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1. more links in the current display state U S Patent Nov 16 2004 PENIS x Cluts Jon Cluts Status toi Cluts RE CA Menus xt Menus y Hote Sheet 5 of 11 US 6 820 111 B1 seattie sidewsalk innos UENERAL BAAS Mirdd arae to Heep lying 580 denii Biting A TA were cxx 24 BNSLERUR Min IdoDoienasro tepesta eliyin means ad BUSIRESS NEWS S ur tl recover recovery er ere voi ty ETT um i derer n kager m Sins tete era co PTS Proche dete ET duda miens Slenatecne e Overcnup auf Veda P DR En a fec bd Dosen fc tee owes t s AE LT Keoboeone 20 U S Patent Nov 16 2004 Sheet 6 of 11 US 6 820 111 B1 the Earth to the Moon U S Patent Nov 16 2004 Operating Manual Quick Shaet This Hutton calls up a helg book if sou un itor trouble vath some aspect amp of the Eleetronic Header Sheet 7 of 11 i 1 1 1 i i 1 i i 3 Operating Manual Basic tone epts US 6 820 111 B1 Bookmark ri If you fapin the upper margin of paga this will insert a marker on that page which vou can use as a link back fo get back io ih
2. Clutter Free And Simple Content And UI Are Unified Shortcuts Scalability To Various Display Sizes And Types General Concepts Underlying The Documents With Links UI Architecture No Distinction Between Content Documents And UI Documents Links As Commands And Link Properties Guide Book Rich Navigation And Maintaining The User s Naviga tional History Flexible Selection Model Page Display Depends Upon The Link Used To Navigate To The Page Modeless UI Creating And Saving Information Example Hardware Platforms For Implementing Aspects Of The Invention Example Steps For Implementing Aspects Of The Invention Preferred Embodiments Of The UI Architecture For a Per sonal Viewer Personal Viewer UI Elements Personal Viewer Display Modes Gestures For Performing PV UI Actions Navigating Hyperlinking Next And Previous Commands Scrolling Is Possible Users Can Create Links Links Displaying Links Link Property Sheet Customizable UI Users Can Place Links In UI Page Pinning Navigating Documents Link Properties Viewing History Applies To UI Non Linear Navigation History Annotations US 6 820 111 B1 5 Making Annotations Storing Annotations Interface Shortcuts And Smarts Most Likely To Use Links And Other Heuristics Frequently Used Links Start
3. 21 implementing certain viewing and collaboration fea tures For example if the destination anchor is a range the viewing software can automatically synthesize appropriate link preview information based on the content of the range Behavior Specifies the action to take on tap and hold operations Choices include Navigate Goes to the link destination Preview Pops up navigational preview information as explained above Run Causes the destination content to be executed with specified run parameters The target is typically a command or script Additionally for links set to appear as thumbnails or in place renderings other behavior properties could indicate latency periods for updating the display of the linked to content relative to a change in the linked to content by for instance specifying a link as hot display updated often warm display updated less often than hot or cold display not updated Further behavior properties could set the pre fetch refresh and caching parameters for hot and warm links Customizable UI The user may completely customize the PV UI unless authored in content controls prevent editing Because there is no distinction between the interface and the content the kinds of normal editing commands the user might use to alter content can be used to customize the interface Users can Place Links in UI For instance links are not restricted to existing only in the content area of the displa
4. Publication Structure 6 181 344 B1 1 2001 Tarpenning et al 10 http b Joebps oebps1 0 d load 6 195 679 2 2001 Bauersfeld et al 709 203 PE Dri WWW DAW OLE OLDS OG DPS tw OW Nd 6 195 694 2 2001 Chen etal 709 220 oeb1 vebps htm 6 199 082 B1 3 2001 Ferrel el al 715 522 Kristensen A Formsheets and the XML Forms Lan 6 205 455 B1 3 2001 Umen et al guage Mar 1999 6 230 171 B1 5 2001 Pacifici et al E 6 243 071 B1 6 2001 Shwarts et al 345 823 Schilit and Price Digital Library Information Appliances 6 243 091 B1 6 2001 Berstis 345 839 ACM Conference on Digital Libraties Jun 23 1992 pp 6 266 772 B1 7 2001 Suzuki 217 226 US 6 820 111 B1 Page 3 Graefe et al Designing the muse A Digital Music Stand for the Symphony Musician Proc of Conf on Human Factors In Computing Systems Apr 13 18 1996 pp 436 441 SOFTBOOK Press The Leader in Internet Enabled Docu ment Distribution and Reading Systems http www soft book com consumer reader asp Rocket eBook Using the Rocket eBook http www rocket book com Products Faq using html Explore the Features of the Rocket eBook wysiwyg 212http www rocketbook com Products Tour index html Crespo Chang Bier Computer Networks and ISDN Sys tems Responsive interaction for a large Web application the meteror shower architecture in the WebWriter II Editor 1997 pp 1
5. a system bus 130 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 110 The system bus 130 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller a peripheral bus and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architec tures The system memory includes read only memory ROM 140 and random access memory RAM 150 A basic input output system 160 BIOS containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 100 such as during start up is stored in ROM 140 Computer 100 also includes a hard disk drive 170 for reading from and writing to a hard disk not shown a magnetic disk drive 180 for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk 190 and an optical disk drive 191 for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk 192 such as a CD ROM or other optical media The hard disk drive 170 magnetic disk drive 180 and optical disk drive 191 are connected to the system bus 130 by a hard disk drive interface 192 a magnetic disk drive interface 193 and an optical disk drive interface 194 US 6 820 111 B1 13 respectively The drives and their associated computer readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions data structures program modules and other data for the personal computer 100 It will be appre ciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable med
6. the first page may contain just the property comments a notes field information about where the link leads to and a chooser that lets a user choose from a few options on how the hotspot should appear e g emphasized text button icon or thumbnail The subsequent pages give full access to properties including the source and destination anchor specifications the visual extent and appearance of the hotspot and the link behavior options Each page of the link property sheet is bookmarked so a user can jump directly to it if desired Together the set of link property pages encompasses a lot of information including general properties source and destination anchors hotspot characteristics and link behav ior General properties These include the type and file system properties of the link Link type information describes the semantic nature of the link and how it relates the things being linked Typically only authoring and viewing software would ever access the type properties as they pertain to the organization of the material containing the links Type indicates whether the link expresses a parent child or peer relationship and whether the destination represents A document component a figure table footnote or other cross reference The next or previous page in the web sense of the current document topic The next or previous document topic in an authored web of documents topics Something not part of the cu
7. Accordingly there is a need to provide rich support for audio note taking with the ability to correlate and synchronize audio and textual material and to review and retrieve audio notes Prior art device to device and device to PC synchroniza tion schemes typically are not seamless and require a great deal of configuration and attention from the user Accordingly there is a need to provide automatic and transparent synchronization between a user s computers such as a handheld computer and a desktop computer In prior art UIs methods for getting help are currently separate from the content and often require completely different interactions than interacting with content Accordingly there is a need to make the process of getting help about a function the same as the process for carrying out the function Prior art UIs typically have a single user model at the heart of their interface metaphors which makes sharing content and annotations with other users difficult and non intuitive Accordingly there is a need to make sharing and collaborating on documents easier and more automatic SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to various preferred embodiments the inven tion includes a user interface architecture in which user content and user interface are composed of documents with links A link can relate a spot or region in a document with a spot or region in another document so that touching the link causes the display to navigate
8. B1 3 2003 Chang et al 5 838 914 A 11 1998 Carleton et al 6 549 220 B1 4 2003 Hsu et al 345 854 5 845 262 A 12 1998 Nozue et al 6 560 621 B2 5 2003 Barile 5 854 630 A 12 1998 Nielsen 345 739 6 571 295 B1 5 2003 Sidana 5 860 074 A 1 1999 Rowe etal 715 526 6 585 776 B1 7 2003 Bates et al 5 877 757 A 3 1999 Baldwin et al 6 697 997 B1 2 2004 Fujimura 5 893 126 A 4 1999 Drews et al 2002 0097261 1 7 2002 Gottfurcht et al 345 738 5 803 132 A 4 1999 Huffman et al 715 532 2002 0099552 A1 7 2002 Rubin et al 704 270 5 918 236 6 1999 Wical 715 500 5 920 694 A 7 1999 Carleton et al OTHER PUBLICATIONS 5 931 912 A 8 1999 Wu etal 709 224 5 933 140 A 8 1999 Strahorn et al Dublin Core Resource Types Structurality DRAFT Jul 24 5 937 416 A 8 1999 Menzel 1997 Feb 27 1998 5 940 080 A 8 1999 Ruehle et al 5 948 040 A 9 1999 DeLorme et al Dublin Core Metadata Element Set Version 1 1 Reference 5 950 214 A 9 1999 Rivette et al Description 1999 Een ve Paloma PSU Dublin Core Metadata Initiative User Guide Working Draft 5 983 248 A 11 1999 DeRose et al Jul 31 1998 1999 5 986 605 A 11 1999 Wrey et al Hirotsu et al Cmew U A Multimedia Web Annotation BAS Y ad iei T Sharing System NTT Network Innovation Laboratories 012 ampbell et al 6018334 3 2000 E
9. Page User Can Modify Start Page Audio Recording And Annotation Guide Book Obtain Help And Perform Functions In The Same Way Concluding Remarks Introduction Clutter free and Simple The UI architecture of this invention also referred to herein as a documents with links UI supports creation of UF s that have essentially zero clutter and few concepts to master In this way it is a major departure from prior art Us using a desktop metaphor The user of a documents with links UI according to this invention focuses primarily on content and not on UI appurtenances Starting with just knowledge of how to page through a document and to follow links a user can learn how to do any other UI operation Significantly the documents with links UI works without drop down menus toolbars windows or other cluttering UI elements although some of these elements may optionally be made available where they are desired Content and UI are Unified In the UI architecture of this invention there is essentially no distinction between UI pages and content pages UI and content are the same thing and exist in the same naviga tion space As described in more detail below smart next previous logic and intelligent management of the navigation chain solve technical problems caused by treating UI and content as the same thing in a unified navigational context Because there is no seam between UI and content no
10. and clippings The note form is just a blank document that has predefined fields like an entry field for a title and option boxes to control the note s presentation and behavior e g its color type source back link and anchor spec The note form can also have a Send button The builtin documents The PV has a few built in documents as listed below There is nothing special about being a built in document these are just docu ments that a PV UI happens to contain by default The list can be customized as desired Possible standard built ins are Sign in Page This document provides the form for signing in if and when a PV is set in a secure mode Start Page An example Start Page is depicted in FIG 5 This is the central starting point for the PV UI From here a user can link to any content including UI accessible to the user for instance documents on the PV itself as well as in the user s desktop work space and the Internet The Start Page may take the form of a personal newsletter My Documents 520 This is a folder listing of all the documents a user has read authored subscribed to or purchased It is essentially a catalog of a user s personal library It supports various views to let a user get an overview of what content the user has and to find the content that the user 1s looking for My Documents may have links to other PV content like the Address Book and Guide Book for instance Guide Book This is both the
11. can touch anywhere on the screen and will get an appropriate action based on what the user touches For instance if a user has a page pinned as depicted in FIG 9 and both pages being displayed contain links the user can simply touch a link in either page and the link will be activated Superficially page pinning resembles a multi windowing user interface The same may be said for dialog boxes that may be included in a documents with links UI according to the principles of this invention Nevertheless unlike this 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 22 invention multi windowing UIs contain more than one UI Each window in a multi windowing UI gets its own UI with its own state information such as history information and its own UI features such as menu or tool bars According to the principles of this invention pinned pages like all other content the UI included share a single UI having only one set of state information and having a unified navigational history There are no separate UI controls such as menu bars or tool bars for the separate concurrently displayed pages The unified navigational history is discussed in more detail below When the user has pinned a page and is viewing two pages side by side the user essentially has two different view ports into a single navigation context Aset of documents exists in a navigation context The navigation context is essentially a record of ever
12. document Bottom margin 514 document and command shortcuts and toolbar tabs Document shortcuts or other objects placed here are associated with the display surface Left margin of leftmost display 516 clippings tabs Clippings or other objects placed here are associated with the containing page Right margin of rightmost display 518 clipping tabs Clippings or other objects placed here are associated with the containing page Inner margin to right of spine 600 see FIG 6 dual display PV UD no default use Inner margin to left of spine 602 no default use Inner margin to left of spine 602 no default use In the above list examples of other objects that may be present in any of the margins are user annotations A user can reassign which functions are associated with which margin Accordingly the margins may be referred to as the bookmark document clip and command margins respectively Of course other suitable default margin arrangements could also be used For instance there could be a zone around the entire document that is outside the document called the edge zone or zones The edge zones could contain command shortcuts and other kinds of links Command and shortcuts and toolbar tabs could prefer the lower edge zone and links representing the thumbnail view of documents could prefer the left and upper edge zones Because a page margin would not be needed for carrying command links clipping tabs could by default use the
13. event at home 11 Problema none Pustpuned nane Sheet 11 of 11 US 6 820 111 B1 DTIIER RELATED MATERIAL BY THREAD Faltove the disiaissiun of this topic HEMT MESSAGE PEEVIQUS MESANE pq BY SENDER Show other messages fram this address REAT KERAG PREVIOUS MESSAGE BY DATE Miew the next previous message in date ordear HEXT MESSAGE PREVIOUS MESSARE OTHER RELATEO MESSAGES John Babzar Status Grew Baird Status AN RE Page Pinning US 6 820 111 B1 1 COMPUTER USER INTERFACE ARCHITECTURE THAT SAVES A USER S NON LINEAR NAVIGATION HISTORY AND INTELLIGENTLY MAINTAINS THAT HISTORY TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates generally to computer user interface architectures More particularly the invention provides a user interface architecture in which both user content and user interface are composed of document pages with links BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Many personal computer users find the desktop metaphor of prior art computer user interfaces UIs confusing and difficult to learn Accordingly there is a need for a system that simplifies the user s interaction with the computer by using fewer kinds of user interface controls in a more general way Further the ways in which users interact with information about prior UIs is different than the way the user interacts with content such as documents presentations and the like For example in prior art UIs content
14. having to manually re follow the original chain of links which would be impossible if the user has forgotten the chain of links they had previously followed This is an important extension of the prior art browsing metaphor Unlike prior art browser UIs with their linear navigation chain the documents with links UI doesn t for get all the twists and turns of where the user has been just because the user backs up and proceeds in a different direction The documents with links UI stores not only where the user has been but also the path s the user took to get there The user can use the history map and or the Next Previous commands to get back there again The Next function works in this network style naviga tional context by using heuristics to pick which path forward the user most likely intends The most basic rule is to pick US 6 820 111 B1 9 the forward path along which the user backed to the current node Other rules provide additional intelligence to account for a user s known navigational patterns such as whether the user got to the current node by navigating back by individual pages or by groupings of pages such as by site or by linking from a parent to a child The Next function could include options to present a user with a list of forward choices textually and or as a map in which the user could zoom into desired areas In this way the user can control which branch to take if the user is not satisfied with the doc
15. is maintained such that a user can navigate along a first path back up using a previous link navigate along a second path back up along the second path using the previous link and re navigate along the first path again using a next link Every document page to which a user navigates is saved in the user s navigation history Users can query their navigation histories and view their navigation histories in various ways A flexible selection model is supported allowing users to select the object of a command either before or after the command itself is selected A Guide Book includes command descriptions and active instances of the described commands implemented as links Users can access annotate and customize the user interface in the same manner in which users access annotate and modify user content documents 17 Claims 11 Drawing Sheets x Ge the next nk in the current display stete examine the diepiay properties disp a tased on the Ink properties 408 lt Bispiay inked Yes 1o content o x examine ick display rk in fame US 6 820 111 B1 Page 2 U S PATENT DOCUMENTS 6 271 840 B1 8 2001 Finseth et al 6 279 005 B1 8 2001 Zellweger 5 625 833 A 4 1997 Levine et al 6 279 014 B1 8 2001 Schilit et al 5 632 022 A 5 1997 Warren et al 345 776 6 289 362 B1 9 2001 Van Der Meer 5 666 113 A 9 1997 Logan 6 301 590 B1 1
16. message other messages by same author other text on the same topic and the like Of course other heuristics could also be used depending on the context For example when offering up a set of command choices to a user the heuristics could be based on analysis of the user s current document context recently used commands and commands the user has used most frequently in this and similar contexts in the past Such heuristics are described further in the context of navigating to a particular portion of the Guide Book in commonly assigned and currently pending U S patent application Ser No 09 456 952 entitled Method and Apparatus for Provid ing Help and Settings Control to Users of an Electronic Book filed contemporaneously herewith which is incorpo rated herein by reference Frequently Used Links The PV VI could also provide commands actually links embedded in the page that are related to the kind of material on the page In a mail message for example reply reply all and forward are links so frequently used as to warrant their inclusion directly on the page There may be other commands or links used so often that they are dynamically bubbled up or in the case of linear reading used so infrequently that none appear The second level of visibility hold on the page for more information offers a more extensive list If none of these satisfy the user s need the user can summon the Guide Book Start Page
17. with a fingertip except write ink While other mapping are of course possible an example set of keyboard mouse idioms for the pen idioms and pen tips is Tap is left click Hold is hold left button Swipe is hold left or right button and move mouse Swiping with left button down selects with right down highlights There is no need for tap swipe Erase is hold both buttons and move mouse Jotting is done via the keyboard 1 the user gets text instead of ink The mouse supports a few other idioms as follows These and other idioms can be customized Right click brings up a context menu the same one that a hold operation at this location would Mouse wheel does page forward and back operations Clicking the mouse wheel third button links to the Quick Help page Navigating Hyperlinking One way to navigate is by hyperlinking The PV UI renders textual hyperlinks using a visual emphasis similar to the way a prior art browser does Tapping a link will navigate the user to the linked to place The user can use the Previous and Next operations to move along the link chain The PV UI Start Page can exist as the most previous document page in the chain A user can also hold a link Doing this will perform a link specific action The default behavior for hyperlinks is to present preview information about where the link will take the user i e document name and document position infor mation and or a thumbnail view of the linked to d
18. 0 2001 Siow et al 5 680 636 10 1997 Levine et al 6 321 244 B1 11 2001 Liu et 715 523 5 682 439 A 10 1997 Beernink et al 6 331 867 B1 12 2001 Eberhard et al 5 687 331 11 1997 Volk et al 6 356 287 B1 3 2002 Ruberry et al 5 717 860 A 2 1998 Graber et al 705 14 6 369 811 B1 4 2002 Graham et al 5 717 879 A 2 1998 Moran et al 6 370 497 B1 4 2002 Knowles 5 719 595 A 2 1998 Hoddie et al 6 377 983 B1 4 2002 Cohen et al 709 217 5 727 129 A 3 1998 Barrett et al 706 10 6 389 434 B1 5 2002 Rivette et al 5 729 687 A 3 1998 Rothrock et al 6 393 422 B1 5 2002 Wone 5 737 599 A 4 1998 Rowe et al 6 397 264 B1 5 2002 Stasnick et al 345 738 5 745 116 A 4 1998 Pisutha Arnond 6 405 221 B1 6 2002 Levine et al 5 760 773 6 1998 Berman et al 6 421 065 B1 7 2002 Walden et al 5 790 818 A 8 1998 Martin 6 446 110 B1 9 2002 Lection et al 5 801 687 9 1998 Peterson et al 715 500 1 6 457 013 B1 9 2002 Saxton et al 5 802 516 A 9 1998 Shwarts et al 707 6 6 460 058 B2 10 2002 Koppolu et al 345 738 5 819 301 A 10 1998 Rowe et 715 513 6 486 895 11 2002 Robertson et al 345 776 5 821 925 A 10 1998 Carey et al 6 490 603 B1 12 2002 Keenan et al 5 832 263 A 11 1998 Hansen et al 6 535 294 B1 3 2003 Arledge Jr et al 5 835 002 A 11 1998 Boudreau et al 345 808 6 539 370
19. 04 state get default state Yes display state 300 No 308 1 s Input from user Dwdetermine nature of user input 312 310 ee determine region of user input 314 determine object associated with region 316 determine action based on input and object 318 perform action ps FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS EP 0 902 379 A2 3 1999 WO WO 87 01481 3 1987 WO WO 96 20908 7 1996 WO WO 97 22109 A 6 1997 WO WO 98 06054 2 1998 WO WO 98 09446 3 1998 WO WO 99 49383 9 1999 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Kunikazu T Patent Abstracts of Japan Publication No 11327789 for Color Display and Electronic Blackboard System published Nov 30 1999 List continued on next page Primary Examiner William C Vaughn Jr 74 Attorney Agent or Firm Banner amp Witcoff Ltd 57 ABSTRACT A user interface architecture wherein user content and user interface are composed of documents with links Links have properties that indicate how links should be displayed Link display may depend upon characteristics of the linked to frame Commands are implemented as links that link to command code The display format of a document page depends upon the path a user navigated in order to get to the displayed page User content documents and user interface documents are both displayed in a single viewing frame A non linear navigation history
20. 508 1517 cited by examiner US 6 820 111 B1 Sheet 1 of 11 Nov 16 2004 U S Patent Luv L 91 SWvHuoOud S31000H 96 viva SWVHDOHd WALSAS NOLLvOllddv Tm iis asnon mwyypoud 8 4 961 oy ora 95 oNILVH3dO A 1 5 viva WyHbDOHd 39V3H31NI 39OVJB31NI 3OV3H3 LNI SAG 192180 30V43U31NI 151 35 WYOMLSN ASIO XSA OLLS3NOVW QuvH MYOMILAN V3HBV T1IV201 S3 In1aow WvHOOld H3ldvav LINN 9 55390 YOLINOWN AHONSIN W31SAS US 6 820 111 B1 Sheet 2 of 11 Nov 16 2004 U S Patent U S Patent Nov 16 2004 Sheet 3 of 11 US 6 820 111 300 prior existing state No 304 get default state Yes 310 determine nature of user input determine region of user input 314 Se object associated with region 316 determine action based on input and object 318 ig perform action _ 312 FIG 3 U S Patent Nov 16 2004 Sheet 4 of 11 US 6 820 111 B1 400 get the next link in the current display state 404 examine the link s display properties 406 reve display a frame based on the link s properties 402 408 display linked to content 412 URN display link in frame 414
21. PV s help document and the PV s user interface Example pages of an Guide Book are shown in FIG 7 The UI is embedded in the Guide Book as links that perform UI functions according to the principles of this invention The Guide Book includes the Quick Help page of fre quently used UI commands FIG 8 depicts an example Quick Help page Map book A book of maps including the current site map history map topic browsing map net neighborhood physical vicinity nearby machines and local machine Annotations Folder This is a folder of the notes clippings bookmarks jottings and highlights a user has entered into the user s various documents A user will typically be able to see each of these forms of annotations in the context of the original document US 6 820 111 B1 17 to which they relate These items are stored as external annotations in the Annotations Folder A user does not usually view this folder but instead views one of the following persistent views derived from the Annotations Folder Clippings Folder A persistent view of the Annota tions Folder showing only clippings The default view categorizes by document with more recently read documents ahead of less recently read docu ments Bookmarks Folder Same as the Clippings Folder but showing only bookmarks The Notes Folder Same as the Clippings Folder but showing only notes Notebook This is a blank document where a user can write notes that are n
22. Swipes are also used to make and extend current selections Tap swipe A tap immediately followed by a swipe start ing at the same spot This causes the pen or fingertip to start a current selection region Either the writing or highlighting tip can be used Swiping starting at the current edit cursor location i e the tap is optional when starting on top of the edit cursor can also draw a selection Erase a jiggling swipe When done with the fingertip this is treated as a swipe with the erasing tip The motion is the same as erasing with a real pencil eraser With the pen a user can just swipe with the erasing tip A user can automatically extend the range of a highlight current selection or erasure by holding the pen or fingertip after swiping a part of the range that is swipe part of the range then hold for auto complete to take over The range auto extends to end of word sentence or line paragraph page section or chapter and document in that order the longer a user holds The UI provides feedback on the extent of the selection In tables the selection auto extends by cells to the end of a row or column and then by rows or columns depending on whether the swipe was across or down Arbitrary rectangular blocks can be highlighted selected or erased by swiping a box shape around the desired area Selecting the page number of a page selects the whole page Typically whatever a user can do with a pen the user can do
23. The top level of the PV UI provides the user with a Personal Newsletter or Start Page which is the launch point US 6 820 111 B1 25 for many activities An example Start Page is depicted in FIG 5 Highlights might include urgent mail messages projects PIM items documents news which could be divided into system offered default components such as Messages Notes Clippings and the like Favorite links that the user wants to keep readily available could also be included What appears on the Start Page can be both user configured as well as configured from profile informa tion the PV UI has learned by observing a user s browsing and e mail reading patterns and the like User can Modify Start Page Advanced users can perform the same kinds of operations on the interface itself as those performed on content If the default components on their Start Page are not to their liking they can delete or alter even system offered components such as Mail Messages Or for instance if the automatic page number used by the bookmark header is insufficient for recognition they can alter its text color or any other property Audio Recording and Annotation The PV UI supports the creation of audio clips that can be used for annotation of any displayed document The clips are based on a timeline model in which audio or video recording is a data stream parallel to and synchronized with the material in a document If the user has changed pages wh
24. US006820111B1 a United States Patent Rubin et al 10 Patent No US 6 820 111 B1 45 Date of Patent Nov 16 2004 54 75 73 21 22 51 52 58 56 COMPUTER USER INTERFACE ARCHITECTURE THAT SAVES A USER S NON LINEAR NAVIGATION HISTORY AND INTELLIGENTLY MAINTAINS THAT HISTORY Inventors Darryl E Rubin Redmond WA US Andrew C Baird Kirkland WA US John L Beezer Redmond WA US Jonathan C Cluts Redmond WA US Susan D Woolf Seattle WA US Assignee Microsoft Corporation Redmond WA US Notice Subject to any disclaimer the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U S C 154 b by 0 days Appl No 09 456 975 Filed Dec 7 1999 eee ee GO6F 15 16 US ee 709 203 709 218 345 854 715 511 Field of Search 709 218 217 709 200 223 203 224 345 550 1 1 4 629 641 594 760 736 737 738 823 840 853 854 855 764 707 5 715 501 1 513 512 514 521 526 511 References Cited U S PATENT DOCUMENTS 5 146 552 A 9 1992 Cassorla et al 715 512 5 239 466 A 8 1993 Morgan et al RE34 476 E 12 1993 Norwood 5 434 920 A 7 1995 Beernink et al 5 434 965 A 7 1995 Matheny et al 5 471 568 A 11 1995 Webb et al 5 559 942 A 9 1996 Gough et al 345 802 5 572 643 A 11 1996 Judson List continued on next page Start 300 302 prior existing No 3
25. a user to retrieve web pages from a web based server Any of various conventional web browsers can be used to display and manipulate data on web pages FIG 2 shows a tablet and stylus computer that can be used in accordance with various aspects of the present invention Any or all of the features subsystems and functions in the system of FIG 1 can be included in the computer of FIG 2 Computer 201 includes a large display surface 202 e g a 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 14 flat panel display on which a plurality of windows 203 is displayed Using stylus 204 a user can select highlight and write on the display area Computer 201 interprets marks made using stylus 204 in order to manipulate data enter text and execute conventional computer application tasks such as spreadsheets word processing programs and the like One commercially available tablet and stylus computer incorpo rating many of these features is the Stylistic 2300 computer sold by Fujitsu Personal Systems Inc of Santa Clara Calif Astylus could be equipped with buttons or other features to augment its selection capabilities In one embodiment a stylus could be implemented as a pencil or pen in which one end constitutes a writing portion and the other end constitutes an eraser end which when moved across the display indicates that portions of the display are to be erased Other types of input devices su
26. after the command itself is selected This flexible selection model allows UIs built according to the principles of this invention to scale to small display areas UIs built according to the principles of this invention also scale well to applications having voluminous and or complicated user interfaces by facilitating an organized and uncluttered view of the user interface command hierarchy and or user interface help information for such applications Users get at commands by navigating to a page where the desired command is found In a preferred embodiment the documents with links UI according to the principles of this invention is organized to make frequently used commands a single navigation step away or through customizations no steps away Aself explanatory document the Guide Book is provided The Guide Book is a readable manual that users can go through in a logical order a page at a time like any conventional user manual Each command mention however is an active command instance that can be invoked in place Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent through the following description the figures and the appended claims BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional general purpose digital computing environment that can be used to implement various aspects of the invention FIG 2 shows a conventional tablet and stylus based computer that can be used to impleme
27. and UI information are displayed entirely differently Content is typically displayed in a particular region or frame of the display User interface information is never displayed there Instead user interface information is displayed in dialog boxes drop down menus and tool bars User content never shows up in dialog boxes drop down menus and tool bars Similarly users find user content documents and UI help information differently Accordingly there is a need for a UI architecture in which the concepts and actions the user must learn are the same for interacting with both content and the UI Such a unification makes computer software easier and more efficient to use Prior art UIs for desktop computers typically require a keyboard and mouse in order for a user to interact with them and most pen enabled palmtop computers have cumbersome means of interaction Therefore there is a need for more natural styles of interacting with a computer by using a minimum number common gestures such as touch hold erase draw or write Prior art UI desktop metaphors applied to small form factor devices are typically cluttered and difficult to use In addition applications that provide rich functionality are sometimes constrained by the limited ability of a user to navigate menus and dialogs of prior art UIs For instance for such applications the menus and tool bars may get too big and the help system may get too cumbersome to navigate or sear
28. atis currently in view rmdres PIN THIS PAGE Tapping on thls cornmand will freeze of the current page and display it as a flaating ne 0 arent more HIGE SHOW ANNOTATIONS Tapping on ihis com nal show any annotations that have Been added tea clippings PROPERTIES Tapping this command will display the p for the torrent paga artist of ts attributis FIG 9 U S Patent Nov 16 2004 Sheet 10 of 11 US 6 820 111 B1 FIG 10 U S Patent Nov 16 2004 E Mail Last Week Prayress Drove ead meeting with Darryt ang got our evorall desiga direction aperceud Continised daily meetings en ePad Scheduled meeting with aad Nepiune teams NY hi Drew got ePad team up on RAID anc VES Gol box in my oifige up and running witn ePad instailed Met wih Dawe and others about team project arshiing Have defnad amp basic strategy Praotded input into Baras heme four bralnskramming meling Amended horae scheduling meetin Aiteded Lega briefing Get brisfed on cumant fend past dema s produced by the team Priorities Drive graphic completion for currant Ma features in ePad 114 3 Drive averti pragrezs for M2 stona for Paull review 12758 Produce first drat proposal for archiving 1 52 ePad proio snd enter bugs in RA D first pass 11 2 ongoing Provide divectiga and inget for directs on projects raing Plan fun
29. can be a server a router a network PC a peer device or other common network node and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to computer 100 although only a memory storage device 111 has been illustrated in FIG 1 The logical connections depicted in FIG 1 include a local area network LAN 112 and a wide area network WAN 113 Such networking environments are commonplace in offices enterprise wide computer networks intranets and the Inter net When used in a LAN networking environment the computer 100 is connected to the local network 112 through a network interface or adapter 114 When used in a WAN networking environment the personal computer 100 typi cally includes a modem 115 or other means for establishing a communications over the wide area network 113 such as the Internet The modem 115 which may be internal or external is connected to the system bus 130 via the serial port interface 106 In a networked environment program modules depicted relative to the personal computer 100 or portions thereof may be stored in the remote memory storage device It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are example and other means of establishing a communica tions link between the computers can be used The existence of any of various well known protocols such as TCP IP Ethernet FTP HTTP and the like is presumed and the system can be operated in a client server configuration to permit
30. ch Accordingly in addition to the need for a simpler more unified experience for the user of an application there is also a need to facilitate the uncluttered presentation of user interfaces for applications providing very rich functionality Usability data for prior art UIs show that users of multi windowed systems don t always know which actions will produce results in which window Therefore there is a need to reduce the complexity and confusion sometimes caused by multi windowed user interfaces Prior art UIs typically offer limited capabilities for cus tomizing the UI Accordingly there is a need for a UI architecture that provides greater flexibility to users content developers and third party software developers by provid ing broader capabilities for easily customizing the UI For example different groups of users may be of different levels of computer skill and have need of different sets of features and the UI can be customized to better suit their needs 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 2 Users of prior art UIs sometimes become extremely frustrated when their work is lost because their work was not properly saved Accordingly there is a need to provide a save less model so that users do not need to explicitly save their work Users of prior art UIs typically do not have a convenient and seamless way to record notes verbally and to associate notes with particular parts of a document
31. ch as a mouse trackball or the like could be used Additionally a user s own finger could be used to select or indicate portions of the displayed image on a touch sensitive or proximity sensitive display Consequently the term user input device is intended to have a broad definition and encompasses many variations on well known input devices Example Steps for Implementing Aspects of the Invention FIG 3 is a flowchart showing simplified steps at a high level of abstraction for implementing a UI architecture according to the principles of this invention upon start up Processing begins at start block 300 In step 302 the system checks to see whether there is a prior existing state If there is a prior existing state then that state is used as the current state If there is no prior existing state then in step 304 the system retrieves a previously stored default prior state and assigns the value of that default state which could be for instance a default start page to the current state In a preferred embodiment like other content and UI the current state is stored as a document that contains links In step 308 the system waits for input from a user Upon user input the system determines the nature of the user input in step 310 Gestures for performing UI actions are dis cussed below The nature of the user input could include a combination of the input device such as a pen and the gesture performed by the user The sys
32. ckerberg etal 341 22 IEEE 1999 pp 356 359 6 018 342 A 1 2000 Bristor 345 840 Kuo et al A Synchronization Scheme for Multimedia 6 018 344 A 1 2000 Harada et al 345 818 Annotation Multimedia Information Networking Labora 6 018 742 A 1 2000 Herbert III tory Tamkang University Taiwan IEEE 1997 pp 6 034 689 A 3 2000 White et al 345 760 594 598 6 035 330 A 3 2000 Astiz et al 709 218 6 037 934 A 3 2000 Himmel et al 345 760 Hucklefine Defined Apr 1990 http www ylem org 6 038 598 A 3 2000 Danneels artists mmosher huck html pp 1 3 6 049 812 A 4 2000 Bertram et al 715 516 Tour of Korea Hypercard Stack 1996 Grose Educational Odeon A pen al Media http Avww entrenet com groedmed kor2 html 6 072 490 A 6 2000 Bates et al 345 821 pp 1 2 6 081 829 A 6 2000 Sidana Bizweb2000 com screenshots of an e book published on 6 091 930 A 7 2000 Mortimer et al May 1999 pp 1 4 http web archive org web http 6 094 197 A 7 2000 Buxton et al www bizweb2000 com eshots htm 6 105 044 A 8 2000 DeRose et al 715 514 6 122 649 A 9 2000 Kanerva et al Adobe Acrobat 3 0 Reader Online Guide Adobe Systems 6 157 381 A 12 2000 Bates et al 345 786 Inc pp 1 110 6 163 778 A 12 2000 Fogg et al Open eBook Forum Open eBook
33. content page US 6 820 111 B1 27 3 A computer readable medium having computer executable instructions for generating the computer user interface of claim 2 4 The computer user interface of claim 1 wherein for each user interface page and each user content page to which the user navigated the stored navigational history includes information about where the user navigated 5 A computer readable medium having computer executable instructions for generating the computer user interface of claim 4 6 The computer user interface of claim 1 wherein the history view map depicts the stored navigational history as all forward navigation paths the user has taken from at least one user interface page or user content page 7 The computer user interface of claim 6 wherein the history view map depicts the forward navigation paths restricted to a particular time frame 8 A computer readable medium having computer executable instructions for generating the computer user interface of claim 7 9 A computer readable medium having computer executable instructions for generating the computer user interface of claim 6 10 The computer user interface of claim 1 wherein the second navigational path includes at least one user interface page and at least one user content page 11 A computer readable medium having computer executable instructions for generating the computer user interface of claim 1 12 A method for storing a navigational h
34. contents of any view such as a view of a filing or command hierarchy become searchable sortable and annotatable Non linear Navigation History A key difference between the navigation mechanism of the PV UI and prior art browsers is that the PV UI unlike prior art browsers maintains a non linear navigation history For example if a user navigates through a set of links then goes back several steps and then navigates through a different set of links the user is still able to go back and then retrace the original path of links they navigated With prior art browser s this is not possible recollection of the first set of documents that were backed over is lost Further the PV UI maintains a nonlinear navigation context that records every place a user has ever navigated to when in time the user was there and where the user went to from there This in turn allows a user to navigate from general content pages into user interface pages perform interface functionality and then return to the user s docu ments without losing what the user s navigational context was before navigating to the user interface pages As described in more detail above in the Rich Navigation And Maintaining The User s Navigational History section this invention automatically removes navigation from the begin ning of navigation into UI pages that lead up to performance of some UI functionality so the user s navigational history does not g
35. creating a formatting style for a table In the middle of doing this the user could navigate away from this UI form and get engaged in some other UI operation such as filling out another form for a different purpose and then at any time navigate back to the original incomplete form There is no restriction on the number of such incomplete operations that 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 12 can be in progress simultaneously Nor is there any limita tion on switching away from such incomplete operations This is unlike the prior art where complex operations typically performed via dialogs must generally be complete or cancelled before the user switches to another activity Unlike prior UI s the user of a documents with links UI is typically not restricted from interrupting one operation to initiate another or several others nor would such an inter ruption cause the user to lose work already performed in partially completing the first operation Creating and Saving Information Another architectural topic central to the documents with links UI is the model for creating and saving information Any time a user creates something new the user is creating a new document and linking it into a context For an object inserted into an existing document such as an embedded annotation the user is linking it into the document that is to contain it with link properties implicitly set to make the object v
36. ct to permissions Users can select from multiple views for the page being viewed The model naturally accommodates dynamic content including downloaded content that mixes content and UI on the same page or as part of a network of related pages Links as Commands and Link Properties A link can be an association between two different spots in a collection of document pages The spots could be two spots on the same page The spots could be a spot on one page and a spot on another page Links can have properties that indicate certain things about the link beyond simply the fact that it relates two different places What a link relates need not necessarily always be displayable pages A link can US 6 820 111 B1 7 relate a spot in a document and an active runable object such that when a user activates that link or touches that spot in the document the associated object is run Links therefore can act as commands Links may be to any kind of command code Scripts are one example Binary code objects are another example As a result pages that have links replace the drop down menus and dialog boxes of prior art UIs A link may manifest in various ways based on the link s properties Links can look like not only clickable spots but also fill in fields and other kinds of well known and later developed user interface elements A document page could have these other kinds of active elements that are really a form of link Accordingly act
37. ent users with a form for entering the parameters for example the Prop erties command Because a command is a link it has all the functionality of links For example commands can visualize in multiple ways such as an underlined blue label a button an icon or a graphic image They can be copied from one place to another moved and deleted Their properties can be manipulated such as to change their appearance or to preset some or all of their parameters Commands can also be created the same way that any kind of link is created via a Link command which establishes a link between a source and destination that the user specifies in the case of creating a command link the destination is an executable object such as a command script or binary Everything users can do to a link or to objects in general since a link is an object users can do to commands Guide Book Users get at commands by navigating to a page where the desired command is found The documents with links UI is organized to make frequently used commands a single navigation step away or through customizations no steps away Less commonly used commands may take more steps to get to The documents with links UI includes a self explanatory document the Guide Book This is literally a readable manual that users can go through in a logical order a page at a time like any current user manual The difference is that each command mention is an active command instance tha
38. et cluttered with navigation within UI pages Saving the user s navigation history may also help a user retrace navigational steps that the user would not otherwise be able to remember For instance suppose a user does not remember where they were when they viewed some content they liked If the user remembers where they had been before they viewed that content then the user can navigate to this prior place and query navigational history for every where they had navigated to from that particular location This is very unlike prior art multi windowing UIs in which each application has its own navigation history that can not be integrated with the history of other applications a user is concurrently running For example suppose a user runs a word processor and a browser concurrently on a desktop computer The user can switch between them in a way well known in the art The word processor and the web browser will both have their own state information In other words the word processor and the web browser will each be separately nested in their own experience of history or navigation As a result if the user switches from the word processor to the browser visits a few web sites and wants to return to the word processor the user will not be able to get back to the word processor by hitting the browser s back button The browser and the word processor essentially exist in separate contexts with each context having its own state informati
39. hat is each of these annotations is available to the user not only in situ in the content where it was created but cross referenced in automatically created indices which can be manipulated much as described in the Viewing History section above by time by appearance by site document section page etc Likewise annotations could be shared selectively shared or kept private with the kind of functionality described in the Collaboration section below Interface Shortcuts and Smarts Most likely to use links and Other Heuristics The PV UI can include heuristics which allow it to offer up most likely to use links to additional material One case of these is the context menu that appears when the user holds the Next button in addition to the most recent documents the user has visited subsequent to the current one the Next menu includes heuristically determined choices of other places the user may wish to visit for example documents on a topic related to the current one Another case is a feature called an End Page such as for instance End Page 1100 depicted in FIG 11 Such an End Page is essentially a summary page at the end of a document or book that offers the user related topics such as additional works by this author on this topic written in the same time period commented on by these critics etc In the case of directories such as email where each message is technically a document the end page offers threads based on that
40. hat is if the user is currently in the list or books of Mail Messages the help system infers that requests for assistance are about how to perform work with Mail Messages For instance FIG 8 shows two pages of an example Guide Book The page on the right page 9 of 10 includes descriptions of commands such as the PIN THIS PAGE command 800 The Guide Book describes what the com mand does For instance for PIN THIS PAGE the descrip tion states that Tapping on this command will freeze a secondary copy of the current page and display it as a floating page over the book FIG 9 shows an example of a pinned page In addition to describing this command the text PIN THIS PAGE is a link that when activated will execute the PIN THIS PAGE command on either the most recently selected page or on a page to be selected after activating the PIN THIS PAGE command link 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 26 Obtain Help and Perform Functions in the Same Way Unlike prior art UIs the PV UI is constructed as a set of document pages just like a user document or a web site is constructed as set of document pages This invention puts all of the user s content pages and user interface pages into a single grouping of information that the user can access This invention then leverages well known browser like naviga tional capabilities to allow a user to navigate back and f
41. ia which can store data that is accessible by a computer such as magnetic cassettes flash memory cards digital video disks Bernoulli cartridges random access memories RAMs read only memories ROMs and the like may also be used in the example operating environ ment A number of program modules can be stored on the hard disk magnetic disk 190 optical disk 192 ROM 140 or RAM 150 including an operating system 195 one or more application programs 196 other program modules 197 and program data 198 A user can enter commands and infor mation into the computer 100 through input devices such as a keyboard 101 and pointing device 102 Other input devices not shown may include a microphone joystick game pad satellite dish scanner or the like These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 110 through a serial port interface 106 that is coupled to the system bus but may be connected by other interfaces such as a parallel port game port or a universal serial bus USB A monitor 107 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 130 via an interface such as a video adapter 108 In addition to the monitor personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices not shown such as speakers and printers The computer 100 can operate in a networked environ ment using logical connections to one or more remote computers such as a remote computer 109 Remote com puter 109
42. ile recording then the clip when played back will also change the page when the appropriate place in the audio clip is reached The interface supports both document and page specific audio noted as well as global recording The inter face is presented with cassette like controls including index forward back and editing Each clip is stored as an indi vidual document and can be sorted and filtered to present the clips in multiple ways all audio on a given page all audio for a given book audio notes in the order they were recorded and the like Additionally the audio clip recorder supports intelligent VOX for hands off note taking A further feature is the ability to embed audio notes at specific points in the content of a document in a manner similar to creating footnotes These audio notes can be created and played back by a single tap on the screen at the point where the audio note was or is to be inserted The presence of embedded audio notes is signified by a small icon in the content that is laid out in a manner similar to a footnote symbol Guide Book Because the commands in the PV UI are simply links on a document page there is no difference between documentation help wizards and the other ways the PV UI helps a user perform an action Asking for help by clicking on a help link summons an appropriate help page composed on the fly from the content of the Guide Book The principles that underlie this composition are contextual t
43. istory compris ing steps of generating a computer user interface comprising a plu rality of user interface pages having links within a single document and a plurality of user content pages having links within the single document generating a unified navigational context for allowing a user to interface with both the user interface pages and the user content pages within the single document 10 20 25 30 35 28 receiving input signals representative of activation of the links of the user interface pages and the links of the user content pages automatically storing a navigational history of each user interface page and each user content page to which a user navigates in the unified navigational context generating a history view map for depicting the stored navigational history non linearly and automatically excluding a portion of the stored navigation history from a user content page through at least one user interface page that leads to execution of a user interface command wherein the stored navigational history includes a first navigational path of at least one user interface page and at least one user content page and a second navigational path of at least one user interface page or at least one user content page the second navigational path being different from the first navigational path 13 The method of claim 12 wherein the stored naviga tional history includes information about when the user navigated
44. isualize in place OLE style embedding Physically the object is stored as a child within the parent document s container For new standalone objects like a new word processing document the object is instead added to the current navi gation context as if the user had done a Next to it from wherever the user was when the user issued the New command Physically the object may be stored in the user s sea of free space in a hidden system folder not part of any folder the user is aware of unless and until the user chooses to file it somewhere The user does not need to put documents into a filing hierarchy or save them This is because the documents with links UI stores all navigational history Accordingly users can find the documents they create by viewing or searching their history map A user could file a document into a folder as an optional step using a Save As command or by manually creating a link in the folder that leads to the document the Save As command could be simply a shortcut for creating such a link Also the user could use Save Save As to update or create versions of a document in the filing hierarchy as desired Example Hardware Platforms for Implementing Aspects of the Invention FIG 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional general purpose digital computing environment that can be used to implement various aspects of the invention Computer 100 includes a processing unit 110 a system memory 120 and
45. ivating links goes beyond merely clicking on colored underlined text and can include filling in fields pressing radio buttons and the like Again pages with links replace prior art dialog boxes having buttons and the like The links may look like buttons but the links are simply links Even the desktop metaphor of files and folders is expressed as lists of links on a page Additionally links have properties that govern their appearance and behavior For example a link s properties may dictate that it appear as a blue underscored text string as in prior art browsers or as a 3D button as a graphic icon as a thumbnail image of the content being linked to or even as an embedded frame that is open on the content being linked to As described in more detail below a user can modify how a link manifests by modifying the link s properties The ability to control a link s appearance and behavioral prop erties makes possible rich authoring and customization of both content and the user interface Actions in a UI according to the principles of this inven tion occur by clicking on commands that exist on pages To the user a command looks like a link and in fact it is a link Specifically a command is a link whose source anchor is the command hotspot whose destination anchor is the script or code that implements the command and whose properties are the command parameters Some commands may run with canned parameters while others may pres
46. ld select the region first and then go find and invoke the command Being able to select the object upon which a command will operate after selecting the command is unlike the selection model of prior art UIs where object selection must precede command selection The selection model of the documents with links UI is discussed in more detail below General Concepts Underlying the Documents with links UI Architecture No Distinction Between Content Documents and UI Docu ments The basic principle of the documents with links UI is that everything the user sees and interacts with is a document This applies equally to both content and UI These docu ments could be implemented in HTML XML and the like There is essentially no difference between content and UI documents In fact the same document can mix content and UI Even though some UI elements like context menus and toolbars may be presented in ways that do not look document like they are in fact implemented as documents and can be manipulated as such The uniform treatment of content and UI pages is important for several reasons Users only need to deal with one set of navigation controls and conventions and only one navigation space Users never need to think about whether they are in content space or UI space Users can use the full power of the UI to manipulate the UI itself For example users can search annotate customize and edit UI pages the same as any content subje
47. left margin of the left page for clippings on the left page and the right margin of the right page for clippings on the right page The inner margins could remain unused except if the user puts annotations or other links there 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 16 The difference between the margins only embodiment and the edge zones embodiment is that in the margins only embodiment the user sees no surrounding frame and a tap action in the margins has the defaults specified in the list above In the edge zones embodiment the user sees a surrounding frame that is wide enough to provide an edge zone and taps in the corresponding edge zones have the effects specified in the list above In this latter embodiment the default action for taps in each of the document s margins is to insert an embedded annotation 1 a user note In the margins only embodiment the user would insert annotations into a margin not by tapping there but by explicitly invoking a command such as an Insert Note command available on the margin s popup menu The display content This is the area inside the page margins where content is displayed Content may include links that the user can navigate by touching them as well as user created highlighting jottings and embedded notes and recordings The note form This is a document template that is used to implement several important PV UI features includ ing bookmarks notes
48. n the documents with links UI focus doesn t disambiguate any thing Therefore in accordance with a preferred embodiment instead of the current selection being the one whose docu 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 10 ment has the focus the current selection is the most recently selected area All commands that are configured to operate on selections will operate on that most recently selected area Having executed they will trim the navigation context at the branch point that leads from the current selection to the command itself The benefit is that users are free to link into the web of UI pages exploring them as necessary to find the desired command and then to invoke it The act of doing so will end up trimming all the UI navigation from the context leaving the user back where the user was before navigating to UI pages Note that depending on the length and content of the navigational path between the command and recent selection the UI may show the user the target and prompt the user to confirm before proceeding Note that if no selection exists when a command is executed then the next selection the user establishes will be considered to be the most recent selection for purposes of determining the command target In this case after the user makes the selection command buttons will be presented in context with the selection by which the user can confirm or cancel execution of the previou
49. ngle viewing frame This unified approach simplifies the user s interaction with both user content and user interface docu ments by reducing the number of concepts a user must learn in order to access interact with and modify both user content documents and the user interface US 6 820 111 B1 3 A non linear navigation history is maintained such that a user can navigate along a first path back up using a previous link an appropriate number of times navigate along a second path back up along the second path using the previous link an appropriate number of times and re navigate along the first path again using a next link Every document page to which a user navigates is saved in the user s navigation history Users can query their navigation histories and view their navigation history in various ways such as by time by appearance by site document section page and the like User can also view their navigation history as nodes with side tracking branches as a linear list or as a combination of most recently viewed pages and last few task categories According to a preferred embodiment navigation from user content pages through user interface pages that results in a command being executed is automatically removed from the user s view of the navigational history in order to keep the navigational history view uncluttered A flexible selection model is supported allowing users to select the object of a command either before or
50. notion of dual spaces the documents with links UI is conceptually simpler for the user than a model that has separate UI and content webs The one space model is also more powerful and customizable as described in more detail below Shortcuts Numerous UI shortcuts and direct manipulations may exist as a configurable layer on top of the documents with links UI so more experienced users can do the most common operations in context without navigating to UI pages The user gets the best of terse command access plus the richness of the full browser and answer system for exploring the command set The documents with links UI uses a web architecture with UI shortcuts layered on top A na ve user will typically start by using the documents with links UI without the shortcuts that is by using the Guide Book to access UI functions An advanced user will typically be able to per form all common operations via the shortcuts and without resorting to the documents with links UI Guide Book as often Scalability to Various Display Sizes and Types Various preferred embodiments of the documents with links UI will be explained below in the context of a portable personal viewer platform Nevertheless the documents with links UI is scalable across a wide range of device and display types from desktop computers to laptops to hand held devices Accordingly the documents with links UI is intended to be implemented on any type of computing pla
51. ns 504 and 506 take the place of the traditional scrollbar for scanning within a single document Scrolling is Possible Even though the PV UI is page oriented there are times when a scroll oriented presentation is the only reasonable display choice The PV UI supports this by displaying traditional scroll bars when stream oriented presentation is required The user may touch the scroll bars to perform the scrolling actions This looks and works much like conven tional scroll bars Users can Create Links PV UI users are not limited to the links that are authored into content they can create their own The PV UI imple ments a rich linking model in which links can have source and destination anchor ranges as well as their own proper ties Despite the richness of available features users can create links as easily as they can copy text and all with a fingertip the pen is not required Links Displaying Links How a link is displayed is controlled by its properties Conventions and heuristics may be used to assign values to these properties at the time the link is created A simple example is that when the user taps inside the content of a document a note is created This entails creating a note document and then creating a link leading from the spot that was tapped to the new note document In this case the link properties are set to visualize the link as a note icon As another example if the user highlights some text in a user documen
52. nt the user can check or uncheck the checkboxes This causes the associated entry to be selected or unselected respectively In this address book example the user is accessing a standard document the address book and the normal mul tiple selection idiom to make and change the user s TO field fill in choices The user has the full power of the normal UI for navigating viewing and searching the address book and can navigate to other documents containing addresses where the user can make other choices Note that because the selection state is associated with the path the user took to reach the address book the user will see the TO items highlighted in the address book only if the user links to the address book or successor nodes via the TO field in question Thus the existence of an active To field does not interfere with other uses of the address book or with other active To fields This is a significant principle of the documents with links UI the path a user takes to reach a document typically affects the behavior and presentation of the document This is a way to achieve state like behavior without requiring special modes or UI mechanisms like dialogs The imple mentation of chooser fields is one of the more important uses of this concept Modeless UI Unlike prior art UIs the documents with links UI is essentially modeless For example a user could be involved in filling out a form for carrying out a UI operation such as
53. nt various aspects of the invention FIG 3 is a flowchart showing simplified steps at a high level of abstraction for implementing a UI architecture according to the principles of this invention upon start up FIG 4 is a flow chart showing simplified steps for implementing the display state step of the flow chart in FIG 3 FIG 5 depicts an example Start Page displayed on a personal viewer according to a preferred embodiment of the invention FIG 6 depicts an example book cover page and table of contents displayed on a personal viewer according to a preferred embodiment of the invention FIG 7 depicts example Guide Book pages displayed on a personal viewer according to a preferred embodiment of the invention 10 15 20 25 40 45 50 55 60 65 4 FIG 8 depicts example Quick Help pages one of which is bookmarked displayed on a personal viewer according to a preferred embodiment of the invention FIG 9 depicts an example of a pinned user content page displayed on a personal viewer according to a preferred embodiment of the invention FIG 10 depicts an example of inked annotation displayed on a personal viewer according to a preferred embodiment of the invention FIG 11 depicts an example End Page displayed on a personal viewer according to a preferred embodiment of the invention DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Table of Contents for the Detailed Description Section Introduction
54. ocument Continuing to hold the link could cause the preview infor mation to expand into a navigational map of the link context emanating from the link the user is holding Popup menu US 6 820 111 B1 19 choices could also be presented allowing the user to manipu late the link such as to change its properties When the user releases a held link no navigation occurs The user can tap the link to make it navigate If holding the link opened a navigation map the map will persist for a short time after the user lets go This gives the user a chance to tap a spot on the map to go there or to hold a spot in order to preview and then to expand the map context around that point Next and Previous Commands Another way to navigate is via browser like Next and Previous commands performed in the default assignment by tapping the PV s lower right and left corners 508 and 510 respectively Specifically these functions navigate a user along the chain of visitations caused by link operations Page turning operations are not part of the next previous chain For example if a user opens a book reads the first ten pages and then does previous the user will return to wherever the user was before the book was opened The user will not go back to the previous page of the current docu ment for that the user can use the previous page operation 504 The distinct page level and navigation level functions exist because the page forward back functio
55. ok that is associated with the input field The documents with links UI makes the link from an input field to its choice document the address book in this example be a command with navigation behavior as opposed to being an ordinary link This command navigates the user to the document the user needs to choose from and captures anything the user selects After selecting the addresses the user wants the user can simply navigate back to the send form where the TO field is Alternatively the user could close the address book or use an OK command either of which would return the user automatically There is nothing to save because all choice state is captured as the user proceeds If there is a change in plan the user could simply cancel the current selection or clear the TO field when the user returns If the user later wants to change the TO field choices the user may click the TO field link again and the user is taken back to the address book with all the current choices still highlighted The current choices are highlighted because the command that takes the user to the address book picks up the TO state and paints the required selection regions To facilitate making selections in scenarios like this address book example an additional facility is provided The command which presents the document to choose from can also cause checkboxes to appear next to each entry in the document Rather than manually selecting items in the docume
56. on and unique history Annotations The PV UI allows a user to interact with content and the UI to make either or both more memorable via bookmarks clippings highlights overlaid and embedded ink and audio notes Bookmarks are described further in commonly assigned and currently pending U S patent application Ser No 09 456 127 entitled Bookmarking and Placemarking a Displayed Document in a Computer System filed contem poraneously herewith which is incorporated herein by ref erence Example bookmarks 800 and 802 are depicted in FIG 8 Ink annotations are described further in commonly assigned and currently pending U S patent application Ser No 09 455 805 entitled System and Method for Annotating an Electronic Document Independently Of Its Content filed 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 24 contemporaneously herewith which is incorporated herein by reference These annotations may be performed with not only different input methods but adapted to the most con venient or natural one such as a finger for highlighting a stylus for writing or doodling and speech for lengthier commentary Storing Annotations The annotations exist apart from the content as files with links to the content therefore annotations can be displayed not only layered on the content in appropriate positions within the content such as for instance note 1000 in FIG 10 but in other locations and visualizations T
57. ore a user interacts with the UI the less often the user will typically need to navigate to the Guide Book Therefore shortcuts will be discussed below with reference to a preferred embodiment of this UI architecture implemented on a personal viewer as the shortcuts would appear to a user because eventually shortcuts are what most users would use in their day to day activities with the documents with links UI Rich Navigation and Maintaining the User s Navigational History When a user performs a navigation action a record is created of where the user navigated to and at what date and time this occurred It is thus possible to query this set of records to derive many views of a user s navigational history including for instance a network view also referred to as a history map view Ways in which a user s naviga tional history may be viewed are discussed in more detail below in the Viewing History section The history map view is a generalization of the linear history provided by prior art browsers The history map view makes it easy for a user to revisit a place the user visited previously with important cues about the context in terms of other places the user was visiting at the time The Next command works with the branching history too A user can explore a chain of links back up explore a different chain back up and Next the user s way down the original chain to get back to where the user was This is much easier than
58. orth between various pages and to put links to pages in favored lists and the like All of this is leveraged to provide the means by which a user navigates to user interface pages The PV UI can provide context specific dynamically synthesized views of links to give the user direct access to relevant UI help pages The user can search for user interface functionality in the same way the user can search other document pages Of course pop up menus and other devices such as permanent links placed on the screen that give the user direct access to UI help information can also be provided Because the Guide Book is simply content operations that may be performed on other types of content such as the Start Page the UI and content in general may also be performed on the Guide Book Unlike prior art user interfaces the way a user gets help for performing a function and the way the user performs the function are the same To perform a function and to get help for a function the user simply activates a link Concluding Remarks The foregoing has described a user interface architecture based on documents with links that facilitates creation of user interfaces that allow users to read annotate collaborate and perform other tasks typical of knowledge work as well as alter the interface to best suit their work patterns It will be appreciated that many modifications and variations of the invention are possible and the specific examples and descri
59. ot associated with a particular document The notebook is provided by default because most users would like to have a notebook to write in The mailbox calendar and address book In a preferred embodiment these will synchronize with a user s desktop or network based counterparts Personal Viewer Display Modes A PV UI can include a single display and or a dual display Some dual display UI actions will cause only the rightmost display image to be replaced When this happens the original image may or may not be shifted to the left display when this happens A rule that can be used is that when the UI action was invoked from a link or menu action initiated on the right display the image is shifted to the left display and the new page opens on the right If the action was initiated on the left display the new page simply opens on the right and no shift occurs The result is that the new page opens on the right and the page from which it was initiated appears on the left For a single display PV the current display image is simply replaced by the new page A user can use the Previous and Next functions to flip between the original and new pages A PV can be held horizontally or vertically Further dual display PV s can treat the two displays as separate pages or as halves of the same large page The PV can adapt its assignment of case touch zones and display areas to present a consistent geometry to the user regardless of its orienta
60. peated until the check for more links in the current display state fails in step 414 Display state processing then ends in step 416 Preferred Embodiments of the UI Architecture for a Personal Viewer Various preferred embodiments of the documents with links UI of this invention are described herein as imple mented on a personal viewer hereinafter the term PV refers to a personal viewer upon which various aspects of preferred embodiments of a documents with links UI according to the principles of this invention are implemented Personal Viewer UI Elements Referring now to FIG 5 an example Start Page is displayed on a PV UI 500 that includes the following elements The display surface 502 This is touch sensitive for both fingertip and pen operations The touch zones at the four corners 504 506 508 and 510 are used to initiate navigation operations such as turning pages and tra versing the user s navigational history chain Labels may be applied to these areas to cue completely naive users how to turn pages the first time they interact with a PV UI The display margins Documents that present on a PV UI typically show as print like pages including margins The margin space is available for jotting notes and displaying Ul generated features like bookmark tabs and UI shortcuts A default margin arrangement could be Top margin 512 bookmark tabs Bookmarks or other objects placed here are associated with the contain ing
61. ptions herein do not limit the scope of the invention We claim 1 A computer user interface comprising a plurality of user interface pages having links within a single document a plurality of user content pages having links within the single document a unified navigational context for allowing a user to interface with both the user interface pages and the user content pages within the single document by activating the links of the user interface pages and the links of the user content pages the unified navigational context automatically storing a navigational history of each user interface page and each user content page to which a user navigates and a history view map for depicting the stored navigational history non linearly wherein the stored navigational history includes a first navigational path of at least one user interface page and at least one user content page and a second navigational path of at least one user interface page or at least one user content page the second navigational path being different from the first navigational path wherein the history view man automatically excludes a portion of the stored navigation history from a user content page through at least one user interface page that leads to execution of a user interface command 2 The computer user interface of claim 1 wherein the stored navigational history includes information about when the user navigated to each user interface page and each user
62. r s navigation history is saved the users sequence may be viewed as nodes with side tracking branches as a linear list or as a combination of most recently viewed pages and last few task categories For example a query could perform a multilevel categorization by document id resulting in a hierarchy that represents all the forward navigation paths a user has taken from any given document By restricting filtering this categorization to a particular time frame the navigation network as it existed at a particular point in time can be shown Of course other kinds of views are also possible For example the history can be categorized by higher level groupings like web sites or user tasks with the results presented in alphabetical rather than time order thus letting users return to a previous location according to the kind of information or activity as opposed to the time during which the location was last visited To make certain views such as the network view more efficient to recreate additional property information may be stored on each navigation record Accordingly maintaining the navigation context as a database of naviga tion records allows support for a rich variety of queries and views Applies to UI Because the UI is built out of content features used to search text change viewing options on lists and tables US 6 820 111 B1 23 annotate and the like all work for UI as well as for user content As an example the
63. rrent document topic a comment or hyperlink Source anchor Specifies whether the link is anchored to a character word paragraph image part of an image table row cell or column or an arbitrary range of document positions This parameter is automatically set according to the source selection the user makes when creating the link this property provides a way to change the anchor Hotspot Specifies the physical extent and appearance of the hotspot By default the extent matches that of the anchor but it can be made bigger or smaller and of arbitrary shape noncontiguous hotspots are also pos sible For hotspots on text the default appearance is blue underlined text but the foreground and back ground colors and text attributes can be changed Other appearance options include manifesting the link as an icon button thumbnail of the link target or as an in place active rendering of the link target Hotspots can also be invisible which is appropriate for links over GIF images for instance Another hotspot option speci fies how the link is previewed any or all of the name of the target a thumbnail of it and or specific balloon text Destination anchor Specifies the target of the link and its range The basic link creation UI results in destination anchors that are a single document position a point rather than a range Destination ranges that are not points are a very advanced feature mainly used in US 6 820 111 B1
64. ser s navigation context is restored to docu ment page B To find a needed command the user might have to navigate along a chain from D to several other pages in the Guide Book resulting in a chain of several steps branching off from B When the user finally picks a command the documents with links UI knows what to act on and what to remove from the navigation context as follows Commands operate on the current selection and in general remove the navigation nodes that lie on the branch leading from the current selection to the command Further additional heu ristics may be used for unusual cases Current selections in the documents with links UI are similar to current selections in prior art desktop UIs but there are differences because the documents with links UI deals with a network of active documents that are different than a desktop of active windows The two schemes are similar in that every document can have a single possibly disjoint selected area The schemes differ in that the documents with links UI can t use the idea of the current focus to decide what selection a command should operate on In prior art desktop UIs the document the user wants to operate on typically has the current focus and all UI elements implicitly reference this focus In the documents with links UI world the user may have navigated several hops away from the document the user wants to operate on as the user looked for the desired command so i
65. sly selected command Of course other suitable methods of determining what selection to operate on are also possible For instance one such method is to allow only a single selection to be extant at a time That is any time a new selection is initiated any prior selection is cancelled un selected Another method is to choose what selection to operate on by doing a backwards scan in time order through the navigation context until an active selection is found In most cases envisioned by the inventors this latter solution produces the same result as the first one discussed i e the most recent selection will be found The effect of the algorithm for trimming the navigational context is typically to isolate and remove the branch whose purpose was to find the command that was just executed Trimming the navigational context of navigation to UI pages does not always occur however For example an Apply command for property setting could leave the property form active and not trim the navigation context Of course different commands may choose to operate on the navigation context in different ways Nevertheless a couple standard ways will typically cover most of the cases Flexible Selection Model The documents with links UI does not require users to make a selection before invoking a command Users are free to select first and then click a command or click the command first and then make a selection If an appropriate selection does not e
66. t 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 8 can be invoked in place A variety of Quick Help pages and indices make it easy to get quick access to sets of commands that are commonly used together that are logically related or that are typically used as part of a given scenario Such Quick Help pages could be assembled dynamically based upon the context of the document or documents being viewed by the user Users can also use search to find commands This could call into play an intelligent user assistant or other conven tional help mechanisms when appropriate Even if all commands were only one navigational hop away however the documents with links UI would not be ideal because users want the most common commands to be zero hops away Users also want context sensitivity to command presentation like that provided by conventional context menus The documents with links UI therefore accommodates things like toolbars context menus and other UI shortcuts that the user can customize Like every thing else in the documents with links UI shortcuts are implemented as documents with links The UI shortcuts can be conceptualized as being layered on top of the base documents with links UI yet shortcuts are actually con structed out of the same components that comprise the documents with links UI documents with links As a user looks up commands from the Guide Book the user will learn short cuts so that the m
67. t and then chooses the Make link command followed by the steps to complete that command the link is made to visualize as a hotspot over the originally selected text with the selected text changed for example to a blue underlined font Unless a user changes a link s display properties once these property setting decisions are made the link will typically continue to be displayed in the same way Depending upon a link s properties when the link is displayed content of the linked to document or other infor mation about the linked to document may be displayed in a frame in the linked from document For instance two example previous links previous link 700 in FIG 7 and previous link 1102 in FIG 11 depict how examining a link s target allows the PV UI to display information about the destination of a link For instance the destination of link 700 is Earth to the Moon while the destination of link 102 is the Start Page 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 55 60 65 20 Link Property Sheet A PV UI link property sheet like user content and other UI pages is implemented as a document It has several pages The first page is the subset of properties that users would most commonly change presented in a way that less expert users can understand Subsequent pages provide the full set of advanced properties and options Typically only the most expert user a content author would ever modify these For example
68. tem then determines the region of the user input in step 312 and based upon the region of the user input determines an object associated with the region in step 314 The system then determines an action to be performed based upon both the nature of the user input and the object associated with the region of the input in step 316 The system then performs the action in step 318 The system then loops back to step 308 to wait for more user input FIG 4 is a flow chart showing simplified steps for implementing the display state step step 306 in FIG 3 Referring to FIG 4 processing begins at block 400 In step 402 the system retrieves a link from the previously saved display state which may include a list of active or visible links The retrieved link s display properties are examined in step 404 In step 406 a frame is then displayed based on the link s properties In step 408 a check is performed to see whether based upon the link s properties linked to content or other information about the linked to document is to be displayed in the link s display frame If such content or information is to be displayed then the link s target is examined as depicted in step 410 Otherwise there is typically no need to examine the link s target Then in step 412 the link with or without content or information or both US 6 820 111 B1 15 from the linked to document is displayed in the display frame Steps 402 412 are re
69. tform The documents with links UI exploits a large 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 6 screen by being able to show content in a book like way two full side by side pages as depicted for instance in FIG 8 UI being content takes advantage of the large format of pages and the ability to turn navigate pages versus the smaller size of menus dialog boxes in prior art UIs and their limited or nonexistent provisions for navigation At the other end of the spectrum the UI scales to small screens because of the flexible selection model that allows command selection regions to be initiated either before or after the desired command is chosen This means for example that on a small screen a user can call up a page of command choices that completely obscure the original docu ment due to screen size limitations choose the command then return to the user document and then select the region for the command to operate on Suppose a user wanted to reformat some text but had not selected the text to be reformatted yet The user could press a link that indicates that it will reformat text The UI of this invention will display an indicator on the screen prompting the user to select the text to be reformatted After selecting the text the user can finish the reformatting operation by clicking on another link such as a link that indicates that the selected text will be reformatted Alternatively the user cou
70. the clippings folder more PAGE NUMB commonly desired lucatiians In that un as s Veit i rav nus Chapter Table af Contents ete mores INSERT NOTE TS ihe page that is currenth isi view more c page and display it E currant book morg HIDESHOW aS Tapping on this comma show a 5 arid i notes drawing and and lt dippings PROPERTIES Tapping tiis command will display th f r the curent page a list of Its attribiites FIG 8 U S Patent Nov 16 2004 Sheet 9 of 11 US 6 820 111 B1 Operating Manual The joliowing commends ore avuitable whey viewing NEXT PREVIOUS PAGE The right and deft arrow bi siutside corners of thi display will move to the nex left page of tha book more BOOKMARKING Tapping the uppas margin of a pati ar eir that page If yoi are somewtierg else in 8 tapping a bookmark wiil cpen the baox ta that paga CLIPPING Selecting region af text and then tappi margin ofthat page will craate an exact and additlon selection In tne clippings folder more PAGE NUMBER Holding on the cage number will pras eerrirmonby desired Locations in Ural botik 5u ch as Previous Chapter Table of Contents etc The following commends ore available from c cow obtained by hotdiog dows on the content of aay pa INSERT NOTE Tap Gn INSERT NOTE t add a written the page th
71. tion and display mode That is the PV re maps its definition of things like upper left corner and right margin to be consistent with its current orientation Gestures for Performing PV UI Actions While other suitable input equipment could also be used PV UI actions will be described as occurring via touch operations using a fingertip or pen Users can use a fingertip or the pen also referred to as a stylus interchangeably The pen could have three tips an erasing tip at one end a highlighting tip at the other and by twisting the pen barrel to extend a small shaft a writing tip The fingertip may be recognized as a highlighting tip with a gesture allowing it to erase The basic touch idioms are Tap touch and release after a brief time The action taken depends on where a user tapped It does not depend on what tip the user is using The tap would typically last a certain minimum configurable time so that an accidental or glancing touch will be ignored Hold touch and hold contact The action taken depends on what the user held usually it opens an object or its context menu The action does not depend on what tip is being used The hold time can be a preference parameter 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 18 Swipe A swipe is any continuous motion of a tip in contact with the display surface Swiping will write or erase ink or highlighting depending on which tip is being used
72. to each user interface page and each user content page 14 The method of claim 12 wherein for each user interface page and each user content page to which the user navigated the stored navigational history includes informa tion about where the user navigated 15 The method of claim 12 wherein the history view map depicts the stored navigational history as all forward navi gation paths the user has taken from at least one user interface page or user content page 16 The method of claim 15 wherein the history view map depicts the forward navigation paths restricted to a particular time frame 17 The method of claim 12 wherein the second naviga tional path includes at least one user interface page and at least one user content page
73. to that other document A link can also relate a spot or region in a document and an active runable object such that when a user activates that link or touches that spot in the document the associated object is run Parameters for the execution of the object may be supplied by properties associated with the link Links therefore can act as commands Links may be to any kind of command code A link may manifest in various ways based on the link s properties Links can look like not only clickable spots but also fill in fields and other kinds of well known and later developed user interface elements Alternatively links can manifest in the containing document a frame displaying the contents of part or all of the linked to document When links are displayed in addition to basing the display format of the link on the link s display properties the link display format may depend upon the characteristics of the linked to document The path a user takes to reach a document typically affects the behavior and presentation of the document State like information for displaying a linked to document page is stored separately from the linked from and linked to docu ments as part of the link s properties Users access interact with and navigate among both user content documents and user interface documents in a unified way namely by activating links Further both user content document pages and user interface document pages are displayed in a si
74. uments with links UI s selection Part of what makes the navigation and context trimming heuristics possible is built in knowledge of logical levels of information grouping For example the documents with links UI can include knowledge of collections of pages making up sections and chapters of collections of sections and chapters making up a document of collections of documents making up web sites and so on The same is true for the layers of command finding and invocation Such knowledge of semantic clustering helps guide decisions about popping contexts and for presenting the user with reasonable choices about points to jump to along the Next Previous chain Aproblem with treating content and UI as part of the same navigation space is that the user s navigation chain gets cluttered with Ul related pages The documents with links UI solves that through intelligent management of the navi gation context and by making that context a true network not just a linear chain Specifically when a user navigates from one place to another a new branch in the navigation chain is started So if a user s context is currently B in the existing chain of document pages A B C and the user navigates to D then the new context is D D might be a UI page the user navigated to from document B When the user clicks a command on page D the command executes and removes D from the navigation context Thus after finding and executing the command the u
75. xist when a command is invoked the user is prompted to make a selection at that time The selection mechanism and command verbs are designed to give users a lot of latitude about the order in which they do things when carrying out commands Besides fitting better to users personal habits this makes it harder for users to do something wrong such as inadvertently applying format ting to text other than the text the user wants to reformat Page Display Depends Upon the Link Used to Navigate to the Page The documents with links UI may display the same page of a document differently depending upon which link navi gated a user to the page Suppose the user wants to fill in the TO field of an e mail message In this situation the user wants to open the address book and make possibly several choices To accomplish this within the document navigation metaphor forms could have special purpose chooser con trols where this provides a good shortcut for the most common choices But the chooser UI should also make it US 6 820 111 B1 11 possible to leverage the full power of the navigation browsing viewing and search UI that is available in list oriented documents like file folders and the address book Making a choice from such a list should be a matter of just navigating to that list as a user would in any other context and making the choice For the address book example the documents with links UI provides a link to the address bo
76. y They can exist anywhere A user could for example place a link over a bookmark the link would take precedence for tap operations meaning that the bookmark would act as a document associated shortcut to some other document whereas a bookmark is normally a link within the current document Page Pinning The PV UI display may be divided into regions in which different content may be displayed Unlike prior art UIs each region may be individually navigated without changing focus or window state Each region may include concur rently active links that may be activated without changing focus This aspect of the current invention is referred to as page pinning Page pinning provides access to and interac tion with multiple sources of content concurrently while reducing the complexity associated with both the design and use of the interface In prior art user interfaces each window runs a separate application that has state information associated with it For instance the state information for a word processor might be that it is currently in insert mode or replace mode and what the current font is The user often has to keep in mind which application is running in which window and what the state of that application is to avoid unexpected results In the PV UI unlike prior art user interfaces there is no notion of a selected one of multiple windows having the current focus Any display region may include active links The user
77. y place a user has ever navigated to and when the user navigated there The navigation context can be thought of as a map or history of the user s navigation A visible frame such as a pinned page is just a view port into a single shared history The only state associated with a displayed page pinning frame is an indication of the docu ment page that is currently being displayed Page pinning is described further in commonly assigned US patent application Ser No 09 556 865 entitled Method and Apparatus for Displaying Multiple Contexts In Elec tronic Documents filed contemporaneously herewith which is incorporated herein by reference Navigating Documents Link Properties The PV UI contains methods for paging within a docu ment previous next and for traversing chronology history through back forward Attaching properties to links enables a rich model for navigation For example holding on a link offers additional information about where that link will lead Link preview information could be displayed in thumbnail form and further holding could result in a graphical map of the links attached to that prospective destination Back and forward buttons by default display thumbnail views of the pages that tapping that button will lead to Viewing History History which could include all the pages the user has viewed may be viewed in a number of ways by time by appearance by site document section page and the like Since a use
78. zt pase fore elsewhere within that bao Clippings Selecting a portion of the Text page then tapping inthe adjacent margin of that paye will creata chipping that is a capy ofthe text you salactad waill be made and automatically moved to your Clippings direetoty i Acid for context meni You cantouch dwn in a location ard pontine in erder to get i daton aboutstmaost portion ait you see onthe Electranie Reader such as places you can jump 1o from the page number actions you can pertain active withinthe body of ihi texi ch rcuts from the Buttons U S Patent Nov 16 2004 OgpereLing Manual Basic Concepts Start page The top level or starting puit of the Electronic Reader is ils Start Baga You can use this page to gatto anyi hirig caetailrad in the Reader There is button at the bottom of my page which wii always get yau ib ihe Start Page Sheet 8 of 11 US 6 820 111 B1 Operating Manual The following commands arc available when viewing NEXT PREYIGUS Yhe right and left srrov bi outside corners ot the display wit rave to the ne lefr page of the book more BOOKMARKING Tapping th thie t Upper margin af bookmark that ege If you are somewhere else in tapping a bookmark will open the book ta that page of that pago weil create in exact and addit id selection in

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