Theodolite Cetacean Tracking - Texas A&M University at Galveston
Contents
1. Database Iof x w Pythagoras C Tmp C Station Setting File Database If you do not see your database file make sure you are looking in the correct directory and the file contains the extension PDB or SDB Once you select the file double click on the file to open the database file as a station settings or database file Pythagoras will then prompt you if you would like the selected file to be your default database or station settings file Creating Pythagoras Database To create a new Station Settings File or a new Database select create a database or station settings file from the main menu Once selected the program will prompt the user for the location they would like to store the database The program will then proceed in creating the database and ask the user if they would like the newly created database to be their default database PYTHAGORAS File Program View Analysis Setup Help Create Database Create Station Setting File Open Database Import Data Save Data Ctrl S Print Ctrl P Exit Ctrl Station Setup Options Observers gt Theodolite Wizards gt The station is the observation site where the researcher sets up the theodolite For Pythagoras the station is represented by a set of parameters that characterize the observation site and differentiate it from other stations The parameters of at least one station must be entered for the program t2. 8 and the distance from the station to the horizon 42hR h E a wo angle from horizontal 90 to horizon and central arc angle from horizon to station angle from object being fixed to station central arc from object being fixed to station 60 PYTHAGORAS angular drop from horizon to object being fixed 5 station height or altitude R radius of the Earth 6 371x105 m H distance along the Earth s surface to horizon D line of sight distance to object being fixed D distance to object being fixed along the surface of the earth ocean vertical angle estimated with the theodolite Once the distance to an object along the surface of the ocean D is known the great circumference equation is used to determine geographic position of the fixed object given the location of the station and the azimuth and distance to the subject t N P Lat sin cos t sin D 60 1852 cos Lat sin Zat cos D 60 1852 TN cos D 60 1852 sin Lat sin Lat gd cos Lat cos Lat where D distance m between the two points along the surface of the Earth bearing from station to subject azimuth or horizontal angle estimated with the theodolite p reference azimuth bearing from station to reference point Lat Latitude of the station Lon Longitude of the station 61 PYTHAGORAS Latitude of the fixed object Lon Longitu
3. A T Prompt My Station 3 3 2000 11 01 34 Dolphins 1 Feeding 0 i My Station 3 4 2000 12 01 34 Dolphins 1 Feeding 91 49 0 123 My Station 3 5 2000 13 01 34 Dolphins 1 Feeding 91 49 0 123 My Station 3 6 2000 14 01 34 Dolphins 1 Feeding 91 49 0 123 My Station 3 7 2000 15 01 34 Dolphins 1 Feeding 91 49 0 123 My Station 3 8 2000 16 01 34 Dolphins 1 Feeding 91 49 0 123i My Station 3 9 2000 17 01 34 Dolphins 1 Feeding 91 49 123 My Station 3 10 2000 18 01 34 Dolphins 2 Feeding 91 49 0 123 My Station 3 11 2000 19 01 34 Dolphins 2 Feeding 91 49 0 123i My Station 3 12 2000 20 01 34 Dolphins 2 Milling 91 49 1231 My Station 3 13 2000 21 01 34 Dolphins 2 Milling 91 49 0 123 My Station 3 14 2000 22 01 34 Dolphins 2 Milling 91 49 0 123i y Station 3 15 2000 23 01 34 Dolphins 2 Milling 91 49 123i b Dpi Sheeti sheet Sheets J 2 2 32 54 33 54 0i 50 3254 E 33 54 0i 50 0 8654 3254 E 33 54 0 231 50 043 86 54 3254 3354 0 23 50 0 43 86 54 32 54 33 54 0 23 50 0 43 86 54 32 54 33 54 0 23 50 043 86 54 3254 3354 0 23 50 043 86 54 3254 E 33 54 0 23 50 0 43 86 54 3254 33 54 0 23 50 0 43 85 54 32 54 3354 0 23 50 043 86 54 3254 E 33 54 0 23 50 0 43 86 54 3254 33 54 023i 50 043 8654 141 f NUM 2 Excel Focal Behavior Data File The focal behavior data Excel file contains eight columns A Station Name B Date C Time D
4. Fix Type E Group F Behavioral Category G Behavior and H Individual 58 PYTHAGORAS Ed Microsoft Excel FocData xls B9 File Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help 2 My Station 3 My Station 4 My Station 5 My Station My Station My Station 8 My Station 3 1 2000 3 2 2000 3 3 2000 3 4 2000 3 5 2000 3 6 2000 3 7 2000 12 03 34 Boats 13 03 34 Boats 14 03 34 Boats 15 03 34 Boats 16 03 34 Boats 17 03 34 Boats 18 03 34 Boats 1 Boat Category 1 Boat Category 1 Boat Category 1 Boat Category 2 Boat Category 2 Boat Category 2 Boat Category Stopped 9 My Station 10 My Station 11 My Station 12 My Station 13 My Station 14 My Station 3 8 2000 19 03 34 Dolphins 3 9 2000 20 03 34 Dolphins 3 10 2000 21 03 34 Dolphins 3 11 2000 22 03 34 Dolphins 3 12 2000 23 03 34 Dolphins 3 13 2000 0 03 34 Dolphins 1 Dolphin Category Social uve Sheet2 7 Sheet3 a Emm IT FT Ft F NM f 7 1 Dolphin Category Travel Adult 1 Dolphin Category Travel Calf 1 Dolphin Category Travel Juve 1 Dolphin Category Social Adult 1 Dolphin Category Social 59 PYTHAGORAS Calculations Pythagoras uses a modification of the approximation proposed by Lerczak and Hobbs 1998 to determine the distance along the surface of the ocean from the station to the object being fixed B 2 a 0 180 6 D R h cos B J R h cos B h 3
5. time theodolite reading and position are entered together as a row in the database for every fix that the researcher makes Ancillary non fix data i e group size species etc can be defined by the researcher and saved with the corresponding fix Defining Behaviors Associated with Fix Types Many of the studies that use theodolites for tracking cetaceans involve ethological observations The researcher may want to record the behavior of the animals being tracked PYTHAGORAS and record that information with the position of each fix Pythagoras allows the researcher to include up to eleven different behavioral categories associated with each fix type The user may create a list of possible behavioral categories for each fix type The associated behavioral categories are defined in the station setup after fix types have been determined To enter a behavioral category go to the station setup window and select the fix type for which you want to enter the associated behavior Then write the category in the Fix Type Behavior text box and click on the Add button In this example the Feeding behavioral category is being added to the list for the Dolphin fix type for My station f Station IBI x Station Reference Station Name M y station Name South Jetty Station Height 42 m Eye Height n m Azimuthi 73 88 Latitude 23 SI 9 a Longitude 94 5 B 4 w Fix Type Boats Env Data Non Fix D
6. vessel 2 Lat Distance 2 57 km 08 25 55 08 25 55 1 Vessel 08 26 25 08 26 25 1 Vessel 08 26 55 08 26 55 1 Vessel 08 27 25 08 27 25 1 Vessel 08 27 55 08 27 55 1 Vessel Fo fIi amp 2825 hn8 amp 2825 NAAN ARA 871 Distance and bearing information can be calculated for fixed points or interpolated trackline points Fixed points option uses only those positions obtained from the actual theodolite fixes The Interpolation option will calculate positions along the trackline based on the specified time interval e g one position every 30 seconds Interpolation assumes that the object being fixed travels in a straight line at constant speed between two consecutive theodolite fixes This assumption is hardly observed by swimming animals especially over long periods of time For this reason it is recommended that the user define a 47 PYTHAGORAS critical time between fixed points before interpolating When the critical time option has been selected Pythagoras will exclude those fixes collected with a difference of time greater than the critical interval the greater the time difference between fixes the more probability of violating the constant speed straight line assumption You can also narrow the time interval for the program to calculate the interpolated points only for those periods when you recorded a good number of fixes with short time difference between them Interpolation calculations are also comp
7. 4 20 Sep 2000 6 41 12 PM 6 41 21PM Whale Grp Respiration Blow 00 00 09 5 20 Sep 2000 6 41 21 6 41 32 Whale Grp1 Respiration Blow 00 00 11 Bl n Sen 2NNN 8 41 32 41 Whale Riesniratinn Analysis Once selected data are defined and appear in the first grid you can perform analysis on these data by selecting an option under the drop down menu You can perform four types of behavioral analysis 1 Occurrence number of times the selected behavior type was registered within a trackline 2 Behavioral interval time interval between two consecutive occurrences of the specified behavior i e blow interval 49 PYTHAGORAS 3 Interval between two behaviors duration of a behavior measured as the time interval between consecutive occurrences of two specified behaviors i e first surface dive 7 surface time 4 Frequency number of times a behavior type occurred divided by the entire time of the trackline Graphs Analyzed data can be visually displayed by selecting the graph button on this window Unique columns contain a fix type group and date 50 PYTHAGORAS Saving Data Save in 3 My Documents gt amp c Save as type Microsoft Access mdb Cancel Microsoft Access mdb 2 Microsoft Excel lt Comma Delimited csv Surfer bln Arc Info Matlab mat MapInfo mif You can
8. Pythagoras every time a fix is entered The estimated position and all data associated with that fix fix type behavior distance to the station environmental conditions species group size etc are recorded into a Microsoft Access database file The database can be exported into Microsoft Access Microsoft Excel Text ASCII or comma delimited files Pythagoras can graphically represent the area around your station if the appropriate GIS information is provided The location of the fixed object is plotted in real time allowing the observer to rapidly check data as they are being collected Analysis modules are included to provide further trackline information by calculating distance course linearity reorientation rate and leg speed of each track PYTHAGORAS Main Menu File Program View Analysis Setup Help File e Prints saves or opens data Program e Start tracking program e Collect focal behavior data View e View and edit existing data for selected station e Graphically display trackline information Analysis e Leg speed linearity and reorientation rate e Trackline distance estimator e Frequency occurrence and intervals of behavioral events Setup e Setup parameters for your Station Theodolite Options and various wizards to help you setup parameters for the program and your station Help e Information to help you understand more about Pythagoras PYTHAGORAS Pythagoras Database Pythagoras uti
9. Station Name Eye Height fiddBehauior Station Name Date Time Fix Type Group Behavior Category Behauio 56 PYTHAGORAS Importing Excel Data Files Excel files can be used to import comment fix data and focal behavior data into Pythagoras database Each Excel worksheet must have Excel s default worksheet title Sheet1 Header information in the first row is optional and Pythagoras will prompt the user if the file they are importing contains such information Each column within the Excel worksheet must be in the same order to properly import your data Excel Comment Data File The comment Excel file contains four columns A Station Name B Date C Time and D Comment line ipi xj File Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help 81 x 10 B Z U 8 E O A gt Prompt My Station 1 1 2000 10 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 2 2000 11 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 3 2000 12 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 4 2000 13 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 5 2000 14 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 6 2000 15 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 7 2000 16 10 03 You can import comment information using this exce
10. Then you must specify in the Options frame the variables 44 PYTHAGORAS you want to estimate for that trackline Leg Speed Reorientation Rate Linearity or all the previous Analysis Date Fix Type Group Options Reference 18 Sep 2000 Reorientation 8 07 05 AM 8 09 52 00 02 47 8 09 52 AM 8 11 45 00 01 53 8 11 45 AM 8 13 28 00 01 43 81328 AM R 15 18 AM 1 5 9 26 19 8 30 27 00 04 08 36 20 8 30 27 8 32 49 00 02 22 269 80 9 32 49 8 34 54 00 02 05 36 14 TET Change 318510 Change E2458 Total Time 9 44 51 23 427 Distance Distance Traveled 8 07 05 AM 8 09 52 AM 8 03 52 AM 8 11 45 8 11 45 8 13 28 AM 81328 AM R 15 18 AM DistMadeGood josioz Total el km Linearity a Leg Speed Leg speed is calculated by dividing the distance traveled between two consecutive fixes by the difference in time between them The record for each leg displays the distance between the two fixes Fix Fix 4 in kilometers the time between the two fixes hh mm ss and the leg speed kilometers per hour 45 PYTHAGORAS Linearity Linearity is calculated by dividing the distance between the initial and end points net distance of a trackline by the total sum of the distances cumulative distances along the track Linearity values range between 0 and 1 Linearity values close to one represent a straight trackline while values close to zer
11. fixing as many points on the edge of the school as possible and displaying a track of these points Bearing Compass A graphical compass is shown next to the vertical and horizontal information in the upper left of the form page This display graphically illustrates the current bearing of your last fix Focal Behavior If you selected the focal behavior option a button will be displayed for collecting focal behavior data Once selected the focal data window will be displayed for user to collect focal behavior data The Focal Behavior data collection window offers an efficient way to collect behavioral data Although this window does not have a fix function to estimate location the user can record detailed observations 34 PYTHAGORAS with clicking a button Moreover it allows users to define their own categories and lists of behavior types The user can also use short cut keys to record up to 28 different behaviors for each category Focal Behavior Fla x Category Behaviors Ctrl T Ctrl 5 Ctrl e Y Ctrl D U Ctrl F Ctrl 1 Ctrl G 0 Ctrl H Ctrl P Ctrl Fix T 1 3 09 14 00 21 34 49 Fix Type Ctrl F Group 4 03 14 00 21 35 45 Fix Type Ctrl G Edit Last Del Last 5 09 14 00 21 35 51 Fix Type 6 09 14 00 21 35 56 Fix Type Ctrl K Each value on the above buttons perta
12. of animals to estimate the dispersion of the group Group dispersion is estimated by calculating the distance along two axes of the area occupied by the group Multiple Tracking This function provides an efficient method to keep track of multiple objects being fixed at the same time If this option is selected then the user starts fixing an object the fix type and fix type identifier group number appear as a button The user can fix this group by just clicking the button PYTHAGORAS Real Time Calculations One of the great advantages of Pythagoras is the possibility of real time calculation and plotting of points and tracklines However this function takes some memory and processor time For this reason and thinking about the users who may not have a fast computer available for field data collection Pythagoras gives the user the choice to perform calculations in real time If this option is not selected the program will run faster but some options of real time tracking will not be available Focal Behavior Pythagoras allows the user to specify behavioral events and classify them by category Up to 28 different behavior types can be included in each category Additionally there is an option to specify categories of individuals like adult juvenile mother calf male female etc so that this information can be saved in the record of each focal behavior observation Defining Focal Behavior In this example three behavior ty
13. 0 23 May 00 15 00 00 23 May 00 16 00 00 23 May 00 17 00 00 23 May 00 14 30 00 23 May 00 3 30 00 23 May 00 14 40 00 23 May 00 12 30 00 23 May 00 13 30 00 23 May 00 18 00 00 23 May 00 19 00 00 Draw AutoShapes a ea HEX HR 20 PYTHAGORAS Access Table o Access Table must be named Tide Height o Tide height table must contain the columns named as Date Time and Tide Height with appropriate values filled in for each ge TH Database Inl xi 88 BY Design New X 3 7e EE BR ER Tables Create table in Design view Create table by using wizard Create table by entering data Tide Height az Queries Comma Delimited Text File o Format Month Day Year Hours Minutes Seconds Tide Height Value 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 23 May 2000 o Commas must be between variables o No Header information o The maximum number of tide height points accepted by Pythagoras is 10 000 entries per file 21 10 30 00 AM 11 00 00 AM 12 00 00 PM 1 00 00 PM 2 00 00 PM 3 00 00 PM 4 00 00 PM 5 00 00 PM 2 30 00 PM 3 30 00 AM 2 40 00 PM 12 30 00 PM 1 30 00 PM 6 00 00 PM 7 00 00 PM 8 00 00 PM Record 1 gt gt t r of 16 PYTHAGORAS Wizards 5 Theodolite Menu
14. PYTHAGORAS Theodolite Cetacean Tracking Observation Point Station Height te e e ta gt Mean Sea Level te e e e Earth Radius MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH PROGRAM Texas A amp M University at Galveston 2000 Glenn Gailey and Joel Ortega Ortiz 4700 Avenue U Building 303 Galveston TX 77551 Table of Contents Introduction CHAPTER 1 Main Menu Pythagoras Database Station Setup Station Options Wizards Theodolite Setup CHAPTER 2 Collecting Data Fix Data Environmental Data Non Fix Data Comment Data Observer Data Multi Track Group Dispersion Focal Behavior Short Cut Keys CHAPTER 3 Viewing Tracks Viewing Data Modifying Data 13 22 23 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 33 34 37 39 40 42 CHAPTER 4 Data Analysis Trackline Analysis Trackline Distances Behavioral Data Analysis CHAPTER 5 Saving Data Saving GIS Trackline s Printing Data Importing Data CHAPTER 6 Calculations Limitations of Pythagoras Recommended System Requirements Troubleshooting Acknowledgements References 44 44 46 48 51 53 54 54 60 63 63 64 66 66 PYTHAGORAS Introduction Pythagoras x Fie Program View Analysis Setup Help A theodolite is a surveyor s instrument which when placed on an elevated shore based vantage point can be successfully used as a research tool to obtain data on cetacean movement behavior distribution and habitat
15. Station File Analysis Help Stations JBServErS Theodolite Reference Azimuth Station Station Height Theo Setup Several wizards were developed to help set up your station and theodolite Theodolite Wizard This wizard will help you set up your theodolite and communication port settings for your theodolite Station Wizard This wizard helps you setup information pertaining to your station Station Height Wizard The Station Height wizard provides calculations and visualizations to help you determine the height of your station Option Wizard This wizard will help you select appropriate options for your station 22 PYTHAGORAS Theodolite Setup This setup window enables the user to configure the program to ensure proper data transference between the computer and the theodolite You must select the appropriate options depending on the theodolite manufacturer and model being used You must also specify the communication port by which the theodolite cable is connected to the computer and configure the port see theodolite user manual for port specifications ij Theodolite Setup Iof x Manufactor Topcon Theodolite pT 102 Communication Port Update every 500 tese Dk Cancel Manufacturer Currently there are three settings that you can choose for manufacturer Topcon Sokkia and None If the resear
16. Usually the researcher will track the same fix type multiple times during each session This makes it necessary to separate the different objects of the same fix type for each session e g the different whales tracked that day The researcher may want to assign a different number to each object being fixed e g whale1 whale2 etc Pythagoras offers an option for automatic increase in the numerical value assigned to each consecutive fix type To activate this option go to the options window and check the Auto Increment Group Number option Options for Station Stiff Cliff x Display Options Data Options gt Auto Increment Group Number Observers Time Group Dispersion Multiple Tracking Real Time Calculations Tide Heint Database Focal Behavior Alternatively the user can assign a particular number word or combination of both to each fix type e g boat blue where boat is the fix type and blue is the identifier In this case the user must specify the group identifier in the tracking window PYTHAGORAS 3 Pythagoras Theodolite Program Station My station Position i Fix Behavior vea 1 s oe Fishing e P Environment Multi Track NonFix Grp Dispersion Blue Fishing Time 12 40 33 AM Date 7 19 00 The researcher may also define the associated behaviors for each fix type The associated behavior as well as the date
17. ata Add Del Add Del Add Del Swell Height Group size Fix Type well heg Behavior Travel Milling _Add Del Del CheckEnviiag o0 Tide Height 0 4023 Save Cancel The list of behavioral categories will be displayed in the tracking window when the user selects the fix type PYTHAGORAS A behavioral category does not necessarily have to be selected when tracking cetaceans or ships If no category is selected in the Fix Behavior menu when the fix button is clicked the Behavior field in the database will be empty Although the Fix Behavior option is available for all the fix types some objects being fixed such as boats will not display behavior However this option may be useful to researchers because it allows them to enter information about the fixed object that although is not precisely behavior may be of particular interest For example the researcher can enter categories such as fishing trawling stopped swimmers enter water etc and link this information to the spatial and temporal location of the boat or object being fixed Defining Non Fix Type Data The researcher can define non fix variables data not related to the position of the fix type to be recorded Some examples of non fix data are species group size number of calves number of adults etc The data for non fix variables are usually entered only once for each object being
18. ata file for your study area by clicking the Load Map button Pythagoras can import digitized maps with the following formats Arc Info ungenerated Mat Lab MapGen and Surfer Based on the position of the station and the estimated distance to the horizon Pythagoras will scale the map for your local study area The study area information is saved into a file for future reference Suggested web sites to obtain digitized maps of your study area Coastline Extractor http crusty er usgs gov coast getcoast html USGS http edc usgs gov doc edchome ndcdb ndcdb html Real Time Tracking Real time tracking graphically displays the current trackline The trackline is unique in terms of the fix type and group currently being tracked PYTHAGORAS Show Compass compass is displayed to indicate the bearing referred to geographic north i e geographic north on the upper part of the screen from the station to the last fix registered Show Grid A grid is displayed to indicate each minute in both longitude and latitude of your study area Viewable Area The user can adjust the viewable area of the digitized map displayed in the tracking window To do this you must enter the distance in kilometers that you want to display in the tracking window If this option is not selected Pythagoras will automatically select the displayed area based on the minimal distance between your station and the track line s of interest The Data Optio
19. cher does not have a digital theodolite or cannot successfully connect it to the computer the data can be manually entered into the computer In this case the user must select None as the theodolite manufacturer This option can also be used to analyze previously collected data 23 PYTHAGORAS Theodolite Model Although most models of the same manufacturer have the same communication settings there can be some difference between models The following models have been tested or assured by the manufacturer to have the same communication protocol Topcon Topcon models can be configured for real time reading The user may choose to select this option or not If you do select real time reading for the theodolite you may also choose the time interval in milliseconds at which the program updates the information We recommend 500 msec time interval Current Models DT 102 Sokkia Sokkia models are point fixes When the user clicks the Fix button on the data collection form the computer sends a command to the theodolite and reads the current position Current Models DT2 DT4 DT5 DT5A Set2 Set3 Set4 Set5 and E Series None No settings are necessary data entered manually Communication Port Most digital theodolites communicate via a RS 232 type cable that is connected to the computer s serial port The user must define where the 24 PYTHAGORAS theodolite cable is connected to the computer usually a COM
20. ctive and inefficient for collecting data Pythagoras has many shortcut keys to help you efficiently collect data The shortcut keys consist of a Ctrl key on your keyboard plus an additional operation key The additional operation key is case insensitive 37 PYTHAGORAS Operation ShortCut Key 38 PYTHAGORAS Viewing Tracks w View Tracks 13 Apr 2000 16 Apr 2000 Lat Distance 5 00 km You can visually display your trackline s by selecting View track in the main menu By selecting the fix type all tracklines for that fix type will be displayed You can narrow down the number of trackline s displayed by selecting a date that you are interested in viewing Once you selected a specified date all trackline s for that day will be displayed and all groups will be displayed for that day You can concentrate on a certain group by selecting the group number name from the list Once the group is selected the graphical display will show the trackline for that group and indicate where your initial fix Start occurred for that group and the last fix point Stop for that group 39 PYTHAGORAS Viewing Data File Program View Analysis Setup Help Data Ctrl D Track Ctrl T Tide Height Database Pythagoras offers an easy way to display and manage your data You can view your data by selecting view data in the main menu When you initially open the data sheet all your data will be presented f
21. dd the station name relevant variables and an End command Below is a list of commands to add data to Pythagoras All Commands are case sensitive 54 PYTHAGORAS Add Station Command Command AddStation AddStation Name of Station Eye Height Reference Name Reference Azimuth Station Height Environmental Check interval as Integer Station Latitude Hemisphere Latitude Degrees Latitude Minutes Latitude Seconds Longitude Hemisphere Longitude Degrees Longitude Minutes Longitude Seconds Tide Height END Add Observer Name Command AddObsName AddObsName Name of Station Observer Name END Add Observer Data Command AddObsData AddObsData Name of Station Date Time Observer Name Observer Role END Add Non Fix Related Data Command AddNonFix AddNonFix Name of Station Date Time Fix Type Group NonFix Type Value NonFix Type Value END Add Environmental Data Command AddEnv AddEnv Name of Station Date Time Tide Height Environmental Type Value Environmental Type Value END Add Fix Data Command AddFixData AddFixData Name of Station Date Time Group Fix Type Fix Type Behavior Vertical Degrees Vertical Minutes Vertical Seconds Horizontal Degrees Horizontal Minutes Horizontal Seconds Reference Azimuth Station Height Eye Height Station Latitude Hemisphere Station Latitude decimal degrees Station Longitude Hemisphere Station Longitude Decimal Degre
22. de of the fixed object The great circumference equation is also used by Pythagoras to determine the distance of two points along the surface of the Earth when the geographic coordinates latitude and longitude of both points are known D 60 cos sin Lat sin Lat cos Lat cos Lat cos Lon Lon 1852 beta ine sin Zat sin D 60 cos Lat where D distance m between the two points along the surface of the Earth bearing from point 1 to point 2 Lat Latitude of point 1 Lon Longitude of point 1 Lat Latitude of point 2 Lon Longitude of point 2 62 PYTHAGORAS Limitations of Pythagoras Pythagoras offers a variety of functions but some of the resources had to be limited in order for the program to be efficient and user friendly Below is a list of known limitations of Pythagoras Limitation Only 10 Definable Environmental Variables not including Tide Height View Trackline for entire day limited to 10 000 fix points GIS Data import is limited to 500 000 points Real Time tracking limited to 1 000 fixes per group Recommended System Requirements Pythagoras offers a variety of functions that are dynamic to the researcher s study If you experience difficulty with processing information we recommend trying to limit the number of options you choose For example one of the most memory consumptive functions is the addition and display of GIS maps for your stu
23. dy area or the graphical display of trackline s You can limit resource consumption by not selecting the load study map or auto tracking options Pythagoras setup files 15 4 MB 63 PYTHAGORAS Initially Pythagoras needs a large amount 90 MB of hard drive space to install data access components that may or may not be on your system Once installed Pythagoras should take up less then 10 MB Minimum Requirements Processor 75 MHz Operating System Windows 95 98 ME 2000 Memory RAM 32 Hard Drive Space 20 MB Recommended Requirements Processor 266 MHz Memory RAM 64 MB Hard Drive Space 50 MB Additional Software Recommendation GIS Software Arc Info Surfer MapInfo to plot out sighting data Microsoft Office 2000 Troubleshooting Pythagoras Display If you experience problems with the display of the main menu it could be due to the font size of your operating system Try changing the font size in Windows see Windows help menu Database 64 PYTHAGORAS If the program cannot find it s database you may select the database for it to read If the problems persist try reinstalling the application Theodolite Communication 1 GIS Data Ensure you have the proper manufacturer model and communication port for your theodolite Ensure that the RS 232 cable is properly connected to the computer and the theodolite Observe if the theodolite is properly balanced and displaying both horizontal a
24. es Tide Height END 55 PYTHAGORAS Add Comment Command AddComment AddComment Name of Station Date Time Comment END Add Tide Height Value Command AddTideHeight AddTideHeight Name of Station Date Time Tide Height Value END Add Focal Behavior Data Command AddBehavior AddBehavior Name of Station Date Time Fix Type Group Behavior Category Behavior Individual END Data can also be edited as a process from the beginning to end of file Editing Data commands are Edit Reference Azimuth Command EditRef EditRef Name of Station Reference Name Reference Azimuth END Edit Station Eye Height Value Command EditEyeHeight EditEyeHeight Name of Station Eye Height value END Below is an example of a Pythagoras Metafile PY MetaFile txt Notepad iof x File Edit Search Help AddStation Station Name Eye Height Reference Name Ref Azimuth Station EditRef Station Name Reference Name Reference Azimuth END AddObsName Station Name Observer Name END AddObsData Station Name Date Time Observer Name Observer Role END AddNonFix Station Name Date Time Fix Type Group NonFix Type Ualue NonFix Ty fiddFixData Station Name Date Time Group Fix Type Fix Type Behauior Uertical fiddEnu Station Name Date Time Tide Height Environmental Ualue Enuironm fddComment Station Name Date Time Comment END fddTideHeight Station Name Date Time Tide Height END EditEyeHeight
25. export data collected by Pythagoras into various formats Two main types of output are created depending on your selection 1 Fix Environment Non fix and option related data and 2 GIS Sighting Data A description of each type is given below 51 PYTHAGORAS Fix Environment Non fix and option related data Microsoft Access o Several Access tables are created to save Fix data Environmental Data Non Fix Data and various other optional data Microsoft Excel o An Excel Workbook is created with various worksheets pertaining to the Fix Data Environmental Data Non Fix Data and the various options you selected for your station Comma Delimited o Atext formatted data file that separates each variable with a comma Fix Data Environmental Data Non Fix Data and your various option data are saved in this format Text File o A space delimited text formatted file with all relevant data saved GIS Sighting Data Arc Info o An ungenerated Arc Info data file with a series of longitude and latitude points of selected trackline s 52 PYTHAGORAS Mat Lab o AMatLab data format with selected trackline s points saved Surfer o Surfer importable BLN file with selected trackline s points saved MapInfo o Mapinfo Intermediate File mif is stored with selected trackline s points saved Saving GIS Trackline s You can save trackline information into various GIS data file formats for your station The GIS data file can c
26. hen a window appears indicating one by one the four points back front left and right on the edge of the group that need to be fixed by the user For example in the Group dispersion window below the Fix field indicates pack Group Dispersion 10 x Vertical Hi HE Horizontal 5 Fix Front Back Right Left Area Time Interval Reset This means that the user must fix a point in the back edge of the group After this point is fixed by finding the point with the theodolite and clicking the button fix in this window the window will ask for the next points front left and right After the four points have been fixed the window displays the length of the front back and left right axes m and the area m of the group 33 PYTHAGORAS The area is estimated in the shape of a quadrilateral Although the area occupied by cetacean schools is often other than a quadrilateral estimating it with only four fixes saves the user valuable time in the field This is an important aspect if we consider that the fixes used to estimate group dispersion should be taken in the shortest possible time especially for groups that move quickly Moreover the user can continue to fix the track and record behavior by spending a short amount of time estimating group dispersion by taking only four fixes Those users who are interested in obtaining a more accurate estimation can do so by quickly
27. ime interval you selected in your station setup the computer will remind you both visually and auditory if you have sound to record environmental conditions for that specified time The visual display will appear at the bottom text box and the auditory signal is given in the form of a beep Non Fix Data You can open the non fix data sheet by pressing the NonFix button or shortcut key Adding Non Fix Data Enter the type of data you want to record and press Save to add it to your database Once you are finished with the 29 PYTHAGORAS data sheet press close Non fix data will be displayed in column format window up to 11 non fix variables NonFix Data Iof x Non Fix Type Fix Type Group Group size Comment Data Adding a Comment You can type a comment into the comment line above the fix data grid and add it to the database by pressing the Enter button or Ctrl Enter next to the comment line If no information is displayed in the comment line when you add it to the database Add Comment will be displayed for that comment line Editing a Comment You can edit the last comment by pressing the last comment button or by using it s shortcut key 30 PYTHAGORAS Observer Data If you checked the option to record observer data a button will appear for you to select your current observers and the role of each observer Adding Observer Data Once you have created your l
28. in to the short cut key used to record that button Notice that in order to make it practical and easy to memorize they have been assigned according to the position of the standard U S keyboard the first ten shortcuts correspond to the row of keys for numbers 1 to 0 the next ten correspond to the row of keys to P and the last eight correspond to the row of keys A to K In the example below the user defined three categories diving traveling and feeding To record an observation of a mother calf group 35 PYTHAGORAS porpoising the user just needs to select the category traveling the Mother calf individual class and click the button porpoising Focal Behavior Mother calf CNN E zT GESSIT CT RR _EditLast _Del Last Visual Display A window is displayed to visually indicate your current trackline If you have GIS data for you study area you can import the information to display along with your current trackline You can either view the track at a specified distance by selecting the view option or you can have the program automatically minimally scale the area to fit the current trackline and your station 36 PYTHAGORAS Shortcut Keys Pythagoras Theodolite Program Station Galvestonian nvironment Multi Track Chg Obs Grp Dispersion View Lat Distance 18 69 km Pythagoras Time 5 10 19 PM Date 20 4pr 2000 Since a mouse might become obstru
29. is option you must create a database by selecting the option from the setup menu 12 PYTHAGORAS 5 Pythagoras x Fie Program View Analysis Stations Options Observers Current Ee Define Theodolte Wizards An observer data form will appear for you to enter the names of the observers and the types of roles you would like to define Observers for Station Pi X Observer 1 Computer Op Observer 2 Theo Op Observer 3 Behavior Op You are limited in defining up to seven observers and seven role types Once defined you can select the current observers and their role in your study Station Options There are two main types of options you can configure for each station Display Options and Data Options To setup the station preferences go to the options window The first group Display Options includes the configuration of the Tracking window that will be displayed when you are collecting data The options that you can select in this window are 13 PYTHAGORAS Options for Station Example x Display Options Data Options v StudyAreaMap _LoadMan v Real Time Tracking v Show Compass v Show Grid v Viewable Area uul Study Area Map Digitized maps can be displayed in the tracking window allowing you to plot in real time the position of the trackline s on the study area map Once you select this option you can specify the digitized map d
30. ist of observers and the types of roles that you would like to record you can select each observer relative to the role that he she is currently conducting Check in the appropriate box to define the roles for the observers and then simply close the form page data will be automatically saved to the database Observers for Station Galves m Observer Role Observer 1 Computer Op Observer 2 v Theo p C Observer 3 Behavior Op Multi Track The multi track option helps you to efficiently fix multiple fix types rather rapidly by providing unique buttons for current fix types and their associated group number 31 PYTHAGORAS w Multi Track Once you make an initial fix of the group a multi track button will appear with the unique fix type and group number name Behaviors associated with the fix type will also appear to the right of the button for ease in selecting the various behaviors you defined When the object is no longer in sight simply click on remove and then press the button for the object you want to remove You can have up to 13 objects in the multi track window 32 PYTHAGORAS Group Dispersion This option allows the users who are tracking groups schools of animals to estimate the dispersion of the group Group dispersion is estimated by calculating the distance along two axes of the area occupied by the group The fixes are taken by clicking the button Grp Dispersion t
31. ix type Data for your station are displayed only for that current day Therefore each day you go out into the field you will begin with an empty data sheet Once you fix a group the date time fix type group behavior latitude longitude distance to station and bearing are displayed in the data grid The data for the last fix are also displayed above the comment line Modifying Data There are two methods of modifying data after they have been entered into the database One pertains to the immediate last fix and the other pertains to all fix data for that day In order to modify the last fix you made you can either select the Edit last fix or Delete last fix button To modify any of the other data for that day simply double click on the fix information in the data grid box Environmental Data You can open your environmental variable s data sheet by pressing the Environment button or shortcut key for environmental data Adding Environmental Data Type in the data you want to record and press Save to add the information to your database Once you are finished with the data sheet press close Environmental data 28 PYTHAGORAS will be displayed in column format window up to 10 non fix variables tide height Environment i OF x Environmental Data Tide Height Beaufort Wind Speed Gl Swell Height Save Close Check Environmental Time Interval Depending on the t
32. l format My Station 1 8 2000 17 10 03 You can XU comment information TN this excel format 1 My Station 1 9 2000 18 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 10 2000 19 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 11 2000 20 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1412 2000 21 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 13 2000 22 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 14 2000 23 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format My Station 1 15 2000 0 10 03 You can import comment information using this excel format 57 PYTHAGORAS Excel Fix Data File The fix data Excel file contains 20 columns A Station Name B Date C Time D Fix Type E Group F Behavior G Vertical degrees Vertical minutes 1 Vertical seconds J Horizontal degrees K Horizontal minutes L Horizontal seconds M Station s Latitude Hemisphere N Station s Latitude location decimal degrees O Station s Longitude Hemisphere P Station s Longitude location decimal degrees Q Tide height value R Station s height S Eyepiece height and T Reference Azimuth Microsoft Excel FixData xls Eie Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help amp x B 10 0
33. lizes Microsoft Access for storing information pertaining to your station preferences fix data environmental data non fix data focal behavior data and the other data specified in your station preferences The database is continually updated therefore if your computer crashes your data should be saved All relevant data can be exported into various file formats Chapter 5 Pythagoras maintains two separate databases 1 Station Settings File contains parameters variables and options related to each station and 2 Database contains all tracking and behavioral data registered Opening Pythagoras Database Database and Station Settings files of Pythagoras contain the extension PDB Pythagoras DataBase and SDB Station DataBase respectively To open an existing Pythagoras database go to filexopen database from the main menu File Program View Analysis Setup Help Create Database Create Station Setting File Open Database Import Data Save Data Ctrl S Print Ctrl P Exit Once at the database open window simply locate your database file The top portion of the window contains the current drive while the left hand portion contains folder information Once you select the drive and PYTHAGORAS folder containing the database file your database will be displayed on the right hand portion of the screen You must also specify the type of database i e Station settings file or Database file
34. nd vertical readings Check if your theodolite port is open to send data See theodolite manual Evaluate the communication port settings for your theodolite See your theodolite manual Check if another device such as a mouse is using the communication port some computers have two ports for one serial port setting If you experience difficulty opening GIS data files ensure that the files are in text format One solution is to open the file in Windows Notepad or another text program and save the file as a text document 65 PYTHAGORAS Acknowledgements This program would have not been possible without the generous support and advise from many individuals We thank Bernd Wursig Leszek Karczmarski and Dave Weller for their support towards the development of this program and for editing this manual We appreciate Adam Frankel s help by providing previous source codes of theodolite programs We also thank Lars Bejder Lisa Schwarz and Suzanne Yin for their helpful suggestions Thanks to Alice Mackay for providing endless hours trying to find potential bugs in the program We are also very appreciative of the support and camaraderie from the graduate students and interns at the Marine Mammal Research Program at Texas A amp M University at Galveston References Batschellet E 1980 Circular Statistic in Biology Academic Press New York NY USA Lerczak J A and R C Hobbs 1998 Calculating sighting distances from angula
35. ns group specifies the additional data menus that will be used during data collection and real time calculations that will be performed and displayed in the tracking window The options that you can select in this window are Options for Station Example x Display Options Data Options v Auto Increment Group Number v Observers v Trackline Critical Time a0 E v Group Dispersion 9 v Multiple Tracking v Real Time Calculations ight Database Add v Focal Behavior Define 15 PYTHAGORAS Auto Increment Group Number This function helps the user to start tracking a new subject Each time the user clicks the button Next in the Fix Type section of the tracking window the program adds a new group and assigns it the number 1 i corresponds to the last group number for that fix type Observers The name and role of each observer can be defined and recorded in the field When observers change role types the user only needs to push the button or use shortcut keys to change the settings Trackline Critical Time This option allows the user to be warned when the time interval between two fixes is too long The user defines a critical time between two consecutive fixes If the interval between fixes is above the critical time a broken line Pythagoras default trackline is solid will appear between the two fixes Group Dispersion This option allow users who are tracking groups schools
36. nto Pythagoras or automatically by connecting a digital theodolite to a computer and executing the command clicking the Fix button or shortcut key Chapter 2 to save the data PYTHAGORAS Every record of theodolite angles must be assigned to the object being fixed which is referred in Pythagoras as the Fix Type For this reason you must assign a name to each type of object being fixed This can be done by giving a textual description to each fix type such as dolphin whale or boat The researcher thereby creates a customized list of fix types This list is uniquely configured for each station To create your list of fix types go to the station setup window Then in the Fix Type text box write the type of objects that you will be tracking and click Add In the following example the user is adding the Dolphin fix type 5 Station Iof X Station Reference Station Name My Gtation Name Lighthouse Station Height 43 m Eye Height is m Azimuth Latitude o3 5 IN Lonaitude oa es 5 gt Type Dolphin Env Daa 7 Non Fix Data Add Del Del Del Beaufort EH ID Group Size Fix Type Behavior Addi Del Check 5 00 Tide Height o m Save Cancel A fix type must be selected to start tracking any object If no fix type is selected before clicking the Fix button an error message will be displayed PYTHAGORAS
37. o po Horizontal 7 NN om Save Cancel You may modify your fix data by changing any of the parameters indicated above except for the station name If you change your vertical and or horizontal position all calculations are performed again with the new edited data After editing press Save to store the new information into the program s database Recalculating the distance will be based on station information recorded when the object was fixed i e station s geographic position station height eye height and reference azimuth 43 PYTHAGORAS Data Analysis File Program View Trackline Trackline Distances Behavior Pythagoras provides three modules for analyzing data o Trackline Analysis Estimates Leg Speed Linearity and Reorientation rate of a trackline o Trackline Distances Calculates the Distance amp Course of a trackline It can also interpolate positions within a trackline based on time and estimate distance and bearing between points of two different tracklines o Behavior Analysis Estimates occurrence behavior interval interval between two behaviors and frequency of behavioral data Trackline Analysis Pythagoras offers a simple analysis module to sort summarize and manage the data you collected for each trackline s To start the analysis you must first select the date fix type and group number for the particular trackline you want to analyze
38. o represent a track with no constant direction Batschellet 1980 Reorientation Rate Reorientation rate is a magnitude of course changes along a trackline Reorientation rate is calculated by summing all course changes degrees along the trackline divided by duration minutes of the trackline Smultea and W rsig 1995 Trackline Distances This analysis module can be used to estimate the distance and course within and between trackline s Tracklines can be analyzed by selecting the Reference track combo box the date fix type and group number Once a reference track has been selected you can compare it to other tracklines of the same or different fix type s by checking the appropriate box in the Compare Reference Track To frame For example in the Track Distance Estimator window displayed below the track for Pod 1 recorded on 01 May 1999 has been selected as the reference track Vessel 2 has been selected as the track for comparison from 7 40 55 to 8 33 49 at 30 seconds intervals Pythagoras will 46 PYTHAGORAS calculate the distance between Pod 1 and Vessel 2 every 30 seconds starting at 7 40 55 until 8 33 49 5 Track Distance Estimator Iof xi Date Reference Track Compare Reference Track To Pod Pod 01 Sep 1999 Vessel Plot Fixed Points Interpolate Time Interval foo 00 30 Start Time for 40 55 End Time fos 33 49 Critical Time w Yes No 600 sec it Ref Pts p
39. o work but the user can define up to 11 different stations Once a station has been defined Pythagoras stores all the parameters in the Station Settings Database therefore unless you want to define a new fix type or behavior category only eye height and environmental conditions need to be updated PYTHAGORAS The parameters needed to set up a station are Station Name A unique textual and or numeric identifier to My Station that station Eye Height The height from the theodolite platform to 1 23 m the eyepiece of your theodolite This distance will most likely change every time you set up your theodolite at the station and must be updated accordingly Reference Name A textual numerical name of the reference Lighthouse point for your station This helps the researcher remember the point that was used as a reference Fix Type The object s you attend on fixing Dolphins Non Fix Types Data not associated with the fix itself Group Size Environmental Time interval at which the program reminds 01 00 Check Interval the user to record environmental conditions Defining Fix Types Pythagoras determines a fix every time the observer electronically or manually records the horizontal and vertical angles from the theodolite The program then performs calculations to estimate the position for each fix The angles from the theodolite can be entered manually by writing theodolite readings into a notebook for their later input i
40. ollect behavioral data Although this window does not have a fix function to estimate location the user can record detailed observations with clicking a button Moreover it allows the user to define their own categories and lists of behavior types Tide Height Database Tide height can affect the accuracy of the distance estimations and therefore is an important environmental variable to be considered Pythagoras gives the user the option to import tide height data stored in Microsoft Excel or Access format and use them in distance calculations Once the database has been imported the program will automatically search the closest tide height value according to the date and time of the observations in the database and the date and time when the fix was made In order to be imported into Pythagoras predicted or observed tide height data can be retrieved from tide tables or from the Internet and saved in Excel or Access files The format should be as follows 19 PYTHAGORAS Excel Spreadsheet o Program will ask if spreadsheet contains header information header may consist of only one row o Spreadsheet name must be named Sheet1 o Column A must contain the Date o Column B must contain the Time o Column C must contain the Tide Height Value Ed Microsoft Excel TH xls i CE X File Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help 23 May 00 10 30 00 23 May 00 11 00 00 23 May 00 12 00 00 23 May 00 13 00 00 23 May 00 14 00 0
41. ontain single multiple or all trackline s for your station Tr Mel xi Single Track Multiple Tracks All Tracks If you decide to select all tracks no further information is needed and the program will produce your GIS data file in the specified format and location you provided If you decide to save only one trackline or multiple tracklines then the program will prompt you to select the trackline s Once you decide on the 53 PYTHAGORAS tracklin the file e s to save then simply press save and your information will be saved to you specified iw Track Format x Fix Type Tracks iw 11 Apr 2000 amp 11 Apr 2000 Whales 1 s Dolphins 13 4pr 2000 UE 1 16 Apr 2000 Vessel 1 re 2000 7 18 Apr 2000 Printing Data es Pythagoras x Program View Analysis Setup Help Create Database Open Database Import Data Ctrl Save Data 5 Exit You may printout your data for the currently selected station The data are formatted as an Excel spreadsheet and printed to the computer system s default printer Importing Data Pythagoras MetaFile Data can be imported into an existing Pythagoras database by means of a comma delimited metafile The file contains a command telling Pythagoras what to a
42. or that station You may narrow down your data search by selecting the date fix type and group identifier The data management program provides sort functions that allow you to structure similar data together and a search option to find a specified text or numeric value in a specified column Distance and course calculations can also be recalculated with updated values i e station height eyepiece height reference azimuth value etc gt Data for Station Stiff Cliff OF x Date Fix Type Group Sort 18 Jul 2000 Search View All FixData NonFix Environmental Comment Observer Focal Behavior Dispersion 40 PYTHAGORAS Sorting Sort Data by C Search In order to sort your data you must first choose the dataset you want to sort i e fix environmental non fix comments After selecting your dataset you may select the variable by which you would like to sort All sorts are ascending Searching C Sort Fix Data Group Search f Find View AI You can find a certain value or text in a data set by selecting the data set s name the variable and value text you want to find Once you have the above information press find to search for the value text The search engine will proceed down the variable and stop once it finds the specified value text You may continue by pushing the find next button The program will notify you when it
43. pes have been specified in the category traveling Define Focal Behavior IBI x Caegoy dyn Add Del feeding Behavior porpoising bow riding Add Del swimming Individual Adult Juvenile Add Del Mother calf 17 PYTHAGORAS If this option is selected and after the list of behavior types has been defined the user can collect focal behavior data very easily Chapter 2 The Focal Behavior data collection window can be accessed from the Tracking window by clicking the Focal Behavior button 5 Pythagoras Theodolite Program Station My station Position Fix Type Fix Behavior Vertical 4 fos Boats Fishing 1 C Dolphins Horizontal 119 5 E Fi E dit Last Fix Del Last Fix Grp Blue Nest Multi Track Environment NonFix Focal Behavior View Lat Distance 8 00 Distances Comments Enter last Comment Group Behavior Dist Theo Bearing Blue Fishing 1525 98 200 Chg Obs Grp Dispersion 07 13 00 00 39 00 Boats 23 31 N 3475 Ww Pythagoras 12 39 00 AM Fix Time 12 40 33 AM 12 40 M Record Group Dispersal for Boats Blue Date 7 19 00 Or from the Program menu in the main window 18 PYTHAGORAS File Program View Analysis Setup Help Start Track Ctrl B Focal Behavior Once opened the Focal Behavior data collection window offers an easy and fast way to c
44. port The program will display all ports available on your computer COM1 Properties Communication Port Configuration Once you have defined the communication port you must configure the port in order to assure communication between the computer and the theodolite Most digital theodolites tested for this program have the following settings Bits per second 1200 Data bits 8 Parity None Stop bits 1 Flow Control None Please see your theodolite user manual to ensure that you input the proper communication settings for your theodolite 25 PYTHAGORAS Collecting Data im Pythagoras Theodolite Program Station Galvestonian Iof x Position Fix Type Vertical Boats Dolphins Whales Vessel Fix Edit Last Fix Del Last Fix Enn Environment Multi Track Chg Obs NonFix Grp Dispersion Focal Behavior View Lat Distance 18 69 km Comments Enter last Comment Date Time _ FixType _ Group Behavior_ Lat Long Dist__ Bearing Pythagoras Time 4 56 09 PM Date 20 Apr 2000 You can control the data collection sheet by either using a mouse or by various shortcut keys The following provides information to guide you through the main data gathering tracking window 26 PYTHAGORAS Fix Data Vertical and Horizontal Position The Position frame located in the upper left portion of the window displays the vertical and horizontal bearings
45. r readings during shipboard aerial and shore based marine mammal surveys Marine Mammal Science 14 3 590 599 Smultea M A and B W rsig 1995 Behavioral reactions of bottlenose dolphins to the Mega Borg oil spill Gulf of Mexico 1990 Aquatic Mammals 21 3 171 181 W rsig B F Cipriano and M W rsig 1991 Dolphin movement patterns Information from radio and theodolite tracking studies Pages 79 111 7 K Pryor and K S Norris ed Dolphin Societies University of California Press Los Angeles CA 66
46. reached the end of the database 41 PYTHAGORAS Recalculating Fix Data Data Options Sort Selected ss C Search Reference Azimuth Recalculate Fix Data 38 View All Recalculate The recalculation option will only appear when fix data option is selected You can recalculate all fix data or a specified portion of the fix data Single fix recalculation can be performed by simply double clicking on that fix Once you have chosen all or selected portion of your fix data then specify which parameters you would like to change for recalculations i e station height eyepiece height reference azimuth value etc and place the value you would like to change in the text box provided and press the Recalculate button Modifying Data Editing Comments Comment Edit for Station Stiff Cliff Date fi 8 Jul 2000 Time e 01 09 PM Save Close Comment Example on how to edit comments Do not forget to click Save Your comment information may be modified by changing the date time and or comment line information Click on the save button to record changes 42 PYTHAGORAS Editing Fix Data Edit Last Fix Ea Date 19 Jul 2000 Time 3 43 30 PM Cliff Azimuth 73 99 Lat 29 31 Height 40 Long 94 784722 Eye Hat 12 mmm T Bep S S Fix Pod Group 3 Fix Behavior Traveling r Position Vertical aa f
47. riable in the text box provided next to Env Data and then press Add under the text box After you have added the variable it will be displayed in the list box below the Add button These data are stored in Pythagoras database to be used later in adding environmental data in the field In this example the Swell Height environmental variable is being added to the list for My station 11 PYTHAGORAS f Station IB x Station Reference Station Name My station Name South Jetty Station Height 42 m Eye Height n m Azimuthi 7a 99 Latitude 23 g i s Longitude 94 B 5 i 4 w Fix Type Boats Env Non Fix Data Dolphins Add Del Add Del Add Del Group size Fix Type Behavior Ue Check 50 00 m Tide Height 0 4023 m Save Cancel Warning Environmental data are recorded in sequence into Pythagoras database f you delete one of the environmental variables you will restructure the sequence which can cause subsequent data to be stored in the wrong column Therefore once you have defined your environmental variables it is recommended that you do not delete any of them Defining Observers and Observer s Role Pythagoras allows you to create a database of observers and their role in your study This database allows you to register the time and position for each observer participating in data collection If you want to use th
48. to the object being fixed If a theodolite is connected to your computer and it has been properly configured the vertical and horizontal angles will be displayed automatically Topcon models can be configured for real time reading while Sokkia models are point fixes Chapter 1 If you are entering the data manually click in the appropriate box to start typing the bearing angles Horizontal and vertical angles are recorded as degrees minutes and seconds You must select your fix type and group number name before recording a fix of the group Behavioral information is optional and can be edited later Once you fix a group information pertaining to that fix will be illustrated at the bottom of the data grid Selecting Fix Type and Associated Behavior You can either click on the fix type or use Ctrl a plus moving your up down arrow keys to select your fix type Once you select a fix type the behaviors associated with the fix type will be displayed on the right of the fix type You can select the behavior with the mouse or by pressing Ctrl z Group Information Each trackline of the same fix type is separated by group number name The program keeps track of the last group 27 PYTHAGORAS number name for a fix type therefore avoiding retyping the entry when moving between fix types You can select the option to auto increment the group number name or simply click on or press Ctrl to increment the group number for that f
49. tracked For this reason the Non fix window does not need to be on the screen permanently and it is not automatically displayed when the tracking window is open The user must click the Non fix button or press Ctrl n in the tracking window to open the non fixed variables window After clicking the Non fix button a window with the list of non fix variables that were defined by the user are displayed 10 PYTHAGORAS along with text boxes for the user to enter the corresponding text or numerical value Warning Non Fix data are recorded in sequence into Pythagoras database If you delete one of the non fix variables you will restructure the sequence which can cause subsequent data to be stored in the wrong column Therefore once you have defined your non fix variables it is recommended that you do not delete any of them Defining Environmental Variables Many theodolite studies may want to include the environmental conditions of their study area Beaufort Swell Wind speed etc Pythagoras allows you to define up to 10 environmental variables Tide height is automatically included as an environmental variable and used for distance calculations due to its effect on observation height There is a list of environmental variables for each station You can add a new environmental variable by opening the station setup window and by either adding a new station or editing a current station Type in the name of the environmental va
50. use These data are collected in a non invasive manner as described by W rsig et al 1991 Both cetaceans and other objects for instance boats can be tracked and interactions between them can be continually monitored Theodolites allow researchers to determine fixed positions by measuring horizontal angles from some arbitrary reference azimuth and vertical angles relative to a gravity referenced level vector Although this technique has been used for more than 20 years and despite the increase in digital theodolite use for cetacean studies relatively few computer based theodolite programs exist to assist researchers in collecting managing and analyzing theodolite data A computer based system benefits theodolite based studies in many ways Vertical and horizontal angles to an object can be recorded accurately and efficiently Real time calculations of distance and location can be performed and trackline s can be visually displayed allowing for rapid corrections of possible tracking errors Once data PYTHAGORAS are collected a computer based system reduces time to manage and analyze data Pythagoras allows researchers to customize the program interface according to their particular necessities The user can define the fix type e g dolphins whales boats the behavior associated with the fix and other data such as group size species environmental conditions etc The position of the fixed object is estimated automatically by
51. utationally intensive therefore a relatively fast computer is recommended Behavioral Data Analysis This module of Pythagoras allows researchers to analyze collected behavioral data for occurrence behavioral interval interval between two behaviors and frequency of a particular behavior within a trackline Both focal and fixed related behavioral data can be analyzed in this module To start the Behavioral Data Analysis first select the data type you would like to analyze i e focal or fix related data and the fix type or category of behavioral data Once these two parameters have been defined the program will display the associated behaviors with check boxes You can then select the behaviors of interest by checking the box next to the behavior type 48 PYTHAGORAS Behavior Analysis i OF x Behavior Options Behaviors Data v Blow First Surface Respiration Dive 6 40 35 PM Whale Respiration Adult 2 20 Sep 2000 6 40 49 PM Whale Grp 1 Respiration Blow Adult 3 20 Sep 2000 6 41 02 PM Whale Grp 1 Respiration Blow Adult 4 20 Sep 2000 6 41 12 PM Whale Grp 1 Respiration Blow Adult Alen Sen 2NNN 6 41 21 Whale Grn Resniration Adult zi 20 Sep 2000 6 40 35 PM 6 40 49 PM Whale Respiration 2 20 Sep 2000 6 40 49 PM 6 41 02PM Whale Grp Respiration Blow 00 00 13 3 20 Sep 2000 6 41 02 PM 6 41 12PM Whale Grp Respiration Blow 00 00 10
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search