelope down to a resolution of 5 ns div measuring pulse parameters with automatic pulse analysis using markers and measuring within time gates 20 dBm 10 dB div 2 ms div Fig 3 2 Pulse measurement Manual 8 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Key Software Features SSS SSSI EEE ery e Measuring the average power of up to 16 sensors and optionally computing results from the measured values gt Multi Channel RUNNING Resolution Unit 4 87 dBm 6 38 dBm Fig 3 3 Measuring average power e Viewing the average and peak powers for up to 16 consecutive timeslots in a bar chart 10 dB div an 1 90 dBm 1 Aver 128 AcqT 1189 ms Width 577 000 us Av 3 634 dBm Av 3 627 dBm Pk 0 387 dBm Pk 0 378 dBm Pk Av 3 247 dB Pk Av 3 249 dB Fig 3 4 Viewing average and peak powers Manual Manual Performing statistical CCDF CDF or PDF analysis of the envelope power 500 pnts Fig 3 5 Statistical analysis Recording up to 4 channels of any measured data to memory and or to a file dB
120. ortions of the Library rather than a work that uses the library The executable is therefore covered by this License Section 6 states terms for distribution of such executables When a work that uses the Library uses material from a header file that is part of the Library the object code for the work may be a derivative work of the Library even though the source code is not Whether this is true is especially significant if the work can be linked without the Library or if the work is itself a library The threshold for this to be true is not precisely defined by law If such an object file uses only numerical parameters data structure layouts and accessors and small macros and small inline functions ten lines or less in length then the use of the object file is unrestricted regardless of whether it is legally a derivative work Executables containing this object code plus portions of the Library will still fall under Section 6 Otherwise if the work is a derivative of the Library you may distribute the object code for the work under the terms of Section 6 Any executables containing that work also fall under Section 6 whether or not they are linked directly with the Library itself 6 As an exception to the Sections above you may also combine or link a work that uses the Library with the Library to produce a work containing portions of the Library and distribute that work under terms of your choice provided that the terms permit mod
121. ower sensors are always calibrated to measure the power of the incident RF wave This means that the sensor corrects the reading for the internal losses and reflections As a result different power sensors that were connected to an ideal 50 ohm source would all show exactly the same result In the real world however neither the power sensor nor the source match an impedance of 50 ohms exactly The reflection that is caused by the power sensor itself is specified by the standing wave ratio SWR which is typically around 1 2 This means that a small portion of the RF wave is reflected back towards the source as a return wave An ideal source would absorb this return wave entirely Since the power sensor is calibrated to measure the incident wave and compensates for its own reflections the reading is correct Real signal sources are not ideal either They also reflect a portion of the return wave back to the power sensor This portion adds to the incident RF wave and influences the measurement result The uncertainty calculations in the previous chapter did not include the error caused by mismatch The following equation shows the minimum and maximum possible incident power based on the reflection coefficient of the source and the load Pezo Power from signal source P Incident power to power P P sensor P lt _ lt re Generator reflection 1 rot 1 1 I fo coefficient r Load reflection coefficient Depending on the p
122. pe can be saved to a text file by using the SAVE instruction Syntax SAVE lt ArrayVar gt lt file name gt Sending Data to Processing Panels Scalar variable data can be forwarded to all data sinks using the SEND instruction The channel number must be in the range between one and four It addresses the channel in the data processing panels When an array variable is used the element index zero based must be specified in square brackets Syntax SEND lt ScalarVar gt lt channel number gt SEND lt ArrayVar gt lt index gt lt channel number gt Examples e Send the value stored in the Power variable to the data processing panels as channel number one SEND Power 1 e Send the value stored in the Power aux1 variable to the data processing panels as channel number three SEND Power aux1 3 e Send the element at index 128 zero based of the array data stored in the PowerArray variable to the data processing panels as channel number one SEND PowerArray 128 1 119 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Script Based Measurement SSS SSS SS ee 20 2 Triggered Average Power Measurement The triggered continuous average measurement measures a single scalar power value once a trigger event occurs In the example below a pulse with a duration of 50 ms occurs once every second The pulse s power level varies slowly The sensor should provide an individual reading for each pulse The example script uses a measurement windo
123. ported Measurement Sensor ID Cont Trace Timeslot Statistics NRP Z11 Ox0C NRP Z21 0x03 NRP Z211 OxA6 e NRP Z22 0x13 e NRP 2Z221 OxA7 e NRP 2Z23 0x14 o e NRP 2Z24 0x15 o e NRP Z31 Ox2C e NRP 2Z41 0x96 e e NRP Z51 0x16 e NRP Z52 0x17 o NRP Z55 0x18 o NRP Z56 0x19 NRP Z57 0x70 NRP Z58 OxA8 NRP Z91 0x21 o NRP Z81 0x23 o NRP Z85 0x83 e NRP Z86 0x95 a e NRP Z27 0x2F e NRP Z28 0x51 NRP Z37 0x2D NRP Z92 0x62 o NRP Z98 0x52 NRPC33 0xB6 NRPC40 Ox8F o NRPC50 0x90 o NRPC33 B1 0xC2 NRPC40 B1 0xC3 NRPC5S0 B1 OxC4 FSH Z1 0x0B FSH 2Z18 0x1A e If no sensor is detected Power Viewer Plus automatically activates a simulated sensor called NRP ZOO The vendor ID for all R amp S NRP Zxx sensors is OxOAAD Manual 29 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation Manual 6 7 Running Multiple Instances Only one instance of Power Viewer Plus can be run at a time This limitation is required because the low level drivers do not support simultaneous access to the sensors from multiple applications Power Viewer Plus checks to see if any other instance is already running on the system If so a warning message appears RES Power Viewer Plus The application is already running on this PC The current driver design does nok support running multiple applications simultaneously Por Fig 6 7 1 Warn
124. ps the script using the Stop button LOOP INF END Defining Devices The primary task for the script language is to remote control power sensors via SCPI commands By default all SCPI commands are routed to the sensor which is selected for all measurements This sensor is referred to as device index zero Other sensors may be defined for use with the script language in which case device index values starting at one will be assigned The DEVICE instruction defines a sensor ID and also opens the sensor connection It must always be used before attempting to send SCPI commands to a sensor All sensor connections are automatically closed when the script finishes If this is not desired an infinite loop must be added to the end of the script The DEVICE instruction may also be used to define VISA interface connections to Rohde amp Schwarz signal generators In this case the argument is interpreted as the VISA resource string Syntax DEVICE DEVICE lt ID gt NRP Z lt SensorType gt lt Serial gt DEVICE lt ID gt lt VISA Resource String gt Example e Open the default device DEVICE e Open two devices DEVICE 1 NRP Z11 100123 DEVICE 2 NRP Z11 100246 e Open signal generator at GPIB address 28 DEVICE 1 GPIBO 28 114 R amp S Power Viewer Plus SS at Manual Script Based Measurement 20 1 10 Waiting for Measurement Completion 20 1 11 The WAIT instruction waits for the occurrence of a
125. pz_chan_setAuxiliary ulUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ_AUX_RNDMAX When auxiliary data is enabled the trace data must be read from the driver cache using the rsnrpz_meass_fetchBufferMeasurementAux function In a way similar to the regular fetch function all data is provided in linear units and contains the level offset ViReal64 pdMeasAv iTracePoints ViReal64 pdMeasRnd iTracePoints ViReal64 pdMeasPeak iTracePoints ViInt32 iReadCount lErr rsnrpz_meass_fetchBufferMeasurementAux ulUSBSession 1 iTracePoints pdMeasAv pdMeasRnd pdMeasPeak amp iReadCount Manual 154 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a ae 23 9 3 Automatic Pulse Measurement Wideband sensors such as the NRP Z81 can perform automatic pulse measurements in trace mode Enabling the automated pulse measurement increases the measurement and processing time inside the sensor The following two functions enable the automatic pulse measurement and set the algorithm to the histogram type lErr rsnrpz_scope meas_setMeasEnabled ulUSBSession 1 true lErr rsnrpz_scope meas_setMeasAlgorithm ulLUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ_SCOPE_MEAS ALG HIST The only three configuration parameters required by the automatic pulse analysis are the low mid and high thresholds as a percentage of the pulse top power lErr rsnrpz_scope meas_setLevelThresholds ulLUSBSession 1 dLevMidPercent dLevLowPercent dLevHighPercent After completion of the
126. r in an executable that you distribute 7 You may place library facilities that are a work based on the Library side by side in a single library together with other library facilities not covered by this License and distribute such a combined library provided that the separate distribution of the work based on the Library and of the other library facilities is otherwise permitted and provided that you do these two things a Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based on the Library uncombined with any other library facilities This must be distributed under the terms of the Sections above _b Give prominent notice with the combined library of the fact that part of it is a work based on the Library and explaining where to find the accompanying uncombined form of the same work 8 You may not copy modify sublicense link with or distribute the Library except as expressly provided under this License Any attempt otherwise to copy modify sublicense link with or distribute the Library is void and will automatically terminate your rights under this License However parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance 9 You are not required to accept this License since you have not signed it However nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Library or its derivative works These ac
127. r to CW sensors the wideband diode sensor s digital signal processing circuitry compensates the non linear diode characteristic in realtime Due to the wider bandwidth and fast sampling rate this is even possible for fast amplitude changes AM of the RF envelope Wideband diode sensors are ideal when the RF envelope should be measured e g for the analysis of pulsed signals Additionally these devices can measure the signal statistics such as the PDF CDF CCDF and average power for modulated signals The following chart shows the relationship between power levels and applications that generally fit a wideband diode sensor Average Power f lt BW Av Power i gt BW od 60 dBm 20 dBm 23 dBm Fig 4 5 2 Wideband power sensor applications At power levels below 20 dBm square law region these sensors exhibit little sensitivity to modulation and harmonics Average power measurements are possible down to a level of about 60 dBm For higher power levels care must be taken when the RF envelope is amplitude modulated at frequencies that exceed the detector s analog bandwidth In such cases it is no longer possible to compensate the RF envelope in realtime and measurement errors in the order of several percent may occur The wider bandwidth used by these sensors generally implies a higher noise floor Average power measurements overcome this issue by using averaging techniques When taking single shot measurem
128. rage filter count from device index zero The value is not assigned to a variable lt SENS AVER COUNP e Read the correction frequency floating point and save it to the Freq variable using the unit Hz lt SENS FREQ Freq Hz e Read the serial number of the sensor with the device ID of one and save it to the Serial variable 1 lt SYST INFO Serial Serial e Read the measurement along with the two AUX channels Since READ is a pseudo SCPI command that always returns floating point data the data type is omitted If AUX channels are read the script engine automatically creates the variables Pwr Pwr aux1 and Pwr aux2 The unit text W is assigned to all three variables lt READ AUX Pwr W 115 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Script Based Measurement 20 1 12 20 1 13 Manual Reading Scalar Results Reading measurement data is achieved by using the READ or FETCH queries Both queries conform to the SCPI language but cannot be found in the sensor s manual because the sensors do not directly support them Instead the sensor sends the measured values in binary format to the driver layer The driver caches this information and returns it when the FETCH command is evaluated The READ query initiates the measurement and returns the result once it becomes available Assigning the returned data to a variable is optional If the variable is not provided the script engine does not memorize the result The
129. re provided in the following section Package Link License Crystal Icons www yellowicons de LGPL V2 1 Crystal SVG Icons www kde look org LGPL www everaldo com Manual 157 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Licenses a naar 20 Licenses 26 1 GNU Lesser General Public License LGPL 2 1 Version 2 1 February 1999 Copyright C 1991 1999 Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document but changing it is not allowed TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0 This License Agreement applies to any software library or other program which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder or other authorized party saying it may be distributed under the terms of this Lesser General Public License also called this License Each licensee is addressed as you A library means a collection of software functions and or data prepared so as to be conveniently linked with application programs which use some of those functions and data to form executables The Library below refers to any such software library or work which has been distributed under these terms A work based on the Library means either the Library or any derivative work under copyright law that is to say a work containing the Library or a portion of it either verbatim or with modifications and or translated straightforwardl
130. red The time required for the zeroing procedure varies from sensor to sensor It must also be noted that the zero offset value is not permanent A sensor reset command does not clear the zero offset but a power loss requires re zeroing The following example starts the zeroing process with the function rsnrpz_chan_zero This function returns immediately The following call to rsnrpz_chan_isZeroComplete determines the completion state of the zeroing process The function should be called repeatedly in a loop but it must be ensured that there is enough CPU time available for the driver process Sleep SwitchToThread Using a short sleep that gives the CPU away to the background thread is recommended If the Zeroing fails an error code that is not equal to zero is returned lErr rsnrpz_chan_zero ulUSBSession 1 unsigned short usMeasCompleted lErr rsnrpz_chan_isZeroComplete ulUSBSession 1 amp usMeasCompleted Manual 147 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide Manual 23 7 23 8 Identifying a Sensor IDN It is often necessary to identify a sensor and retrieve its type and serial number The IDN command is available in the SCPI language for this task The C based VXIPnP driver provides functions that read extended sensor information and can be used for this purpose char szManuf 256 lErr rsnrpz_chan_info ulUSBSession 1 Manufacturer 256 szManuf char szType 256 lErr rs
131. result is the average power of uncorrelated signal portions 81 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements aE ESSE Eee 16 7 Lines Time Gate Gated Meas Level Lines 1 O si Av 9 005 dBm 1 25 dBm 2 4 214 ms Pk 9 857 dBm 2 9 935 dBm A 4 214 ms A 18 857 dB A 34 935 dB Fig 16 7 1 Measurements related to level lines and the time gate Time gate and level lines may be activated for simple measurement tasks Both line sets can be dragged by holding down the left mouse button Text boxes at the lower border show all related readings such as delta values and power readings within the gated area Time Gate 1 The position of line 1 relative to the trigger position 2 _ The position of line 2 relative to the trigger position A The time difference between both lines Gated Meas Av The average power between the time gate lines Pk The peak power between the time gate lines A The ratio of the peak and average powers Level Lines 1 The level at which line 1 is positioned 2 _ The level at which line 2 is positioned A The ratio of both levels Measure Mod Depth The level lines can optionally be used for measuring a signal s modulation depth according to the following equation VP VP Depth 100 JP P 1 2 16 8 Reference Trace Trace data can be saved to memory and shown as a reference curve The To Ref context menu entry saves all active traces to memory and displays them in a slightly darker color together with the
132. results from these queries are always in the float data type Syntax lt READ AUX lt Var gt lt Unit gt lt FETCH AUX lt Var gt lt Unit gt Examples e Initiate a measurement and read the data when the measurement has completed The data is not saved to any variable lt READ e Initiate a measurement and read the data with the two AUX channels when the measurement has completed The data is saved to the variables Pow Pow aux1 and Pow aux2 All variables use the unit text W lt READ AUX Pow W e Fetch the measurement result from the driver and save it to the variable Pow A unit text is not assigned lt FETCH Pow The READ query initiates a measurement waits for up to 5 seconds and then fetches one single float type result The READ AUX query initiates a measurement waits for up to 5 seconds and then fetches a set of three scalar results The READ AUX query can only be used if the sensor is configured for AUX mode The FETCH queries are similar to the READ queries but they do not initiate a measurement Instead the sensor is immediately queried for a result An error is generated if no result is available Reading Array Results Four additional queries read or fetch buffer array measurement data from the sensor Syntax lt READ BUFF AUX lt Var gt lt Unit gt lt FETCH BUFF AUX lt Var gt lt Unit gt In contrast
133. ript measures the average burst power in dBm DEVICE open default sensor lt RST lt SENS FUNC POW BURST AVG burst measurement lt SENS FREQ 1e9 signal frequency lt TRIG LEV 0 1e 3 trigger level lt SENS POW BURST DTOL 50e 6 dropout tolerance lt SENS TIM EXCL START 10e 6 exclude at start lt SENS TIM EXCL STOP 10e 6 exclude at end lt SENS AVER COUN 32 averaging lt SENS AVER STAT ON lt SENS AVER TCON REP LOOP INF lt READ Pow W init and read result CONVERT Pow DBM NUM Pow Pav DELAY 5 wait for 0 5 seconds END Manual 121 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Script Based Measurement 20 4 Manual Buffered Mode Measurements In buffered mode the sensor captures a predefined number of measurements and then sends all results back to the PC In the example below a single shot sequence of 20 bursts is measured using an individual trigger for each burst 15 dBm 10 dBm 5 dB div 50 ms div 5 dBm 0 dBm 5 dBm 10 dBm 15 dBm TL em 20 dBm Hil 25 dBm 30 dBm 35 dBm 100 ms Trig Fig 20 4 1 Buffered mode measurement of a 20 burst sequence The INIT IMM command starts the measurement cycle The sensor evaluates 20 trigger events and sets a flag once the measurement has been completed The WAIT command synchronizes to the measurement completion state and wait
134. rmal distribution The Q Normal Plot is therefore used as a graphical test for normal distribution 8 783 dem 0 099 dB Normal theoretical quantiles o Fig 21 3 3 Q Q Plot display The outer pair of red lines marks the 95 confidence band If all graph points are located within this band the normal probability test is positive at a 95 confidence level The diagram is vertically and horizontally scaled to steps of one o When all measured values are distributed normally all graph points are located on a straight line Departures from this straight line indicate that the normal distribution model is a poor fit for the distribution of the measured values Normal Quantiles Plot 95 Tolerance Band Max 0 230 dBm 0 234 dBm Min 0 266 dBm 0 248 dBm Cnt 5000 0 262 dBm S 0 007 dB uantiles o data q Fig 21 3 4 Example distribution Measured Fig 21 3 4 shows a non ideal normal distribution The number of measured quantiles for higher values on the right side in the histogram is larger than it should be for normally distributed data The Q Q Plot shows this deviation in the upper right corner Manual 139 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels Manual The Context Menu Each view has its own context menu that is used to configure the data representation in this view 250 points 1000 points w 5000 points Histogram Q Q Plot Clear Fig 21 3 5 Context menu for a view
135. ron com offers the USB Ranger 110 410 products that are compliant with the USB 1 1 specification and can be used to cover a distance of up to 100 meters by using standard Cat 5 UTP cabling Icron www icron com offers the USB Ranger 2224 product that is compliant with the USB 2 0 specification and can be used to cover a distance of up to 500 meters by using a multi mode optical fiber When large distances between the control PC and the sensor s are required a combination of the USB Ranger 2224 and the R amp S NRP Z5 has demonstrated reliable operation Fig 8 2 4 Setup with 100 m optical fibre Digi www digi com makes the AnywhereUSB Network enabled USB hub This product is used to access a USB device over a TCP IP network Manual 37 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Configuring the Application SS ey 9 Configuring the Application Power Viewer Plus provides a settings dialog that can be accessed by selecting Configure Options from the main menu This dialog box is structured using separate tabs for drawing operations timeouts hardcopies USB and debugging 9 1 Drawing Performance The drawing performance can be adjusted to accommodate slow PCs Activating these features lowers CPU load or adds additional idle time a D Program Settings _2 m Sano Hardcopy Timeout USB l Sensors Debug Drawing Performance Disable Transparency Effects Set Number of Video Points for Traces 1024 e Set
136. rosoft Windows Mac OS X or Linux R amp S Power Viewer Plus is an easy to use feature packed software package that offers capabilities beyond those of a regular power meter It simplifies measurement tasks such as average power timeslot statistics and trace measurements In addition up to four sensors can be utilized for measuring average power simultaneously Results such as the reflection coefficient or gain can be computed from the measured values Particularly the capabilities for use with a desktop or laptop PC make an R amp SNRPZ sensor an ideal and cost effective solution for lab testing or for automated systems The rugged design is suitable for use in the field for performing such tasks as servicing antenna systems This manual describes the installation and use of the Power Viewer Plus software This application is part of the R amp S NRP Toolkit and is available free of charge from the Rohde amp Schwarz website To enable integration of the sensor into custom ATE systems a versatile and powerful VXI PnP driver is available for Microsoft Windows Mac OS X and Linux based systems Coding examples can be found at the end of this manual R amp S Power Viewer Plus Key Software Features ae e a re 3 Key Software Features Power Viewer Plus is powerful PC software that simplifies many measurement tasks This software is part of the R amp S NRP Toolkit and is available free of charge The following overview lists s
137. s Table mode This mode is activated by calling up the context menu by right clicking into the graphics area and selecting Table View Manual 96 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Statistics LLL ey 17 3 PDF Mode PDF stands for probability density function It shows the probability at which readings occur at a given level For this purpose the logarithmic level scale is divided into sections which are referred to as bins Each measurement that falls within a bin increases the bin counter by one At the end of the measurement cycle all bin counts are normalized by the linear scale s bin boundaries ry WNA a h DED f i iH W N N j a M N HN il M j iu i 1 30 dBm 500 pnts 7 Ww 0 03 dBm Fig 17 3 1 The PDF curve of a 3GPP signal with an AWGN reference curve at an average power level of 0 dBm The figure above shows a 3GPP signal that has a power distribution similar to that of AWGN At low signal levels left side the resolution of the sensor s A D converter might become visible Manual 97 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Statistics 17 3 1 PDF Background Information This section outlines the relationship between the displayed PDF curve and various signals such as 3GPP or WCDMA For a gauss noise like signal it can be assumed that the signal is being generated by I Q modulation of an RF carrier Both the signal and the Q signal are normally distributed with a m
138. s as an R amp S NRP Z sensor but as an unknown device the update procedure must be executed differently 1 Disconnect all sensors and then start Power Viewer Plus 2 Open the firmware update dialog and make a select Any available device from the sensor list 3 Select the firmware file that fits the selected sensor The panel should now look as shown below ay Update Firmware BEA sensor Any available device kd Firmware File NRP Z81_SensorApp 01_32 nrp hf ee Type Serial Current Firmware FPGA Configuration Update Status Start R amp S Website Fig 22 1 1 Flashing an unknown device 4 Click the Start button 5 Wait for the text Bootloader of to appear Then quickly connect the sensor The message appears about 5 seconds after the Start button is pressed 6 Wait until the update has finished Manual 144 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide oS SSS ees 23 Programming Guide The Power Viewer Plus software is based entirely on the Rohde amp Schwarz VXI PnP drivers for the R amp S NRP power sensors This driver provides a C function interface and is recommended for all user applications Please see the NRP software download section for the latest version of the VXI PnP driver Custom applications must include the rsnrpz h file when using the VXI PnP driver This driver uses VISA data types but if VISA is not installed the required data types are defined in the header file itself It sho
139. s for maximum of 10 seconds DEVICE NH HR HRA HHH RHR RRO N AN RST SENS INIT SENS TRIG TRIG TRIG TRIG TRIG SENS SENS SENS SENS INIT FUNC POW AVG CONT OFF FREQ 1e9 LEV 1e 3 SOUR INT SLOP POS DELAY 3e 3 COUNT 20 AVER STAT OFF POW AVG APER 1e 3 POW AVG BUFF SIZE 20 POW AVG BUFF STATE ON IMM WAIT OPC 10 lt FETCH BUFF Array BARS Array HH HH open default sensor power measurement Signal frequency trigger level 20 measurements no averaging 1 measurement window 20 measurements start measurement Wait for max 10 s fetch data display the results 122 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels Manual 21 Data Processing Panels Power Viewer Plus distinguishes between measurements and data processing panels Measurements continuous trace etc generate data whereas the data processing panels only receive these measurands Internally all measurands are supplemented with an exact time stamp and sent to the data processing panels These panels feature input filters and sort out values of interest The figure below shows the principle architecture implemented in Power Viewer Plus Measurements Processing Continuous gt Trace Data Log Statistics Value a a gt Timestamp Limit i Unit Timeslot Analysis Multi Ch gt Scripting Fig 21 1 Power Viewer Plus data flow Each data processing panel can be configur
140. se 13 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and or new versions of the Lesser General Public License from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns Each version is given a distinguishing version number If the Library specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and any later version you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation If the Library does not specify a license version number you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation 14 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Library into other free programs whose distribution conditions are incompatible with these write to the author to ask for permission For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation write to the Free Software Foundation we sometimes make exceptions for this Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally NO WARRANTY 15 BECAUSE THE LIBRARY IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE LIBRARY TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE LIBRARY AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY
141. sed for uncertainties in logarithmic scale dB or in percent Uncertainties are commonly provided in dB but the following equation permits conversion into percent U dB U 100 10 1 To gain a simple approximation the following formula can be used U 10 In 10 U 23 U p Manual 16 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Uncertainty Calculation Manual 5 1 Measurements at 10 dBm The power level range from 10 dBm to 0 dBm is widely used Therefore our first example here calculates the absolute uncertainty for the R amp S NRP Z11 when measuring a CW signal at 2 GHz and at a power level of 10 dBm The temperature shall be 30 C All values marked with an arrow gt are taken from the R amp S NRPZxx Power Sensor Specifications that are available on the Rohde amp Schwarz website Power level in W 100 uW gt Used path 2 gt Uncertainty for absolute power measurements 0 077 dB gt Zero Offset 47 nW 0 002 dB gt Zero Drift 10 nW 0 0004 dB gt Measurement noise 6 3 nW Multiplier for 40 ms integration Time is sqrt 10 24s T ll x ky nak O O 0 8 nW 0 004 dB Total expanded uncertainty 0 077 dB 1 79 The example shows that the influence of zero offset and drift is negligible Consequently zeroing of the sensor is not required when performing practical measurement tasks The integration time can be set to a very short value of 40 ms This means that an averaging count of one combine
142. shows the limit monitoring panel receiving data from a continuous power measurement ay Continuous fo S ABS WIN 10 us HOLD 12 04 aBm Pk 12 10 dBm Vid Fit Linear Analog Stat G Limit Monitor To le ls Ch Measurand Status Last Incident 1 AveragePower HIGH 10 53 20 10 53 16 Average ERROR LOW 48 3219 dBm 10 53 16 Average OK 11 6378 dBm 10 53 20 Average WARN HIGH 12 0411 dBm Fig 21 2 1 Limit monitoring panel The limit monitor continuously compares incoming data against high and low warning thresholds and error thresholds Each time a measurand passes one of these thresholds the software generates an entry in the incident log The capacity of this log is limited and it only displays the most recent entries Besides playing an acoustic warning signal the limit monitor can also log the incidents in a file or send them via TCP IP to a remote host Manual 131 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Data Processing Panels 21 2 1 Settings State Enable Source statistics X Channel Configuration m s Alias Average Pwr Power dem M Fig 21 2 2 The limit monitor settings Enable Enables or disables limit monitoring globally Source Channels These settings define the origin of the measurands that are to be monitored for limit violations Alias Name Each channel can use an alias name instead of the combination of measurement and measurand ka Warning Thresholds Upp
143. sor configuration Therefore assigning the same sensor to multiple channels is not permitted Data Processing All measured values are automatically forwarded to the data processing panels 106 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Multi Channel Power Measurements SS a a at 19 1 Channel Configuration Power Viewer Plus continuously measures the average power of up to 16 sensors These measurements are referred to as channels Ch 1 through Ch 16 Each channel must be either turned OFF or assigned to an R amp S NRP Z sensor Zero This Zero All J i wrp z5i 100014 Fig 19 1 1 Sensor zeroing settings Zero This This button starts the sensor zeroing process for the currently selected channel only None of the other channels are affected For sensor zeroing to work no RF power may be applied to the sensor and no measurement may be running Zero All Starts the sensor zeroing process for all configured sensors Only sensors that are marked by a green LED can be zeroed The left and right arrows These buttons switch the system to the previous or next channel Sensor selection This control lists all sensors that were discovered during the last scan and the sensors required by the currently loaded project Available devices are marked with a green LED Devices that are required by the currently loaded project but appear to be unavailable are marked with a yellow LED Sensors that are already assigned to a measurement ch
144. stabilize Reference Curves The current curve can be saved as a reference curve and used for comparisons with later measurements Any reference curve data is only stored locally in the graphics view It cannot be saved to a file The statistics view supports up to four reference curves in addition to live measurement data Show AWGN Reference Curve When this function is enabled the system plots an ideal AWGN curve This reference curve can be used with all statistics modes 95 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Statistics SS ae ae 17 2 Graphical Data View The graphical data view may contain the information shown below The level and probability lines are activated with a right mouse click into the graphics area Average power indicator Level line Legend Numeric readings Probability line CED 3 606 dB 6 993 dB 8 647 dB 0 01 9 635 dB 1E 03 10 478 dB g 16 04 10 527 dB Pav Ppk 10 71 dB 4 2 L 7 500 pnts 20 dBm 5 006 dBm 9 978 dB Maximum level Probability line values Level line values Minimum level Fig 17 2 1 The graphical data view The application supports absolute or relative CCDF displays as well as the PDF and CDF displays If numeric results are required the display can be tiled to show the table with numeric results on the right side Lines F lt Probability f Table View f Level Clear Fig 17 2 2 Tiling the display to show the table with numeric result
145. t Hubl 1 Smart Card Reader USB w amp Root Hub 7 w O BI Hub 2 2 DELL USB Laser Mouse gt 4 Unknown Device 1267 0103 w 6 R amp S NRP Z5 A NRP Z81 100037 B NRP Z51 100014 wA 7 Hub Single TT 1 NRP 711 102064 4 Hub Fig 9 5 1 USB device tree The following USB configurations should be avoided e _NRP Z sensors that are directly connected to Single TT USB hubs e NRP Z sensors that are directly connected to bus powered USB hubs e NRP Z sensors that are directly connected to the PC s USB port root hub Rohde amp Schwarz generally recommends to operate NRP Z power sensors with Multi TT USB hubs The hub should be equipped with a power supply that is rated for the total current of all connected sensors Each individual hub port should be capable of delivering up to 500 mA to the USB device Manual 43 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Configuring the Application Manual 9 6 Debug Options The debug options are mainly intended for debugging purposes The following list contains debug options that may be used with certain measurements contav fastmode 1 multi fastmode 1 This option increases the measurement rate in the continuous power or multi channel measurement mode and is explained in more detail in the related section in this manual trace thick 1 This option draws bold traces in the trace measurement instead of using thin lines Combined with a low trace p
146. tall R amp S NRP Toolkit Welcome to the R amp S NRP Toolkit Installer Welcome to the Rohde amp Schwarz NRP Toolkit Installer This will guide Introduction you through the steps to getting the R amp S NRP Toolkit installed on your machine License After a successful install you can find different components in the Destination Select following places InstaaeEerype RsNrpLib The driver framework Installation Library Frameworks RsNrpLib framework Power Viewer Plus The measurement software e Sum Mary Applications Rohde Schwarz RsNrpz The user API framework Library Frameworks RsNrpz framework RsNrpz Documentation The API framework documentation Developer Examples Rohde Schwarz Examples Simple application examples Developer Examples Rohde Schwarz Go Back Continue Fig 6 4 2 R amp S NRP Toolkit installer for Mac OS X After the legal notices have been accepted the installer presents a menu that allows selection of the components for installation The first entry contains the driver frameworks and is mandatory 0 OO Install R amp S NRP Toolkit Custom Install on Macintosh HD Package Name Action Introduction V NRP Z Driver Framework Upgrade F Power Viewer Plus application Upgrade O Application Development Skip License Destination Select Installation Type Installation e Summary Space Required 50 8 MB Remaining 299 2 GB Go Bac
147. that care must be taken to ensure the accuracy of peak power readings Chopper stabilization or averaging techniques cannot be used with peak measurements As a result the measurement noise level is substantially higher The following section discusses the influence of the higher noise level in great detail Noise needs to be looked at as a statistical process which can be described by a normal distribution The figure below shows the shape of this distribution The dark area marks values that are less than one standard deviation away from the mean value u For a normal distribution 68 2 of all values fall into this range 0 2 0 3 0 4 34 1 34 1 0 0 0 1 30 20 a a H lo 20 30 Fig 15 4 1 Normal distribution Peak power measurements record the maximum power that was detected within the observation period The longer this observation period is the more likely it is that a higher power value will occur The following discussion explains the influence of noise on the peak power measurement accuracy This example uses the technical data for the R amp S NRP Z81 wideband power sensor e An observation time of 500 us at full bandwidth a 12 5 ns sampling time results in 40000 samples that are to be evaluated e The sample noise specified for the NRP Z81 sensor running at full bandwidth is typically 2 uW for 2 standard deviations This means that 34 1 of all values are less than 1 uW above the average value 65 R amp
148. the content of the currently activated measurement window to the system clipboard This option is only available for measurements that display their results in graphical form such as trace statistics timeslot and data log measurements The copy to clipboard function simplifies documentation tasks because the graphics can simply be pasted into other applications Please see chapter 12 2 Copy to Clipboard for a detailed description Window Save Graphics to File This function is similar to the above menu option but it creates a png file on the user s desktop that contains the screen shot Window Print Report Creates a printout of the measurement that is currently activated The printout is a one page document that contains the measurement and all important sensor settings Colors are inverted where necessary to avoid a black background This option is only available for measurements that display their result as graphics such as trace statistics timeslot and data log measurements Please see chapter 12 1 Print Report for additional details Window Save Measurement Data Saves measurement data from the currently active window to a csv file This extension stands for comma separated values Files in this format list data in columns that are separated by a single comma This option is only available for measurements such as the trace statistics or data log measurements Comma separated value lists can easily be imported
149. the modulation period Smoothing The smoothing filter is a steep slope digital lowpass filter used to suppress result variations due to modulation Smoothing should be activated to reduce result variations due to modulation when the size of the sampling window cannot or should not be set to exactly equal the modulation period If the selected sampling window is 5 to 9 times larger than a modulation period the display variations are usually sufficiently reduced With smoothing deactivated 300 to 3000 periods are required to obtain the same effect When smoothing is deactivated the sampling values are considered to be equivalent and they are averaged in a sampling window which means that the measuring instrument acts as an integrator As described above optimum suppression of result variations is obtained when the size of the sampling window exactly equals the modulation period Otherwise modulation can have a considerable influence even if the sampling window is much larger than the modulation period The response can be improved considerably by weighting samples which is equivalent to video filtering This is exactly what happens when smoothing is activated Since the smoothing filter increases the sensor s inherent noise by approx 20 it should always be deactivated when it is not required Debug settings Debug settings are entered in the debug options field in the program settings dialog Open this dialog from the program menu by
150. the scalar value of the variable Power aux1 in the field labeled PkPower Later replace the display content with the variable Power2 aux1 NUM Power aux1 PkPower NUM Power2 aux1 PkPower e Show the scalar value stored at position 5 zero based from the BuffData variable in a field labeled Trace NUM BuffData 5 Trace Displaying Array Data Numerically Float type array variables can be displayed numerically in a table field using the TABLE instruction Syntax TABLE lt ArrayVar gt lt ref gt 117 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Script Based Measurement SSS SSS SS ee 20 1 18 Displaying Array Data as a Bargraph Floating point arrays of up to 32 elements can be displayed as bargraphs using the BARS instruction The reference name serves as the name reference for the graph The data representation for the bargraph always uses a logarithmic scale dBm Syntax BARS lt Array gt lt ref gt 20 1 19 Displaying Array Data as a Trace Floating point arrays of any length can be displayed as trace graphs using the TRACE instruction The reference name serves as the reference for the graph The data representation for the trace always uses a logarithmic scale dBm Syntax TRACE lt Array gt lt ref gt Manual 118 R amp S Power Viewer Plus SS at Manual Script Based Measurement 20 1 20 Saving Array Data to Text File 20 1 21 Array variables of the float array ty
151. tions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License Therefore by modifying or distributing the Library or any work based on the Library you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so and all its terms and conditions for copying distributing or modifying the Library or works based on it 10 Each time you redistribute the Library or any work based on the Library the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy distribute link with or modify the Library subject to these terms and conditions You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients exercise of the rights granted herein You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License 11 If as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason not limited to patent issues conditions are imposed on you whether by court order agreement or otherwise that contradict the conditions of this License they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations then as a consequence you may not distribute the Library at all For example if a patent license would not permit royalty free redistribution of the Library by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License
152. to the READ and FETCH queries which read scalar results these queries return an entire array of floating point values If the returned data is saved to a variable this variable is automatically set to the floating point array data type 116 R amp S Power Viewer Plus SS at Manual 20 1 14 20 1 15 20 1 16 20 1 17 Script Based Measurement Converting Readings Variable data of the float or float array type can be converted from linear units to dBm or dBW The CONVERT instruction is used to do this Syntax CONVERT lt Var gt lt target unit gt Example e Convert the data saved in the Power variable into dBm CONVERT Power DBM Printing to the Log Window Any text or variable content can be printed to the log window The PRINT instruction is used to do this Syntax PRINT lt Text gt PRINT lt Var gt Displaying Scalar Results Scalar variable data can be displayed in one of the three numeric displays using the NUM instruction The unit is taken from the variable definition The second argument is the reference name This name references the numeric display on the output panel With array data the index of the desired element must be specified in square brackets Syntax NUM lt Array gt lt index gt lt ref gt NUM lt Scalar gt lt ref gt Examples e Show the scalar value of the Power variable in the field labeled AvPower NUM Power AvPower e Show
153. trace measurement the pulse measurement results can be read from the driver cache using the functions listed below Values that cannot be determined are indicated using a quiet NaN ifdef LINUX define _isnan _X fpclassify float X FP_NAN else define _isnan _X _X _X endif The general pulse timing can be read using the rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseTimes function The duty cycle and period time require at least two pulses to fall into the trace window The measurement of the pulse width requires at least a rising and falling edge rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseTimes ulUSBSession 1 amp dDutyCycle amp dPulseWidth amp dPeriodTime Manual 155 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Programming Guide a en ere The rising and falling edge times are read using the same function twice rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseTransition uLUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ_SLOPE_ POSITIVE amp dRiseTime amp dRisePosition amp dRiseOvershot rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseTransition ulLUSBSession 1 RSNRPZ_SLOPE_ NEGATIVE amp dFallTime amp dFallPosition amp dFallOvershot There is a series of functions available for the measuring the different pulse power levels The pulse peak power and the pulse top power are typically of greater interest rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulsePower uLUSBSession 1 amp dAveragePower amp dMinPeak amp dMaxPeak rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseLevels uLUSBSession 1 amp dTopPower amp dBasePower rsnrpz_s
154. uld be noted that multiple applications cannot access the NRP driver simultaneously The minimum requirement for using the VXI PnP driver functions is installation of the R amp S NRP Toolkit The toolkit package contains the USB drivers as well as the NrpControl2 low level driver DLL Generally it is possible to build applications with the rsnrpz c and rsnrpz h files directly compiled into the application In this case the application only depends on NrpControl2 1ib Alternatively the application can include rsnrpz h and link against rsnrpz 1ib The following diagram shows the NRP Z driver architecture and possible application options Application rsnrpz h rsnrpz lib Application rsnrpz h NrpControl2 lib rsnrpz_32 dll rsnrpz_64 dll USB Driver Fig 23 1 Driver architecture on Windows based systems 23 1 Sensor Resource Strings The power sensors are identified by a unique VISA resource string This string is passed on to the rsnrpz_init function in order to open the sensor connection The resource string has the following format USB x AAD lt usb id gt lt serial gt The value x AAD is the Rohde amp Schwarz vendor ID and it cannot be changed The USB ID is unique for each sensor type A list of USB device ID numbers is provided in chapter 6 6 Supported R amp S NRPZ Sensors The serial number is the serial number for the individual sensor M
155. up to one ampere per USB port and run off a 24 V power supply These two manufacturers provide such devices e Beckhoff www beckhoff com CU8005 e Lutze www luetze de 745581 DIOHUB USB 4 Other industrial or office type hubs that have shown good performance at the time of writing 2009 are e BELKIN Hi Speed USB 2 0 7 Port Hub F5U237eaAPL S e Digi Hubport 4c or Hubport 7c The following hub specifications are crucial when multiple power sensors shall be connected to the hub e Multi TT switched architecture e Individual port power management 500 mA per channel Manual 34 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Manual 8 2 8 2 1 8 2 2 Connecting Sensors to the PC Using USB Extension Hardware R amp S NRP Z3 Active USB Adapter The figure shows the configuration with the R amp S NRP Z3 active USB adapter which also makes it possible to feed in a trigger signal for the timeslot and trace modes The order in which the cables are connected is not critical PC with USB host interface Signal source NRP Z81 Trigger source optional Plug in power supply optional supplied with NRP Z3 Fig 8 2 1 Configuration with the active USB adapter R amp S NRP Z4 Passive USB Adapter The figure below is a schematic of the measurement setup The order in which the cables are connected is not critical PC with USB host interface Signal source NRP Z81 Fig 8 2 2 Conf
156. us data from the views Clear All This button clears the data in all analysis views Default All This button sets all views back to the histogram display of the last 1000 measurements It also deletes the data in all views Feeds First set the Source to select the measurement that feeds data into the log panel Second select up to four measurands for the four data log channels 141 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Updating the Sensor Firmware 22 Updating the Sensor Firmware Power Viewer Plus provides a dialog for updating the R amp S NRP Z sensor firmware You can call up the dialog for this by selecting Sensor Firmware Update from the menu bar Manual Please ensure that the following requirements are met before attempting to update the sensor firmware Download the firmware file nrp from the Rohde amp Schwarz website and store it on a local hard drive Do not use a network storage location Make sure that you are able to operate the sensor without getting any USB interface errors Test your PC s USB interface with the sensor before you attempt to start the update process Ensure that the USB port that the sensor is connected to provides enough power Do not use simple office quality USB hubs because they often use thermal fuses that could be tripped when too much current is consumed Instead use a direct USB port on your PC Rohde amp Schwarz recommends having only one sensor connected during the upd
157. uses the HSV color model to define the application colors This color model uses hue saturation and value instead of red green and blue components The hue represents the angle on the color wheel between 0 and 360 This value is meaningless for non chromatic colors such as gray The saturation is set in the range between 0 and 255 it defines how strong the color is Grayish colors have very low saturation whereas strong colors use high saturation values The value defines the lightness this parameter is also set between 0 and 255 The brighter the color is the higher the value is Manual 46 R amp S Power Viewer Plus First Steps ET SSS SSS res 11 First Steps The main application window is divided into three major sections e The measurement window area e The settings panel on the right side e The upper and lower toolbars Only one measurement can be active at a time but it is possible to tile multiple measurement windows and switch from one to the other All measurement windows have the same sensor assigned If the settings panel is enabled it is always located on the right side Its content changes with the currently activated measurement window Measurement window Measurement related settings Measurement selection i o a ea fe xs a x Fa i X gt B fi il B Scale Traces View Lines R Tace 20 GB Power Scale Pulse Measurement Algorithm Integration Full Scale 4 Auto Set
158. using the R amp S NRP base unit certain prerequisites must be fulfilled Hardware requirements e Desktop PC or laptop or an Intel based Apple Mac e Keyboard and mouse e 800 x 600 screen resolution 1024 x 768 recommended e USB 1 1 or 2 0 interface e Multi TT based USB hub architecture recommended e R amp S NRP Z3 R amp S NRP Z4 or R amp S NRP Z5 adapter Operating systems choice of e Microsoft Windows XP 32 Bit e Microsoft Windows 7 32 64 Bit e Mac OS X e 32 Bit Linux distribution with kernel 2 2 6 x e g Ubuntu 10 4 LTS x86 11 4 x86 R amp S software packages e R amp S NRP Toolkit It provides the required USB drivers e The Power Viewer Plus software is supplied with the R amp S NRP Toolkit Manual 21 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Software Installation LLL SSSI Sey 6 2 Installation on Windows Based Systems The application is part of the R amp S NRP Toolkit This toolkit contains all required USB drivers as well as toolkit applications and Power Viewer Plus 1 Disconnect all NRP Zxx power sensors from the PC 2 Start the R amp S NRP Toolkit installer and follow the instructions 3 Inthe Choose Components window you must enable the USB drivers if the toolkit has never been installed before If a previous R amp S NRP Toolkit installation is found the installer may offer an option to update the drivers It is highly recommended that you enable the USB driver update 4 Enable R amp S NRP Toolkit if you need a
159. values of identical measurement points i e points at the same distance from the trigger point This reduces noise since the noise reduction is proportional to the square root of the averaging factor This is the default representation and it is available with all sensors Peak The maximum of all samples taken at identical measurement points i e points at the same distance from the trigger point are found and output Random The random values are obtained from the first measurement cycle Repetition of the measurement cycle has no effect on the result Manual 79 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Trace Measurements SaaS EEE Eee 16 6 View Modes The view modes affect the way that trace data is rendered on the display View modes do not affect the sensor configuration Therefore any view mode can be combined with any sensor configuration Normal In normal mode each trace captured by the sensor is rendered on the screen Newer traces replace older ones This is the default view mode and it is useful for most applications Envelope In the envelope mode trace data is accumulated over up to 256 traces and the area between the minimum and maximum readings is filled with a semi transparent color The current trace is highlighted within this area This mode is very useful for finding glitches transients or other random events The screen shot below shows an EDGE burst in the envelope view mode and all traces average random and peak
160. w of 20 ms Each result is generated from two internal measurements with chopper enabled within the sensor Averaging is turned off in order to measure each pulse individually DEVICE open default sensor lt RST lt SENS FUNC POW AVG power measurement lt SENS FREQ 1e9 signal frequency lt TRIG LEV 0 001e 3 trigger level lt TRIG SOUR INT lt TRIG SLOP POS lt SENS AVER STAT OFF no averaging lt SENS POW AVG APER 20e 3 1 measurement window LOOP INF lt READ Pow W init and read result CONVERT Pow DBM NUM Pow Pav SEND Pow 1 DELAY 0 1 wait for 0 1 seconds END The screen shot below shows the readings as they were captured in the data log window Fig 20 2 1 Triggered average power measurement readings Manual 120 R amp S Power Viewer Plus Script Based Measurement SSE EE EEE SSS ee 20 3 Burst Power Measurement The average burst measurement measures the average burst power The burst timing is determined automatically based on the trigger threshold and the exclude times The following signal is used with this measurement 10 dBm 10 dB div 500 us div fAv Po 1 0 dBm 10 dBm 20 dBm 30 dBm 40 dBm 70 dBm 80 dBm 90 dBm 500 us 500 pnts 4 5 ms Fig 20 3 1 Signal for the average burst measurement This example sc
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