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Fundamentals of UNIX®: Solaris™ and Linux

1. File System A File System B Y Directory A1 Directory A2 Directory B1 Y Subdir A2 1 Subdir A2 2 Subdir B1 1 N Y File A2 1 1 File A2 1 2 File A2 1 3 File B1 1 1 The following is the hierarchy of the UNIX filesystem The filesystem is a formatted structure set up on one or more partitions to store files and directories Partitions and the associated filesystems are similar to the drive C or D in the Windows DOS world or like volumes with Novell Net Ware Filesystems can be either local meaning on the user s computer or remote meaning on another computer but accessed as if it were local The directory is a location for files and other subdirectories The filesystem or directory structure enables the user to create files and directories accessed through a hierarchy of directories A directory is like a file drawer in a file cab inet The highest directory in the directory structure of a filesystem is the root directory which is designated as a single forward slash The subdirectory is any directory below another directory For example some of the subdirectories under the root directory are usr etc and home The files are contained in directories and subdirectories They are the lowest level of the filesystem There are usually thousands of files on a hard disk and there are several different types Directories are considered a type of file under the
2. Upcoming steps o Mozilla 1 0 beach Mozilla is an Tinderbox A open source web mola 10 browser designed for branch manitards gt History kt aa Figure 3 51 Conquer your Desktop Konqueror KDE Konqueror Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Windows Help web browser Introduction Welcome to Konqueror 2 2 1 With Konqueror you have your filesystem at your command browsing local or networking drives with equal ease Thanks to the component technology used throughout KDE 2 Konqueror is also a full featured easy to use and comfotable Web Browser which you can use to explore the Internet Chapter 3 Graphical User Applications 60 Calendar Managers GNOME includes a basic calendar manager tool called Gnome Calendar and a time tracking tool called GTimeTracker These are accessible by clicking the Programs and then the Applications menus in either GNOME or KDE Figure 3 52 shows the Calen dar and GTimeTracker windows KDE also has a Calendar Organizer tool known as KOrganizer Both include a task list see Figure 3 53 Figure 3 52 1 GNOME Calendar Jim Lorenz s cale Hax E and GTimeTracker Fle Eat Fle Edt Setings Timer Hdp Timer Keip Toa P en 3 4 6 6 7 L sewn 2 0 w 15 1 17 18 19 20 a 22 u 3 2 a 38 rd 3 Figure 3 53 Fa New Calendar KOrganizer KDE KOrganizer File Edit View Go Actions Settings Help o To Do Items
3. Figure 3 57 Screen Capture KDE main menu Konqueror Web Browser w a i rams Control Center amp Find Files Run Command YW Configure Panel gt Lock Screen Chapter 3 Graphical User Applications 64 UNIX Graphical Desktop Applications Comparison The chart in Table 3 1 compares some of the more useful graphical applications and utilities that come with Solaris CDE GNOME and KDE However this is not a com plete list The entries for GNOME and KDE are based on the Red Hat Distribution of Linux The Sun StarOffice productivity suite is included with Solaris and Red Hat StarOffice applications are installed under KDE with Red Hat Although StarOffice is available only the native GNOME and KDE applications are listed in the table Note that some of the applications listed for GNOME are also available from the KDE menus and vice versa Table 3 1 UNIX GUI Desktop Applications Comparison Feature or Solaris CDE GNOME KDE Application E mail Mailer Netscape Mozilla Netscape Kmail Netscape Web browsers Netscape Galeon Mozilla Konqueror and Internet Netscape gFTP Netscape applications Word processor StarOffice Writer AbiWord Kword Spreadsheet StarOffice Calc Gnumeric Kspread Database StarOffice Base Installed separately Installed separately Slide presentation StarOffice Impress Installed separately Kpresenter Drawing and StarOffice Draw Installed sepa
4. GNOME and KDE Applications and Utilities 61 GNOME and KDE Applications and Utilities Many open source applications and utilities are available from the main Programs menu as shown in Figure 3 54 Figure 3 54 GNOME Programs Gd came m menu ae 2 BPPNcetione ee F Utilities gt Applets le Development gt KDE menus gt amp Games gt A Fark Graphics gt gm Panel gt Internet gt Lock screen a Multimedia gt Log out y Settings gt _ 8 System gt Help Fri Apr 12 TB GNOME Applications Programs The programs available are determined by the standard installation routines and by which options are chosen during installation Not all applications and utilities are available in all distributions This section focuses on the Programs and Utilities menus The Applications submenu includes the following The Calendar Address book Time tracking tools A diagram editor Gedit text editor The Nautilus file manager Gnumeric spreadsheet Emacs editor Figure 3 55 shows the GNOME Applications menu Sun s StarOffice is an application suite which includes a Windows compatible word processor spreadsheet presenta tion software and so on similar to Microsoft Office StarOffice is included at no cost with some distributions of Linux such as Red Hat GNOME Utility Programs As Figure 3 56 shows GNOME utility programs include the following GDict the GNOME clie
5. Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Solaris and Linux Supplement The Only Authorized Supplement for the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide This supplement provides students and instructors with the information they need to use the Cisco Press Companion Guide with the Fundamentals of UNIX Version 2 0 course Course Sponsored by Qo SUN microsystems Cisco Systems Inc Cisco Networking Academy Program ciscopress com Dan Myers Jim Lorenz Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Solaris and Linux Supplement Cisco Systems Inc Cisco Networking Academy Program Dan Myers Jim Lorenz Sponsored by Ss amp SUN microsystems Cisco Press 201 West 103 Street Indianapolis Indiana 46290 USA Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Solaris and Linux Supplement Cisco Systems Cisco Networking Academy Program Copyright 2003 Cisco Systems Inc Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems Inc Published by Cisco Press 201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis IN 46290 USA All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the publisher except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review ISBN 1 5871
6. Loc Rovenncderoreoc notes outline program 25H 4k 427 bytes SE totter 7 terre N AM notes outline program 12 5r 14 48 427 fiint 0 tama tds a 3954 35 Abe 3 2 ee A EE H E E schedule Advanced Directory and File Management Using GNOME Renaming from the File Menu The Rename function appears on the File menu only when View as Icons is selected If you click a single icon the File menu enables you to select Rename The file s name beneath the icon turns a different color with a box around it Type in the new filename and press Enter or click the mouse elsewhere on the desktop Make Link from the File Menu Symbolic links to files and folders may be created through Nautilus If the original file is deleted a symbolic link to it remains but points to nothing UNIX also makes hard links which are just new names for the same file Hard links may be made very simply from a shell Review the section Linking Files earlier in this chapter if you are unsure what a link is To make a link highlight a file or folder and choose Make Link from the File menu Nautilus gives the newly created symbolic link the name link to filename where file name is the name of the original In View as Icons a small arrow pointing to the upper right attaches itself to the upper right of the icon In List view the arrow in the Emblems column indicates that it is a link Figure 7 35 shows two windows in the same dire
7. The Open Group www opengroup org currently owns the UNIX standard and now guides UNIX development using a set of standard operating interfaces called POSIX Portable Operating System Interface and the Single UNIX Specification with the goal of increasing the compatibility of the UNIX OS among vendors UNIX Varieties The two main versions of UNIX are System V SVR4 and BSD Currently a number of varieties of UNIX exist Most are similar because they are based on the industry standard SVR4 The other varieties are based on BSD The command used for printing indicates whether the version of UNIX is System V based or BSD based The command used for System V based systems is lp and the command used for BSD based systems is lpr The command used to determine what processes are running is also an indicator System V uses ps ef and BSD uses ps aux Other differences exist with system administration commands UNIX is now a trademarked name owned by The Open Group so each vendor called its version of UNIX by a unique name Sun s version of UNIX is called Solaris and is the most widely used version in networking today The AT amp T version is referred to as UNIX the IBM version is AIX and the Hewlett Packard version is HP UX Digital Overview of Linux 15 Equipment which is now Compaq has a version called Tru64 that was formerly called Digital UNIX These versions of UNIX are designed to run on the hardware and CPUs made by the spe
8. 53 3 A Solaris system user with the login ID of dsmith wants to change her password Her current password is set to Dbs 001 Match each of the following new pass words to the word Valid or Invalid Instructions Put the words Valid or Invalid on the right They may be used more than once Password Valid or Invalid 1 ABC 123 2 Dbs 002 3 Dbs 1 4 Dbs 012 dsmith When logging in at the CDE Login Manager the Options menu has several choices What should you use to log in when troubleshooting or having possible hardware problems A Remote login B Failsafe session C Open Windows desktop D Reset Login screen You currently are logged in and running CDE You are ready to log out for the day and go home You should click the button on the front panel to log out The TCP IP character based utility that enables you to log in remotely to a com mand line session is The file contains the master list of user information If you perform several functions in your work such as system administration and project management as well as application program development which solution is the best choice if you need different applications and utilities available on the desktop for each function A Create a user account for each function and create a custom desktop for each user B Define multiple desktops using the workspace buttons C Log in as ro
9. Figure 9 5a Network operating systems Operating Systems Network Operating Systems Hardware and Drivers Operating systems such as Windows 2000 Solaris and Linux interact with computer hardware through the use of device drivers A driver is a piece of software written for a particular OS that allows the system to control a particular hardware device properly Nearly all major computer components and peripherals such as keyboards mice vid eos printers scanners and disk drives require a driver to operate Most OSs come with basic drivers for the most common types of hardware and peripherals see Figure 1 6 Solaris and Drivers The original Sun OS based on UNIX was designed to run on computers manufac tured by Sun Microsystems The Sun OS comes preinstalled on a consistent and stable hardware platform This allows for maximum compatibility between the OS the driv ers and the hardware Solaris for Intel is designed to run on Intel compatible x86 computers with a considerable variety of hardware and with many different periph Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 12 Figure 1 6 The role of the device driver Operating System Disk Driver Printer Driver F eral manufactures Either the OS or the hardware manufacturer provides drivers Keyboard Driver Drivers might not be available for all types of peripheral hardware Linux and Drivers Linux was also dev
10. Subdivides a hard disk Functionally organizes data Must be mounted to be accessible Can be mounted with read only or read write access Facilitates daily backups Reduces data access time Provides security options Improves reliability Preserves user data during operating system upgrades Examples include root usr and home Similar to PC drive letters and NetWare volumes Mounting the Filesystem After filesystems are created on disk partitions all separate filesystems are combined to form a single directory tree This is accomplished by attaching or mounting the file system to an empty directory the mount point as shown in Figure 8 3 When the sys tem boots the root filesystem automatically is mounted by the kernel and contains systems files directories and mount points for the other filesystems After the root file system is mounted a file referred to as the mount table is read to determine what addi tional filesystems are to be mounted and at what location or mount point Filesystems can be manually mounted and unmounted anytime by the root user The mounting of a filesystem is what gives the directory the capability to store files Directories and files on an unmounted filesystem are inaccessible The size of the parti tion when the filesystem was created determines the capacity The partition name and filesystem name is typically the same as its mount point in the directory structure For ex
11. Which two of the following apply to the GPL A Users must purchase a site license B Users may modify the source code C Users may install the software on any computer D Programs are free but users must purchase the source code A user wants to refer to UNIX workstations by host name rather than by IP address Which two of the following enable the user to accomplish this A DHCP server B Name server C Local host name translation file D SMTP server The is the core of the OS with the necessary basic capabilities to run the computer Which shell is the default shell in Solaris but lacks aliasing and history capabili ties A Bash B Bourne GG D Korn Which three of the following directories are commonly found on most UNIX sys tems including Linux A etc B swap C bin D deleted E dev Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces Overview of Changes Some changes were made in the Login ID and Password Requirements section Two new sections were added to cover the Linux GNOME and KDE graphical interfaces New and changed information is highlighted in the following objectives introduction and summary The content sections included in this supplement are designated as either new or updated Objectives After reading this chapter you will be able to Describe different types of UNIX user accounts Use the Common Desktop Environment CDE windowing syst
12. Figure 9 15c Killing XEmacs unconditionally Using Emacs 161 Accessing the Emacs TUTORIAL The Emacs TUTORIAL is always available for access within Emacs and you may use it to experiment with Every time you visit the TUTORIAL Emacs makes a fresh copy To access the TUTORIAL at any time press the following C h t The TUTORIAL is written in such a way that you can read it and do what it says using the TUTORIAL text itself to edit on After completing the TUTORIAL you will know enough about Emacs to be comfortable using it Figure 9 15d shows the begin ning of the GNU Emacs version of the TUTORIAL Figure 9 15d Buffers Files Tools Edit Search Mule Help The XEm acs yiil c 1965 Free Sofware Foundation Inc See end for conditions F You are locking at the Emacs tutorial tutorial Emacs commands generaty evolve the CONTROL key sometimes tabeled CTRL of CTL of the META kny sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT Rather than write that in full each ime well use Ihe following abbreviations C lt chr gt means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character lt che gt Thus C4 would de hold the CONTROL key and type M lt che gt means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key doan whale typing lt chr I there is no META EDIT or ALF key instead press and release the ESC koy and then type lt chr gt _ We write lt ESC gt for me ESC key Important nole 10 end the Emacs session Iype C x C e Two characters The charact
13. After a Terminal window has been opened a user cannot use CDE GUI fea tures The UNIX command which performs the same function as the CDE Clock is Which item is a category of GNOME applet A B C D Amusements Printers Appointments Databases Match each application with the desktop that includes it The desktop names may be used more than once Instructions Put the words CDE GNOME and KDE on the right They may be used more than once Application Desktop Mozilla StarOffice Kate Voice Note Krayon Snapshot Nautilus Chapter 4 Getting Help Overview of Changes This chapter includes additions to the Command Line Help section on man page head ings A new section on Linux HOWTOs and the info command has also been added New and changed information is highlighted in the following objectives introduction and summary The content sections included in this supplement are designated as either new or updated Objectives After reading this chapter you will be able to Use CDE Help Reference Solaris HOWTO manuals AnswerBook2 Use command line help Use Linux HOWTOs and info Command Perform basic troubleshooting Compare DOS and UNIX commands Introduction This chapter introduces various forms of help provided by the Solaris and Linux environ ments It covers graphical help available with the Common Desktop Environment
14. GNOME Customization 45 User Preferences 45 Adding to the GNOME Panel 45 Adding a Launcher to the GNOME Panel 46 Adding an Applet to the GNOME Panel 47 Adding and Filling a Drawer on the GNOME Panel 47 Creating a Floating Panel 47 Further Panel Customization 49 Adding to the GNOME Menus 49 Adding to Favorites from Another Menu 49 Adding to Favorites Using the Menu Editor 50 Summary 51 Key Terms 52 Check Your Understanding 52 Chapter 3 Graphical User Applications 57 Overview of Changes 57 Objectives 57 Introduction 57 GNOME and KDE Applications Overview 58 Web Browsers and Mail Clients 58 Calendar Managers 60 GNOME and KDE Applications and Utilities 61 GNOME Applications Programs 61 GNOME Utility Programs 61 Other GNOME Programs Menu Submenus 62 GNOME Applets 63 KDE Programs and Utilities 63 xii UNIX Graphical Desktop Applications Comparison 64 Summary 65 Key Terms 66 Check Your Understanding 66 Getting Help 71 Overview of Changes 71 Objectives 71 Introduction 71 Man Page Headings 72 Scrolling in man Pages 73 Searching man Pages by Section 73 Saving man Pages for Future Use 74 Obtaining Quick Help on Command Options 75 Linux HOWTOs 75 Where to Find the HOWTOs 76 The info Command 77 Starting Info 77 Navigating with info 77 info Access with a Browser 78 Summary 80 UNIX Command Summary 81 Key Terms 81 Check Your Understanding 81 Accessing Files and Directories 87 Overview of Changes 87 O
15. CDE including the Help Manager used for CDE and CDE application help and AnswerBook2 which contain online versions of the Solaris HOWTO manuals This chapter also works with command line help known as the programmer s manual or man pages These pages provide character based help with UNIX commands and utilities The use of Linux HOWTOs and the hypertext based Info help utility are also explained This chapter also reviews some basic troubleshooting techniques and provides a DOS to UNIX cross reference table for those who have a background in DOS Chapter 4 Getting Help 72 NOTE This is an updated section that replaces the same titled sec tion on pages 108 and 109 of the Cisco Networking Acad emy Program Fun damentals of UNIX Companion Guide Man Page Headings A number of different headings or informational areas are in a typical man page The more common ones are the following NAME Contains the name of the command and other commands that may accomplish the same thing SYNOPSIS Shows the syntax of the command with any allowable options and arguments DESCRIPTION Gives an overview of what the command does OPTIONS Switches that can change the function or effect of the command They normally are preceded by a dash or minus sign a OPERANDS The target of the command or what the command will take effect on such as a directory or a file SEE ALSO Refers the user to other related commands
16. Search s for Windows and globally g replace all occurrences of Windows on every line wherever it appears in the first 10 1 10 lines Is 1 Ised s EOL Appends EOL at the end of every line sed s A P file Searches for the beginning of each line of the file and adds spaces sed e s Dante DANTE g e s poet POET g dante gt newdante Performs two edits on the same command line and places the results in the newdante file Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities 144 NOTE This is a new sec tion Insert this sec tion after Figure 8 14 on page 230 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide Finding Files Using GNOME and KDE GNOME also provides a way to locate files using the Search Tool To access the Search Tool select the Programs and then the Utilities menu see Figure 8 14a Figure 8 14a GNOME menus lt Start Here to access search Programs gt ap Applications S 3a Bug Report Tool tosl i Startup Hint Favorites gt Utilities ye nup W Applets lt gs Development gt e pan KDE menus gt R amp Simple Calculator F Run nr J GNOME Character Map F ng Ey Color Browser aF Panel gt Internet gt Ne g Lock screen w Multimedia gt ZF Font Log out nd Settings gt Text Flle Viewer Ben GNOME Search Tool 2 Help ees The GNOME Search Tool provides two options Full find full and
17. Voice Note Text Note Address Manager Calculator and Clock You also can open a Terminal window at any time to access the command line The Mail tool is a graphical e mail application that can perform all normal e mail functions It enables you to view e mail and attachments compose new e mail with attachments and delete old messages You can save and manage received messages by filing them in alternate mailboxes The Calendar Manager manages scheduling and appointments through the use of a powerful graphical interface that supports networking You can view the calendar in several formats by clicking icons You can add new appointments and find existing ones You can set many calendar options The calendar can be shared with others and a user can make appointments on other people s calendars if they have given the user permission to do so 65 Chapter 3 Graphical User Applications 66 Many other graphical applications are built in to the CDE The ones that this chapter focused on include Voice Note Text Note Address Manager Calculator Icon Editor Image Viewer Snapshot and Clock Opening a Terminal window from CDE starts a new shell You have a command line available in the Terminal window which enables users to enter commands and run command line utilities Entering the dtterm amp command opens another Terminal win dow The GNOME and KDE desktops are included with most distributions of Linux The user can inst
18. followed by Add to Panel to see a submenu that lists all the object types that you can add Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 46 Figure 2 48 GNOME Prefer ences icons nt ente Eile Edit View Go Bookmarks Preferences Help a FP A 9 a j A Back Forward Up Refresh Home WebSearch Stop Location preferences TOE View as Icons a Ben 9 Control Center folder 7 items Wed Mar 27 2002 at 11 35 06 AM 5 items 4 items sm m Multimedia Peripherals Sawlish window 1 item 3 items manager 11 items Session 2 items Heip History News Notes In addition to adding objects to panels you can add panels of various types The sec tions that follow cover how to add a launcher an applet and a drawer and how to cre ate a new panel Adding a Launcher to the GNOME Panel A launcher starts an application when you click its icon To add the GNOME CD player to the panel for example click the GNOME foot icon and select Panel gt Add to Panel gt Launcher from Menu gt Multimedia gt CD Player The CD player icon appears on the panel The player appears when you click the icon see Figure 2 49 Figure 2 49 Adding a launcher from the menus oP Start Here Sound recorder amp Programs gt 4 Applications gt Extrace Waveform Display Favorites gt an Annie g f Utilities Applets Sa Addtopanel fat Men Development KDE menus j Create panel gt B De 5 4 Ser p Run
19. siudenvproject SHEE outline program report schedule status a 14 4 K 427 1 6K 3 2 K 4 9K bytes project folder 7 linens today at 1035 42 AM a Freee iain ee Stee Advanced Directory and File Management Using GNOME Use the same technique to move files to another folder When viewing a folder that has a subdirectory within the folder the user drags the file s icon on top of the folder icon and drops it in the folder icon The file is now moved to that folder The simplest way to move a file to a folder that is not seen in the currently viewed folder is to open a second window viewing the new folder You then drag the file s icon between windows Suppose for example that you have created another folder in your home directory called Process and want to relocate materials that relate to dealing with others such as e mail reports and status summaries You would do the following Step 1 Open the folder called Project in the usual way Step 2 Select New Window from the File menu Step 3 In the new window navigate to the directory called Process Step 4 In the window that shows the Project folder click the icon for the file called e mail and then drag it to the other window The file now appears in the new window but disappears from the original one Step5 Multiple files may be selected by pressing the Shift key while clicking the file icons or by dragging a box around a group of icons in a window that are toget
20. tee Launcher from menu amp Graphics P Panel_ amp Properties gt Drawer Internet a Global Preferences Log out button Multimedia bd bass 984 Edit menus Lock button Settings wu Q Panel Manual EI Run button System A g 2 About the panel y_ Swallowed app eee La About GNOME Status dock KDE menus GNOME Customization 47 To add a launcher for something that is not in the menus start as above and then select Launcher A dialog box asks for specifics You may select an icon to use by click ing the blank box labeled No Icon If you do not select an icon GNOME inserts a default placeholder Adding an Applet to the GNOME Panel An applet is a small application that runs from within the panel such as a clock or mail notification utility To add an applet that monitors system CPU and memory use click the GNOME foot icon and select Panel gt Applets gt Monitors gt CPU MEM Usage The applet appears in your panel and continues to update while you use the system In this case you did not need to select Add to Panel because an applet by definition runs in the panel Selecting an applet causes it to be installed in the panel automati cally Adding and Filling a Drawer on the GNOME Panel A drawer is a collapsible panel within a panel To add a drawer to your main panel click the GNOME foot icon and then click Panel gt Add to Panel gt Drawer A drawer icon appears on the panel wi
21. usr The s dis plays only the summary Linux Partitions Linux was originally developed for the Intel x86 architecture therefore it uses the PC partitioning scheme Hard drives currently in use frequently contain only one parti tion and therefore only one filesystem Current x86 architecture allows dividing the hard drive into four primary partitions or three primary partitions and one extended partition The extended partition can have multiple logical partitions defined within it When Linux is installed on other computer architectures such as Sun s SPARC or IBM s RISC it uses the partitioning native to those architectures Linux refers to an x86 partition and associated filesystem by its device name Primary partitions 1 through 4 on an EIDE drive are numbered as dev hda1 through dev hda4 Logical partitions are numbered starting with dev hda5 As an example dev hdal would be the first partition of the master drive on the primary EIDE bus Parti tion dev hdb2 would be the slave drive on the second EIDE bus EIDE allows a pri mary and secondary bus and each can have a master and slave drive SCSI drives are numbered similarly As an example dev sda2 would be the second partition on the 139 NOTE This is a new sec tion Insert this sec tion before the Finding Files in the Filesystem section on page 223 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide Chapter 8 Filesystem
22. 191 Key Terms 192 Check Your Understanding 192 xvi Chapter 12 Backing Up and Restoring 197 Objectives 197 Introduction 197 Accessing Floppy Disks and CD Devices with Solaris 198 The Solaris Volume Management Feature 198 Working with Solaris Floppy Disks 199 Working with Solaris CD ROMs 200 Linux Floppy and CD ROM Access 201 Low Level Formatting 201 Using gfloppy to Format and Put Filesystems on a Floppy 203 Mounting a UNIX Floppy Disk 203 Mounting and Unmounting in GNOME 204 Working with CD ROMs in Linux 205 Backing Up Files with cpio 206 Creating and Viewing the Archive 206 Restoring Files 207 Summary 207 UNIX Command Summary 208 Key Terms 209 Check Your Understanding 210 Chapter 13 System Processes 215 Overview of Changes 215 Objectives 215 Introduction 216 UNIX System Process Overview 216 Identifying Processes to Terminate 217 The crontab Utility 218 Summary 220 UNIX Command Summary 221 Check Your Understanding 221 xvii Chapter 14 Shell Features and Environment Customization 225 Overview of Changes 225 Objectives 225 Overview 225 Review of the Shell 226 The Alias Shell Feature 227 Displaying Aliases 227 Removing an Alias in the Current Shell 227 Using the Shell History Feature and Repeating Commands 229 Command History in the Korn Shell 229 Repeating Commands in the Korn Shell 230 Command History in the Bash Shell 230 Repeating Commands in the Bash Shell 231 Command Line Editing in the K
23. Copying by Ctrl select drag drop The Selected menu allows files and folders to be preselected and then copied moved renamed or put in the Trash Can File and directory permissions also can be changed using the Properties option from the Selected menu The File Manager View menu can be used to customize the way File Manager displays files and folders which includes displaying the filesystem as a tree The Nautilus file manager that comes with GNOME in the Linux environment also has many of the same capabilities of CDE and in addition can act as a web browser UNIX Command Summary The table that follows lists those commands that are new for the supplementary material Command Definition and Example volcheck Volume check Instructs Solaris to check the floppy drive determine the disk type UNIX or PC and temporarily places mounts the floppy disk under the floppy directory of the hard drive Check Your Understanding 1 Your current working directory is home user2 dir2 You want to copy the notes file from your current directory to the home user2 dir3 directory Which com mand should you use A copy notes dir3 cp notes dir3 B C copy notes dir3 D cp notes dir3 Check Your Understanding 129 2 Your current working directory is home user2 You want to copy only the two files fruit and fruit2 to dir4 Which of the following commands should you use A cp fruit fru
24. Directory and File Management 98 NOTE This is a new sec tion Insert all follow ing content after e Lab Activity 6 2 6 on page 177 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide Directory and File Management Using GNOME The GNOME desktop provides several tools for managing files and directories The most commonly used of these is the Nautilus file manager Nautilus File Manager Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces introduced Nau tilus a file and folder management utility that is a core component of the GNOME desktop environment With Nautilus you may initiate any task that you normally per form on a computer with folders and files You may organize folders and files rename or delete them control access levels to them and view them either with Nautilus itself or by launching applications that you choose Using Nautilus you can also associate notes custom icons and emblems with any folder or file Emblems are icons used to label and categorize objects marking them as favorites urgent new and so forth Nautilus may also be used to view system documentation and even as a web browser Nautilus is designed to be a useful tool to a user new to Linux or UNIX in general Nautilus operation is intuitive and easy to discover by exploration Start at the Help menu on the right end of the menu bar at the top of the Nautilus window After that try the Help t
25. Linux packages Hardware Compatible systems and components Courses Tutorial for new users getting started with Linux Projects General hardware software and scientific projects m News Linux news and articles Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 16 Figure 1 9 The Linux penguin Linux was originally developed to run on the Intel x86 microprocessor starting with the 30386 as a workstation or server The Linux kernel has since been modified to run on several different CPUs in addition to the Intel x86 These CPUs include Intel IA 64 DEC Alpha SUN SPARC UltraSPARC Motorola 68000 MIPS PowerPC and even the IBM mainframe S 390 In fact Linux now runs on CPUs from a wider variety of manufacturers than any other OS GNU Linux Many other components of the OS have been added through the efforts of independent developers and the Free Software Foundation s GNU which means GNU s not UNIX project www gnu org The GNU operating system uses the Linux kernel The kernel is the heart of the OS that controls interaction between the hardware and applications The GNU project refers to Linux as GNU Linux because many compo nents of the OS are GNU applications A good source of information and resources is the Linux documentation website at www linuxdoc org Open Source Software Linux is available at no expense under the GNU General Public License GPL as are other versions of UNIX such as FreeBSD and
26. OSs can be divided into two major cate gories Single user desktop Multiuser network Single User Desktop Systems Early desktop OSs were single user systems This means that they could track only one user at a time and were designed to run on a personal computer PC desktop or lap top DOS and Windows 3 x are examples of true single user desktop OSs The activi ties of only one user can be managed so only one user can be logged in at a time Modern OSs such as Windows 9x Windows NT Workstation Windows 2000 Profes sional Windows XP and the Macintosh OS have some networking capabilities for peer to peer workgroup networking However they are largely employed as single user desktop OSs see Figure 1 3 Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 8 Figure 1 3 Single user desktop system Workstation and Desktop Applications UNIX can serve as a desktop operating system but is most commonly found on high end computers known as UNIX workstations Sun Microsystems Ultra and SunBlade line of workstations are UNIX workstations that have powerful CPUs and ample memory These workstations are used in engineering and scientific applications which require dedicated high performance computers Some of the specific applications that are frequently run on UNIX workstations include the following Computer aided design CAD Electronic circuit design Weather data analysis Computer graphics animation Me
27. Quick find locate You can choose either of these options by using the tabs on the Search Tool s initial screen Search Tool Quick Find Locate Click the Quick find locate tab as shown in Figure 8 14b to access the Quick find option Using Quick find is faster than using Full find Quick find searches only a special database of filenames instead of looking over the entire disk Quick find is a GUI interface to the UNIX locate command Quick find is not as flexible as the Full find option because the search can be done only by filename The database of files is usually updated on a regular basis but you may be searching for a file that was not included in the last update A user with root privileges must run the command updatedb to update the locate database By entering a filename or string in the Locate field to find a file you will find all the files that contain the string in their full pathname You can also limit the search to a particular directory by specifying the path It is important to remember that UNIX file names are case sensitive The Quick Search mode is actually a front end to the locate command If you need more detailed information on locate read the appropriate manual man page Finding Files Using GNOME and KDE 145 Figure 8 14b Gnome Search Tool Quick find 5 locate option Full find find Quick find locate This Is an interface to locate If you type in a simple string It will be ma
28. Systems 7 Workstation and Desktop Applications 8 Network Operating System Capabilities 9 Servers and the Network Environment 9 The OS and CPU Relationship 10 Operating Systems Hardware and Drivers 11 Overview of the UNIX Operating System 12 Brief History 12 UNIX Varieties 14 Overview of Linux 15 GNU Linux 16 Open Source Software 16 Linux Distributions 17 Benefits of UNIX 17 Sun Solaris Benefits 18 Linux Benefits 18 The UNIX Operating Environment 18 Solaris 19 Linux 19 The OS and the Kernel 19 UNIX Kernel Overview 20 The Linux Kernel 20 Kernel Functions 20 The OS Shell 21 The Filesystem 24 Filesystem Overview 24 The Directory Hierarchy 25 Common UNIX Directories 26 UNIX Commands 27 Graphical User Interface GUI Options 28 Common Desktop Environment CDE 28 Open Windows 28 GNU Network Object Model Environment GNOME 30 K Desktop Environment KDE 31 Summary 32 Key Terms 32 Check Your Understanding 34 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 37 Overview of Changes 37 Objectives 37 Introduction 37 User Accounts 38 Login ID and Password Requirements 38 Introduction to GNOME and KDE in Linux 39 Choosing the Login Session 40 Primary Differences Between GNOME and KDE 40 General Differences 41 Window Managers 41 Virtual Desktops 42 xi Panels 42 File Managers 42 Themes 42 Control Center 43 Introduction to GNOME and KDE Tutorials 43 Learning About GNOME 43 Learning About KDE 44
29. To move some objects such as a desk guide or a task list the pointer must be over the object s handle Upon selecting Move from the menu drag the icon to where you want it including possibly to another open panel Other icons automatically move over to make room for it Objects that are configurable show a Properties submenu where details concerning the object s use may be added Use this feature also to select a custom icon for a program Adding to the GNOME Menus GNOME allows its menu system to be customized Menu items may be added deleted reordered and restructured Unless you are logged in as the superuser root however the only menu you may change is the Favorites menu because changes made to the other GNOME menus affect all users on the system Adding to Favorites from Another Menu Sometimes an item you use frequently is nested deep within the menu structure requir ing you to search for it every time To add the KDE version of the game Mahjongg to 49 Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 50 your Favorites menu for example start by clicking the GNOME foot icon and then select in turn Favorites gt Add from Menu gt KDE Menus gt Games gt Boardgames gt Mahjongg This action duplicates the game on your Favorites menu Adding to Favorites Using the Menu Editor To start the menu editor select it by pressing the GNOME foot icon gt Panel gt Edit Menus Keep in mind that t
30. View as Icons myfolder sre work 0 items 219 items 0 items lt student 2 3 wotk gt amp initrd gt G tb t Qot gt Q proc Navigation Using History Click the History tab in a Nautilus window to see a list of the files and folders you have visited in the current GNOME session The list is in sequential order with the most recent at the top You can click any of these to revisit them which also reorders the history list When you log out and log in again thereby restarting GNOME the history record starts again from the beginning 107 Chapter 6 Basic Directory and File Management 108 Deleting and Recovering Files Three selections on the File menu deal with deleting and recovering files The method Nautilus uses is essentially identical to that seen on Windows and Macintosh comput ers The general idea is to move items to a Trash bin where they remain out of the way but are still recoverable When you are sure that you no longer need the files in the Trash you can empty it This permanently destroys the files The only way to retrieve objects after emptying the Trash is if you have made backups Move to Trash Highlight files or folders that you want to delete and select Move to Trash from the File menu Those objects are relocated to the Trash but are not deleted from the system yet If the Trash folder was previously empty the appearance of the icon on the desk top changes to indicat
31. Which two of the following are the two main reasons for learning to use the UNIX command line A It gives the user access to the many command options providing more flexibility B It enables the user to perform file management on a remote system where a graphical interface is not available C The graphical interface is more complicated to use and is designed for advanced users D It limits the number of commands a user can perform thereby limiting user confusion and user errors 2 A user is using the cat command to view the contents of a large text file Which of the following sequences of keystrokes are used to pause screen output and then resume it A B C D Ctrl S and then Ctrl Q Ctrl S and then Ctrl Z Ctrl Q and then Ctrl S Ctrl D and then Ctrl Q 3 What is the function of the Ctrl C keystroke A Ctrl C interrupts the current activity returning the user to the command prompt Ctrl C resumes screen output Ctrl C suspends execution of a foreground process returning the user to the command prompt This process can later be restarted in the foreground or background Ctrl C copies the command line Check Your Understanding 111 Given the following sequence of commands bc 1200 4 300 Ctrl d What is the expected outcome after the Ctrl D command has been executed A Return to shell prompt B Reboot C Repeat last command D Copy answer to memory Which of the following sta
32. and Mozilla and also contains dialup configuration options Gaim is an AOL Instant Messenger client and gFTP is a graphical FTP file transfer utility Multimedia submenu Contains a sound recorder audio mixer CD player volume controls and the GTV MPEG player Settings submenu Contains desktop options for backgrounds and screen sav ers a menu editor and peripheral settings for the keyboard and mouse The System submenu provides access to a system monitor system information net work and printer configuration It also enables users to create a boot disk and change their password GNOME and KDE Applications and Utilities 63 GNOME Applets Several useful small programs known as applets are also available You can access these from the Applets menu off the GNOME main menu under the categories listed here Some of the more interesting ones on the Utilities submenu include Gnotes which can put sticky notes on your desktop GNOME Weather which enables you to track the weather in many different cities and ScreenShooter a screen capture pro gram The GNOME categories for applets are as follows Amusements Monitors Multimedia Network Utility KDE Programs and Utilities KDE also includes many open source applications and utilities Some of these are the same as those included with GNOME The logic is that whichever desktop the user chooses similar tools will be available Figure 3 57 shows the KDE main menu
33. and the K Desktop Environment KDE This course intro duces CDE GNOME and KDE In summary the key components of the Solaris Oper ating Environment are as follows a SunOS 5 x UNIX OS ONC protocols GUI CDE or Open Windows Linux The Linux operating environment is similar to that of Solaris but the components can vary depending on the distribution All distributions include at a minimum the Linux kernel standard TCP IP networking protocols an installation package the GNOME or KDE graphical desktop and various configuration and management utilities The OS and the Kernel The OS is a set of programs that manages all computer operations It also provides a link between the user and system resources converting requests that come from the mouse or the keyboard into computer operations Most operating systems including UNIX have four main components The kernel manages the operation of the computer The shell provides for interaction between the user and the computer The filesystem provides a way to organize and manage the information on the computer hard disk s The commands or utilities are used to instruct the computer to perform tasks Much of the following information applies to all varieties of UNIX although some of the information is Solaris or Linux specific Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 20 UNIX Kernel Overview The kernel is the core OS with the necessary basic capabil
34. and the use of a Terminal window in CDE The chapter also provides an overview of graphical applications that are available with GNU Network Object Model Environment GNOME and K Desktop Environ ment KDE Chapter 3 Graphical User Applications 58 NOTE This is a new sec tion Insert all follow ing content for this chapter after e Lab Activity 3 3 5 on page 94 of the Cisco Networking Acad emy Program Fun damentals of UNIX Companion Guide GNOME and KDE Applications Overview The GNOME and KDE desktops both include many of the same types of applications that are found in CDE The names of the applications may vary from one desktop operating environment to another but they perform essentially the same function These applications include mail clients browsers schedulers file managers text edi tors and helpful utility applications known as applets Many open source applets are included with GNOME and KDE In some cases they are common to both environ ments GNOME applications can frequently be run from KDE menus and vice versa This section introduces some of the more useful GNOME and KDE applications and provides a comparison to those of CDE see Figure 3 49 Figure 3 49 Linux applications Web Browsers and Mail Clients GNOME comes with three web browsers Galeon Mozilla and Netscape Netscape and Mozilla also have mail capabilities built in Mozilla is the default GNOME browser but the GNOME Nautilus file m
35. are available in all UNIX versions are as follows The Bourne shell The Korn shell The C shell These are common to most commercial versions of UNIX The other three shells Bash Z shell and TC shell have been gaining in popularity among UNIX users The Bash shell is the default for most Linux distributions although others are also sup ported CDE GNOME and KDE are sometimes considered to be graphical shells The following list explains the different shells available within a UNIX environment The Bourne shell bin sh was the original shell program for UNIX It is the default shell for the Solaris computing environment Stephen Bourne developed the Bourne shell for the AT amp T System V 2 UNIX environment This shell does not have aliasing or history capabilities see Chapter 14 Shell Features and Environment Customization System administrators mostly use it The Bourne shell prompt is a dollar sign which is similar to a DOS C gt prompt The Korn shell bin ksh is a superset of the Bourne shell and was developed by David Korn at Bell Labs It has many of the Bourne shell features plus added features such as aliasing and history This is the most widely used shell and is the industry standard for system users The Korn shell prompt is also a dollar sign The C shell bin csh is based on the C programming language Similar to the Korn shell it has additional features such as aliasing and histo
36. are more basic and focus on developers and peo ple who are already familiar with UNIX Some of the more common Linux distribu tions and their websites are as follows Caldera OpenLinux www caldera com Corel Linux linux corel com Debian GNU Linux www debian org Linux Mandrake linux mandrake com en Red Hat Linux www redhat com Slackware Linux www slackware com SuSE Linux www suse com Turbo Linux www turbolinux com Benefits of UNIX UNIX is a standards based OS and although it varies somewhat from one version to another the basis of the system is still UNIX Nearly all major computer manufactur ers support some form of UNIX which is a tribute to its importance as an OS It is one of the most powerful flexible and scalable OSs in the world Most versions of UNIX in use today are commercial versions such as IBM AIX or Sun Solaris The source code is not modifiable by the end user and there is a license fee for the OS This is one of the reasons for the increasing popularity of Linux which is open source and has a relatively low deployment cost Nearly every computer manufacturer in addition to having their own commercial version of UNIX now offers and supports the Linux OS These include Sun HP IBM and others Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 18 In general UNIX in its various forms continues to advance its position as the reliable secure OS of choice for mission critical app
37. can be used Login IDs on Solaris systems are limited to eight alphanumeric characters and can be any combination of letters uppercase or lowercase numbers and special char acters that is _ and so on Most versions of Linux limit the login ID to 32 alphanumeric characters or fewer It is best to keep login IDs to eight or fewer alpha numeric characters and use special characters sparingly Dashes and underscores are recommended When creating the user the administrator can also include the user s full name The login ID user s full name and other account information are stored in the password etc passwd file which can be viewed by all users User passwords in encrypted form are stored in the etc shadow file Passwords The user s password protects the account from unauthorized access Both Solaris and Linux have specific rules for creating passwords to help ensure system security Solaris and Linux passwords have the following requirements characteristics a The password must be at least six characters in length a The password must be different from the login ID The first six characters of the Solaris password must contain at least two alpha betic characters and at least one numeric or special character such as a dollar sign or a semicolon Linux passwords can be any combination of characters alphanumeric and spe cial and there is no requirement for what the first six must contain Passwor
38. command using a graphical user interface The sed command can be used to search for strings and perform processing actions on files Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities 148 The contents of files and the output of commands can be sequenced using the sort command The sort command has a number of options including what field to start sorting numeric or alpha sort and reverse sorts UNIX Command Summary The table that follows lists those commands that are new for the supplementary material Command Definition and Example egrep Extended grep Searches the contents of one or more files for a regular expression using extended regular expression metacharacters in addition to those used by grep fgrep Fast grep Differs from grep and egrep in that it will not accept a regular expression metacharacter as input It recognizes only the literal meaning of these characters sed Stream Editor Provides many of the editing capabilities of a text editor but through commands that can be entered at the command prompt or entered in a script Key Terms The table that follows lists those key terms that are new for the supplementary material Term Definition filesystem To a user a filesystem is a hierarchy of directories and files also referred to as the directory tree To the operating system a filesystem is a structure created on a partition consisting of tables defining the locations of directo ries and
39. components of the UNIX OS are the kernel the shell the filesystem and commands The kernel manages hardware daemons swap space and the filesystem The shell is an interpreter that provides an interface between the kernel and the user The filesystem manages and organizes information on the hard disk Commands dictate what action the shell is to take Several graphical desktop shells are available for UNIX CDE is used primarily in the commercial environment GNOME and KDE are open source desktops used primarily with Linux Key Terms The table that follows lists those key terms that are new for the supplementary material Term Definition GUI Graphical user interface An alternative to a command line interface A GUI enables users to use a mouse to access programs run commands and change configuration settings KDE K Desktop Environment A Windows like GUI popular in Linux similar in function to GNOME SPARC Scalable Processor Architecture Sun Microsystems proprietary CPU chip designed strictly for Sun s line of workstations and servers Key Terms 33 Term Definition tape drive Common backup device used primarily on high end workstations and servers peripheral Components independent of the CPU RAM and mass storage Some of components the more common peripherals are keyboard printer audio and video components NIC Network interface card Allows computers to c
40. filenames is not recommended Chapter 5 Accessing Files and Directories 92 Key Terms The table that follows lists those key terms that are new for the supplementary material Term Definition block device A hardware device file for devices that transfer data in blocks of more than 1 byte such as floppy disks hard disks and CD ROMs character device A hardware device file for devices that transfer in units of 1 byte such as a serial terminal or parallel printer file type code A one letter character that identifies the file type Appears in the first character position of a long listing Examples include d for a direc tory dash for a data file B for a block device file and so on named pipe Pipes are special files used for interprocess communication One process opens the pipe for reading and the other opens it for writing allowing data to be transferred An example is the transfer of data to and from a disk socket Similar to a named pipe see Named pipe but permits network and bidirectional links symbolic links A pointer to another file allowing a file to exist in more than one place for convenience and backward compatibility Check Your Understanding 1 Which of the following is a valid absolute path name A home user02 B home user02 C home user02 D user02 2 The option portion in the command Is l dir1 is 3 Which of the following shells
41. files mounting The manual or automatic process of attaching a filesystem or device floppy disk CD ROM and so on to a mount point so that it can be accessed Check Your Understanding 1 The two most prominent hard drive types today are and 2 Hard drives can be divided into smaller addressable parts Each one of these parts is called a 3 Which UNIX partition contains standard UNIX system files and mount points A swap B root C usr D home Check Your Understanding 149 4 Attaching a filesystem to an empty directory in the main filesystem is called 5 Which two of the following commands display filesystem statistics A ds B df C dd D dv E du 6 Match each Linux mount point or directory with its description Mount Point Description boot 1 Linux programs and data home 2 Third party programs and data Jusr 3 Default for floppy and CD ROM opt 4 Linux kernel and startup files mnt 5 User s home directories 7 Your current directory is home user2 You need to find all files that start with the letters pr in your home user2 projects subdirectory Which command should you type A find projects name pr B locate pr in projects C find pr name projects D search projects name pr 8 Your current directory is etc You are looking for a text file in your home direc tory that contains the word resume but you don t remember the name
42. graphical text editor will not be available The vi editor might be the only available tool to perform administrative tasks and trouble shoot problems a The vi editor has three main modes of operation Command mode Entry mode and Last Line mode Command mode is the starting point for the other modes and is used to edit existing text All commands are entered from Command mode Pressing Esc always returns you to Command mode Entry or Insert mode is used for enter ing new text Last Line mode primarily is used to save files and exit vi Under standing the purpose of these modes and knowing how to switch between them is key to working with the vi editor Numerous positioning editing and other commands also are available In addition to vi other non Windows based text editors can be downloaded for free and are considered easier to use The two most popular editors are Emacs and pico Emacs is a powerful and extensible open source editor with many features that is included with most distributions of Linux It can down loaded for most other UNIX versions a The CDE Text Editor is a graphical editor that performs a similar function to vi As with vi you can create text files that do not have any formatting in them These can be user environment configuration files script files program files or notes The CDE editor provides mouse support making it easier to work with existing text The GNOME graphical text editor known as gedit is
43. have a for the prompt Select three A Bourne B C shell C Bash D Korn Check Your Understanding 93 Which three of the following commands are valid A Ls l grep data B Is l grep data C pwdsls l D Is l gt data What is the command to change your current directory to your home directory and show your location in the tree The command must be entered like you would at the command prompt The commands must be entered on one line Which character separates multiple commands issued on the same command line A Slash B Comma C Dash D Semicolon Which three of the following statements are true A UNIX commands are always uppercase B UNIX commands are always lowercase C The option in a command may be upper or lowercase D Options are usually preceded by a dash Which two of the following change your current directory to your home direc tory A cd B cd C cd D cd Enter the option that can be used with the Is command to display hidden files Chapter 5 Accessing Files and Directories 94 10 Which UNIX command lists the files in the current directory including subdirec tories A Is l B Is al C Is R D Is r 11 Which of the following represents a directory when the command Is F is issued A d B c D D 12 Which of the following represents a directory when the command Is l is issued A B d c D Chapter 5 Accessing File
44. list of ways to open that file If the user selects an image file Nautilus suggests opening it with the Electric Eyes viewer or The Gimp a graphics editing program Nautilus also gives the user the opportunity to add to the list Nautilus does not already know about Highlight a folder and Open With gives the user the option to open it with Icons Viewer List Viewer or with an application or viewer of their choice The user must tell Open With what works for that folder For instance it is not feasible to open a direc tory with a word processor Scripts Nautilus passes the names of the files or folders the users have selected as arguments to an executable script or program in any language A list of available pro grams appears on the Scripts menu The script chosen executes using the files high lighted Exactly what actions those scripts perform is limited only by the programmer s imagination No scripts are supplied with Nautilus so the list is initially empty Users wanting to create scripts must put them in the directory HOME GNOME Nautilus scripts Close Window As suggested by the label Close Window closes only the currently selected window Close All Windows All open Nautilus windows work together within a single GNOME session If the user chooses Close All Windows they all close This happens even if the user opened some windows from different invocations for example by clicking his Home icon at different times in his ses
45. manager for the Cisco Networking Academy Program He is responsible for the worldwide imple mentation of courses sponsored by leading IT vendors Prior to joining Cisco Dan was the curriculum and operations manager for the Sun Microsystems Academic Initiative Program that authorizes educational institutions to offer Solaris system administration and Java programming courses In addition to his program management responsibili ties Dan was asked by Sun to be the Subject Matter Expert in the development of the Sun sponsored Fundamentals of UNIX course As a technical instructor for 15 years Dan taught Solaris system administration backup administration Lotus Domino administration and computer aided design courses at vendor authorized education centers and the University of Colorado He earned his bachelor of science degree in technology education at Ohio State University and his masters degree in technology education at Colorado State University Dan has 15 years experience working with UNIX Jim Lorenz is a senior technical writer and curriculum developer for the Cisco Networking Academy Program He has more than 20 years of experience in information systems and has held various IT positions in Fortune 500 companies including Honeywell and Motorola He was also an IT manager and a UNIX system administrator for Harcourt Brace publishing company Jim has developed and taught computer and networking courses for both public and private institutio
46. of the Introduction provides a more detailed list of the subjects added and modi fied Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment A number of changes and additions were made throughout this chapter to introduce Linux concepts and terminology Although the basic content is approximately 80 per cent the same as the book this chapter is included in its entirety to avoid numerous cross references Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces Some changes were made in the Login ID and Password Requirements section Two new sections were added to cover the Linux GNOME and KDE graphical interfaces Chapter 3 Graphical User Applications The chapter title was changed to be more generic and accommodate other graphical applications such as those included with GNOME and KDE A new section was added to cover GNOME and KDE built in graphical applications Chapter 4 Getting Help This chapter includes additions to the Command Line Help section on man page headings A new section on Linux HOWTOs and the info command has also been added Chapter 5 Accessing Files and Directories This chapter includes additions to the Listing Directory Contents section for file type definitions and file type codes The other sections of this chapter apply to most versions of UNIX including Solaris and Linux Chapter 6 Basic Directory and File Management This chapter includes a new section on management of directories and
47. or C x s more other keys This can be another control character or a plain character M lt chr gt Hold the META key while typing lt chr gt If there is no META key or you do not know where it is located press Esc Escape followed by the lt chr gt key M x This is an important key that prompts you for a command to execute by name This is useful when you do not remember the key combination Starting Emacs Start Emacs either by just launching the program or with one or more filename arguments emacs emacs myfile Using Emacs 159 Aborting Keyboard Entry The single most important key in Emacs is the following C g C g runs a command called keyboard quit This enables you to back out of any opera tion when it becomes difficult or complicated If in a situation that causes trouble C g will almost always get the user out of it Opening a File To open a file for edit press the following combination C x C f A prompt at the bottom of the screen asks for the name of the file Respond with the following junkfile Alternatively you may choose any name The file does not have to exist In Emacs the user is always in Insert mode This is unlike vi in which the user toggles between insert and command modes Type in any text you would like to use Undoing Mistakes To undo a mistake press the following C Repeat C to undo more changes Cursor Movement Movement of the cursor can be accomplished with
48. projects Linux users may consult a valuable library of HOWTO guides Each one provides detailed information in outline form on a given topic Where to Find the HOWTOs The HOWTOs are not installed by default in most Linux distributions Red Hat puts the HOWTOs together with some Red Hat specific extras on a CD that comes with the packaged version of the operating system These may be viewed directly from the Documentation CD using Nautilus a web browser or even a text editor such as Emacs They may also be installed on the user s system so that they are always handy However the HOWTOs exist independently from any distribution The single most valuable source of documentation about Linux is the Linux Documentation Project which you can find on the Internet at www tldp org If you visit this website you will see a front page like that shown in Figure 4 11a Notice that a link to the HOWTOs is prominently displayed at the very top It is from here that the very latest version of the HOWTO files may be viewed or downloaded The Linux Documentation Project Figure 4 11a ia EM View sanhi Ge Mammie a hi Documenta HOWTOs aubctpsafed neip Guides ongar in depth boin FAQs Frequently Antec Questions man pages help on individual commands online magazine LinuxFfocus ternational online sagazne latest HOWTO updates HOWTO index FAQ index browse Purchase Shirt and Donmte to the LOP 2002 04 16 5 Im jor Different Name
49. s GNU project www gnu org The GNU OS uses the Linux kernel open source software Software that can be modified and redistributed without a fee or restric tions Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 34 Check Your Understanding 1 Which three of the following are CPUs A Sun UltraSPARC B Itanium C Carnivore D Omega E Power PC 2 Most modern PCs use a n interface for video 3 Select four interfaces that can be used to directly attach a printer to a PC A EIDE B SCSI C FireWire D RS 232 Serial E Parallel F USB 4 The capability of UNIX to track multiple processes concurrently is called 5 Match the proper term to the descriptions of the capabilities of the UNIX operating system multiuser 1 an example would be username password distributed processing 2 allows more than one tool or process to be used at one time multitasking 3 enables many users to access the same resources security 4 allows the use of resources over the network 6 Operating systems such as Windows 2000 Solaris and Linux interact with com puter hardware through the use of drivers 7 Which UNIX operating system became the industry standard for many of today s varieties of UNIX including Solaris A AT amp T System 3 B SVR4 C BSD 4 2 D AIX Check Your Understanding 10 11 12 35 The GNU General Public License GPL is the licensing scheme used by Linux
50. something Daemons in the UNIX world are similar to Services with Windows NT 2000 and NetWare Loadable Modules NLMs with Novell NetWare Filesystems are a hierarchy of directories subdirectories and files that organize and manage the information on hard disks Filesystems can be either local or remote Local filesystems are located on the hard disk of your workstation Remote filesystems are located on another computer which is usually a server Figure 1 10 The kernel functions Hardware Kernel The OS Shell A shell is an interface between the user and the kernel see Figure 1 12 It acts as an interpreter or translator In other words the shell accepts commands issued by the user interprets these commands and executes the appropriate programs Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment Figure 1 11 The kernel and swap space RAM Physical Memory Swap Space Figure1 12 The OS shell Hardware Kernel Shells can be command line driven or graphical Three command line shells are avail able in the Solaris UNIX environment It is possible to initiate or switch between these shells when working on the computer The process status ps or echo SHELL com mands are used to determine which shell is in use The Solaris Operating Environment The OS and the Kernel 23 has six available shells that come with Solaris 8 The three primary command line shells that
51. system the directory tree To the operating system a filesystem is a structure created on a partition consisting of tables defining the locations of directories and files A partition does not necessarily have to contain a filesystem At least one partition is used as a secondary memory location the swap partition Before a disk partition can be used a filesystem must be created to provide a structure for organizing and accessing data on the partition 135 Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities 136 For example a Solaris system may be configured to have the partitions and filesystems see Table 8 1 Table 8 1 Solaris Partitions and Filesystems Partition Filesystem Description Slice No 0 root Contains standard UNIX system files plus empty directories such as home and var that are used as mount points for other system files 1 Swap Used for temporary memory storage There is no system created on the swap partition Swap uses the partition in its raw state 2 Entire Disk By backing up this partition you back up all filesys tems 3 usr Contains many user commands and utilities Con tents change very little so there is no need to back up frequently 4 home Contains a user s home directories Having it as a separate filesystem allows for easy backup Often home directories are located on a server and are mounted on home of a workstation from over the network 5 Unassig
52. the HOWTOs there are links on the Linux Documentation Project lead ing to Guides Frequently Asked Questions FAQs and even the master man pages The Guides are short books on such subjects as advanced Bash shell script writing a Linux system administrator s guide and kernel internals FAQs are collections of fre quently asked questions about a variety of topics The info Command Another way to read documentation is with the info command Users of the Emacs and XEmacs editors will find the info command familiar because Info mode is built in to them and works the same These editors are covered in Chapter 9 Using Text Edi tors As a standalone Linux command info is nothing more than Info mode from Emacs in Terminal mode together with a library of documentation Starting Info The info command runs in Text mode on a Terminal window The user does not need to know exactly what is being looked for when starting info You will see a startup window like Figure 4 11b with basic instructions at the top and a menu consisting of a catalog of topics when running info without command line options or arguments like this info Like many Linux commands info has a help option that gives startup instructions see Figure 4 11c The info command may also be started with a subject as an argument There is info documentation on info itself Run the following command to start with a window like the one shown in Figure 4 11d info in
53. the list Select the application s icon from the front panel and drag it to the appropri ate subpanel Right click the application s icon and select Cut from the menu then select the subpanel and click Paste Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 56 Check Your Understanding 57 Chapter 3 Graphical User Applications Overview of Changes The chapter title changed to be more generic and accommodate other graphical applica tions such as those included with GNOME and KDE A new section was added to cover GNOME and KDE built in graphical applications New and changed information is highlighted in the following objectives introduction and the summary The content sections included in this supplement are designated as either new or updated Objectives After reading this chapter you will be able to Use the Mail tool Use Calendar Manager Use other built in CDE applications Use built in GNOME and KDE applications Introduction This chapter introduces you to several useful applications that are included with the Common Desktop Environment CDE You will work with the Mail tool to view and manage e mail messages and will use the Calendar Manager to manage dates and appointments CDE contains many other useful applications such as Voice Notes and Text Notes Address Manager Audio Icon Editor Image Viewer Snapshot Calculator and Clock This chapter covers these applications
54. the system from this point However you may find that you do not have permission to view some items and cannot make changes to files or folders outside your home directory Directory and File Management Using GNOME Clicking the Back button always takes you to the item you previously visited regardless of where it was even if it was a website located on a computer on the other side of the world If you previously clicked the Back button the Forward button returns you to the folder you just came back on The Home button on the Nautilus toolbar always returns you to your home directory This is helpful if you gets lost If you know the UNIX path name to a folder or file you want to visit you can type that name in Navigation Using the Tree If you click the Tree tab in the sidebar an overview of your whole computer system displays Click any folder icon and Nautilus will view it as long as you have permission to view that folder Use the small arrows to the left of the folder icons to expose and hide the contents of any given subdirectory alternately Figure 6 42 shows Nautilus open to a user s home directory with the Tree tab open in the sidebar By default the Tree view shows only folders not files Figure 6 42 File Edit View Go Bookmarks Preferences Help A Nautilus winhow with the 3 gt A 8 a tree sidebar open BAG 1 ubiabenenills BE Midland artis VOE SOBER en gt Location Homeistusent
55. this chapter s purpose input and output are defined with respect to a UNIX command The input to a command normally comes from the keyboard although it also can come from a file The output from a command normally goes to the monitor or screen Errors that might result from a command are another form of output and also are displayed on the screen Figure 7 19 shows input to a command and the two types of output from it Input is sending data to a command Output is receiving data from a command Errors are generated when a command is entered incorrectly Figure 7 19 Command Standard Output input output ee Standard Input Standard Error Advanced Directory and File Management Using GNOME NOTE This is a new sec tion Insert all follow Moving and Copying Files Using Drag and Drop ing content after the Users often want to make copies of files and folders they work on and to move those e Lab Activity 7 2 3 files and folders around GNOME makes this task simple by means of the Nautilus file on page 210 ofthe manager A technique called drag and drop enables you to copy and move files by Cisco Networking moving or pushing around their icons using the mouse Academy Program Fundamentals of Moving Files Using Drag and Drop UNIX Companion Suppose for example that you have a folder named Project in your home directory Guide that contains several files related to work you are doing One of these file
56. to Chapter 11 Check Your Understanding Quiz 318 Answers to Chapter 12 Check Your Understanding Quiz 319 Answers to Chapter 13 Check Your Understanding Quiz 319 Answers to Chapter 14 Check Your Understanding Quiz 320 Answers to Chapter 15 Check Your Understanding Quiz 320 Answers to Chapter 16 Check Your Understanding Quiz 321 Command Syntax Conventions The conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventions used in the IOS Command Reference The Command Reference describes these conven tions as follows m Vertical bars separate alternative mutually exclusive elements m Square brackets indicate optional elements m Braces indicate a required choice m Braces within brackets indicate a required choice within an optional ele ment Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown In actual configuration examples and output not general command syntax boldface indicates commands that are manually input by the user such as a show command m Italics indicate arguments for which you supply actual values xxii Introduction This supplement provides additional information on the Linux operating system and maintains compatibility with the latest revision of the Fundamentals of UNIX course It is to be used in conjunction with the existing Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide and online
57. user2 and your current working directory is home user2 dir1 Refer to the Class File Tree Structure by clicking the tree button located on the menu bar and type the commands to accom plish the requested objectives Note Be sure to press Enter after each one Click Step 1 to begin Displaying a Long Listing The previous versions of the ls command displayed only the names of directories and files in a wide format that went across the screen You can use the ls command with the I long option to see more detailed information on each file or directory The Is l option also distinguishes between files and directories The Is command provides the file information shown in Figures 5 18 and 5 19 By default the ls command lists files in alphabetic order Using the t time option lists files with the most recently modified at the top of the list To get a detailed listing of files sorted by time with the most recent at the top use the Is It command Figure 5 18 File type for regular file or Directory d for directory for example information v p Permissions Links m Ower Group Size m Last modification date and time Filename u en 0 d IWXT Xr X 5 user2 staff 512 Dec 4 13 43 dir1 rw r r 1 user2 staff 0 Dec 2 09 05 file1 89 NOTE This is an updated section that replaces the same titled sec tion on pages 138 and 139 of the Cisco Networki
58. with the p command as follows sed n Dante p dante This displays only lines containing Dante File Editing with sed 143 sed is a very powerful and flexible command when used from the command line and in shell scripts See Chapter 15 Introduction to Shell Scripts Table 8 5 shows more examples of sed commands using regular expressions introduced with the grep com mand Table 8 5 Using the sed Command Example Result sed n 20 25 file Displays only lines 20 through 25 sed 5d file Deletes line 5 Is 1 sed Tt est d gt newfile Deletes all lines containing Test or test in the Is l output placing the results in newfile sed s file Deletes the first four characters from each line sed s file Deletes the last four characters from each line Is 1 sed 5 d gt newfile Deletes lines 5 to the last line in the Is l out put placing the results in newfile sed n 4 d file gt newfile Deletes blank lines from file placing the results in newfile Is l1 sed s g Searches s for at least one or more spaces and globally g replaces them with a colon Note without the g command sed would replace only the first space on every line with a colon and would not continue searching for other occurrences of a space on the same line sed 1 10s Windows UNIX file
59. 2 Backing Up and Restoring Accessing removable media Solaris and Linux Backing Up Files with cpio generic UNIX 2 Two new subjects inserted 13 System Processes Added new content Added new Linux con tent The crontab Utility generic UNIX Memory management removed 2 Chapter title change two subjects modified one new subject appended on sec tion moved 14 Shell Features and Environment Customi zation Removed C shell fea tures and replaced with Bash shell features Also added one new feature Shell variable and cus tomization removed C shell and replaced with Bash C shell features removed Initialization files added 3 Rewrite Chapter title change merged Chapters 14 and 15 one sec tion added one section removed 15 Introduction to Shell Scripts New chapter 3 All new subjects xxvii xxviii TABLE l 1 Fundamentals of UNIX Supplement Revisions and Updates Continued Chapter No and Title Linux Additions Other Changes Notes 3 maj chgs 2 mod chgs 1 min chgs 16 Network Concepts and Utilities Network Infrastructure Concepts removed Networking Protocols removed The Traceroute Utility new Secure Shell SSH added Naming Services and Host Name Resolution revised Network Resource Sharing added SMB 3 Chapter title change two sections removed two sub jects inserted two sub
60. 3 103 X First Distribution October 2002 Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the Linux operating system and maintains compatibility with the latest revision of the Fundamentals of UNIX course It is to be used in conjunction with the existing Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide and the online curriculum Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible but no warranty or fitness is implied The information is provided on an as is basis The authors Cisco Press and Cisco Systems Inc shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems Inc Feedback Information At Cisco Press our goal is to create in depth technical books of the highest quality and value Each book is crafted with care and precision undergoing rigorous development that involves the unique expertise of members from the professional technical commu nity Readers feedback is a natural continuation of this process If you have any comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book or otherwise alter it to bet ter suit your needs you can contact us through e mail at feedback ciscopress com Please make s
61. Alta 1 4 pita SG Ling piid a Pet Ma AB SO oe am IE mans he Kommt Hey M woane Ihe mate tey Wenn una Abm Famen abot te wt WOR ome meme vy 1 Some differences between the versions follow GNU Emacs is slightly more widely circulated than XEmacs but not signifi cantly so Some Linux distributions such as Red Hat include GNU Emacs by default on a basic workstation installation but XEmacs is also available as a selectable option GNU Emacs demands fewer system resources than XEmacs both in disk space and processing power More work has been done in extending the underlying Emacs Lisp for XEmacs than for GNU Emacs XEmacs has had more work done in its graphics support than GNU Emacs As a result XEmacs has a GUI look and feel Using Emacs The library of loadable and supported packages available for XEmacs is larger than that available in a GNU Emacs distribution The system of maintaining and updating packages in XEmacs is more sophisti cated and easier to use than for GNU Emacs Perceived Disadvantages of Emacs Some users are reluctant to learn Emacs or have stopped using it after a while for some of the following reasons For experts only Although Emacs has extensive capabilities new users can become productive in performing basic tasks with it very quickly Not always available UNIX or Linux systems that are designed as servers rather than user systems are sometimes stripped down to the bare
62. Although an Emacs startup may take longer a single invocation can be run for days at a time While running Emacs can edit hundreds of files and per form a host of tasks without having to be restarted Emacs introduces the user to a new way of thinking about editing 157 Chapter 9 Using Text Editors 158 NOTE emacs starts GNU Emacs which is used in this explana tion XEmacs is started with the com mand xemacs Getting Safely In and Out of Emacs The most important first steps in learning any editing tool are the following Starting up Opening a file for edit Inserting and changing text Undoing mistakes Moving around Starting again Saving work Exiting Exiting without saving The steps for performing these operations are identical in GNU Emacs and XEmacs Everything may be accomplished through the menus You can learn how to perform these operations just by exploring the menus We will demonstrate here how to per form the operations in the traditional Emacs way using keyboard commands This operation once learned is much faster for many people Table 9 1 provides a brief primer to help in understanding a little about Emacs key binding notation Table 9 1 Emacs Key Binding Notation Examples Keys Meaning C lt chr gt Hold down the Ctrl key while typing the lt chr gt key For instance C a means Ctrl A C x C f Some control keys such as Ctrl X are prefixes to be followed by one
63. Cisco Network Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Solaris and Linux Supplement for details Summary Knowledge of UNIX commands provides a good foundation for understanding UNIX and is critical to success as a power user or system administrator Control characters such as Ctrl C Ctrl D and Ctrl U are used in the UNIX environ ment to perform special functions such as interrupting command output logging out and clearing screen entries A number of file information commands are available These include the file strings cat more head tail wc and diff commands You can use these to find out informa tion about the type and characteristics of a file and also its contents When creating new files and directories users should adhere to the naming conven tions These are the basic rules for naming files and directories which include length and recommended characters Chapter 6 Basic Directory and File Management 110 New directories are created using the mkdir command and new files are created using the touch command Files and directories can be removed or deleted using the rm com mand CDE File Manager is a graphical utility that can be used to perform many of the same functions as the file and directory management commands entered at the command line GNOME also provides a graphical tool for file management called Nautilus Nautilus performs many of the same tasks as CDE Check Your Understanding 1
64. E with Saw fish as the window manager as deliv ered with the Red Hat distribution of Linux Choosing the Login Session When Red Hat Linux boots and starts graphics its login window looks like the screen shown in Figure 2 41 Figure 2 41 A Linux login window Session Language System Fri May 03 09 29 AM Welcome to dhcp 528 30 cisco com Login aaa Please enter your login At the top of the login box is a series of labels that produce drop down menus First if your choice of language is not English select the language you prefer from the Lan guage menu The Session menu has choices labeled Last selected by default Failsafe Default GNOME and KDE Last uses whatever login environment you selected the last time the user logged in If a user has never logged in before and makes no selection the Default is GNOME m The user can explicitly designate either GNOME or KDE by selecting it assuming both are installed If the choice made is not the normal default a window appears offering to let it be the default On occasion users make mistakes in configuring their login environments that prevent them from being able to log in As a defense against locking oneself out the Failsafe session logs the user in to a Terminal window without attempting to evaluate any startup files Primary Differences Between GNOME and KDE Although the purpose and overall functionality of GNOME and KDE are similar their
65. NetBSD Linux is open source software which means that the source code is publicly available and can be modified to suit spe cific needs It can also be distributed freely among users This concept is the opposite of commercial software where the source code is not publicly available and each user must pay a license fee Commercial software is based on copyright laws which seek to limit what the user can do with respect to source code and distribution Linux can be downloaded at no cost from various websites Benefits of UNIX 17 Linux Distributions A number of for profit companies and nonprofit organizations make Linux available along with various combinations of applications utilities and other software These combinations of the OS and software are called distributions As an example Red Hat Inc bundles the Linux CDs source code and manuals along with a collection of applications and other products for a modest fee These additional products include an office suite a choice of graphical desktops web server software and so on A level of customer support is also provided Red Hat includes the Sun StarOffice suite of pro ductivity software The primary component of any distribution is the Linux kernel itself In addition to the kernel and applications other components in a distribution include installation tools the boot loader and utility programs Some distributions are more graphical and oriented toward the new user Others
66. Os provide instruction on how to perform various common Linux tasks Check Your Understanding 81 Linux distributions include command line and a hypertext help utility called info that is available for many UNIX commands and applications Linux HOWTOs provide instruction on how to perform various common Linux tasks When problems occur narrow the possibilities by following a systematic approach to identifying and correct ing the problem Contact a system administrator or the service help desk for problems that you cannot resolve Users familiar with DOS commands will have an easier time learning UNIX because many of the DOS commands were derived from UNIX UNIX has hundreds of com mands These commands enable users to accomplish all the tasks that DOS users nor mally would need to do but in a UNIX environment UNIX Command Summary The table that follows lists those commands that are new for the supplementary material Command Definition and Example info Detailed and well organized alternative to man pages Uses an Emacs type interface info or info date Key Terms The table that follows lists those key terms that are new for the supplementary material Term Definition FAQs A collection of frequently asked questions about a variety of top ics HOWTO Online reference containing information and procedures on how to perform a task using the operating system The Solaris HOW TOs are referred to as A
67. Read documentation in Info format Options apropos SUBJECT look up SUBJECT in all indices of all manuais add DIR to INFOPATH remember user keystrokes in FILENAME specify Info file to visit display this help and exit go to node pointed by index entry STRING ify nodes in first visited Info file output selected nodes to FILENAME read initial keystrokes from FILENAME goto command line options node recursively output menu items use vi like and less like key bindings display version information and exit The first non option argument if present is the menu entry to start from it is searched for in all dir files along INFOPATH If it is not present info merges all dir files and shows the result Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu items relative to the initial node visited Examples info Access with a Browser You also can access info conveniently using the Help tab of the Nautilus graphical interface in GNOME or using help in KDE Hyperlinks are available when using the browser interface Figure 4 11f shows the Nautilus info screen while looking up infor mation on the Bash shell The info Command E Figure 4 11d The first page of File info info Node Top Next Getting Started Up dir info documenta Info An Introduction tion on info itself NORM NIA MINE Info is a program for reading documentation which you are using now If you are new to Info and want to learn how t
68. Search Stop N myfolder el Location homelstudent v student folder 2 items today at 2 25 25 PM oe View as Icons GIB ARE News Directory and File Management Using GNOME 105 name untitled folder but presents a Properties window with the name highlighted Within this window the user may also set emblems and permissions if she wants to do so Generally the defaults are good enough on newly created folders Figure 6 40 shows the new folder window that appears when selecting New Folder from the File menu with the main Nautilus window behind it Figure 6 40 New folder window fe Ei View Ge Bookmarks Pyetererces Hei 219 uu folder yesterday at 1 23 47 PM fodor 1 itom Inday a 209 17 PM Whip Teen E gt 9 med Sider Typo tider Contents ming Location havefuttent Modified kidwy at 200 17 PM Sates Custom won Rerewa Ciater ion Creating New Folders on the Desktop Making a new folder on the desktop is a simple operation With the cursor over any blank area of the desktop right click to bring up the Desktop menu and select New Folder It appears as a selected icon named untitled folder on the user s desktop You will want to rename the folder right away To do so right click the icon and select Rename The file s name beneath the icon turns a different color with a box around it and is selected Type in the new filename and pres
69. The Linux Documentation Project hes a naw domain name You can fee find the LDP un the wab at idp wiy This nama change cama about due ta tame diMMeulllas with the nustos domain name In order to have cleat rights ta Ihe domain name fhe LDP had In talociate ite primary services site You can ciiil acoess the LOP ny painting you bromeer in linuxdec crg but you will he redirected ta idp org alte The dumain name linussdsc ang will be upparted fer compatibility feasand fur the next 5 yeaa Thn mowa may come mu surprise for many LOP tnithful but we bekam that Ihe shanga wae necepeary Im nsaure that the LOP would be avaliabin dor the next wave of rew Linux users The LDP will use Mis opportunity to Improve Inlarnationakzation by integrating LOP documentation efforts from ai aver iha be We intend to share ak many fescuices Ode eyg and aystems as pusaibie beteaan tha ierent localized verwone Within ths meat Weeks Hop arg will atiow you to View the site m the language your browser has doon Configured to BoCeEpt an default From the web page follow the links to a number of indexes organized by title and by category This leads ultimately to the HOWTOs themselves For example the The info Command 77 HOWTO named CD Writing HOWTO is likely to provide all the information one needs to start creating CD ROMs The Mail Administrator HOWTO provides exten sive background on all the ins and outs of administering an e mail server In addition to
70. UNIX Solaris and Linux Supplement NOTE This is a new sec tion Insertthisentre The GNOME gedit Text Editor section on gedit at The GNOME gedit text editor is a graphical editor that is comparable to the CDE the end of the chap ter prior to the sum mary on page 265 of Opening Window the Cisco Network ing Academy Pro Text Editor The insertion deletion and editing of text is very similar To access gedit click the GNOME main menu click Programs and then select it from the Applications menu Figure 9 31 shows the initial gedit screen with some text typed gram Fundamentals of UNIX Companion i a Guide save and print files as well as standard text editing buttons for cut copy and paste in The upper portion of the window contains buttons that are used to create open Undo and redo buttons are also available The GNOME gedit Text Editor Figure 9 31 GNOME gedit window This is a new document created with the GNOME gedit text editor The File Menu The options available with the buttons are also on the File menu along with additional useful options such as Save As and Print Preview see Figure 9 32 Figure 9 32 The gedit File menu ated with the GNOME gedit text editor The Edit Menu The options available with the buttons are also on the Edit menu along with Go To and Find Replace see Figure 9 33 Chapter 9 Using Text Editors 164 Figure 9 33 The gedit Edit menu B
71. UNIX filesystem Plain American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII files are pure text files with no special formatting characters in them 25 Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 26 NOTE The directories fol lowed by a single asterisk are spe cific to Solaris Those followed by a double asterisk are specific to Linux All others are com mon to both Application files are created by an application such as a word processor spreadsheet or database program Executable programs are UNIX utility commands and application pro grams Common UNIX Directories The topmost directory in a filesystem is called the root directory It is the starting point of the filesystem hierarchy The root directory is required for the OS to function and it contains critical system files such as the kernel The list following Figure 1 15 contains some of the more important directories and their purposes The slash in front of these directories indicates that they are actually subdirectories of the root directory see Figure 1 15 UNIX directory structures such as directory names locations and contents can vary from one version to another Linux directory structures are relatively consistent with most distributions adhering to the Linux Filesystem Standard FSSTND or the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard FHS Figure 1 15 A t Common Solaris root subdirectories usr opt dev etc
72. ab in the sidebar to the left Figure 6 33 shows a Nautilus window with the Help index open in the sidebar and the Nautilus User Manual in the main panel Note that the Help menu on the right is open and the user is about to open the Nauti lus Quick Reference guide Figure 6 33 Nautilus User Manua A Nautilus f lus User Manual window showing File Edit View Go Bookmarks Preferences Help ways to Nautilus User Manual locate help lt i gt A tab Q Nautillus Quick Reference Back Forward Up Refresh Home Web Sea Nautilus Release Notes Support Table of C Ae Nautilus Wab Page Introductory Documants gt GNOME User s Guide 1 Introduction Nautilus 1 1 The Nautilus Window 1 2 The Nautilus Desktop 1 3 Setting Nautilus to Start Automatically Porume ts by Subject 1 4 About Nautilus and GNOME D General 2 Navigating You Computer and the Internet p GNOME 1 Viewing Your Home Folder gt amp Info 2 Navigating Your Files Folders b Manual The Tree Viewing and Opening Files Viewing and Playing MP3 Files Nates Tree sw al 6 Mounting Floppy Disks and CD ROMs isan Roe Navigating the Internet Display quick reference pages for Nautilus D Introduction to GNOME gt Nautilus User Manual Directory and File Management Using GNOME 99 File and Folder Icons Like most components of the GNOME desktop environment Nautilus is highly con figurable Click the Preferences menu the secon
73. ages that are popular with Linux Most distributions come with one or both GNOME can also run on Solaris and will be the default desktop in a future operating system release As with CDE GNOME can be customized with user preferences and by adding applications to panels and menus Key Terms The table that follows lists those key terms that are new for the supplementary material Term Definition file manager A graphical application used to manage files and directories KDE s pri mary means of managing files is with Konqueror GNOME s is with Nautilus which also enables users to browse the Internet virtual desktop A separate workspace has its own background and look used to orga nize your applications CDE KDE and GNOME all support the use of multiple virtual desktops Check Your Understanding 1 Which two of the following are characteristics of the root account A It can use only the command line interface It is created automatically during installation B C Any user has access to it D It is used for system administration tasks E In Solaris its password requirements are the same as for regular users 2 User account names or login IDs must adhere to which one of these rules A They cannot be fewer than eight characters in length B They must be uppercase C They must be unique for the system D They must contain at least one numeric or special character Check Your Understanding
74. all either one or both of them Both GNOME and KDE also run with Solaris These open source GUI desktops include applications and utilities that per form the same functions as CDE in the commercial UNIX environment Key Terms The table that follows lists those key terms that are new for the supplementary material Term Definition applet Useful small programs Gaim An AOL Instant Messenger client gFTP A graphical FTP file transfer utility Konqueror A web browser that comes with KDE Mozilla An open source web browser that is the default browser for GNOME Nautilus File manager for GNOME StarOffice Microsoft Office compatible office suite software from Sun Microsystems that comes free with most Linux distributions Check Your Understanding 1 The Mail tool is a basic command line e mail application that cannot accommo date attachments Is this statement true or false 2 Marcia sends regular e mail to the members of her project team She would like to be able to create a list to avoid having to specify each name when she sends out memos Which Mail tool feature would she use A Distlist B Alien C Groupname D Alias Check Your Understanding 67 Which three of the following are customizable options with Mail tool A Specifying how often you want the system to check for new messages moO Setting the location for deleted messages Creating a default forwarding address Specifying aut
75. ample usr is the mount point for the user filesystem this is also referred to as the user partition Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities 138 Figure 8 3 root Directory tree root file system with mounted i filesystems etc home temp dev usr bin danm jiml bradj bin ucb include local games share i home filesystem ss usr file system Indicates an empty directory used as a mount point Filesystem Statistics Filesystem statistics can be displayed using the df disk free command System V based systems list disk usage in 512 byte blocks 5 KB by default rather than 1024 byte blocks 1 KB Use df k on these systems to display usage in KB Linux systems display the same information as df k using just the df command Usage is shown in 1 KB blocks by default Figure 8 4 displays the output of the df k command on a Solaris system Figure 8 4 Using the df Window Edit Options disk free i df k command with Filesystem Kbytes Used Avail Capacity Mounted on Solaris dev dsk c0t3d s 7608 6369 478 93 dev dsk cOt3d s3 6668 5458 550 91 usr filesystems dev dsk cOt3d0s4 239855 179655 36214 83 home swap 73552 12 73540 0 tmp The Filesystem column lists the device filename for the filesystem that is created when the operating system is installed or created manually by the system administrator Each version of UNIX has a slightly diff
76. anager also has web browsing functionality Netscape was covered previously under CDE mail and is widely used in Windows and Macintosh in addition to UNIX environments Mozilla is an open source web browser that includes the following applications m Navigator Mail reader Web page composer Address book You can access these functions from the Tasks menu or by using the buttons on the lower left corner of the screen The Mozilla browser window is accessed by clicking the red Mozilla head icon on the panel shown in Figure 3 50 This figure also shows GNOME and KDE Applications Overview 59 the browser while accessing the www mozilla org website KDE comes with the Kon queror web browser see Figure 3 51 which also serves as a file manager It does not however include an e mail client Figure 3 50 GNOME Mozilla web browser File Edit View Search Go Bookmarks Tasks Help 4 2 i pe 23 amp B reeiiiwwwmecina cry 7 ga Search s 7 44 Home wif Bookmarks 4 Red Hat Network 4 Support 4 Shop 4 Products 4 Training 7 My Sidebar gt What s Related gt Search Tinderbox SeaMonkey The Mozilla 1 0 branch has been cut and we re preparing for the release of Mozilla 1 0 Release Candidate 1 Mozilla 1 0 has not been released yet This status update contains information on XML DOM Security Necko Imagelib XPCOM Calendar and more more
77. and subjects such as name synopsis description options and operands These headings are displayed in the man page output in all capital letters Depending on the command and its purpose the man page might not contain all headings For example the pwd print working directory command does not have options or oper ands information headings because no options or operands can be used with the com mand All commands have at least a name a synopsis and a description A common UNIX command is cd which enables the user to change directories Figure 4 9 shows the results of the man page for the cd command Notice the different headings just discussed Some of the output has been omitted because the output from the cd man page is normally about nine pages long Figure 4 9 Man page output IS Terminal ed chdir pushd popd dirs change working directory SYNOPSIS usr bin ed directory ksh ed arg ed old new DESCRIPTION f usr bin cd Introduction Scrolling in man Pages The output from some man pages can be as many as 10 to 20 screens of output Sev eral keys are helpful in moving around in the man utility after the pages for a specific command have been located Use the keys shown in Table 4 1 to control the scrolling capabilities while using the man command This scrolling capability is the same as pro vided by the more command used to view a long file page by page Table 4 1 Scrolling the man Page
78. art by scanning the main headings on the supplemental chapter and note the cross references to page locations in the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamen tals of UNIX Companion Guide Make a note in the companion guide where the sec tion of the supplement should be inserted When reading the companion guide if a reference to the supplement is encountered read the supplement section instead Some chapters have changed enough to be included in their entirety in this supplement and these should be read instead of the chapter in the companion guide E Labs can be per formed using the online curriculum or the CD that comes with the companion guide New hands on labs that have been added to the course are referenced and are included in the Cisco Network Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Solaris and Linux Lab Companion Supplement At the end of each chapter is a list of new commands and key terms introduced and a new version of the quiz Check your Understand ing Answers for all quizzes are provided at the end of this supplement Instructions for setting up the classroom using both Solaris or Linux are provided in the Instructor Guide which is available on the Cisco Networking Academy website from the Instruc tors toolbox xxiii Summary of Chapter Changes The following is a brief description of changes made to each chapter in the Fundamen tals of UNIX course This section is a general overview of the changes Table I 1 at the end
79. ation time Finds files modified within the last of days Don t search mounted filesystems Avoids the search of floppy disks CD ROMs and so on Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities 146 NOTE If the search is started in the root of the filesystem the directory the find operation might take a considerable amount of time to complete Filenames except Finds all filenames not matching the substring Simple substring search Matches all files that contain a substring Regular expression search Matches all files that contain a given regular expression Figure 8 14c f Search Tool Full find option Bee File Help Full find find Quick find locate Startindirectory nomelim Browse Pew Renar Don t search subdirectories Removi Don t search mounted filesystems Remove Last modification time Remove Simple substring search 7 Enable Remove Simple substring search a Adal E Start sto Show Soman KDE Find Files Many KDE menu items are available from the GNOME main menu including the Find Files utility To access this utility click on KDE menus and select Find Files Simi lar options and criteria are available to those of the GNOME Search Tool Full find option Figure 8 14d shows the KDE Find Files window Skill Builder e Finding Searching and Sorting Files In this lab you use advanced UNIX commands to find files and specific strings contained in fil
80. bjectives 87 Introduction 87 Displaying File Types 88 Displaying a Long Listing 89 Summary 91 Key Terms 92 Check Your Understanding 92 xiii Basic Directory and File Management 97 Overview of Changes 97 Objectives 97 Introduction 97 Directory and File Management Using GNOME 98 Nautilus File Manager 98 Creating New Folders 104 Changing Folders 105 Deleting and Recovering Files 108 Summary 109 Check Your Understanding 110 Advanced Directory and File Management 115 Overview of Changes 115 Objectives 115 Introduction 116 Copying Files 116 Copying Files to a Floppy Disk Using the Solaris Command Line 116 Copying Files to a Floppy Disk Using the Linux Command Line 116 Input Output Redirection 116 Advanced Directory and File Management Using GNOME 117 Moving and Copying Files Using Drag and Drop 117 File Menu Options Rename and Link 119 Edit Menu Options Cut Copy and Paste 121 View Menu Options 123 Summary 127 UNIX Command Summary 128 Check Your Understanding 128 Filesystems and File Utilities 133 Overview of Changes 133 Objectives 133 xiv Introduction 134 Partitions and Filesystems 134 Partitions 134 Filesystems 135 Mounting the Filesystem 137 Filesystem Statistics 138 Linux Partitions 139 The egrep and fgrep Commands 141 The egrep Command 141 The fgrep Command 142 File Editing with sed 142 Suppressing the Default Output 142 Finding Files Using GNOME and KDE 144 Search Tool Quic
81. ching users have been moved to Chapter 10 File Security New and changed information is highlighted in the following objectives introduction and summary The content sections included in this supplement are designated as either new or updated Objectives After reading this chapter you will be able to Describe hard disks partitions and filesystems Display filesystem utilization and free space Locate files and directories using the find command Use the grep egrep and fgrep commands to find character strings within files and command output Use sed to match patterns in files and perform processing Sort the contents of files and command output using the sort command Find files using graphical tools Use commands such as who and finger to identify users who are logged on moved to Chapter 10 s Identifying and Switching Users section Assume the identity of another user using the su switch user command moved to Chapter 10 s Identifying and Switching Users section Determine your real and effective user ID using the who am I and id commands moved to Chapter 10 s Identifying and Switching Users section Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities 134 NOTE This is an updated section that replaces the same titled section on pages 219 through 223 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide Introduction This chapter covers hard drive
82. cific vendor Solaris runs not only on Sun computers but also on Intel based machines Linux another version of UNIX that is becoming increasingly popular also runs on different CPUs By learning any one of these UNIX varieties it is fairly easy to move to one of the others Figure 1 8 shows some of the CPU manufacturers and the various UNIX versions and OSs that they can run Figure 1 8 UNIX varieties CPU Manufacturer UNIX OS Version Propriety IBM AIX Linux MVS VM Hewlett Packard HP UX Linux MPE Digital Equipment Tru64 Ultrix Linux VMS Compaq Sun Microsystems Solaris Linux Intel Solaris Linux NetWare Win9x NT Win2000 Overview of Linux The latest version of UNIX to emerge is called Linux Linux was developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki Finland Torvalds posted it on the Inter net and encouraged others to contribute to its development It has features from both SVR4 and BSD Linux has become very popular among computer enthusiasts those looking for an alternative to traditional PC OSs and companies looking for a stable low cost OS The icon for Linux chosen by Linus Torvalds is the little penguin shown in Figure 1 9 The Linux website is www linux org and includes information on the fol lowing Applications Programs written to run on Linux Documentation Linux documentation project and HOW TOs Distributions Organizations providing
83. cified is located in Section 1 it does not continue searching even if the command exists in another section If the user knows which section a command is located in she would use the man s command followed by the section as discussed previously Saving man Pages for Future Use The student can save a man page to a text file for editing or e mailing For example use the following command man command_name col b gt filename Linux HOWTOs For example man intro col b gt unix cmnds In this example the intro command contains a list of all UNIX commands The vertical bar or pipe I is covered in Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management col b formats the man page output The greater than sign gt means to send the output of any command to a file unix cmnds is the file unix cmnds that gets created in the user s home directory represents the user s home directory Obtaining Quick Help on Command Options In addition to the man pages you can also obtain help on command options by using the command itself With Solaris type the command followed by An example is Is The question mark is an invalid option and depending on the command a list of valid options may display Commands requiring arguments such as man when entered without any arguments result in the display of brief help information With Linux type the command followed by two dashes and the word he
84. comparable to the CDE Text Editor and has the added feature of plugins Check Your Understanding 167 UNIX Command Summary The table that follows lists those commands that are new for the supplementary material Command Definition and Example emacs Editing macros emacs Starts the GNU emacs text editor xemacs Starts the graphical version of the GNU emacs text editor Key Terms The table that follows lists those key terms that are new for the supplementary material Term Definition gedit A GNOME graphical editor that is comparable to the CDE Text Editor The insertion deletion and editing of text is very similar Check Your Understanding 1 Which editor has been a part of the UNIX operating system nearly since its inception in the early 1970s A vi B Emacs cC Wordpad D Notepad 2 Which three of the following are valid modes of the vi editor in the UNIX envi ronment A Command B Entry C Last Line D Normal 3 What is the starting mode from which other modes can operate A Command B Entry C Last Line D Normal Chapter 9 Using Text Editors 168 4 Which two of the following are ways that the vi editor can be invoked or started A vi filename B vedit C viedit D vi filename filename2 Which of the following special key s will return the vi editor back to Command mode A Enter B Esc C Shift D Ctrl Tab 5 Which is useful if the
85. cs amp Strategy BI Run Graphics Home Directory KBackgammon ig Panel gt S gt 95 Multimedia lultimedia gt Control Center Lock screen bad SK settings gt SR Utilities gt out el System gt td Word Processing 3 CoJo I arm _KDEmenus gt A Find Files Summary Figure 2 53 The GNOME Menu Editor and Icon Selection box 4 Programs systam many VC thay Aplications Comment GNOME Manjongg game a g Chics Command Pusrnbrumahongg a J Multimedia Type Application a leo 4 asi Te wenn i Icon Ed T Run in Terminai marjorgg eng mwichesh png te Utilities YF Setings gs Development i 4 Somes g Help a Aiteina tobe merged z O sm EN a k l Jhomaljoauser gnomelapps Summary Two types of accounts exist on a UNIX system root and user The root account has access to the entire system and can perform system administration tasks such as creat ing new users setting up printers and installing software All other users have a regu lar user account to access applications and personal files User accounts and passwords have specific rules that must be adhered to These include minimum and maximum length and which characters they can contain Users can change their passwords at the command line with the passwd command Password rules do not apply to the root account for Solaris You can log in through a GUI from the command line or using a Telnet pro
86. ctory The first window is shown with View as Icon mode selected The sec ond window is shown with View as List mode selected In each window a new link to the file named status is seen and highlighted Notice the small arrow on the upper cor ner of the icon above and in the Emblems column below The file may safely be renamed and the arrow reminds you that it is a link Edit Menu Options Cut Copy and Paste The Nautilus Edit menu includes functions that work to copy and to move files The general sequence of operations is first to select a file or folder Next select Copy or Cut move to the target location and then select Paste Copying a File from the Edit Menu To use the Edit menu to copy a file follow these steps Step 1 Highlight the file s icon by clicking it Step 2 Choose Copy Files from the Edit menu The copy is not made yet Step 3 Open another Nautilus window viewing the folder where you want to copy the file Step 4 In that window choose Paste Files If you are in a different folder from the original a copy by the same name as the original is made in that folder Step5 You may also copy within the same folder in that case the copied file is given the name copy of filename which you should rename 121 NOTE If you are in View as List mode you can rename a file using the Show Properties window from the File menu Highlight a file or folder and choose Show Prop erties either from the File menu or f
87. ctory and file management using GNOME Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management 116 NOTE This is a new sec tion Insert all follow ing content after e Lab Activity 7 1 on page 190 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide NOTE Copying files to a floppy disk using CDE and GNOME is covered later in this chapter More infor mation about acces sing Solaris and Linux removable media devices is covered in Chapter 12 Backing Up and Restoring NOTE This is an updated section that replaces the first two para graphs of the same titled section on page 199 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide Introduction In this chapter you work with some of the more advanced file and directory manage ment tasks using the command line interface and the CDE File Manager and GNOME s Nautilus You start with the command line interface and work with the commands necessary to copy link move and rename files and directories You then learn about command piping and input output redirection CDE File Manager and Nautilus are used to perform some of the same tasks accomplished earlier using the command line Accessing the floppy disk is also discussed Copying Files The cp copy command copies files and directories This section focuses on copying files Copying Files to a Floppy Disk Using the Solaris Command Line The followi
88. curriculum The supplement describes general Linux characteristics and covers some of the key basic objectives of the Computer Technology Industry Association CompTIA Linux exam The remaining Linux objectives are covered in the Networking Academy course IT Essentials Network Operating Systems version 2 0 targeted for January of 2003 The majority of the existing Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide textbook content applies to all versions of UNIX including Solaris and Linux However this supplement adds Linux specific sections to most chapters to enhance the existing text and broaden their scope In addition it provides some new generic UNIX information on subjects such as the Emacs editor and shell scripting It also includes new labs that were added to the curriculum Cross references are provided between the supplemental chapter information and the companion guide This supplement is available to all holders of the current Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide and the PDF can be viewed or downloaded from the Cisco Press website www ciscopress com Guidelines for Use Each chapter in the supplement starts with an overview of the changes made The sec tions and subjects included are those that have either changed significantly or are new to the course New subjects are highlighted in the objectives introduction and sum mary at the end of the chapter supplement St
89. d from the right You will see a choice that says Edit Preferences From the Preferences window users may tailor the appear ance and behavior of Nautilus to suit their needs Figure 6 34 shows the Preferences window with a list of categories to select from in the left panel and the current settings for a user s view preferences on the right Figure 6 34 The Nautilus Pref erences window Default View Appearance Windows amp Desktop View new folders using Icon View Icon amp List Views Icon Captions Icon View Defaults Sidebar Panels Search Lay Out Items By Name Default zoom leval 100 Navigation Speed Tradeoffs T Sort in reversed order TC Use tighter layout News Panel Ont en Ze Font size at default zoom level 12 List View Defaults Lay Out Items By Name Default zoom level 50 T Sor In reversed order Font helvetica gt Font size at default zoom ieve 12 With graphical desktop managers a folder is a referred to as a directory the term that is commonly used by persons who work from a UNIX shell The terms may be used interchangeably Folders or directories contain files and sometimes other folders The default view for folders is set initially to Icon view When a folder is opened with Icon view set the user sees each object in it represented as an icon with its name and up to three additional pieces of information under the name Some users have many folders
90. def modifications initions Added new file type codes 6 Basic Directory and Basic Directory and File 2 One new section appended minor modifications 7 Advanced Directory and File Management Advanced Directory and File Management Using GNOME added Linux 2 One new section appended 8 Filesystems and File Utilities Added Linux filesystem information Added egrep fgrep commands New sed command Finding Files with GUIs added GNOME Identifying Users moved to Chapter 10 2 Chapter title change three subjects modified one sec tion moved 9 Using Text Editors Using Emacs generic UNIX The GNOME gedit Text Editor 2 One new section inserted one subject inserted 10 File Security Added new information on remote access con trol and security check tools Changing permissions with GNOME added Linux Identifying and Switch ing Users moved from Chapter 8 2 Chapter title change one subject modified one new subject inserted and one sec tion moved TABLE I 1 Fundamentals of UNIX Supplement Revisions and Updates Continued Chapter No and Title Linux Additions Other Changes Notes 3 maj chgs 2 mod chgs 1 min chgs 11 Printing Added paragraph about Linux supporting both SV and BSD printing commands Using GNOME to print added Linux 1 One subject modified one new subject appended 1
91. dical equipment management Telecommunications equipment management Most current desktop OSs include networking capabilities and support multiuser access For this reason it is becoming more common to classify computers and operat ing systems based on the types of applications they run This classification is based on the role or function that the computer plays such as workstation or server Typical UNIX desktop or low end workstation applications might include word processing spreadsheets and financial management On high end UNIX workstations the appli cations might include graphical design or equipment management and others as previ ously listed The UNIX operating system can run on a PC Any system that is running UNIX is referred to as either a workstation or a server A PC is a system running any of the other popular OSs originally designed for the PC Computer Roles and Operating Systems 9 Network Operating System Capabilities All versions of UNIX and most other modern network operating systems support advanced features Multiuser capability Multitasking Distributed processing High level of security Multiuser capability enables more than one user to access the same resources and pro vides support for many users simultaneously The OS keeps track of each resource such as CPU RAM hard disk and printers and allows them all to be shared Each program or application that runs is referred to as a task or pr
92. ds are case sensitive which means that they can be created with upper case or lowercase letters and must be entered exactly the same way when log ging in The password ABc123 is different from the password ABC123 for example Introduction to GNOME and KDE in Linux When changing Solaris passwords the new password must differ from the pre vious password by at least three characters When changing Linux passwords the new password must contain no more than two successive characters from the previous one and cannot contain dic tionary words Passwords may contain spaces and special characters As an example the pass word a9 B7 c5 is perfectly valid The length is six or more characters It also has uppercase and lowercase letters numbers a special character and a space Introduction to GNOME and KDE in Linux Most distributions of the Linux operating system offer a choice of graphical user inter faces The two most popular desktop managers are GNOME GNU Network Object Model Environment and KDE K Desktop Environment Each offers a collection of applications and software tools that have been customized to work with its respective desktop control features Both GNOME and KDE are easy to use and configurable It is possible to run most GNOME and KDE enabled software that is normally launched from menus and panel buttons from either desktop manager In GNOME a submenu leads to the KDE menus Selecting items from these menu
93. e Distribution BSD UNIX They sent this new version of the UNIX environment to other program mers around the United States These programmers added tools and code as they saw fit Possibly the most important advance made to the software by the programmers at Berkeley was the addition of networking software The networking software allowed the OS to function in a LAN BSD UNIX became popular with computer manufactur ers such as Hewlett Packard DEC and Sun Microsystems The Sun Microsystems original version of UNIX the Sun Operating System SunOS was based on BSD UNIX version 4 2 At that time the AT amp T version of the UNIX environment was known as System V system 5 The Microsoft version of UNIX developed for PCs with Intel processors was known as XENIX In 1988 Sun OS BSD AT amp T System V Release 3 and XENIX were combined into what became System V Release 4 SVR4 This newest generation of the OS was an effort to combine the best features of both BSD and AT amp T UNIX and to create an industry standard for the OS This enabled the development of software for UNIX without consideration as to whether it was System V or BSD 4 2 The new SVR4 became the basis for most of the current varieties of UNIX The timeline shown in Figure 1 7 lists some of the major events in the evolution of the UNIX OS 13 Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 14 Figure 1 7 A brief history of A Brief History of UNIX UNIX 1969 Ken Thom
94. e GNOME Nautilus window lt gt A gt At Q Back Forward Up Refresh Home iai J Location start here TOR View as Icons 4 8 ER Favorites Preferences Programs Start Here folder 5 items 4 Mar 27 11 a AN Server Configuration System Settings News Notes Helpa History From here there are several ways to start learning about GNOME 1 On the panel at the bottom of the page there is an icon with a question mark inside a cartoon dialog balloon see Figure 2 44 Figure 2 44 The GNOME gP2Q8 h e H een documentation icon Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 44 Click the documentation icon to bring up another Nautilus window with the GNOME HELP INDEX displayed Below the title is a link that says GNOME User s Guide Open that to go to the table of contents From there you may begin reading about GNOME 2 Click the Help tab on the lower left of the sidebar in the Nautilus window This opens an index to several help documents including the GNOME User s Guide and an Introduction to GNOME see Figure 2 45 To locate detailed informa tion on any subtopic click the expansion arrow to the left of any subject Figure 2 45 File Edit View Go Bookmarks Preferences Help The Nautilus lt gt AD g Help tab with Back Forward Up Refresh nn Stop expanded index View as Web Page Location gnome help esrishare gnome help gnome users guida Cig
95. e Ping Utility 285 The Traceroute Utility 286 The Telnet Utility 287 The rlogin Command 289 The ftp Command 292 The rcp Command 295 Secure Shell SSH 295 Naming Services and Host Name Resolution 296 Name Services Overview 296 Centralized Administration 297 DNS 297 etc hosts File 298 Network Information Service NIS 299 The Network Information Service Plus NIS 299 Network Resource Sharing 300 The Network Filesystem 300 Server Message Block SMB 302 Summary 302 UNIX Command Summary 303 Key Terms 304 Check Your Understanding 304 Chapter 17 Career Guidance 309 Overview of Changes 309 Objectives 309 Introduction 309 Linux Certifications 310 CompTIA Linux Certification 310 Vendor Specific Linux Certification 310 Summary 311 xx Appendix A Answers to Chapter Check Your Understanding Quizzes 312 Answers to Chapter 1 Check Your Understanding Quiz 312 Answers to Chapter 2 Check Your Understanding Quiz 312 Answers to Chapter 3 Check Your Understanding Quiz 313 Answers to Chapter 4 Check Your Understanding Quiz 314 Answers to Chapter 5 Check Your Understanding Quiz 315 Answers to Chapter 6 Check Your Understanding Quiz 316 Answers to Chapter 7 Check Your Understanding Quiz 316 Answers to Chapter 8 Check Your Understanding Quiz 317 Answers to Chapter 9 Check Your Understanding Quiz 317 Answers to Chapter 10 Check Your Understanding Quiz 318 Answers
96. e UNIX Operating System Ken Thompson a Multics programmer at Bell Labs wrote a space travel game for the GE computer before the Multics project lost funding With the help of another pro grammer Dennis Ritchie he rewrote the game to run on a Digital Equipment Corpo ration DEC PDP 7 computer that had a better graphics display The DEC computer was great for running the space travel game but it lacked a viable OS In 1969 Thompson got the urge to develop his own OS Originally Thompson called the new OS that he had developed with a colleague Uniplexed Information and Computing Service UNICS The name was eventually changed to UNIX The space travel game later was modified to run under UNIX UNIX was first written in Assembly language a primitive set of instructions that con trol the internal instructions of the computer However UNIX could run only on a spe cific computer In 1971 Ritchie created the C language In 1973 he and Thompson rewrote the UNIX system programs in the C language Because C is a higher level lan guage UNIX could be moved or ported to another computer with far less program ming effort The decision to develop this portable OS proved to be the key to the success of UNIX The early UNIX source code was made available to universities all over the United States Programmers at the University of California at Berkeley made significant modi fications to the original source code and called it Berkeley Softwar
97. e login and terminate the login shell program 1 2 3 12 What are the DOS equivalents to the following UNIX commands UNIX Command DOS Command cp mv Is rm mkdir Chapter 4 Getting Help 86 87 Chapter 5 Accessing Files and Directories Overview of Changes This chapter includes additions to the Listing Directory Contents section for file type definitions and file type codes The other sections of this chapter apply to most versions of UNIX including Solaris and Linux New and changed information is highlighted in the following objectives introduction and summary The content sections included in this supplement are designated as either new or updated Objectives After reading this chapter you will be able to Understand and describe the structure of the UNIX filesystem Identify relative and absolute path names Navigate the directory structure List the contents of a directory Define the function of the parts of the directory listing Identify and use metacharacters Introduction This chapter reviews the concept of a filesystem and introduces path names to identify locations of files and directories in the directory tree You will work with the cd com mand to change directories and navigate the filesystem The use of the ls command to list the contents of directories also is covered as is the meaning of various compon
98. e output of the Is command to the file mydir overwriting it if necessary Which command should you use A Is a gt mydir B Is a gt gt mydir C Is a 2 gt mydir D Is a gt mydir In ksh which output redirection operator is used to send output to standard error A gt B gt C 2 gt D gt The pipe is used to send the output of one command as input to another com mand Which of the following displays a directory listing one screen at a time A ls l more B Is l gt more C Is lIl more D Is gt gt more Which three of the following are valid ways to copy a file in UNIX A Use the cp command from the command line B Use the CDE File Manager Selected menu C Use the Ctrl select and then the drag drop technique with File Manager D Use the copy command In which of the CDE File Manager menus is the tree display option available A File B Selected C View D Options Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities Overview of Changes This chapter provides additional general information on partitioning and filesystems and also covers Linux partitions and filesystem statistics The egrep and fgrep commands have been added to the section Searching for Strings A new section on File Editing with sed has been added for searching and processing files Another new section covers find ing files using GNOME and KDE Objectives and utilities related to user identification and swit
99. e that it has content see Figure 6 43 Figure 6 43 A full trash icon Show Trash If you are unsure of what you have placed in the Trash you might want to check it before permanently deleting the contents Click Show Trash in the Edit menu to get what is just an ordinary folder view in either Icon or List mode Figure 6 44 shows a Trash folder with some content in it Notice what it says in the location bar The side bar has been turned off If there are items in the Trash that the user thinks he needs to hold onto a little longer he can delay emptying the Trash or else move them elsewhere temporarily Empty Trash When you click Empty Trash from the File menu a window titled Delete Trash Con tents pops up and gives a last opportunity to confirm that you want to dispose of the files in the Trash Click the Empty button to continue or click Cancel to stop A progress window appears briefly while the files are being deleted and then disappears Summary 109 Figure 6 44 7 Viewing a File Edit View Go Bookmarks Preferences Help trash folder a t a A 3 with content Back Forward Up Refresh Home WebSearch Stop Location fresh for View as Icons a deleteme gronkozoonie untitled folder walla walla Skill Builder Ss Lab 6 3 6 Basic GNOME File Management In this lab you will work with Nautilus and other GNOME file and directory management tools Refer to the Lab portion of the
100. eb site at www cisco com go offices Argentina Australia e Austria Belgium Brazil e Bulgaria e Canada Chile e China e Colombia Costa Rica Croatia e Czech Republic e Denmark Dubai UAE Finland e France Germany Greece e Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy e Japan Korea Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico The Netherlands e New Zealand Norway Peru Philippines Poland Portugal e Puerto Rico Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Scotland Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa e Spain Sweden e Switzerland e Taiwan Thailand e Turkey e Ukraine e United Kingdom United States e Venezuela e Vietnam e Zimbabwe Copyright 2000 Cisco Systems Inc All rights reserved Access Registrar AccessPath Are You Ready ATM Director Browse with Me CCDA CCDE CCDP CCIE CCNA CCNP CCSI CD PAC CiscoLink the Cisco NetWorks logo the Cisco Powered Network logo Cisco Systems Networking Academy Fast Step FireRunner Follow Me Browsing FormShare GigaStack IGX Intelligence in the Optical Core Internet Quotient IP VC iQ Breakthrough iQ Expertise iQ FastTrack iQuick Study iQ Readiness Scorecard The iQ Logo Kernel Proxy MGX Natural Network Viewer Network Registrar the Networkers logo Packet PIX Point and Click Internetworking Policy Builder RateMUX ReyMaster ReyView ScriptShare Secure Script Shop with Me SlideCast SMARTnet SVX TrafficDirecto
101. ed Objectives After reading this chapter you will be able to Use the vi text editor to create and modify text files Use the Emacs editor Use the CDE Text Editor application to create and edit text files Use the GNOME gedit application to create and edit text files Introduction This chapter covers text editing tools that are used in the UNIX environment These include the vi pronounced vee eye editor the Emacs pronounced ee maks editor and graphical text editors such as CDE Text Editor and GNOME s gedit In this course text editors primarily are used for creating and modifying files that customize the user s work environment and writing shell scripts to automate tasks Both of these are discussed in Chapter 14 Shell Features and Environment Customization and Chapter 15 Intro duction to Shell Scripts They are also commonly used for editing HTML website files and creating code for computer programs System administrators use text editors to cre ate and modify system files used for networking security application sharing and so on Finally this chapter includes a short discussion about UNIX word processor programs Chapter 9 Using Text Editors 154 NOTE This is a new sec tion Insert this entire Emacs section after the Other Text Edi tors section on page 256 of the Cisco Network Acad emy Program Fun damentals of UNIX Companion Guide Using Emacs The Emacs editor is a powe
102. een the system programs and the system hardware Manages functions such as swap space daemons and filesystems Swap space is a reserved part of the hard disk that the kernel uses during processing Portions of running programs can be swapped out of RAM into the hard disk and then brought back into RAM if necessary This swap space is actually on the hard disk but it looks like additional memory to a running program Swap space is a raw slice or disk file that is set aside during system installation As previously mentioned RAM is physical memory The swap space on the hard disk represents virtual memory and is used to increase the size and number of programs that can be run Most UNIX systems set up a swap space of twice the amount of RAM or a min imum of 32 MB Swap space is not RAM but the OS treats it like RAM to provide extra memory to the programs that are running In Figure 1 11 the kernel is swapping programs in and out of the swap space on the hard disk The OS and the Kernel 21 Daemons are programs that perform a particular task or that monitor disks and program execution Daemons are special processes that begin after the OS loads Daemons then wait for something to do in support of the OS They can be started or stopped as necessary An example is the printer dae mon line printer scheduler Ipsched It starts when the system starts up and then waits in the background until someone needs to print
103. el gt Properties gt All Properties The Panel properties window appears which is where you customize such options as the panel s size orientation position and background Unlike other property setting windows these properties apply as you type them in There are no Apply OK or Cancel buttons Step 3 Click Close after customizing the panel Figure 2 51 shows the upper left part of a screen where a panel has been created with the Panel properties window still open Note that the panel s orientation has been changed to horizontal the upper left corner has been relocated so as not to overlap desktop icons and the background color has been set An applet toy was added to give the panel some content Adding to the GNOME Menus Figure 2 51 2 Panel properties A new floating panel Floating panel Background Size and Position Panel size Standard 48 pixels 5 Orient panel horizontally Note The panel will size itself to the C Orient panel vertically largest applet in the panel and that 2 not all applets obey these sizes Top left corner s position x 120 vfa Panel window level Default from global preferences Hiding J Enable Auto hide 7 Show hide buttons 7 Show arrows on hide button Further Panel Customization Objects on panels can be moved configured or deleted These operations are all initi ated by right clicking with the cursor over the panel object which brings up a menu
104. eloped to run on Intel based computers The OS may not support some types of hardware especially the latest peripherals Linux in the Intel compati ble environment supports most CPUs including Intel and AMD most types of RAM and standard mass storage interfaces such as EIDE ATAPI and SCSI Standard USB and PS 2 keyboards and mice are also well supported Other USB devices may not be and will need to be checked Most video card chipsets that are compatible with the XFree86 graphics system which comes with Linux are not a problem However the latest technology devices might not have drivers available yet Network interface cards and modems are generally well supported except for some internal modems that may require a special driver Overview of the UNIX Operating System Even though the UNIX OS is the one of the oldest in existence its popularity is still increasing due to its stability scalability broad industry support and continued enhancements Brief History In the mid 1960s the UNIX OS was developed at AT amp T Bell Labs with involvement from General Electric and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology UNIX was devel oped as a multiuser OS called Multiplexed Information and Computing Service Mul tics Multics was an interactive operating system written for a specific General Electric computer After several years of development Multics proved to be too expensive and Bell Labs withdrew from the project Overview of th
105. em Customize the CDE workspace with Style Manager Work with subpanels to add and remove applications Use GNOME and KDE in Linux Customize GNOME Introduction This chapter covers the requirements for user accounts and passwords and also covers the procedure for logging in and out of the system using both the command line and graphi cal login managers You become familiar with the UNIX Common Desktop Environment CDE including basic features and functions and how to use the Style Manager to cus tomize your CDE workspace You are also introduced to the GNOME and KDE graphi cal desktop managers and will work with GNOME panels and menus Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 38 NOTE This is an updated section that replaces the same section on pages 30 and 31 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide User Accounts Login ID and Password Requirements Login ID For users to log in they must have a user account that includes a login identification ID and password The login ID is the user s public name and is commonly referred to as the username Depending on the system administrator login IDs are usually some combination of a user s first and last names For example user Bob Wood s login ID might be bobw bwood woodb or bw2 The login ID must be unique on the system and there are usually some limitations on the type and number of characters that
106. ented here applies to all varieties of UNIX including Linux Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 4 The Main Components of a Computer As illustrated in Figure 1 1 the four main components of a computer are as follows a The central processing unit CPU m Random access memory RAM a Input Output I O devices The hard disk or other mass storage devices Figure 1 1 The main components of a computer Output Devices Input Devices VO Hard disk CPU The CPU is the computer logic microprocessor chip that processes instructions that are received from the primary computer memory RAM These instructions are stored in binary language The CPU typically plugs into the motherboard of the computer Mod ern CPUs have cache memory on board to speed up operation Examples of CPUs include the proprietary Sun UltraSPARC Scalable Processor Architecture which is designed strictly for the Sun line of workstations and servers The following list identi fies better known CPUs designed for microcomputers Intel x86 Pentium Celeron and Itanium AMD K6 series Athlon and Duron Power PC PPC which is a joint venture by Apple IBM and Motorola Motorola 68000 Series Compaq formerly DEC Alpha The Main Components of a Computer 5 RAM RAM is physical memory in the form of microchips It is normally located on either the motherboard or the memory card of
107. ently modified files to appear first Clean Up by Name If a window s icons are scattered in disarray select Clean Up by Name to rearrange them all neatly in a grid of rows and columns ordered by name Zoom Control The following controls allow viewing a folder Zoom In Zoom Out Normal Size A folder may be viewed in a variety of sizes in either Icon or List view Select Zoom In to make the contents larger and Zoom Out to make them smaller in a range from Summary 127 25 percent to 400 percent of a standard size Normal size is the size that has been selected from Edit Preferences The normal size may be different for List and Icon view modes Notice there is also a tool on the location bar with a minus sign on the left a plus sign on the right and a number in the middle see Figure 7 40 Click the minus and plus symbols to shrink and increase the view size Click the number to return to normal size Figure 7 40 Notice the Location mome student f View as Icons plus and minus signs on the location bar Finally the View menu enables the user to toggle between Icon and List view modes as follows a View as Icons m View as List a View As Most users will find that it is simpler to use the pull down menu on the right of the location bar to do this The View As choice is an advanced option That option enables users to fine tune what programs handle which file types when selected Using it prope
108. ents of directory listings Metacharacters are introduced and you will use several metacharacters known as wildcards to list groups of related files The majority of information presented here is applicable to Solaris Linux and most other forms of UNIX Exceptions are noted Chapter 5 Accessing Files and Directories 88 NOTE This is an updated section that replaces the same titled sec tion on pages 137 and 138 of the Cisco Networking Acad emy program Fun damentals of UNIX Companion Guide Displaying File Types When using the ls command by itself you can obtain a listing of directory contents but cannot tell which are files and which are directories By using the ls command with the F file type option you can display a listing with a symbol to indicate the file type The symbol if shown is found at the end of the file or directory name Note that the F option an uppercase F The list that follows shows the file types displayed using the ls F command The last two are advanced file types and are covered in the Network Operating Systems course Directory A forward slash after the name indicating that this is a directory or subdirectory A directory is considered a type of file with UNIX ASCII text file If no symbol appears after the name this indicates a plain ASCI text file with no formatting characters ASCII stands for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange An ASCII text file is similar
109. erent device file naming convention The output in Figure 8 4 is from a Solaris system with a SCSI disk and is interpreted as follows Partitions and Filesystems c0 controller 0 is the number of the disk controller or interface 0 is the first controller t3 target 3 is the SCSI target number for the hard drive dO disk 0 is the number of the disk installed 0 is the first disk sO slice 0 is the slice or partition number 0 is the first slice The Kbytes column reports the size of the filesystem in KB The Used and Avail columns report on the number of KB that the filesystem is cur rently using and how much space remains available The Capacity column enables the user to quickly see how full a filesystem is Some file systems remain static so a capacity of more than 90 percent is not unusual The Mounted On column is the mount point and typically indicates the filesystem name The previous output shows that the capacity of the home filesystem is at 83 per cent and has 36 MB 36 214 000 of available space remaining The df command shows capacity and availability from a filesystem level The du com mand displays disk space used by files and subdirectories and is frequently used by a user The du command is similar to the DOS DIR command which shows available disk space at the end of the listing Output is displayed in 512 byte blocks 5 KB by default Use du k to display usage in kilobytes as in du k or du k
110. eriority of the Unix operating system What is the K Desktop Enviroment Contacting the KDE Project Supporting the KDE Project Useful links Getting the most out of KDE General Documentation A Quick Start Guide to the Desktop KDE User s guide Frequently asked questions Basic Applications The Kicker Desktop Panel The KDE Control Center The Konqueror File manager and Web Browser GNOME Customization As with most graphical windowing environments GNOME can be customized to meet the needs and desires of various users Customization includes modifying user prefer ences adding applets launchers panels and drawers and also adding to menus User Preferences GNOME and its window managers are highly configurable Customization of the most visible elements of GNOME s environment such as the screen background choice of colors and fonts themes and screensaver behavior is simple and similar to other graphical user interfaces such as Windows or CDE To change these elements of your working environment start Nautilus from the Start Here icon select the Prefer ences icon followed by whichever subgroup of options you want to change see Figure 2 48 Just follow the onscreen guidance Adding to the GNOME Panel You may add objects of various types to panels including launchers applets menus and drawers Click the GNOME foot icon to bring up the main menus and then select Panel
111. ers gt gt al the lafi margin indicate directions for you to try using a command For instanow Middle of page left intentionally blank Text continues bei gt gt Now type C View next screen to move lo the next screen go ahead do it by haiding down the control key while typing v Front now an you should do this again whenever you finish reading the screeit Getting Emacs Help Help is available in Emacs at every keystroke The prefix key reserved for Help logi cally is as follows C h Type just C h and the program will prompt you for further options To see the options available type the following C h In GNU Emacs a window displays with all the options explained In XEmacs it shows a list in the echo line of all the help options the user has available Press the question mark again to go to the detailed help screen in XEmacs The descriptions differ slightly in the two versions but the basic functions available are the same Chapter 9 Using Text Editors Figure 9 15e displays an XEmacs window displaying a summary of help options after pressing C h Figure 9 15e Emacs help has many options Handy reference cards for both Emacs and XEmacs can be found at http www refcards com ill Bui Skill Builder Lab 9 2 6 Using Emacs In this lab you go through an example Emacs editing session step by step Refer to Lab 9 2 6 in the Cisco Network Academy Program Fundamentals of
112. es You practice using the sort command with various options CDE File Manager also is used to locate files based on filename or file contents Refer to the Lab portion of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Funda mentals of UNIX Solaris and Linux Supplement for more details Summary 147 Figure 8 14d KDE Find Files Include subdirectories X Case sensitive search Summary Now that you have completed this chapter you should have an understanding of the following Hard drives consist of a multiple platters stacked on a common spindle that spins at various speeds UNIX hard drives are divided into any number of sections called partitions or slices with a filesystem to provide a structure for organizing and accessing data on the partition At boot time all filesystems are combined to form a single directory tree file structure by mounting filesystems to an empty directory called a mount point To display the amount of available space on a filesystem use the disk free df command The find command can be used to find files and folders on the user s local com puter or on a remote computer such as a server The grep egrep and fgrep commands are used to search for strings of characters inside files or from the output of other commands such as Is and ps when used with the pipe I The CDE File Manager the GNOME Search Tool and KDE Find Files can perform some of the functions of the find command and the grep
113. export kernel var home genunix bin sbin lib useri user2 user3 The following list of directories is not intended to be all inclusive but does include those most commonly found on UNIX systems The bin binary directory contains many of the UNIX commands The boot directory contains most of the files necessary to boot a Linux system The dev devices directory contains files that are pointers to device filenames All devices in UNIX have standard filenames The etc etcetera directory contains system administration files such as the password file This directory is commonly referred to as et cee The Filesystem 27 The export home directory contains the user home directories Depending on how the system has been set up by the administrator the home directories could be found in home The home directory contains the user home directories The kernel directory contains the basic operating system files such as the main UNIX kernel genunix The lib library directory contains common library files used by programs in the bin and sbin directories The mnt mount directory is the standard mount point for filesystems such as the floppy disk and CD ROM The opt optional directory contains Sun s unbundled software applications and third party applications This directory is not always used with Linux The proc process directory contains files related to system information
114. files using GNOME The focus is on the use of the Nautilus file manager utility Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management This chapter adds information to the Copying Files section that describes the steps necessary to copy a file to a disk for Solaris and Linux A correction to the Input Out put Redirection section is provided A new section has also been added on advanced management of directories and files using GNOME Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities This chapter provides additional general information on partitioning and filesystems and also covers specific information on Linux partitions and filesystem statistics The egrep and fgrep commands have been added to the section on searching for strings A new section on File Editing with sed has been added for searching and processing XXIV files Another new section covers finding files using GNOME and KDE Objectives and utilities related to user identification and switching users have been moved to Chapter 10 File Security Chapter 9 Using Text Editors This chapter adds a new section on the use of the powerful and flexible Emacs editing tool The new section on the use of the GNOME gedit application to create and edit text files is also included Chapter 10 File Security New information has been added to the Standard UNIX Security section pertaining to remote access control and security check tools This chapter includes a new
115. fo Navigating with info Within info an abundance of simple commands enable the user to navigate within the current page to next or previous pages within the same document or to info docu mentation on different topics Press the question mark to produce a reference guide to basic commands in info windows Figure 4 11e displays the top few lines of this showing the most important commands Chapter 4 Getting Help 78 Figure 4 11b info started without options or arguments Figure 4 11c The info help message File dir Mode Top This is the top of the INFO tree This the Directory node gives a menu of major topics Typing q exits 2 lists all Info commands d returns here h gives a primer for first timers mEmats lt Return gt visits the Emacs topic etc In Emacs you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference to select it Menu Textinfo documentation system Standalone info program info stnd Standalone Info reading program Textinfo texinfo The GNU documentation format makeinfo texinfo Invoking makeinfo Update info dit entries texi2dvi texinfs Format with texi2dvi Print Texinfo documents texindex texinfo Format with tex texindex Sort Texinfo index files Miscellaneous As las The GNU assembler Enke Kr TOD DES are Se Welcome to Info version 4 0b Type C h for help m for menu item info help Usage info ToRtroN MENU ITEM
116. folder in a variety of ways Lay Out Items on the File menu leads to a submenu with eight choices Select Manually and you may move icons around within a folder freely with out aligning them Figure 7 39 shows a folder with its icons rearranged by hand according to a scheme that suits its user That layout remains in effect every time the user visits the folder until he sets it to something else The choices that start with By are all sort options By Name By Size By Type By Modification Date and By Emblems can be useful in finding items easier in a large directory Suppose for example that you have a folder with more than 100 items in it You have recently been working on a file with a name that normally would appear far down the list if sorted by name the default option Select By Modification Date and the most recently modified files will appear first Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management 126 Figure 7 39 A folder with File Edit View Go Bookmarks Preferences Help icons arranged eh REE analysis design testdata survey x 0 bytes 0 bytes 0 9 ytes 0 bytes morestuff i tem project items N process 3 Selecting Tighter Layout from Lay Out Items causes icons to be packed closer together bringing more of them into view in a given window Finally any layout other than manual may be shown in reverse by selecting Reversed Order For example reversing By Modification Date causes the least rec
117. for any Nautilus feature you want to hide Move Hide Show Window Components The following components can be moved or hidden Sidebar Toolbar Location bar Status bar After selecting Hide for any of these the menu changes to say Show rather than Hide Choosing Show causes the relevant component to appear again Advanced Directory and File Management Using GNOME 125 Notice that the menu bar toolbar and location bar all have handles on the left Grab one of these bars and drag it with the mouse The bar detaches from the main panel and may be placed anywhere on the desktop Figure 7 38 shows a Nautilus window with the location bar and toolbar detached and moved below the main panel The sidebar has been hidden Figure 7 38 Detached Nautilus location File Edit View Go Bookmarks Preferences Help bar toolbar and hidden sidebar i i an id Ti ans a headi om OU notes outline program ig 2 5 E 14 4 K 427 2 K byt ec EEE Location nome studenvproject View as Icons Se Ce Back Forward Up Refresh Home Web Search Reset View to Match Preferences Details of the view mode including the fonts used spacing and sorting order may be set on a per folder basis Select Reset View to Match Preferences from the View menu to return a folder to the conditions set by Edit Preferences Lay Out Items When View as Icons is set on a folder it is possible to show the contents of the
118. g Devices and Scanners Printing devices are output only and include printers and plotters There are hundreds of different kinds of printers and they can be attached to a workstation a server or directly to a network Plotters are less common than printers and are primarily used for large scale drawings Printing devices can be attached to the computer using vari ous interfaces such as parallel serial USB and IEEE 1394 FireWire Scanners can serve as copiers and fax machines as well as devices with which to capture high resolu tion graphical color images Scanners typically attach to the computer using a serial or USB interface Networking Components Many computers today come with an Ethernet network interface card NIC or adapter This adapter allows computers to communicate with each other through a central hub device using a cabled or wireless connection This connection forms a local area network LAN Most newer network adapters plug into a PCI slot on the motherboard Older network adapters use the ISA interface Modems are also consid ered networking devices which allow remote dial up to private networks and Internet service providers ISPs Modems can be either internal or external Computer Roles and Operating Systems All computers require an operating system OS to manage their functions This is true regardless of the manufacturer of the computer or whether it is a microcomputer midrange computer or mainframe computer
119. g and communication a Programming Obtaining help Commands tell the shell what to do such as list the contents of a directory or copy a file Some commands are built in to the shell program such as cd change directory and exit Most commands reside on the hard drive in a directory named bin which is short for binary code Graphical User Interface GUI Options All modern operating systems include a GUI This section covers a number of popular ones including Microsoft Windows UNIX CDE and several others Common Desktop Environment CDE Sun Microsystems was the first company to use a windowing environment in conjunc tion with the UNIX OS In 1993 a consortium of UNIX platform vendors was formed to develop an integrated standard and consistent GUI desktop environment The con tributors included Hewlett Packard IBM Novell and Sun Microsystems Many other companies and members of the Open Software Foundation OSF X Open and the X Consortium also contributed CDE is Motif based and users of other UNIX and PC desktops should be comfortable using CDE Many of the features of CDE are common to other desktop environments The CDE offers the following for users a Provides a GUI between the user and the OS Includes built in menus for users to select and run utilities and programs with out using Solaris Operating Environment commands Provides more than 300 utility programs and tools Enables users to control mu
120. gram with a valid username and password You must log out or exit the system properly before shutting it off The init and shutdown commands are used to properly shut down a UNIX system All current versions of UNIX provide a graphical desktop with a front panel which is the main user interface You should be familiar with the front panel arrangements of both CDE and GNOME and should know the buttons and options available The mouse and keyboard on a Sun Workstation differ somewhat from those of a typi cal PC The Sun keyboard has extra keys and the mouse has three buttons rather than two as with the PC mouse You should be familiar with the functions of the left and right mouse buttons The GUI desktop environment enables you to manage your windows by changing their location size and position relative to other windows CDE provides up to four work 51 Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 52 spaces which are separate desktop environments The front panel includes a button for locking your workstation and buttons for changing between workspaces You can use CDE Style Manager to customize each of your workspaces by changing things such as colors fonts screensavers and mouse and keyboard settings CDE sub panels are pull up or pull down menus that provide access to many desktop applica tions You can add or remove icons or applications with subpanels GNOME and KDE are two graphical desktop pack
121. he only part of the menu system you can change as non root is the Favorites menu Notice on Figure 2 52 that there are buttons that enable you to create new submenus add menu items delete items and to re order labels in a menu by moving them up or down or by sorting them alphabetically To add a new item for instance to launch a program that you have added to the sys tem click the New Item button The item is added as untitled with the name high lighted This is just a label This example uses the GNOME version of the game Mahjongg Step 1 In the Name box type Mahjongg Step 2 Inthe Comment box type GNOME Mahjongg game Step 3 In the Command box type usr bin mahjongg Step 4 Click the blank icon labeled No icon which opens another window with a display of icons in the directory usr share pixmaps Step 5 Scroll down and find gnome mahjongg png and click it and then click OK Step 6 Click Save at the bottom of the menu editor The item you added now appears as a selection in Favorites Your input should match what you see in Figure 2 53 Figure 2 52 ET Adding a menu System item 2 Applications gt Office Toys gt Development gt QP Start Hore G Editors gt ications gt Qy Programs gt pa Appi s Games gt ania 5 Favorites Add from manu Nor P HH Graphics S Cardgames Ls W Applets Development W intomet EONO 5 KDE menus gt amp Games E Help oT Abalone racti
122. her Step 6 To move the report and status files to the Process folder click report and then Shift click status and finally drag the files to the other window Both files move at the same time Figure 7 33 shows two icons being dragged from one window to another and Figure 7 34 shows the project and process windows after moving three files to the process window Copying Files Using Drag and Drop Sometimes a user wants to make a copy of a file instead of moving the original Sup pose for example that a user wants to use last week s status report as a model for this week s keeping the formatting but changing the content The technique described for moving files is similar for copying files When copying files the user presses the Con trol key marked Ctrl on many keyboards while performing the drag and drop opera tion Upon completing the copy the file s icon shows up in both the original and new loca tions These are independent but identical duplicates File Menu Options Rename and Link Files and folders may be renamed and linked using selections from the Nautilus menu 119 NOTE Drag and drop ap plies to folders as well as to files When you move a folder its entire contents including all subdi rectories move with it Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management 120 Figure 7 33 Icons being dragged across windows Figure 7 34 Projects and process after moving drag and drop
123. ic Computer Technology Industry Association CompTIA Linux certification Summary of Course Content Changes Table I 1 highlights the key changes and updates that are covered in this supplement TABLE l 1 Fundamentals of UNIX Supplement Revisions and Updates Linux Additions Other Notes 3 maj chgs 2 mod Chapter No and Title Changes chgs 1 min chgs tem and UNIX Graphi cal Interfaces Password Require ments Using the GNOME and KDE in Linux GNOME Customiza tion added Linux 1 The UNIX Comput Overview of Linux 3 ing Environment including distributions Rewrite filesystems and kernel development 2 Accessing Your Sys Rewrite Login ID and 2 Chapter title change one subject modified two new sections appended 3 Graphical User Applications 3 4 GNOME and KDE Applications added Linux 2 Chapter title change one new section appended continues xxvi TABLE l 1 Fundamentals of UNIX Supplement Revisions and Updates Continued Chapter No and Title Linux Additions Other Changes Notes 3 maj chgs 2 mod chgs 1 min chgs 4 Getting Help 4 4 Linux Info and HOWTOs added Linux 2 One subject modified one new subject inserted 5 Accessing Files and Previously no Linux 1 File Management Management Using GNOME added Linux Directories information No new subjects minor Added new file type
124. ices Worldwide Education and Research and the Solaris Mar keting Group for their vision and support for the course Dan and Jim vii viii Contents at a Glance Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Appendix A Introduction xxii The UNIX Computing Environment 3 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 37 Graphical User Applications 57 Getting Help 71 Accessing Files and Directories 87 Basic Directory and File Management 97 Advanced Directory and File Management 115 Filesystems and File Utilities 133 Using Text Editors 153 File Security 171 Printing 187 Backing Up and Restoring 197 System Processes 215 Shell Features and Environment Customization 225 Introduction to Shell Scripts 255 Network Concepts and Utilities 183 Career Guidance 309 Answers to Chapter Check Your Understanding Quizzes 312 Table of Contents Introduction xxii Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 3 Overview of Changes 3 Objectives 3 Introduction 3 The Main Components of a Computer 4 CPU 4 RAM 5 VO Devices 5 Hard Disks and Other Forms of Mass Storage 5 Peripheral Components 6 Keyboard and Mouse 6 Video Components 6 Audio Components 6 Printing Devices and Scanners 7 Networking Components 7 Computer Roles and Operating Systems 7 Single User Desktop
125. igure 4 11f into access with Nautilus E arpa a Back Forwad Up Refresh Home Wob Saard Next Introduction Previ dir gt amp ONOME User s Guide introduction to GNOME B 20 into E ss into A D cep Mto L oe finto I cveciant info I de into N 5 Be Contents By ddd thames info ss Introduction An Introduction to the shell Cee aN ela Summary The Sun Solaris Operating Environment has many different forms of help available to users and administrators With CDE help you can use the Help Viewer window search for a particular help topic and use item help Each CDE window and applica tion also has a help option in the upper right corner You can access the Help Viewer window from the Workspace menu or the Help icon on the front panel AnswerBook2 is a useful online searchable version of the Solaris manuals Several book collections are presented including information for administrators users and developers Command line help is available in the form of man pages and can be displayed using the man command man pages are installed with all forms of UNIX They cover nearly every UNIX command and provide a quick reference when you need to check the syn tax or options available with a particular command Several options are available with the man command including keyword and section search capabilities The whatis command provides a brief definition and purpose of the command Linux HOWT
126. il 17 2001 at 11 24 00 AM Fi malles c 22 1 KC source code Thursday April 12 2001 at 11 24 00 AM 4 1 K EADME document Thursday Apes 12 2001 108 itema folder Monday December 17 2001 at 2 21 18 AM 30 3 K C source code Thursday Apfil 12 2002 at 11 24 17 AM ae ee A ea Figure 6 36 Nautilus Icon view l Makefile in Makefile in in make src 60 0 K 23 7 K depend 3 6K s 108 items scrollbar c scrollbar gtk scrollbar gtk 30 3 K c H 14 7 K 2 6 Directory and File Management Using GNOME 101 File Menu Options When Nautilus first starts start here is in the location bar the starting place for set ting preferences In real use however GNOME users often begin by navigating folders and files Click the Home icon on the toolbar to start this navigation The user can accomplish this more efficiently by double clicking the Home icon at the top left of the desktop Figure 6 37 shows which one to click for a user whose login name is student Figure 6 37 The Home icon selected student s You may select any of the options on the File menu while using Nautilus to manage folders and files When a choice on the menu is shadowed out it means that it is not valid at the moment Upon first opening a folder for instance no files are selected so the menu options to open files are shadowed If the Trash is empty the Empty Trash selection is shadowed Figure 6 38 shows the complete File menu The sections that foll
127. in Nautilus One to create folders on the desktop itself The sections that follow describe in greater detail how to to create folders within the GNOME desktop environment using these methods Creating New Folders Using Nautilus To create a folder with Nautilus the user must first view an existing folder For exam ple click the Home icon on the toolbar to open the user s home directory Be sure View as Icons is the current view type at the right end of the location bar Then select New Folder from the File menu A new folder is created as a subdirectory of the user s home directory The folder appears selected with its default name in a box and in a different color Type in a new name and press Enter or click the mouse anywhere else on the NOTE desktop You should rename the folder immedi ately because the default is untitled changed folder including the space Filenames Figure 6 39 A newly created folder in Icon view with spaces in them are difficult to handle The operation is slightly different if the user has View as List set for the folder she is viewing If View as List is chosen New Folder again creates the folder with the default Figure 6 39 shows the newly created folder in the main panel while viewing the direc tory with View as Icons set Notice the name is a different color and is waiting to be File Edit View Go Bookmarks Preferences Help a Fr A Oo td B Back Forward Up Refresh Home Web
128. indow and appears in new window indicating that the file has been Advanced Directory and File Management Using GNOME 123 Figure 7 36 A copy made using the edit menu morestuff folder 11 hema today of 12 48 07 PM Figure 7 37 shows the result after highlighting the file called Status in the first window and then choosing Cut File in the top window followed by Paste Files in the bottom window The file is no longer seen in the folder mystuff View Menu Options Nautilus View menu has several convenience options that enhance your ability to operate using the desktop manager The most important options are covered here Refresh If the actual contents of a folder appear inconsistent with the view that Nautilus pre sents press Refresh from the View menu This causes Nautilus to re examine the folder and present an updated view Note that the same thing may be accomplished with the Refresh button on the toolbar Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management 124 Figure 7 37 hyn Ein Edt View Qe Bockbrarts Eretewnens Help ab 4 Oo Q A move made using the edit menu Back Firmen Up Ratt Homa Vial Saarch Bep Bo s pao amp Back Foren Up Rokmal Home Web Search Location ihemeludantimerumf The component parts of any Nautilus window take up screen space Sometimes it is desirable to hide away one or more parts This allows more space for the main panel itself Select Hide from the View menu
129. it2 dir4 B cp fruit dir4 C cp fru dir4 D cp f dir4 3 Your current working directory is home user2 You need to copy the directory home user2 dir1 to another location as a backup The new directory will be named dir bak and will reside in the same directory as dir1 Which command should you use A cp dir1 dirl bak B B cp dir1 dir1 bak C C cp r dirl dir1 bak D D cp a dir1 dir1 bak 4 Your current working directory is home user2 backups You need to copy the file backup052402 to the backups directory but you do not want to overwrite any existing files Which command should you use A cp F backup052402 backups B cp i backup052402 backups C cp r backup052402 backups D cp w backup052402 backups 5 To rename a directory you should use the command 6 You can use redirection to send the output of a command to a file rather than the screen Which command format is valid for output redirection A command gt filename B command lt filename C filename gt command D command lt lt filename 7 When using the ksh shell how can you prevent redirection from overwriting existing files A Use the interactive option B Type the command set o noclobber C Use the right angle bracket D Set Overwrite to Off Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management 130 8 10 11 12 You are using the ksh shell with noclobber enabled You want to send th
130. ities to run the computer The kernel is the closest to the CPU and hardware It is an executable file that gets loaded when the computer boots and is conventionally named unix in System V based systems or vmunix in BSD based systems Solaris contains two kernel files a platform independent generic kernel file that is combined with a platform specific kernel file for a specific Sun system These two combined files create the static core kernel that initial izes and controls the system The Linux Kernel The development process for the Linux kernel is interesting and somewhat unique Linus Torvalds maintains control of how the Linux kernel evolves with input from people all over the Internet Periodically a group of developers review and test the lat est contributions and release a stable version of the OS kernel The most current ver sion of the kernel is 2 4 7 In this numbering sequence the numeral 2 represents the major version number and the numeral 4 represents the minor version number The numeral 7 in the kernel number is a release or patch number If the minor version is even this indicates a stable version of the OS that can be distrib uted to the Linux community If the minor version is odd then this is a development version Kernel Functions After the kernel loads it performs the following functions see Figure 1 10 m Manages devices memory and processes Controls the functions or transmission of information betw
131. ject modified 17 Career Guidance Linux Certifications added 1 One subject appended Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment Overview of Changes A number of changes and additions were made throughout this chapter to introduce Linux concepts and terminology Although the basic content is approximately 80 percent the same as the book this chapter is included in its entirety to avoid numerous cross references New and changed information is highlighted in the following objectives introduction and summary The content sections included in this supplement are designated as either new or updated Objectives After reading this chapter you will be able to Describe the main components of a computer Identify computer roles and compare operating systems Describe the features common to all versions of the UNIX operating system Describe the UNIX operating environment including Solaris and Linux Introduction This chapter discusses the history the main components and the capabilities of the UNIX operating system The chapter includes a review of operating systems in general and a comparison of UNIX to other types of operating systems This chapter introduces the Sun Microsystems Inc version of the UNIX operating system known as the Solaris Operat ing Environment or Solaris An overview of the Linux operating system which is based on UNIX is also provided Most of the information pres
132. k Find Locate 144 Search Tool Full Find 145 KDE Find Files 146 Summary 147 UNIX Command Summary 148 Key Terms 148 Check Your Understanding 148 Using Text Editors 153 Overview of Changes 153 Objectives 153 Introduction 153 Using Emacs 154 Advantages of Emacs 154 Two Strains of Emacs GNU Emacs and XEmacs 155 Perceived Disadvantages of Emacs 157 Getting Safely In and Out of Emacs 158 Accessing the Emacs TUTORIAL 161 Getting Emacs Help 161 The GNOME gedit Text Editor 162 Opening Window 162 The File Menu 163 The Edit Menu 163 The Plugins Menu 164 The Settings Menu 164 XV Summary 166 UNIX Command Summary 167 Key Terms 167 Check Your Understanding 167 Chapter 10 File Security 171 Overview of Changes 171 Objectives 171 Introduction 171 Standard UNIX Security Features 172 User Accounts and File Security 172 Remote Access Control 172 Security Check Tools 173 Changing Permissions with GNOME Nautilus 173 Identifying and Switching Users 175 Identifying Users with the who and finger Commands 175 Switching to Another User Account 176 User Account Information 177 Summary 179 UNIX Command Summary 180 Key Terms 181 Check Your Understanding 181 Chapter 11 Printing 187 Overview of Changes 187 Objectives 187 Introduction 187 The Ip and Ipr Print Spoolers 188 Sending Files to a Printer 189 Printing Banner Pages 189 Locating the User s Printout 190 Printing Using the GNOME Printer Applet 190 Summary
133. l partition which is referred to as drive C A PC hard disk also can be divided into smaller partitions In DOS or Windows this is referred to as drive C drive D drive E and so on In UNIX these partitions are also referred to as slices They are also associated with a directory name referred to as a mount point Examples are root usr and home see Figure 8 2 A UNIX parti tion or slice is referenced by the operating system using a cryptic looking filename such as dev dsk c0t3d0s0 for the Solaris system or dev hda1 for the Linux system The next section describes the output of the df command which you can use to see the par titions defined on a hard disk Partitions and Filesystems Figure 8 2 UNIX partitions on a hard drive lt gt lt gt lt gt lt gt Root file system usr file system Home file system Swap Current hard drives may have up to a terabyte TB or more of space on them and the kernel can access all available space A TB equals a trillion bytes Despite this the con vention of partitioning a hard drive has persisted for various reasons Partitioning enables an administrator to functionally organize data so that user files are on a differ ent partition from the operating system executables or applications Filesystems The term filesystem has two meanings To the user of the UNIX operating system a filesystem is a hierarchy of directories and files We have been calling this
134. lications that are crucial to the operation of a business or other organization UNIX is also tightly integrated with the Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP TCP IP basically grew out of UNIX because of the need for LAN and WAN communications TCP IP is the acknowledged standard protocol of the Internet and many private networks All workstations and servers running the TCP IP protocols are referred to as hosts and are given an IP address and a host name The IP address is what allows the host to be uniquely identi fied on the Internet If a local translation file or a name server is available the com puter can be referred to by its name which then is translated to its IP address TCP IP IP addresses and name servers are covered in more detail in Chapter 16 Network Concepts and Utilities Sun Solaris Benefits The Sun Microsystems Solaris Operating Environment and its core OS SunOS is a high performance versatile 64 bit implementation of UNIX Solaris runs on a wide variety of computers from Intel based PCs to powerful mainframes and supercomput ers Solaris is currently the most widely used version of UNIX in the world for large networks and Internet websites Sun is also the developer of the write once run any where Java technology In summary UNIX and Solaris provide the following bene fits Industry standards based OS Powerful flexible scalable and secure Supported by various equipment
135. ll find those containing the string File Editing with sed Another pattern matching utility with effective processing capabilities is sed stream editor The sed utility reads lines of a text file one by one It applies a set of editing commands to the lines without opening the file in a text editor such as vi Like grep sed makes no changes to the original file and sends the results to standard output To make the changes permanent the user must redirect the output to a file Similar to the grep command sed uses a number of special metacharacters to control pattern search ing Figure 8 12a shows the basic format of the sed command Figure 8 12a The sed sed option s address filename gt newfile or command Command sed option s address Suppressing the Default Output By default sed always displays each line of input to the screen whether or not it gets changed However it is possible to display only a specific range of lines from a file The n option tells sed that the user does not want to print any lines unless directly told to do so This is done with the p command By specifying a line number or range of line numbers the user can use sed to selectively print lines of text The following example shows how sed prints all lines to standard output by default duplicating lines contain ing the Dante pattern in addition to all other lines in a file sed Dante p dante To suppress this default action use the n option
136. lp for example Is help 5 sii Bu S Skill Builder Lab Activity 4 3 7 Using Command Line Help In this lab you work with and access command line help using the man com mand The man pages are employed to determine the use of various UNIX com mands as they work with the man pages and learn to navigate through them Refer to Lab 4 3 7 in the Lab Companion Supplement Linux HOWTOs The UNIX and Linux man pages are excellent resources However they can be confus ing to a user hoping to turn the information that the pages provide into getting some work done Consider for example the user who has just purchased a CD burner to create CD ROMs Before the user can begin creating CDs he must install and config ure the device learn what software is available and how to use it Or the user has a need to set up an e mail server but has no idea how to go about it Both examples are daunting tasks for any user who must start from the beginning 75 NOTE This is a new section that you should insert after the section Saving man Pages for Future Use on page 111 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide NOTE Insert all the follow ing content after the preceding new sec tion and the section Saving man Pages for Future Use on page 111 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide Chapter 4 Getting Help 76 For such
137. ltiple documents or applications on the screen at the same time Controls activities in windows using both the mouse and the keyboard Figure 1 16 shows a typical CDE screen CDE is discussed in greater detail in subse quent chapters Open Windows Open Windows is Sun s original GUI developed for the Solaris Operating Environment see Figure 1 17 It is similar to CDE but it is proprietary and not well supported The user has a choice when logging in to a Solaris workstation to select either CDE or Open Windows Graphical User Interface GUI Options Figure 1 16 CDE GUI Figure 1 17 The Open Windows GUI SOL Y Solaris Product Line Solaris Site Index Overview rograms Support amp Services Documentation Warning You are starting another netscape process This could corrupt your personal preferences file Launching Netscape IEN 3 Ihttp www cisco com warp public 9 edu academy _ 1 UNTITLED Acadportal sdw m axhome Cisco Networking Academy Program IIN Home _ What s New How to Bu Regis Feedback Search Q Tc ng et en world The i since to design build and maintain computer networks The Program prepares students More Statistics forthe 21st Century workplace while mm serving 35a valuable model for e learning Geta quick summary of the program by reading the Academy Fast Facts and he Ne ing A ja Sheet For more details se the Networking Academy B
138. manufacturers Mature and stable OS Tightly integrated with TCP IP protocols Widely used for mission critical applications Linux Benefits In general Linux includes the same benefits as UNIX It is most often used for work stations and for small to medium servers It is not currently widely implemented on high end servers but this is changing In addition to those listed Linux has the added benefit of being open source software and is available at very low cost In addition a huge Internet user community supports and promotes Linux The UNIX Operating Environment UNIX is a collection of components that together make up an operating environment Each version of UNIX varies somewhat from the others but all share the same basic characteristics The OS and the Kernel 19 Solaris The OS environment on Sun systems is called the Solaris Operating Environment The Solaris environment consists of the SunOS 5 x OS the Open Network Computing ONC protocols and a graphical user interface GUI SunOS 5 x is a multiuser multitasking NOS that is based on the standard SVR4 UNIX OS ONC is a family of published networking protocols and distributed services that enable remote resource sharing among other things The Solaris environment supports four graphical inter faces Common Desktop Environment CDE Sun s Open Windows both of which are bundled with the Solaris Operating Environment GNU Network Object Model Environment GNOME
139. mming language The window on the lower left is running a shell like a Terminal window The upper right window displays a piece of an Emacs Lisp pro gram Below that is a window showing the editing of an HTML file On the bottom is a window doing directory editing It is not uncommon for Emacs users to this and much more going at once Figure 9 15a A single Emacs invocation man aging many tasks Two Strains of Emacs GNU Emacs and XEmacs The original version of Emacs is now called GNU Emacs Richard M Stallman founder of what is now called the GNU Project wrote the original version in 1975 Stallman still oversees its development See www gnu org for more information on GNU Emacs Chapter 9 Using Text Editors 156 The first versions of Emacs ran only in character terminals The first version was writ ten well before graphical user interfaces and even before PCs When graphics arrived and became widespread in the UNIX world development teams focused their efforts on creating a graphical version of Emacs The new version of Emacs came to be called XEmacs From the user s standpoint the differences between GNU Emacs and XEmacs are small and primarily visual The processes of opening editing and saving files are the same Figure 9 15b shows XEmacs on the top and GNU Emacs on the bottom Both having been started for the first time in a new user s environment Figure 9 15b XEmacs on top GNU emacs on the bottom
140. nd output devices A monitor can also be an input device if it has a touch screen Hard Disks and Other Forms of Mass Storage The hard disk is a magnetic storage device in which information is stored All files including the operating system and applications or utilities are stored on a hard disk The contents of the hard disk are managed by the filesystem which is covered later Forms of optical storage such as CD ROMs DVDs and CD Rs are becoming stan dard components on many new computers Tape drives are also very common as a backup device used primarily on high end workstations and servers Disk drives typically communicate with the computer using Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics EIDE or Small Computer Systems Interface SCSI CD ROMs and tape drives typically connect using the AT Attachment Packet Interface ATAPI which is an extension to EIDE ATAPI EIDE and SCSI are industry standards that are widely supported on all modern operating systems Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 6 Peripheral Components Peripheral components are those that are independent of the CPU RAM and mass storage Some of the more common peripherals are discussed here These include I O devices and other components such as video hardware audio hardware and network ing devices found in most modern computers see Figure 1 2 Figure 1 2 Peripheral components of Sf a computer GE B CI Keyboard and Mouse As previousl
141. ned 6 Unassigned 7 Unassigned Partitions on BSD systems are labeled using letters a to h rather than 0 to 7 One of the main advantages to partitioning is the ease with which daily backups can occur By partitioning a hard drive daily backups can be done only to those partitions on which the data changes frequently without having to back up all information on the disk Partitioning also cuts down on seek time When the disk is partitioned a user can specify a file to search for or a directory to change to The name of the directory gives the kernel information about where the data is stored This prevents the system from having to seek the information over the entire disk Partitions and Filesystems 137 Other benefits of partitioning include security and reliability For increased security partitions on servers can be shared or not shared to the network with read only or read write properties This means that a system administrator can make partitions unavailable for workstations to access when desired and control the type of access Partitioning also makes a system more reliable If a filesystem is corrupt repair to the filesystem can happen while the remaining filesystems are still accessible If the entire drive contains only the root filesystem and becomes corrupt for example users would not be able to access the system while filesystem repairs were being made Here are the characteristics and benefits of partitions
142. ng Acad emy program Fun damentals of UNIX Companion Guide NOTE The I option uses a lowercase L Chapter 5 Accessing Files and Directories 90 Figure 5 19 Detailed information from the Is I command Terminal dante dante_1 dirl dir2 dir3 dir4 filel As with Is E you can use the Is command to determine file type The first character in the Is l listing indicates the type of file being displayed The most common ones are the dash and the letter d A dash represents a regular data file The file may be a text file an applications file or an executable The letter d in the first position indicates a directory Other codes represent the other UNIX file types as shown in Table 5 1 Table 5 1 File Type Codes Displayed by the Is I Command Code Meaning dash Data file d Directory l Symbolic link p Pipe s Socket b Block device c Character device Two additional codes are represented with Is l that are not with ls E the Character device and the Block device m Character device is a hardware device file for devices that transfer in units of 1 byte such as a serial terminal or parallel printer m Block device is a hardware device file for devices that transfer data in blocks of more than 1 byte such as floppy disks hard disks and CD ROMs Summary 91 Skil Builder e e Lab Activity 5 7 Displaying a Long Listing In this media ac
143. ng steps enable you to copy a file or files to a 3 5 1 44 MB disk with Solaris Step 1 Insert the disk in the drive and type volcheck volume check This tells Solaris to check the floppy drive determine the disk type UNIX or PC and temporarily places mounts the floppy disk under the floppy directory of the hard drive Step 2 Copy files to the floppy disk with Solaris using loppy floppy0 as the des tination for example cp dante floppy floppy0 The user can verify his copy by entering ls floppy floppy0 Copying Files to a Floppy Disk Using the Linux Command Line Copy files to the floppy disk with Linux using this format cp dante mnt floppy The directory mnt is the standard mount point for the floppy drive and the CD ROM with most distributions of Linux Note The concepts of mounting and mount points are discussed in Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities Input Output Redirection All central processing unit CPU operations have input or output I O The keyboard for example provides standard input whereas the monitor displays standard output and standard error as shown in Figure 7 18 These operations are known to the oper ating system OS by their logical names of stdin stdout and stderr Advanced Directory and File Management Using GNOME 117 Figure 7 18 Input CPU and output Every UNIX command has a source for standard input and a destination for standard output For
144. nome users quide sgmiffintro An Introduction to GNOME What is GNOME GNOME is a user friendly desktop enviroment that enables users to casily use and configure their computers GNOME includes a panel for starting Glossary 7 GNOME User s Guide rs eo r gt B GNOME Quick Start b B Window Managers and GNOME b B The GNOME Panel b Editing the Main Menu applications and displaying status a desktop where data and applications can be tQ Ha placed a set of standard desktop tools and applications and a set of conventions k 2 The re Control Center that make it easy for applications to cooperate and be consistent with each other B GNOME Applets Users of other operating systems or enviroments should feel right at home using gt gt D If you are new to Linux UNIX BD GNOME User s Guide Documentation Team B GNU Free Documentation License gt B GNU General Public License D Introduction to GNOME gt Nautilus User Manual Documents by Subject the powerful graphics driven enviroment GNOME provides GNOME is completely open source free software with freely available source code developed by hundreds or programmers around the world If you would like to learn more about the GNOME project please visit the GNOME web site GNOME has a number of advantages for users GNOME makes it easy to use and configure applications using a simple yet powerful graphical interface gt General
145. ns for more than 15 years He is also the author of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Lab Companion Volumes I and II Jim is a Certified Novell NetWare Engineer CNE a Microsoft Certified Trainer MCT and a Cisco Certified Academy Instructor CCAI Jim earned his bachelor degree in computer information systems from Prescott College vi Dedications This book is dedicated to my wonderful wife Jamie and our kids Daniel Audrey and Grace who endured my late nights and weekends as I worked on its completion I would also like to dedicate this book to my parents Stephen and Margaret who have always had an endless supply of encouragement and love Dan Myers This book is dedicated to the three most important people in my life my wife Mary and my daughters Jessica and Natasha Thanks for your patience and support Jim Lorenz Acknowledgments Many thanks to Brad Johnson who coordinated the project providing input excellent support and careful technical reviews of content at every step of the way We worked to an aggressive schedule and it would not have been possible without the dedication of Brad and the curriculum development support team Thanks to Vito Amato and Matthias Giessler from the Cisco Networking Academy Program for providing leadership and management support Thanks also to the Cisco Press folks for their expertise and assistance in helping this book become a reality and to Sun Educational Serv
146. ns the file man ager into a web browser A Web Search B Open With C Open in New Window D New Window 12 Which four of the following specify the ways in which a user can navigate to dif ferent folders using Nautilus A Double click folder icons Single click folder icons Back forward and up in the toolbar Sidebar tree moo W Sidebar history Chapter Advanced Directory and File Management Overview of Changes This chapter adds information to the Copying Files section that describes the steps nec essary to copy a file to a disk for Solaris and Linux A correction to the I O redirection section is provided A new section has also been added on advanced management of directories and files using GNOME New and changed information is highlighted in the following objectives introduction and summary The content sections included in this supplement are designated as either new or updated Objectives After reading this chapter you will be able to Perform advanced directory and file management using the command line Use the cp copy command to copy files and directories Create remove and rename links to files Use the mv move command to rename and move files and directories Redirect input output to and from commands Pipe output from one command to another Perform advanced directory and file management using the Common Desktop Environment CDE File Manager Perform advanced dire
147. nswerBook2 Linux HOWTOs are not installed by default in most Linux distributions Linux Documentation A valuable online source of documentation about Linux at Project www tldp org Check Your Understanding 1 Which of the following is the primary help tool for CDE desktop A AnswerBook2 B Front Panel Help C Help Manager D On Item Help Chapter 4 Getting Help 82 2 Which of the following contains the Solaris online reference manuals A AnswerBook2 B Information C SunSolve Online D Solaris Support 3 Which command is used to access the UNIX Programmers Manual A help B man C manual D progman 4 Which of the following is used to obtain a listing of all UNIX commands in Solaris A man all B man cmd C man intro D man man 5 Which three of the following are UNIX shells A bsh B csh C ksh D sh 6 Match the man header with the correct description OPTIONS 1 Contains the name of the command and other commands that may accomplish the same thing SEE ALSO 2 Shows the syntax of the command with any allowable options and arguments DESCRIPTION 3 Gives an overview of what the command does OPERANDS 4 The target of the command or what the command will take effect on such as a directory or a file NAME 5 Are switches that can change the function or effect of the com mand They normally are preceded by a dash or minus sign SYNOPSIS 6 Refers
148. nt for MIT Dictionary Server A simple calculator Chapter 3 Graphical User Applications 62 Figure 3 55 I Sen Here GNOME Applica 3 4 Calendar 5 Programs 4 amp Applications tions menu ons E P Da F utiities SE Applets Development gt Dee ek KDE menus gt aus gt rj gedit I Run i a Graphics gt 14 Time tracking too 3 Panel gt x internet b Nautius Lockscreen Multimedia I Gnumeric Logout S Settings Abiworld Se en po VNC Viewer CE AA g A character map a gfloppy a floppy disk formatter A font selector GNOME search tool which can be used to find files Figure 3 56 DEE re GNOME Programs m Bug Report Too Utilities menu em amp Applications P ga Startup Hint fi Utilities gt Applets me oa KDE menus gt IE Cams 5 amp Simple Calculator EI Ron BB GNOME Character Map 4 Graphics gt EF Color Browser SF Panel Internet EISS ey Lock screen 5 Multimedia gt bad F Font Selector SS Sonne E Text File Viewer Fr oe amp GNOME Search Tool 03 25 PM 3 S2 Help ane Friapr 12 Nmapfe ee Other GNOME Programs Menu Submenus A number of other programs and utilities are available through the submenus of the Programs menu Some of those programs are as follows Games submenu Contains several good games and the Graphics menu con tains ImageMagick for editing graphics The Internet menu contains browsers such as Galeon Netscape
149. o use it type the command h now It brings you to a progranmed instruction sequence To learn advanced Info commands type n twice This brings you to Info for Experts skipping over the Getting Started chapter Menu Getting Started Getting started using an info reader Advanoed Infor Advanced commands within Info Creating an Info File How to make your own Info file Index An Index of topies commands and variables 22 Inf f info info gz Top 20 lines All Welcome to Info version 4 0b Type C h for help m for menu item Figure 4 11e 3 EE EE ial Basic Comman aW S Basic info SOKA ORR POR eee eee eee command help accessed with the CTRL x 0 Quit this help question mark Quit Info altogether h invoke the Info tutorial Moving within a node Scroll forward a page Scroll backward a page Go to the beginning of this node Go to the end of this node Scroll forward 1 line ESC 1 DEL Scroll backward 1 line Selecting other nodes Move to the next node of this node Move to the previous node of this node Move up from this node Pick menu item specified by name Picking a menu item causes another node to be selected Follow a cross reference Reads name of reference Move to the last node seen in this window n P u m E l TAB Skip to next hypertext link within the node RET Follow the hypertext link under cursor Chapter 4 Getting Help 80 F
150. ocess Multitasking enables the OS to keep track of multiple processes simultaneously This allows more than one tool or application to be used at one time Distributed processing enables the use of resources across the network For example a user at a workstation would be able to access files and applications on the hard disk of another computer or a printer located on a remote part of the net work see Figure 1 4 Figure 1 4 Distributed computing environment Network operating systems are also very secure Beyond the basic username password security they have many other security features These features can be turned on or off depending on the function of the system and the level of security the user or administrator desires Servers and the Network Environment Network operating systems NOSs have additional network management tools and features that are designed to support access by large numbers of simultaneous users Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 10 On all but the smallest networks NOSs are installed on powerful servers or central host systems The focus is on server based or host based NOSs Servers are powerful computers that run an NOS and applications Many users known as clients share these servers Servers usually have high capacity high speed disk drives large amounts of RAM high speed NICs and in some cases multiple CPUs Server applications and functions include web services using Hyperte
151. of the file Which command will find it for you A grep home resume B grep resume C grep resume D grep resume Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities 150 9 10 11 12 Which command displays a listing of all files in the current directory owned by bsmith A grep bsmith B Is bsmith C Is al grep bsmith D grep bsmith Is al Which command displays a directory listing sorted from largest to smallest A ls 1 sort 4nr B sort 4nr Is C Is 4nr sort D Is a sort 4nr In the CDE File Manager the File menu Find option enables you to search for files by filename as well as by the contents of the file True or false Which three of the following utilities can perform the functions of both find and grep A CDE File Manager Find B GNOME Search Tool Quick find C GNOME Search Tool Full find D KDE Find Files E CDE Fgrep Tool Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities 152 Check Your Understanding 153 Chapter 9 Using Text Editors Overview of Changes This chapter adds a new section on the use of the powerful and flexible Emacs editing tool The new section on the use of the GNOME gedit application to create and edit text files is also included New and changed information is highlighted in the following objectives introduction and summary The content sections included in this supplement are designated as either new or updat
152. ommon in the Windows environment include the File Allocation Table 32 bit FAT32 and New Technology Filesystem NTFS Sun Solaris uses the UNIX File system UFS Linux uses primarily the Second Extended Filesystem ext2 or Third Extended Filesystem ext3 A hard disk may have one or more partitions or filesys tems defined on it The filesystem provides for the definition of a file structure The file structure is a hier archy of directories subdirectories and files that are grouped together for a specific purpose Filesystem support is integrated with the kernel to provide an organizational structure for your software and data see Figure 1 13 Figure 1 13 Filesystem organization orc IN The file structure organizes the information on hard disks to make them more manage able and it enables users to locate files Hard disks can be divided into partitions with filesystems directories subdirectories and files The filesystem organizes your data similar to the way a file cabinet stores information The filesystem is like the file cabi net directories are like drawers subdirectories are like folders and files are like the pages in a folder The Filesystem The Directory Hierarchy A directory hierarchy looks like an inverted tree with the root at the top see Figure 1 14 Figure 1 14 The Filesystem Hard Disk Structure directory ea Se hierarchy
153. ommunicate with each other through a central hub device using a cabled or wireless connection modem Modulate demodulate modem A device that allows remote dial up to private networks and ISPs ISP Internet service provider A company that provides Internet access and other related services for a fee server A computer that provides a service such as printing file sharing mail routing and so forth host A computer or device in a network having a separate IP address NFS Network Filesystem A file sharing protocol developed by Sun Microsys tems SMB Server Message Block A file sharing protocol developed by Microsoft firewall A machine running special software to protect an internal network from attacks from outside the network Internal hosts connect to external net works and systems through the firewall A firewall can be configured with additional software to act as a proxy server proxy server A server on the network that stands in for remote servers Proxy servers provide security and access control driver A piece of software written for a particular OS to allow it to control a par ticular hardware device properly linux Another version of UNIX that is becoming increasingly popular and runs on different CPUs GNU Pronounced ga new and means Gnu s Not UNIX Mainly refers to the components of the OS that have been added through the efforts of inde pendent developers and the Free Software Foundation
154. on Linux partitions are listed in Table 8 3 The partition name and filesystem name is typically the same as its mount point in the directory structure For example usr is the mount point for the user filesystem this is also referred to as the user partition Table 8 3 Common Linux Partitions and Mount Points Partition Name and Mount Point Description Root includes all other partitions boot Linux kernel and startup files home User s home directories mnt Mount point for devices such as floppy and CD ROM The egrep and fgrep Commands Table 8 3 Common Linux Partitions and Mount Points Continued Partition Name and Mount Point Description opt Third party programs and data swap Not mounted Used by operating system for virtual memory tmp Temporary files usr Linux programs and data var Transient system files The egrep and fgrep Commands Two commands egrep and fgrep have been added to complement the basic grep com mand and perform enhanced searches The egrep Command The egrep extended grep command searches the contents of one or more files for a regular expression using extended regular expression metacharacters in addition to those used by grep Table 8 4 lists the new regular expression metacharacters that you can use with egrep Table 8 4 New Regular Expression Metacharacters with egrep Metacharacter Function Example Result Matche
155. or Solaris and Linux 73 NOTE This is an updated section that replaces the same titled sec tion on page 109 of the Cisco Network ing Academy Pro gram Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide NOTE This is an updated section that replaces the same titled sec tion on pages 109 and 110 ofthe Cisco Networking Acad emy Program Fun damentals of UNIX Companion Guide Chapter 4 Getting Help 74 NOTE This is an updated section that replaces the same titled sec tion on page 111 of the Cisco Network ing Academy Pro gram Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide Figure 4 10 Searching the man pages by section man passwd Output Omitted SEE ALSO finger 1 login 1 nispasswd 1 crypt 3C passwd 4 man s 4 passwd man s 3C crypt Table 4 1 Man Page Section Numbers for Solaris and Linux Section Number Topic Solaris Topic Linux 1 User commands User commands 2 Kernel system calls Kernel system calls 3 Library functions Library functions 4 Administrative file formats Special files dev directory 5 Miscellaneous Administrative file formats 6 Games Games 7 Special files dev directory Macro packages 8 Administration commands Administration commands Most commands used by a typical user are located in Section 1 User Commands If no section number is specified the man command searches the manuals starting from Sec tion 1 If the command spe
156. oreturn for junk mail Setting a reply message to be sent when you are unavailable Creating a custom signature that can be attached to all outgoing e mail Which two options can be changed in the Calendar Manager Display Settings menu A Default view day week and so on moo p Printer settings 12 or 24 hour clock Date format Screen resolution Which three features are available with the Calendar s Appointment Editor A Frequency of the appointment moo 8 Number of times that a frequent appointment is to be added Time zone Appointment priority Appointment reminders Everyone can see your calendar unless you limit access rights Is this statement true or false With Address Manager which of the following can be performed using electronic cards A B C D Track job performance Send e mail Play games Put someone on hold Calculator and Clock have which characteristic in common A They can be run only as command line utilities gpp They are installed as optional components They are graphical utilities that are part of the CDE They are display utilities only and cannot accept input Chapter 3 Graphical User Applications 68 10 11 12 Which two statements are true of Terminal windows A Each Terminal window represents a new shell oem Terminal windows are initiated from a command line session Terminal windows give a user access to the command line
157. orn and Bash Shells 233 Filename and Command Completion in the Korn and Bash Shell 234 Shell Variables 235 Local Variables 236 Environment Variables 238 Custom Prompts with the Korn and Bash Shells 239 Shell Initialization Files 241 System Wide Initialization Files for Korn and Bash Shell Users 242 User Specific Initialization Files 243 Korn Shell User Specific Initialization Files 244 The profile File 244 The kshrc File 246 Korn Shell Login Process 247 Bash Shell User Specific Initialization Files 248 Summary 249 UNIX Command Summary 251 Key Terms 251 Check Your Understanding 251 xviii Chapter 15 Introduction to Shell Scripts 255 Overview of Changes 255 Objectives 255 Overview 255 Shell Script Basics 256 Overview of Shell Scripts 256 Creating a Simple Shell Script 256 Step 7 Executing a Script 259 Step 8 Debugging a Script 260 Shell Programming Concepts 262 Overview 262 Variables in Scripts 263 Positional Parameters 264 Interactive Input 265 Conditional Programming in Scripts 267 The if Command 267 Exit Status 268 The test Command 269 test Command Operators 271 The case Command 271 Flow Control 273 The for Loop 273 The while Loop 274 The until Loop 274 Summary 275 UNIX Command Summary 276 Key Terms 278 Check Your Understanding 278 Chapter 16 Network Concepts and Utilities 283 Overview of Changes 283 Objectives 283 Introduction 284 xix Network and Remote Access Utilities 284 Th
158. ot and create multiple desktop arrangements using the desktop management function D Click the Style Manager button and select the desired workspace Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 54 10 11 12 You need to leave your workstation for a while and you are working on several projects with multiple windows open What should you do to prevent another user from getting into your workstation and seeing your work A B C D Click the lock icon on the front panel Type suspend at the command line Click the Suspend button on the front panel Type lock at the command line The Workspace menu provides mouse access to all your applications tools and files through cascading submenus How is the Workspace menu activated A B C D Double click the world icon on the front panel Right click one of the workspace buttons Left click the backdrop Right click the backdrop Which of the following three desktop characteristics can be changed using the Style Manager mmo oO gt Screen resolution Startup session options Password Screensaver options Mouse settings Default printer To add an application to a subpanel you need to do which of the following A Open a folder in Application Manager and drag the application s icon to the Install Icon option on the subpanel Click the Add Icon option in the front panel and select the desired subpanel from
159. ow explain the functions of several File menu selections Others are discussed in Chapter 7 Chapter 6 Basic Directory and File Management 102 Figure 6 38 SS eee He aa New Window New Folder Cti N Open Ctl O Open in New Window Shft Ctl O Open With p Close Window Ch w Close All Windows Shft Ctl W Show Properties Cti l Duplicate Ctl D Make Link Cti M Rename F2 Move to Trash CtHT Web Search Shft Cti F Show Trash Empty Trash New Window Another Nautilus window appears using the directory defined as the Home Location in the Navigation section of the Edit Preferences window Open Highlight a file or folder and select Open Nautilus tries to present that object to the user With a folder Nautilus opens it in the main panel within the current win dow replacing what the user was looking at With a plain text file Nautilus views the file optionally with an editor or viewer of the user s choice If Nautilus sees that it is executable it offers the user the choice of running it or displaying its contents Graphic images are viewed and applications are launched Users can tell Nautilus what to do with file types it does not recognize Open in New Window If Nautilus is capable the file or folder selected is presented to the user in a new window This happens the same way as if the user had clicked Open Directory and File Management Using GNOME Open With If the user highlights a file Open With offers a
160. owerful typesetting languages such as TeX and LaTeX are also included Production oriented Some editing systems allow only one task at a time to be performed Emacs enables you to have as many files and windows open simul taneously as system memory allows Each one can be in a different mode size and appearance if desired Users typically leave the same Emacs session run ning for days at a time Graphic or terminal based Emacs may be run either as a graphics program or in a character terminal such as vi The same Emacs process may even be run both ways simultaneously with some graphics windows and some Terminal windows Desktop environment With its directory editor and internally operated shells Emacs can also serve as a desktop manager like Nautilus Using Emacs 155 E mail Emacs comes with a choice of e mail tools such as VM for XEmacs News Emacs also comes with a newsgroup reader which can serve as a mail tool Web browser Emacs has its own basic web browser although it is also able to interact with standard external web browsers System integration Emacs integrates with other processes being run on the computer system it runs under Figure 9 15a shows a session of customized XEmacs in operation It has several win dows open on the desktop The first shows an e mail summary table with an e mail message displayed below it Below the e mail message is a source text program in the Perl progra
161. pd oe GNOME is highly configurable enabling you to set your desktop the way you want it to look and feel GNOME s session manager remembers previous settings gt Manual so once you ve set things the way you like they ll stay that way GNOME supports amy human languages and you can add more without changing the software GNOME even supports several Drag and Drop protocols for maximum interoperability with applications that aren t GNOME compliant History Hews Notes Tree 3 Help on Nautilus itself may also be accessed from the Help menus at the top Learning About KDE The documentation icon on the KDE toolbar is a red and white striped life preserver fifth from the left in Figure 2 46 ete 6 SOBOARRAAVS ZEA S Yoo BB documentation icon Click the icon to access the KDE Help Center see Figure 2 47 Notice the index in the sidebar on the left which you may use to help find information on specific topics of interest A book icon titled Tutorial provides an explanation of icons and an introduc tion to the KDE desktop see Figure 2 47 GNOME Customization 45 Figure 2 47 The KDE Help Center Welcome to the K Desktop Enviroment The KOE team welcoms you to user friendly UNIX computing KDE is a powerful graphical desktop enviroment for Unix workstations A KDE desktop combines ease of use contemporary functionality and outstanding graphical design with the technological sup
162. phical Interfaces 42 Virtual Desktops KDE allows a limit of eight virtual desktops or workspaces as they are sometimes called Each virtual desktop can have its own background and look The default num ber of workspaces available with KDE is four In GNOME the number of virtual desktops allowed is a function of the window man ager selected Under Sawfish there is no limit to the number that are allowed short of what system memory can handle Furthermore Sawfish allows subdividing each work space into a grid with a user definable number of columns and rows of viewports All workspaces and viewports inherit the same background and appearance As with KDE the default number of workspaces available with GNOME is four Panels Panels are like the taskbar in Windows a place to locate menus launch programs and store buttons and icons that serve many purposes GNOME allows the creation dele tion moving around and complete customization of any number of panels of several types menu edge aligned sliding or floating and also a special type of panel within a panel called a drawer KDE s implementation of panels is limited to one main panel and a taskbar File Managers KDE s primary means of managing files is with Konqueror In addition to acting as a file manager Konqueror also functions as a browser although it does not support any of the popular plug ins used by Mozilla Netscape and Explorer which is not avail able fo
163. pson and Dennis Ritchie of AT amp T Bell Laboratories start developing what was to become UNIX 1973 UNIX was rewritten in C making it a portable operating system able to run on different computers 1975 Version 6 distributed outside of Bell Labs The first BSD version 1 x was derived from V6 1980 Microsoft introduces Xenix and 4 2 BSD becomes widely used 1982 AT amp T s UNIX System Group USG release System Ill the first public release outside Bell Labs 1984 University of California at Berkeley releases 4 2BSD includes TCP IP and much more 1984 SVR2 System V Release 2 introduced Approximately 100 000 UNIX installations around the world 1986 4 3BSD released including internet name server 1987 System V Release 3 SVR3 released Approximately 750 000 UNIX installations around the world 1988 UNIX System V Release 4 SVR4 released unifying System V BSD and Xenix 1991 UNIX System Laboratories USL becomes a company majority owned by AT amp T Linus Torvalds begins development of Linux 1992 USL releases UNIX System V Release 4 2 SVR4 2 Novell announces intent to acquire USL 1993 4 4BSD the final release from Berkeley Novell acquires USL 1996 The Open Group forms as a merger of OSF and X Open 1999 UNIX turns 30 Linux 2 2 kernel released 2001 Version 3 of the Single UNIX Specification unites POSIX The Open Group and the industry efforts Linux 2 4 kernel released
164. r TransPath VlanDirector Voice LAN Wavelength Router Workgroup Director and Workgroup Stack are trademarks of Cisco Systems Inc Changing the Way We Work Live Play and Learn Empowering the Internet Generation are service marks of Cisco Systems Inc and Aironet ASIST BPX Catalyst Cisco the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert Logo Cisco IOS the Cisco IOS logo Cisco Press Cisco Systems Cisco Systems Capital the Cisco Systems logo Collision Free Enterprise Solver EtherChannel EtherSwitch FastHub FastLink FastPAD IOS IP TV IPX LightStream LightSwitch MICA NetRanger Post Routing Pre Routing Registrar StrataView Plus Stratm SwitchProbe TeleRouter are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems Inc or its affiliates in the U S and certain other countries All other brands names or trademarks mentioned in this document or Web site are the property of their respective owners The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company 0010R Trademark Acknowledgments All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Cisco Press or Cisco Systems Inc cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark About the Authors Dan Myers of Highlands Ranch Colorado is an international program
165. r Linux GNOME s Nautilus is a graphical shell that enables users to explore files and also browse the Internet Like Konqueror Nautilus does not support plug ins However a variety of browsers are available for Linux that do use plug ins Mozilla the open source version of Netscape is now supplied as the default browser under GNOME and may be run from KDE as well Note also that many veteran users of UNIX and Linux systems prefer to use a Termi nal window and traditional UNIX shell based commands as taught in this course to manage files Themes Themes make integrated visual and functional changes to the desktop Theme support under KDE is excellent and includes a theme manager GNOME theme support is also very good The Sawfish window manager even enables you to define separate themes for individual windows and groups of windows Introduction to GNOME and KDE Tutorials 43 Control Center Both KDE and GNOME enable configuration through well designed graphical pro grams Introduction to GNOME and KDE Tutorials Instruction is readily available in both GNOME and KDE Sometimes the abundance of information can seem bewildering to new users but the documentation is generally well indexed and quite readable Learning About GNOME Upon logging in under GNOME for the first time users are presented with a screen that looks like that in Figure 2 43 The large window is the Nautilus graphical shell Figure 2 43 l Start Here Th
166. rately Paint Kivio graphics Kontour Krayon File management File manager Nautilus Konqueror Contact Address manager GnomeCard Kmail information Mozilla Address KaddressBook Book Schedules and Calendar Calendar KOrganizer task lists StarOffice Schedule Finding files File Find Search Tool Find Files File compress Files subpanel Not present Archiver and archive options Text editors Text Editor Gedit Kate Notes Voice Note Gnotes Popup Notes Text Note Summary Table 3 1 UNIX GUI Desktop Applications Comparison Continued Feature or Solaris CDE GNOME KDE Application Screen capture Image Viewer Screen shooter KSnapshot SnapShot Image viewer Image Viewer GQview xpdf Image Viewer Imagemagick Gimp ps pdf Voice sound Java Media Player Sound recorder KDE Media CD Player Player others Calculator Calculator Calculator Calculator CPU and OS System Info System Info System info information Icon editor Icon Editor Not present Icon Editor User administra Admintool Red Hat User Man Kuser Red Hat tion ager User Manager System monitors CPU Disk CPU Disk CPU Disk meters Memory Memory Network Swap Network Swap Summary As you learned in this chapter CDE is a standard graphical user interface for the com mercial UNIX platform CDE comes with several built in productivity applications such as the Mail tool and Calendar Manager Several others also are included such as
167. rful Open Source graphical desktop enviroment for combines ease of use contemporary functionality and outstanding the technological superiority of the Unix operating system Skil Builder e Lab 1 4 3 UNIX Computing Environment This lab exercise reviews UNIX computing environment terminology and helps reinforce the concepts introduced in this chapter You can also investigate the use of UNIX at your institution or another organization and research websites to see what organizations are using Solaris UNIX Refer to the Cisco Network ing Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Lab Companion Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 32 Summary Now that you have completed this chapter you should have an understanding of the following The main components of a computer are the CPU RAM I O devices and hard disk They are controlled by the OS Most desktop OSs are intended for use by a single user Network operating sys tems such as UNIX are usually installed in servers that can support many users and large networks UNIX originally was developed at Bell Labs and significant improvements were made at UC Berkeley including the addition of networking capabilities The industry standard SVR4 led to the development of several current varieties of UNIX including Sun Microsystems Solaris The key pieces of the Solaris Operating Environment are the SunOS the ONC protocols and the CDE GUI The main
168. rful and flexible editing tool that is available for the UNIX environment Emacs stands for editing macros Advantages of Emacs Emacs is one of the more capable editing programs available At this time there are two versions of Emacs GNU Emacs and XEmacs See the next section for a compari son of the two A partial list of Emacs features and advantages follows Free and open Emacs is one of the original open source programs It has been developed since 1975 is free and runs on every type of computer system you are likely to encounter This includes all newer versions of UNIX Macintoshes and Windows Simple and easy Powerful does not mean difficult It is as easy to perform simple operations in Emacs as with any other editing system Self documenting Extensive help is available at every keystroke in Emacs The ability to extend the help system is built in Customizable Every feature of Emacs can be changed to make it work according to your preferences Programmable Emacs executes a command interpreter in a programming lan guage called Emacs Lisp A large and developed library of add on programs and modes is delivered with the standard implementations of Emacs Modes Modes for every type of text editing process exist for Emacs These include special modes for any programming language the user can name Pro gramming languages such as C C and Java markup languages such as the web s HTML XML and SGML p
169. rly requires an under standing of MIME file types and a good knowledge of what UNIX programs are avail able on the user s system to handle various types Summary Now that you have completed this chapter you should have a firm understanding of the following The command line interface provides several more advanced file and directory manipulation commands to enable users to manage the filesystem Files and directories can be linked with the In command copied using the cp command and moved and renamed using the mv command When these com mands are used with the i or interactive option the user is prompted before files are overwritten The workstation keyboard is the standard input device and the monitor or screen is the standard output device UNIX commands can receive input stndin and produce output stndout and stnderr It is common to redirect Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management 128 output from the screen to a file to capture the results of a command such as Is or cat for future viewing or manipulating The right angle bracket gt is used to redirect command output Command piping uses the output of one command as input to the next com mand This enables the user to create miniprograms or custom commands The pipe symbol I is used to separate commands to accomplish this File Manager has several advanced capabilities for manipulating files and folders These include moving by select drag drop
170. rochure Use the Academy Locator to find an Academy near YOU Use the links below to get detailed inforeation and Learn how you can become involved Program Overview Get detailed information on the Academy Program Get Involved Ger started today a Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 30 GNU Network Object Model Environment GNOME The latest windowing system to emerge in the UNIX world is GNOME GNOME is part of the GNU open source software project GNOME has an easy to use desktop environment for the user a powerful application framework for the software devel oper and it is free GNOME gnome org is included in most BSD versions of UNIX and with GNU Linux distributions GNOME also works with many other UNIX sys tems including Solaris www sun com gnome GNOME combines advanced desktop organization and navigational features that enable easy access to information see Figure 1 18 It provides usability appearance and personalization to match a user s unique working style The GNOME desktop key features include the following Attractive intuitive user interface Personalization capabilities Convenient front panel for rapid access to favorite programs Full suite of powerful applications Capability to run existing CDE and Java based applications Figure 1 18 GNOME GUI Help a ee ee Se m Back Fowam Up Refresh Home Vieh Search Sop Favorbes Hax 7 Fie Edi
171. rom the pop up menu that appears when you right click NOTE Rename the link because of the spaces in the file name Names that use characters other than letters num bers periods dots and underbars _ can cause problems with the shell Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management followed by Paste Files in the same folder has no effect relocated 122 Figure 7 35 A link as seen in Fia Edt yw Ga banans Primes Help icon and list view f gt Ao amp A Back Fowant Up Fond H me Web Saari mystuff 1 6 K p today at 7 33 47 AM nn 1 4 9 K p today at 7 33 47 ax taim nt 12A IN AM gt ASD amp Q Fetwatd Lie Fafmih Hone Winde ha Eke Larter phumottuzertiayetyT mystuff areas A res Figure 7 36 shows two windows the top in a folder named mystuff and the bottom one in a folder named morestuff After highlighting e mail in the first one the sequence Copy File in the top window followed by Paste Files in the bottom window shows a copy of the file in each window Moving a File Using the Edit Menu To use the Edit menu to move a file to another folder follow these steps Step1 Click the file s icon to highlight it Step 2 Choose Cut Files from the Edit menu The file is not yet deleted from the folder Step 3 Open another window on the folder where you want to move the file and NOTE click in it Selecting Cut Files Step 4 In that window choose Paste Files The icon disappears from the first w
172. ry The C shell was developed by Sun s Bill Joy and is still widely used today The C shell prompt is a percent sign The Bourne Again shell Bash has the feel of the Bourne and Korn shells and incorporates features from the C and Korn shells Bash is the most popular shell with Linux and is the default for most distributions Bash can be down loaded from GNU www gnu org The TC shell tcsh is a popular variant of the C shell that supports command NOTE line editing and command line completion Exanplesaivanin The Z shell closely resembles the Korn shell but it has many other enhance this book are based ments primarily on the Korn and Bash shells Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 24 The Filesystem The filesystem provides a way to separate and keep track of the information on a hard disk The filesystem determines the type characteristics and arrangement of files that can be stored on disk Filesystem Overview A filesystem is created on a disk partition using the formatting process A partition can occupy the entire hard disk or can be a subdivided segment of the disk Partitions are discussed further in Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities Formatting is similar to putting up street signs in a new residential area No one lives there yet but the streets and home locations are identified Many different types of filesystems are supported by various operating systems Those filesystems c
173. s Key Command What It Does Spacebar Scrolls one screen at a time Enter Scrolls one line at a time b Back Move back one screen f Forward Move forward one screen q Quit Exit the main menu string Search Forward for information n Next Find the next occurrence of the string h Help Give a description of all scrolling capabilities Searching man Pages by Section The SEE ALSO part at the bottom of a man page lists alternate references that pertain to the topic addressed When a numeral other than 1 in parentheses follows these ref erences it indicates a section of the man pages that can be accessed using the s option with the man command For example executing man passwd as shown in Figure 4 10 displays information on the passwd command and gives instructions on how to change a password The SEE ALSO section of this man page reads in part as follows SEE ALSO finger 1 login 1 nispasswd 1 crypt 3C passwd 4 Executing man s 4 passwd displays information on the etc passwd file Executing man s 3C crypt displays information on password encryption The other SEE ALSO items listed finger and login are related but do not have a separate section that can be searched UNIX vendors organize the man pages differently Typically there are eight main sec tions of the UNIX manual broken down in any number of subsections such as 3C Table 4 2 shows the basic manual sections f
174. s including Intel Server versions of the Windows OSs NT and 2000 support multiple CPUs as do most versions of UNIX including Solaris and Linux OSs and CPUs often are classified based on the number of bits they can manipulate The more bits they can manipulate the more powerful the CPU and the OS are Most early NOSs and CPUs were 16 bit Most modern NOSs and CPUs are 32 bit with some being 64 bit The Intel x86 CPU architecture is 32 bit and the Intel Itanium or IA 64 architecture is 64 bit Sun Microsystems SPARC CPU is 32 bit and the UltraS PARC is 64 bit Examples of NOSs include UNIX Windows NT 2000 Server Novell NetWare and various mainframe NOSs see Figure 1 5 Mainframe NOSs include Digital Equip ment VMS Hewlett Packard MPE IBM MVS and several varieties of UNIX Solaris Computer Roles and Operating Systems 11 or SunOS is the Sun Microsystems version of UNIX A Sun workstation or server nor mally comes with Solaris but can also be ordered with Linux It is possible to order Intel based servers with Windows 2000 Novell NetWare or Linux preinstalled Although UNIX is used frequently as a workstation OS for high performance applica tions it is not generally considered an end user desktop OS It is most often used as an NOS on servers and is often used with Internet web servers Linux can be used as a server or a high end workstation and is becoming increasingly popular as a desktop OS for home or office use
175. s Enter or click the mouse elsewhere on the desktop Figure 6 41 shows a newly created folder with the Desktop menu open and Rename selected Changing Folders Nautilus provides several ways to navigate to different folders on the user s computer Double click folder icons Back Forward and Up in the toolbar Sidebar Tree Sidebar History Chapter 6 Basic Directory and File Management 106 Figure 6 41 Renaming a newly created desktop folder untitled folder 0 items Remove Cutom Image Restore loon s Original Size As discussed in Chapter 5 Accessing Files and Directories the files on a UNIX sys tem are laid out in a tree like structure starting from the root directory Normally you will be viewing and working with files within your home directory Navigation Using the Icons The simplest way to get to a different folder is to double click its icon The display in the main panel is replaced with whatever is found in the newly selected folder This technique works the same whether viewing folders as icons or as a list Navigation Using the Toolbar and Location Bar You have just changed to a subdirectory within your home directory and now want to return to where you were Notice that the first three icons on the toolbar are arrows labeled Back Forward and Up Clicking the Up button always takes you up one directory level until you hit the root directory You can continue to explore the rest of
176. s and Directories 96 Check Your Understanding 97 Chapter 6 Basic Directory and File Management Overview of Changes This chapter includes a new section on management of directories and files using GNOME The focus is on the use of the Nautilus file manager utility New and changed information is highlighted in the following objectives introduction and summary The content sections included in this supplement are designated as either new or updated Objectives After reading this chapter you will be able to Manage directories and files using the command line Manage directories and files using the graphical CDE File Manager m Manage directories and files using GNOME Introduction In this chapter you will perform basic file and directory management tasks using the command line interface CDE File Manager and GNOME Nautilus The importance of learning command line utilities is emphasized We start with the command line interface and work with a number of file information commands to discover the characteristics and contents of various file types We cover the rules and procedure for creating files and directories and then discuss how to remove them CDE File Manager is introduced This is a utility that can perform many file and directory management functions through a graphical user interface GUI The Nautilus file manager the primary GUI desktop man agement utility for GNOME is also introduced Chapter 6 Basic
177. s and Environment Customization A number of changes and additions were made throughout this chapter relating to Linux and the BASH shell Although the basic content is approximately 80 percent of Chapters 14 and 15 from the original Cisco Networking Academy Program Funda mentals of UNIX Companion Guide this chapter is included in its entirety to avoid numerous cross references Chapter 15 Introduction to Shell Scripts This is a new chapter that has been added to the course It builds on the basic shell concepts and UNIX commands covered in previous chapters It is intended to replace the existing Chapter 15 in its entirety The majority of the previous Chapter 15 was moved to the new Chapter 14 Chapter 16 Network Concepts and Utilities This chapter provides new information on network and remote access utilities such as Traceroute and Secure Shell SSH The Naming Services and Host Name Resolution section includes expanded information on DNS NIS and NIS Also the SMB CIFS protocol has been added to the Network Resource Sharing section The previous sections on network infrastructure concepts and network protocols have been removed from this chapter to avoid redundancy with other Cisco Networking Academy Pro gram courses Chapter 17 Career Guidance The major change to this chapter is the addition of information on Linux certification options These include proprietary certifications such as Red Hat and the more gener
178. s and File Utilities 140 first SCSI drive of the SCSI host adapter or chain This partition naming scheme for EIDE and SCSI drives is summarized in Table 8 2 Table 8 2 Linux Partition Naming EIDE Partitions SCSI Partitions Example dev hda1 Example dev sdb2 Name Element Description Name Element Description dev Device in the dev dev Device in the dev directory directory hd EIDE hard drive sd SCSI hard drive a Master drive on b Second physical the primary EIDE SCSI drive in the bus chain 1 First primary par 2 Second partition tition on this drive on this drive Linux Partition Requirements Linux must have at least one partition which is the root partition mounted at the root directory A standard workstation installation of Red Hat Linux creates a root partition a boot partition and a swap partition The root and boot partitions are for matted for a particular filesystem such as ext2 or ext3 The swap partition is not for matted as a user accessible partition but instead is used only by the operating system During installation some administrators choose to divide the hard drive into multiple logical partitions The number and function of partitions created depends on adminis trative policies and the role the computer plays Workstations typically have few parti tions two or three Servers may have a greater number of partitions three to six per server Some of the comm
179. s is named Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management 118 Notes which you refer to constantly If you want easier access to the Notes file you may move the Notes file to your desktop Here you can click it anytime without having to search through folders for it To move a file to your desktop follow these steps Step 1 Click the file s icon and continue to hold the mouse button Step 2 Move the pointer to some area on the desktop and release it The file s icon and name disappear from the window and appear on the desktop The file has been moved and is no longer in its original location Figure 7 31 shows the Notes icon in the process of being moved to the desktop The cryptic appearance of the icon beneath the Trash is actually the beginning of the first three lines of this plain text file s content Figure 7 31 Moving the Notes Fie Edi View Go Bookniarks Preferences Help le ace 2 amp Back Forward Nis Raa eisen bse file to the desktop Location homeisiudersiproject outline program report schedule status 14 4 K 427 1 6 K 3 2 K 4 9K bytes folder 7 teens today at 10 35 42 AM Wie Wey re Figure 7 32 shows the results of the move after releasing the mouse button Notice that the icon for Notes is no longer in the Nautilus window only on the desktop and is highlighted Figure 7 32 The desktop after moving notes from projects ln rg n reso gt Location home
180. s one or egrep a z ing file Displays all lines hav more occurrences ing one or more letters of the previous followed by ing character Examples ring learn ing computing and so on Matches zero or egrep bel ville file Displays all lines con one occurrence of taining belville or the previous char bellville acter xly Matches either x or egrep bel ville file Displays all lines con y taining either 64 or 128 Matches multiple patterns egrep com puterling file Displays all lines con taining either com puter or computing 141 NOTE This is a new sec tion Insert this sec tion after Figure 8 12 on page 228 of the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utilities 142 The fgrep Command The fgrep fast grep command differs from grep and egrep in that it will not accept a regular expression metacharacter as input It recognizes only the literal meaning of these characters The fgrep command treats a as a dollar sign and a as a caret Metacharacters have no special meaning The fgrep command searches for literal strings only Therefore it is considerably faster than grep Use fgrep rather than grep to search for a simple literal string in a file or a string that includes a metacharacter symbol For example fgrep etc system cr searches all lines in the etc system file and wi
181. s starts them under GNOME where they work fine but without some of the features of KDE It is also possible to access most of the GNOME applications from the KDE menu The question of which desktop manager to use is a matter of personal preference It is possible to install both if desired and enough disk space is available This allows the choice of either one when logging in Both GNOME and KDE are widely supported including releases by large commercial corporations With a future release of Solaris GNOME will become the default desktop However CDE will remain as an option enabling users to choose either environment when they log in You can download GNOME for Solaris from www sun com software gnome 39 NOTE The preceding pass word requirements do not apply to the Solaris root account password or to any user password assigned by the root user These rules apply when a Solaris user changes his password The Linux root user password follows the same rules as a regular user account NOTE All text in this section is new and inserted after the e Lab Activity 2 4 2 on page 57 in the Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of UNIX Companion Guide Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 40 NOTE The following sec tions introduce both GNOME and KDE However after this chapter discussions on topics dealing with the graphical user interface under Linux center on GNOM
182. section Changing Permissions with GNOME Nautilus which covers the use of GNOME Nautilus to view and change file properties In addition a section on identifying and switching users was moved to this chapter from Chapter 8 Filesystems and File Utili ties Chapter 11 Printing New information has been added to the section The Ip and Ipr Print Spoolers per taining to Linux and LRPng This chapter also includes a new section called Printing Using the GNOME Printer Applet which covers the use of GNOME Printer applet Chapter 12 Backing Up and Restoring This chapter includes a new section called Accessing Floppy Disks and CD Devices with Solaris and Linux The Solaris volume management feature and formatting and mounting in both environments are discussed Another new section called Backing Up Files with cpio has also been added Chapter 13 System Processes This chapter provides additional information on Solaris and Linux startup processes in the UNIX System Process Overview section The Linux GNU long options varia tions of the ps command are introduced in the section Identifying Processes to Termi nate In addition a new section has been added on the use of the crontab utility The last section on memory management which covered virtual memory and swap files was moved to Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment where these con cepts were introduced Chapter 14 Shell Feature
183. sion Show Properties Click Show Properties on the Edit menu to display a Properties window with three tabs in it The primary property of a file is its name The user may change the name here if she wants A second tab enables the user to select emblems that display in List view The third tab enables the user to set permissions on the object Duplicate Nautilus makes a copy of the user s file or folder The name given to the file or folder is the user s original name plus a space and the word copy in parentheses For example a Duplicate of myfile is called myfile copy This should be renamed immediately See File Menu Options in Chapter 7 Spaces and parentheses in file names are difficult to manage in UNIX The duplicate is a full independent copy that may be altered without affecting the original 103 Chapter 6 Basic Directory and File Management 104 Web Search Selecting Web Search turns Nautilus into a web browser that opens on the web search engine specified by the Search option from Edit Preferences Note that the Web Search icon on the toolbar accomplishes the same thing The default is the popular Google search engine at www google com From there the user may enter words or phrases Click Google Search and Google returns a list of links related to the user s request Creating New Folders You can create folders within the GNOME desktop environment in the following three primary ways Two from with
184. st essentials Such systems do not have GUIs running on them either Only administrators for the purpose of doing maintenance tasks generally log in to those systems The vi editor is provided on almost every UNIX system no matter how sparsely built it is Also Emacs is not delivered by default on all UNIX systems However Emacs is a bundled with most Linux distributions and can be down loaded for free for most every commercial version of UNIX m Keystroke based editing Computer users who are used to GUI based editors for both text editing and word processing are most comfortable performing tasks such as copying cutting pasting and pointing and clicking menus with a mouse Most commands in Emacs are traditionally accomplished with combi nations of keys on the keyboard however recent versions of both GNU Emacs and XEmacs have enabled the use of a mouse in the same way as any other GUI based program m Size Either version of Emacs consists not only of the executable editor pro gram itself but also a large library of Emacs Lisp In contrast vi and similar editors are standalone single file programs With the hard disk storage capabil ities of modern computers however this is generally not a problem However Emacs is too large to fit on a floppy disk as with vi Speed and startup time Typical users of vi editor run vi to open a file make quick edits and then save and quit The loading of vi and other small editors is fast
185. student wants to discard all the changes since the last write or save and reedit the file A wq B w Cc ZZ D q 6 Which three delete commands write to a buffer or memory A dd B dw C yy D put 7 Which key sequence saves a file when using the Emacs editor A Ctrl X Ctrl S B Ctrl D Ctrl S C Ctrl S D Ctrl X 8 Which three of the following are advantages of the Emacs editor A Free and open Available on all UNIX platforms B C Simple and easy to use D Customizable Check Your Understanding 169 9 Which of the following Emacs key combinations prompts a user for a command to execute by name 10 11 A Meta x B Ctrl lt chr gt C Ctrl x then Ctrl f D Meta lt chr gt Which keystroke combination calls the Emacs keyboard quit command A Ctrl X and then Ctrl F B Ctrl G C Ctrl X D Ctrl F Which of the following key combinations can be used to access the Emacs tutorial A Ctrl H and then T B Ctrl T and then H C Ctrl D Ctrl T
186. t View Search Go Bookmarks Tanke Help re EE Broan a seren S Start Here folder 5 seme Mar 2 2002 at 11 35 AM GNOME is Computing made easy Syarem Setings IRRE Wotes Mep niay G N O M E The GNOME project has built a complete free and easy to use desktop enviroment for the user as well as a plication framework for the software some times referr BSD and GNU Linux many other UNIX systems included in alm distributed and NOME 2 0 development process and Graphical User Interface GUI Options 31 K Desktop Environment KDE KDE is a mature full featured desktop environment that is used primarily with Linux see Figure 1 19 As with GNOME KDE is also open source software and is freely available KDE can run with several varieties of UNIX Most distributions of Linux come with KDE and with GNOME The K does not stand for anything in particular It is just the first letter in the alphabet before L which represents Linux Solaris also sup ports KDE and is available on the Solaris Software Companion CD copackaged with Solaris or downloaded from wwws sun com software solaris freeware Figure 1 19 KDE GUI K K Desktop Enviroment Home kde org Konqueror Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Windows Help 2490690 LDE ERAA TS E gt Location htip www kde org Conc uor Er De Fight software patents KDE is a powe
187. tched as a subset of the full path and if you type in a string with wildcards it will have to match the full path Locate file Search Tool Full Find The Search Tool window defaults to the Full find tab This enables you to specify addi tional criteria for amore advanced search Full find can perform many of the functions of the find command and also the grep command The criteria can be either the name of a folder or file or in the case of a file the contents Wildcard characters can be used when specifying the name of the file to find Click the double arrow button next to the Add button to display a menu of criteria that you can use to search for files and direc tories Figure 8 14c shows a search for all files ending with doc that were created or modified in the past 14 days and that contain the string Linux within the file Each criterion can be enabled or disabled by using the Enable check box The Remove but ton enables the user to remove a criterion The following is a list of the most com monly used search criteria that can be used to find files on a system Additional information on these and more advanced criteria can be found using the Search Tool help facility Filename Matches a string in the filename Don t search subdirectories Limits the search to the current directory a File owner Looks for files based on the owner File owner group Looks for files based on the primary group Last modific
188. technology partitions and filesystems in more detail than in previous chapters You will use the find utility to locate files and directories on a hard drive The grep egrep fgrep and sed utilities are used to search for strings of characters within files The sort utility is used to sort file contents and command out put Various graphical search tools that are available with CDE and GNOME are also covered Partitions and Filesystems Partitions and filesystems are the building blocks of the hard disk This section defines partitions and filesystems and gives examples of each relative to UNIX in general and Solaris and Linux in particular Partitions When the UNIX operating system was first developed hard disks could store what is now considered a very small amount of data Disks larger than 300 MB were devel oped and the operating system could not handle such a large amount of space This necessitated the partitioning of the hard drive to allow the kernel to access smaller addressable parts of the drive Partitions are contiguous sections of the hard disk that hold data Solaris hard drives can be divided into as many as eight partitions or slices Linux sup ports a single extended partition that can hold multiple logical partitions Each parti tion is treated by the operating system as an independent drive similar to a drive letter in the PC world or a volume with Novell NetWare Most hard disks in today s PCs are one physica
189. tements are true about the Bourne Bash or Korn shell Select three A Ctrl U erases the entire command line B Ctrl W erases the last word on the command line C Ctrl H erases the last character on the command line D Ctrl A clears the entire screen Which two of the following commands displays the entire contents of the text file someoutput txt to the screen A cat someoutput txt B wc someoutput txt C more someoutput txt D diff someoutput txt Which command displays the last 25 lines of the file sample output A tail 25 sample output B head 25 sample output C tail 25 sample output D tail sample output Which command does a comparison of text1 txt and text2 txt while ignoring the case of the letters A diff i text1 txt text2 txt diff c text1 txt text2 txt B C cmp text1 txt text2 txt D we text1 txt text2 txt Chapter 6 Basic Directory and File Management 112 9 What is the maximum length of a filename on a UNIX filesystem A 8 alphanumeric characters plus a 3 alphanumeric file extension B 12 alphanumeric characters C 55 alphanumeric characters D 255 alphanumeric characters 10 Under the File menu of the CDE File Manager what is the function of the Go To item A Go to the specified directory B Go to the specified line number in the selected text file C Go to the specified machine D Open the specified file 11 Using the GNOME Nautilus file manager which menu option tur
190. th a small open arrow on the upper right Click the drawer one time to display an empty panel To this you may add any sort of panel object in the same way you would to the main panel To close or re open the drawer click the drawer icon or the arrow at the end of the opened panel Figure 2 50 shows an opened drawer on the main panel populated by from the top the following A menu A screen lock button A log out button A run button A launcher for GNU Emacs Another drawer opened to reveal system toys and games A final drawer opened to reveal several system resource monitor applets Creating a Floating Panel The various panel types feature subtle differences in the way they are placed on the desktop but are otherwise much the same A simple example showing how to create a floating panel is provided here Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Graphical Interfaces 48 Figure 2 50 A Drawer on the main panel You may add any number of panels to your desktop When you have time to explore them try creating one of each type to learn their differences and to find what best suits your own requirements To create a floating panel follow these steps Step 1 Click the GNOME foot icon and select Panel gt Create Panel gt Floating Panel An empty vertically oriented panel with open and close arrows appears at the upper left of your screen Step 2 Right click the mouse on either arrow and select Pan
191. the computer It is the main computer mem ory often referred to as primary memory or working memory Primary memory is the part of memory in which the activity of the running system takes place The phrase The system has 128 MB megabytes of memory refers to primary memory RAM Operating systems and software programs usually reside on the hard disk When the computer is booted an image or copy of the operating system is loaded into RAM When a program is started an image or copy of that program is loaded into RAM Images in RAM remain as long as they are needed When these images are no longer required they are overwritten by other images If power is lost or the system is reboo ted images in RAM disappear RAM is available in many different form factors and performance levels It is common to add RAM in computers to increase the size of pro grams they can run and also to improve performance I O Devices The I O portion of the computer accepts or reads input from a device into memory or it writes output from memory to a device There are many types of I O devices For example the keyboard and the mouse are the primary user input devices The monitor and the printer are the primary output devices Disk drives and tape drives are consid ered both input and output because they can be read from as well as written to A nor mal CD ROM drive is an input device but a CD R recordable and CD RW read write are considered both input a
192. the following keys C a Beginning of line C e End of line C n Next line C p Previous line C f Forward one character C b Backward one character Restarting Editing To restart editing the file from the last time you saved it press the following C x C v Enter the same filename that is being edited in response to the prompt Then you are asked for verification it reloads if you answer yes Chapter 9 Using Text Editors Killing Editing To stop or kill the edit leaving Emacs running press the following C x C k It prompts for the file buffer to kill with the current file as default Press Enter If Emacs knows the user has made changes since the last save it prompts for verification Saving Work To save the current file at any time type the following C x C s The student can still type C x u undo anytime Emacs continues to undo until it runs out of things that it remembers to undo Exiting Emacs To exit Emacs smoothly type the following C x C c If Emacs sees there are unsaved file buffers it prompts the user whether to save each one n return Aborting Emacs If the operation gets difficult and you want to abort type the following M x kill emacs After typing M x the cursor occurs in what is called the echo area at the bottom of the window Type kill emacs there Emacs quits unconditionally without prompting you about saving work and so on Figure 9 15c shows an XEmacs session about to be killed
193. tivity you are logged in as user2 and your current working directory is home user2 dir2 Refer to the Class File Tree Structure by clicking the tree button located on the menu bar and type the commands to accom plish the requested objectives Note Be sure to press Enter after each one Click Step 1 to begin Summary A UNIX filesystem is made up of directories subdirectories and files The operating system application programs system administrators and end users can create directo ries You can specify the location of all files and directories in the filesystem using an abso lute or relative path name Absolute path names always start with the root directory Relative path names are specified based on where the users are in the directory structure Users can tell where they are in the directory structure by using the pwd command They can move around or navigate the directory structure by using the cd command Shortcuts make navigating the directory structure easier You can use the Is command to display the contents of a directory showing the files and subdirectories present there Many options are available with the ls command to determine what is displayed and how Metacharacters are nonalphanumeric symbols that have special meaning to the shell Metacharacters including the asterisk and question mark wildcards can be used with many UNIX commands for added flexibility The use of metacharacters in directory and
194. to a DOS text file Executable An asterisk after the name indicates that this is a command an application or a script file that can be run or executed Symbolic link An at sign after the name indicates a symbolic link This is a way of giving a file an alternate name Symbolic links allow a file to exist in more than one place for convenience Links are covered in Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management Named pipe A pipe symbol l after the name indicates a pipe Pipes are used for interprocess communication One process opens the pipe for reading and the other opens it for writing allowing data to be transferred An example is the transfer of data to and from a disk Socket An equal sign after the name indicates a socket This is similar to a named pipe but permits network and bidirectional links Figure 5 17 shows two examples using the Is F command to see the file type when the user is in his or her home directory home user2 The first example shows only files and directories The second shows a symbolic link an executable an ASCII text file and a directory Figure 5 17 Using the Is F Is F command dante dirt dir3 file1 file3 _practice dante_1 dir2 dir4 file2 file4 Is F ete cron asppp cf shadowuucp lt output omitted gt Introduction Skil Builder e e Lab Activity 5 6 Displaying File Types In this media activity you are logged in as
195. underlying basic architectures technologies and accompanying applications and tools are quite different Figure 2 42 shows the GNOME and KDE icons Primary Differences Between GNOME and KDE 41 Figure 2 42 GNOME and KDE G N O M E the X ch Beginning users are likely to be interested first in the differences in the look and feel and the style of operation of the two user interface systems which are covered in the following paragraphs Users interested in exploring an in depth comparison can find a comprehensive summary at www info cern ch pdp as linux gnome gnome_kde index html General Differences Some persons claim that KDE is similar to Windows at least more so than GNOME GNOME advocates claim that the GNOME desktop is an improvement over what is provided in KDE GNOME is more flexible than KDE and is easier to configure On the other hand KDE has been around longer and quite a few KDE compliant applications exist Window Managers KDE uses a single carefully integrated window manager GNOME allows selection from a variety of window managers The default window manager presently best supported by GNOME is Sawfish which is programmable and extensible in a dialect of Lisp called librep Other window managers such as Enlightenment FVWM2 IceWM and TWM are also available in Linux distributions and work fine under GNOME but are less tightly integrated with GNOME Chapter 2 Accessing Your System and UNIX Gra
196. ure to include the book title and ISBN in your message We greatly appreciate your assistance Publisher Editor In Chief Cisco Representative Cisco Press Program Manager Cisco Marketing Communications Manager Cisco Marketing Program Manager Executive Editor Production Manager Development Editor Copy Editor Team Coordinator Book and Cover Designer Production Team John Wait John Kane Anthony Wolfenden Sonia Torres Chavez Tom Geitner Edie Quiroz Carl Lindholm Patrick Kanouse Christopher Cleveland Keith Cline Sarah Kimberly Louisa Adair Mark Shirar Corporate Headquarters Cisco Systems Inc 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose CA 95134 1706 USA Cisco SYSTEMS European Headquarters Cisco Systems Europe 11 Rue Camille Desmoulins 92782 Issy les Moulineaux Cedex 9 Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems Inc 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose CA 95134 1706 USA Asia Pacific Headquarters Cisco Systems Australia Pty Ltd Level 17 99 Walker Street North Sydney NSW 2059 Australia http www cisco com Tel 61 2 8448 7100 Fax 61 2 9957 4350 http www cisco com France Tel 408 526 4000 http www Tel 408 526 7660 800 553 NETS 6387 europe cisco com Fax 408 527 0883 Fax 408 526 4100 Tel 33 1 58 04 60 00 Fax 33 1 58 04 61 00 http www cisco com Cisco Systems has more than 200 offices in the following countries Addresses phone numbers and fax numbers are listed on the Cisco W
197. used by the kernel The root directory is the superuser s home directory The sbin single user binaries directory contains essential executables used in the booting process and in system failure recovery This directory also includes some system administration utilities The tmp temp directory contains temporary files placed by users Occasion ally files in tmp get deleted by an administrator or automatically are deleted as part of system startup The usr directory contains files and programs used by all users The usr bin user directory contains executable commands system adminis tration utilities and library routines The usr src directory contains the Linux source code The usr ucb directory contains commands originally developed under BSD UNIX They exist because some users prefer the BSD version of a command to the System V version The var variable directory contains dynamic and variable data such as print spooling and mail system error messages UNIX Commands UNIX commands are key to maintaining the filesystem The UNIX OS comes with more than 350 commands and utility programs These UNIX commands and utility programs are used to perform the following functions File maintenance such as creating editing copying deleting and so on Administration such as adding new users printers disks and so on Chapter 1 The UNIX Computing Environment 28 a Printing Networkin
198. with large collections of files and subdirectories When this is the case the user might want to set the default view to List view This List view shows folder contents in a table form prefixed with a small icon followed by the name emblems file size file type and date modified Click the headers of any of these columns to sort the display on that field toggling between normal and reverse sort order Chapter 6 Basic Directory and File Management 100 Whether the user chooses Icon view or List view as the default she can change the dis play of individual folders using the pull down menu on the right end of the location bar Nautilus remembers the setting the next time the user visits it Figures 6 35 and 6 36 show two Nautilus windows viewing the same directory of files the first in List view and the second in Icon view Some of the optional display features have been turned off using the View menu See View Menu Options in Chapter 7 Advanced Directory and File Management Figure 6 35 Nautilus list view 15 7 K C source code Thursday April 12 2001 at 11 24 00 Am 100 items folder Monday December 17 2001 at 2 21 132 AM 9 2 E C source code Thursday April 12 2001 at 11 24 00 AM 1 2 K C source code Thursday April 12 2001 at 11 24 00 AM 60 0 makefile Friday March 22 2003 at 10 35 02 am gt Makefile in in 21 7 E makefile Tuesday Octobar 23 2001 at 1 35 29 F mike are depend 3 8 K plain text document Thursday Apr
199. with the GNOME gedit text editor The Plugins Menu The Plugins menu shown in Figure 9 34 provides links to other related and useful functions The Manager option allows the addition or removal of plugins The stan dard plugins on the menu are as follows Browse Invokes the Lynx browser Diff Brings up a GUI front end to the UNIX diff command which allows two files to be compared Email Allows the contents of the text created with gedit to be sent to an e mail recipient Shell Output Brings up a shell prompt window and captures the results of any command you issue into the text document Insert Time Inserts the date and time The Settings Menu The Settings menu provides access to the Preferences window shown in Figure 9 35 which enables you to set preferences for the gedit session These include various options such as icons documents fonts colors printing and paper The GNOME gedit Text Editor Figure 9 34 The gedit Plugins menu Bted with the GNOME gedit text editor Figure 9 35 The Preferences window his is a new a new docu ine E o Chapter 9 Using Text Editors 166 Summary Now that you have completed this chapter you should have an understanding of the following The vi editor is a simple but powerful text editor that can be used to create sys tem and script files It is an integral part of all UNIX operating systems Some times you find that a
200. xt Transfer Pro tocol HTTP File Transfer Protocol FTP and Domain Name System DNS Stan dard e mail protocols supported by network servers include Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP Post Office Protocol POP3 and Internet Messaging Access Proto col IMAP File sharing protocols include Sun Network Filesystem NFS and Microsoft Server Message Block SMB Network servers in conjunction with file services also fre quently provide print services The UNIX print server is Line Printer Daemon LPD A server can also provide the Dynamic Host Control Protocol DHCP which auto matically allocates IP addresses to client computers In addition to running services for the clients on the network servers can be set to act as a basic firewall for the network This is accomplished using a proxy or Network Address Translation NAT both of which hide internal private network addresses from the Internet Server applications such as the following are not normally implemented on a home desktop or LAN work station HTTP FTP DNS POP3 SMTP IMAP LPD DHCP and File sharing NFS SMB The OS and CPU Relationship In general most OSs are designed to work with the CPUs of a particular manufacturer Some can run on CPUs from different manufacturers and some can support multiple CPUs of the same type The various Windows OSs 9x ME NT 2000 XP run prima rily on Intel based CPUs Solaris and Linux run on several different manufacturers CPU
201. y mentioned the keyboard and mouse are the primary input devices The keyboard and mouse typically interface to the computer using either a PS 2 or univer sal serial bus USB connection USB is becoming more common Video Components The primary video components are the video adapter and the monitor The video adapter provides the ability to display text and graphics The amount of video memory determines the resolution and number of colors that can be displayed Video cards are installed in an Accelerated Graphics Port AGP slot Peripheral Components Interface PCI slot or can be built in to the motherboard Most modern PC s use an AGP inter face for video Monitors are characterized by screen size resolution capabilities refresh rate and dis play precision known as dot pitch The monitor connects to the video card using a 15 pin RGB connector Flat panel LCD displays are becoming increasingly popular Video components can also include motion video capture and editing systems Audio Components Audio usually includes a sound card and speakers In some cases audio includes a microphone Sound cards typically use an Industry Standard Architecture ISA or PCI slot on the motherboard The microphone can be separate or built in to the monitor In either case it plugs into the sound card Multimedia music and voice recognition applications take advantage of the sound components Computer Roles and Operating Systems 7 Printin
202. you to other related commands and subjects such as name synopsis description options and operands Check Your Understanding 7 Which of the following are valid variations of the man command Select three A man page number B man command name C man keyword D man section name 8 Which command displays extended system information such as workstation name OS version and so on A arp B domainname C hostname D uname a 9 When troubleshooting an unresponsive Terminal window which of the following is the recommended sequence of keys to press to free up the Terminal window A Ctrl C Ctrl D Ctrl Q B Ctrl D Ctrl Q Ctrl X C Ctrl Q Ctrl C Ctrl D D Ctrl X Ctrl Y Ctrl Z 10 Match the command with the correct description of what it does arp hostname 1 Displays the name of your workstation or host domainname 2 Displays expanded system information including the name of your workstation the OS version and more prtconf grep Memory 3 Displays the host name IP address and Ethernet address hostname 4 Displays the domain that the workstation is in uname a 5 Displays the amount of system memory 11 Given the list of steps required for troubleshooting an unresponsive workstation organize them in the correct sequence Turn off the system Press the Stop A keyboard sequence 83 Chapter 4 Getting Help 84 Go to another system and do a remot

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