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WAIORA User Guide

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1. el GE N el el T iN relire e N N NIQ in SITIA A T MT Se Ol ol TP NY S S SeN on Ol cO N O CO 0 O O NI OI NI tT tr co T j T T e rel relire Oo e o eel Sl ol V LS Sl Sal Le NIN S el o SIL Sa o oO LO 4 LO Qi KH ST OO OOF ST tT OO OO KH NIE NY CN 0 j r eel relr r relele r rl r 20 oj olgalzejwovxu4 pxwoxo l o x o l KE HK OO oO oO KH A AT gl oof Kl Kl Ol H S r r e rel rej relr T e r r T T T j r let et el el ml TT eH OF OO HK Dy o Nj c Oo al slalelelgfelelalstelalsielelelalals j T son d Meses ness a RN eco ae i L Mm ojl H OO 20 4 20 20 23 8 6 e Z 2 O op e cc O LL O A lt X Lu Lu xX lt Daily average air temperature C at mm sites Data are monthly averages of daily values for the 1971 per ISLANDS 17 8 18 1 17 1 aa NORTH 22 4 2 KAIKOURA 20 HOKTKA a4 2000 period for locations having at least 5 complete years of data P4 Te m v YT Y Y v v v v Y ee v v Mugs NIS e Z SPS my xw j eoj oerm war nmm x zx E of SIN S 9 9Sio o o o o o o o r c co SH SESE N OL OPN xe xe ej o o x Lo c af S A NTIS a of NK mo OC ojo o N of NI N N ail A NS S I a s Se SN S a ay oN aS apn oj AN S Z elol of SIN 9S o 9 ojlojo N
2. Title Minimum DO mg O2 4 vs Flovv L s at 2000m Xa lbed Hw Minimum Y axis label Minimum D O ma 02 L Maximum Decimals v Background V Show X Ticks V Show Y Ticks Ticks v Legend v Show X Grid V Show Y Grid X Cancel EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 67 Copy graph CTRL C print graph CTRL P and copy data CTRL D facilities are also available to the user by right clicking on the enlarged plot The graph or data can then be pasted into other applications such as Microsoft Word or Excel The print graph option displays a print preview where the size and location of the graph on the page can be altered by clicking and dragging on the image outline The layout portrait or landscape can also be set in the print preview Vnihwa hamidblock tirst Print to file Graph dimension Width 15 83266 em Height 7 357133 em The reach length that is specified can have a significant effect on predicted water temperatures If the reach length is short the water temperature will be similar to that at the abstraction point However a long reach length may not be applicable because the size of the stream or river increases significantly downstream and the differences in shade and geometry as well as the addition of water invalidate the model assumptions The way in which water temperature changes with distance shows the rate of change of temperature with distance and hence sensitivity to reach length Options
3. 40 5 Semet i res VE USING WAIORA Address P Waiora z HSA Sys on Niwa ham F Sys on Niwa ham 3 act Common on Niwa ham Shared K Jencrypt xls H S Library on Niwa ham Shared Grouy Excel dcu 4 3 Projects on Niwa hamlShared O Excel ddp 248 Jowett on Niwa hamlUsers P 8 3 excel 1 4 FISHDB H E FoNZChapter43 H D habitat E E habprf H E HEC RAS CS ifim FC kernel H Netica G E rangitata H E redo22 EC Repository E E Roxburgh Shortcut Ea WAIORA exe Q WAIORASS WAIORA c E WAIORA d 7 wAIORA res Dwaiora zip CD waiora_beta zip 4 KB 6 KB 15 KB 40 KB 22 KB 1 KB 1 KB 12 KB 12 KB 2 KB 497 KB 129 KB 32 KB 1 KB 1 988 KB 9 KB 223 KB 1KB 2 KB 4 KB 6 KB 2 252 KB 1 KB 2 KB 2 KB 341 KB 942 KB Desktop showing the WAIORA icon on the desktop Microsoft Excel Wor Delphi Form Delphi Source File Microsoft Excel Wor DCU File DDP File Delphi Form Delphi Source File rhyhabsim System file Microsoft Excel Wor Delphi Source File Microsoft PowerPoi Microsoft Excel Com Application GID File Help File CFG File DOF File Delphi Project DSK File Application Icon Configuration Settings Intermediate File Winzip File Winzip File 13 10 24 01 2003 5 18 p m 28 01 2003 3 48 p m 23 04 1998 7 40 p m 13 11 2003 4 51 p m 28 10 2003 3 37 p m 5 10 2003 8 39 p m 28 10 200
4. Freshwater shrimp Paratya curvirostris Freshwater crayfish Paranephrops planifrons Paracalliope fluviatilis Deleatidium spp Zephlebia dentata Zelandobius furcillatus Aoteapsyche colonica Pycnocentrodes aureola Pyconocentria evecta Hydora sp Potamopyrgus antipodarum Sphaerium novaezelandiae Lumbriculus variegatus Life stage size mm 4 5 6 5mm Adult Adult 12 23mm 6 22mm mid late instar mid late instar mid late instar mid late instar mid late instar mid late instar mid late instar mid late instar medium large medium large ND 96 hour 24 hour LTs values EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Acclimated temp C 12 20 20 15 12 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Upper lethal temp C and method 28 9 32 6 CIM 26 27 20 27 4 28 8 31 9 24 1 27 5 22 6 26 8 24 2 23 6 26 9 ND c 28 25 9 27 8 32 4 25 0 30 4 32 6 gt 34 32 4 32 4 31 30 5 32 8 26 7 30 1 LTso CTM Preferred temp and quartiles C Source Simons 1984 Davenport amp Simons 1985 Quinn et al 1994 Simons 1984 Quinn et al 1994 Quinn et al 1994 Cox amp Rutherford 2000 Quinn et al 1994 Quinn et al 1994 Quinn et al 1994 Quinn et al 1994 Quinn et al 1994 Quinn et al 1994 Quinn et al 1994 Cox amp Rutherford 2000 Quinn et al 1994 Quinn et al 1994 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 57 Dissolved oxygen
5. The Third Schedule of the Resource Management Act specifies that dissolved oxygen shall exceed 80 of saturation concentration for freshwaters being managed for aquatic ecosystem purposes Class AE fishery purposes Class F and fish spawning purposes Class FS The USEPA 1986 identifies four levels of impairment for salmonid embryos and other life stages Slight impairment to non embryo life stages of the fishery was considered to occur 6 g m moderate impairment at 5 g m and severe impairment at 4 g m For salmonid embryos USEPA consider intra gravel dissolved oxygen to be at least 3 g m lower than the oxygen concentration in the water The Australian Water Quality Guidelines 1992 recommend that dissolved oxygen should not normally be permitted to fall below 6 g m or 80 90 saturation determined over at least one diurnal cycle and preferably over several days Recent work on juvenile life stages of some native fish species suggests that they can be tolerant of low levels of constant dissolved oxygen over periods up to 48 hours Dean amp Richardson 1997 Juvenile smelt are the most sensitive native fish species and respond similarly to juvenile rainbow trout which succumbed to DO levels of 3 g m at 15 C over 24 36 h Some of the native galaxiid species studied have shown the ability to alter behaviour in response to low oxygen levels e g surface gulping leaving the water Fluctuating dissolved oxygen levels also need to
6. C Max Daily Temperature C Total Ammonia math Environmental Guidelines The chanae should not Ld Mitigate Clear mitigation Help Cancel Back na Right click Far Copy Ctrl C3 Save Ctr 5 and Print Ctr P menu Ab The results are presented in the form of a table followed by a list of the guidelines that were applied then a detailed summary of results for each parameter listing the value at each flow and the amount of change 70 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Increase total ammonia ta 8 408 ma MYL as specified by VVi amp TOR A guideline USEPA 1999 1 h average Increase total ammonia ta 14 38 ma M VL as specified by WARA guideline USEPA 1999 4 d average at calculated d Increase total ammonia ta 5 75 ma M L as specified by VVATORA guideline USEPA 1999 30 d average at calculated d Increase total ammonia to 2 184 ma MYL az specified by VV ATOR A guideline AMZET 2000 95 protection levels Results n DEPTH o The current low flayy complies with the guideline The proposed low flow complies withthe guideline The proposed low flow is predicted to decrease depth by 0 0171 m 11 fram 0 162 m ta 0 145 m n WIDTH o The proposed love fla complies with the guideline The proposed low flow is predicted to decrease width by 2 75 m 25 from 8 74 mto 6 99 m _ n VELOCITY o The current low flow complies with the guideline The proposed low flow does not comply with the guideline Decre
7. air temperature at met station deg C To Relative humidity at selected sites around New Zealand Data are monthly averages of 9am relative humidity for the 1971 2000 period for locations having at least 5 complete years of data CO O OD rT 9 9 N 9 r V o SP Ty 9 N OP MOP NI N OPO O N CO CO LO N CO CO GW OI N OF oOo O YINI NINI mt NI Oy Sty ll OO OO t O ol NINININI KI NI 9 OT OF doe r joo r joo oo oo r OINI NI NI NINI NIN oj y oj Ny o N V N O N SL Tp N OF Dy CO WS N My 9 my NS 5 NI OF N sr CO NI O CO o O OI oO CO O r NI RI OO OO LO LO ol N NI r r Bi BI KI OT OF r jo r r jooj oo r j OINI NINI OI NINNIN C2 N CO 7 NS SE C2 G2 CO aj CD LO CQ CO CD CO LO oj OC OO 7 sti O CO CO CO MD ol NI BE Os st Ol QO OF TIN QJ O OINI NI NI NI NI OIN oOo NI OINI oO OIAINININININ NINI OIN CO NLN Oy O SY LOY SY NIN Or CO LO N N 9 CO CO MD MD NI OO CO N OL Lo OI O O O O e OINI Ol i NI e e e OI OI rt N 0 OO 0 TI O o oo CO NI NI CO CO oo NI N NI CO NI CO 0 AINI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI OIN e N OP SE POP SO Slr SP my Sy Sl OPN SY A N S SY Se S S Sj j N a NI sF OI oI co wy KT NAIL oy OIN sr x st OO Ny Ol OI O Ol OI o ol o o 0 NI 0 CO co NI NI N CO CO
8. 0 885 CMC mg N L 1 F Criterion Maximum Concentration 21 2 20 3 19 4 18 3 17 0 15 7 14 3 12 8 11 4 10 0 8 6 7 4 6 3 5 3 4 4 3 7 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 7 1 4 1 2 1 0 0 8 0 7 0 6 Salmonids present with NZ adjustment Table 6 Summary of acute and chronic results for the mayfly Deleatidium spp and fingernail clam Sphaerium novaezelandiae from Hickey et al 1999 Species Mayfly Deleatidium Spp Fingernail clam Sphaerium novaezelandiae Acute results Temp pH ECs C 15 76 34 3 23 1 85 2 15 8 2 11 8 9 9 144 Ref Temp C 16 Chronic results pH EC i 8 4 0 679 0 42 0 95 7 5 0 76 0 48 1 1 Adjusted to pH 8 Ref ECs EC ACR 2 16 9 1 28 13 2 3 173 0 42 40 9 Acute values are for 96 h exposures and were calculated from references cited Each ECsy value was converted to total ammonia nitrogen in the table above using the speciation relationship derived by Emerson et al 1975 Acute and chronic values adjusted to pH 8 using the equations given in USEPA 1998 Expressed as total ammonia mg N L 6 4 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 4 1 Hickey and Vickers 1994 2 This study based on total Deleatidium numbers Table 5 3 Hickey and Martin 1999 ACR acute chronic ratio Calculated from adjusted acute ECs and chronic EC values EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 65 Summary plots This window graphically d
9. C The reaeration coefficient is also adjusted for the depth and velocity at reference flow kre k Depth Y Velocity x DAILY PRODUCTION RESPIRATION RATIO The daily production respiration ratio P R is the total production of oxygen by photosynthesis over a 24 hour period divided by the total consumption of oxygen by respiration in that period It is thus the daily average quotient of the rates of these two processes with daily meaning 24 hours An analysis of 28 Waikato lowland streams found R values between 3 5 and 55 0 g O2 m day and P R values between 0 07 and 1 87 Four main groups of streams were identified in this analysis and the mean values for these groups provide some general guide for estimating values of R and P R for use in WAIORA in absence of direct field measurement l Deep streams with low shade and slow flowing water R 10 P R 1 0 These streams were typically wide deep 251m and sluggish with moderate plant biomass They were considered particularly susceptible to small reductions in flow and have a high risk of DO deficit stress 2 Deep streams with low shade and moderate flowing water R 38 P R 0 4 4 0 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES These streams typically had high plant biomass and high amounts of decomposing organic matter Mean depths were usually 20 8 m Higher current velocities allowed for higher than average reaeration These streams were considered to have a moderate risk o
10. Jowett in press Lamouroux amp Jowett in press fitted a non linear mixed effects model to these data for habitat and flows ranging from 0 05 times the mean flow to the mean flow This model described a common shape for each taxa 1 e c and k were held constant but a was allowed to vary between reaches EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 4 7 For some taxa generalised curves could not be developed by the method used in Lamouroux amp Jowett in press because the flow range that was modelled did not include the flow that provided maximum habitat An alternative method of deriving generalised curves was used to avoid the problem of modelling an inappropriate flow range Instead of fitting one value of c and k to all reaches values of c and k were fitted to each reach Values for c and k were then examined and reaches with negative values and outlying values of c k were excluded The median values of c and k are shown in Table 2 These were then used to calculate the likely range of optimum flows for each taxon using average New Zealand at a station hydraulic geometry relationships from Jowett 1998 as follows Minimum Flow width Flow 15 8 1 sd x Flow How 8 3 The lower bound of flow range is where minimum flow width c k Hence Flow 8 3 x c k 9 Similarly maximum flow width Flow 15 81 sd x Flow 6 3 1 316 And the upper bound of flow range 23 3 x c k The origins of the habitat suitability curves use
11. McDowall et al 1996 Jowett amp Richardson 1995 Jowett amp Richardson 1995 Jowett et al 1991 49 Instream habitat data from the Kuratau River 18 53 m wide at a flow of 5 58 m s are used to illustrate an application of the generalised method B 0 176 The average NZ hydraulic geometry relationship between width W and discharge Q W cc is used to calculate the width for flows of 0 to 10 m s The generalised model is then applied in the following steps l the hydraulic geometry width constant c is calculated as W O or 13 69 2 the width is then calculated for each flow as 13 69 0 6 3 the discharge per unit width Q W 1s calculated for each flow 4 the habitat value HV is calculated for each flow using the appropriate values of c and k for each species 5 the values are then normalised so that the maximum value is 1 50 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES The habitat value HV is the dimensionless habitat value and is equivalent to expressing weighted usable area as the proportion of river width The habitat value HV can be converted to the equivalent of WUA in m m by multiplying by the river width at each flow Figure 1 shows the curves of dimensionless HV predicted using the generalised relationship compared to those predicted using the instream habitat data and RHYHABSIM and Figure 2 shows the same set of curves with HV multiplied by the river width at each flow 1 e Brown trout adult m C
12. Values that have been entered in all of the category tabs can be saved as default values by selecting Options Default data Save current values Options Window Help E Display Options User references Select Database Default data Reset NIWA default values Program Status F5 The habitat water temperature dissolved oxygen and ammonia models in WAIORA are all single station models in that it is assumed that they apply to a single reach along which there is negligible variation in stream conditions EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 19 Habitat data Habitat data are required by all evaluation categories Habitat data can be entered in two ways Either by measuring the average stream depth and width at two flows flow 1 and flow 2 Note that the mean depth mean is entered for the first measurement at flow 1 but the mean stage change is entered for the second This is because it is not necessary to measure the average depth on the second visit In fact it is more accurate and easier to install temporary staff gauges in the stream and measure the change in water level between flow 1 and flow 2 The temporary staff gauge can be a survey stake reinforcing rod or waratah driven into the streambed The cross section should be clearly identified so that the site can be found easily on a return visit The temporary staff gauge should be placed so that any change in water level in the main channel is reflected by changes on t
13. 0 GM CO OO NI GO CO OO NI NI OI N r e LO WO oy 9 N Tm X LO CD a Be eo MD Nj oj N SS Oj N SEP CO 0 CO OO YINI O 9I DI CO NI O LO MO LOL CO COO A O NI NI OO tT OINI N CO CO CO CO CO 0 CO N CO N CO CO CO CO PM OO EO WB BD CO 0 GO CO Oy O OF OF 9 OF N OF N TY 9 MP OPM O 9 N SO 9 LO N O MO N O OI O OI NI O tT N Ol NINI i LO CO CO vj rt eI r tt ot ool Oo eco o CO CB 0 MD CO WO oo CO CO 0 GM GO NI CO CO CO NI C CO Tm SY N 9 OF Oy SE SE 9 e CO O x LO 9 O BD Dy LO V Oy MH N 9 0 c ah eal Rene col col ole L lea e 5l ee col col cl ool cola liceol eol ce N sf ws fF af af anaf anaf anaf c q e e ol S al N CO CO o j x o ero N o oj a o N SAS sSt A OO E ur pac Mm By N r CO CO o NINININ Q Z LLI IL Z LLI eoa N Js z O H am LLI H N c 85 4 O Lu m gt O Q O n o o lt Inr 739 gt lt CC n tC m LLI LL lt 739 54 7 6 IL 5 S B D r gt Q O a or a gt T S LLl lt Z gt gt ISBORNE lt 3EE S go O wi I Z QUEENSTOWN 2t Z O S E Z0 Lu z z EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 29 CHATHAM ISLAND 80 1 83 1 81 7 182 6 84 1 84 3 B4 5 83 2 82
14. Display Axes The variation of water temperature with distance downstream Title of the abstraction point can be plotted by selecting the Plot Tenoereturer c vs Distance km temperature versus distance in graph options when the o EE enlarged water temperature graph is displayed Y axis label Temperature C v Background v Show X Ticks MV Show Y Ticks v Legend Show X Grid M Show Y Grid v Smooth curve Plot temperature vs flow Plot temperature vs distance 6 8 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES r Summary Plot B x Temperature C vs Distance km 285 22 D Curent Low Flow T 49 Mew Low Flow Mean Daily Temperature S Mean Daily Temperature new Max Daily Temperature p 18 hax Daily Temperature new E Guideline Upper Threshold 13 1 z 4 B a 10 Distance km The proposed love flow is predicted to increase mean daily temperature by 0 535 C 598 from 15 7 C ta 16 6 C The current lov tow complies vith the guidelines The proposed low flow complies with the guidelines Right click on plot for copy graph copy data and print facilities click on graph options button to change ases labels legend etc Both the mean and maximum daily temperature are shown in the same colour with temperatures for the index flow shown in blue and those for the new flow shown in green The mean daily temperature will always be less above than the maximum daily temperature There will be no further c
15. N o w a 15 4 AUCKLAND 19 3 19 2 14 8 TAUPO N74 JAN FEB MAR ISBORNE LAKE TEKAPO 15 2 KAIKOURA 167 16 4 HOKITIKA 156 16 0 CHRISTCHURCH 17 4 17 1 MTCOOK 46 WESTPORT 16 2 NELSON 17 7 BLENHEIM i82 MASTERTON 7 8 WELLINGTON 16 9 WANGANUI 18 2 NAPIER 19 5 ROTORUA 17 8 NEW PLYMOUTH 47 17 9 16 9 HAMILTON 183 WHANGAREI _ 19 9 20 0 TAURANGA 19 2 waif EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 25 ALEXANDRA 17 1 Doom ps2 he1 ar pre oe z INVERCARGILL 4 0 13 9 6 4 6 4 83 oo 11 3 11 3 CHATHAM ISLANDS 14 7 15 1 14 2 H2 5 10 2 18 7 8 5 9 3 40 5 11 8 RADIATION The daily total radiation is one of the most important factors affecting water temperature Daily total radiation is highest in mid summer and lowest in winter and 1s measured in units of megajoules per square metre The intensity or rate of radiation is usually expressed in W m One watt is equal to one joule of work per second A megawatt MW is the same as 1000000 watts One langley min is equivalent to 697 3 W m or 697 3 J sec m Radiation is usually measured continuously with a pyrometer as a rate in MJ sec m or MW m This is integrated over the day to give the daily total radiation in MJ m Global radiation recording sites Daily total radiation megajoules square metre from selected sites around New Zealand Data are mont
16. and respiration The reaeration coefficient k is an important way of characterising a stream s capacity to exchange oxygen with the atmosphere It is a first order coefficient meaning that the overall rate of reaeration or deaeration in super saturated conditions is proportional to the oxygen deficit or surplus with the coefficient being the constant of proportionality The process it describes is not connected to other biologically mediated processes and is commonly approximated by functions of velocity depth and slope Streams that are sluggish and weedy will have low k values and correspondingly wide diurnal variations in DO If the respiration rate is also high then we can expect low daily DO minima during summer low flows The most accurate way of measuring k is by the gas tracer method but this can be labour intensive When using field measurements to establish dissolved oxygen parameters WAIORA uses the following equation McBride 2002 McBride amp Chapra submitted to calculate k 0 85 0 75 s p T d timelag k 1 5 M photoperiod 14 0 75 timelag where k is in reciprocal days the photoperiod is the day length and the time lag is the time between noon and the dissolved oxygen maxima The reaeration coefficient k for the 20 C reference temperature is calculated from a standard formula as ke 1 02417 k where again T is daily average water temperature
17. be considered High water temperatures can increase the adverse effects of low dissolved oxygen on fish and the additive effects of these two potential stressors is an important consideration 58 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Ammonia Recent studies of headwater streams show that ammonia is removed from stream water primarily through assimilation by photosynthetic unicellular algae filamentous algae and bryophytes and heterotrophic bacteria and fungi organisms and by sorption to sediments and secondarily by nitrification At higher flows some of these processes may be inhibited by shear or slowed because of lower stream temperatures In addition the surface area to volume ratio 1s reduced so that ammonia molecules do not come into contact as often with surfaces and attached organisms Much confusion can arise in the usage of the term ammonia In WAIORA we adopt the following definitions e Total ammonia is ammonia NH3 plus ammonium NH4 This is the USA terminology It is sometimes also called ammoniacal nitrogen in New Zealand Because this module uses USEPA toxicity limits WAIORA uses the term total ammonia exclusively e Ammonia NH3 is free ammonia or un ionised ammonia or non ionised ammonia It is sometimes used interchangeably with total ammonia but not here The USEPA 1999 report total ammonia as mg N L and we use that terminology here Measurements in Auckland streams at summer low flows indica
18. be displayed as the default To continue 1 Tf the correct name is not displayed select your user name from the User name drop down list box 2 Click the OK button or push ENTER Main window This section describes the elements of the main window These help you manoeuvre navigate around WAIORA Many of the elements are consistent with windows applications such as a control menu box the title bar and menus see the section on Windows Features in WAIORA When you are running WAIORA your work takes place on a surface similar to a desktop the screen space WAIORA occupies On this surface you can move work items windows around open new windows and remove those you do not need When WAIORA is started the Main Window appears shown here r WAIORA Water Allocation Impacts On Hiver Attributes USING WAIORA Flow chart navigation Location Information Impact Assessment Data Guidelines Summary Plots Summary Results Audit Trail Exit The flow chart located at the far right of the main window allows the user to visually identify where the currently active window is relative to the other windows Any open windows will be depressed while all other unopened windows will be raised The active window will have a bold border Any unavailable windows will have grey text rather than black All windows are unavailable 1f there are no records open To ac
19. desired CREATING A NEW RECORD e From the File menu on the main WAIORA desktop select New Record with the mouse or press ALT F N This action opens a blank Location Information form shown below The user is then able to select an existing Catchment and Stream These must already exist in the Database To add a catchment and stream to the database select Database then View edit database or press ALT D V The location reference usually a map reference and name can be entered directly or selected from those already in the database The Location reference is mandatory The catchment stream and location names can be specified as Unknown if required The value of the index flow must also be specified because this is the baseline for impact assessment A flow change description is also required All other fields are optional although a default abstraction discharge of 0 will be used 12 USING WAIORA Location Information l Locatia Catchment name Afnis O 7 Location Mokauiti Power Scheme E reference Stream name Mokauiti Location name below dam Flow informatio WAIORA will predict the absolute and proportional change associated with a change In flow and whether a specified guideline threshold ts exceeded at that flow The index flow specified here i a flow to which changes in habitat and water temperature are compared For example the effect of an abstraction can be judged by the change in stream width WAIORA
20. exposed to diurnally varying temperature New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 34 203 208 Davenport M W Simons M J 1985 Waikato Coal Fired Power Station investigation review of aquatic invertebrate monitoring at Huntly and thermal tolerance studies Waikato Valley Authority technical report 1985 6 Hamilton Dean T Richardson J 1997 Native fish survival during exposure to low levels of dissolved oxygen Water amp Atmosphere 5 12 14 Hayes J W Jowett I G 1994 Microhabitat models of large drift feeding brown trout in three New Zealand rivers North American journal of fisheries management 14 710 725 Hickey C W 2000 Ecotoxicology laboratory and field approaches n Collier K C Winterbourn M eds New Zealand stream invertebrates Ecology and implications for management New Zealand Limnological Society Christchurch New Zealand pp 313 343 Hickey C W Golding L G Martin M L Croker G C 1999 Chronic toxicity of ammonia to New Zealand freshwater invertebrates a mesocosm study Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 37 338 351 Hickey C W Martin M L 1999 Chronic toxicity of ammonia to the freshwater bivalve Sphaerium novaezelandiae Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 36 1 38 46 Hickey C W Quinn J M Davies Colley R J 1989 Effluent characteristics of dairy shed oxidation ponds and their potential impacts on rivers N
21. of un ionised ammonia present which is dependent on the pH and temperature of the solution For this reason water quality guidelines generally have tables of pH and temperature values for acute short term and chronic long term protection While earlier tables were presented as values for un ionised ammonia with conversion tables from the generally measured total ammonia more recent guideline derivations provide tables based on total ammonia nitrogen This change in format is prone to introduce confusion for comparison of guidelines or criteria values while also making it difficult to compare the published sensitivity data for some native species Both the ANZECC and USEPA guidelines are adjusted for pH For example the ANZECC guidelines adjust pH 8 allowable concentrations by the daily average pH according to 0 0676 2 91 1 410 7988 PHAY 4 4 1 PHAY 7 688 The US EPA criteria have both acute and chronic data but do not include consideration of any data for ammonia sensitivity of species not resident in North America The recent ANZECC revisions use only chronic sensitivity data and include most recent New Zealand studies Hickey and Martin 1999 Hickey et al 1999 A number of studies have been undertaken which examine the sensitivity of New Zealand native freshwater invertebrates and fish to ammonia Comparison of the relative sensitivity of species from these studies requires conversion of the sensitivity data to a common pH value T
22. recommends the use of the 1 day median annual low flow as the current low Flow IF the current low flow ie not known it can be estimated using standard hydrological methods Indes flow iz 1 day median annual low How of B Ls derived by guess Details of flow chang Description minimum mw Proposed abstraction or discharge rate Ls If a record is open the user is unable to open a new record without closing the original first by selecting File Close record or pressing ALT F C SELECTING AN EXISTING RECORD 1 From the File menu on the main WAIORA desktop Select Record or press ALT F S This action opens a window that lists all records that have been saved in the database 2 Select a record you wish to open using the scroll bar and mouse the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys or the UP and DOWN ARROW keys The selected record is highlighted in blue 3 Select the Open button or press ENTER USING WAIORA 13 WAIORA Records D Waiora db waiora mdb zx eS n Testing be 355 Pomahaka Clutha 13 05 04 1 15 38 p m minimum Flow em Power Sch below dam Mokauiti Mokau 19 05 04 5 39 27 p m lan 2 oe e Fi ecord 1 of 2 The Sort button allows the user to sort saved records by one or two fields Fields are chosen from the drop down lists provided on the Sort Records dialog window If a record is open the user is unable to open another existing record without closing the current record first CLOS
23. s boxes and drop down list boxes Stream Mame provided 4 Accept the entry by selecting the Save button or by pushing ENTER i Save Cancel down list provided the streams provided are limited to those located within the selected catchment EDITING A DATABASE ENTRY ni x 1 Select the table and record that you want to edit Location reference 2 Select the Edit Record button or push Location Mame Waipara Bridge ALT E 3 Enter the amended information into Catchment Name Mokau x the text boxes and drop down list Stream Name Mokauiti boxes provided 4 Accept the changes by selecting the Save button or by pushing ENTER o save Cancel For the site and location tables when a catchment is chosen from the drop down list provided the streams provided are limited to those located within the selected catchment DELETING A DATABASE ENTRY CN x Select the field that holds the record you want to delete Select the record you want to delete Select the Delete Record button or push ALT D Accept the deletion by pushing the Yes button on the Confirm dialog window or selecting Y on the keyboard Delete the current record tp and other associated records D wm gt USING WAIORA 11 All other records that refer to this record will also be deleted For example if you delete a catchment all streams locations and flow change details in that catchment will be deleted LOADING DA
24. stream Whitebait gt 0 2 Lowland stream Banded kokopu m e Lowland river stream Native fish 0 gravel bed 0 02 0 08 0 15 0 5 Lowland river gravel Diverse benthic gt 0 1 bed invertebrates Upland stream gravel Native fish 0 05 0 15 bed Upland stream gravel Trout spawning gt 0 2 0 15 0 5 bed Upland river gravel Adult trout gt 0 4 0 15 1 bed Generalised instream flow models Habitat methods and instream habitat models have been used for many minimum flow studies 1n the last two decades Conventional instream habitat models link a traditional hydraulic engineering model to habitat suitability curves for water depth velocity and bed particle size The hydraulic model predicts the values of point habitat variables velocity depth particle size for the discharge in a stream reach Suitability curves are used to calculate point habitat values for each combination of point habitat variables Their product is a habitat value HV ranging between 0 and 1 and when summed over the reach surface area HV gives the weighted usable area WUA Therefore the major reach scale outputs of these models are relationships between WUA and discharge Applying conventional instream models in a stream reach requires considerable field effort and experience It involves a complete survey of bed topography and precise measurements of current velocities and water depths along several geo referenced cross sections depending on th
25. study reach Latitude KBR KL A XM A Elevation m dda There iz no tributary flow that influences water temperature Advanced settings Steam Geometry Water Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Ammonia Notes Water temperature data above describe the meteorological hydrological shading and streambed conditions The model is a one dimensional heat transport model that predicts the daily mean and maximum water temperatures from the abstraction point as a function of stream distance downstream and environmental heat flux In general terms WAIORA calculates the heat gained or lost from a parcel of water as it passes through a stream segment This is accomplished by simulating the various heat flux processes that determine that temperature change see figure below These physical processes include convection conduction evaporation as well as heat to or from the air long wave radiation direct solar radiation short wave and radiation back from the water WAIORA first calculates the solar radiation and how much is intercepted by shading This is followed by calculations of the remaining heat flux components for the stream segment 22 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES HEAT FLUX SOURCES um E Pa ATMOSPHERE RADIATION 3 c t i A a ii 6 ug qu 6 SES cH ka Fa m 1 I ee c E RIPARIAN Peo dam OTe y C VEGETATION 4 NW EX gt L RADIATEN dcc ii 1 C Ti LS T J F ad E wi va ra EY al ya 3 m
26. traut fry Brown traut yearling Cancel Help 52 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Generalised habitat loj xl Rainbow trout feeding 30 40 cm Food producing io ua nua D Ie gied viable area Ie gied viable area uz Flou Lis Flow Lis Brown traut adult Tarrentti zh Ie gied viable area Ie gied viable area Flom Lis Double click on plot for enlarged view The maximum y ordinate of these curves is 1 and is normalized by dividing the area of suitable habitat WUA at each flow by the maximum area of habitat The duration of low flows will also need to be taken into consideration when assessing the effect of a flow change In most situations a reduction in stream habitat for a short time will have less effect than a reduction for a period of several months or more Thus the flow depth and velocity requirements of a river that is diverted will generally be greater than the requirements in a river where water is abstracted EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 53 Water temperature Water temperature can limit aquatic communities Some species of benthic invertebrates are restricted to cool waters and trout have a definite limit to their distribution that is believed to be related to incubation water temperature requirements in winter Predicted typical daily maximum and mean water temperature can be compared with temperature criteria derived from laboratory tes
27. will be displayed If the table or plot does not fit on the page the page layout can be altered to landscape by pressing the Setup button Press OK to print to the selected printer inivva hamvlblackfirst Press Page up and Page down For other pages TO SAVE AS A TEXT FILE Al xl 1 Right click or press CTRL S to save the audit or results Savein db j 8B 8E widow to text file m Select the directory folder where you want to save the file Enter a name and file type either rich text format rtf or 5 ASCII text txt for the document o 4 Click OK e My Computer Imm Filename dssaudit rtf gt Places Save as type Rich format text file rtf Cancel WAIORA MENUS APPENDIX 77 The following items are in the WAIORA File menu FILE MENU New Record Select Record Save Record Creates a new record File Database View Options Wine uu Mew Record Loads an existing record Select Record Ctri o Chrl 5 Saves the changes made to the current record to the database Save Pacord Save fs New Record Save As New Record Saves the current settings to a new record in the database using Close Record Close Record Delete Records Login Add User Exit View edit database the current user and login time Delete Records Closes the current record and its associated windows If the Login record has not been saved the user is prompted to save it New SELEY records a
28. 0 0 LT50 21 8 20 1 Richardson et al 1994 Cheimarrichthys fosteri 22 9 Inanga Whitebait 15 18 8 18 0 X Richardson et al 1994 Galaxias maculatus Whitebait 20 33 1 CTM 19 8 Simons 1986 Juvenile 12 2605 30 5 35 4 CTM Simons 1986 Juvenile 15 Richardson et al 1994 Adult 15 30 8 LTso 18 7 17 83 Richardson et al 1994 20 0 18 1 17 2 19 1 Giant kokopu Whitebait 16 30 0 CTM Main 1988 G argenteus 16 29 0 LT5o Main 1988 Shortjawed kokopu Juvenile 16 30 0 CTM Main 1988 G postvectis 16 29 0 LT5o Main 1988 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 55 Banded kokopu Whitebait 14 26 30 6 34 CTM Simons 1986 G fasciatus Whitebait 15 16 1 14 8 X Richardson et al 1994 16 30 0 CTM 17 7 Main 1988 16 29 0 LT50 Main 1988 Adult 15 28 5 LT50 Richardson et al 1994 17 3 16 3 18 3 Koaro Juvenile 16 28 0 CTM Main 1988 G brevipinnis 16 27 0 LT50 Main 1988 Common smelt Adult 15 28 3 LTso 16 1 15 1 Richardson et al 1994 Retropinna retropinna 20 31 9 LT5o 17 4 Richardson et al 1994 20 20 5 31 8 33 4 CTM Simons 1984 Grey mullet 78 122 mm 21 27 29 CIM Sylvester et al 1974 Mugil cephalus Juvenile 20 34 3 CTM Davenport amp Simons 1985 Brown trout Adult FP 14 16 Salmo salar Juvenile FP 17 4 17 6 Rainbow trout Adult FP 13 21 Oncorhynchus mykiss Juvenile FP 15 22 l Preferred temperatures derived from a 1989 literature review conducted by Boubee NIWA Invertebrate Species
29. 3 3 32 p m 10 06 2002 10 59 a 7 01 2003 8 44 a m 5 05 2003 8 09 a m 24 08 2003 8 39 p m 28 02 2003 11 37 a 9 10 2003 3 47 p m 23 04 2003 4 09 p m 17 10 2003 10 57 a 27 04 1998 5 30 p m 13 11 2003 5 09 p m 13 11 2003 5 09 p m 29 10 2003 1 16 p m 13 11 2003 5 09 p m 13 11 2003 4 51 p m 10 10 1997 3 47 p m 26 11 2003 8 25 a m 29 10 2003 1 18 p m 24 04 2003 5 05 p m 27 05 2003 4 03 p m and in the Quicklaunch bar Uninstalling WAIORA To uninstall WAIORA simply delete the program directory normally C Program Files WAIORA and any directories and database files WAIORA MDB that you have created 6 USING WAIORA Login FIRST LOGIN The first time that WAIORA runs the WAIORA Microsoft Access it iat pom The database file waiora mdb could nat be found database WAIORA MDB will in the current directory not be found and you will see the icon f Do you want bo locate the directory onowing message or create anew database Don t worry For a new installation press Create rte are and a new database WE WAIORA MDB will be created Tecate Create Cancel in the directory that you select If Ee Jut you subsequently run WAIORA EXTERIS 4 p MARET uet and you receive the message ELE database not found as above you can Locate the appropriate directory Alternatively you can create WAIORA databases in different directories and select the appropriate d
30. 9 83 5 80 2 80 3 DAY NUMBER AND LATITUDE The day number is the Julian day number with January 1 being 1 and 31 December 365 The day number and latitude are used to calculate the sun angle solar elevation at different times of day and hence the times at which the stream is shaded by topography or riparian vegetation They are also used to calculate the time between sunrise and sunset for the time of year ELEVATION The elevation in metres above sea level at the abstraction point start of the stream reach to be modelled This is used to calculate atmospheric pressure for convection heat flux Pressure 1013 288 0 0065 Elevationy288 STREAM SHADE Every stream or river is shaded by the banks and surrounding hills and vegetation Shade has a large influence on water temperature and it is important to make reliable estimates of stream shade The shade angle is estimated as the average angle of sky visible in around the 360 deg horizon A shade angle of 90 deg is 10096 shading Shade represents the proportion of the incoming solar radiation that does not reach the water The amount of shade can be determined either by a trial and error calibration procedure to a known downstream water temperature or by measurement where the elevation angles of the trees banks and or hillsides are measured and the fraction of radiation penetrating the canopy estimated The topographic angle is the average angle of the tops of hills and other solid
31. ALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Total Ammonia mg N L vs Flow L s Current Low Flow Mew Low Flow Total Ammonia USEPA 1 h average LI SEPA d average USEPA 3D0 d average ANZECC limit 95 Total 4mmoniatmach iL q5 769 0 495 5 722 0 O56 1175 0 Flow L s Ammonia effects Toxicity to aquatic organisms concerns ammonia not ammonium but laboratory tests measure total ammonia The proportion of the total ammonia that is free non ionised is a function of the water pH and temperature so that the higher these variables are the more toxic a sample becomes Therefore stream pH and temperature are important variables in assessing stream toxicity Most toxicity studies on native organisms in New Zealand are not reported as total ammonia An exception is for the native finger nail clam Sphaerium novaezelandiae which had LC50 values over 30 60 days of 3 8 mg N L pH 7 5 Hickey amp Martin 1999 Reproductive success was influenced by total ammonia values of 0 80 mg N L Mesocosm studies for freshwater invertebrate sensitivity to ammonia are also reported as total ammonia values Hickey et al 1999 As there is a paucity of data on the response of native organisms to total ammonia WAIORA uses the USEPA and ANZECC total ammonia toxicity criteria These are calculated internally based on pH and water temperature but other guideline thresholds can be entered if desired The toxicity of ammonia is largely dependent on the concentration
32. Council Wellington Regional Council Environment Waikato and Environment Southland Correspondence Ian Jowett NIWA P O Box 11 115 Hamilton New Zealand Telephone 64 7 856 1793 Fax 64 7 856 0151 email 1 jowett niwa cri nz Citation NIWA 2004 WAIORA Version 2 0 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd Hamilton Disclaimer Cover Photo Hoteo River at Gubbs Auckland CONTENTS INTRODUCTION What does WAIORA stand for What does WAIORA do Purpose and process GETTING STARTED System requirements Installing Uninstalling WAIORA Login Main window Flow chart navigation USING WAIORA DATABASE Records Location information IMPACT ASSESSMENT DATA Habitat data Water temperature data Dissolved oxygen data Total ammonia data ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES EVALUATING EFFECT OF FLOW CHANGES Stream habitat Water temperature Dissolved oxygen Ammonia Summary plots Summary Results Audit Trail REFERENCES APPENDIX FEATURES IN WAIORA Copying pasting and saving files WAIORA MENUS WAIORA help Error messages User references WAIORA options Quitting WAIORA OTHER WINDOWS FEATURES Nana on ound aA A 11 15 16 17 19 21 34 41 43 44 44 53 57 58 65 69 72 73 76 76 76 77 79 81 82 83 84 84 INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION What does WAIORA stand for The Revised Dictionary of Modern Maori Ryan 1989 defines WAI as
33. Engineering McBride G B Jowett I G Rutherford J C Pearson C 1998 Water allocation impacts on river attributes technical report on modelling NIWA Client Report ARC70214 1 Report to Auckland Regional Council 59 p McCullough C D 1998 Abundance behaviour and habitat requirements of the banded kokopu Galaxias fasciatus Gray Pisces Galaxiidae MSc thesis University of Waikato Hamilton McDowall R M Eldon G A Bonnett M L Sykes J R E 1996 Critical habitats for the conservation of the shortjawed kokopu Galaxias postvectis Clarke Conservation Sciences Publication 5 Department of Conservation Wellington 80 p Ministry for the Environment 1998 Flow guidelines for instream values 2 volumes Ministry for the Environment Wellington 75 Pearson C P 1995 Regional frequency analysis of low flows in New Zealand rivers Journal of Hydrology NZ 33 2 94 122 Quinn J M Steele G L Hickey C W Vickers M L 1994 Upper thermal tolerances of twelve New Zealand stream invertebrate species New Zealand Journal of Marine amp Freshwater Research 28 391 397 Raleigh R F Hickman T Solomon R C Nelson P C 1984 Habitat suitability information Rainbow trout U S Fish amp Wildlife Service Biological Services Program FWS OBS 82 10 60 Raleigh R F Zuckerman L D Nelson P C 1986b Habitat suitability index models and instream flow suitability curves brown trout r
34. I 243 215 188 155 125 101 121 136 145 183 206 221 WESTPORT 212 189 164 143 113 102 123 127 141 160 174 191 HOKITIKA 211 164 170 142 116 102 121 137 142 158 182 194 FRANZ JOSEF 116 113 109 97 94 79 100 105 39 95 101 B NELSON 266 229 212 188 173 143 157 171 166 212 225 245 BLENHEIM RESEARCH 256 224 224 193 177 152 158 184 183 225 228 254 KAIKOURA 231 195 179 164 141 120 133 149 167 201 203 209 MT COOK 160 158 147 120 83 66 75 110 123 143 156 166 CHRISTCHURCH 230 196 183 161 142 119 124 146 165 198 215 221 LAKE TEKAPO 256 233 203 153 131 97 109 150 175 199 229 240 TIMARU GARDENS 185 158 150 140 126 116 116 134 150 173 164 181 DUNEDIN 178 153 140 121 100 ab 101 114 128 147 161 169 TE ANAU 196 179 156 116 85 64 58 112 137 170 192 184 QUEENSTOWN 226 206 189 141 31 75 of 121 156 189 208 227 ALEXANDRA 228 213 193 153 112 83 33 146 165 192 213 220 INVERCARGILL 160 165 136 110 80 76 91 119 134 155 176 166 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES RELATIVE HUMIDITY The relative humidity is specified as a percentage The relative humidity increases the rate at which heat is transferred between the air and water and an increase in humidity will increase water temperature Correct for elevation differences by Humidity recording sites Ro 1 0640 7 9 Ta 273 16 To 273 16 Rh where Rh relative humidity for temperature Ta decimal Ro relative humidity at station decimal air temperature at stream deg C Ta
35. IBLE SUNSHINE HOURS This parameter is an indirect measure of cloud cover It is expressed as the percentage of maximum possible sunshine hours and is measured with a pyrometer or can be calculated from cloud cover decimal as Percent possible sun hours 1 Cloud 100 Both sunshine hours and total cloud cover are recorded at New Zealand meteorological sites but there are more sites recording total cloud than sunshine hours MEAN MONTHLY SUNSHINE hours Data are mean monthly values of total bright sunshine hours for the 1971 2000 period for locations having at least 5 complete years of data Station details are available in separate table Location JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC KAITAIA 212 201 197 155 140 123 137 159 162 162 187 219 WHANGAREI 227 182 158 144 139 110 134 144 154 175 192 209 AUCKLAND 229 201 160 162 142 111 140 144 149 181 187 225 TAURANGA 253 211 197 175 164 132 152 161 164 201 215 232 ROTORUA 241 205 191 167 148 115 132 148 149 187 202 221 TAUPO 227 200 176 157 129 99 120 129 140 183 194 211 HAMILTON 231 199 185 164 131 103 121 136 145 176 197 221 NEW PLYMOUTH 244 223 202 173 144 116 134 154 160 190 204 228 MASTERTON 231 203 167 147 121 96 107 122 141 166 197 213 GISBORNE 241 201 185 156 146 124 130 154 173 210 215 234 NAPIER 242 201 193 163 153 124 138 159 172 208 213 232 PALMERSTON NORTH 208 190 170 139 105 84 103 117 120 147 171 181 WELLINGTON 24b 209 181 155 128 38 117 136 156 193 210 226 WANGANU
36. INE SET To delete an existing guideline set 1 Select the Delete Set button ALT D on the cet Name Environmental Guidelines window to activate the Delete sd Guideline Set dialog window 2 Select the set name from the Set name drop down box Select OK or push ENTER An anonymous user is unable to delete guideline sets New guidelines ADDING A NEW GUIDELINE To add a guideline r3 New guideline Ger 4 Select the New button ALT N on the A new low flow should not Environmental Guidelines window to activate es Ere the New Guideline dialog window C NE T 2 Construct a new guideline usine the options in CI ncrease C Depth Threshold amount C Decrease Eod Em the New Guideline dialog box C Change Velocity Specifie S E C Mean Daily Temperature pe Guidelines are constructed interactively using the C Relative Change C Max Daily Temperature 7 A pac ea a t M various build components displayed on this window C Absolute Threshold Total Ammonia Hep Cancel Eo As the guideline is constructed the result is displayed in the text box at the top of the screen This cannot be edited directly guidelines can only be changed by using the build tools To save this information push the OK button to reject push Cancel EDITING AN EXISTING GUIDELINE To edit an existing guideline 1 Select the guideline on the Environmental A new low flow s
37. ING A RECORD e From the File menu on the main WAIORA desktop select Close Record with the mouse or press ALT F C This must be done before another record can be opened If the record has not been saved the user is prompted to save it DELETING A RECORD 1 From the File menu on the main WAIORA desktop select Delete Records or press ALT D This action opens the Delete Record window 2 Select a record you wish to delete using the scroll bar and mouse the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys or the UP and DOWN ARROW keys The selected record is highlighted in blue 3 Selected the Delete button or press ENTER 14 USING WAIORA WAIORA Records D Waiora db waiora mdb i loj x Diena eoe ae Steam o User pae E g Testing 512 768356 Pomahaka Clutha lan 13 05 04 1 15 38 p m minimam flowy Mokauiti Power Sch below dam Mokauiti Mokau lan 13 05 04 5 33 2 p m Recard 1 of 2 If a user is logged in as anonymous the delete option is unavailable Registered users are only able to delete records created by themselves The Sort button allows the user to sort saved records by one or two fields Fields are chosen from the drop down lists provided on the Sort Records dialog window This option is not available while a record is currently open EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 15 Location information Location flow and flow change information is entered into the Location Information window shown here Location In
38. ORA uses a simple direct analytical solution procedure advanced by Chapra amp Di Toro 1991 and explained in McBride et al 1998 lt x Photoperiod 91919 9 9 9 9 99 9 NT4T4T478787874747474 ORAT xs x eres o e o UU o o poo pecans 29 M 9 k X pore lt gt RISE os o o j PRO Time lag AAAA x c o o solar noon EA SSNS 9 50 1 Dp A 0 2 7 maxi mum X 777 20 omg P i i4 IRET o P M NATA SS o E OU TRE m 2 SS OE UA Q A Pee ee ou aan m e AN 5 55 xS RRL SRL REATO SERES ee LO is ss K gt S REA Sees Bees SOs en Solar noon I l 1 5 0 4 8 12 6 20 24 Time since midnight h The following data are requited for this calculation Diurnal DO Measurements Date DO dd mm yy 12 3 03 loation Time lag between DO max and solar noon h 39 M Average daily DO mg 02 L 9r E DO range Observed max to min ma O 2 L 84 Mf Daily mean water temperature C a A Lam EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 37 DATE OF OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS The date dd mm yy of the measurement of 24 h period of diurnal oxygen variation is used to calculate the photoperiod hours of day light Because the hours of daylight are unlikely to alter significantly throughout the deployment of a DataSonde the date need not specify the exact 24 h period used for analysis LOCATION The location at
39. Reference and publication information can then be entered into the text boxes of the New Reference window shown over To save this information push the OK button To reject push Cancel IDi x Author FE Title FO Year FE Reference OO Wheeheld 0 Catchment FO Stream FE EDITING A REFERENCE To edit an existing reference select the entry with a single left click the text will turn maroon Click the Edit button or press ALT E Reference and publication information can then be edited from the Edit Reference window shown below To save the changes push the OK button to reject them push Cancel APPENDIX 83 lal x Author Title Active Graph for Total Ammonia in Streams Year Ba Reference O OE Where held Kevin Colier NIWA Hamiton 00 Catchment Stream P DELETING A REFERENCE To delete an existing reference select the entry with a single left click the text will turn maroon Click the Delete button The reference will be automatically removed WAIORA options Background information The background information splash screen provides the user with information about what WAIORA is designed to accomplish the results the program produces and what is required of the user This splash screen shown below can be accessed by selecting Background Info under the Options menu ALT O A WAIORA Water Allocation Impacts On River Attributes n a 16 x File Database View Options Window Help Locati
40. TABASE FROM FILE Database information can be loaded directly into the WAIORA database from a comma delimited csv file or and Excel spreadsheet xls by selecting Database Import database from file or pressing ALT D I Note import and export of xls files is only supported when Microsoft Excel is installed The file requires headings and should be in the following order but they are not case sensitive All headings must be present but entries can be blank The headings are Catchment number Catchment name Stream number Stream name Location reference Location name Index flow Flow statistic Flow data source Flow change description Abstraction rate An example spreadsheet is Catchment Catchment Stream Stream Location Location Index Flow Flow data Flow change Abstraction number name number name reference name flow statistic source description rate 434567 Waikato 434002 Waipa Z34 456765 Te Kuiti 145 malf 123 35 432000 Awakino 567003 Makatinui D45 642896 Farm 90 New One 50 Database entries are checked as they are added to the database to ensure that flows and abstraction rates are valid numbers and that catchment and stream numbers are unique Saving the existing database to a file is the reverse procedure Records In WAIORA a record holds location information impact assessment information data and environmental guidelines for a given scenario This allows the user to retrieve previously run scenarios and modify settings if
41. WAIORA User Guide Water Allocation Impacts On Hiver Attributes Version 2 0 NILWAR Taihoro Nukurangi MINISTRY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT MANAT MOTETAIAO NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER amp ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LTD User Guide Version 2 0 USER MANUAL amp HELP FILES Ian Jowett Sandra Kingsland Kevin Collier PROGRAMMING IanJowett amp Jane Hill MODEL DEVELOPMENT Ian Jowett Graham McBride amp Kit Rutherford PROJECT CO ORDINATION Kevin Collier Prepared for Ministry for the Environment Infamatim contained within this report should rct be used without the priar consent d the dient NIWA PO Box 11 115 Hamilton New Zealand Telephone 64 7 856 7026 Fax 64 7 856 0151 June 2004 NIWA Client Report No HAM2003 163 Project No MFE03201 Copyright This system developed under Sustainable Management Fund SMF contracts 9002 and 2204 This is in the public domain as per schedule B section 4 of those contracts Additional development was also funded by ARC in addition to the above are copyright to ARC NIWA retains copyright of code models etc which NIWA brought into the project Acknowledgements Funding for the development of WAIORA 1 0 the prototype version and version 1 1 was provided by the Auckland Regional Council ARC and the Ministry for the Environment MfE The extensions in this version Version 2 0 were funded by MfE in association with the Auckland Regional Council Hawkes Bay Regional
42. ages present at 15 C indicates that insufficient protection would be provided for both mayfly and finger nail clams This showed that both the mayflies and fingernail clams were more sensitive by 1 8X and 5 5X respectively USEPA data also indicates that fingernail clams are among the most sensitive species This data suggests that if mayflies or fingernail clams are present in a receiving water then US EPA guideline values should be adjusted by a factor of 2 or 6 respectively Hickey et al 1999 6 2 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Table 4 The sensitivity of New Zealand native freshwater invertebrates and fish to ammonia All concentrations are mg N L total ammonia with exposures at 15 C and 96h except 48h Bold indicates the most sensitive species in the lower 25 ile of the species used to derive USEPA water quality criteria no data After Hickey 2000 with rainbow trout sensitivity added Species common name Species scientific name AV EPA Rank of mg N L ile NZ species Amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis 7 27 1 1 Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum 9 8 1 2 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 11 23 1 Caddisfly Pycnocentria evecta 16 3 9 3 Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum 16 5 9 4 Mayfly Deleatidium spp 17 5 9 5 Fingernail clam Sphaerium novaezelandiae 22 2 15 6 Shrimp Paratya curvirostris 22 4 15 8 Fish Banded kokapu Galaxias fasciatus 22 4 15 8 Fish Common smelt adult Retropinna retropinna 22 4 15 8 Oligochaete Lum
43. al stations If possible ground temperatures measured at 1 0 m below ground level should be used In such cases 1 m would be the streambed depth Measurements at lesser depths can be used if 1 m depth ground temperature measurements are not available The conductivity of the streambed J m sec C is often considered to be 1 65 for water saturated sands and gravel mixtures However the heat transfer process is often more complicated that a simple conductive model because water flows in to and out of the streambed thus effectively increasing conductivity For this reason we suggest a default value of 10 J m sec C Streambed temperatures and bed conductivity can also be used to calibrate water temperature models see calibration INITIAL WATER TEMPERATURE The initial water temperature is the temperature of the water flowing into the upstream end of the reach Its units are degrees Centigrade The initial water temperature at the abstraction point can be either specified directly or calculated from the stream characteristics upstream of the reach by assuming that the water temperature has reached equilibrium temperature The initial water temperatures and upstream characteristics can be specified in Advanced settings The default assumption is to use the equilibrium temperature calculated from upstream characteristics that are the same as the reach characteristics These assumptions can be altered by selecting Advanced settings The c
44. an 11 06 13 20 43 06 01 20 56 06 02 21 12 06 02 21 29 38 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Sep 8 06 33 18 06 06 35 18 03 06 45 18 10 06 56 18 17 DO RANGE The DO range is the difference between the maximum and minium dissolved concentration recorded over a selected 24 h period The selected 24 h period should be within a period of stable weather and stream flow and show a regular pattern of diurnal oxygen and temperature variation AVERAGE DAILY DO This is the average dissolved oxygen concentration over the 24 h period for the daily mean water temperature described below WAIORA uses this value to calculate the average daily oxygen deficit at the average temperature as the saturation oxygen concentration less the daily average dissolved oxygen concentration DAILY MEAN WATER TEMPERATURE The daily mean water temperature is the average water temperature in C over the day on which the average DO and DO range were measured This temperature is used for the calculation of saturation oxygen concentration and standardising values of reaeration coefficient and respiration rate to 20 C The daily mean water temperature can be approximated simply by averaging the maximum and minimum daily water temperatures Dissolved oxygen parameters Accurate estimates of the parameters describing the three fundamental processes are essential for prediction of dissolved oxygen and we suggest that these parameters should be determined
45. and push ENTER or type the underlined letter TO CLOSE A SELECTED WINDOW e Click the X close button at the top right corner of the screen e Double click the Control menu box e Click the Control menu box application icon in the upper left corner of the window and drag to the Close option e Double Click the Control menu box e Selecting CTRL F4 e Selecting ALT HYPHEN then use the UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW keys to move to the desired option and push ENTER or type the underlined letter B To close a window without completing a command choose the CANCEL button Menu options Menu options allow you to select a range of commands Firstly select the menu and then choose the command from within that menu Choosing a command carries out the corresponding action TO SELECT A MENU e Using the mouse point to the name on the menu bar and click the left mouse button This opens the menu To move directly to a menu item you can drag the selection cursor down the menu until the menu item is highlighted and then release the mouse button 1 Press ALT or F10 to select the menu bar 2 Press LEFT ARROW or RIGHT ARROW key to select the menu you want 3 Press ENTER to open the selected menu If the name in the menu bar has an underlined letter you can press ALT to move to the menu bar and then type the letter that 1s underlined to open the menu For example to open the File menu press ALT F TO CLOSE A MENU e Click the me
46. ase velocity to 0 15 m s as specified by WAIORA guideline The proposed low flow is predicted to decrease velocity by 0 0466 m s 25 from 0 168 m s to 0 115 m n MEAH DAILY TEMPERATURE o The proposed low flow is predicted ta increase mean daily temperature by 1 983 c 1199 from 17 7 C ta 187 C m P The results can be copied to clipboard Ctrl P and pasted into applications cS Se en pese ey TTI Sot iA Seda Balad ells such as Microsoft Excel and Word saved to a file as plain text or rich text form rtf Ctrl S or printed Ctrl P Mitigation and sensitivity To assess possible mitigation scenarios or to examine sensitivity to selected parameters the user may click the Mitigate button This displays accesses the Mitigation Sensitivity window shown below The user may select the parameter s for which the mitigation will apply At least one parameter must be chosen Once the parameter s have been chosen the user can enter alternative values in the appropriate text boxes white background in the New Value column Unavailable text boxes are greyed lll Mitigation Sensitivity Select parameters for mitigatio v Habitat qr teeeeeee nennen enne enn en enn en tatnen tnu Dissolved Oxygen Total Ammonia gt Data which may be changed Current Value New Value Flow change L s 5 US canopy angle 2m Canopy angle 60 Num point source discharge inflows a Total ammon
47. briculus variegatus 25 9 26 10 Shrimp Paratya curvirostris 31 1 35 11 Fish Banded kokapu Galaxias fasciatus 32 4 35 12 Fish Common bully juvenile Gobiomorphus cotidianus 34 8 50 13 Fish inanga Galaxias maculatus 39 0 62 14 Fish Redfin bully Gobiomorphus huttoni 41 2 62 15 Fish Common smelt adult Retropinna retropinna 50 1 65 16 Fish Inanga juvenile Galaxias maculatus 59 4 71 17 Fish Shortfin eels elvers Anguilla australis 95 0 82 18 Stonefly Zealandobius furcillatus 230 0 Stonefly Zephlebia dentata gt 30 0 Shrimp Paratya curvirostris gt 30 0 Fish Common bully adult Gobiomorphus cotidianus gt 39 1 Fish Longfin eels elvers Anguilla dieffenbachii gt 53 7 e AV Adjusted Value ECs value adjusted to pH 8 using the algorithm given USEPA 1998 Percentile rank of the local species sensitivity relative to the ranked sensitivities of the 34 North American resident species data used to derive the USEPA 1998 water quality criteria EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 6 3 Table 5 pH dependent values of the CMC acute criterion from USEPA 1999 incorporating adjustment for New Zealand acute data pH 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 To 7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 Salmonids present 32 6 31 3 29 8 28 1 26 2 24 1 22 19 7 17 5 15 4 13 3 11 4 9 65 8 11 6 77 5 62 4 64 3 83 3 15 2 59 2 14 1 77 1 47 1 23 1 04
48. ce flow Qe is the flow L s at which calibration measurements are carried out or the flow to which the estimated oxygen parameters apply The reference flow and its associated velocity and depth calculated using the habitat component of WAIORA is used to establish a reference reaeration coefficient k e so that the reaeration coefficient k can be calculated for another flow with an associated Velocity and Depth according to k k e Velocity 05 Depth Respiration rates and photosynthetic production are also adjusted for flow The method of adjustment depends on the plant biomass present If the stream is dominated by macrophytes respiration and production rates are directly proportional to the flow if benthic algae dominate respiration rates are directly proportional to stream depth calculated from flow using the WAIORA habitat component Thus for a macrophyte dominated reach the respiration rate R at flow Q is R Ra Q Q where R e1s the reaeration rate at the reference flow Q In a stream dominated by algae the flow terms are replaced by the stream depth at the reference flow 3 6 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES RATIO OF RESPIRATION RATES 10 C APART The ratio of the respiration rates 10 C apart Q o is used to adjust respiration rates either to a standard temperature or to the predicted temperature for a particular flow The adjustment for temperature is according to RO R Q 091 where R is the respi
49. cess the next window the user can either press the Next button on the active window or press the subsequent button on the flow chart navigator In the example shown here the Location Information Impact Assessment and Data windows are open with the Data window being the focus active The Summary Plots Summary Results and Audit Trail windows are not available until data has been entered The Guidelines window is unavailable and cannot be accessed until the appropriate check box has been activated in the Impact Assessment window The Exit button allows the user to close the program USING WAIORA 9 UsiNG WAIORA The previous section outlined the basic functionality of the program This section presents each of the windows in WAIORA and describes more fully how to use this package Database The WAIORA database WAIORA MDB is a Microsoft Access database that contains information on users who have been added to the database catchment stream location and flow change information as well as the records of impact assessments Catchment stream site location and flow change details are stored in the WAIORA database and can be accessed from the View edit database on the Database menu The catchment stream location and flow change information can be edited directly under the database menu Records of stream assessments are retrieved and saved under the File menu as described previously The Database Access window shown here enables use
50. ch contents option ALT T on the Help menu ALT H Indes e By choosing the Help command button that is available on many Topic Search windows This method gives you quick access to specific information about the current window Background Information About e By pressing Fl Online Help facilities are linked to many edit boxes and check boxes Specific information is displayed by pressing F1 while selecting either of these boxes If there is no information related to a topic the user is sent directly to the Online Help Contents Page Guideline sets SAVING A GUIDELINE SET To save a guideline set LU 4 Select the Save Set button ALT S on the Environmental Enter name for set Guidelines window to activate the Guideline Set dialog window Cancel 2 Type in the name of the guideline set in the Enter name for set text box 3 Select OK or push ENTER The user is unable to save a guideline set if the name specified already exists in the database or a name is not entered in the Enter name for set dialog box LOADING A GUIDELINE SET To load an existing guideline set 1 Select the Load Set button ALT L on the Set Name Environmental Guidelines window to activate the Load Guideline Set dialog window Select the set name from the Set name drop down box 3 Select OK or push ENTER The user is unable to load a guideline set if the name specified does not exists in the database 8 0 APPENDIX DELETING A GUIDEL
51. d for the calculation of generalised curves are shown in Table 3 4 8 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Table 2 Generalised habitat models used to predict habitat values HV from average characteristics of stream reaches Model parameters c and k are developed for each reach and the median value selected excluding reaches with negative values of c and k and outlying values of c k Optimum discharge per unit Optimum flow Species C k width range m s m s Min Max Inanga 0 19 19 74 0 01 0 06 0 14 Shortjaw kokopu 0 19 16 35 0 01 0 07 0 18 Upland bully 0 11 8 63 0 01 0 08 0 21 Crans bully 0 09 6 84 0 01 0 09 0 22 Banded kopopu juvenile 0 19 13 3 0 01 0 09 0 23 Galaxias vulgaris 0 03 2 29 0 01 0 09 0 25 Roundhead galaxias 0 31 10 64 0 03 0 21 0 61 Flathead galaxias 0 28 9 11 0 03 0 21 0 64 Longfin eel 30cm 0 07 2 07 0 03 0 24 0 72 Lowland longjaw galaxias 0 33 9 35 0 04 0 25 0 77 Redfin bully 0 26 7 39 0 04 0 25 0 77 Shortfin eel 30cm 0 13 2 32 0 05 0 41 1 37 Common bully 0 39 6 51 0 06 0 46 1 55 Brown trout fry 0 86 10 21 0 08 0 67 2 42 Brown trout yearling 04 4 18 0 09 0 76 2 82 Nesameletus 0 26 2 62 0 1 0 8 2 98 Brown trout spawning 1 24 9 89 0 13 1 05 4 11 Bluegill bully 1 01 6 13 0 16 1 42 5 88 Rainbow trout spawning 1 49 8 78 0 17 1 47 6 12 Deleatidium 0 33 1 92 0 17 1 5 6 25 Torrentfish 0 88 4 05 0 22 1 95 8 49 Brown trout adult 1 17 4 35 0 27 2 46 11 18 Food producing habitat 1 19 4 25 0 28 2 57 11 77 Rainb
52. d to determine if physical habitat at low flow is being reduced to the extent that it might compromise biota and instream use This requires knowledge of the ecosystem and the physical requirements of stream biota The basic premise is that if suitable physical habitat is absent then the species cannot exist However if there is physical habitat available for a given species then that species may or may not be present depending on other factors not directly related to flow In other words habitat can be used to set the outer envelope of suitable living conditions for the target biota EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 45 The minimum water depth and velocity requirements depend on the function or aquatic community of the stream which in turn is determined by the character of the stream its flow regime and depth velocity and substrate at normal flow Thus average velocities of less than 0 05 m s are suitable and even necessary for macrophyte dominated streams whereas velocities of more than 0 15 m s are ideal for trout streams Table 1 Table 1 Average stream conditions for the maintenance of aquatic communities Locations in streams and rivers that are less than 100 m amsl are considered lowland and locations at elevations greater than 100 m ams are considered upland Streams are generally less than 5 m in width Stream type Function community Depth range Velocity range 0 m s Lowland stream Macrophyte lt 0 05 Lowland
53. d with guideline thresholds is provided in the Help Files and the Summary Plots WAIORA provides e information on environmental criteria that can be used e predictions of the absolute and relative change associated with a flow change and whether specified environmental guideline thresholds are exceeded where possible predicted effects of avoidance mitigation options and e an audit trail of the procedures followed To use WAIORA you should have knowledge of the existing stream conditions above and below the proposed abstraction and either collect data from two site visits to assess changes in habitat or carry out a more detailed instream habitat survey and calibration using RHYHABSIM 2 INTRODUCTION Purpose and process WAIORA is a decision support system that can be used to assess the effects of flow changes on instream habitat water temperature dissolved oxygen concentration and ammonia concentration WAIORA applies to a section of river along which the stream conditions e g geometry flow gradient shade and aquatic flora are reasonably consistent The steps in the assessment process are 1 select parameters to evaluate stream geometry is required for all 2 data collection 3 calibration water temperature and DO models 4 calculation of effects 5 evaluation of effects The quality and scope of the stream habitat survey data will determine the reliability of the results particularly the degree
54. e all selected Date 1 dd mmy Date 2 dd mrm yy Flow 1 L s Flow 2 Lrs Width 1 m Width 2 m E Mean depth m Mean stage change m Z f Specify survey data at two flavis Use instream habitat survey RH HABSIM file Habitat file Stream Geometry ater Temperature Notes Help Cancel Back Press F3 to reset defaults NN estimated fram field data ral default Press F1 for help on data items _ guesstimate The user enters data into the active edit boxes If the user holds the cursor over an edit box an additional description of the edit box will appear Pressing F1 while in the edit box will open the help file at the page that describes the appropriate parameter and operation All data are recorded in the Audit Trail along with an assessment of the status of the data used in the impact assessment The status is shown in the checkbox to the right of an edit box When the checkbox is first displayed it contains the default data and there is a red tick in the checkbox When the user changes the default value the tick disappears from the checkbox to indicate that the value is a guesstimate If confident 18 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES about a value the user should click the checkbox and a blue tick will appear to indicate that the data value is reliable M estimated fram field data NT default guesstimate Default values for the data sheet currently displayed can be restored by pressing F9
55. e best possible estimate of average stream depth and is best calculated as the cross section area divided by the water surface width The mean stage change 1s the average change in water level that occurred when the flow changed from flow 1 to flow 2 It is best measured by installing temporary staff gauges at each of the cross sections and measuring the height of the water surface below the top of the gauge at flow 1 and flow 2 subtracting these 2 readings and averaging to give the mean stage change The mean stage change is always entered as a positive number and it is assumed that the water level falls as the flow reduces and vice versa In situations where multiple readings are made in the field and an average value 1s required the user can access a data entry window by pushing the averaging button The user is then able to enter up to five values in the Enter values window shown here These values are automatically averaged and entered into the Data window once the user pushes the OK button t2 Enter Values OF xi Value 1 Value 4 Value 2 Value 5 Value 3 No data to average Verdi c E Ce INSTREAM HABITAT SURVEY To use instream habitat survey data instead of widths and depths surveyed at two flows select the Use instream habitat survey button and then press the Habitat file button This will display a file open dialog in which you select the folder and file that you want to use to describe the stream geo
56. e form of hydraulic model The hydraulic model also requires calibration for which cross section water levels need to be measured at 2 or more flows Several approaches have been proposed for reducing this effort Some are based on a simplification of the hydraulic complexity within the reach by using hydraulic geometry relationships and considering point velocities as equal to their average Jowett 1998 or simplifying their statistical distribution Lamouroux and Capra 2002 proposed to model directly the output of conventional instream habitat model using simplified 4 6 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES and cost effective reach descriptions depth and width discharge relationships particle size median flow The advantage of the resulting generalised habitat models is that no simplifying hypothesis 1s made on the distribution of hydraulic variables within reaches Their use requires little experience and field effort and the models provide HV and WUA curves which can be interpreted in a similar way as conventional ones Tests of generalised models in France Lamouroux and Capra 2002 and New Zealand Lamouroux amp Jowett in press found that habitat values for taxa were predictable from simplified hydraulic data Reach hydraulic geometry mean depth and mean width discharge relationships average bed particle size and mean natural annual discharge could be used to provide reliable estimates of habitat values in natural stream reaches Key
57. e to 3 C The second criterion places an upper limit on temperature For example field observations indicate trout deaths at water temperatures above 26 C brown and 28 C rainbow and 26 C has been used as a maximum temperature for the sustainability of smelt and inanga populations below the Huntly Power Station in the Waikato River Published temperature limits for fish and invertebrates are summarised below invertebrates tend to be more sensitive than fish Meteorological conditions must be specified to predict maximum water temperatures In selecting meteorological conditions you should consider the likelihood of all meteorological conditions occurring together with the low flow Daily average meteorological conditions for each month are given in this manual These can be used to predict average summer water temperatures A more detailed analysis of meteorological data is required to determine the conditions that are likely to results in extreme water temperatures WAIORA uses default guidelines of a 23 C maximum temperature and a 3 C maximum increase these can be changed if desired Alternative thresholds include e daily maximum temperature 20 C if sensitive organisms present e daily maximum temperature 26 C if native fish present but trout absent Sensitive organisms include stoneflies and mayflies If the predicted temperature midway between the daily average and the daily maximum of a diurnal profile exceeds t
58. erature Groundwater temperature may be approximated by the mean monthly air temperature Exceptions may arise in areas of geothermal activity 32 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Water temperature parameters E x Upstream Tributary pana water ura 5 hading T E O E E E T Trib mean daily water temperature 7 18 O Trib mas daily water temperature s IE Trib topographic angle Trib canopy angle 7 Trib fraction through canopy f Tributary inflow Tributary flow L s 100 Mf Tributary distance m f 500 Nf Tributary width m UM Tributary water depth m 03M Stream bed Trib bed conductivity Linis C Trib bed thickness m 354 rw 245 f Tributary elevation m amal oD MT Lateral inflow inflow per km 10 Ti 7M Trib bed temperature C Close Calibration of water temperature model A water temperature model should be calibrated although this is not necessary in order to get a rough idea of the temperature changes that will be caused by a change in flow Actual meteorological and water temperature data are required to calibrate a water temperature model Ideally these are recorded on site but at times it is necessary to obtain meteorological data from nearby climate stations Such data can be obtained from NIWA s National Climate Database http www niwa co nz services clidb It is often difficult to find out the nearest climate stations and the data that the
59. es are presented as maroon lines across the graphs Again guideline compliance or non compliance is indicated by the colour of the flag or ticks and crosses as specified by Display Options under the Options menu Advice on the sensitivity of the results is offered in the text boxes below the plots 6 6 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Summary Plat B x Minimum DO mg 02 L vs Flow L s at 2000m Current Low Flow Hew Low Flow Daily Min Dissolved Oxygen Guideline Lower Threshold Minimum O Oimai Baz 5 309 0 525 5 742 0 358 5 1175 0 Flow L The current low flow complies with the guideline The proposed lowe flow complies with the guideline The proposed lowe flow is predicted to decrease the daily min dissolved axygen concentration If predicted dissolved oxygen is within 10 af the guideline threshold then consider more complex modelling ar proceed with caution Right click an plot for copy graph copy data and print Facilities click on graph options button to change axes labels legend etc When enlarged graphs are displayed they can be copied either as pictures or in the form of tables of X Y values that can be pasted into an application such as Microsoft Excel The user can change the graph display options by selecting the options button The minimum and maximum values for the X and Y axes number of tick marks and decimal places axis labels title legend display and grid display can be specified
60. et Mugil cephalus Progressive fish culturist 36 1 99 100 Teale S S 1986 Effects of temperature on the survival activity and metabolic rate of the upland bully Gobiomorphus breviceps Unpublished M Sc thesis University of Canterbury USEPA 1985 Ambient water quality criteria for ammonia 1984 EPA 440 5 85 001 United States Environmental Protection Agency Criteria and Standard Division Washington D C USEPA 1986 Ambient water quality criteria for dissolved oxygen United States Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC USEPA 1998 1998 update of ambient water quality criteria for ammonia EPA 822 R 98 008 United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Washington D C USEPA 1999 1999 update of ambient water quality criteria for ammonia United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA 822 R 99 014 Washington DC 76 APPENDIX Features in WAIORA Many of the features in WAIORA are consistent with many other windows applications These features have been summarised All of these actions can be performed with the mouse or with shortcut keys Copying pasting and saving files COPYING 1 Right click in the zoomed summary plot summary results or audit window and select Copy or press CTRL C 2 Paste into application such as Microsoft Word PRINTING 1 Right click in the zoomed summary plot summary results or audit window and select Print or press CTRL P 2 A print preview
61. evised U S Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82 10 124 Richardson J 1991 Acute toxicity of ammonia to juvenile inanga Galaxias maculatus New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 25 327 330 Richardson J 1997 Acute ammonia toxicity for eight New Zealand indigenous freshwater species New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 51 185 190 Richardson J Boubee J A T West D W 1994 Thermal tolerance and preference of some native New Zealand freshwater fish New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 28 399 407 Ryan P M 1989 The revised dictionary of modern Maori Heinemann Educational New Zealand 176 p Simons M J 1984 Species specific response of freshwater organisms to elevated water temperatures Waikato Valley Authority technical publication 29 Hamilton Shirvell C S Dungey R G 1983 Microhabitats chosen by brown trout for feeding and spawning in rivers Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112 355 3067 Simons M J 1984 Species specific response of freshwater organisms to elevated water temperatures Waikato Valley Authority technical publication 29 Hamilton Simons M J 1986 Effects of elevated temperatures on three migratory fish from the Waikato River Waikato Valley Authority technical report 40 Hamilton Sylvester J R Nash C E Emberson C E 1974 Preliminary study of temperature tolerance in juvenile Hawaiian mull
62. ew Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 23 569 584 Hickey C W Vickers M L 1994 Toxicity of ammonia to nine native New Zealand freshwater invertebrate species Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 292 298 Hutchinson P D 1990 Regression Estimation of Low Flow in New Zealand Publication of the Hydrology Centre No 22 DSIR Marine and Freshwater Christchurch N Z p51 Jellyman D J 1974 Aspects of the biology of juvenile freshwater eels Anguillidae in New Zealand Unpublished Ph D thesis Victoria University Jowett LG 1998 Hydraulic geometry of New Zealand rivers and its use as a preliminary method of habitat assessment Regulated Rivers 14 451 466 74 Jowett I G 1998 Hydraulic geometry of New Zealand rivers and its use as a preliminary method of habitat assessment Regulated Rivers 14 451 466 Jowett LG 2000 Flow management Pp 289 312 in Collier K J Winterbourn eds New Zealand stream invertebrates ecology and implications for management Hamilton New Zealand Limnological Society Jowett I G 2002 In stream habitat suitability criteria for feeding inanga Galaxias maculatus New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36 399 407 Jowett I G Richardson J 1995 Habitat preferences of common riverine New Zealand native fishes and implications for flow management New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 29 13 23 Jowet
63. f DO stress Streams with high shade and low moderate depths R 8 P R 0 3 These streams typically had low plant biomass due to shade often provided by riparian trees and mean depths 0 8 m They were considered to constitute a low DO stress risk although low reaeration during droughts could reduce night time DO levels Streams with low moderate shade and low moderate depths R 24 P R 0 2 These streams were typically cool and had high respiration rates indicating large amounts of decomposing organic matter Reaeration was high indicating moderate fast current velocities and low moderate mean depths 0 8 m They were considered to have a low risk of incurring large DO deficits EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 4 1 Total ammonia data WAIORA calculates the total ammonia concentration at the end of the reach assuming an ammonia concentration at the start of the reach and the number of point source discharges uniformly distributed along the reach each with a flow L s and ammonia concentration The predicted ammonia concentrations at the end of the reach are compared to guideline standards Habitat and water temperature data are required in total ammonia assessment for the assessment of guideline ammonia concentrations Num point source discharge inflows 1 M Total ammonia at top of reach ma M L 01 M Reach length m s000 M Point source discharge Ls 1 t Total ammonia of each inflow maiM iL 100 ral Amm
64. formation E Locatio Catchment name lt Location Mokauiti Power Scheme reference Steam name Mokauiti Location name below dam Flow information WAIORA will predict the absolute and proportional change associated with a change in flow and whether a specified guideline threshold is exceeded at that flow The index flow specified here is a flow to which changes in habitat and water temperature are compared For example the effect of an abstraction can be judged by the change in stream width WAIDAA recommends the use of the 1 day median annual low flow as the current low Flows If the current low flow is not known it can be estimated using standard hydrological methods Index flow is 1 day median annual low flowy of Bl Ls derived by guess Details of flow chang Description minimum Heu Proposed abstraction or discharge rate Ls Location The user can select any catchment and stream that already exist in the Database To add a catchment and stream to the database select Database View edit database or press ALT D V The catchment name and stream name must be selected from the drop down lists If unknown lt Unknown gt can be chosen from the list The location reference usually a map reference and name can be entered directly or selected from those already in the database The Location reference is mandatory and can either be chosen from the drop down list or typed in If the user selec
65. from field measurements rather than estimated However in some streams it may be possible to estimate oxygen parameters based on experience and calibration through field measurements DO Parameters at 20 C and reference flow Estimated values Calculated from diurnal DO measurements Daily community respiration a D 2 rrP d 6 v Daily production respiration ratio 05 Nf ass Reaeration coefficient day 35 M 313 The parameters used to characterise stream reaches are the daily community respiration rate R at 20 C the daily production respiration ratio P R being the 24 h average value for the ratio of P to R where P is the maximum daily rate of photosynthetic production of oxygen and the reaeration coefficient k at 20 C EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 39 Note that in any particular application the stream temperature will not be 20 C but the values of the reaeration coefficient k and respiration rate R do depend on temperature For this reason when k and R are calibrated their values are adjusted using standard formulae to a reference temperature 20 C This enables us to more simply compare these values from one stream to another REAERATION COEFFICIENT The stream reaeration coefficient inferred from a single station diurnal oxygen curve analysis is a function only of the photoperiod duration and of the time lag between solar noon and oxygen maximum t is independent of rates of primary production
66. fs Measured a n oe gt Help Cancel Back Right click For Copy Ctrl C Save Ctrl 5 and Print Ctrl P menu asd A The details displayed in this window can be copied Ctrl C saved as a text or rtf file Ctrl S or printed Ctrl P These options will also be shown in menu for with a right click and allow the user to paste the information into other applications or open the file in other applications such as Microsoft Word Notepad or Excel 73 References ANZECC amp ARMCANZ 2000 National water quality management strategy Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality July 2000 Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council amp Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand Canberra Australia Australian Water Quality Guidelines 1992 Australian water quality guidelines for fresh and marine waters Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council Canberra Australia Baker C F Jowett L G Allibone R M 2003 Habitat use by non migratory Otago galaxiids and implications for water management Department of Conservation Science for conservation 221 Chapra S C Di Toro D M 1991 Delta method for estimating primary production respiration and reaeration in streams Journal of Environmental Engineering 1 17 5 640 655 Cox T J Rutherford J C 2000 Thermal tolerances of two stream invertebrates
67. hange in water temperature is then calculated as the water flows downstream using the sinusoidally varying water temperature at the abstraction point beginning of the reach By default the initial water temperature is the equilibrium temperature calculated assuming an infinitely long upstream channel with a flow equal to the index flow and the same characteristics as the reach including shade If this default assumption is true there will be little change in temperature with flow and distance downstream Note that differences in the amount of shade between upstream and downstream reaches will invalidate the default assumption of equilibrium The default assumptions can be changed by altering the characteristics of the upstream channel in Advanced settings as illustrated below EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 3 1 x Upstream Shading US topographic angle 3 NT Upstream water temperature US eps eme 3 Mf v Use equilibrium temperature US mean water temperature E US fraction through canopy 045 W Ree ir E he T Us elevation m amsl E Ta us mar watar temperature E Z3 O Stream bed US bed conductivity Jm s c 10 rl LIS bed thickness m 1M Lateral or tributary flow present US bed temperature C lf M or clicking on the Use equilibrium temperature checkbox and specifying initial upstream daily mean and daily maximum water temperatures Water temperature parameters x Upstream Shading US topogra
68. hange in water temperature with distance when the water temperature reaches the equilibrium temperature EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 6 9 Summary Results The Summary Results window presents a summary of results for each of the selected parameters The user may choose to evaluate mitigation options and sensitivity and if this is done these results are shown here The results of the habitat water temperature dissolved oxygen and ammonia models in WAIORA apply to a single reach along which there is negligible variation in stream conditions The Results page shown below displays values of the selected parameters for the index flow this is the flow that was specified in the first window Location information and the new flow this is the index flow less the abstraction specified in Location information If the impact assessment scenario is Evaluate status quo in the Impact assessment window parameters will only be displayed for the index flow Non compliance of the specified parameters with environmental guidelines is shown by highlighting the particular table entry in red or showing the text in red Catchment Mokau P Stream Mokauiti at location reference Mokauiti Power Scheme Scenario Evaluation abstract water The index 1 day median annual lave flaw flow ig 80 Lis derived by guess Proposed abstraction SS Lis Scenario Evaluation Parameter Flow LI Depth m ictr m velocity m s Mean Daily Temperature
69. he gauge Usually the gauge should not be in very shallow water near the stream edge where local obstructions can cause localised water level differences If the gauge is likely to be disturbed the top of the gauge can be referenced to a datum peg driven to ground level on the bank Repeat measurements of stream width should be taken at exactly the same location The two flow and level measurements should be sufficiently different to define the change in level with discharge accurately A change in level of 25 mm or 15 change in flow is a minimum When taking repeat measurements of either width or water level record the second set of measurements on the original data sheet and check that any change in width or level is consistent with the earlier measurements and with other measurements in the reach All data fields except the date fields must be entered if the Specify survey data at two flows button is selected Data status checkboxes are not shown with habitat data because it is assumed that these data are measured and therefore reliable Date 1 dd mm yy 12 2 03 Date 2 dd mmp 23 2 03 Flow 1 L z 832 Flow 2 Ls 558 Width 1 m t 2 34 Width 2 m T 2 1 Mean depth m 0 48 Mean stage change m Y 0 0g Specify survey data at two flows DATE Date 1 and Date 2 are the dates in the format dd mm yy on which the measurements of average stream width depth and flow were carried out It is not necessary to specify these da
70. he relative sensitivity of native invertebrate and fish species is compared in Table 4 with the inclusion of rainbow trout This indicates that two invertebrate species amphipod and snail are more sensitive than rainbow trout Rainbow trout are the most acutely sensitive species in the USEPA criteria derivation EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 6 1 Adjustment of guidelines The USEPA criteria were revised in 1998 with a further revision in 1999 to incorporate temperature sensitivity Table 5 shows the USEPA 1999 acute criteria table with adjusted New Zealand data The USEPA acute Criterion Maximum Concentration CMC data is derived from the most sensitive species rainbow trout sensitivity value divided by a factor of 2 Thus the trout acute value AV of 11 28 mg N L at pH 8 Table 4 becomes the guideline value of 5 62 mg N L Table 5 Converting this to New Zealand data uses the same factor of 2 applied to the most sensitive species the amphipod with an AV of 7 2 mg N L Table 4 giving an adjusted value of 3 6 mg N L Table 5 This indicates that NZ species are 36 more sensitive and all pH related values are adjusted by this factor ANZECC 2000 guidelines incorporate a risk based calculation procedure with total ammonia guidelines in relation to pH The ANZECC 2000 guidelines include chronic data for three native NZ invertebrate species The fingernail clams Hickey and Martin 1999 and artificial streams studies with inverteb
71. he temperature criterion then there 1s a significant risk of an adverse effect If the daily maximum 54 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES just complies with the temperature criterion then there is a very low risk of an adverse effect Temperature criteria should be appropriate to the duration that they persist For example it makes no sense to compare a predicted daily maximum water temperature which may only persist for 1 hour with a 4 day average temperature criterion if the species being considered can tolerate high temperatures for short periods The following steps can be followed Step 1 compare the maximum temperature rise from the abstraction point to the bottom of the study reach with the limit 3 C If the temperature increase exceeds 3 C it is unlikely to be acceptable Nevertheless it is advisable to proceed to the next step Step 2 compare the highest daily maximum equilibrium temperature 1 e maximum far field temperature with the criteria 20 C for sensitive streams or 26 C for native fish streams If these criteria are NOT breached there is a low risk of an adverse effect and there is no need to proceed to the next step If these criteria ARE breached a further step is necessary Step 3 compare the highest daily mean temperature in the study reach 1 e maximum near field temperature with the criteria 20 C for sensitive streams or 26 C for native fish streams If these criteria are breached
72. hly averages of daily totals for the 1971 2000 period for locations having at least 5 complete years of data Location Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TAURANGA 23 0 202 16 4 11 4 8 1 7 0 7 4 9 8 13 7 17 2 20 4 22 6 ROTORUA 22 5 19 6 16 0 11 1 8 0 6 3 6 7 9 4 12 9 he 6 19 5 21 6 AUCKLAND 23 1 20 1 16 0 11 7 8 3 6 6 7 9 10 0 13 8 17 5 20 9 23 1 HAMILTON 21 7 192 158 11 1 7 7 6 2 6 7 9 0 12 7 15 9 19 9 22 0 26 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES MASTERTON 17 190 15 2 9 7 7 o 5 5 5 9 8 6 12 GISBORNE 22 6 194 15 4 10 8 79 6 6 6 8 10 0 13 NAPIER 221 19 4 l15 5 10 8 7 8 6 3 6 8 97 ARARNAR NORTH 21 9 19 2 14 7 10 1 5 2 5 9 8 4 WELLINGTON pas pos hs jos se 4o 57 Wem pas pis pes poo 77 st eo soja 3 aper napa spes Duesrom aane as oo sa ar s7 ne mor Rupe uso peo ea ea er so joo zs pistes CHATHAM ISLAND 20 0 16 9 12 8 5 1 4 0 4 7 72 10 9 15 2 18 9 20 7 TIME OF MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE The time of maximum temperature is used to describe the sinusoidal variation in air temperature It is specified in hours using the 24h clock This is not a particularly important parameter for water temperature modelling but can be relevant for calibration of water temperature models The maximum air temperature usually occurs between 14h and 16h o NO NO on Co N Oo o o
73. hould not Guidelines window The text will turn maroon p of change Parameter 2 Select the Edit button ALT E on the ncrease C Depth Threshold amount became HAN x Environmental Guidelines window to Change s us dS Speciied by activate the Edit Guideline dialog window Type of change POET WAIDRA guideline Poncii peed 3 Edit the selected guideline using the options Absolute Change Daily Min Dissolved Uxygen a S G Absolute Threshold C Total Ammonia in the Edit Guideline dialog box Like adding a guideline guidelines are edited interactively using the various build components displayed on this window As the guideline is constructed the result is displayed in the text box at the top of the screen This cannot be edited directly guidelines can only be changed by using the build tools To save this information push the OK button to reject push Cancel DELETING A GUIDELINE To delete an existing guideline select the guideline on the Environmental Guidelines window the text will turn maroon Click the Delete button on the Environmental Guidelines window The guideline will be automatically removed APPENDIX 8 1 Error messages WAIORA errors will generally be reported to the user with a small message dialog box or will be displayed next to the relevant parameter However in some cases the errors need further expansion and in this case the Program Status windo
74. iN on NO IN N O o o IN o n2 Co Oo n2 NO on co e NJ co Oo NO e co Co N w Oo co no h5 o mo co NO NO ro C2 N NO Co NJ Oo B PN co C1 no e oO B co NO e O1 ho N no O do o N n2 av co no fo NIN o ov En No No N Io P o n2 no ho 5 N o Oo o N N IN O o A o NO ho o B w N En Co co s aohe 6 2 8 9 hs 5 6 8 ha N wo o gt e Co i co co no NO O1 Co o no NJ no B w WIND VELOCITY The average daily wind velocity over the water surface in m s Readings of wind velocity at meteorological stations are often higher than those at water surface level Adjustment of wind velocity and shade can be used to calibrate a water temperature model to known downstream water temperatures Wind velocity increases evaporative cooling of water as it flows downstream and in some situations can actually result in water temperatures decreasing in a downstream direction Daily average wind velocity m s and sunshine hours at selected New Zealand sites Data are mean annual values 1971 2000 Location hours m s EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 27 NELSON 66 833 BLENHEM 66 36 LAKETEKAPO 60 19 CHATHAM 39 ISLANDS POSS
75. ia of each inflow ma N L 100 Total ammonia at top of reach ma N L 0 1 Help Cancel DK To see mitigation results press View Results or type Alt amp R To close window and save results to Audit Trail press OK TI ET For example if the Water Temperature parameter is selected the user can enter alternative values in three active New Value text boxes the abstraction rate the US canopy angle shade above the abstraction point and Canopy angle shade below the abstraction point If the Habitat or Dissolved Oxygen parameters are EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 71 selected a new value may only be entered into the abstraction rate text box whereas if Total Ammonia is selected new values can be entered in all six boxes For mitigation scenarios new values for abstraction rate number of point source discharge inflows total ammonia of inflows and total ammonia at top of reach should be less than the current values whereas the new shade values should be higher that the current value Once new values have been entered the user can return to the Summary Results window shown here by either pressing the OK button Parameter Propased Proposed Mitigation Mitigation Index Hew Index Hew Flow L z Depth m wich m Velocity m s Mean Daily Temperature PE Max Daily Temperature C In the Results window the mitigated parameter values at both the index flow and the new mitigated flow are shown alo
76. ion respiration ratio ratio of the daily rates of photosynthetic production of oxygen to daily oxygen respiration by plants and micro organisms and e reaeration coefficient the coefficient that describes the rate at which oxygen is exchanged between the atmosphere and the stream The WAIORA DO model applies to streams with a reasonably homogenous distribution of aquatic plants which can include algae in a reach Three main assumptions are invoked e asingle reach analysis is appropriate this assumes that while DO at a site exhibits substantial time variation at any time spatial gradients of DO along the stream are minimal This is tenable if there is a homogenous distribution of plants over a reach upstream of the site e the mass of plants present is not affected by changes in the low flows this means that rates of photosynthesis and respiration rates are inversely related to flow e water temperature is constant over 24 hours if water temperature varies throughout the day three aspects of the DO balance are affected These are reaeration respiration and the saturation DO concentration Experience to date in applying both constant temperature and varying temperature models to the same data indicate that the combined effect of water temperature variations on these three processes is small so long as the diurnal water temperature variation 1s also small say 5 C This is a reasonable assumption for most deep incised lowland s
77. irectory Options Select database for any stream evaluation After the new database is created you are then given xl instructions on how to proceed E 2 Add yourself as a user l Login as ANONYMOUS 3 Login as that user 2 Add If 4 Use the database menu to add catchment and stream names i yOUISCH as user 5 Set up new record For valid stream and catchment names 3 Login as user 4 Set up catchment database 5 Start stream evaluation process 1 Select Anonymous from the User name drop down box 2 Click the OK button Tuesday 25 Nov 2003 4 31 pm Some features of WAIORA are limited when you are an anonymous user For example an anonymous user cannot edit User name at or delete records belonging to other users and database access 1s restricted Therefore you should add yourself as a user File Add DE User when logged on as ANONYMOUS and then login File Login under that name ADDING A NEW USER Any user may register a new user with a name of 3 characters or XJ more that is not already registered To add a new user User name 1 Select Add User from the File menu ALT F U 2 Enter the new user name in the User name text box of the Add New User dialog window Cancel p USING WAIORA 7 3 Click the OK button or push ENTER NORMAL LOGIN Once WAIORA has been run for the first time the user is prompted to enter a user name when the program is started The last user will
78. is discharged Scena Evaluate status quo eee l m NON WAIORA provides a Facility for evaluating different scenarios AN ON ME for each flow change the status qua for the index as well as the flow change either as a discharge or abstraction Discharge water Parameters for evaluation The four categories below are available to the user to be evaluated EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 17 e Habitat e Water Temperature e Dissolved Oxygen e Total Ammonia For each of the parameters selected WAIORA will predict the magnitude of change associated with the new flow and the relative change The assessment of total ammonia uses data from the habitat and temperature assessment so all three categories are automatically selected when you click Total Ammonia Similarly habitat and water temperature data are used in the assessment of dissolved oxygen and will be automatically selected when you click on dissolved oxygen Use of environmental guidelines Gi Sceciy cevienmmertelauidelretivediolce TO identify whether an new flow exceeds environmental guidelines the user will need to specify guideline thresholds To specify environmental guideline thresholds tick the check box shown here When unchecked the Guideline window is unavailable Data The data window shows data tabs for each of the categories that were selected in the previous window In the example below habitat water temperature dissolved oxygen and total ammonia wer
79. isplays the results for each of the parameters selected in the Impact Assessment window against the flow in L s Results are based on the scenarios selected the data entered in the Data window and the specified environmental guidelines if they are used If the results at the new flow comply with the specified environmental guidelines and if values of the index flow comply with the guideline threshold a green flag or tick is displayed in the upper right corner of the graph as specified by Display Options under the Options menu For evaluate status quo scenarios only the index flow is taken into account Summary Plots Mean Depthim vs Flow Le s l X 12 5 400 Mean Channel Width m vs Flow Lis i J Mean Yelocity m s vs Flew L s 44 Maximum Temperature L vs Flow Le s Minimum DO maf Uz zL ve Flew L s Total Ammania ma M L ve Flew L s 28 X 15 X 18 l 0 12 5 400 12 5 400 Help Cancel Back Click on plot but not ticks flags crosses Far enlarged view To access an enlarged view of any of the parameters of the results the user can click within the specified graph clicking on the tick or flag will not work Both the summary view and the enlarged view shown over present the index flow as a vertical green line and the new flow if applicable as a vertical red line Thus the points where the vertical lines intercept the blue curves indicate the change in the parameter Any threshold valu
80. l ammonia in dairy shed oxidation ponds in the Manawatu and Southland was 75 mg l Hickey et al 1989 Sixty percent of values were between 30 and 100 mg N L WAIORA uses the 80 ile value of 100 mg N L as a default but this can be changed if more appropriate information exists TOTAL AMMONIA AT TOP OF REACH This is the total ammonia concentration at the top of the reach before any of the point source discharges Total ammonia concentrations at the top of a reach are best derived from local records for the site under 42 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES study or analysis of water samples as reported values are highly variable e g 0 3 60 mg L for Waikato streams The average value for 187 Waikato streams sites was 0 227 mg N L EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 4 3 ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES WAIORA uses a set of guidelines to evaluate the compliance or non compliance of scenarios While WAIORA has a set of default guidelines users can select their own guideline sets These sets consist of groups of guidelines usually corresponding to the parameters being assessed The Environmental Guidelines window shown here allows the user to access individual guidelines and sets of guidelines Individual guidelines can created and edited using the guideline builder which is accessed through the Edit and New buttons The methods for adding editing and deleting guidelines are described in the Appendix Environmental Guidelines Low flows shou
81. lateral inflow e The model does not handle rapidly fluctuating flows e Turbulence is assumed to thoroughly mix the stream vertically and transversely ie no microthermal distributions REACH LENGTH The reach length specified in metres is the length of the stream that 1s being evaluated for changes in habitat water temperature and dissolved oxygen It is assumed that the hydraulic geometry flow stream width depth and velocity and other characteristics such as meteorology shade and steam bed conditions are constant along the reach Water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration apply to the end of reach whereas habitat conditions apply throughout the length of the reach Because water temperature usually increases with distance downstream until the equilibrium temperature is reached the reach length should usually be long enough to ensure that the equilibrium temperature is reached The variation in water temperature with distance below the abstraction point can be viewed to determine an appropriate reach length The exception to this would be when the reach is close to the sea or when a large tributary joins the river below the abstraction point EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 23 AIR TEMPERATURE All temperatures are in degrees Centigrade Daily means are usually the average of the daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures The daily maximum minimum air temperature is usually the maximum minimum recorded on a ma
82. ld nat Decrease depth to 0 1 m as specified bu WAIDRA guideline Decrease daily min dissolved oxygen to 6 mo 02V L as specified by WAIORA guideline Increase total ammonia to 5 615 ma M L as specified bu WAIDRA guideline USEPA 1999 1 h average Increase total ammonia ka 9 601 ma M L as specified by wWATORA guideline USEPA 1999 4 d average at calculat save set WAlORA suggests same general default guideline thresholds which New can be changed egianal conditions Load Set IF guideline thresholds are excee z 3 Edit Delete Set a iid Delete Reset Defaults Help Cancel Back Resetting defaults The default WAIORA guidelines are reloaded by clicking the Reset Defaults button 44 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES EVALUATING EFFECT OF FLOW CHANGES WAIORA predicts how stream parameters change with flow and in particular it predicts how the conditions under one state the index flow will change with additional abstraction or discharge of water As discussed in the section on management objectives and levels of maintenance the decision on whether the change is acceptable or not depends on environmental economic and socio political factors In this section we try to give some guidance on the environmental considerations Stream habitat The velocity and depth of water are an essential characteristic of streams and these two factors are the primary determinants of the aquatic community and instream u
83. lum J d E Fr HE 1 3 ow oy ra Fee INCOMING uli FLOW AND piensa TEMPE HATLHE STREAMBED CORNDLICZTIKIN The heat transport model tracks heat and water fluxes downstream It assumes that mean daily temperature and radiation data can be represented by sinusoidal variation about the average and that other meteorological and hydrological variables can be represented by average values Water temperatures are modelled downstream of the abstraction point The water flowing downstream will then increase or decrease in temperature until a dynamic equilibrium is established between the diurnal pattern of incoming radiation and the diurnal heat losses from the river through radiation and evaporation This final state when there is no further change in the diurnal variation of water temperature with distance downstream is known as the equilibrium condition The magnitude and rate of change in water temperature will depend on meteorological conditions such as radiation air temperature shade and flow Air temperatures solar radiation wind velocity and relative humidity should be measured for accurate water temperature model calibration These meteorological parameters may be obtained from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research for a meteorological station near your site Limitations assumptions e The characteristics of the selected reach represent the characteristics of a longer section of river and do not change with
84. metry and habitat This file must be a calibrated instream habitat model produced by RHYHABSIM The survey and calibration procedures in RHYHABSIM mean that this will be a more accurate reflection of the stream geometry and will give better predictions of stream width depth and velocity than the two flow method when predicting beyond the range of flow 1 and flow 2 Jowett 1998 C Specify survey data at two flows Lomnfbuivum A m niim ntn Habitat file EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 2 1 Water temperature data Water temperatures may affect aquatic systems in many ways ranging from acute lethal effects to modification of behavioural cues to chronic stresses to reductions in overall water quality Water temperature modelling 1s included to help predict the consequences of stream manipulations either flow or shade on water temperatures Reach length m Stream shade Topographic angle oc Mean daily air temperature C Canopy angle Pa oo Maxinunn daily air temperature C kean dail total solasradiaion IM Ed ARE USI Hriste est r2 e Stream bed oo Time of max temp h Bed conductivity Jins c Wind velocity m s Bed thickness m possible sun hours 55 aed teers eC oo ce Mean relative humidity 25 Advanced settings can be used to alter the following default Day number assumptions DJ e The upstream water temperature has reac shade and bed conditions the same as in the
85. ng with the pre mitigation index flow and proposed new flow Removing mitigation results To remove mitigation results from the results and audit trail press the mitigate button on the Summary Results window de select all the evaluation parameters then press OK 72 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Audit Trail This window gives the audit trail for the current record It reproduces the information in the Summary Results window and adds more information on the location of the site and details of the parameters used for the assessment The user and login date and time are recorded and the location information with the catchment and stream name with a location reference are presented Which scenario was chosen by the user is logged with flow change description and abstraction rate in the abstraction scenario case All data entries made throughout the program run are displayed The results for each of the parameters are also presented Audit Trail i User lan Evaluation time and date Thursday 20 May 2004 12 42 pm Catchment Mokau Stream Mokauiti At location reference Mokauiti Power Scheme Scenario Abstract water Flow change description minimum flow Proposed abstraction 55 L s The index 1 day median annual low flow flow is 80 L s derived by guess Data Habitat estimated from measurements at Flow 1 and Flow 2 Parameter Source Index flowy L s 30 50 Flow change L s 55 45 New flow L s 25 35 Flowv 1 fl
86. nu with the mouse or Press ALT or F10 again or press ESC TO CHOOSE A MENU COMMAND e Click the item e Type the letter that is underlined in the item name e Use the UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW keys to select the item you want and then press ENTER Command buttons Help Cancel Back Hest You can choose a command button to initiate an immediate action such as carrying out or cancelling a command The Help Cancel Back and Next buttons are common command buttons in WAIORA and are located to the bottom right of each window Unavailable buttons are dimmed The currently selected button 8 6 APPENDIX the default has a darker border than the other buttons You can choose the currently selected button by pressing ENTER e Click the command button with the mouse e Press TAB to move to the button you want then press SPACEBAR or ENTER N B If the button has an underlined letter in its name you can choose the command button in one step Press and hold down the ALT button while typing the underlined letter Text boxes Information may be entered into a text box When you move to an empty text box an insertion point flashing vertical bar appears The text you type starts at the insertion point If the box you select already has text this text 1s selected and any text you type replaces it You can also delete the existing text by pressing DEL or BACKSPACE TO SELECT A TEXT BOX e Drag the pointer across the text you want
87. o that of each point source inflow a is the total ammonia decay number with Ax being the distance between each equally spaced inflow and V is the reach average water velocity Ammonia guidelines Water temperature and pH values are used to interpret appropriate ammonia toxicity criteria for streams Both water temperature and pH values can show marked diurnal variation Maximum and daily average pH are specified by the user and the daily mean temperature is calculated by WAIORA For lowland streams with incised channels about 1 5 m wide such as those in many parts of the Waikato and Northland the pH of stream water typically varies between 6 8 and 8 5 during a 24 hour period This is equivalent to a maximum 1 hr pH of around 8 5 and a 4 day average pH of 7 7 For shallow shingle streams with channels gt 10 m wide and 0 5 m deep the pH of water in streams typically varies between 6 8 and 9 5 during a 24 hour period This is equivalent to a maximum 1 hr pH of around 9 5 and a 4 day average pH of 8 0 If you have access to a pH meter you could do some in situ pH measurements when you do your site visits to see how well they correspond to expected values Stream pH is usually at a maximum during the late afternoon Maximum values are affected by the amount of plant and algal biomass present upstream WAIORA uses the latest 1999 USEPA guidelines for acute toxicity to aquatic organisms The acute toxicity values are criteria fo
88. objects on the horizon the canopy angle is the average angle of the tops of riparian vegetation and the fraction through canopy is the fraction of radiation penetrating the vegetation canopy as shown below The total shade fraction is calculated as topographic shade plus canopy shade Topographic shade 1 Cos topographic angle Canopy shade 1 Fraction penetrating Canopy Cos topographic angle Cos canopy angle The canopy and topographic angles are values between O and 90 and the canopy angle must always be equal to no vegetation or greater than the topographic angle We have found it difficult to estimate shade angles in the field and suggest that shade angles can be varied within reason in the process of calibrating a water temperature model STREAM BED Heat from the water is lost and gained from the streambed The streambed acts as a long term buffer or heat store effectively damping the response of water temperature to meteorological variations For this reason mean monthly air temperatures can be used as bed temperatures if measurements of ground temperature are not available 30 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES In the model heat is transferred between the streambed and water according to Heat transfer bed conductivity bed temperature water temperature bed thickness An estimate of the bed temperature can be obtained from measurements of ground temperature taken at climatologic
89. oloburisc us hurneralls Food production Longfin eel 300 mm s Tarrentfish Normalised habitat value 0 5 10 15 Discharge m s Figure 1 Comparison of normalised habitat per unit width predicted by habitat modelling in RHYHABSIM above and the generalised method below EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 51 Brown trout adult m Coloburisc us hurmeralls Food production Longfin eel 300 mm Torrenttish Normalised habitat value D 5 10 15 Discharge m s Figure 2 Comparison of normalised habitat area predicted by habitat modelling in RHYHABSIM above and the generalised method below Changes in instream habitat for fish and benthic invertebrates can be evaluated using the generalized method Curves of habitat quality versus flow are displayed for the selected species The species for which there are generalized curves are listed and the user can select one several or all The species are listed in order of velocity preference so that the first species are most appropriate for small slow flowing streams and the species listed towards the end are most appropriate for large swift rivers Source List Destination List Lipland bully Crans bully Banded kokopu juvenile Canterbury galaxias Roundhead galaxias Flathead galaxias Longtin eel 30cm Lowland longjaw galaxias fe Redfin bully Shortfin eel 30crn Common bully Brown
90. on Information Impact Assessment WAI oO RA Water Allocation Impacts On River Attributes WAIORA is a decision support system designed to predict whether proposed low flow 1 wall have ad son f 3 daily mininum dissolved oxyge nr ncentra daly mean and maximum water temperature and instream by ui ta d for aquatic i life Guidelines WAIORA provides information on data collection aud environmental criteria of the magnitude of change associated with a new low flow and whether environmental guideline thresholds Summary Plots bie mitigation avoidance options and ther predicted effects an audit trail of the procedures followed S WAIORA contains envirormental models that are most accurate for comparing changes with flow scenarios These models are better at predicting the amount of change than abso jc values and some caution is thy een ye required 4 5 when interpreting whether guideline thresholds have been exceeded Audit Trail yx s To use WAIORA have knowledge of the existing stream conditions above and below the proposed tr ass on collect data from two site visits or use a calibrated RHYHABSIM model WAIORA comes with data files which can be used to store and xetneve relevant re S Summary Results a ae re A start 8S 3S E4EBo A 3 yu R Pegasus fi User s eui B Explorerel ej warora Re 3 58 p m Display options The
91. one option Evaluate status quo atatime The selected option contains a black dot Unavailable options are dimmed C Abstract water Check boxes A check box next to an option means you can select or clear the option You can select as many check box options as needed When a check box is selected it contains a APPENDIX 87 Select parameters for evaluatia w Habitat Depth Width velocity v Water Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Total Ammonia e Click each blank check box to select click a selected box to clear 1 Use TAB to move to the check box you want to select or clear 2 Press the SPACEBAR to select the box press the SPACEBAR again to clear the selection NB If the user has tabbed to a group of check boxes as display here the ARROW keys allow the user to navigate from check box to check box Scroll bars 4 By using scroll bars you can move parts of the window into view when the window does not fit into the desktop You can also use scroll bars to view unseen portions of lists and other information that cannot fit in the allotted space Some windows have scroll bars to allow you to view information that exists beyond the borders of the window When you can view all the contents of a window without scrolling scroll bars may be absent
92. onia guideline standards USEPA and AN ECC Species present for USEPA guidelines 89x protection level 952 protection level Average daily stream pH y rl Fish early life stages Sp poise an level Maximum daily stream pH 8 v B X protection level Salmonids Ammonia data requirements NUMBER OF POINT SOURCE DISCHARGE INFLOWS This is the number of point inflows discharging into the reach It is assumed that the point sources are uniformly distributed along the reach so that the modelling distance is the reach length divided by the number of point sources The ammonia reach length can be different from the reach length specified for the water temperature model because it describes the length along which there are ammonia discharges with maximum ammonia concentration at the end of this reach POINT SOURCE DISCHARGE This is the flow rate L s of the point source discharge The flow rate of the point source times the total ammonia concentration of the point source is its ammonia loading in mg N s WAIORA provides a default value of 0 1 L s based on the following assumptions e average daily flow for modern dairy sheds of 80 L cow d Hickey et al 1989 e summer pond evaporation factor of 0 7 C Hickey NIWA pers comm e average dairy herd size of 170 cows TOTAL AMMONIA OF EACH INFLOW This is the total ammonia concentration mg N L of each of the point sources The median concentration of tota
93. ow trout feeding 30 40 cm 0 93 2 89 0 32 3 02 14 19 Coloburiscus humeralis 1 35 4 17 032 302 1422 Aoteapsyche 1 44 3 17 045 444 2229 Zelandoperla 1 71 3 4 05 497 25 43 large river habitat suitability curves see Jowett 2000 suitability for cover locations only Table 3 Source of suitability criteria used for the development of generalised habitat curves Species Aoteapsyche Banded kopopu juvenile Bluegill bully Brown trout adult Brown trout fry Brown trout spawning Brown trout yearling Coloburiscus humeralis Common bully Crans bully Deleatidium Flathead galaxias Food producing habitat Galaxias vulgaris Inanga Longfin eel lt 30cm Lowland longjaw galaxias Nesameletus Rainbow trout feeding 80 40 cm Rainbow trout spawning Redfin bully Roundhead galaxias Shortfin eel 30cm Shortjaw kokopu Torrentfish Upland bully Zelandoperla EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Reference Jowett et al 1991 McCullough 1998 Jowett amp Richardson 1995 Hayes amp Jowett 1994 Raleigh et al 1984 Shirvell amp Dungey 1983 Raleigh et al 1984 Jowett et al 1991 Jowett amp Richardson 1995 Jowett amp Richardson 1995 Jowett et al 1991 Baker et al 2003 Waters 1976 Jowett amp Richardson 1995 Jowett 2002 Jowett amp Richardson 1995 Baker et al 2003 Jowett et al 1991 Bovee pers comm Jowett et al 1996b Jowett amp Richardson 1995 Baker et al 2003 Jowett amp Richardson 1995
94. phic angle F SR IB Meam a mper atate Use equilibrium temperature US canopy angle 7 35 L S UE D ET us ter t ture C US fraction through canopy 0 45 mean water temperature C 18 mf US elevation fm amid 90 Ll US mas water temperature C 23 Mf Stream bed US bed conductivity ulmfaec 10 WE sad iienaa i TE Lateral or tributary flow present US bed temperature PC VR Close LATERAL AND TRIBUTARY FLOWS Water entering the stream reach below the abstraction point can be accounted for in the water temperature model either as a tributary inflow or as a uniformly distributed lateral inflow such as would occur if groundwater were seeping into the stream along the length of the reach Thus the inflow or outflow if negative can be either uniformly apportioned through the length of the reach 1 e by selecting lateral inflow or can flow into the reach at a point 1 e by selecting tributary inflow The location of a point tributary inflow is specified by its distance below the abstraction point and that value is entered as the tributary distance The temperature of tributary inflows is specified in the same way as upstream water temperatures either an equilibrium water temperature calculated from the tributary stream shade and bed conditions or by specifying the daily mean and maximum water temperature The temperature of the uniformly distributed lateral inflow generally should be the same as groundwater temp
95. physical variables driving habitat values were found to be similar in New Zealand and in France The Reynolds number of reaches discharge per unit width governs changes in habitat value of all species within reaches The Froude number at the mean natural discharge which indicates the proportion of riffles in stream reaches was generally the major variable governing overall habitat value in the different reaches This is consistent with the preference of the benthic fauna such as many of the native New Zealand fish species and benthic invertebrates for riffles Jowett and Richardson 1995 Jowett 2000 and the non benthic aquatic fauna for runs or pools e g Jowett 2002 The generalised habitat models were robust Tests of the French models of Lamouroux and Capra 2002 in New Zealand rivers were very satisfactory and most New Zealand models gave reasonable accuracy when applied in rivers larger or smaller than those used to calibrate them with some loss of accuracy for some taxa This suggests that the generalised model equations can be used to model habitat quality anywhere in the world for taxa with comparable microhabitat suitability at least within their calibration range Generalised models necessarily lose some information compared to conventional models such as PHABSIM This loss must be balanced against requirement for field work and experience in conventional modelling In particular hydraulic geometry relationships in reaches can be ea
96. r maximum concentration CMC and are the same in the 1998 and 1999 editions of the USEPA guidelines and refer to the maximum 1 h average not to being exceeded once in three years The maximum 1 h average concentration is varied according to the maximum daily stream pH USEPA guidelines are also given for chronic 4 day and 30 day average total ammonia concentrations The 4 day and 30 day average guidelines are criteria for continuous concentration CCC at the average daily pH with the 4 day average guideline equal to 2 5 times the 30 day guideline value Allowable acute 1 h concentrations in the USEPA guidelines depend on whether salmonids are present Allowable acute toxicity levels in streams with salmonids present are about one third of those in streams without salmonids If early life stages of fish are present the allowable chronic total ammonia concentration 30 day guideline may be reduced depending on the average water temperature ANZECC ammonia guidelines are used as well as the USEPA guidelines The ANZECC guidelines specify chronic concentrations of ammonia and these concentrations increase as protection levels decrease The ammonia concentration at the ANZECC 80 protection level is similar to the concentration specified by the USEPA 30 day guideline The USEPA guideline standards for 1 h 4 day and 30 day as well as the ANZECC guideline for the selected protection level are given in WAIORA results and on plots as shown below 6 0 EV
97. ram Status F5 An error message can also be displayed in the Database Access window when a conflict is detected This usually occurs when the user tries to load flow change information that already exists The user can access additional information on specific errors by selecting the Program Status option under the Options menu or by pushing F5 k2 Program Status lolx is required for shade below abstraction point mperature is required for mean daily air temperature 8 2 APPENDIX User references WAIORA contains a reference database for up to 50 relevant references and publications New entries can be added to this database and existing references and publications can be edited or deleted All changes made to this window are saved by pushing the OK button By pushing the Cancel button any changes are rejected This window shown below can be accessed by selecting User references under the Options menu or by pushing ALT O R IDi x Jowett lan Prediction of Stream Depth and Velocity 1997 Kevin Collier NIWA Hamilton hoteo McBride Graham Minimum Stream Dissolved Oxygen Calculation Procedure 1997 Kevin Collier NIWA Hamilton McBride Graham Active Graph for Total Ammonia in Streams 1997 This window is used to maintain a record of up to 50 relevant publications and files ADDING A REFERENCE To make a new reference entry push the New button or push ALT N
98. range Observed max to min mat 2 L 84 Rf Daily mean water temperature C 20 f DO Parameters at 20 C and reference Flo Estimated values Calculated from diurnal DO measurements Daily community respiration a0 e J meg d E L Daily prendre tim res print arm ratia wa E Heaeratian coefficient day 36 Stream Geometry Water Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Ammonia Notes The default assumption is that field measurements will be used to 7 ise field measurements of diumal DO variation calculate oxygen parameters If you change this by de selecting Use field measurements of diurnal DO variation and the second section Diurnal DO measurements will become inactive and grey and the DO parameter section will become active and values for the parameters can be entered Accurate estimates of the parameters describing the three fundamental processes are essential for prediction of dissolved oxygen and we suggest that these parameters should be determined from field measurements rather than estimated However whether oxygen parameters are derived by calibration or based on experience of calibration in similar streams it is necessary to specify the following stream reference conditions Oxygen Reference Conditions Reference flow DO L s 100 Nf r Stream Plant Biomass Dominated by O 2 i Ratio of respiration rates 10 C apart E mi dicas Bentak agas REFERENCE FLOW DO The referen
99. rate communities showed high sensitivity for the mayfly Deleatidium sp Table 6 together with the mayfly Coloburiscus humeralis Hickey et al 1999 The ANZECC dataset includes data for 16 species ranging in sensitivity from 0 54 mg N L at pH 8 0 to 19 8 mg N L The ANZECC trigger value for 95 protection at pH 8 0 is 0 90 mg NYL Comparison of this value with the fingernail clam value pH 8 EC 0 42 mg N L Table 6 indicates that some slight adverse effect may occur for these species Examination of the mesocosm community responses to chronic ammonia exposure Hickey et al 1999 provides an indication of the sensitivity of both individual species and of various species groups The results showed that 1 macroinvertebrates were generally tolerant of ammonia exposure with biodiversity indices such as taxa richness and the number of taxa in the orders Ephemeroptera Plecoptera and Trichoptera EPT showing no significant reduction for 11X ANZECC guideline 1 e 10 1 mg N L at pH 8 0 ii abundance measures were more sensitive with mayfly abundance the most sensitive group ii snail abundance was also strongly affected at 11X ANZECC guideline iv trichoptera caddisflies were a particularly tolerant group and showed no marked reduction in species diversity from 15 species to 13 species or abundance Comparison of the NZ invertebrate data Table 6 with the USEPA 1999 chronic 30 day guideline of 2 3 mg N L for fish early life st
100. ration rate at 20 C R is the respiration rate at T the daily mean water temperature C and Q is the ratio of respiration rates 10 C apart We expect that Q should lie between 1 and 2 The daily mean water temperature is predicted using the WAIORA water temperature model when assessing flow effects or 1s specified by the user when calibrating oxygen parameters PLANT BIOMASS This specifies if the stream is dominated by macrophytes or benthic algae This is used to determine whether respiration and production rates should be scaled by flow or average stream depth Field measurements of dissolved oxygen parameters Diurnal variation of dissolved oxygen concentration and water temperature during periods of stable weather and stream flow can be used to calculate reaeration respiration and production rates The data must be collected by DataSonde or similar recorder during a period of steady flow such as base flow or during a recession period The 24 h period used for analysis should exclude measurements made at the start and end of the DataSonde deployment because they are often affected by odd electrode responses that occur during the transfer to the stream site and generally 24 h periods should start at midnight Most importantly it is important to establish a pattern in the diurnal variations and choose the one 24 h period that best represents that whole data set Diurnal curve analysis can be used to determine these parameter values WAI
101. re saved as new Exit Allows the user to delete their own records from the database Allows an alternative user to log in Allows a new user to be added to the database Closes the open record and exits WAIORA If changes are unsaved a prompt will ask whether they should be saved Displays the Database with tabs for Catchments catchment number and name Streams stream number stream name and catchment name Locations location reference location name stream name and catchment name index flow flow statistic flow data source and Flow change description abstraction rate location reference stream name and catchment name Data can be sorted added edited or deleted within each tab r Database Access D Waiora dbwaiora mdb E mi x Catchments Streams Locations Flow change Unknown gt Awakino Waikato Llutha Mokau The first Field in each display is a unique descriptor Flows abstraction rate or low flow must be numeric otherwise all z either alphabetic numeric or alphanumeric Edit Record Delete Record 78 APPENDIX Import database from file X Displays the following Instruction Database data should be arranged in columns with the First line of each column defining the type of data Data types are identified by the calumn headings so these are required to be Catchment number To import a file press OK Select the Catchment name NN Stream number file type comma delimi
102. res Title bar options The title bar shows the program icon upper left corner the program or active window name and the maximise minimise and the cancel buttons If more than one window is open the title bar of the active window has a different colour to the others Control menu Database Access All windows in WAIORA have a Control menu box in the upper left corner of each Restore window the program icon This feature allows you to resize move maximize minimize and close windows Size Minimize MES TO OPEN THE CONTROL ME NU e Click the Control menu box application icon in the upper left corner of the window and drag to the desired option Close Alt F4 1 Press ALT SPACEBAR to open the Control menu on the main window or ALT HYPHEN to open the Control menu on the active window 2 Use UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW keys to move to the desired option and push ENTER or type the underlined letter MINIMISE MAXIMISE AND RESTORE BUTTONS t Site Details ie Fa The maximise minimise and the cancel buttons are displayed to the upper i right corner of the title bar APPENDIX 85 e Click the minimise or maximise button H in the upper right corner of the window To restore the window after minimising instead of maximising it press the restore button El 1 Press ALT HYPHEN to open the Control menu 2 From the Control menu use UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW keys to move to the desired option
103. rs to view database records and sort records by columns The database file WAIORA MDB also contains information on registered users guidelines evaluation data and audit trail information Database Access D Waiora db waiora mdb E mi x L atchments Streams Locations Flow change Catchment Number Catchment MN ame amp Unknown gt Awaking Waikato Clutha Mokau The first field in each display i a unique descriptor Flows abstraction rate or low flow must be numeric otherwise all fields are descriptors either alphabetic numeric or alphanumeric Catchments Streams Locations Flow change Grids display tabled information from the d 345546 Uterahanga WAIORA database 512 768356 S420 b Bridge Mokauiti Power Scheme below dam 10 USING WAIORA To adjust the Column Width select the column whose width you want to adjust and drag the border at the right of the column heading until the column is the width you want Registered users may add edit and delete catchment stream site location and flow change details and load and save them from or to a csv or xls file Note import and export of xls files is only supported when Microsoft Excel is installed ADDING A NEW DATABASE ENTRY mi xi 1 Select the table to which you want to add the new record Location reference PO 2 Select the New Record button or push Location Mame ALT N 3 Enter the new information into the text Catchment Name
104. s the water used by a commercial rafting enterprise has instream value The attributes listed in Sections 6 and 7 of the RMA generally are instream values WAIORA helps to quantify the requirements of instream uses in terms of water quality and hydraulic parameters The two volumes of Flow guidelines for instream values Ministry for the Environment 1998 provide a very much more comprehensive coverage than is possible here A basic principle established in the Flow guidelines is that instream values and their requirements must be identified and appraised within the context of definite Instream Management Objectives Resource management objectives have been defined by regional councils in their various regional policy statements and an increasing number of councils are developing more specific objectives in regional or catchment water resources management plans An important decision is the level at which instream values are to be maintained Where there are established water quality standards such as for dissolved oxygen and ammonia this is relatively simple However acceptable levels of instream habitat and even water temperature are more difficult to decide The Flow guidelines suggest that the level of maintenance should reflect the merits of instream values in a particular river the quality of a recreational fishery the biological diversity of a stream ecosystem the conservation status of a breeding bird population on a river bed the proximi
105. sed when a new record is created You have the option of using the data that you have entered as the default set or selecting the default set although you need to decide whether they are relevant to your stream These default data are saved in the text file WAIORA INI You can also edit the values in this file to create your default data set Program Status Displays any errors that occurred during calculation of results WINDOW Cascade Cascades the open windows so all the titles are displayed and Window Help Cascade the active window is on top Tile Tile Tiles the open windows so that all can be viewed at the same Arrange Icons time 1 Location Information Arrange Icons Arranges the icons for minimized windows v 2 Impact Assessment 1 2 3 command Switches to the window and makes it active APPENDIX 79 HELP Contents Opens the WAIORA Help file The Online Help provides a comprehensive contents screen that summarises the contents of the Help system Topic Search Displays the Search All dialog box The Search All dialog box lets you reference Help topics on specific subjects About Displays WAIORA s version number programmers and contact address for program enquires WAIORA help WAIORA provides an Online Help facility that provides background information about how the program should be used You can access this Help facility in the following ways mA e By selecting the Contents page option ALT C or the Topic Sear
106. ses The velocity and depth of water in a stream depend upon the flow gradient and substrate as given by well known hydraulic formulae e g Manning and Chezy equations These factors are all inter related For example substrate size depends upon gradient and flow with large substrate elements in steep rivers and fine substrate in low gradient slow flowing streams and rivers The morphology of the stream or river is shaped by its flood flows and the surrounding geology that provides the sediment that is transported by the river When the flow in a river is reduced the water velocity and depth usually reduces Studies of at a station geometry in 73 New Zealand rivers Jowett 1998 indicate that the general relationships between flow m s and depth m velocity m s and width m are Width 15 8x Flow Depth 0 31x Flow Velocity 0 24 x Flow There is considerable variation in these relationships between rivers especially the depth and velocity relationships and it is advisable to collect field data that are able to describe how the hydraulic geometry of a river changes with flow If habitat curves have been derived by the hydraulic geometry two flow method the two calibration flows can be shown on the graphs by selecting the appropriate graph display option Mean Depth m vs Flow L s Index Flow Hew Flow Depth Mean Depthim 540 1832 zr 3818 4808 IRR Flow Lis Changes in stream habitat with flow are examine
107. sily obtained from field measurements made at two different discharges or using regional models Jowett 1998 Lamouroux et al 1998 By combining generalised models and hydraulic geometry relationships estimating habitat values in multiple streams is possible from few field measurements detailed topographies of stream reaches associated velocity measurements and hydraulic model calibration are not required Generalised habitat models suggest general simple rules can be used to improve flow management or to estimate regulation impacts over whole river networks An example of such a rule is that a discharge value of about Q 0 3 Width would provide optimal habitat values for several freshwater taxa in New Zealand Derivation and application of a generalised method The generalised model takes the form p HV 2n ax xe V The values c and k describe the shape of the curve whereas the parameter a is a scaling factor that varies from reach to reach The values c and k are of most interest because the assessment of flow requirements is based on the shape of the curve rather than the absolute values The equation has a maximum at c k so that this ratio specifies the discharge per unit width that provides maximum habitat The values of model coefficients for each taxa were derived from a dataset of 99 reaches The reaches in this dataset have mean flows varying from 0 6 m s to 53 8 m s the same data were used by Lamouroux amp
108. t I G Richardson J Biggs B J F Hickey C W Quinn J M 1991 Microhabitat preferences of benthic invertebrates and the development of generalised Deleatidium spp habitat suitability curves applied to four New Zealand rivers New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 25 187 199 Jowett L G Rowe D West D 1996b Fishery flow requirements of the Tongariro River Consultancy report ELE301 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Hamilton 140 p Lamouroux N Capra H and Pouilly M 1998 Predicting habitat suitability for lotic fish linking statistical hydraulic models with multivariate habitat use models Regulated Rivers Research and Management 14 1 11 Lamouroux N Capra H 2002 Simple predictions of instream habitat model outputs for target fish populations Freshwater Biology 47 1543 1556 Lamouroux N Jowett I G in press Generalized instream habitat models Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Main M R 1988 Factors influencing the distribution of kokopu and koaro Pisces Galaxiidae Unpublished M Sc thesis University of Canterbury McBride G B 2002 Calculating stream reaeration coefficients from oxygen profiles Journal of Environmental Engineering 128 4 384 380 McBride G B Chapra S C submitted Approximate delta method for rapid calculation of stream reaeration primary production and respiration Journal of Environmental
109. te that stream values of the total ammonia removal rate decay coefficient increase as water velocity decreases WAIORA assumes that the decay coefficient is constant at 2 day but increases linearly with water velocity V when velocities are less than 0 08 m s Decay coefficient 5 36 8 V for V 0 08 Average stream velocity m s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Decay coefficient day Relationship between total ammonia decay coefficients measured in the Kumeu and Waiwera rivers Calculation of ammonia concentration With only one point source discharge the calculation of ammonia concentration is relatively simple With a point source discharge of q L s and total ammonia concentration of 100 mg N L and a total ammonia concentration of 0 1 mg N L at the top of the reach the ammonia concentration at the end of the reach C for a flow Q is simply the conservation dilution equation With more than one point source the calculation of ammonia concentration is more complicated and the decay constant is used to reduce the ammonia concentration through the reach EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 59 where c C C 1s the ratio of total ammonia concentration at the downstream end of the reach C that contains n evenly spaced inflows of concentration Cn q is the ratio of the discharge of each point source qin to the reach discharge Q and c is that ratio of the total ammonia concentration at the upstream end of that segment t
110. ted csv or semen excel spreadsheet xls and then open Location reference Location name to add the data in the file to the existing Index flow database ee 4 change description Abstraction rate l Export database to file The order of column names ix important but the case Is nat All columns should be present but row entries can be left Select the file type comma delimited Ell csv or excel spreadsheet xls and name press open and all data catchment stream location and flow change will be written to the selected file VIEW Location Information Displays the Location Information window Impact Assessment Displays the Impact Assessment window Data Displays the Data window Environmental Displays the Environmental Guidelines Guidelines window Summary Plots Displays the Summary Plots window Summary Results Displays the Guideline Summary window Audit Trail Displays the Audit Trail window OPTIONS Display Options Allows the user to specify if coloured flags oos window Help or crosses are displayed throughout the Display options program User references User references Displays a list of documents that can be DE edited and saved by the user o Select Database Allows you to change the WAIORA Database WAIORA MDB that you are using by specifying the location of the directory that you wish to use Program Status Default data This allows you to change the default data that are u
111. tes but they do record information that is useful for checking and audit purposes FLOW Flow should be gauged at the best flow measuring site in the reach Usually the change in level for flow is relatively consistent along a stream and is controlled by the reach geometry particularly riffles Flow measurements should be to high accuracy 396 Normal gauging standards should be used with 20 measurements of velocity and depth across the section 40 second counts and measurements of velocity at more than one point in the vertical in deep water or where the vertical velocity distribution is not uniform The accuracy of predictions made from a survey will decrease if the flow impacts that are being examined are for flows that differ greatly from the flows at which the measurements are made Thus it is better to limit the amount of extrapolation from measured flows by making measurements at a flow that is close to the flow of interest usually low summer flow WIDTH The stream width metres is the water surface width and excludes islands and any protruding items such as boulders Ideally stream depths and widths should be measured in as many locations as possible Five cross 20 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES sections in runs would be a minium requirement and three cross sections in pools runs and riffles total of 9 would give a better measure of the stream average MEAN DEPTH AND STAGE CHANGE The mean stream depth metres is th
112. tes how instream habitat water temperature and dissolved oxygen and ammonia concentrations vary with flow and displays the values of these parameters for the index flow and the new flow that will result from the proposed abstraction or flow discharge Management objectives The evaluation of the effect of flow change on habitat temperature oxygen and ammonia is the final and most difficult step in the WAIORA process Although WAIORA provides some guidelines for this evaluation process but it is not possible to provide guidelines for all situations This is because instream flow management is a complex process usually involving a combination of technical public and legal considerations To be effective the instream flow management process should consider the present status of the river and its ecosystem and then in consultation with public and institutional organisations set goals and objectives before establishing appropriate flow requirements Conventionally we recognise instream values and instream uses those that are associated with water that is flowing in a channel and out of stream values and uses those that are enjoyed when the water is taken from the channel for use elsewhere The social economic and cultural values referred to in Section 5 of the INTRODUCTION 3 Resource Management Act RMA may be either instream or out of stream values For example water used for irrigated agriculture has out of stream value wherea
113. the river or the addition of water to the river and the value is always positive Details of flow chang Description Irrigation L Proposed abstraction or discharge rate L s Impact assessment The Impact Assessment window allows the user to enter assessment details Impact Assessment l WAIORA will predict the following for selected parameters the absolute and proportional change associated with the low flow whether the low flow exceeds a specified guideline threshold indicated by a red flag or cross Scenari Evaluate status qua NR l MM dS Zu WARA provides a Facility for evaluating different scenarios for each flow change the status qua for the index flow as Well as the flow change either as 4 discharge or abstraction Discharge water Select parameters for evaluatia Environmental guideline v Habitat Depth width Velocity To identify whether a low flow exceeds an environmental guideline vou will need ta specify a guideline threshold W AID FA provides a Facility for constructing guidelines water Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Total amp mmoania l E Specify environmental guideline thresholds Help Cancel Back Scenarios The user can evaluate the parameters for the index flow evaluate status quo or can compare the assessment status for the index flow to that with the new flow less than the index flow where water is abstracted and greater where water
114. the word for water and ORA the word for life well full and alive Combined WAIORA is the Maori word for health but it also means a fountain or well Fountains and wells are considered good healthy sacred to the Maori people as the water from these two sources is considered pure and therefore fit for human and animal consumption Dean Grace pers com As an acronym for the computer package WAIORA stands for Water Allocations Impacts On River Attributes What does WAIORA do WAIORA Water Allocation Impacts on River Attributes is a decision support system designed to provide guidance on whether a flow change could have adverse impacts on the following environmental parameters Dissolved Oxygen Total Ammonia Water Temperature and Habitat for aquatic life WAIORA uses information on stream geometry and numerical models to estimate the effects of flow on these parameters and compares the predictions to environmental guidelines that can be specified by the user to determine if an adverse effect is likely to occur A number of assumptions have been made during model development and these are detailed in this manual and Help Files The outputs of WAIORA reflect the nature of these assumptions and the quality of the data entered by the user The models are better at predicting the relative amount of change associated with flow scenarios than at predicting absolute changes Some guidance on the expected accuracy of models and comfort zones associate
115. there 1s significant risk of an adverse effect The following table lists various measures of the temperature preference and tolerance for some fish and invertebrates CTM Critical Thermal Maxima i e the thermal point at which movement becomes erratic and the animal loses its ability to escape from conditions that will promptly lead to its death The animal is exposed to water heated at a continuous and rapid rate in this test L T3 the constant temperature at which half of the test animals die within the test period FP final preference the long term preferred temperature ND no data l Life Acclimated Upper lethal Preferred Fish Species stage size temp temp C and temp and Source C method quartiles C Shortfinned eel Glass eel 15 28 0 LTso Jellyman 1974 Anguilla australis Elver 12 28 33 4 38 1 CTM Simons 1986 Elver 15 35 7 LTso 26 9 25 6 X Richardson et al 1994 Adult 15 39 7 LT50 28 5 Richardson et al 1994 Longfinned eel Glass eel 15 25 0 LT50 Jellyman 1974 A dieffenbachii Elver 15 34 8 LT5o 24 4 22 6 X Richardson et al 1994 Adult 15 37 3 LTso 26 2 Richardson et al 1994 Cran s bully mixture 12 20 32 3 33 9 CTM Simons 1984 Gobiomorphus basalis 15 30 9 LT5o 21 0 19 6 X Richardson et al 1994 22 1 Common bully mixture 12 20 32 7 34 CIM Simons 1984 G cotidianus 15 30 9 LT50 20 2 18 7 Richardson et al 1994 21 8 Upland bully Juvenile 15 32 8 CTM Teale 1986 G breviceps Torrentfish Adult 15 3
116. to select or double click on the word to select one word at a time Use TAB to select the desired text box Use arrow keys to move to the first character you want to select in the box To extend the selection press and hold down the SHIFT while pressing the appropriate arrow key Drop down list boxes Current low flowis S ER ET EE D D E LRL m A drop down list box appears initially as a rectangular box with a current day median annual low how i Details of flow chal 7 day median annual low flow selection marked by the selection cursor When you select the arrow in the 1 day mean annual low flow Description 1 day in 5 year low flow square box at the right a list of available choices appears If there are more 1 day in 10 year low flow Ui eise items than can fit in the box scroll bars are provided calibration flow 1 day median seasonal flow 1 Click the arrow to the right to open the information box 2 If there is a scroll bar present on the information box click the up of down scroll arrow or drag the scroll box to move to the item you want to select 3 Click the item Use TAB to select the desired text box Press ALT DOWN ARROW to open the box Use the ARROW keys to move the selection cursor to the item you want Press ALT UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW to select the item p m Mo Option buttons Scenario Option buttons represent mutually exclusive options You can select only
117. to which you can extrapolate beyond the flows that were surveyed Two levels of survey are available For quick assessments stream widths and depths can be measured at two flows in at least 3 locations in each habitat type e g pool run and riffle Stream habitat 1s then estimated assuming logarithmic hydraulic relationships Jowett 1998 In cases where you want to extrapolate to flows higher or lower than those surveyed cross section data can be collected and calibrated in RHYHABSIM The normal procedure is to survey at least 5 cross sections in each habitat type e g pool run and riffle and remeasure water levels at least two other flows Calibration data can also be collected for water temperature and dissolved oxygen models These calibration data should be collected at times of maximum stress normally mid summer DataSondes can be deployed to measure diurnal variation in water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration and inexpensive temperature loggers are available Water temperatures are required at both the start and end of the section of river for calibration of the water temperature model Although it is possible to model water temperature and dissolved oxygen without calibrated models calibration is desirable to calculate appropriate parameters and coefficients for the dissolved oxygen models and to set appropriate initial water temperatures for the water temperature model Once the models have been calibrated WAIORA calcula
118. treams If variation is greater than this a more complicated model would have to be used WAIORA assumes that diurnal DO is affected by these three fundamental processes reaeration plant and bacterial respiration and photosynthesis as described by the following equation for the rate of change in dissolved oxygen d C dt dC dt k C C P R where C is the dissolved oxygen concentration at time f C 1s the saturation value for dissolved oxygen and depends on water temperature k is the reaeration coefficient and P and R are the instantaneous rates of photosynthetic production and respiration by plant and microorganisms at time f respectively Dissolved oxygen is expressed in units of grams of oxygen per cubic metre of water g O m or the equivalent milligrams of oxygen per litre of water mg O L The dissolved oxygen data entry form below has three sections The first section sets the reference conditions These conditions apply to either the diurnal DO field measurements in the second section or the DO parameters that are entered in the third section EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 35 Oxygen Reference Condition Use field measurements af diurnal DU variation Reference flow DO Ls 100 m Stream Plant Biomass Dominated b ie C i Ratio of respiration rates 10 C apart 2 m pepi Panie eges Location Time lag between DO mas and solar noon h 39 M Average daily DO deficit maj 2 L 0 272 Mf DO
119. ts The laboratory results usually specify either a 4 day average temperature criterion 1 e the temperature at which 5040 of test organisms die after exposure for 4 days or a critical thermal maximum CTM the temperature at which movement becomes erratic In this approach the thermal tolerances are reduced by a safety factor estimated to be 3 4 C to derive a safe temperature Quinn et al 1994 found that the maximum temperatures at which several invertebrates occurred in the field were 3 4 C lower than those measured in laboratory tests Cox and Rutherford 2000 found that the upper thermal tolerance under diurnally varying temperatures was less than at a constant temperature at least for a mayfly and snail species At constant temperature 50 of test organisms died after exposure for 4 days at 24 2 C for mayflies and 31 C for snails However with diurnally varying temperatures daily amplitude 10 C 50 mortality occurred when the daily mean temperature was 21 9 C mayflies and 28 6 C snails 2 5 C lower than the constant temperature Cox and Rutherford suggest that temperature limits should be applied to a temperature midway between the daily average and the daily maximum of a diurnal profile There are two possible criteria against which to assess predictions e temperature increase e actual temperature The first criterion stems from the Resource Management Act and its predecessors which limit temperature increas
120. ts a known location with the dropdown box the flow and flow change details of that location will be displayed These details may then be changed by the user The location name is not required but can be used to identify assessments that are made at the same location Flow information Index flow is 1 day median annual low flow nf Bl Ls derived by guess The Index flow must also be provided by the user because it is used as a baseline for impact assessment There are several index flow information statistics available The user can choose from the drop down list leave them blank or type in information WAIORA recommends the use of the 1 day median annual low flow MALF Estimates of MALF can be derived from a flow recorder at the location or by correlation with records at other locations Local hydrological recording authorities should be contacted for these analyses Several national methods Hutchinson 1990 Pearson 1995 of deriving estimates of 5 year low flow and mean annual low flow have 16 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES been derived These can be used in the absence of flow information or flow correlations for the site Methods of low flow estimation based on GIS data are being developed Flow change details The user must also to enter a description of the flow change that is being assessed and the proposed abstraction or discharge Note At this stage the rate 1n litres per second can be either the removal of water from
121. ty to a large population centre of a kayaking river the availability of alternatives or means of mitigation etc 4 USING WAIORA GETTING STARTED System requirements Before you install WAIORA make sure your computer meets the minimum hardware and software requirements e Any IBM compatible machine with an 80486 processor or higher e A hard disk with a minimum of 3 megabytes available space for a full installation e Windows 98 or higher WAIORA will not run properly if your computer does not meet these requirements Installing WAIORA is installed simply by creating a directory such as c Program Files WAIORA and then copying the files WAIORA EXE WAOIRA2 HLP and WAIORA2 CNT into it The programme METDATA EXE and its associated data file METDATA FDA is an accessory that shows a map of New Zealand with the distribution of climate recording sites the data that are collected and the period of record until December 2003 You can make the program accessible by CREATING A WAIORA SHORTCUT 1 Run Windows Explorer Choose Start Menu Programs Windows Explorer 2 Choose the directory that contains the WAIORA program e g c Program Files WAIORA Click on WAIORA EXE with the right button and select Copy 3 Move the mouse cursor so that it over the desktop or Quicklaunch bar click the right button and select Paste shortcut 4 Alternatively click on WAIORA EXE and then drag it over to the desktop or Quicklaunch bar
122. user has two options available on how environmental guideline compliance or non compliance are displayed throughout the program The display can be either red and green flags or a red cross and a green tick as shown below T X The red flag or red cross indicate that the calculated results do not comply with the chosen environmental guidelines v5 The green flag or green tick indicate that the calculated results comply with the chosen environmental guidelines 8 4 APPENDIX The Display Options window shown here can be accessed by selecting S ES Display Options under the Options menu or by pressing ALT O O Once Green and Red Flags the Display Options window is open the user can click the desired guideline compliance indicator or can press F for flags and T for ticks and crosses When WAIORA is opened for the first time it defaults to the green and red cross option C Green Tick and Red Cross Quitting WAIORA Before quitting WAIORA the current record must be closed The user may exit WAIORA from the main window by either e Clicking the x Close button at the top right corner of the screen e Clicking the ELLEN Exit button at the bottom right e Selecting File Exit ALT F X on the menu bar e Selecting ALT F4 e Selecting ALT SPACEBAR then use the UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW keys to move to Close and push ENTER or type C If a record is open the user will be prompted to close it Other windows featu
123. w is used The example shown below displays the error message where the maximum daily temperature could not be predicted The user can access additional information on specific errors by selecting the Program Status option under the Options menu or by pushing F5 o MAX DAILY TEMPERATURE EH Max daily temperature results were not successfully calculated MESSAGE DIALOG WINDOWS An example of a message dialog is shown here Common reasons for these to occur are e the user tries to perform a restricted action such as deleting another users d ECCE Mb e missing data or information where a value is required e A value is required for reach length e database conflicts such as saving a guideline set with the same name as one that already exists and e providing incorrect information such as an unreasonable value for a parameter RECORD STATUS If there are problems in calculating the results for any of the parameters and or nomograms an error message will be displayed in the Summary Plot and or Results window s This message will indicate the type of error and provide a source where more information on the error can be obtained see examples below These errors generally occur because of missing data entered values are outside the valid range or because of an internal calculation error Mean Channel Width m vs Flow l s Mean channel width results not calculated Se Pega futs F Depth results not calculated See Prog
124. which field measurements are carried out will be listed in the audit report However it is not essential to enter any data in this field TIME LAG BETWEEN DO MAX AND SOLAR NOON The time lag between the maximum dissolved oxygen concentration and solar noon can be estimated from plots of diurnal oxygen variation Generally it will be necessary to examine a number of periods of 24 h to determine this value The DO maximum should always occur after solar noon for correct calculation of oxygen parameters Solar noon is the mid point between sunrise and sunset The Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand lists sunrise and sunset times for major centres www rasnz org nz SRSStimes htm The following table gives the times of sunrise and sunset for four centres in New Zealand These can be used for any year as times will not vary by more than a minute or two on the same date from year to year Times are for a horizon level with the observer and do not allow for hills or mountains obscuring the horizon New Zealand Standard Time NZST is used in the winter months and New Zealand Daylight Time NZDT is used in the summer months NZDT starts on the first Sunday in October and ends on the third Sunday in March Times in the table are in NZST or NZDT as is appropriate Date Auckland Wellington Christchurch Dunedin NZDT Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Jan 1 06 05 20 43 05 51 20 57 05 52 21 14 05 51 21 31 J
125. x min thermometer over a 24 h 9am to 9am period Air temperatures should be measured for accurate water temperature model calibration This and the other meteorological parameters may be obtained from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research for a meteorological station near your site The adiabatic lapse rate can be used to correct for elevation differences Ta To Ct Z Zo where Ta air temperature at elevation Z C To air temperature at elevation Zo C Z mean elevation of stream m Zo elevation of met station m Ct moist air adiabatic lapse rate 0 00656 C m NOTE Air temperature radiation and shade are usually the most important factors in determining water temperature Temperature recording sites Daily maximum air temperature C from selected sites Data are monthly averages of daily maxima for the 1971 2000 period for locations having at least 5 complete years of data Location JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC WHANGAREI 24 4 24 2 23 20 4 18 16 15 1 15 6 116 8 18 3 20 6 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 24 cool S Jej oojao cf mf ef ef ef Of RN ou 1 al o O CO O ay 0 MD CO CO MD oI NI O N O0OININ NI N AIT rt CN e relie Ni e el ejl NIN el elel 2 O LO O N Z S S OP NN CY MO ol SIN my my ey 9 a o i O O OO OG OF EOF EO MI OF DO OI OF OF OL sr
126. y record WAIORA includes an interactive program METDATA that shows the distribution of all climate stations the type of data they contain and record period To find a site simply open the program display the map of New Zealand and zoom in on the location you are interested in The climate stations are shown as symbols on the map If you right click on a symbol the Site number and name will be displayed along with details of the data that are collected there BR Meteorological sites File Insert Format alaja alal sls el rg dau Dvd 2 s Loy nw 21 Sep 78 30 Oct 83 30 Sep 78 21 Feb 89 Daily max and min temper 31 Dec 7 1 21 Feb 89 100 Hourly air temperature 21 Sep 78 30 Oct83 76 Total radiation 1 Oct 85 21 Feb 89 99 9 Hourly wind 2 Dec 59 31 Dec 84 90 5 O x Ground temperature East 28830 5 North 61748 1 Lat 39 55 Long 177 34 7 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES 33 The distribution maps of recording sites were generated by this program and you display locations of say radiation stations by pressing the Marker options button or selecting Format markers and then select the data type you want to display in the drop down box labelled Show location of io xi File Insert Format Blas aa ajs ej PE a E r zm x ocation labels Show markers Show labels Record number C Card number C Location name Show location of Show sites sampled ont Save Si
127. ze 16 x Style Normal m Symbol C Square Circle Size 2o C Cross 0 1 mm units C Plus v Fill C Triangle East 27987 1 North 62629 2 Lat 38 79 Long 176 32 A It may be easiest to set the index flow as the flow used for calibration of the water temperature model The appropriate meteorological parameters are then entered Values of shade and wind velocity can be varied to try and match measured daily mean and maximum water temperatures If this procedure does not correctly predict both mean and maximum water temperatures or if the values of shade and wind velocity are unreasonable the conductivity and temperature of the streambed may need calibration The bed temperature can be adjusted by trial and error until observed and predicted daily mean water temperatures match Bed conductivity can then be adjusted until observed and predicted daily maximum water temperatures match Using this procedure the value of bed conductivity can be up to 50 J m s C and its value will increase with bed thickness An assumed bed thickness of 1 m is suggested when calibrating bed conditions 34 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FLOW CHANGES Dissolved oxygen data Three important parameters as well as habitat and water temperature data are required to calculate flow effects on dissolved oxygen concentration These are e daily community respiration rate the average rate of oxygen consumption by aquatic plants and micro organisms e product

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