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1. 63 Student use of Logger Pro on a network 64 APPENDIX C INTERFACES COMPATIBLE WITH LOGGER PRO eese eee entente 85 UELForSerial Box Interface tee ere ee Bt ee eee te ett 85 BUCH Y game 85 APPENDIX D SENSORS FOR USE WITH LOGGER 7 0 4 44 87 Sensors supported by both the Serial Box Interface and ULI 67 Sensors for the ULL sade 67 Experiment aiid calibration files s aUe BE a ES gb RS 88 ADDITIONAL SENSOR NFORMATION 88 NY NHAC 68 SENSOR PRICEL A O uh epo eee ORI e E HORE E EOM SR D SEP EDS Pe Ua nee 9 Logger Pro Logger Pro Overview Logger Pro the Universal Lab Interface and the Serial Box Interface Logger Pro Overview The Logger Pro user s guide is divided into four main sections this overview a How To section a Teacher s Guide and the Logger Pro Reference This Overview concludes with quick start instructions for the eager Instructors using Logger Pro in the classroom will want to read the Teacher s Guide for helpful tips The How To section explains common operations with Logger Pro
2. 88 SENSOR PRICE eit RB te 91 Logger Pro Logger Pro Logger Pro Full Table of Contents LOGGER PRO OVERVIEW 9 OWEEVIEW i nt kn int eS E 9 Logger Pro the Universal Lab Interface and the Serial Box Interface 9 LOGGER PRO QUICK START eee eet eee 10 UT DO SC st ite Ct ER ERE Ree p ue RR E RR 10 Iistoll Software si edere Td elige apa RS 10 Att ch interface dnd sensor sire 10 Start up Logger Pro de utet eae edite es 10 Configure Logger Pro for your sensor 11 Collectidat e t RR rrt er ert 11 Adjust 7 11 Insert linear regression Line inisinia riian e K aT aR A a T Ee oai 11 If you tieed miote o RO HR RE RT RR reete ee peser 11 TUTORIAL OVERVIEW neesessesnennenesnennenesnennenesnennenesnennenesnennenesnennenennennesesnennesennennesesnennssesnennssesnennsnennssesnenassesnenane 13 Purpose 78 ni 13 Tntroducitory 5 1 7727 13 Advanced te ont adve tede e 13 Preliminary setup EE 13 HOW svesepediossonoussasensbasendvos 15 CHAN
3. Now choose a mathematical relation from the list at the lower left You may need to scroll through the list to find the appropriate function The polynomial choice also requires that you set the degree of the polynomial Next choose the data set you want to use from the Perform Fit On menu Click on Try Fit to see the result If you like choose another function or data column for another trial fit You can also select a different range of data by dragging across the graph region Click on Try Fit to see the new fit Once you have a fit that you like click on OK to display the fitted curve on your graph Click on Cancel to discard all fits The Apply button will place the fitted curve on the main graph window without closing the dialog box Degree A Bx Cx 2 Dx 3 To superimpose a function over your data make a graph active by clicking on it once Select Manual Fit from the Analyze menu In the dialog box select a function Adjust parameters as needed to fit the function to your data Note that poorly chosen parameters may make the function miss the graphed region entirely In this case it is difficult to adjust the parameters by trial and error You may want to select parameters carefully so that the function matches the data at the y intercept and adjust values from there You can adjust either the number of significant digits or the number of decimal places used in displaying fit statistics and parame
4. Radiation Choose between Real Time Collect and Events with Entry The Real Time Collect mode is used for lifetime measurements while the Events with Entry mode is used for measuring count rates on user command similar to the Events with Entry mode for other sensors described above Experiment length Enter the length of time over which data are to be collected Count Interval Logger Pro will count the number of pulses detected during each count interval For example the settings shown above will have Logger Pro report the number of pulses during each of sixty 5 0 s long intervals for a total collection time of 300 s Time Choose a time unit When averaging is set to a number other than one the actual data collection rate is higher than set in the sampling speed field and up to the indicated number of evenly spaced readings is averaged to create a single data point The actual number of points used may be fewer than indicated due to sampling speed limitations of the interface Averaging Logger Pro 77 Logger Pro Reference is not available for digital sensors such as the Motion Detector Photogates or Radiation Monitor Data Collection x Mode Sampling Averaging Triggering Average over 5 gt pts Cancel 2007 Help Triggering Data collection can be triggered that is data are not collected until certain conditions are met To use triggering click on the Enable Triggering check box and e
5. 15 I Import Data 50 Installation 41 Integral 63 Interface 78 Interpolate 33 59 Introductory tutorials 13 K Keystroke Equivalents 46 Logger Pro L Legend 17 64 Linear Fit 59 Linear regression 31 Live readouts 54 M Manual data entry 37 Manual Fit 61 Menus 50 Meter layout 68 Meter window 30 Meter window options 68 Model Manual Fit 61 Modify Column 58 N Network 83 New 50 New Column 56 New columns 35 New Window Tall 79 New Window Wide 79 0 Over Range Autoscale 52 P Page setup 51 Paste 53 Photogate 25 75 Photogate sampling 76 Plot one probe versus another 16 Point protector 64 Point protectors 17 Preferences 38 51 Print 51 Print Preview 51 Printer setup 51 Printing 38 Prompted data acquisition 24 Protecting experiment files 44 0 Quick Start 10 Logger Pro Index 95 Index R Radiation counting 27 75 Radiation counting sampling 77 Real time data collection 21 Remove a sensor 20 Repeat mode 22 Repeat mode of data collection 74 Replace Window 79 Replay 53 Rescale See Autoscale Rotary Motion Sensor 73 S Sampling speed 22 76 77 Save As 50 Save calibration 20 Save data 38 Scroll 16 Scroll arrows 48 Select All 53 Selected Events 75 Selected Events Collection Mode 24 Sensor informati
6. Logger Pro Reference button to re scan the currently selected port or click Cancel to leave the dialog without searching for an interface Setup Interface x Scan Port com Interface ULI2 Rev 1 40 Cancel It is only necessary to use this dialog if Logger Pro is started without the interface connected or powered or if communication with the interface is lost Window New Tall Window gt Graph New Wide Window gt Table Replace Window gt FFT gt FFT Graph FFT Table Histoarent Arange Test v Autotile Misi v Toolbar shart Recorder 1 Table Window 2 Graph Window v 3FFT Graph New Tall Window creates a new window The current window is halved in width and the new window is created beside the resized active window A hierarchical menu New Window has the following choices Graph Choose Graph to create a data plot Table Choose Table to create new data table FFT Choose FFT Graph to create a new Fast Fourier Transform graph or subsequently FFT Table to create an FFT table 6 Histogram Choose Histogram gt Histogram Graph to create a new Histogram or choose Histogram gt Histogram Table to create a data table of the histogram bin counts Text Text opens a text edit window for comments Meter Meter creates a window with digital readouts of data e Chart Recorder This feature is not available in the current version of Logger Pro New Window Wide cre
7. Select Real Time Collect from the scrolling list In this mode data are collected continuously at the rate indicated and for the time interval set on the Sampling tab To modify these settings click on the Sampling tab Logger Pro 21 How To Collect data repeatedly Set sampling speed data collection rate Set experiment length Set time units 22 To start new data collection runs repeatedly select Repeat from the drop down menu Logger Pro will collect a data run pause for a moment and then collect another run overwriting the previous run To stop data collection click on the Stop button on the Toolbar If you miss the end of a run you want to keep and Logger Pro starts taking data again click on stop then choose Undo Collect from the Edit menu to return to the previous run Data Collection x Mode Sampling Averaging Triggering Experiment Length fi 0 seconds r Sampling Speed Automatic Slow Fast al u Ej fi 0 samples second seconds sample gt 0 1 Samples to be Collected 100 Samples will be collected Ti 25 C Absolute Relative Time Units In the Data Collection Sampling tab set the time units you want and the Sampling Speed i e the number of points collected each second minute or other time interval Sampling speed is a trade off too fast a speed yields unwieldy data sets while too slow a collection rate will miss important experimental d
8. Although creating an experiment file will save calibration information you can also save sensor calibration information separately Your custom calibration will then be among those offered in the sensor setup dialog Logger Pro includes calibration files for the Vernier Software sensors listed in Appendix C For most sensors these calibrations are all you will need A few sensors such as for dissolved oxygen and colorimetry need individual calibration the force and pH sensors can be calibrated for higher accuracy results The calibration procedure is described in the reference section To create your own experiment files you will need to set up Logger Pro as appropriate for your experiment You may want to start with an existing experiment file that is close to the configuration you need gt Configure or confirm that Logger Pro is properly set for the sensors you will use including any calibration information gt Set the data collection mode period and rate as needed gt Define any new columns you need gt Set up the graphs as desired Create the number of graphs the scaling and what is plotted for your experiment gt Consider entering an Experiment Note choose About filename from the Help menu where filename is the experiment file name to give preliminary instructions which will be displayed when the file is first opened gt Consider adding an explanatory or instructional text window which will be visible dur
9. Graph Layout Zoom In Undo Zoom Zoom Out Autoscale Ctrl A The first item in the View menu changes depending on the active window For example to see Data Table Options click once on a data table before pulling down the View menu Options settings for Text FFT and Meter windows are also available Logger Pro 63 Logger Pro Reference Graph Options Choosing this item is equivalent to double clicking the graph The Graph Features tab of the dialog box is shown first Graph Options Point Protector Every Points If this item is selected a marker will encircle one of every N points Marker color and shape can be chosen by Choosing Column Options from the Data menu Legend Selecting Legend causes a legend to appear on the graph The Legend identifies the plotted columns by color and line style A Legend appears automatically when in Examine mode Connecting Line Enabling Connecting Line draws a straight line from one data point to the next Bar Graph If this option is selected Logger Pro will draw vertical bars from the horizontal axis to each data point The bar width in pixels can be set in the width field 3D If this option is selected Logger Pro will draw the vertical bars of a bar graph with shadows giving an illusion of depth Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Grid A gridline for every tick mark can be displayed if desired The color and weight of the lines are controlled using the two p
10. OO v e A Displayed Precision Decimal Places C Significant Figures Propagate Changes over Runs Hide Column in Table Column Colors 3 Insert number between 0 and 5 Column Width characters s Insert number between 7 and 30 In the Column Options dialog you can change the column s name color decimal places displayed and width If you click in the box for Propagate Changes all runs for that column will be affected Hide Columns will conceal the column in the data table As Logger Pro gathers data from a sensor the data table fills in with time and sensor readings You can define rules for columns calculated from the sensor readings much like you enter formulas in a spreadsheet The definition can be entered either before or after the data are collected These new columns can be graphed just like any other column even as data are being collected The calculated columns can be used for a variety of purposes including graphing calculated data or data entered from the keyboard These are described in turn below As an example let us convert temperatures measured in degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit To get E we will need to multiply the raw data from the Temperature Sensor in C by 9 5 and then add 32 First choose New Column from the Data menu You will see this dialog box but without the entries you are about to make Cli
11. Change Graph Appearance There are many ways that you might want to change the appearance of the initial graph The range of the x or y axis might not be ideal Or you might want to plot other quantities on each axis You can change most elements of the graph directly by clicking on them so if you are not sure how to change a given item begin by clicking on it and see what happens Here are some things you can quickly change on a graph Often you will measure some quantity and the plotted line will only fill a portion of the screen You can quickly change the range of values plotted by clicking the numbers at the ends of the graph axes Type a new value and press enter To make the plotted data fill the graph window click the Autoscale button on the toolbar To change just the x or just the y axis limits click on the desired axis You will see a dialo box X Axis Scale x Choose the type of scaling you want Autoscale Autoscale will set the axis limits so the data just fill the axis The origin may not necessarily be included unless you choose Autoscale from 0 in which case the origin is always included Manual scaling allows you to enter the minimum and maximum limits manually The choice made here will determine how Logger Pro scales a new graph Cancel C Autoscale from 0 C Manual Scaling Maximum Minimum 0 To enlarge a portion of a graph to fill the screen
12. Logger Pro Reference define new columns based on other columns using an equation To create new column based on an equation enter the desired relationship in the equation field The contents of existing columns can be chosen from the Variables menu and common mathematical functions can be chosen from the Function list For more information see the tutorial on creating new columns New Column Options Definition Pressure vs Volume gt E 3 amp 9 10 Volume mL Equation f Pressure Variables p Functions 1 Graph Column On 6G Y Ayi Pressure x ae Try New Column Cancel Apply Help The functions include several appropriate to columns of data integral The integral function gives the running sum of the product of point values and the increment of the independent variable which is usually time That is it delivers the numerical integral of the data column derivative The derivative function gives the slope of the indicated function with respect to the column plotted on the horizontal axis Only the dependent variable y axis is specified in the function The independent variable x axis is determined by the graph For example if the graph were pH vs Volume derivative pH will be ApH AVol The number of points used in determining the slope is controlled in the Logger Pro pr
13. 19 SAVE calibrationz s ss d ae qt REO 7 20 Remove a Sensor dde ted n 20 CONFIGURE DATA COLLECTION OPTIONS 21 Collect d t in real time een e tree eee pe bcr pe pee irs 21 Collect data repeatedly net etn eee ee tpe rede ert ee O SES 22 Set sampling speed data collection rate 22 Set experiment length a eade ree e eee ee ee 22 Settine UNIS da eb oct 22 Ser averaging e s 23 Smooth existing dta cg ted e eon e eb ied hihi sn o IE 23 Trigger data collection 25 3 2 e e eet dee ie Peg 24 Collect data point by point prompted 24 Collect photogate data i e et et eta 25 Collect radiation data 27 Logger Pro SOFUdATQ sn eno eit dieit neam bee 28 VIEW OTHER WINDOW TYPES niente eine eiae 29 rg EE 29 n e 29 FEED EFT Graph EET T ble s ee NE E UNE e ERN 29 Histogram gt Histogram Graph Histogram Table 29 LOX ei d
14. 34 SAVE AND PRINT D TA 38 TEACHER S GUIDE zess ioris teirr CE 41 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION rtr r r rer r r E r E EErEE E 4 IDEAS FOR USING LOGGER PRO IN THE 61 435 0014 44 LOGGER PRO REFERENCE 46 KEYSTROKE EOUIVATENTS iet ERU ON LE Ev EE CETERAE 46 TOOLBAR serat ete b nct ete coste cbe et coe ES Pte code eu dd ete cete ce ded 47 CURSOR CONTROLS eese tte bete etre tese tie eee E e TN EOS 47 LOGGER PRO MENUS eerie Dno makes RE ROTER GS 50 APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE 4 eere ee eese seen Pese seen eese eaae 81 APPENDIX B USING LOGGER PRO ON A NETWORK ee ee ee eese tn ee ee enses eee tn eese en eee 83 APPENDIX C INTERFACES COMPATIBLE WITH LOGGER PRO lt 85 APPENDIX D SENSORS FOR USE WITH LOGGER 770 87 ADDITIONAL SENSOR INFORMATION
15. Cancel If the Display zero button item is checked a Zero button will be placed on the toolbar The zero button will tare zero the reading of applicable analog sensors such as the Force Probe The Enable Automatic Curve Fit option is checked by default Unchecking it will disable the Curve Fit function from the Analyze menu and the Toolbar Users may wish to disable automatic curve fits to force students to perform manual fits instead The choice of angular units used in trigonometric calculations in Logger Pro is selected by clicking either Radians or Degrees All settings in the Options dialog are stored with an experiment file Calibrate is a shortcut to the Calibrate tab of the Sensor Properties dialog The sensor setup discussion below give step by step instructions for performing a calibration Logger Pro Zero Data menu Store Latest Run Show Run gt Hide Run gt Delete Run gt Logger Pro Reference Zero resets a sensor to zero without tud Zero which sensors X otherwise changing its calibration Zero is primarily used with force sensors but can be used with any analog sensor as Zero all sensors well as the Motion Detector and the Rotary Motion Sensor If two or more sensors are active the following dialog Zero Force box is presented allowing you to choose which sensor s are to be zeroed Zero Pressure Data Store Latest Run Show Run Latest
16. Cancel Save Help To configure Logger Pro for a particular sensor gt Click on the input to which you attached the sensor For example DINI PORT2 and so forth gt Choose the sensor name from the Sensor scrolling list To turn off an input choose None from the top of the scrolling list gt Choose the desired calibration file from the Calibration scrolling list Some sensors have several possible ranges or units choices In most cases you will use the default calibration If you do not need to perform a new calibration click on the OK button to complete the sensor setup Calibrate tab Analog sensors can be calibrated to report measurements in physical units either by manual calibration from a stored calibration file or by manually entering slope and intercept information Details tab Choosing Calibrate opens a dialog box allowing you to select a stored calibration file or perform a new calibration A new calibration requires two independent measurements of the quantity for comparison to the raw data readings For example to calibrate a temperature sensor you must have two different water baths of known temperature To perform a new calibration gt choose Sensors from the Setup menu if the Sensor Setup window is not already open gt Click on the Calibrate tab at the top of the resulting dialog box Logger Pro 71 Logger Pro Reference First calibration point Second calibration point Save calibr
17. Graph Table FFT gt FFT Graph FFT Table Histogram gt Histogram Graph Histogram Table Text How To View Other Window Types The Windows menu contains commands that add or replace windows to the Logger Pro Screen Since each new window reduces the screen area available for the existing windows the precise action of the window commands depends on the currently active window New Tall Window halves the width of the current window and creates a new window of vertical orientation of the selected type Similarly New Window Wide halves the height of the current window and creates a wide window of the selected type Replace Window replaces the selected window with a window of the newly selected type Window New Tall Window Graph New Wide Window gt Table Replace Window gt FFT Graph Histogram FFT Table Handen wv Autotile Meter v Toolbar SHaTEHHEGOTHET Activex v 1 Graph Window 2 Table Window Choose New Tall Window gt Graph from the Window menu A new graph window will be created Note that it may be more useful to create a new pane in a graph window instead since less screen area is required See Graph Layout in the View menu of Logger Pro Reference for more information Choose New Tall Window gt Table from the Window menu A new data table window will be created Choose New Tall Window gt FFT gt FFT Graph to create a new graph window holding the FFT Fa
18. Try New Column When you click on the Try New Column button the calculation will be performed and plotted if some data have already been taken If you like what you see click on OK to return to the main graph window which will include the calculated plot To enter a data column manually choose New Column Manual from the Data menu Enter a label short label and units in the fields provided Choose a color and point protector as desired The data table will contain a new blank column Click on a cell to type in values To paste a column of numbers from the clipboard into a Manual Entry column click the first cell then choose Paste from the Edit menu You must have already collected data from a sensor to enter data manually The maximum number of manually entered points is limited to the number of points already collected from a sensor To copy all or part of your data in numerical form select the desired portion of the data table you can select it all by choosing Select AII from the Edit menu Next choose Copy from the Edit menu to place the data on the clipboard Now switch to the destination application Once you have the receiving spreadsheet ready to accept the data choose Paste from the Edit menu The data will appear in the application You do not have to quit Logger Pro to switch to another application Logger Pro 37 How To Save data calibration and configuration Paste data into other applications Retriev
19. Delete Run About Run Sort Data New Column Modify Column gt Delete Column gt Column Options gt Clear All Data To preserve a run in memory choose Store Latest Run If you do not store it the next time the Collect button is clicked the latest run will be deleted automatically Stored runs are numbered sequentially as Run 1 Run 2 and so forth You can store as many runs as your computer s memory allows Show Run is a hierarchical menu which allows you to select which runs will be shown on the graphs and data tables The number of choices depends on how many runs you have stored Hide Run is also a hierarchical menu It allows you to keep a run from being plotted or shown in the data table You can choose between the latest run and any stored runs Delete Run allows you to remove any stored run from memory as well as the latest run Logger Pro 55 Logger Pro Reference About Run gt Sort Data New Column New Column gt Formula 56 Choosing a run from the hierarchical menu of About Run golected shows the time the data were yedMar1211 27 591397 collected A text area allows you to Notes Cancel enter notes about a run This information is only available by again choosing About Run Data taken with heavy spring no damping Sort Data will arrange rows in the data table according to values of the selected column This function is useful if data were gathered in an
20. For details see the discussion in Appendix A During the installation process above a directory will be placed on your hard disk which includes Vernier calibration files and experiment files The preferences file will initially use these directories as default Appendix C lists the sensors compatible with Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Keystroke Equivalents Logger Pro supports standard keystroke equivalents for common menu commands On PC hold down the Control key it may be labeled Ctrl on your keyboard and the appropriate letter key On Macintosh computers hold down the Command key while striking the appropriate letter key command keystroke Save Control Command S Open Control Command O Print Control Command P Autoscale Control Command A Undo Control Command Z Copy Graph Control Command G Copy Control Command C Cut Control Command X Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Paste Control Command V Replay Control Command R Adjust Sampling Control Command M Adjust Averaging Control Command E Adjust Triggering Control Command T Toolbar The toolbar provides quick access to some common functions From left to right these are Open Save and Print The next group includes Autoscale Zoom In Zoom Out and Undo Zoom The third group toggles Analyze Tangent Statistics Integral Line Fit and Curve Fit Next the stopwatch button opens the data collection dialog box The icon showing an interface selects the Sensor Setup
21. Gate Timing Two Gates How To To collect photogate or Smart Pulley data choose Data Collection from the Setup menu Choose Photogate Timing from the drop down menu on the Mode tab It is not necessary to set any inputs using the Setup Sensor dialog The photogate mode supports seven methods of collecting data To see these modes click the Sampling tab Data Collection x Mode Sampling Timing Device Selection Vernier Picket Fence C BarTape C Smart Pulley 10 spoke outside edge C Smart Pulley 10 spoke in groove C Smart Pulley 3 spoke outside edge C Smart Pulley 3 spoke in groove User defined meters Cancel The available modes are Motion Timing Gate Timing One Gate Gate Timing Two Gates Pulse Timing Collision Timing Pendulum Timing and Gate and Pulse Timing Each mode is described below The diagram following these descriptions will help you visualize the various modes The Motion Timing mode uses a photogate or Smart Pulley connected to the digital input DG1 only During operation times are recorded as leading opaque edges of a picket fence bar tape or a pulley spoke pass through the photogate beam These times are displayed in a data table More importantly if you enter the distance between the leading edges of the opaque bands in the Length of Object field the program can analyze the times and calculate velocities displacements and accelerations
22. It is designed to be read in any order The Reference Section explains the function of all the menu items and how to use them On line help is available Choose Help from the Apple menu Macintosh or the Help menu Windows The Logger Pro tutorials are stapled separately from the user s guide for ease of duplication We suggest that you read one or both of the introductory tutorials to learn more about Logger Pro One introductory tutorial focuses on using a temperature sensor with Logger Pro and is written for integrated science chemistry and biology students The other introductory tutorial uses the Motion Detector and is written for students who will study motion Additional tutorials teach more advanced skills such as data analysis curve fitting and defining new columns Initial software installation and the connection of the interface are explained in the Teacher s Guide Refer to the troubleshooting chart in Appendix A if you have problems Detailed information for network use can be found in Appendix B Appendix C reviews the interfaces that can be used with Logger Pro and how to choose between them A comprehensive list of the sensors compatible with Logger Pro is in Appendix D Some familiarity with the use of the Macintosh or Windows and application software is assumed in this manual Logger Pro for use with any Universal Lab Interface ULI and the Serial Box Interface has been designed by Rick Sorensen Dave Vernier John W
23. Windowing reduces the weighting given to the first and last 1096 of the data sequence This reduces high frequency artifacts due to the abrupt beginning and end of data Turning on High Pass Filtering will ignore any constant or linearly dependent component to the data Smoothing will reduce noise in the final FFT by performing a running average on the raw data before the FFT is calculated Enabling Show Peak Frequency will display the highest amplitude frequency Scale Set the desired scale of the FFT frequency horizontal and amplitude vertical axes The Histogram Options dialog box controls the appearance of a histogram The Graph Features tab is a subset of the standard Graph Features tab while the Axis Options tab allows control of the histogram bin width The data to be displayed and the scaling of the x and y axes 15 set as before Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Histogram Options Data Table Options Data Table Options lets you control the font size and presentation of data columns through two tabbed dialog boxes The first sets the font weight and size of the numerals Table Options Aachen Vertical Choosing Black and White in Table will disable the use of color coding of the columns which may make reading values somewhat easier Logger Pro 67 Logger Pro Reference Meter Window Options Meter Layout 68 The Table Layout tab controls what columns are shown in the table You may
24. a laptop PC make sure the serial port is not disabled by a power saving mode Modem or serial port in use by Quit any other program that could another program be using the port Logger Pro 61 Appendix A Problem Solution The mouse locks up as Logger Logger Pro and a serial mouse Hold down the Ctrl key during start Pro starts up conflict PC up The program will not automatically search for the interface Click on the correct COM port for the ULL Cannot save a previously File has been opened in read Clear read only check box when opened experiment file only mode default first opening file or save the altered file under a new name Sensor not working Sensor connected to the wrong Make sure the sensor is connected to port the correct connector Refer to the Sensor Setup in Logger Pro Two sensors connected to the Never use more than one sensor same input line of the ULI connected to each voltage input at the same time For example if you are using the DIN 1 socket do not use the Port 1 modular phone connector at the same time Sensor faulty Try a different sensor You might want to try measuring the voltage of a battery with the Voltage Probe No data appearing in graph Graph range defined too small Select Autoscale or double click on for data to appear the graph and select a larger range of values for the axes Readings are noisy Interface is picking up Place the interface at least 30
25. and physics A plastic syringe and tubing are included for use with Boyle s law experiments The Radiation Monitor was adapted for the Workshop Physics courses at Dickinson College It consists of a Geiger Mueller tube and rate meter mounted in a small rugged plastic case The unit is battery operated and can be used with or without a computer for measurement of alpha beta and gamma radiation We also have a low cost Student Radiation Monitor for monitoring beta and gamma radiation It consists of a Geiger Mueller tube mounted in a small rugged case It can be used to measure the total number of counts per specified timing interval Your students can investigate topics such as shielding inverse square law and half life The Relative Humidity Sensor contains an integrated circuit that can be used to monitor relative humidity over the range 0 to 95 3 596 Use this sensor for weather studies monitoring greenhouses or for determining days when static electrical discharges could be a problem Logger Pro Appendix D Respiration Monitor Belt Our Respiration Monitor Belt is used together with our Biology Gas Pressure Sensor to measure respiration Simply strap the belt around your chest then pump air into the belt with the hand bulb providing as much pressure as desired You can then monitor the pressure associated with the expansion and contraction of the chest during breathing This accessory is great for biology physiology or life
26. changes or 2 A local directory where students can store their own files In the first case students must be directed to save files to another directory in the latter experiment files must be placed on each computer and could be changed inadvertently To avoid accidental changes set file attributes to Read only Windows right click on file to see dialog or to Locked Macintosh select file choose Get Info to see dialog This way you can have a reference set of experiment files while students can still save their own files Similarly calibration files can be stored either centrally on the server or on individual machines If your students will use a common set of calibration files then choose the former For the less common case of individually calibrated sensors custom calibration done for a specific sensor interface computer combination then the calibration files must be stored locally since they will be different for each computer Lock or set to read only those files you do not want changed To use the network copy of Logger Pro on networked computers log in to the file server so the server s icon is on the Macintosh desktop Locate the Logger Pro icon and double click to start For simplicity create an alias for Logger Pro on the local hard disks Then when the alias is double clicked the user will be prompted to log in the file server disk will be mounted and Logger Pro will start To use the network copy of Logger Pro on n
27. d When a picket fence or bar tape is used the width of each of the bands d in the figure above should be at least 0 5 cm The distance between the leading edges should be at least 3 cm or larger if the picket fence is to be moving rapidly for example in a free fall experiment A closer spacing can be used if the object will be moving slowly for example on an air track glider This mode uses one photogate connected to DG1 The timing will begin when this photogate is first blocked The timing will continue until the photogate is unblocked The duration of the interruption is thus timed If the length of the object is entered in the Length of Object field the velocity is calculated Gate Timing with Two Gates works with photogates connected to DG1 and DG2 It is assumed that the photogates will be interrupted in sequential order The time measured at each photogate is reported in a Logger Pro 25 How To Pulse Timing Collision Timing Pendulum Timing Gate and Pulse Timing 26 different column in the data table If the length of the object is entered in the Length of Object field the velocities are calculated Pulse Timing refers to the measurement of the time from the blocking of one photogate until another photogate is blocked The timing will begin when the photogate in DG1 is first interrupted It will continue until the photogate in DG2 is interrupted If the length of the object is entered in the Length of Obj
28. dialog box For additional information see the discussion under Setup menu Averaging opens the Averaging tab of the Setup Data Collection dialog box For additional information see the discussion under Setup menu Averaging opens the Triggering tab of the Setup Data Collection dialog box For additional information see the discussion under Setup menu This is a toggled mode Choose Live Readouts to turn the mode on choose it again to turn off When the Live Readouts mode is on the current sensor readings will be displayed in any meter window When Live Readouts is disabled the meter window reports the sensor value on the graph nearest the cursor position The current sensor readings are always displayed in the status bar Logger Pro uses a range of points to calculate derivatives tangent line slopes and smoothed data You can set the number of points used for these functions The first setting affects the derivative function used in column definitions as well as the drawing of tangent lines The second setting affects only the smooth function used in column definitions In either case a smaller number of points will make the functions more responsive to small changes in the data but larger numbers will reduce noise Options x Points in Derivative T angent Calculations 3 Points in Data Smoothing Calculations 3 m Display zero button M Enable Automatic Curve Fit C Radians Degrees
29. drag across the desired area with the mouse leaving a rectangle on the graph enclosing the area of interest Then click on the Zoom In button on the toolbar If you don t like what you see you can reverse the action by clicking the Undo Zoom button The Zoom Out button will double the range of both the x and y ey axes It does not undo a Zoom In Undo Zoom does that Logger Pro 15 How To Scroll to a new portion of graph without rescaling Change what is plotted Graph two or more sensors simultaneously Plotting one sensor versus another sensor Arrange windows Change the units displayed Change other graph options 16 Sometimes the plotted data will extend off the screen The arrows at the ends of the vertical and horizontal axes can be used to scroll across the data Using the scroll arrows is equivalent to changing both extremes of the axis limits at the same time while maintaining the same interval between extremes The default plot will usually be the sensor output as a function of time or a prompted input You may want to plot some other quantities Click either on the x or y axis label to get a check box list of all the possible quantities for plotting Some combinations will not be useful If you don t see what you want to plot you may be able to create a new column of data based on the raw data See create new columns below Once you ve defined a new column you can plot it You can plot data from multiple s
30. for the calibration file pi in the first region The scrolling list po shows all the available calibration TUNE Existing Files files Optionally you may enter your initials in the Calibrated by field Click on OK to save the file to the default calibration folder as specified in Logger Pro Preferences You will be warned before replacing an existing file of Faktor SSS your own Vernier supplied Cancel calibration files may not be replaced Details tab Additional calibration information can be set on the Details tab of the Sensor Setup dialog Sensor Setup Calibrate Details UL PORTI DINI DIN2 PORT2 082 DIN3 DIN4 Sensor Temperature Direct Connect Calibration deg C dc Saved On Label Temperature Units c Short Label Temp Intercept fa 7 778 Slope 55 556 The calibration procedure creates a correspondence between the sensor voltage output and the measured quantity such as temperature which can be characterized by a slope and intercept If someone has done an earlier calibration of a sensor you can manually enter the calibration here after clicking on the Unlock button The Labels and Units can also be changed For example this is where you could enter the calibration parameters for a new sensor that does not have a supplied calibration file The Rotary Motion Sensor is different from other sensors in that it has modes of operation tha
31. want to hide some columns for clarity The first option shows all data The second allows you to show just one selected run and the third lets you display one selected column across all runs You can also hide individual columns in the Column Options dialog box Table Options The data columns displayed in the meter window can be set by the user in this dialog box Meter Options In addition you can control the layout and font size of meter window readouts Meter Options Logger Pro Graph Layout Zoom In Logger Pro Reference The three grid layout options determine whether the meters are laid out to fill the available space with the largest possible meters Automatic to arrange data from each run vertically By Column or horizontally By Run The type size used in meters can either be set by the user or determined automatically Graph Layout allows you to control the way multiple graph panes are shown in the graph window Choose the desired option and click on OK Graph Layout x Select layout for graph view One Pane Two Panes C Two Panes C ThreePanes Four Panes Cancel There are two ways to display multiple graphs in Logger Pro one is to use two or more graph windows and another is to use the Graph Layout command to display two or more graph panes within a single window Graphs in separate windows are independent o
32. 2 mx b has been selected You can also enter your own relationship in the Equation field The equation must contain between one and five adjustable parameters single upper or lower case letters and the horizontal axis variable is entered as x The values of each parameter may be adjusted in the Parameters fields You can either type in a new value directly or you may use the up and down arrows to increase or decrease the values using the mouse Click or click and hold on the desired arrow The A button near each parameter allows you to set the adjustment increment applied when the arrows are used The A button for the b parameter has just been clicked in the screen above If the Auto Delta box 15 checked default is unchecked then the increment will be made smaller when the parameter reaches a magnitude similar to the increment Using the manual fit can be very helpful in understanding fitted functions but it can also be frustrating A random or poorly chosen set of parameter values may result in a function which does not cross the graphed region at all Blind adjustment of the parameters will not often move the function into view Once a part of the function is in view it is usually easy to adjust the parameters to get a good fit If your graph starts at x gt 0 one way to get the function into view at the start is to adjust the y intercept value to match that of your data Then you will see at least a portion of the function allow
33. Appendix A Appendix A Troubleshooting Guide Problem Cause Solution Logger Pro cannot find the ULI or Serial Box Interface not Connect interface to the modem or Interface correctly connected to computer printer port Macintosh or COMI COM2 CONG or COMA PC using supplied cable Two or more copies of Logger Exit all but the first copy of Logger Pro running Pro Bad interface cable Replace interface cable Wrong serial port being used Make sure you are using the correct serial port For example don t confuse COMI and COM2 PC or the Printer and Modem ports Mac Interface not receiving power Make sure the power adapter is green light off or not turned on plugged into a wall socket and connected to the interface Turn on power switch ULI only Battery powered Serial Box has On the Serial Box Interface make dead batteries sure the green LED comes on when you start up Logger Pro Modem port of Macintosh not you are using a Macintosh with an available internal modem make sure that the control panels are set for external modem If you are using a Macintosh PowerBook with a single modem printer port and are not using Ethernet port AppleTalk must be turned off to make port available Computer s serial port is setup Reconfigure the serial port for use for internal modem use This 15 with an external modem a potential problem for any computer with an internal modem Serial port of PC disabled If you are using
34. GE GRAPH APPEARANCE 15 Change axis limits manually 15 Change axis limits automatically eed tede eripe ped rtr OTE deitate adn 15 Zoom n oni efe euet Rd dieit eee 15 Scroll to a new portion of graph without 56 12 16 Change what is plotted ie E ge e Eee tte 16 Graph two or more sensors simultaneously 16 Plotting one sensor versus another sensor 16 WINKOWS 16 Change the units displayed ee ee dete eie ie eats eee ee ide ees 16 Change other graph options eise rere i pr n e eg P bereit 16 CONFIGURE SENSOR FUNCTIONS uses anno hen erede hen erede renders 18 Open an xperiment file 5 2 ec 18 Perform a complete configuration 18 C librate 22 2
35. Logger Pro User s Manual Version 1 1 COPYRIGHT 1997 1999 Tufts University and Vernier Software ISBN 0 918731 91 7 Macintosh ISBN 0 918731 92 5 Windows T Logger Pro ball toss Graph Window Iof Fie Edit Experiment Data Analyze View Setup Window Help l gt eJ Bly lt 8 os Distance vs Time Velocity vs Time gt v m s 1 0 Time s Velocity Acceleration z Distributed by Vernier Software 8565 S W Beaverton Hillsdale Hwy Portland Oregon 97225 2429 503 297 5317 FAX 503 297 1760 www vernier com 3 04 99 Logger Pro Logger Pro Short Table of Contents LOGGER PRO OVERVIEW 9 LOGGER PRO QUICK START ee diede ad dett tee een 10 TUTORIAL OVERVIENW eco eeoseeetoseve ceevet ent oo 13 HOW TO 15 CHANGE GRAPH APPEARANCE ee A ih i Ri i ci 15 CONFIGURE SENSOR FUNCTIONS 18 CONFIGURE DATA COLLECTION OPTIONS 21 VIEW OTHER WINDOW FYRES a a Ee a e E a a eE Eee eee REE a ee EREE 29 ANABYZE DATA se oe i o Eae oU pu a d rec 31 PERFORM DATA TABLE FUNCTIONS
36. Save As The default is to open files as read only Close closes the current experiment without quitting Logger Pro Save will record the current experiment to disk If the experiment has not been saved before Save is equivalent to Save As If the experiment has been previously saved the experiment file is updated This will save the current experiment setup with any data in the data table Opening this file later will restore Logger Pro to its current setup Use this feature to import data saved with the Export Data option also found in the File menu These data exist in a tab delimited text format and are imported into the Latest data run Each file has a specific structure that includes a time stamp data column names short names units and data If you make changes to the exported file be sure to preserve the original structure After choosing this option select the appropriate file If you plan to collect data after importing you may need to configure the sensors before importing data See How To Configure Sensor Functions in this manual This option exports data to a tab delimited text file Only raw data including time and manually entered data from the Latest data run are exported to the file Calculated columns or curve fit columns are not saved A time stamp column names short names and units are saved to the beginning of the file After choosing this option enter the name of Logger Pro Page Setup Print Pri
37. Window The display font can also be changed if you want to see a larger or smaller number of rows at once Double click on the data table to change table options and click on the Table Layout tab You will see this tabbed dialog box Table Options 9 Font Options Table Layout Table Layout C All Columns One Run Run C Column All Runs Column p Cancel Apply Help Choose the table layout you need The choices allow you to display all columns from all runs just a single run or just one column from all runs You can further control what is shown in the data table by hiding individual columns in the Column Options dialog found in the Data menu or by double clicking a column header The Font Options tab shows a dialog in which you can choose display font and size for the data table Double clicking a column heading or the Run heading will open the Column Options dialog allowing you to change the column name width color or digits displayed Double clicking the Run header will allow you to choose a column from a list double clicking a column header directly will take you to the Column Options dialog for that column Logger Pro Calculate new values from raw data new columns Calculated data columns an example How To Column Options x Labels and Units DK Cancel Long Name Short Name Units meters Attributes Point Protectors
38. all Logger Pro on a computer running Windows 3 1x follow these steps Place the Logger Pro CD in the CD ROM drive of your computer From the Program Manager choose Run from the File menu In the Command Line Field type d setup or e setup depending on the CD ROM drive used in your computer and click OK The Logger Pro installer will launch and a series of dialog boxes will step you through the installation of the Logger Pro software You will be given the opportunity to either accept the default directory or enter a different directory In order to run Logger Pro on a Windows 3 1 machine Microsoft WIN32s software must be installed If WIN32s is not installed on your machine you will be prompted with the following screen Logger Pro Software installation network Teacher s Guide Install WIN32s Please insert the WIN32s Setup Disk 1 into the drive then 55 click on Browse button and select the drive Path amp winazstdiski Make sure that the path is pointed to disk1 on the Logger Pro CD Click OK and follow the remaining directions Note If your computer does not have a CD ROM drive please contact Vernier Software to request a copy of Logger Pro on floppy disk If your computers are served software from a central file server on a network you can install Logger Pro on the server Additional suggestions for configuring a network server to work with Logger Pro ca
39. antity to interpret The correlation coefficient is intended to measure the degree of correlation between the x and y values It is not directly a measure of goodness of fit For no correlation at all random values r is near zero For perfect correlation ris 1 From r one can determine a probability that the x and y values are correlated In the natural sciences however there is usually the assumption that the two are correlated and so the r value is not very useful Far more useful to a student or scientist is the uncertainty of the slope and intercept These uncertainties answer the question How well did the data determine a slope or intercept No provision has been given to weighted fits since in computer acquired data all data points are generally equally reliable More information on curve fitting and the interpretation of the fitted parameters can be found in Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Science 2 edition Philip R Bevington and D Keith Robinson McGraw Hill Inc 1992 The curve fit function can be disabled in the Options found in the Experiments menu Logger Pro will superimpose a function sometimes called a model over your data using the Manual Fit option In contrast to the curve fit discussed above where the parameters in the fit equations are determined automatically using a least squares technique the Manual Fit allows you to adjust the parameters by hand A manual fit is often appropr
40. ate etse anemia am etienne 29 n rp 30 Ghart FeCOTdBE 4t et E et t E EH ERE RU ERE IU s ER tH etes 30 Arrange graph 8 30 ANALYZE DATA 2 at eae das oh Say ete 31 Read values from graph 31 Display tangent lines iios de 31 Compare runs e ede ve 31 Fit a line to data linear regression uuussuerssseessnensnsensnnensnennnnensnnennnnensnennnnensnennnnnnsnsennnnonsnsennsnansnsnnnsnannnn 31 Fit functions to GIG 7 31 Model Data Manual Fit 32 Change Displayed Precision of Fit Parameters 32 0 7 4 33 Perform 33 PERFORM DATA TABLE FUNCTIONS 34 Change what runs appear in the data table 34 Change a column s name color width or digits displayed 34 Calculate new values from raw data NEW columns 35 Enter dat manuall
41. ates a new window The current window is halved in height and the new window is created below the resized active window New Menu Wide has the same hierarchical choices as the New Tall Window command above Replace Window also shares the hierarchical choice of the above commands but instead of generating an additional window it replaces the current window with the selected type of window This feature is not available in the current version of Logger Pro Logger Pro 79 Logger Pro Reference Autotile Toolbar 1 Table Window Help menu Contents Index About Logger Pro About pH System 90 Autotile is a toggled setting When checked it forces a tiled layout of windows whenever a window edge is moved Toolbar is a toggled setting When checked the toolbar is visible on screen Uncheck it to hide the toolbar The title of each open window is listed at the bottom of the Window menu Select the title of the window you want on top Contents Index About Logger Pro About pH System Help Contents displays the table of contents for on line help Index displays the on line help index About Logger Pro shows the version number and copyright information The menu name will change to match the current experiment file Choosing this item will open a text entry region for storing notes about the experiment file When an experiment file with notes entered here is opened the notes will be displayed Logger Pro
42. ation 72 gt Sensor Setup Calibrate Details r ULI PORTI DINI DIN2 PORT2 DG2 DINS DIN4 Sensor Temperature Direct Connect Label Temperature Units C Short Label Temp Cancel Save Help Click on the input for the sensor you want to calibrate If you have several sensors of the same kind you can select multiple inputs to calibrate the sensors at the same time Click on Perform Now Allow the sensor and the thermometer to stabilize at the first cali bration temperature You can determine this by waiting until the displayed voltage values stop changing Enter the thermometer s actual reading in degrees in the Value 1 field Click on Keep Move the sensor and thermometer to the second water bath Allow the sensor and the thermometer to stabilize at the second calibration temperature Enter the thermometer s actual reading in the Value 2 field Click on Keep Calibration information is automatically saved when you save an experiment file As a result it is not necessary to separately save a calibration result unless you want the calibration to show up in the scrolling list in the Setup Sensors tab To make a calibration available in the scrolling list gt click on Save to record the calibration in a separate file Logger Pro Special note for Rotary Motion Sensor Logger Pro Reference You will see this dialog box Enter a name
43. ck on the Options tab to be sure this pane is on top Logger Pro 35 36 How To New Column Labels To give this example column appropriate labels enter Fahrenheit in the label field and degrees F in the units field The short label is used in places where there isn t room for the whole name here F would be a good choice While here you can also make other choices for the new column such as color for graphing Next click on the Definition tab to see the rest of the dialog box and to complete the column creation process New Column Temperature vs Time amp Temperature C 9 5 Temperature 32 Logger Pro Enter data manually Copy data to a spreadsheet or graphing program How To Equation The Equation field is where you will build the formula that defines the new column In this example of finding F we need to enter in the formula field 9 5 Temperature 32 Because of the order of arithmetic operators no parenthesis are needed but you can use parenthesis as desired to make the formula more readable To avoid typographical errors choose variable and function names from the Variable and Function lists rather than typing them in Graph Column On The newly calculated column can be graphed either on the y or the x axis In this case the default of the y axis is appropriate The new column will replace whatever had been graphed on its column
44. cm interference from the computer away from the computer 92 Logger Pro General principles Logger Pro preferences Macintosh Windows Appendix B Appendix B Using Logger Pro on a Network If your computers are served software from a central file server on a network you can install Logger Pro on the server Create a folder on the server to hold Logger Pro you will need sufficient privileges to do this Run the Logger Pro Installer from the floppy disk and specify the file server folder when the installer asks for the desired location for Logger Pro Set the student access rights to the Logger Pro folder to read only and shareable Then students can see and run Logger Pro but cannot change it Logger Pro will read a preferences file in its own directory on startup This file indicates the location all calibration files and the default location of experiment files If you want students to use a standard set of calibration and experiment files the files should be stored on the server in a location to which students have the same access privileges as the Logger Pro program itself The preferences must then be set to indicate the location of these files on your server When you set the preferences you must have write access to make changes to the preferences experiment or calibration files Two good choices for the location of experiment files are 1 A protected directory on the file server where the students cannot make
45. continues until photogate 2 is blocked The third timing is of the duration of the interruption of the beam in photogate 2 If the length of the object is entered in the Length of Object field the velocity is calculated The acceleration is calculated from the change in speed Logger Pro Collect radiation data How To The following diagram illustrates the various photogate timing modes For each line the vertical axis represents the photogate state with unblocked as high and the horizontal axis represents time Photogate Timing Modes T T n Motion Timing lt lt 1 1 1 1 Gate Timing y I ee one gate 1 two gates 1 2 11 Pulse Timing 1 Collision Timing T Th Ti Ti 4 1 1 1 1 T2 2 2 2 2 T Pendulum Timing 1 1 1 T T Ts Gate and Pulse Timing 1 2 To collect data from the Radiation Monitor or the Student Radiation Monitor choose Data Collection from the Setup menu It is not necessary to set any inputs using the Setup Sensor dialog Choose Radiation Counting from the drop down menu on the Mode tab Click the Sampling tab to set the experiment length and the length of one counting interval Logger Pro will report the number of pulses received during each counting interval There are two Radiati
46. cp E 48 Graph OPLONS 33 48 Selecting 48 Select ANON E 48 RTL NISI p 48 Column Options eoa 48 Column Orders cite 49 184 49 LOGGER PRO MENUS rn ee emo eere ere e Ot e te i Ux Eee 50 LJ AZ 50 Tal mens I oer les SEERE ESPE eie doe 50 Edit AES 52 uni einen 53 Data IN GNU Analyze men 2 eee seen 58 View MENU EE 63 Set Up mentis side O adias Bh deste EE 70 Omm 79 Help meni PEE 80 APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE eee en eee ve eee ene eve 81 APPENDIX B USING LOGGER PRO ON A 111 01 4 83 General principles eiit eU ea eee ee tete petet deste bere 63 Logger Pro preferences o 63 MacintoShz s st e eet titer eei eerie debe tee nene dee 63 Windows aaie
47. decide which interface to use in your BUTS Serial Box 59 for Logger Pro software or 30 for Data Logger both include site license 299 Lab Interface Battery operation 59 for Logger Pro software or 49 for ULI Software Package both include site license As fast as 50 readings per second As fast as 11 000 readings per second Two analog inputs to use with temperature voltage pH pressure force colorimetry light heart rate EKG dissolved oxygen conductivity magnetic field and others Four analog and two digital ports to use with all of the above plus motion ULI Force photogate radiation Chemistry Biology Physical Science Middle School Integrated Science Earth Science all of the above plus Physics The Serial Box Interface offers the advantage of battery operation The Smart Battery Holder SBI BAT 29 allows battery operation of the Serial Box Interface and is an ideal match to a portable computer for field work Contains Data Logger Motion and Sound for Macintosh or MS DOS plus ULI Timer Mac only Logger Pro 85 86 Logger Pro Appendix D Appendix D Sensors for use with Logger Pro Sensors supported by both the Serial Box Interface and ULI Sensors for the ULI only You can use many different Vernier sensors with Logger Pro The Logger Pro package includes calibration files for these sensors Most sensors can be used with either the ULI o
48. dialog and the Collect button initiates data collection If present the Zero button resets an analog sensor reading to zero You can quickly see what a tool does by positioning the pointer over the button for a moment a legend will appear Cursor Controls You can change the graph appearance and behavior through a number of hot spots on the Graph Window and the Table Window The screen below shows some of these functions FIE Logger Pro Fitting Tutorial lolx File Edit Experiment Data Analyze View Setup Window Help 446 em Distance vs Time p E 8 5 a Time s These areas of the Graph Window are active to cursor control Logger Pro 47 Logger Pro Reference Graph title Tick mark labels Axis labels Scroll arrows Axes Graph options Selecting a graph Select All None Column properties Column options 48 Click on the graph title to obtain a dialog box in which you can modify or remove the graph title You can click on the minimum or maximum axis numeric labels and type in a new value The axis of the graph will change accordingly When the independent variable is time the right most time value will also determine how long data are collected Clicking an axis label will open a dialog box that allows you to choose what is plotted on that axis You can scroll the viewing region of the graph with the scroll arrows The axis limits will change but the int
49. dialog in which you can change the name of the column change the point style used units and displayed precision of data Use this option to modify existing columns Column Options x rm Labels and Units DK Long Name Short Name fv Cancel Units mL Attributes Bo fgvmea v Displayed Precision Decimal Places Significant Figures Propagate Changes over Runs Hide Column in Table Point Protectors Column Colors 3 Insert number between 0 and 5 r Column Width characters 8 Insert number between 7 and 30 Clear All Data removes all data from the data table You will be prompted to save any unsaved data Analyze Examine Tangent Make Annotation Interpolate Linear Fit Curve Fit Manual Fit Integral Statistics Logger Pro Examine Tangent Make Annotation Interpolate Linear Fit Curve Fit Logger Pro Reference Examine is a toggled mode When active the mouse pointer becomes a vertical line and the value of the data at the indicated time is displayed in the graph legend Tangent enables the drawing of a short tangent line at the cursor location to each data column plotted The numerical value is displayed in a floating box The number of points used to calculate the slope can be set in under Preferences in the File menu Make Annotation allows you to create a
50. do multiple zooms with multiple Undo Zooms The Zoom Out command will double the range of both the x and y axes Autoscale will change the scales so that the plotted curves fill the graph area Both x and y axes may be changed The y axis will LE not necessarily include the origin so you may want to perform a more limited autoscale by clicking the y axis and choosing Autoscale from Zero in the ensuing dialog You can also click on the Autoscale button on the toolbar Sensors Data Collection Interface Use the Sensors menu item to set up Logger Pro to work with various sensors You will see this dialog box with three tabs The basic sensor setup is explained below The Calibrate and Details tabs are described in turn The ULI inputs can be used in combination subject to these limitations Port 1 cannot be used simultaneously with DG1 or DINI Port 2 cannot be used simultaneously with DG2 or DIN2 DING and DIN4 cannot be used simultaneously with a Motion Detector DING and DIN4 cannot be used at sampling rates over 50Hz For the original ULI and ULI revision 1 00 the ULI Force Probe must be used in Port 1 and the Motion Detector must be used in Port2 Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Sensor Setup tab Ea Setup Calibrate Details PORTI DINI DIN2 PORT2 DG2 DINS DIN4 Sensor Voltage gt Calibration volts Select input then select the probe and calibration from lists
51. dy friction simple harmonic motion impact collisions or centripetal force It can be used with any of our lab interfaces or CBL The EKG Sensor measures electrical signals produced by the heart It uses three disposable electrode patches An EKG graph is displayed demonstrating to students the contraction and relaxation of the heart s chambers A package of 100 disposable electrodes is included with the sensor The Exercise Heart Rate Monitor is ideal for determining the heart rate of moving or active individuals With this sensor a person s heart rate can be monitored during as well as after exercise The Exercise Heart Rate Monitor consists of a wireless transmitter belt and a receiver module that plugs into a Vernier interface box or CBL The transmitter belt senses the electrical signals generated by the heart much like an EKG For each heart beat detected a signal is transmitted to the plug in the receiver module and a heart rate is determined The Flow Rate Sensor is used to measure stream velocity for environmental or earth science studies Using flow rate data your students will be able to calculate discharge value for the stream in ft 3 s or m 3 s or determine the sediment transport of the stream The impeller rod separates into four sections for easy transport and convenient storage The Flow Rate Sensor comes equipped with a five meter cable so your data collection equipment can stay on shore while you measure flow rate in th
52. e an experiment Print a graph or data table Set default file locations 38 Save and Print Data You can save your experiment to disk by choosing Save from the File menu The experimental configuration including data calibrations column definitions and window types will be saved A standard save file dialog box will appear Choose a location for the file enter a descriptive file name and click on OK Saving a complete configuration in this manner is an excellent way to record an experiment so you can later reproduce or extend the work in identical conditions In addition instructors can save a configuration for students to use later students then do not have to perform any configuration or calibration and can immediately begin to collect data To save only the calibration information so that it is available when manually configuring Logger Pro open the Sensor Setup dialog box Then click on the input corresponding to the desired calibration and click on the Save button Enter a name for the calibration file of eight characters or fewer and click on OK The file will be saved to the default calibration folder set in Logger Pro Preferences Select the data and choose Copy from the Edit menu to place the data on the clipboard Paste the data into the receiving application or to a text editor to create a text format data file Choose Open from the File menu and navigate to the folder containing the desired file Click on the file
53. e and can be used over three different illumination ranges which you select with a switch Use it for inverse square law experiments or for studying solar energy The ranges are 0 600 0 6000 0 150 000 lux This sensor measures acceleration in the range of 50 m s 5 g It has a flexible 2 meter cable It is useful for studying motions with smaller accelerations like cars real and toy elevators and amusement park rides This sensor which uses a Hall Effect transducer is sensitive enough to measure the earth s magnetic field It can also be used to study the field around permanent magnets coils and electrical devices Its two ranges are 3 2 x 10 tesla and 6 4 x 10 tesla The Motion Detector functions like the automatic range finder on a Polaroid camera This sonar device emits ultrasonic pulses at a rate adjustable between 10 and 50 times per second The time it takes for the reflected pulse to return is used to calculate distance velocity and acceleration The range is 0 5 to 6 meters We have versions for use with the MPLI ULI or CBL Our pH System includes a pH Electrode and pH Amplifier The pH Electrode is a Ag AgCl combination electrode with a range of 0 to 14 pH The pH Amplifier contains the signal conditioning circuitry The Electrode is also available separately Our Pressure Sensor has a range of 0 to 100 psi 0 to 6 8 atm absolute pressure It is designed for gas law experiments in chemistry physical science
54. e stream Three riser rods are included with each sensor which enable the impeller to be placed at fixed depths The Vernier Heart Rate Monitor measures human pulse rate Simply attach the Heart Rate Monitor s earclip to your ear lobe and your pulse rate is displayed on the computer monitor Heart Rate Monitor program Macintosh or MS DOS versions included free on the Data Logger disk Logger Pro 89 Appendix D Instrumentation Amplifier lon Selective Electrodes Light Sensor Low g Accelerometer Magnetic Field Sensor Motion Detector pH System Pressure Sensor Radiation Monitors Relative Humidity Sensor 90 displays the heart beat waveform pulse rate in beats minute data table statistics and a graph of pulse rate vs time The Instrumentation Amplifier will monitor voltages from a few millivolts DC or AC It has several ranges to allow you to select the most appropriate gain 0 20 mV 0 200 mV 0 1 V 20 mV 200 mV and 1 V The amplifier has a true floating differential input unlike the DIN ports of the ULI It can be used with any of our computer lab interfaces as well as the Texas Instruments CBL We have a family of solid state and PVC membrane ion selective electrodes Nitrate NO3 Chloride CI Calcium Ca gt and Ammonium NH These electrodes require the Ion Selective Electrode Amplifier ISE DIN for connection to the ULI Our Light Sensor approximates the human eye in spectral respons
55. e type of printer available Print Preview will show a reduced size image of the page as it will be printed This is useful to ensure that a given print request won t take too many pages There are two classes of Logger Pro settings under user control default file locations and a display option The default locations of calibration information and experiment files can be set using the Folder Locations tab Preferences x Folder Locations Window Control Calibration Folder C Wemier SoftwareSLogger Pro Calibrations Modify Experiment Folder C Wemier Software Logger Pro Experiments Modify B Cancel Logger Pro will only detect calibration files stored in the default calibration folder New calibration files are saved to this folder as well Apply Logger Pro 51 Logger Pro Reference Quit Macintosh or Exit PC Edit menu Undo Cut 52 and will subsequently be available in the list of calibrations in the Sensor Setup dialog box In contrast experiment files may be stored anywhere but Logger Pro will first look in the default location set here To set either folder location click the appropriate Modify button and navigate to the desired folder or just type in the full path to the desired folder Preferences x Folder Locations Window Control Cancel Help The Window Controls tab allows you to set the Over Range Autoscale functions During data acquisition t
56. ect field the velocity is calculated The Collision Timing mode uses photogates attached to DG1 and DG2 It differs from other timing modes in a number of ways It allows both photogates to time independently and times are listed in the data table in columns according to the gate at which they were measured Other modes list times in columns in order as they were measured A data table of results measured in this mode will look like this Times Listed By Gate Delta T1 Delta T2 s s 0 5552 0 7872 0 4332 3 4437 1 0012 1 2623 For each gate the times are listed in the order in which they were measured In the example above photogate 1 was blocked 4 times and photogate 2 was blocked twice Notice that the Collision Timing mode is similar to the Gate Timing Two Gates mode without any restriction on the order in which the two gates are blocked This mode is specifically designed for studying air track collisions It allows the study of virtually any possible collision The Pendulum Timing mode uses a photogate attached to DG1 The timing will begin when the photogate is first interrupted The timing will continue until the photogate is interrupted twice more so that you get the time for a complete swing of a pendulum or other oscillating object This mode requires two photogates The first timing is of the duration of the interruption of the photogate 1 The second timing begins when photogate 1 is unblocked This timing
57. ed digits in the curve fit floating boxes Select one of Decimal Places a fixed number of places past the decimal point or Significant Figures the number of digits displayed plus any need to show magnitude Enter the desired numerical setting for either mode For the linear fit only the fit and its statistics are determined as follows We have N ordered pairs of x and y The best fitting line y 2 ax bis then given by a Ex Y Exkax 9 Lb v where A gt NY x2 Measures of the goodness of fit are many Most common are the scatter standard deviation o the linear correlation coefficient r and the uncertainties of the parameters a and b o and The scatter standard deviation measures how far away on average the data points y fall Logger Pro Manual Fit Logger Pro Reference from the fitted line measured along a vertical line 0 15 also called the root mean square error and is defined as SER y a bx We use N 2 weighting since two parameters have been determined in the curve fit The remaining quantities are defined as 2 rg 0 N i NY xiyi 3o xi Ex Ex Nx The first two quantities are interpreted as the variance of the fitted parameters and so can be used as 67 confidence level uncertainties of the slope and intercept 1 2 The correlation coefficient r is commonly calculated by scientific calculators but is a difficult qu
58. eed a separate thermometer as well as water baths of different temperatures To perform a new calibration gt choose Sensors from the Setup menu if the Sensor Setup window is not already open gt Click on the Calibrate tab at the top of the resulting dialog box Sensor Setup Calibrate Details r ULI PORTI DINI DIN2 PORT2 DG2 DINS DIN4 Sensor Temperature Standard Label Temperature Units C Short Label Temp gt Click on the input or inputs to be calibrated The selected inputs will be outlined in black gt Click on Perform Now gt Allow the sensor and the thermometer to stabilize at the first cali bration temperature You can determine this by waiting until the input readings stabilize The input readings are the raw voltage signals from the sensor and it is the relationship between the voltage and temperature that is being determined by this calibration gt Read the thermometer and enter the reading in degrees into the Value 1 field gt Click on Keep Logger Pro 19 How To Second calibration point Save calibration Remove a sensor 20 gt Move the sensor and thermometer to the second bath and allow them to stabilize at the second calibration temperature gt Enter the thermometer s reading in degrees into the Value 2 field gt Click on Keep You may want to save the calibration result for later use The calibration information is mos
59. eferences found under the File menu smooth The smooth function reduces noise in the indicated column The number of points used for a moving average is controlled in the Logger Pro preferences found under the File menu There is no loss of data points from smoothing Graph Column On The calculated column can be graphed on either axis The default choice is the y axis Click the x axis label to plot the new column on the horizontal axis Logger Pro 57 Logger Pro Reference New Column Manual Modify Column Delete Column Column Options Clear All Data Analyze menu 58 Try New Column Clicking the Try New Column button will graph the new column in the sample graph You can make changes to the definition and check out the changes by clicking this button again Click OK to keep the new column and return to the main Logger Pro screen Cancel will close the dialog box and discard any entries Manual columns only require a name The new column will be created in the data table Select a cell by clicking it Type in your values ending each entry with the return key You can also paste a column of data after clicking the first cell Manual columns are limited to the number of data points already collected using a sensor Modify Column allows you to change the definition of a calculated column The same dialog box as for New Column above 15 displayed Use Delete Column to remove unneeded columns Column Options opens a
60. ensors either on a single graph or on separate graphs To use a single graph gt Click on the y axis label and select all the sensors you want to plot together Click on OK To use several different graphs you need to create the needed number of graph panes gt Choose Graph Layout from the View menu gt Clickon the layout with the desired number of panes gt For each graph click on the axis label for a list of available columns for plotting Choose the column of the desired sensor Sometimes it is appropriate to plot the value of one sensor versus another For example you might want to graph pressure as a function of temperature Once Logger Pro is set up to simultaneously take data for the two sensors click on the axis labels to select the appropriate quantity A graph does not need to include time This feature is not available in the current version of Logger Pro The axis labels are shown with physical units whenever they are available When you set up a new sensor you can enter the desired units at the same time that you perform calibration For more information see sensor setup below If you double click on a graph you will get a dialog box that allows you to change a number of graph options Brief descriptions follow for additional information see Logger Pro reference Logger Pro See data points directly point protectors Add remove a legend Connect data points Bar graph Add remove the grid How T
61. er Barometer Biology Gas Pressure Sensor CO Gas Sensor Colorimeter Conductivity Probe 88 The remainder of Appendix D consists of a list of sensors compatible with Logger Pro accompanied by short descriptions of their capabilities Each Vernier sensor is sold with a comprehensive data sheet which explains specific sensor characteristics gives calibration information and suggests experiments to be performed Consult the data sheet for the particular sensor for additional information Our 25 g Accelerometer is great for studying collisions or centripetal acceleration and any situation with fairly large accelerations Range 250 m s 25g Our 3 Axis Accelerometer is really three low g accelerometers mounted at right angles and all placed in a small box Use it for studying the complex motion of an amusement park ride a bungee jumper or simply a toss in the air With most our data collection programs you can graph the magnitude of the acceleration vector Our Barometer can be used for weather studies or for lab experiments involving pressures close to normal air pressure The pressure range is 24 to 32 inches of Hg 0 8 to 1 05 atm absolute pressure Use the Biology Gas Pressure Sensor to monitor gas pressure changes due to respiration or transpiration It can also be used as a standard barometer for monitoring air pressure It can even be used to investigate pressure volume or pressure temperature experiments in che
62. eral data collection modes They are selected from the drop down menu on the Mode tab Real Time Collect Data are collected at the rate indicated and for the experiment length set on the Sampling tab Repeat Data are collected at the rate indicated and for the experiment length set on the Sampling tab After a short pause the run is repeated until the Stop button is clicked Usually this mode is used to acquire run after run while an experiment is adjusted When a useful run is acquired press Stop If anew run begins before you click on the Stop button you still can return to the previous run Click stop then choose Undo Collect from the Edit menu Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Events with Entry A new column is defined to replace the time column Enter a name for the column Column Label short name and the column units Data are recorded only when the Keep button is clicked Subsequently a numerical entry field appears in the toolbar for manual entry of data End entries with the Enter or Return key Data Collection x Mode Events with Entry Column Label Short Label Units Selected Events Data are recorded only when the Keep button is clicked No manual entry column is created and time is the independent variable Photogate Timing Data are collected from a photogate or Smart Pulley The photogate mode supports seven methods of collecting data The various modes are made available on
63. erval displayed by each axis will remain the same To change the scale of one axis at a time click on it A dialog box will open allowing you to control the scaling of that axis X Axis Scale WX HERR lt C Autoscale C Autoscale from 0 Cancel Manual Scaling E z Double click on a graph to change several properties at once The Graph Options dialog will appear allowing you to change scaling labels or plot style More details can be found under Graph Options in the Logger Pro Menus section If there is more than one graph on the screen any commands that affect graphs will change only the selected graph To select a graph click on it A border will appear around the graph to indicate that it is selected FE Table Window Latest Distance Velocity meters m s 1 0 000 1 634 0 099 2 0 100 1 644 0 026 The Table Window also responds to clicks Clicking the All None button will alternately select all data and no data Double clicking the row numbers will open the Table Options dialog There you can change the font used and choose which columns will be displayed Double clicking the Run Heading Latest Run 1 and so forth will open a dialog box holding a list of columns Select a column click on OK and the Column Options dialog for the chosen column will open Double clicking a specific column header will open its Column Options dialog directl
64. etails Logger Pro can collect at most 30 000 points in each input channel Set the total time of data collection for Real Time Collect Repeat and Selected Events modes in the Data Collection Sampling tab You can also set the experiment length by changing the maximum time axis label to the desired value To set the units used on the time axis choose between hours minutes seconds and milliseconds in the drop down menu Logger Pro Set averaging Smooth existing data How To Data Collection x Mode Sampling Averaging Triggering Average over 3 gt pts The setting on the Averaging tab determines how many measurements will be taken for each reported point For example if the sampling speed is 10 samples second and the averaging is set to 5 points readings will be taken 50 times a second evenly spaced in time and 5 will be averaged to yield a single data point Click OK to enter your settings Only analog sensor readings can be averaged Digital readings such as from the Motion Detector cannot be averaged You can define a new smoothed data column as a function of an existing column using the smooth function Choose New Column gt Formula enter a name click the definition tab and in the equation field enter smooth column name where column name is the name of the existing data column Click OK to create the new column Smoothing differs from averaging in that smoothing acts on an existing data col
65. etworked computers log in to the file server and navigate to the Logger Pro icon Double click on it to start As a shortcut in Windows 95 you may want to drag the Logger File servers provide some security by only allowing certain users to perform functions like saving modifying or deleting files in certain directories Typically only administrative accounts are allowed to make changes anywhere on the server one speaks of having the privilege or right to make these changes Logger Pro 63 Appendix B Student use of Logger Pro on a network 64 Pro icon to the Start menu to place Logger Pro in the Start menu list In Windows 3 1x you can create a program group and item for Logger Pro For your students to use Logger Pro on a network they first must have adequate access rights Student access should allow Logger Pro to be seen and executed but not changed in any way Your network administrator should be able to assist in this setting Logger Pro Appendix C Appendix C Interfaces Compatible with Logger Pro ULI or Serial Box Interface You can use either the Universal Lab Interface ULI or the Serial Box Interface with Logger Pro The two interfaces differ in capability but often either can be used While the ULI can do almost everything the Serial Box Interface can do while adding higher speed and digital inputs the ULI is more expensive The table below will give you the Interface Universal details so you can
66. f one another although both depend on the same data table Graph panes in a single window share certain adjustments for ease of viewing These shared parameters are e Changing the x axis limits in one pane will automatically change the limits in other panes e Scrolling the x axis plotting range using the scroll arrows will scroll all panes e Zooming into a selected region will zoom the horizontal axis of all panes in the same manner These connected adjustments will keep the horizontal axes synchronized to allow easy comparison of each series If you want independent adjustment of the horizontal axes use separate graph windows To zoom in on a portion of a graph first draw a rectangle on the graph screen by dragging the mouse across the desired area as you see here Logger Pro 69 Logger Pro Reference Undo Zoom Zoom Out Autoscale Set Up menu Sensors 70 E Graph Window Iof x Distance vs Time E 9 E lt Time s Then choose Zoom In from the View menu or click on the Zoom In button on the toolbar The graph will rescale expanding the selected region to fill the plotting area If the Zoom In command is used on one of several graph panes in a single graph window the horizontal axis will be changed in all graph panes Choosing Undo Zoom will reverse the last zoom action EY performed whether by the above Zoom In command or the following Zoom Out command You can un
67. floating box with any text you choose This is useful for placing comments on graphs To edit an annotation double click on the floating box To remove an annotation click the close box on the upper right corner of the floating box The interpolate function can only be used after a function has been fit to experimental data After choosing interpolate the value of the fitted function is displayed as a function of cursor position Linear fit performs a linear least squares fit on the selected data If there is no selection made the entire data run is used The Curve Fit item gives you a choice of advanced curve fitting options These curve fits are automatic in the sense that the fit parameters are determined by Logger Pro using least squares methods The dialog box below is opened Curve Fit Properties x Curve Fit Curve Fit Options Distance vs Time m k E E vo a 3 Time s Proportional 4 Degree Create Column Linear Perform Fit Distance Latest The graph portion of this window gives you a preview of the fit and allows the selection region to be modified To perform a curve fit choose first the type of fit from the scrolling list at lower left For the case of the polynomial fit enter the degree of the polynomial in the Degree field Next choose the column to be approximated by the fitted equation Click on Try Fit to see the result Modify y
68. he data may exceed the existing range settings of the graph If this box 15 checked Logger Pro will automatically autoscale the graph during data acquisition to include all data acquired so far Apply Choosing Quit or Exit causes Logger Pro to prompt you to save any unsaved data then exits the program Edit Unda dt 07195 Graph Ctrl G Copy Ctrl C Haste ot yy Clear Select All The Undo command will reverse the effect of the most recent operation if possible For example after data collection the Undo command becomes Undo Collect This is valuable if the previous run is needed but had not been stored Cut removes the selected data and places it on the clipboard Not all data may be removed Measurements made by Logger Pro directly the raw data are locked and cannot be deleted New columns that you create are unlocked and can be edited or cleared The locking of raw data columns is an intentional feature of Logger Pro Since the raw data are simply a record of what is measured by the sensor it is inappropriate to change them much as a scientist never erases data from a notebook Logger Pro Copy Graph Copy Paste Clear Select All Experiment menu Collect Replay Stop Logger Pro Reference When a graph window is the active window Copy Graph will place a copy of the graph on the clipboard You can then paste the graph into a word processor or other application Copy places a copy
69. heeler David Gardner Dan Holmquist and John Gastineau of Vernier Software and by Ronald Thornton and Stephen Beardslee at the Center for Science and Mathematics Teaching at Tufts University The design was implemented by Stephen Beardslee Nam Hoang Mary Dygert Patrick Powers and Zachari Partridge Logger Pro is a copyrighted program by Tufts University and Vernier Software The program disk does not use any copy protection and back up copies may be made using standard procedures Purchasers of Logger Pro are permitted to make as many copies of the program or manual as they wish for use within their own middle school or high school or within a single college department The program may also be used on network systems at no extra cost provided that the software is used within one middle school or high school or one college department The Logger Pro manual is copyright 1999 by Vernier Software This manual was written by John Gastineau Macintosh is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc Microsoft Windows Windows NT and Win32s are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Inc Logger Pro 9 Purpose Install software Attach interface and sensor Start up Logger Pro 10 Logger Pro Quick Start This section is provided for those who do not read software manuals It outlines the essential steps to get started with Logger Pro gt gt Insert the floppy disk into your computer and run the ins
70. ials eot err RET t E EF RE ue e ERES ERN E eere oe 44 Experiment files are impoVvtantls diss 44 Experiment files included with Logger 70 44 Protecting experiment files ee ette er ee RU derart He iss oe e eC EU Henne 44 Sources of experiments for Logger Pro from Vernier Software 44 Calibration amp i tet SE tert t E battere 45 200 1 203 lt 45 Customizing Logger PTO 46 Using Logger Pro On 46 Using Logger Pro stand alone computers 46 Sensors to use with Logger Pro eva ee eee a an ke ins ns Au eive ee ee bien 46 LOGGER PRO REFERENCE EE ESTI raiet 40 6 Logger Pro LOOLBAR M 47 CURSOR CONTROLS anni Ban D REESE 47 EE 48 Tick mark labels a t Me eR 48 Axis Tabels d RD ERU ERO UN e e UIN nio Poet 48 SEFON Ar FOWS a ex tide 48 Lo
71. iate for instructional purposes By adjusting parameters manually students will learn how each affects the fit A manual fit will also allow you to adjust a curve to fit a data series in the way you want possibly ignoring certain stray points within the series To perform a manual fit click once on a graph to make it active Optionally select a region of the graph using the mouse This selection The least squares fitting method assumes that the uncertainties in the x values are negligible compared to the uncertainties of y Logger Pro 61 62 Logger Pro Reference region is used only for calculating the mean square error of the fitted function with respect to the data If you do not plan on using the mean square error value then it is not necessary to select a region Then select Manual Fit from the Analyze menu A new dialog box will open Manual Curve Fit Properties x Curve Fit Curve Fit Options Velocity vs Time E Velocity m s Time s Equation RMS Error 0 860000 Time 1 410000 1 484 m x b Parameters m Bl ajb fl 0 860000 1 410000 General Equation Auto Deta Perform fit on mxeb Linear AM vas Latest Create Column First you must select or enter an equation The faster method is to select an equation from the General Equation menu In the screen shown above the linear relation y
72. ics with Computers C Bio Gas Pressure Sensor E C C02 Gas Sensor GF C Colorimeter Gr Object name Objects of type Logger Pro Experiments Cancel IV Open as read only gt Click on the Collect button on the screen Logger Pro should begin plotting data in the graph window You can adjust most features of the graph by double clicking the graph and making changes in the resulting dialog box gt First select a portion of the graphed data by dragging across it 2 Rs gt Then click on the linear fit button on the toolbar If you need more information for using Logger Pro remember that there is a manual and extensive on line help In Windows 3 1 folder and file names will be truncated to eight characters For example the Barometer experiment file will appear as BAROME 1 MBL Logger Pro 11 12 Logger Pro Purpose of tutorials Introductory tutorials Advanced tutorials Preliminary setup Tutorial Overview The Logger Pro package includes six short tutorials for first time users either students or teachers They are suitable for reference or for duplication and distribution to classes First time users should work through one introductory tutorial and the advanced tutorials as needed The tutorials are bound separately from this manual for easy duplication The first two tutorials Temperature Measurement and Motion Detection are both introductions to using Logger Pro Temperature Measurement ca
73. ific Thinking All of these books are available from Vernier Software The files load an appropriate calibration set data collection parameters and prepare Logger Pro for experiments with that sensor Even if you want to use your own custom configuration these files are good starting points Choose Open from the File menu Initially you will see a list of folders corresponding to the various books the tutorials and specific sensors Choose the experiment file from the scrolling list that matches your sensor and application If you are not working from one of the Vernier books we suggest that you open an experiment file listed by the sensor name Logger Pro is now ready to acquire data with the selected sensor To set up Logger Pro for a particular sensor and experiment without an experiment file or to add additional sensors to that supported by an existing experiment file you will need to specify the sensor input and calibration file to be used in the Sensor Properties dialog As an example here is the way to configure Logger Pro for a temperature sensor Calibration instructions follow the initial setup gt Attach the sensor to a physically compatible port gt Choose Sensors from the Setup menu or click on the interface icon in the toolbar mem or fer You will see this dialog box if you are using the ULT if instead you are using a Serial Box Interface only two DIN inputs will be visible Sensor Properties x m
74. ing data collection Choose New Window Text Logger Pro 45 Teacher s Guide Customizing Logger Pro Using Logger Pro on a network Using Logger Pro on stand alone computers Sensors to use with Logger Pro 46 gt Test your setup by performing a trial experiment and make changes as needed gt If you do not want to save your example data with the experiment setup clear the data by choosing Clear All Data from the Data menu gt Choose Save from the File menu Enter a descriptive file name and save the file To use the file later with students place a copy of the file in the default experiment file directory specified in the Logger Pro preferences file Certain settings of Logger Pro such as the default location of files and the statistics presented in curve fits which you are unlikely to change every session can be stored in a preferences file See Preferences under the File menu The file must be stored in the same directory as Logger Pro If you are using a network be sure you have sufficient privileges when you store your preferences Consult Appendix B for detailed network suggestions Using Logger Pro on a network is similar to using it on a stand alone computer However the benefits of network access to Logger Pro include the need to install only one copy of the software further protection of experiment and calibration files from accidental change and reduced hard disk requirements on the local computers
75. ing the Photogate mode the following Sampling dialog box will appear Data Collection x Mode Sampling Tining Mode Timing Device Selection Vernier Picket Fence C Bar Tape C Smart Pulley 10 spoke outside edge C Smart Pulley 10 spoke in groove C Smart Pulley 3 spoke outside edge C Smart Pulley 3 spoke in groove User defined 05 meters Logger Pro Radiation Counting Sampling Averaging Logger Pro Reference The contents of this dialog box will depend upon the selected Timing Mode Pull down the Timing Mode list and choose an appropriate mode The Timing Device Selection portion of this dialog box is a function of the timing mode If the timing mode is Motion Timing select the type of device If you are using a custom device click the User defined button and enter the distance in meters between the leading edges of the device In other timing modes you will only need to enter the length of the object that passes through the gate or gates When using the Radiation Counting mode a different Sampling dialog box will appear Data Collection x Mode Sampling Real Time Collect Experiment Length Radiation seconds Count Interval 4 n gt Long 5 Count Interval seconds Short Count Intervals second 0 2 r Samples to be Collected 60 Samples will be collected Time C 7718 Relative Time Units SER
76. ing you to adjust other parameters as needed Logger Pro Integral Statistics View menu Logger Pro Reference Clicking Create Column will place a new column in the data table containing the value of the fitted equation at each x axis value The Perform Fit On menu allows you to select the column used for calculating the Mean Square Error value The Mean Square Error measures how far away the function is on average from the data Automatic curve fits seek to minimize this value Integral performs a numerical integration on the selected data First drag across the desired region of your data to select Then choose Integral or click on the Integral button on the toolbar You will have the opportunity to specify which data set you want to integrate The numerical result is shown on the graph and the corresponding area shaded The Statistics item displays a dialog showing statistical measures of the selected data maximum minimum mean standard 8187 deviation and the number of points used You may optionally select a region of the data first The entire data set is used when no selection is made After you select Statistics or click on the Statistics button on the toolbar you will have the opportunity to specify for which data set you want statistics calculated The statistics are presented in a floating box on the graph screen The standard deviation is found using N weighting or o axle e Graph Options
77. mistry This sensor has a pressure range of 0 75 to 1 5 atm The Gas Sensor measures gaseous carbon dioxide levels in the range of 0 to 5000 ppm This probe is great for measuring changes in levels during plant photosynthesis and respiration With this sensor you can easily monitor changes in CO2 levels occurring in respiration of organisms as small as crickets or beans The CO Gas Sensor is easily calibrated using a calibration button A chamber with probe attachment is included for running controlled experiments with small plants and animals This is a 3 color red 635 nm green 565 nm blue 470 nm colorimeter It is great for Beer s law experiments determining the concentration of unknown solutions or studying changes in concentration vs time Fifteen 3 5 mL cuvettes are included A package of 100 replacement cuvettes is available Excellent for environmental testing for salinity total dissolved solids TDS or conductivity in water samples Biology teachers can use this sensor to demonstrate diffusion of ions through membranes or to Logger Pro Current amp Voltage Probes System Direct Connect Temperature Probe Dissolved Oxygen Probe Dual Range Force Sensor EKG Sensor Exercise Heart Rate Monitor Flow Rate Sensor Heart Rate Monitor Appendix D monitor changes in ion levels in aquatic systems Chemistry students can use it to investigate the difference between ionic and molecular compounds stro
78. n be found in Appendix B Logger Pro 43 Teacher s Guide Ideas for using Logger Pro in the classroom How to use the tutorials Experiment files are important Experiment files included with Logger Pro Protecting experiment files Sources of experiments for Logger Pro from Vernier Software 44 The tutorials printed separately from this manual but included with Logger Pro can also be used as a student introduction to the program The first two Temperature and Motion are parallel introductions to Logger Pro The former is designed for all students and the latter for students who will use the Motion Detector The remaining tutorials extend the two introductory tutorials to more advanced use including data analysis and curve fitting They might be used as individual class assignments or could be made available for reference as students begin using Logger Pro Experiment files contain information about the particular configuration of Logger Pro including the number of graphs what is plotted on each axis the data collection rate and mode what sensors are connected to inputs and the calibration information used In other words a complete data collection environment can be saved for later use If a custom calibration is performed that information is saved in the experiment file without requiring a separate calibration file Once an appropriate experiment file is loaded and the interface and sensors connected you are ready
79. n be used by all students while Motion Detection 15 intended for physics or integrated science students The remaining tutorials are intended to be read after either of the first two tutorials are completed and provide instruction on performing specific tasks with Logger Pro These tasks include e analyzing data and changing what is graphed e fitting curves to data saving files and printing or transferring data creating new columns for data The advanced tutorials can be done in any order The tutorials assume that Logger Pro has been installed and an interface a ULI or Serial Box Interface is properly connected to the computer Installation instructions are located in the Teacher s Guide Logger Pro 13 14 Logger Pro Change axis limits manually Change axis limits automatically Zoom in on a graph How To How To In the How To section you will learn to perform specific functions in Logger Pro such as using a new sensor or changing data collection rates You don t need to read this section straight through just jump to the task you want to perform and read that portion The tasks are organized in seven broad categories graph appearance sensor functions data collection options non graph windows data analysis data tables and saving and printing data If you have further questions go to the reference section and read the descriptions of the relevant menu items or check the index for other references
80. name Since experiment configuration is stored in a Logger Pro file on loading the file any current configuration will be overwritten To print a graph or data table make the graph or data table the active window by clicking on it choose Print from the File menu and respond to the resulting dialog box The default location of calibration and experiment files can be set in Logger Pro preferences While experiment files may be stored anywhere Logger Pro will first look in the default experiment file folder Calibration files both those saved by users and those supplied with Logger Pro must be within the default calibration folder To set default file locations choose Preferences from the File menu You will see this dialog box Preferences Folder Locations Window Control Calibration Folder C Wemier Software Logger Pro Calibrations Modify Experiment Folder c Yernier Software Logger Pro E periments Modify i Cancel Logger Pro How To Click on the appropriate Modify button to change either the default calibration or experiment file folder Choose the desired folder in the subsequent dialog and click OK Logger Pro 39 40 Logger Pro Teacher s Guide Teacher s Guide Software Installation Required materials To use Logger Pro you must have the following equipment A computer A PC running Windows 95 98 Windows NT 4 0 or Windows 3 1x with at least 16MB RAM at leas
81. ndows the screen can get cluttered To help organize your screen choose Autotile from the Window menu Autotile will fill the screen area with the open windows making them as large as possible but keeping all in view at once Logger Pro Read values from graph Display tangent lines Compare runs Fit a line to data linear regression Fit functions to data How To Analyze Data Choose Examine from the Analyze menu A legend will appear accompanied by the numerical value at the mouse pointer position As the mouse cursor is moved across the graph the legend readout will change and the data table will scroll to highlight the associated time and numerical values If you have a meter window open and Live Readouts mode is not enabled then the meters will also read values near the cursor location To draw tangent lines and read the slope of those lines choose Tangent from the Analyze menu or click on the tangent line LES button on the toolbar and move the pointer to the place where you want the slope A legend will appear accompanied by the numerical value of the data and the slope of the tangent line at the pointer position Often you will want to compare two similar runs of collected data When you get the first useful run choose Store Latest Run from the Data menu Now you may take additional data and the stored run will not be lost The data will be retained through subsequent data collections and can be displayed
82. ng and weak acids or ionic compounds that yield different ratios of ions The Conductivity Probe can monitor concentration or conductivity at three different sensitivity settings covering 0 10 000 mg L TDS 0 20 000 uS Use our Current amp Voltage Probes to monitor currents and voltages in DC and AC circuits with the ULI SBI or CBL The system consists of an amplifier box two current probes and two voltage probes Any combination of two probes can be used at once The voltage range 15 6 V wider than with our Voltage Probe and is a true differential input The current range is 0 6 A This is our most popular temperature probe It has a Teflon coated brass tube with a temperature sensor at the end It can be used in a wide variety of chemicals with a temperature range of 15 to 110 C 0 2 C in normal use Use the Dissolved Oxygen Probe to determine the concentration of oxygen in aqueous solutions in the range of 0 15 mg L ppm It has built in temperature compensation and a fast response time This sensor is great for biology chemistry ecology or integrated science courses Included with the sensor is an amplification box zero oxygen solution two membrane caps a 100 calibration bottle and electrode filling solution Replacement membrane caps are available This low cost force sensor has two ranges It can be easily mounted on a ring stand or dynamics cart or used as a replacement for a hand held spring scale Use it to stu
83. nt Preview Preferences Logger Pro Reference the file you wish to create Note Do not confuse this option with the Save or Save As options which save all the details of the current experiment Use the Export Data option only if you want to create a file that can be read by other applications such as spreadsheets or word processors You can instead use copy and paste features to transfer data to other applications Page Setup calls a dialog box in which you can set text that will 1 1 M Footer be printed with any graph or data a table This helps to identify NE printouts coming from a shared printer If the Date field is Kemmer checked the date and time of printing are included on the page Date mo 1 If the Always Show Page Setup field is checked this dialog box Always Show Page Setup Dialog Box il isplayed wh th will be displayed whenever the print command is issued In that display the Print dialog box where the number of copies is set case clicking OK will then Printer Setup Print Setup will display the current printer s setup dialog Options such as print quality and paper source can be chosen here Choose Print to print either a graph or data table window whichever window type is active If the active window is a graph window with more than one pane you will given a choice of printing one pane or all panes The available options will depend on th
84. nter the desired trigger conditions Data collection begins when conditions are met on any one channel When data collection rates over 2000 points second are used up to 128 points of data prior to the trigger condition can be acquired Enter a number in the pre trigger field to use this function Data Collection x Mode Sampling Averaging Triggering Trigger when any input s trigger conditions are satisfied IV Enable Triggering Pressure is greater than fi EFTER less than 9 5 atm Pre trigger data 34 0 Number of points collected Pretrigger data is not available at speeds of less than 2000 pts sec Cancel Apply Help Interface The Interface dialog box allows you to force Logger Pro to search for a compatible interface The current communications channel is shown in the drop down menu If no channel is chosen the field is blank To choose a channel select it from the list That port will be scanned for an interface Successful communication with an interface is shown by the identifying information here a ULI 2 is connected to COMI Click on OK to confirm the search and close the dialog The next time Logger Pro is started the selected port will be used If no interface is detected on the selected port the OK button will change to Scan Port Use this 78 Logger Pro Window menu New Tall Window New Window Wide gt Replace Window Arrange
85. o Graph Options Lx Graph Features Axis Options 1 Points IV Connecting Line Bar Graph Width T 30 Grid Grid Line Style Color Jia Cancel Apply Help The following functions are found on the Graph Options dialog Double click a graph to open this dialog box Select point protectors as desired A point protector outlines a data point You may want to outline every 5 or 10 point to keep the graph from getting crowded Adding a legend opens a floating box holding a key to the plotted data Select the Connecting Line option to connect data points with lines Without this option selected individual data points are visible When this option is selected a line is drawn from the horizontal axis to each data point creating a bar graph You can control the width in pixels Setting the 3D checkbox adds simulated depth to the bars Select or deselect the grid as desired You can also adjust the line style and color of the gridlines in this dialog box Logger Pro 17 How To Open an experiment file Perform a complete configuration 18 Configure Sensor Functions The best way to set up Logger Pro for a particular sensor is to open an experiment file Logger Pro comes with experiment files for each Vernier sensor and for the books Physics with Computers Biology with Computers Chemistry with Computers Physical Science with Computers Real Time Physics and Tools for Scient
86. o junctions It can be used over the range 200 to 1400 C 10 C It can be used to study flame temperatures Student Force Sensor This strain gage force measurement device can measure forces from 0 05 to 10 newtons or more push or pull The range can be changed by adjusting a screw It can be mounted on a ring stand or used as a replacement for a hand held spring scale Use it to study friction simple harmonic motion impact in collisions or centripetal force Voltage Probe One set of test leads with red positive and black ground leads is included with the Serial Box Interface and the ULI Use these leads for direct voltage measurement Sensor Price List Biology Gas Pressure Sensor CO Gas Sensor Colorimeter Conductivity Probe Logger Pro 9 92 Appendix D NO Rotary Motion Sensor Standard Temperature Probe Student Force Sensor Student Radiation Monitor Thermocouple ULI Force Probe ULI Microphone Respiration Monitor Belt Requires Biology Gas Pressure Sensor Rotary Motion Sensor Standard Temperature Probe Student Force Sensor Student Radiation Monitor ULI Force Probe ULI Microphone Voltage Probe 7 TL DIN One included with ULI For a ULI purchased prior to 1995 order the 2 Photogate Parts Kit 2PUL 38 Logger Pro Index A About Run 56 Add Zero Button 54 Advanced tutorials 13 Analysis functions 31 Analyze men
87. of the selected data on the clipboard Paste places a copy of the clipboard contents at the cursor location Pasting is possible in the text window and into Manual Entry data columns Clear removes the selected data without putting them on the clipboard Locked data such as original data may not be removed Only manually entered data may be cleared Select All is used to select the entire data table for subsequent copying Experiment Collect Replay Eti 5 i D Sampling Ctrl M Averaging Ctrl E Triggering Ctrl T v Live Readouts Options Calibrate ZEIGT Collect begins a data collection run Clicking the Collect button in the toolbar has the same effect After data are collected choose this item to get an instant replay of the data collection Select the run you wish to replay from the drop down menu You can set the replay rate to faster than real time slower or to the original rate Replay Speed x Replay data collection Run Latest m s fast as possible 10 original speed 2 x original speed 1 10 x original speed c e C 1 2 x original speed c c 1 50 x original speed Cancel Stop causes data collection or replay to cease Logger Pro 53 Logger Pro Reference Sampling Averaging Triggering Live Readouts Options Calibrate 54 Sampling opens the Sampling tab of the Setup Data Collection
88. on 88 Sensors 70 Set Up menu 70 Show Run gt 55 Smoothing 23 54 Software installation 42 Sort data 28 Sort Data 56 Spreadsheet copying data to 37 Statistics 63 Stop 53 Store Latest Run 55 T Table layout 68 Table options 34 Tangent 31 59 Teacher s Guide 41 Text window 29 Tick mark labels 48 Time unit 76 77 Time units 22 Toolbar 47 80 Triggering 24 78 Troubleshooting 81 Turn off input 20 U Undo 52 Undo Zoom 70 Units 16 Logger Pro V View menu 63 W Window menu 79 Window types 29 Windowing FFT 66 Windows 29 Z Zero 55 Zero Button 54 Zoom 15 Zoom In 69 Zoom Out 70 Logger Pro Index 97
89. on Counting methods Real Time Collect and Events with Entry chosen on the Sampling Tab In Real Time Collect mode Logger Pro will count for successive counting intervals until the set experiment length is reached In Events with Entry Logger Pro will count for successive counting intervals but will not record a value until the Keep button is pressed At that time an entry field will be displayed for the user to enter a value Press Enter to complete the entry and then Stop when the desired number of points have been collected Logger Pro 27 How To Correct entries Sort data 28 Data Collection You can correct mistakes in the prompted column created by Events with Entry mode First collect any additional data required in the run Then click the Stop button In the Data Table Window click on the cell you want to change Type the new value Click on another window to confirm your entry or press Enter to continue corrections in the cell below Sensor data cannot be modified just as a scientist never erases data in a notebook If the column used for the horizontal axis is not in ascending or descending order the graph will not be drawn correctly when connecting lines are enabled This can easily happen when the column consists of prompted entries Choose Sort Data from the Data menu choose the column by which to sort click ascending or descending as desired and click OK Logger Pro Sort by Property Time
90. op up menus at the bottom of the dialog box The Graph Options dialog also has an Axis Options tab Graph Options Here you can control what is plotted on the two axes as well as the scaling used The settings here are duplicated in the axis scale and selection dialogs obtained by double clicking an axis or axis label The columns shown will depend on your specific configuration of Logger Pro Scaling choices will also be used in subsequently collected data Logger Pro 65 Logger Pro Reference FFT Options Histogram Options 66 FFT Options allows you to control the way the Fast Fourier transform is calculated and the way the graph is drawn The Graph Features tab allows you to set the same features found on the Graph Options dialog describe just above The FFT tab determines how the FFT 15 calculated FFT Options x Graph Features FFT Choose Column s to analyze Frequency Scale E Autoscale eue Distance velocity C Manual C Acceleration Autoscale from zero Filtering Amplitude Scale Autoscale 7 High Pass Filter C Autoscale with zero M Smoothing p Pore Show Peak Frequency Max zs Cancel Apply Help Choose Column s to Analyze The columns available will depend on the columns currently in the data table Filtering A raw FFT often will have undesirable artifacts which can be reduced by appropriate filtering
91. or hidden as desired Stored runs are numbered sequentially Any number of runs can be stored and will be saved when you save an experiment to disk The Data menu has two more relevant functions Hide Run will temporarily remove the selected run from the graph and Show Run will put it back Using these functions you can superimpose any desired set of runs To fit a straight line to your data select the desired portion of the data by dragging across it Next choose Linear Fit from the LE Analyze menu or click on the linear regression button on the toolbar A straight line will be fit to the indicated data and the slope and intercept information will be displayed in a floating box Displayed precision can be adjust by double clicking on the floating box to open a new dialog box To fit more complex functions to your data choose Curve Fit sy from the Analyze menu or click on the general fit button on the 1 toolbar You will see the following dialog box To fit to just a part of your data you must first select the desired portion of the data by dragging across it Logger Pro 31 How To Model Data Manual Fit Change Displayed Precision of Fit Parameters 32 Curve Fit Properties x Curve Fit Curve Fit Options Distance vs Time S E 8 5 5 2 Time s Proportional Bx o Linear Create Column t Quadratic Perform Fit On al Distance Latest Cancel amp
92. other order Sort by Property X Sort by Distance and now you want to integrate Velocily or plot the data with connecting Acceleration lines On selecting Sort you will see Sort order a dialog in which you can choose the column which will determine the sort order and whether the sort is ascending or descending Ascending C Descending Once you have sorted a data column the sort will be performed on all subsequent runs as the data are collected This command allows you to define a new column of data that will appear in the data table and optionally on the graph The new column may be either a column calculated from other columns using a formula or it may be manually entered For both types of new columns a tabbed dialog box appears The new column must be named and may be given units New Column x Options Definition Labels Long Name Short Name Units Attributes BDoAvNeAI Y Point Protectors IV Propagate Changes over Runs BEBDNBHSE Hide Column in Table Column Colors Displayed Precision Decimal Places aet i 3 Insert number between and 5 C Significant Figures Column Width characters 9 Insert number between and 30 Cancel Apply Help After setting the new column name and units formula based new columns require a defining formula The definition tab allows you to Logger Pro
93. our choices as desired You can modify your data selection by repeating a drag across a portion of the data and clicking on Try Fit again Once you like the fit Click on OK to place the fit on the main graph window or Cancel to discard the fit altogether Clicking Create Column will place a new column in the data table containing the value of the fitted equation at each time Logger Pro 59 60 Logger Pro Reference The Curve Fit Options tab holds a new dialog box Curve Fit Properties Curve Fit Curve Fit Options Displayed on Graph Apply only for Linear IV Equation s Coefficients v Correlation Coefficient IV Mean Square Error IV Std Dev of Slope IV Root Mean Square Error IV Std Dev of Y Intercept Line Style Line Color zl Decimal Places PEN EUM 3 Insert number between 0 and 9 Displayed Precision The Curve Fit Options tab allows you to determine which fit statistics are displayed on the graph The Equation s Coefficients are the fitted parameters The Mean Square Error and its square root the Root Mean Square Error measure how far away on average the fitted function is from the data The Root Mean Square Error is in the units of the data on the y axis You can also specify the style and color of the line representing the fit The Sample Line region provides a preview of the line appearance The Displayed Precision field allows you to set the number of display
94. r the Serial Box Interface others can be used only with the ULI These sensors can be used with Logger Pro and either a Serial Box Interface or a ULI 6 25 g Accelerometer Barometer Biology Gas Pressure Sensor e CO Gas Sensor Colorimeter Conductivity Probe Direct Connect Temperature Probe e Dissolved Oxygen Probe e Dual Range Force Sensor EKG Sensor Exercise Heart Rate Monitor e Extra Long Temperature Probe e Flow Rate Sensor e Heart Rate Monitor e Ion Selective Electrodes e Light Sensor e Low g Accelerometer e Magnetic Field Sensor e pH System e Pressure Sensor e Relative Humidity Sensor e Standard Temperature Probe e Student Force Sensor e Thermocouple 6 Voltage Probe In addition if you are using the ULI you can also use the following sensors e Motion Detector e ULI Force Probe e Radiation Monitor or Student Radiation Monitor Logger Pro 67 Appendix D Experiment and calibration files e Rotary Motion Sensor e Microphone e 3 Axis Accelerometer Experiment files for all supported sensors are supplied with the Logger Pro package These experiment files will automatically load Vernier calibration files for use with these sensors although other calibration files may be chosen After loading a sensor s experiment file Logger Pro will display appropriate units for that sensor Additional Sensor Information Sensor data sheets 25 g Accelerometer 3 Axis Acceleromet
95. science courses Requires the BGP DIN sensor Rotary Motion Sensor The Rotary Motion Sensor monitors angular position with a resolution of 0 25 degrees The sensor is direction sensitive Logger Pro will calculate angular velocity and acceleration from the position data Linear position can also be measured to sub millimeter resolution Standard Temperature This system has a signal conditioning box and probe with the same Probe System Teflon coating as the Direct Connect Temperature Probe The system has a range of 50 to 150 C The probe can be disconnected from the box and replaced with a variety of replacement temperature probes e Standard Temperature Replacement Probe eQuick Response Temperature Replacement probe The smaller ceramic sensor for this probe means the probe can respond more quickly to changes in temperature It is however much less protected both chemically and physically We recommend it for air and water only and in situations where extremely quick response is necessary e Extra Long Temperature Probe See the description of this probe below Extra Long Temperature This is the same as our Standard Temperature Probe System but the Probe probe has a 30 meter 100 ft cable This probe is designed for remote outdoor temperature sensing or for measuring temperature at various depths in lakes or streams Thermocouple This sensor uses type K thermocouple wire to measure the difference in temperature between its tw
96. st Fourier Transform of the current data Once you have created an FFT Graph you may choose FFT Table to open a new data table window containing the numerical FFT information Double click on either FFT window type to adjust its properties Choose New Tall Window gt Histogram gt Histogram Graph to create a new histogram window representing the current data Once you have created a Histogram Graph you may choose Histogram Table to open a new data table window containing the numerical histogram data Double click on either histogram window type to adjust its properties The bin width may be changed in the Axis Options tab of the Histogram Options dialog box Choose New Tall Window gt Text from the Window menu A new window will be created for text entry You can use this window for laboratory instructions information about the experiment or other notes Logger Pro 29 How To Meter Chart recorder Arrange graph and data windows 30 Choose New Tall Window gt Meter from the Window menu A dialog box will open which allows you to select the data columns to be displayed in a digital meter window Then a new window will be created containing the selected digital readouts Double click on the meter window to change which quantities are displayed Time Latest Force Latest Distance Latest s N m 3 800 0 017 0 667 This feature 15 not available in the current version of Logger Pro After opening several different wi
97. sting file an extra confirmation dialog will be presented If you intend to make permanent changes to an experiment file clear the check box open the file and make the desired changes Save your file e Biology with Computers by David Masterman and Scott Holman 30 experiments e Chemistry with Computers by Dan D Holmquist and Donald L Volz 30 experiments e Physical Science with Computers by Donald L Volz and Sandy Sapatka 41 experiments e Physics with Computers by Kenneth Appel John Gastineau Clarence Bakken David Vernier 34 experiments Logger Pro Calibration files Creating an experiment file Teacher s Guide RealTime Physics by David Sokoloff Ronald Thornton and Priscilla Laws 12 experiments in mechanics RTP folder Tools for Scientific Thinking by Ronald Thornton and David Sokoloff Experiments in Motion and Force Heat and Temperature Sound TST folder The experiment files for these books are found in the Experiments folder of Logger Pro with names beginning with an underscore to move them to the head of the file list Look in Experiments gt i Tutorials Biology with Computers Chemistry with Computers Accelerometer c _Physical Science with Computers Barometer E Physics with Computers Bio Gas Pressure Sensor E RTP 002 Gas Sensor Gr _TST Colorimeter Fiename Files of type Logger Pro Experiments Cancel Open as read only
98. t a 486 processor and an unused serial port with a 16550 UART chip If the computer s mouse is connected to a serial port this means the computer will need two serial ports Please contact us for further details Or A Power Macintosh or Power PC running System 7 6 1 or newer with at least 16MB RAM 10 MB of hard disk space and an unused modem or printer port Macintosh computers lacking a serial port will require a USB to serial adapter An interface which can be either A Universal Lab Interface ULD with a 9 volt power supply and an interface cable Or A Serial Box Interface with a 9 volt power supply and an interface cable and at least one sensor A temperature sensor or a Motion Detector are good choices for initial testing of Logger Pro A Voltage Probe is included with the ULI and Serial Box Interface and can also be used All of these items except computers are available from Vernier Software 8565 S W Beaverton Hillsdale Hwy Portland Oregon 97225 2429 503 297 5317 email info vernier com web site www vernier com Appendix C discusses the differences between the ULI and the Serial Box Interface and Appendix D lists sensors compatible with Logger Pro Initial setup Before turning on your computer you should set up the Universal Lab Interface ULD or Serial Box Interface with a sensor The interface should be placed near the computer First connect the interface cable to the interface Then a
99. t can be controlled in software These modes are set in the Details tab of the Sensor Properties dialog box Counts This field contains the number of counts a particular sensor generates for each revolution The Vernier PASCO sensors generate 360 counts for each revolution while others may be different Logger Pro 73 Logger Pro Reference Data Collection 74 Zero Start The Rotary Motion Sensor can be set to zero at the start of data collection Enter a 1 in this field to enable automatic zeroing Enter a 0 zero for conventional zeroing X4 Mode The resolution of the Rotary Motion sensor can be set to either 1 or 0 25 When the X4 Mode field is set to zero resolution is 1 When set to 1 resolution is 0 25 Diameter When a linear displacement calibration file is opened for a Rotary Motion Sensor a diameter field appears Enter the diameter of the rotary wheel so Logger Pro can translate the rotation of the sensor to the displacement The units used for diameter will be the units of the reported displacement Data Collection is used to set data acquisition parameters such as el data rate triggering and mode You can access the Data Collection dialog using the toolbar as well Data Collection x Mode Sampling Averaging Triggering Real Time 4 Settings Experiment Length 10 000 Data Rate 10 000 Time Units second Averaging None Triggering On There are sev
100. t easily saved by saving an experiment file The calibration information along with all other Logger Pro settings is loaded when the experiment file is opened We recommend that you use the experiment file method of saving calibration and experiment setup If the calibration should be generally available any time a user selects that sensor in the Sensor Setup dialog then save the calibration separately by clicking on the Save button gt Click on Save to record the calibration to disk for later use or click on OK to use the calibration only temporarily Calibration files are saved to the calibration directory set in the Logger Pro preferences To remove a sensor from a configuration so that data are no longer collected from the input choose Delete Column gt sensor name where sensor name is the sensor you want to remove You can also click on the Sensor Setup button then click on the input to be freed and choose None from the sensor list Logger Pro How To Configure Data Collection Options The easiest way to configure Logger Pro for a particular data collection mode is to open the appropriate experiment file Experiment files for all compatible sensors and common data collection modes are supplied with Logger Pro You can also configure Logger Pro manually Instructions for manual configuration follow Collect data in real time Choose Data Collection from the Setup menu You will see this dialog box Data Collection
101. taller program Accept the default suggestion for file location Attach either a ULI or a Serial Box Interface to the computer using the supplied cable On the Macintosh you can use any serial port including the modem and printer ports On the PC you can use any of the COMI 2 3 or 4 serial ports Attach the power adapter to the interface and to a source of 115VAC Attach a sensor to the interface For example attach a sensor with a DIN round connector to the first port or a Motion Detector with a telephone style connector to Port2 ULI only Locate the Logger Pro icon and double click on it or use the Start menu Windows 95 98 You should see the following screen on your monitor 1 Logger Pro Untitled Eile Edit Exp g E 3 14 5 5 a Potential vs Time Time s Potential 0 458 9 Logger Pro Configure Logger Pro for your sensor Collect data Adjust graph Insert linear regression line If you need more gt Choose Open from the File menu and choose an experiment file from the appropriate sensor folder For example if you will use the Barometer look inside the folder Barometer for the barometer experiment files Calibration is automatically loaded with the experiment file Look in C Experiments Biology with Computers C Tutorials Chemistry with Computers J Accelerometer c _Physical Science with Computers C Barometer Phys
102. ters After you have completed a fit double click on the floating box containing the fit information A floating box options dialog will open allowing you to set the line color line style fit coefficients displayed and their precision Logger Pro Interpolate points Perform an FFT How To Floating Box Options x Displayed on Graph en Apply only for Linear IV Equation s Coefficients Correlation Coefficient Mean Square Error Std Dev of Slope Root Mean Square Error Std Dev of Y Intercept Line Style Line Color me E Displayed Precision f Decimal Places 3 Insert number between 0 and 9 Cancel Significant Figures To interpolate between data points first fit a function to a range of data Then choose Interpolate from the Analyze menu The floating box for the curve fit will expand to show the coordinates of points along the fitted curve Move the mouse pointer to the place you want to interpolate To perform an FFT on the entire data sequence choose New Tall Window gt FFT gt FFT Graph from the Window menu You can also use New Wide Window Double click on the FFT window to adjust its parameters Logger Pro 33 How To Perform Data Table Functions Change what runs appear in the data table Change a column s name color width or digits displayed 34 FE Table Window of Xx Volume Pressure You can control what is displayed in the Data Table
103. the Sampling tab of this dialog box Radiation Counting Data are collected from a Radiation Monitor or a Student Radiation Monitor The Sampling tab allows the experiment length mode and the length of the counting time interval to be set The Real Time Collect mode is used for lifetime measurements while the Events with Entry mode is used for measuring count rates on user command similar to the Events with Entry mode for other sensors described above Logger Pro 75 Logger Pro Reference Sampling Photogate Sampling 76 The contents of this tab are determined by the data collection mode When using any mode except the Events with Entry Photogate or Radiation Counting modes the following Sampling dialog box will appear Data Collection x Mode Sampling Averaging Triggering r Experiment Length fi 0 seconds Sampling Speed JH Automatic Slow Fast 4 T E 0 samples second seconds sample 0 1 Samples to be Collected 100 Samples will be collected Time C Absolute Relative Time Units seconds gt Experiment length Enter the length of time data over which data are to be collected A maximum of 30 000 points can be collected for each input channel Sampling Speed Enter the number of measurements per time unit desired You can also adjust the sampling speed using the slider Time Choose a time unit milliseconds seconds minutes hours When us
104. to collect data Many teachers find that they spend less time teaching computing and more time teaching science if they make use of experiment files Some curricular packages include experiment files for Logger Pro so that students can load an indicated file and be ready to take data in a mode appropriate for the experiment You can also create your own experiment files for use with custom laboratory experiments See the section below on creating your own experiment files Logger Pro comes with an extensive set of experiment files The first set is designed for typical experiments done with each Vernier sensor These files are in folders corresponding to the sensor name The next set found in the Tutorials folder are for the tutorials earlier in this manual The remaining six sets are keyed to the specific experiments found in the Vernier publications of ready to use classroom experiments When experiment files are installed on individual computers it is important to keep the files from being unintentionally altered The open file dialog box includes a check box marked Open as Read Only When the check box is marked the default a file is opened as read only A read only file can be used normally but it cannot be saved using the Save command The save button on the toolbar and the Save command are disabled and if the user clicks Save As the file name field is blank The file can be saved under any name but if the name matches an exi
105. ttach the cable to any unused serial port On the PC the connector on the computer may be either a 25 pin plug or a smaller 9 pin connector An adapter is supplied with the interface to make the appropriate connection to your computer Logger Pro 41 Teacher s Guide Software installation Macintosh Software installation Windows 95 98 NT 4 0 Software installation Windows 3 1x 42 interface ower adapter to 115VAC Interface Connections Next plug the 9 volt power supply into the matching receptacle on the interface and into a source of 60 Hz 115 VAC power To install Logger Pro on a Power Macintosh follow these steps Place the Logger Pro CD in the CD ROM drive of your computer Double click the icon nstall Logger Pro and follow the instructions On screen To install Logger Pro on a computer running Windows 95 98 NT 4 0 follow these steps Place the Logger Pro CD in the CD ROM drive of your computer elf you have Autorun enabled the installation will launch automatically otherwise choose Settings Control Panel from the Start menu Double click on Add Remove Programs Click on the Install button in the resulting dialog box The Logger Pro installer will launch and a series of dialog boxes will step you through the installation of the Logger Pro software You will be given the opportunity to either accept the default directory or enter a different directory To inst
106. u 58 Arrange 79 Arrange windows 16 Autoscale 15 70 Averaging 23 77 Axis labels 48 B Bar graph 17 64 Battery 85 C Calibration 19 Calibration files 45 Calibration files default location 51 Change graph appearance 15 Chart recorder 30 Clear 53 Clear All Data 58 Close 50 Collect 53 Collection 74 Collection rate 76 Column Options 58 configuration total 18 Configure sensors 18 Connecting line graphs 64 Copy 53 Correct entries 28 Creating an experiment file 45 Curricular material 44 Cursor controls 47 Curve Fit 59 Cut 52 D Data averaging 77 Data collection rate 22 76 77 Data menu 55 Data table functions 34 Data Table Options 67 Delete Column 58 Logger Pro Index 93 94 Index Delete Run 55 Digital readout See Meter window E Edit cell contents 49 Edit menu 52 Enter data manually 37 Events with Entry 24 75 Examine 59 Experiment files 44 Experiment files default location 52 Experiment length 22 76 77 Experiment menu 53 Export data 38 Export Data 50 F FFT 29 FFT Options 66 File menu 50 Fit other functions 31 G Graph Layout 69 Graph Options 64 Graph title 48 Graphical Analysis 37 Grid 17 65 H Help menu 80 Help Topics 80 Hide Run 55 High Pass Filtering FFT 66 Histogram 29 66 Histogram options 66 How To
107. u Setup Calibrate Details PORTI DINI DIN2 PORT2 062 DIN3 DIN4 Sensor Voltage Calibration volts Select input then select the probe and calibration from lists Cancel Save Hep You may need to navigate through the directory structure of your hard disk to find the experiment files If the Logger Pro Preferences are properly set you will immediately see the experiment files when you choose Open If you are using an original ULI with a clear plastic cover the DIN3 and DIN4 inputs will not appear Logger Pro Calibrate a sensor First calibration point How To Next gt Click on the port to which you attached the sensor For example DINI if you attached the temperature probe to that input gt Choose the sensor name from the Sensor scrolling list gt Choose the desired calibration file from the Calibration scrolling list Some sensors have several possible ranges or units choices In most cases you will use the default calibration In most cases you do not need to manually calibrate for the supplied calibration will be adequate If you do not need to perform a new calibration for the sensor click on OK You are ready to acquire data In cases where you do want to calibrate a sensor for additional accuracy follow the instructions immediately below To calibrate a sensor you must have another way of measuring the sensor quantity For instance with temperature sensors you will n
108. umn and does not reduce the number of data points To change the number of points used in smoothing choose Options in the Experiment menu The subsequent dialog box allows you to vary the amount of smoothing Excessive smoothing will obscure details in the data Logger Pro 23 How To Trigger data collection Collect data point by point prompted 24 The Triggering tab of the data collection dialog allows you to set trigger conditions for data collection When triggering is enabled in the checkbox and the Collect button clicked Logger Pro waits until trigger conditions are met to collect data If multiple sensors are in use data collection will begin when the trigger condition is met on any one of the inputs Only analog sensors can be used for triggering Data Collection To collect discrete data points rather than a steady stream of data choose Data Collection from the Setup menu Choose either Events with Entry or Selected Events from the drop down menu In either mode after the Collect button is clicked a Keep button appears A data point is recorded whenever the Keep button is clicked in addition if the mode is Event with Entry you are prompted to enter values for a new data column For example you might enter a volume concentration or trial number The labels for the prompted column are entered in this dialog box Data Collection Logger Pro Collect photogate data Motion Timing Gate Timing One Gate
109. y You can find more details about Column Options under the Data menu details below Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Column order To rearrange the order of displayed columns drag the column header to the desired position Edit cell contents Only cells in manually entered columns or prompted columns collected in Events with Entry mode can be edited Click the cell to be changed Type in the new value and press enter Logger Pro 49 Logger Pro Reference Apple menu About Logger Pro File menu New Open Close Save Save As Import Data Export Data 50 Logger Pro Menus Macintosh only Choose this item to display information about Logger Pro The version number and copyright notice are displayed File New Ctrl N Open Ctrl 0 Close Save Ctrl S Save As Import Data Export Data Page Setup Print Etrl P Print Preview Preferences Exit Choose New to open a new blank graph window and data table All prior data configuration and calibration information will be lost Choose Open to open a previously stored experiment file In addition to standard open file dialog features there is a check box which when filled will cause files to be opened as read only A read only file can be used for data collection but if the user clicks or chooses Save an error message will be displayed protecting the original file A read only file can be saved under a new file name using
110. y ice sit p eR eu 37 Copy data to a spreadsheet or graphing program 37 SAVE AND PRINT DATA eee NOU oh teas aa on e vU e RIRs 38 Save data calibration and configuration 38 Paste OR Ud ere REPRE 38 Relriev an experiment e 38 Print graph or data tables 3 ip eet e egt e Pe ee eid 38 Set default file locations e e queer eden nO er teer ere ees 38 Innnn 41 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION UN ARD 4 Required materials 41 7 ets 41 Software installation Macintoshiin ni EAE E EdE aE E AEE Eie 42 Software installation Windows 95 98 NT 4 0 42 Software installation Windows 3 1x 42 Software installation 1 43 IDEAS FOR USING LOGGER PRO IN THE CLASSROOM 44 How to use the tutor

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