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Laboratory Safety Manual - OFEO

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1. their modes of transmission and prevention and cover appropriate cleaning solutions for removing blood or other body fluid spills disease transmission barrier devices and suggests ways to eliminate or decrease the possibility of contacting infectious disease Completion of the training courses as noted meets the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard mandated initial or annual training re training requirement for employees classified as Category or II for risk exposure to bloodborne pathogens on the job Electrical Safety Electrical hazards resulting from faulty maintenance or misuse of electrical wiring increase the risk of serious injury or fire To minimize this potential this class will cover basic building electrical distribution systems over current protection people versus equipment protection and common workplace electrical hazards Fire Extinguisher This class provides SI staff with instruction in the proper selection and use of portable fire extinguishers Participants will learn how fires and fire extinguishers are classified proper actions to take in the event of a fire and will gain an understanding of their own abilities and limitations Hands on practice is offered Hazard Recognition and Control Designed especially for SI facility safety committee members this course offers a comprehensive overview of conducting a safety inspection Participants will learn how to identify and correct common workplace hazards and prepare more
2. National Toxicology Program http ntp server niehs nih gov Conducts long term research studies on chemicals of concern indicator of emerging hazard issues 60 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http ehis niehs nih gov Information on adverse effects of environmental factors on human health National Library of Medicine http sis nim nih gov The Specialized Information Services Division is responsible for information resources and services in toxicology environmental health chemistry HIV AIDS and specialized topics in minority health Manages databases such as TOXNET http www nIm nih gov pubs factsheets toxnetfs html and The Household Products Data Base http hpd nim nih gov IRIS Integrated Risk Information System of the US Environmental Protection Agency http www epa gov ngispgm3 iris subst index htm Duke University Occupational amp Environmental Medicine WWW Resource Index http occ env med mc duke edu oem index2 htm Kodak Environmental Services http Awww kodak com US en corp environment kes pubs index jhtml Other Resources Odor Thresholds for Chemical with Established Occupational Health Standards American Industrial Hygiene Association Fairfax VA 1989 Carcinogens Biosafety Radiation Safety latest Report on Carcinogens U S Department of Health amp Human Services National Toxicology Program http ntp niehs nih gov index cfm objectid 72016262 BDB7 CEBA FA60E922B18
3. Polyethylene Maximum Allowable Container Capacit Po Flammable Liquids Combustible Liquids 4L 1 1 gal 20L 5 gal 10L 2 6 gal 4L 1 1 gal 20L 5 gal 20L 5 gal 20L 5 gal 4L 1 1 gal ContainerType IA IB iG 1I 1 gal 20L 5 gal 227L 60 gal IIA 20L 5gal 20L 5 gal 20L 5 gal 227L 60 gal DOT Spec 34 UN1H1 or as authorized by DOT exemption 20L 5 gal 20L 5 gal 227 L 60 gal Exception No 1 Glass containers as large 4L 1 1 gal shall be permitted to be used if needed and the required purity would be adversely affected by storage in a metal or an approved plastic container or if the liquid would cause excessive corrosion or degradation of a metal or an approved plastic container Exception No 2 Containers of not more than 227L 60 gal capacity shall be permitted in a separate area inside the building if the inside area inside the building meets the requirements of NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code This table is based on Table 4 2 3 of NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code except for allowable quantities of flammable liquids in metal DOT Specification drums 67 Appendix G MAXIMUM QUANTITIES OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS AND LIQUIFIED FLAMMABLE GASES IN SPRINKLERED LABORATORY UNITS OUTSIDE OF INSIDE LIQUID STORAGE AREAS Maximum Quantities of Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Liquefied Flammab
4. but close enough so that arms are not unnecessarily exposed A stripe on the bench surface is a good reminder Never reach into the hood so far that you need to put your head into the hood Lower the sash to a reasonable height to protect yourself from dangerous reactions unless the fume hood sticker states a particular height for the sash to maintain proper airflow This will be the case for older conventional hoods without a bypass which do not adjust air volume at the face to compensate for changes in face opening area Keep materials stored in hoods to a minimum Do not allow blockage of air baffle openings at the back of the hood Place large and bulky equipment like ovens on blocks to allow air to flow beneath and maintain an unobstructed path to the baffles Look around to be sure that no other air stream is interfering with normal hood exhaust Prevent cross drafts from open windows open doors fans or air conditioners Minimize foot traffic in front of hood Keep lab doors closed unless the lab room ventilation design requires the doors to be open Do not leave paper towels inside the hood or else they will be exhausted and block ductwork and fans Electrical receptacles should always be mounted on the exterior of the hood If outlets are inside the hood there must be a marked and accessible disconnect switch within 50 feet of the hood The hood air flow must be fully operational before starting any spark producing equipme
5. distributing receiving and processing personnel monitoring devices The RSC and PI s work closely with the SI Radiation Safety Officer in OSEM who provides oversight training see Chapter 15 of this Manual and exposure monitoring approves all protocols and LSPs involving radioactive materials and prepares all licensing documents for submission to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and applicable state agencies LASER SAFETY PROGRAM All work with lasers of any Class or with instruments and equipment containing embedded laser systems must follow the requirements of the SI Laser Safety Program as described in Chapter 34 of SD 419 Safety Handbook All laser use safe work practices and LSPs involving lasers are to be approved by the SI Radiation Safety Officer in OSEM The respective facilities are to maintain a laser inventory of class and parameters use principal operator and location of both setup use and non use storage The act of servicing and maintenance of normally inaccessible embedded laser systems will need to be evaluated for safety risks Laser safety training is available for all laser operators Safety training is required for operators of Class 3b and 4 lasers Contact OSEM 202 275 1167 for scheduling 3 Chapter 13 BIOHAZARDS and ZOONOSES A GENERAL Work involving biological agents in a laboratory setting shall be conducted consistent with the practices safety equipment and facilities recommended by t
6. Benzojj fluoranthene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzo k fluoranthene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzo a lpyrene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzotrichloride Bromodichloromethane 2 2 bis Bromoethyl 1 3 propanediol Technical Grade Butylated Hydroxyanisole BHA Carbon Tetrachloride Ceramic Fibers Respirable Size Chloramphenicol Chlorendic Acid Chlorinated Paraffins C12 60 Chlorine 73 1 2 Chloroethyl 3 cyclohexyl 1 nitrosourea bis Chloroethyl nitrosourea Chloroform 3 Chloro 2 methylpropene 4 Chloro i phenylenediamine Chloroprene p Chloro i toluidine and p Chloro i toluidine Hydrochloride See p Chloro i toluidine and p Chloro i toluidine Hydrochloride Chlorozotocin C I Basic Red 9 Monohydrochloride Cisplatin p Cresidine Cupferron Dacarbazine Cupferron Dacarbazine Cupferron Dacarbazine Danthron 1 8 Dihydroxyanthraquinone 2 4 Diaminoanisole Sulfate 2 4 Diaminotoluene Dibenz a h acridine See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Dibenz a jjacridine See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Dibenz a hJanthracene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 7H Dibenzo c g carbazole See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Dibenzo a e pyrene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Dibenzo a h pyrene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Dibenzo a iJpyrene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Dibenzo a pyrene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1 2 Dibromo 3 chloroprop
7. Krister New York John Wiley amp Sons 1997 1TP149 F67 1997 MSC Reference A pocket guide to the selection of protective clothing It includes the names addresses and phone numbers of the suppliers and manufacturers of the chemical protective clothing gloves boots suits and other items Safe Storage of Laboratory Chemicals 2 edition Edited by David A Pipitone New York Wiley 1991 QD51 S22 1991X MSC Contains an introduction to fundamental principles of chemical storage and provides a logical framework for integrating storage concepts Storage requirements for hazardous flammable unstable and incompatible chemicals are also covered It outlines procedures for labeling chemicals addressing emergencies and managing chemical safety with the aid of computers Ventilation A Practical Guide Clark Nancy New York Center for Occupational Hazards 1984 TH7684 T3C53 1984X MSC 57 A guide to ventilating a lab workshop or studio for control of dangerous materials 58 Appendix C SAFETY AND HEALTH WEB BASED RESOURCES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS Professional Consensus Standard Organizations with useful websites for laboratories The Laboratory Safety Institute http www labsafety org American Chemical Society Division of Chemical H amp S http membership acs org c chas American Institute for Conservation Health amp Safety Committee webpage http aic stantord edu health Arts Crafts and Theater
8. Laboratory staff should ensure that labels on containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or altered particularly the manufacturer s original label Empty chemical containers must never be reused for another purpose even if the labeling is changed Reactions with new liquid and residual chemical could be extremely dangerous All bottles containers and other apparatus containing chemicals shall be accurately and clearly labeled as to contents hazards and where practical the appropriate precautions required when handling the chemical In addition peroxide forming compounds must be labeled as to the date of receipt by the lab and the date of opening Avoid the use of grease pencils or other markers that will wear off There are three levels of complexity to labeling original container secondary transfer containers and small container vials flask beakers for immediate same day use The labels should serve as backup to your hazard communication training 1 The manufacturer s original labels must contain the required OSHA information name of chemical or solution manufacturer name and emergency telephone number hazard warning health effect or target organs 2 For laboratory prepared solutions and when chemicals are transferred to secondary containers not intended for immediate use labels should include Name no abbreviations of the chemical and its concentration For prepared solutions date prepared H
9. Other Chemical Protective 2 32 35 36 42 43 47 53 56 60 61 64 65 66 67 68 69 74 Clothing 75 INTRODUCTION Laboratory safety is largely dependent on the human factors of safe work practices and a well trained lab staff Laboratory protocols involve a wide variety of processes and chemicals that are not always routine and repetitive nor can they always be conducted in a full enclosure hood Therefore reducing the potential for injuries and illnesses in a laboratory is critically dependent on scrupulous attention to safe work practices multiple forms of controls and frequent training This SI Laboratory Safety Manual has been prepared to assist Principal Investigators in developing specific Laboratory Safety Plans LSPs All laboratory operations are required by SI policy and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910 1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories to have a LSP The creation and periodic revision of your LSP should involve all members of the laboratory team and in doing so will heighten safety awareness at all levels The Manual also provides a concise review of the basic tenets of laboratory safety expected for interns volunteers managers and other staff with occasional or intermittent laboratory duties This Manual alerts its readers to the range of issues that a specific LSP should address whatever its specific purpo
10. Refer to Chapter 9 for details Describe any specific guidelines pertinent to the chemicals or processes in this lab Section 7 CARCINOGENS REPRODUCTIVE TOXINS BIOHAZARDS and HIGHLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES Special procedures are to be developed for particularly hazardous substances as defined in Chapter 9 subsection H List these here gt Establish a restricted work area with warning signs and containment devices as needed and segregated storage gt Determine if special decontamination procedures for required for the area material and workers that contact the substance gt Check with your facility hazardous waste coordinator about any special considerations for these chemicals 53 Section 8 HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL AND SPILL CONTROL Attach Hazardous Chemicals Emergency Spill And Leak Control Procedures Reporting Person s Check List from facility spill plans Optional Attach facility hazardous waste disposal instructions and procedures Suggested wording for this section of the LSP NAME is to be consulted on hazardous waste disposal procedures or to assist in classifying a material as hazardous waste Details on SI regulations can also be found in the SI Safety Handbook Chapter 26 SI Hazardous Waste Disposal Program Each container of hazardous waste is to be labeled with the following legends Pre printed labels are also available through NAME HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTENTS be s
11. Safety http www caseweb com acts National Fire Protection Association http www nfpa org National Safety Council http www nsc org American Industrial Hygiene Association htto www aiha org American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists http www acqgih org American National Standards Institute http ansi org Regulatory Agencies with useful web sites for laboratories Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Standards particularly 29 CFR 1910 1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories http Avww osha gov pls oshaweb owastand display standard group p toc level 1 amp p part number 1910 amp v_description General Industry 28Standards 29 CFR 29 U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA http epa gov 59 U S Department of Transportation Office of Hazardous Materials Safety http nazmat dot gov Promulgates and enforces national transportation regulations including shipment of hazardous materials Hazardous Substances Databases especially toxicological information American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACGIH Threshold Limit Values TLV latest edition copies sent annually to facility Safety Managers for internal SI use only www acgih org Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry ATSDR http www atsdr cdc gov Agency helps prevent exposure to hazardous substances from waste sites on the U S Environmental Pro
12. and eyewash All emergency eyewashes shall be flushed weekly All emergency eyewashes and showers shall be inspected at least twice a year The date of the test and name of the inspector shall be recorded on a tag attached to the device SKIN PROTECTION Gloves lab coats aprons and other chemical protective clothing CPC are to be worn to protect the skin and prevent contamination on clothing when exposed to hazards such as Absorption of harmful chemicals Chemical or thermal burns Lacerations abrasions punctures Harmful temperature extremes Selection The barrier effectiveness of CPC against a particular chemical is rated and advertised in terms of each chemical s permeation rate breakthrough time and degradation potential on that material in accordance with American Society of Testing and Materials ASTM standards Appendix M provides additional elements to consider when selecting CPC Compare the chemicals in use against selection charts published by manufacturers check web sites and suppliers such as Fisher Scientific or Lab Safety Supply or consult Quick Selection Guide to Chemical Protective Clothing Forsberg amp Mansdorf available at the MSC SIL OSEM or through your LSO Permeation rate is the rate at which a known amount of chemical diffuses through a given area of clothing per unit time and can be detected on the inside surface Breakthrough time is the time it takes for a given chemical to pass thr
13. comprehensive and useful inspection reports Laboratory Safety and Health Expanded Seminar This seminar provides detailed guidelines and templates for developing a laboratory safety and health plan in accordance with SI policy In addition to the concepts from the Basic Laboratory Chemical Hygiene Training course this course includes expanded information on engineering and ventilation controls safety hazards and controls for mechanical apparatus electrical safety pressure and vacuum systems cryogenic safety compressed gas cylinders flammable gases fire detection and suppression systems fire safety issues for fluid collections chemical storage and labeling and hazardous waste management Lockout Tagout Practices This training has been developed to assist safety coordinators supervisors and employees in understanding the importance of the Lockout Tagout Standard and implementing a facility specific Lockout Tagout Program It addresses the fundamental and essential elements of the Lockout Tagout Program including the control of hazardous energy electrical mechanical pneumatic etc sources which may affect employees SI employees who repair maintain and or adjust machinery or equipment should have this important training Radiation Protection Designed for SI staff working with ionizing and non ionizing sources this course reviews federal state and SI requirements guidelines applicable to various types of radiation projected
14. consider the potential for new hazards created should the experiment take a wrong turn or incompatible chemicals be mixed accidentally Using the step by step breakdown and the list of hazards decide what actions are needed to prevent accidents injuries or occupational illness Be specific saying exactly what needs to be done such as Wear blue nitrile gloves found in PPE storage drawer and non vented safety goggles instead of Wear gloves and eye protection Suggestion Create a table of the major steps in your protocols and list the following information for quick reference based on references in this Manual and in SD419 Safety Handbook Major Steps in Process Anticipated Required PPE for Required Work Special notes on Special Health or Safety Each Step Practices compatible safe Precautions for Hazards including local storage amp Highly Hazardous exhaust handling Materials 10 D CHEMICAL EXPOSURE DETERMINATIONS The actual health risk from a particular chemical is a function of both its toxicity its inherent hazard and the exposure dose actually absorbed by the user Toxicity is the capacity of a material to produce injury or harm when the chemical has reached a sufficient concentration dose at a certain site in the body Exposure dose is the amount of chemical that has been absorbed by the body and could therefore reach that site to do harm The risk of w
15. controls that minimize exposures to the lowest reasonably achievable Ta Chapter 4 MEDICAL MONITORING Medical monitoring is conducted on exposed individuals to evaluate any adverse health effects of those exposures The major purpose is the early detection of disease or conditions for which treatment can prevent further illness It can also be a valuable tool in hazard control by detecting when an initially effective control or work practice has lost effectiveness or by detecting previously unknown exposures possibly from a source outside of the work environment e g lead exposure from the home Occupational Health Services Division OSEM will provide medical consultations and examinations to affected employees Whenever an employee develops signs or symptoms of exposure to a hazardous chemical or biological agent to which the employee may have been exposed in the laboratory Whenever a spill leak explosion or other occurrence results in the likelihood of a serious Overexposure to a hazardous chemical or biological agent When an employee requests a medical consultation due to health concerns related to assigned tasks and or change in personal medical history such as pregnancy special medications or diagnosed hypersensitivities or other illnesses When exposure monitoring results trigger medical surveillance requirements under a particular OSHA standard see Appendix D or when other regulations mandate medical co
16. direct flame is not permitted under any circumstances Direct sunlight must be avoided Do not rely on color codes for identification of gas use the tag or decal Stand away from the face of regulator when opening the valve Free gases should be turned on slowly and fully Liquefied gases should be turned on partially Toxic gases shall be ordered in the smallest quantity possible for the nature of the experiment Use of cylinders shall only be under a laboratory hood vented gas cabinet or with special safety vented regulators connected to a local exhaust system for direct discharge to the atmosphere Consult with OSEM before starting use Only personnel experienced trained in the use of compressed gases may handle toxic or explosive gases Use special safety vented regulators for highly toxic and hazardous gases with the vent piped to a hood or other local exhaust system for direct discharge to the atmosphere in the event of a leaking regulator Oily gauges should never be used with oxygen Gauges used with oxygen should bear the warning Oxygen Use No Oil CRYOGENIC SAFETY Cryogenic Fluids Be aware that there is a possibility of explosion spilling frostbite and an escape of asphyxiating gases when using cryogenic fluids In all cases of low temperature operations the names of persons knowledgeable of the operation of the equipment are to be posted in an obvious location near the equipment When handling liquefied gases
17. in the laboratory and notify your supervisor Maintenance personnel Before working in a laboratory or chemical fume hood notify the laboratory supervisor or lab occupant about the work to be performed NEVER turn off the hood electrical power equipment or disturb any lab operations without first getting approval from the laboratory supervisor or principal occupant Do NOT work in or on a fume hood used for perchloric acid or radioactive materials without first contacting OSEM for safe work practices 16 Chapter 8 GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS A MECHANICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS Inspect all equipment before use Ensure that defective equipment is not left for someone else to use All mechanical equipment including refrigerators and freezers shall be installed in accordance with National Fire Protection Association NFPA and National Electric Code NEC requirements properly grounded and Underwriter Laboratories UL listed The power supply shall be properly fused and protected Three prong to two prong adapters shall not be used Refer to SD 419 Chapter 9 Electrical Safety for detailed requirements In general all mechanical equipment shall be furnished with adequate safety guards that prevent access to electrical connections and moving parts Laboratory personnel shall receive training in the safe use of this equipment Refer to SD 419 Chapter 8 Machine Guarding for detailed requirements Electric power failur
18. location and shall be installed per the NEC Flammable liquids stored in refrigerated equipment shall be in closed containers 24 G STORAGE OF CHEMICALS BY CLASS see also Appendices E through J Flammables and Combustibles Flammables are chemicals that have a flash point less than 100 F Combustible chemicals have flash points that are 100 200 F If stored or used improperly flammables and combustibles can be a fire hazard Examples benzene alcohols hydrogen sulfide acetone ethers organic acids i e glacial acetic acid Handling and storage of flammable liquids shall comply with NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Chemical container types and maximum capacities shall comply with Table 7 2 3 2 of NFPA 45 Appendix F Consult with the LSO and OSEM as required to determine what is permissible The quantity of hazardous chemicals within a laboratory unit or in a laboratory work area that is stored in the open shall be limited to the minimum necessary to perform required tasks but in no case should they exceed the quantity allowed by the laboratory unit classifications as indicated within NFPA 45 Appendices G amp H Bulk supplies of alcohol such as pure material 95 EtOH in drums shall be stored in an approved flammable liquids storage room To the greatest degree possible the storage of flammable liquids in a laboratory work area outside of an approved flammable liquids cabinet or storag
19. on a non production basis where such chemical processes operate on a scale that can easily and safely be done by one person and where the added possibility of biohazards and radioactive hazards also exists ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Office of Safety and Environmental Management expresses gratitude to the following members of the SI scientific and management community for their collaborative input and expert review of the SI Laboratory Safety Manual The Office of the Undersecretary for Science The Office of the Undersecretary for Art The Office of the Deputy Secretary Dr Wayne Coats Smithsonian Environmental Research Center SERC Liza Hamill Safety Manager SERC Dr Mary Ballard Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Dr Lee Weigt Laboratories of Analytical Biology Elizabeth Dietrich Manager Museum Support Center MSC Jessica Meltzer Safety Manager MSC Dr Amelia Logan Mineral Sciences National Museum of Natural History NMNH David Schmidt Vertebrate Zoology NMNH Stanley Yankowski Botany NMNH William Boykins Paleobiology NMNH The NMNH Laboratory Safety Committee Chapter 1 ELEMENTS of a SITE SPECIFIC LABORATORY SAFETY PLAN The most effective way to reinforce safe work practices is to involve every lab worker at every level in the writing and review of a Laboratory Safety Plan LSP Such a Plan is required by SI policy and is also known as a Chemical Hygiene Plan under OSHA The mai
20. operations All biocabinets will be certified in accordance with National Sanitation Foundation Standard 49 Class II laminar flow Biosafety Cabinetry or manufacturer s recommendations It is the policy of the SI to provide appropriate inoculations medical testing and surveillance and to implement safe work practice controls to reduce the risk of employees contracting a zoonotic disease during field collection specimen preparation or collection handling Zoonoses or zoonotic diseases are defined as infections and infestations shared by humans and other vertebrate animals These include viral bacterial protozoan and other parasitic infections which can be transmitted from live animals and post mortem specimens to humans Individual facility specific zoonosis control programs where applicable will be formulated with OSEM and the program components incorporated into those facilities LSPs and general safe work procedures Elements of BSL 2 containment controls will be implemented as a minimum although more stringent controls may be needed depending on discovered pathogens in infected live animals or suspected or tested 38 pathogens in post mortem specimens Individuals working with human tissue blood or body fluid are to be enrolled in the SI Blood Borne Pathogen Program through OSEM OHSD offered the necessary immunizations and develop specific safe work practices disinfection and biohazard waste disposal programs for thei
21. there is a danger from heavy objects falling or rolling over the foot Cleaning Most gloves and CPC can be successfully cleaned except for those used with highly toxic materials and should be thoroughly washed before taking them off Gloves for use with highly hazardous materials such as those listed in Chapter 9 will most likely need to be disposed of after use Consult your LSO or OSEM for selection assistance Lab coats should remain in the lab and be removed immediately upon significant contamination Do not take lab coats home to be laundered Use a dedicated washing machine in the facility If lab coats are sent to an outside firm for laundering the firm must be notified as to the presence of any hazardous substances residues on the coats Inspection Maintenance All chemicals pass through barrier material eventually so gloves should be replaced on a regular basis regardless of condition Gloves should be checked before and after use for signs of cracking leaks thinning and simple wear Check gloves periodically for pinhole leaks fill with water or air especially where fingers connect Stitched areas of seams should be checked Likewise pay attention to button and zipper areas on CPC Changes in color or hardening particularly in irregular spots indicates degradation requiring the gloves to be replaced D RESPIRATORY PROTECTION The use of respirators dust masks or air purifying half and full face respirators with
22. 96X MSC Reference Covers monitoring recognition evaluation and control of workplace health hazards Includes OSHA regulations professional standards permissible exposures and workers right to know information 29 Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards 5th ed Bretherick L Oxford UK Butterworth Heinemann 1995 155 3 H3 B73 1995 v 1 amp 2 MSC Reference A reference to the published accounts of reactive chemicals and their hazardous reactions augmented with unpublished but otherwise documented information Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference 4th ed Lewis Richard J Sr New York John Wiley amp Sons 1997 155 3 H3 L49 1997 MSC Reference Derived from the Sax s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials database this working guide provides detailed hazard information on some 6 000 chemical substances commonly encountered in the workplace industry laboratories and the environment Each entry concludes with a safety profile a textual summary of the hazards presented by the entry Also included are I to 3 hazard ratings which quickly and concisely identify the hazard or toxicity level of a chemical Laboratory Fume Hoods A User s Manual Saunders G Thomas New York Wiley 1993 QD54 F85S38 1993X MSC A thorough reference on adequate fume hood design and use Dissects this device down to its bare essentials Examines how and why a fume hood works The Merck Index An Encyclopedia of Chemicals D
23. C2540 International Agency for Research on Cancer hitp www iarc fr Monograph series on individual chemicals and carcinogenic agents National Cancer Institute http www nci nih gov Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories BMBL 4th Edition National Institutes of Health http www cdc gov od ohs biosfty ombl4 bmbl4toc htm Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules Center for Disease Control 1992 Safe Use of Lasers ANSI Z136 1 2000 American National Standards Institute 2000 61 Fire Safety References NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals NFPA 55 Storage and Use of Liquefied and Compressed Gases in Portable Cylinders NFPA 70 The National Electrical Code NFPA 101 The Life Safety Code OSHA 29CFR1910 Subparts E Means of Egress L Fire Protection and H Hazardous Materials International Building Code IBC Most recent edition International Code Council ICC Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities Most recent edition Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals National Fire Protection Association NFPA 1982 Controls Ventilation and Personal Protective Equipment Guidelines for Laboratory Design Health and Safety Considerations 2 Ed 1993 Louis DiBerardinis et al John Wiley amp Sons ACGIH Industrial Ventil
24. Other Viruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 3 on the basis of insufficient experience Table 4 Arboviruses and Certain Other Viruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 3 Arboviruses Arenaviruses and Filoviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 4 Table 5 Arboviruses Arenaviruses and Filoviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level Arbovirus References Primary Containment Biological Safety Cabinets Table 1 Comparison of Biological Safety Cabinets Figure 1 Class Biological Safety Cabinet Figure 2a Class II Type A Biological Safety Cabinet Figure 2b Class II Type B1 Biological Safety Cabinet Figure 2c Class Il Type B2 Biological Safety Cabinet Figure 2d Table top Model Figure 3 Class III Biological Safety Cabinet Immunoprophylaxis Transportation and Transfer of Biological Agents Figure 1 Packing and Labeling of Infectious Substances Figure 2 Packing and Labeling of Clinical Specimens Restricted Animal Pathogens Resources for Information Laboratory Security and Emergency Response for Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories Integrated Pest Management http www cdce gov od ohs biosfty bmb14 bmbI 4toc htm 2 of 3 5 26 2005 11 31 38 AM BMBL 4th Edition Table of Contents APPENDIX H APPENDIX Working With Human and Other Primate Cells and Tissues Guidelines for Work With Toxins of Biological Origin CDC Home Searc
25. Smithsonian Institution Laboratory W Safety xy Manual There are no safe chemicals or safe equipment the people and their work practices make a laboratory safe Adapted from the American Chemical Society Issued 1 28 05 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Page 3 SCOPE and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 Chapter 1 Elements of a Site Specific Laboratory Safety Plan 5 Chapter 2 Responsibilities 6 Chapter 3 Risk Assessment 7 A Major Hazard Classifications B Resources for Hazard Identification C Safety Risk Analysis Tools D Chemical Exposure Determinations Chapter 4 Medical Monitoring 11 Chapter 5 Special Restrictions 12 A Highly Hazardous Chemicals B Working Alone C Unattended Experiments Chapter 6 Laboratory Postings and Emergency Response 13 Chapter 7 General Operations and Maintenance Practices 14 A General Lab Safety B Guidelines for Custodial and Maintenance Workers Chapter 8 General Safety Requirements 16 A Mechanical and Experimental Apparatus B Electrical Safety C Compressed Gas Cylinders D Cryogenic Safety Chapter 9 Hazardous Material Storage and Handling 20 A Inventory Control B Labeling C Safe Handling and Transfer D Secondary Containment and Spill Control E Cabinet and Shelf Storage General Precautions F Refrigerators and Freezers Flammable Storage G Storage of Chemicals by Class H Highly Hazardous Chemicals Chapter 10 Personal Protective Equipment 28 A Eye and Face Pro
26. TIBILITIES SELECTED LISTING Sources University of New Hampshire Biological and Chemical Safety Plan Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories published by The American Chemical Society Prudent Practices in the Laboratory 1995 National Academic Press The following list is to be used only as a guide Specific incompatibilities are listed in appropriate MSDSs CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBLE WITH Acetic acid Chromic acid nitric acid hydroxyl compounds ethylene glycol perchloric acid peroxides permanganates Acetone Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures Acetylene Chlorine bromine copper fluorine silver mercury Alkali and alkaline earth metals Aluminum powdered Ammonia anhydrous Ammonium nitrate Aniline Arsenic materials Azides Bromine Calcium carbide Calcium oxide Carbon activated Chlorates Water carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons carbon dioxide magnesium calcium lithium halogens sodium potassium Chlorinated hydrocarbons halogens carbon dioxide organic acids Mercury e g in manometers chlorine calcium hypochlorite iodine bromine hydrofluoric acid Acids powdered metals flammable liquids chlorates nitrites sulfur finely divided organic combustible materials Nitric acid hydrogen peroxide Any reducing agent Acids Ammonia acetylene butadiene butane methane propane or other petroleum gases hydrogen sodium carbide benzene
27. abinets and other storage areas are to be marked with the general class of chemical stored and any other pertinent warnings Storage areas should have good general ventilation and be well lighted On shelves containers should be staggered for easy access with labels facing out DO NOT ALPHABETIZE STORED CHEMICALS SEPARATE BY COMPATIBILITY see next section Heavy and large containers are to be placed on bottom shelves Chemicals especially liquids should be stored below eye level Larger containers should be stored on lower 23 shelves Exposure to heat or direct sunlight must be avoided Avoid storing chemicals on the floor unless in approved shipping containers Minimize open shelf or bench top storage except for those chemicals being currently used to prevent accidental spills and reduce the risk of fires Cabinets specifically for corrosives either acids or bases must have corrosion resistant paint Flammable storage cabinets must be constructed to meet the NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code and provide an air tight seal vent holes must be kept covered and flame arrestor kept in place Flammable liquids cabinets must be UL Listed or FM Approved for the purpose of storing flammable liquids Oxidizers MUST be stored in separate cabinets from flammables and combustibles Oxidizers explosives and organic peroxides must be separated from combustibles and placed in a metal cabinet or in an approved dry cool and w
28. ainers with the date received and the date opened Monitor container dates and avoid keeping peroxide forming chemicals on hand for more than a year after receipt and 6 months after opening HIGHLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS Special attention is to be made in your LSP to work involving highly hazardous chemicals defined as chemical carcinogens Appendices C amp K reproductive toxins MSDS plus web based references acutely toxic substances Appendix L and highly reactive materials Appendices I amp J plus MSDS information Designate a Restricted Work Area Conduct all transfers and work with these substances in a controlled area i e a restricted access hood glove box or portion of a lab designated for use of highly toxic substances for which all personnel with access are aware of the substances being used and the necessary precautions which must be taken Only trained and authorized personnel are to work in or have access to controlled 27 areas Signs and labels Assure that the controlled area is conspicuously marked with restricted access and warning signs such as WARNING Highly Toxic Substance in Use Authorized Personnel Only or WARNING Cancer Suspect Agent Authorized Personnel Only All containers of these substances must be appropriately labeled with identity and warning such as Warning High Chronic Toxicity or Cancer Suspect Agent Storage Store containers of these chemicals in a ventilated limited acc
29. alic acid Oxygen Perchloric acid Peroxides organic Phosphorous white Potassium Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Selenides Silver Sodium Sodium nitrate Sodium peroxide Sulfides Sulfuric acid Tellurides Zinc powder Inorganic bases amines Silver mercury Oils grease hydrogen flammable liquids solids and gases Acetic anhydride bismuth and its alloys alcohol paper wood grease oils Acids organic or mineral avoid friction or shock store cold Air oxygen alkalis reducing agents Carbon tetrachloride carbon dioxide water Sulfuric and other acids Sulfuric and other acids see also chlorates Glycerol ethylene glycol benzaldehyde sulfuric acid Reducing agents Acetylene oxalic acid tartaric acid ammonium compounds fulminic acid Carbon tetrachloride carbon dioxide water Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts Ethyl or methyl alcohol glacial acetic acid acetic anhydride benzaldehyde carbon disulfide glycerin ethylene glycol ethylacetate methyl acetate furfural Acids Potassium chlorate potassium perchlorate potassium permanganate similar compounds of light metals such as sodium lithium Reducing agents Sulfur 66 Appendix F FLAMMABLE COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONTAINER CAPACITY 500mL 1 pt 1L 1 at 4L 1 1 gal Metal other than drums or approved plastic Safety cans Metal container DOT spec
30. all be performed in a laboratory hood in an area provided with ventilation adequate to prevent accumulations of flammable vapor exceeding 25 of the lower flammable limit or within an inside liquid storage area approved for dispensing Class liquids shall not be transferred between conductive containers of greater than 1 1 gallons unless the containers are bonded and grounded the process of providing an electrically conductive pathway usually by clipping connecting wires between a dispensing container and a receiving container bonding and the receiving container and an earth ground SECONDARY CONTAINMENT AND SPILL CONTROL Liquid chemicals should be stored in corrosion resistant trays or on spill pallets or other secondary containment to contain a break or leak Concentrated acids and bases should be stored in acid or caustic storage cabinets If possible keep corrosives stored in their original e g Styrofoam cubes shipment containers Your facility Hazardous Waste Coordinator has a spill control policy that should be posted in your laboratory and with which everyone in your lab should be familiar In the event of a chemical spill try to turn off all reaction apparatus especially heat sources notify supervision immediately and follow the response steps in your facility s Hazardous Chemicals Emergency Spill And Leak Control Procedures Reporting Person s Check List CABINET AND SHELF STORAGE General Precautions C
31. ammonium persulfate hydrogen peroxide sodium dichromate potassium permanganate perchloric acid at elevated temperature ammonium nitrate and other nitrate salts 26 Keep oxidizers away from flammables combustibles such as paper wood and other reducing agents Reactive Reducers Reducing materials react vigorously with oxidizers The reaction can lead to fires or explosions Examples ammonia carbon metals metal hydrides phosphorus silicon sulfur Store reducing materials away from oxidizers Water reactive Chemicals Water reactive materials react with water water solutions moisture or humidity in the air to produce heat and or flammable gases which can ignite Examples sodium elemental potassium elemental calcium carbide phosphorous pentachloride Store water reactives away from any sources of water or moisture Review manufacturer s recommendations for special storage conditions such as under an inert atmosphere or as in the case of elemental sodium under mineral oil Peroxide Forming Chemicals Appendix J Potentially explosive peroxides are formed by a free radical reaction of hydrocarbons with molecular oxygen Distillation evaporation or other concentration of the peroxide can cause an explosion in contaminated hydrocarbons Examples diethyl ether tetrahydrofuran acetaldehyde isopropyl ether Store peroxide forming chemicals away from light and heat Carefully label all cont
32. and target organs of over exposure Radiation Hazard lonizing non ionizing or laser radiation sources are used as tools for research and in some cases can be a byproduct of the research Acute exposure to radiation at high levels can rapidly cause serious health effects even death Chronic exposures can lead to delayed health effects including possible cancers Biohazard Biohazards include organisms viral fungal and bacterial or products of those organisms that present a risk to humans including animal to human transmission RESOURCES FOR HAZARD IDENTIFICATION SI Resources Your primary resources for this process are your facility LSO OSEM training workshops and Safety Risk Analysis tools and checklists Appendix B is an annotated list of safety publications that are available through the SI Library Museum Support Center branch Material Safety Data Sheets MSDS U S manufacturers are required by law to produce an MSDS on every chemical and hazardous material they produce The MSDS is the lab s initial source of details on health effects fire ratings reactivity and storage precautions personal protective and control recommendations first aid and medical response and disposal MSDSs are often sent with chemical shipments and are often available on manufacturer s web sites Container Labels The chemical warning label affixed by the manufacturer to each container also contains details similar to the MSDS and should neve
33. ane 1 2 Dibromoethane Ethylene Dibromide 2 3 Dibromo 1 propanol tris 2 3 Dibromopropyl Phosphate 1 4 Dichlorobenzene 3 3 Dichlorobenzidine and 3 3 Dichlorobenzidine Dihydrochloride See 3 3 Dichlorobenzidine and 3 3 Dichlorobenzidine Dihydrochloride Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT 1 2 Dichloroethane Ethylene Dichloride Dichloromethane Methylene Chloride 1 3 Dichloropropene Technical Grade Diepoxybutane Diesel Exhaust Particulates Diethyl Sulfate Diglycidyl Resorcinol Ether 3 3 Dimethoxybenzidine See 3 3 Dimethoxybenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3 3 Dimethoxybenzidine 4 Dimethylaminoazobenzene 3 3 Dimethylbenzidine See 3 3 Dimethylbenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3 3 Dimethylbenzidine Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride 1 1 Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl Sulfate Dimethylvinyl Chloride 1 6 Dinitropyrene See Nitroarenes 1 8 Dinitropyrene See Nitroarenes 1 4 Dioxane Disperse Blue 1 Dyes Metabolized to 3 3 Dimethoxybenzidine See 3 3 Dimethoxybenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3 3 Dimethoxybenzidine Dyes Metabolized to 3 3 Dimethylbenzidine See 3 3 Dimethylbenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3 3 Dimethylbenzidine 74 Epichlorohydrin Ethylene Thiourea di 2 Ethylhexyl Phthalate Ethyl Methanesulfonate Formaldehyde Gas Furan Glasswool Respirable Size Glycidol Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomoers Hexachloroethane Hexameth
34. antity per 100 ft of per per 100ft per Laboratory Unit Laboratory Laboratory i Laboratory Unit Unit Laboratory Unit Flammable and Fire Hazard Combustible L L L L Class Liquid Class A PT NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Po and WA NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Ds o ian e a ao er r e i a NP Not Permitted This category includes Class flammable liquids and liquefied flammable gases Quantities of liquefied flammable gases shall be treated as if they were Class flammable liquids that is 1 1 gal of liquefied flammable gas is to be considered equivalent to 1 1 gal of Class flammable liquid Note This table is based on Table 2 2 1 b of NFPA 45 Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals 69 Appendix HIGH ENERGY OXIDIZERS Source CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety 5 Ed Ammonium perchlorate NH4CIO4 Ammonium permanganate NH4Mn0O4 Barium peroxide BaO2 Bromine Br 2 Calcium chlorate Ca ClO3 2 2H20 Calcium hypochlorite Ca ClO 2 Chlorine trifluoride CIF3 Chromium anhydride or chromic acid CrO3 Dibenzoyl peroxide C6H5CO 202 Fluorine F2 Hydrogen peroxide H202 Magnesium perchlorate Mg ClO04 2 Nitric acid HNO3 Nitrogen peroxide in equilibrium with nitrogen dioxide N204 NO2 Nitrogen trioxide N203 Perchloric acid HCIO4 Potassium bromate KBrO3 Potassium chlorate KCIO3 Potassium perchlorate KCIO4 Potassium peroxide K203 Propyl nit
35. ardous chemicals or hazardous collections in the lab Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous chemicals used in the laboratory as well as the health hazards themselves Methods that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical This could include industrial hygiene monitoring the use of continuous monitoring devices visual appearance or odors of chemicals Methods employees can take to protect themselves from hazards including work practices personal protective equipment and emergency procedures listed in the LSP This should include a discussion of the proper use and limitations of engineering controls and safety devices including chemical and biological hoods Emergency response plans established by each facility s Emergency Disaster Response Plan any medical or first aid response specifically recommended by OHSD such as first response to hydrofluoric acid exposure extinguishment of clothing fires Stop Drop and Roll and Chemical Spill Response Plans established by each facility SPECIALIZED TRAINING when required can be scheduled with OSEM through your LSO or Safety Manager Check the OSEM Training Catalogue for a full list of classes offered http ofeo si edu safety health OSEM 20Training 20Catalog html Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure Control Two types of classes are available Initial and annual re training These classes provide an overview of bloodborne diseases and 45
36. areas where infectious agents are present Secondary containment and a cart are to be used when transporting biohazardous materials outside of the laboratory Avoid public areas during transport An integrated pest management program must be in effect Safety Equipment Primary Barriers BUTTONED lab coats are to be worn to protect street clothes Barrier preferably non latex gloves are to be worn particularly if hands have broken skin or a rash Appropriate eye face protection safety goggles as a minimum is to be worn if splashes or sprays are anticipated or if wearing contact lenses during lab work Laboratory Facilities Secondary Barriers 39 C The lab must have a sink for handwashing The lab should have a door for access control and if windows open to the exterior fly screens must be installed The lab fixtures and floors are easily cleanable no carpets or rugs benchtops are to be impervious to water and resistant to both moderate heat and the chemicals used to decontaminate the work surface and equipment BASICS OF BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2 Biosafety Level 2 is more restrictive than BSL 1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment It differs in that 1 laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic agents and are directed by competent scientists 2 access to the laboratory is definitely limited when work is being conducte
37. ased on SI policy SD419 Safety Handbook and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910 1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories This Plan is to be used in conjunction with the SI Laboratory Safety Manual and the SD 419 Safety Handbook for a full understanding of the principles and practices involved with safe work in your lab Section 2 SPECIAL APPROVALS and WORKING ALONE Consult SI Laboratory Safety Manual Chapter 5 1 Describe circumstances under which a particular experiment procedure or activity shall require special permission from the LSO and PI to conduct such as those allowed to run unattended and or with highly hazardous substances 2 Highlight processes that cannot be conducted while working alone or require special arrangements if allowed to work alone 5l Section 3 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION and ASSESSMENT Using the resources described in Chapter 3 of this Manual identify the hazards and probable risks associated with steps in the experimental process and with use of particular chemicals and equipment Suggested format Process Step Possible Hazards Likelihood high moderate low of Illness or injury 1 2 etc Section 4 HAZARD CONTROLS and SAFE OPERATING PROCEDURES The estimated health and safety risks inherent to the laboratory operation as determined through exposure assessments and task safety analyses will dic
38. ation A Manual of Recommended Practice 22 Ed Safety in Academic Chemical Laboratories 6 Ed ACS Committee on Chemical Safety American Chemical Society Washington DC 1995 Laboratory Ventilation ANSI AIHA Z9 5 2003 American National Standards Institute 2003 62 Appendix D OSHA STANDARDS WITH EXPOSURE AND MEDICAL MONITORING REQUIREMENTS AND OSHA SELECT CARCINOGENS Code of Federal Regulations CFR Part 29 1910 95 1910 134 1910 139 1910 1001 1910 1003 1910 1017 1910 1018 1910 1025 1910 1027 1910 1028 1910 1029 1910 1030 1910 1043 1910 1044 1910 1045 1910 1047 1910 1048 1910 1050 1910 1051 1910 1052 1910 1450 Occupational noise exposure Respiratory protection Respiratory protection for M tuberculosis Asbestos and 1926 1101 Asbestos in Construction Industry Select Carcinogens 4 Nitrobiphenyl alpha Naphthylamine Methyl chloromethyl ether 3 Dichlorobenzidine and its salts bis Chloromethyl ether beta Naphthylamine Benzidine 4 Aminodipheny Ethyleneimine beta Propiolactone 2 Acetylaminofluorene 4 Dimethylaminoazo benzene N Nitrosodimethylamine Vinyl chloride Inorganic arsenic Lead Cadmium Benzene Coke oven emissions Bloodborne pathogens Cotton dust 1 2 dibromo 3 chlorpropane Acrylonitrile Ethylene oxide Formaldehyde Methylenedianiline 1 3 Butadiene Methylene chloride Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories 63 Appendix E CHEMICAL INCOMPA
39. autions to be taken when working in a laboratory environment and or on laboratory equipment Chapter 3 RISK ASSESSMENT Risk assessment requires an understanding of both the hazards inherent potential for causing injury or illness of the chemicals and equipment and the probability that harm will occur under the intended work conditions and with the intended levels of controls Identifying all the health and safety hazards in a research or conservation lab is more challenging than for an industrial process because of the variety of chemicals in use in storage or as part of the collections themselves The assessment should address the hazards associated with the properties and reactivity of materials being used and potential end products hazards associated with the operation of equipment and hazards with proposed reactions A MAJOR HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS Your LSP should identify whether any of the following hazards apply to your laboratory processes Fire Hazard Flammability is one of the most common chemical hazards To handle a flammable material safely you must know its flammability characteristics flash point upper and lower limits of flammability and ignition temperatures This information appears on each chemical s Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS Explosion Hazard There are substances that are explosive in response to heat light friction static discharge mechanical shock or contact with a catalyst With some substa
40. azard warning on the most serious health or safety hazard posed consult MSDS Stickers can be applied indicating corrosive carcinogen water reactive flammable etc f space allows or if special precautions are critical expand the hazard warning to include the target organ and the required protection e g Corrosive esp to skin and eyes Use gloves and goggles 3 Containers for immediate same day use should have Chemical name and its concentration SAFE HANDLING AND TRANSFER Hand carried chemicals should be placed in unbreakable secondary containers such as bottle carriers or acid carrying buckets Wheeled carts used to transport chemicals should have side guards and lipped surfaces capable of containing a break and sturdy wheels that move easily over uneven surfaces DOT shipping containers make excellent secondary containment for transport across the building Staff should wear protective aprons gloves and goggles when transporting chemicals 22 Freight only elevators are to be used when possible Do not use elevators with other passengers on board Class flammable liquids any liquid having a flash point below 100 F shall not be stored or transferred from one vessel to another in an exit access corridor open plan building or ancillary spaces unprotected from the exit access corridor Transfer of Class liquids to smaller containers from bulk stock containers not exceeding 5 gallons in capacity sh
41. cal Laboratories National Institutes of Health Fourth Edition May 1999 US Government Printing Office and Washington 1999 US DEPARTMENT OF HEALY AND HUMAN SFPVCFS Mc ial ANKE Errata sheet for hard copy booklet Introduction Principles of Biosafety Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria Table 1 Summary of Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level Criteria Table 1 Summary of Recommended Biosafety Levels for Activities in Which Experimentally or Naturally Infected Vertebrate Animals Are Used Risk Assessment Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents and Infected Animals Agent Summary Statements http www cdc gov od ohs biosfty bmbl4 bmbl4toc htm 1 of 3 5 26 2005 11 31 38 AM BMBL 4th Edition Table of Contents APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D APPENDIX E APPENDIX F APPENDIX G VII A Bacterial Agents VII B Fungal Agents VII C Parasitic Agents VII D Prions VII E Rickettsial Agents VII F Viral Agents other than arboviruses VII G Arboviruses and Related Zoonotic Viruses Arboviruses assigned to Biosafety Level 2 Table 1 Arboviruses and Arenaviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 2 Table 2 Vaccine Strains of BSL 3 4 Viruses Which May Be Handled at Biosafety Level 2 Arboviruses and Arenaviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 3 Table 3 Arboviruses and Certain
42. d 3 extreme precautions are taken with contaminated sharp items and 4 certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment BSL 2 Standard Microbiological Practices 1 Persons wash their hands after they handle viable materials and animals after removing gloves and before leaving the laboratory Eating drinking smoking handling contact lenses and applying cosmetics are not permitted in the work areas Persons who wear contact lenses in laboratories should also wear goggles or a face shield Food is stored outside the work area in cabinets or refrigerators designated for this purpose only Mouth pipetting is prohibited mechanical pipetting devices are used Policies for safe handling of sharps when non sharps are not available are instituted All procedures are performed carefully to minimize the creation of splashes or aerosols Work surfaces are decontaminated at least once a day and after any spill of viable material All cultures stocks and other regulated wastes are decontaminated before disposal by an approved decontamination method such as autoclaving Materials to be decontaminated outside of the immediate laboratory are to be placed in a durable leakproof container and closed for transport from the laboratory Materials to be decontaminated at off site locations from the laboratory are packaged in accordance w
43. d Experiments Laboratory operations involving hazardous substances are sometimes carried out continuously or overnight with no one present It is the responsibility of the worker to design these experiments so as to prevent the release of hazardous substances in the event of interruptions in utility services such as electricity cooling water and inert gas Carefully examine how chemicals and apparatus are stored considering the possibility for fire explosion or unintended reactions Unattended heating operations shall be provided with an automatic shutdown to prevent system failure resulting in fire or explosion Office of Protection Services is to be notified of unattended experiments involving hazardous substances and provided with necessary points of contact and response instructions per the facility emergency response plan Laboratory lights should be left on and signs should be posted identifying the nature of the experiment and the hazardous substances in use and the contact information for the responsible individual in the event of an emergency 13 Chapter 6 LABORATORY POSTINGS and EMERGENCY RESPONSE All entrances to laboratory work areas in which highly hazardous materials are present shall be identified and posted with warning signs indicating any particular instructions for securing the laboratory and shutting down equipment in case of an emergency and the names and phone numbers of the Principal Investigator and e
44. e or shutdown may cause exhaust hoods to cease functioning When this occurs cylinders of toxic or flammable gas must be turned off reactions producing toxic fumes must be shut down bacteriological or virological techniques producing pathogenic aerosols must be stopped and associated systems sealed off insofar as is possible and safe Reactions shall not be carried out under pressure in closed containers unless the container has been tested and certified as able to withstand the pressure Pressurized apparatus must have appropriate relief devices Refer to SD 419 Chapter 21 Fired and Unfired Pressure Vessels for detailed requirements Safety shielding shall be used for any operation having the potential for explosion such as when a reaction is carried out for the first time or under non routine non ambient conditions Shielding must be adequate to protect all personnel in the area Pressure vessels should not be opened until the internal and atmospheric pressures have been equalized ELECTRICAL SAFETY All electrical installations including wiring apparatus lighting etc shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 70 The National Electrical Code NEC Electrical receptacles switches and controls shall be located so as not to be subject to liquid spills 17 All 125 volt receptacles installed within 6 feet of a sink will be provided with Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter GFCI protection Flammable liquids should be kept awa
45. e principal investigator supervisor and each employee to understand and follow these guidelines for their safety and that of their co workers It is the PI who determines who is authorized or qualified to work on certain equipment and or make adjustments to equipment A GENERAL LAB SAFETY Before beginning any new operation reduce the potential for accidents by obtaining information from reference materials regarding hazards instituting appropriate protective procedures and planning the proper positioning of equipment Chemicals shall not be brought into a laboratory work area unless the design construction and fire protection of the facility are suitable for the quantities and hazards of chemicals being introduced Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed located and maintained throughout all laboratory units in accordance with NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers and NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals All heating of flammable and combustible liquids shall be conducted so as to minimize fire hazards To the extent feasible operations are not to be left unattended In the event operations must be left unattended leave lights on place an appropriate sign on the door and provide for containment of toxic substances Any work involving an apparatus which may release toxic chemicals vacuum pumps distillation columns etc should be conducted in a hood or vented in
46. e room should be limited to what is needed for a single day s use Otherwise flammable liquids should be stored within an approved flammable liquids cabinet when not in use Corrosives Acids Acids are corrosive and react violently with bases There are two main groups of acids organic acids and inorganic mineral acids Some inorganic mineral acids are oxidizers and will react with organics increase burning rate of combustibles and contribute an oxygen source to a combustion reaction Therefore inorganic mineral acids should be stored separately from organic acids Examples of inorganic OXIDIZING acids perchloric acid particularly dangerous at elevated temperature chromic acid nitric acid sulfuric acid particularly dangerous at elevated temperature Examples of inorganic MINERAL acids hydrochloric acid hydrofluoric acid phosphoric acid Examples of organic acids acetic acid formic acid butyric acid propionic acid picric acid acrylic acid 25 Nitric acid shall be stored separate from other acids Segregate acids from bases and active metals such as potassium and magnesium Segregate acids from chemicals that could generate toxic gases upon contact such as sodium cyanide Segregate acids from solvents such as toluene and xylene Segregate oxidizing inorganic acids from organic acids flammable and combustible materials Most mineral acids can be stored together except perchloric acid see below Orga
47. ell ventilated location If acids and bases must be stored together in the same cabinet place each in separate secondary containers non reactive trays on opposite sides of the cabinet to minimize intermingling in case of a spill or drip in other words do not store all the acids on one shelf and all the bases on the shelf below Initially assign each chemical to broad hazard classes for example flammable corrosive acids and bases reactive oxidizer or reducer special hazard air water reactive peroxide forming chemical store at reduced temperature or under an inert atmosphere highly toxic Chemicals that possess more than one hazard i e oxidizer and corrosive are assigned to the class that in the judgment of the LSO represents the greater hazard for that laboratory Post incompatibility lists Appendix E and from your MSDSs for reference REFRIGERATORS and FREEZERS Flammable Storage All refrigerators or freezers shall be distinctly marked as to whether it is suitable for the storage of flammable liquids All refrigerators housing flammable liquids shall be of the flammable safe or explosion proof variety and shall be UL Listed or FM Approved for such use Standard household variety refrigerators shall not be used to store flammable liquids Refrigerators freezers and cooling equipment located in a laboratory work area designated as a Class location shall be approved for use in a Class I Division 1 or 2
48. es or sprays of infectious or other hazardous materials to the face when the microorganisms must be manipulated outside the biosafety cabinet Protective laboratory coats gowns smocks or uniforms designated for lab use are worn while in the laboratory This protective clothing is removed and left in the laboratory before leaving for non laboratory areas e g cafeteria library administrative offices All protective clothing is either disposed of in the laboratory or laundered by the institution it should never be taken home by personnel Gloves are worn when handling infected animals and when hands may contact infectious materials contaminated surfaces or equipment Wearing two pairs of gloves may be appropriate if a spill or splatter occur the hand will be protected after the contaminated glove is removed Gloves are disposed of when contaminated removed when work with infectious materials is completed and are not worn outside the laboratory Disposable gloves are not washed or reused BSL 2 Laboratory Facilities Secondary Barriers 1 2 Each laboratory contains a sink for handwashing The laboratory is designed so that it can be easily cleaned Rugs in laboratories are not appropriate and should not be used because proper decontamination following a spill is extremely difficult to achieve Bench tops are impervious to water and resistant to acids alkalis organic solvents and moderate heat Laboratory furniture is st
49. ess area in appropriately labeled unbreakable chemically resistant secondary containers Establish Decontamination Procedures The need for routine decontamination of designated work area equipment or personnel depends on the laboratory circumstances Your LSO and OSEM are to be consulted for specific appropriate decontamination procedures Medical surveillance When using a highly toxic substance on a regular basis e g 3 times per week consult the Occupational Health Services Division OSEM concerning medical surveillance or other health concerns you may have Cleanup and Waste Disposal Use chemical decontamination whenever possible Use a vacuum cleaner equipped with a High Efficiency Particulate Air HEPA filter instead of dry sweeping when the toxic substance is a dry powder A wet mop may also be used when the chemical is not water reactive or otherwise incompatible with water Ensure that all vacuum filters bag debris mop heads or cleaning rags as well as waste chemicals are transferred from the designated control according to the SI Hazardous Waste Disposal Program Ensure that contingency plans equipment and materials are available to minimize exposures to personnel and property in the event of an accident Do not ask expect custodial staff to clean hazardous materials spills unless they are already members of the facility s trained response team 28 Chapter 10 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Although the goal of a
50. et or toxic gas cabinet which completely contains the contaminant source Capture hoods such as snorkel elephant trunk types slot hoods or downdraft tables are designed to provide a strong exhaust velocity at a certain distance from the source and can be used for control of materials with low to moderate toxicity or for situations where point source control of hazardous materials cannot be achieved easily in an enclosure and the exposure risk has been assessed to be low to moderate SPECIAL NOTES Canopy type receiving hoods are never to be used for control of chemical hazards Ductless fume hoods are generally not recommended unless specifically approved by OSEM for a particular application Horizontal or laminar flow clean benches are not biological safety cabinets They only provide a clean environment for the material being worked on not the worker and therefore are never to be used for handling toxic radioactive infectious or sensitizing materials Perchloric acid must be used ONLY in a wash down hood designed and labeled specifically for perchloric acid use Radioisotope work is to be conducted in fume hoods dedicated to this purpose and under work conditions specifically approved through the OSEM Radiation Protection Program and applicable Nuclear Regulatory Commission license provisions Toxic and flammable gases such as arsine phosphine silane hydrogen chloride ammonia hydrogen phosgene selenide a
51. f any of the following conditions exist gt Flow alarm indicates that the fume hood is not safe to use Either the airflow has deviated from the set safe operating range of 80 120 Ifm or the air baffles at the back of the hood are blocked To correct lower hood sash to 2 5 inches Remove excess materials or place equipment and materials on blocks gt Energy waste alert reminds users to lower fume hood sash when labs are unoccupied gt Emergency exhaust indicates that emergency override switch has been activated and is purging the fume hood regardless of hood position Press switch again to turn off 34 Mute button temporary silences the alarm while hood is actively being used and sash is set above 5 inches If while the mute button is activated and the hood completely shuts down the mute button will be over ridden and an audible alarm will sound DO NOT PERMANENTLY DISABLE THE MUTE BUTTON e g taping over or inserting a stick In a complete shutdown or other unsafe condition the button will be unable to pop back to original position and sound an audible alarm to warn users of danger C SAFE WORK PRACTICES FOR PROPER USE OF FUME HOODS All laboratory employees utilizing chemical hoods are to receive training regarding the limitations and procedures for acceptable chemical hood use D Conduct all work in the hood at least 6 inches from the front edge of the hood far enough to avoid turbulence at front of hood
52. filters or chemical cartridges should not be necessary in a properly designed laboratory with adequate engineering and work practice controls If you believe that your experimental protocols are not properly controlled or that you need a respirator to avoid an inhalation hazard contact your LSO for a complete evaluation of your work processes Respirators are required at the SI if personal exposure potential is 50 or greater of the allowable limits established by OSHA or SI policy Respiratory protection needs will be determined in consultation with OSEM and in accordance with the established Smithsonian respiratory protection program Chapter 27 of the SI SD 419 Safety Handbook Enrollment in the SI Respiratory Protection Program requires exposure determination medical clearance examination and fit testing and training through OSEM 31 E HEARING PROTECTION If you believe that hazardous levels of noise exist in your laboratory due to particular equipment or processes contact your Safety Manager to arrange for an evaluation Proper hearing protection and engineering controls to reduce noise levels will be recommended as necessary 32 Chapter 11 VENTILATION CONTROLS All work with hazardous materials must be conducted under properly designed and functioning local exhaust ventilation The most effective and often the most cost efficient local exhaust system is an enclosure hood such as a chemical fume hood glove box biosafety cabin
53. finely divided metals turpentine Water alcohol Water Calcium hypochlorite all oxidizing agents Ammonium salts acids powdered metals sulfur finely divided organic or combustible materials 64 Chromic acid amp chromium trioxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Copper Cyanides Fluorine Hydrocarbons such as butane propane benzene Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid anhydrous amp hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hypochlorites lodine Mercury Mercuric oxide Nitrates Nitric acid concentrated Nitrites Acetic acid naphthalene camphor glycerol alcohol turpentine flammable liquids in general See bromine Ammonia methane phosphine hydrogen sulfide Acetylene hydrogen peroxide Acids Isolate from all other chemicals Fluorine chlorine bromine chromic acid sodium peroxide Nitric acid alkali Ammonia aqueous or anhydrous Copper chromium iron most metals or their salts alcohols acetone organic materials aniline nitromethane flammable liquids oxidizing gases Fuming nitric acid oxidizing gases Acids activated carbon Acetylene ammonia aqueous or anhydrous hydrogen Acetylene fulminic acid ammonia Sulfur Acids especially sulfuric acid Acetic acid alcohols aniline chromic acid hydrocyanic acid hydrogen sulfide flammable liquids and gases copper brass any heavy metals Acids 65 Nitroparaffins Ox
54. h Health Topics A Z Office of the A S 1 s Biosafety Director OD Health and Safety Home Department of Documents Health amp Human Services Last Reviewed 06 04 2002 OHS Internet http www cdc gov od ohs biosfty bmbl4 bmbl4toc htm 3 of 3 5 26 2005 11 31 38 AM
55. h NRC license requirements conducts area monitoring of radiation use areas Department Safety Committee member gt Serves as departmental liaison to the facility Safety Committee Occupational Health Services Clinic OSEM 202 275 2222 50 Section 1 INTRODUCTION This Laboratory Safety Plan LSP describes safe work practices personal protective equipment and other control measures necessary for the safe use of chemicals and other hazardous materials and procedures for this laboratory All workers are to be made aware of this Plan and are directed to follow the Plan Staff interns visiting scientists and volunteers are to receive initial hazard awareness training at the start of their employment in this lab As protocols change or on an annual basis whichever comes first this Plan is to be reviewed by all members of the laboratory team and updated as needed to heighten safety awareness Additional technical guidance can be found Inthe SI Laboratory Safety Manual located in In our Material Safety Data Sheets located in In our Chemical Spill and Hazardous Waste Disposal guidelines located in With our Laboratory Safety Officer name and Facility Safety Manager name On the OFEO Office of Safety and Environmental Management web site ofeo si edu From your Supervisor or laboratory Principal Investigator PI The requirement for a site specific LSP is b
56. he U S Department of Health and Human Services DHHS guidelines Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 4 or latest edition also known as the CDC NIH guidelines Transfer of biological agents to or from SI facilities shall be in accordance with Centers for Disease Control 42 CFR 72 Requirements for Facilities Transferring or Receiving Select Agents and any applicable U S Department of Agriculture permit requirements The CDC NIH guidelines describe various Biosafety Levels BSL of hazard containment corresponding to the infectious agent being used These agent summary lists can be found in the document which is available for download at http Awww cdc gov od ohs biosfty ombl4 ombl4toc htm No work shall be conducted at the SI exceeding BSL 2 due to the serious health risks associated with BSL 3 amp 4 organisms and the lack of BSL 3 or 4 containment facilities within the SI All laboratories handling biological agents shall be posted as a potential biological hazard area with the agents in use being identified Supervisors shall ensure that employees are informed of biological hazards and that suitable biosafety controls are in place Principal investigators and researchers conducting research in non Smithsonian facilities shall ensure that adequate biosafety levels and practices are utilized by Smithsonian employees As a minimum all biological cabinets are to be certified at least annually for class 2 biohazard
57. he syringe are used for injection or aspiration of infectious materials Used disposable needles must not be bent sheared broken recapped removed 41 from disposable syringes or otherwise manipulated by hand before disposal rather they must be carefully placed in conveniently located puncture resistant containers used for sharps disposal Non disposable sharps must be placed ina hard walled container for transport to a processing area for decontamination preferably by autoclaving Syringes which re sheathe the needle needle less systems and other safe devices should be used when appropriate Broken glassware must not be handled directly by hand but must be removed by mechanical means such as a brush and dustpan tongs or forceps Containers of contaminated needles sharp equipment and broken glass are decontaminated before disposal according to any local state or federal regulations 9 Cultures tissues or specimens of body fluids are placed in a container that prevents leakage during collection handling processing storage transport or shipping 10 Laboratory equipment and work surfaces should be decontaminated with an appropriate disinfectant on a routine basis after work with infectious materials is finished and especially after overt spills splashes or other contamination by infectious materials Contaminated equipment must be decontaminated according to any local state or federal regulations before it is se
58. humans which indicates that causal interpretation is credible but that alternative explanations such as chance bias or confounding factors could not adequately be excluded or e Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals which indicates there is an increased incidence of malignant and or a combination of malignant and benign tumors 1 in multiple species or at multiple tissue sites or 2 by multiple routes of exposure or 3 to an unusual degree with regard to incidence site or type of tumor or age at onset or e Less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or laboratory animals however the agent substance or mixture belongs to a well defined structurally related class of substances whose members are listed in a previous Report on Carcinogens as either known to be a human carcinogen or reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen or there is convincing relevant information that the agent acts through mechanisms indicating it would likely cause cancer in humans Acetaldehyde 2 Acetylaminofluorene Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Adriamycin Doxorubicin Hydrochloride 2 Aminoanthraquinone Aminoazotoluene 1 Amino 2 methylanthraquinone 2 Amino 3 methylimidazo 4 5 f quinoline IQ Amitrole Anisidine Hydrochloride Azacitidine 5 Azacytidine 5 AzaC Benz aJanthracene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzo b fluoranthene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
59. iculate preservatives and pesticides If cotton gloves are desired for tactile reasons they should be worn in addition to vinyl gloves for full dermal protection cotton alone will act as a contaminant wick to the skin especially if moistened by perspiration 719 BMBL 4th Edition Table of Contents SAFER NEALTMIER PEOPLE Documents Errata sheet for hard copy booklet Ordering Information Dedication Editors Preface Section Section I Section II Section III Table 1 Section IV Section IV Table 1 Section V Section VI Section VII A Section VII B Section VII C Section VII D Section VII E Section VII F Section VII G Section VII Table 1 Section VII Table 2 Arboviruses and Arenaviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 3 Section VII Table 3 Section VII Table 4 Arboviruses Arenaviruses and Filoviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 4 CDC Home Search Health Topics A Z Office of Health and Safety OHS Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories The 4th Edition of the BMBL is now available for download in Adobe Acrobat pdf format U S Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SECTION I SECTION II SECTION Il SECTION IV SECTION V SECTION VI SECTION VII Click here for the pdf file BMBL 4th Edition Table of Contents 4th Edition CLX NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedi
60. ion systems Chapters 10 and 11 as a minimum Requirements for employee initial and periodic hazard awareness training Chapter 15 Chapter 2 RESPONSIBILITIES Facility Museum Directors retain overall responsibility for implementing the provisions of this Manual and the SD419 Safety Handbook to ensure the safe use and disposal of hazardous materials used in laboratory work within their jurisdiction The Director is also responsible for designating a Laboratory Safety Officer LSO to manage the development and implementation of the facility s site specific Laboratory Safety Plan s LSPs and for transmitting design and modification plans for laboratory space for review through the SD410 process Laboratory Safety Officers are to be knowledgeable by formal training and practical experience in chemical or biological laboratory protocols and the associated sciences The LSO shall provide technical guidance in developing and reviewing the facility LSPs including suitability of physical location and shall have approval authority for the final LSP The LSO also ensures that the facility LSPs are re evaluated annually or more often as processes change or in the event of a change in LSO appointment Laboratory Directors Principal Investigators Pls and Supervisors are to be knowledgeable of the potential health and safety hazards associated with their work including the means to control or eliminate such hazards per the provisions of thi
61. ir and maintain electrical equipment High voltage electrical work shall be performed by qualified electricians only COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS The handling storage and use of oxygen fuel or any compressed or liquefied gas cylinder shall be in accordance with the policy specified in SD 419 Chapter 17 Compressed Gases Storage of compressed or liquefied gas cylinders in a laboratory shall be limited to those cylinders needed for the experiment in progress When stored or in use at a laboratory the maximum quantity of flammable or oxidizing gases within a laboratory unit shall be per NFPA 45 For laboratory work areas of 500 ft or less the maximum cylinder volume shall not exceed 6 0 ft of flammable or oxidizing gases Cylinders must be secured in an upright position with an approved strap and bracket or chain device and 18 protective caps in place when stored Cylinders must be transported securely on carts Cylinders must be capped when they are being moved or not in use A compressed gas cylinder is considered to be in use if a It is connected through a regulator to deliver gas to a laboratory operation b It is connected to a manifold being used to deliver gas to a laboratory operation c Itis a single reserve cylinder secured alongside the cylinder in item a Do not drop cylinders or allow them to strike against each other Cylinders and other containers of compressed gases must be kept below 125 F Contact with a
62. ith applicable local state and federal regulations before removal from the facility An integrated pest management control program is in effect 40 BSL 2 Special Practices 1 Access to the laboratory is limited or restricted by the laboratory director when work with infectious agents is in progress In general persons who are at increased risk of acquiring infection or for whom infection may be unusually hazardous are not allowed in the laboratory or animal rooms For example persons who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed may be at risk of acquiring infections The laboratory director has the final responsibility for assessing each circumstance and determining who may enter or work in the laboratory The laboratory director establishes policies and procedures whereby only persons who have been advised of the potential hazard and meet specific entry requirements e g immunization enter the laboratory or animal rooms When the infectious agent s in use in the laboratory require special provisions for entry e g immunization a hazard warning sign incorporating the universal biohazard symbol is posted on the access door to the laboratory work area The hazard warning sign identifies the infectious agent lists the name and telephone number of the laboratory director or other responsible person s and indicates the special requirement s for entering the laboratory Laboratory personnel receive appropriate immunizations or
63. its LD5 and LCs values selected with due regard for the possible routes of exposure These values can be found in the MSDS for the chemical or in any number of literature or web based references noted in Appendices B and C of this Manual It is useful to classify and compare your chemicals and their values with the following table taken from Prudent Practices page 42 Hazard Level Toxicity Rating Oral LD50 Skin ContactLD50 Inhalation LC50 Inhalation LC50 rats per kg rabbits per kg Rats ppm for 1hr Rats mg m3 for 1 hr High Highly Toxic lt 50 mg lt 200 mg lt 200 lt 2 000 Moderate Moderately toxic _ 50 to 500 mg 200mg to 1g 200 to 2 000 2 000 to 20 000 Low Slightly toxic 500 mg to 5 g lto5g 2 000 to 20 000 20 000 to 200 000 Substances with values qualifying for High hazard levels meet the definition of highly hazardous for the purpose of special controls per Chapter 9 subsection H of this Manual 77 Appendix M CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING GLOVES AND OTHER CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING The degree of chemical protection afforded by a certain material is a function of chemical type the task length and the level of activity Consider all of the following factors in making your decision 1 Toxicity of the chemical For a highly toxic material particularly one with high skin absorption rates gloves may not even be an appropriate final control Review the MSDS and other lite
64. le Gases in Sprinklered Laboratory Units Outside of Inside Liquid Storage Rooms Excluding Quantities in Including Quantities in Storage Cabinets or Safety Storage Cabinets or Cans Safety Cans Max Quantity Max Quantity Max Quantity Max Quantity per 100 ft of per per 100ft of per Laboratory Unit Laboratory Laboratory Unit Laboratory Unit Unit Laboratory Unit Flammable and Fire Hazard Combustible Class Liquid Class eee eee Po TH and HHA a ee PH and HHA E Ps TH an THA 1s 1 Sap al I ll and IIIA This category includes Class flammable liquids and liquefied flammable gases Quantities of liquefied flammable gases shall be treated as if they were Class flammable liquids that is 1 1 gal of liquefied flammable gas is to be considered equivalent to 1 1 gal of Class flammable liquid Note This table is based on Table 2 2 1 a of NFPA 45 Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals 68 Appendix H MAXIMUM QUANTITIES OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS AND LIQUIFIED FLAMMABLE GASES IN NON SPRINKLERED LABORATORY UNITS OUTSIDE OF INSIDE LIQUID STORAGE AREAS Maximum Quantities of Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Liquefied Flammable Gases in Non Sprinklered Laboratory Units Outside of Inside Liquid Storage Rooms Excluding Quantities in Including Quantities in Storage Cabinets or Safety Storage Cabinets or Safety Cans Cans Max Quantity Max Quantity Max ee Max Qu
65. mergency contact per the facility s own disaster response plan Including this information on the cover page of your LSP then posting a copy of the LSP on the door is one way to accomplish this Incase of a fire medical emergency or other disaster laboratory occupants are to follow the facility s disaster and emergency response plan which lists the phone numbers to call to report an incident In the event of a chemical spill try to turn off any reaction apparatus especially heat sources notify supervisors immediately and follow the response steps in your facility s Hazardous Chemicals Emergency Spill And Leak Control Procedures Reporting Person s Check List Lab Safety Plans are to be reviewed for the need for any specialized medical antidote treatment needed upon exposure and on the way to seeking emergency medical help gt For instance exposure to hydrofluoric acid may require immediate application of calcium gluconate OHSD will provide training upon request to laboratories using this acid gt Similarly labs using macro quantities of cyanide should consider keeping the antidotes amyl nitrate and thiosulfates on hand OHSD stands prepared to offer training and consultation in response to cyanide exposures and the use of antidotes 14 Chapter 7 GENERAL OPERATIONS amp MAINTENANCE PRACTICES There are multiple safe lab practices that apply to most laboratory activities It is the responsibility of th
66. moving equipment parts Hanging jewelry or absorbent watch straps should not be worn GUIDELINES FOR CUSTODIAL AND MAINTENANCE WORKERS Your supervisor and the facility LSO should be providing you with an overview of lab safety in the zones to which you are assigned If you have any questions or concerns about the safety of working in your assigned areas ask your supervisor and the scientists occupants of the laboratory space for more information Any container box bottle beaker etc that holds a chemical must be clearly labeled as to content and appropriate warnings Do not touch move or handle containers of chemicals in a lab If chemicals or equipment needs to be moved for you to perform your work in the lab have your supervisor and the laboratory supervisor arrange for this to be done first If this cannot be done or there is still a chance that you may contact hazardous chemicals in the course of your work wear appropriate personal protective equipment as assigned by your supervisor gloves goggles etc If the contents of any container are spilled do not touch or clean up Leave the area at once close the door and notify your supervisor and fellow lab occupants immediately who should then follow the facility Spill Response Plan Always wear barrier gloves when emptying trash containers Be cautious for broken glass If you see chemical containers needles or any objects that you are in doubt about handling leave them
67. n principle is to make this as practical accessible and user friendly as possible For instance A facility with 5 or less laboratories may find it easier to write a separate LSP for each one A facility with numerous departments each having multiple labs may find it more convenient to write a broader departmental LSP which includes sections for each particular Department s experiments and processes The LSP can be written in whatever format is most practical for your laboratory c f inserting safety warning text boxes into the protocol itself or creating a complete document to post in the lab Whatever format is followed the final product s is are to be written with the assistance of and reviewed and approved by the Laboratory Safety Officer LSO appointed by the facility Director Your LSP is to include the following sections Technical guidance for each section is provided in the noted Manual Chapters A template for a typical LSP is included as Appendix A of this Manual to help guide you through the steps v v Designation of authority and responsibilities Chapter 2 Activities that require special restrictions and or approvals due to their highly hazardous nature Chapter 5 Hazard identification exposure evaluation and safe work procedures for each experiment or protocol Chapters 3 14 Methods to ensure integrity and maintenance of controls including personal protective equipment and local exhaust ventilat
68. nces very tiny amounts of impurity are sufficient to begin a reaction that can quickly transition to detonation Hazards include old degraded chemicals and peroxide forming agents like picric acid A laboratory work area is considered to contain an explosion hazard if any of the following apply v Materials stored have a National Fire Protection Association NFPA reactivity rating of 4 v Use or formation of materials with an NFPA reactivity hazard rating of 4 v Presence of highly exothermic reactions such as polymerizations oxidations nitrations peroxidations hydrogenations or organo metallic reactions Reactive Hazard Certain chemicals when mixed produce new and volatile or toxic chemicals usually rapidly and violently leading to fire or explosion Examples include water reactive chemicals elemental sodium or potassium oxidizers perchloric acid ammonium nitrate and reducing agents ammonia metals Electrical Hazard Electrical shock or similar injuries can occur from contact with energized circuits or equipment Toxicity Toxicity is the potential of a substance to cause injury to the body To properly evaluate the degree of toxicity you need to know the quantity demonstrated to be toxic usually expressed in terms of Lethal Dose or Lethal Concentration in experimental studies whether the effect is acute or chronic the routes of entry into the body ingestion inhalation absorption or injection and symptoms
69. nd nickel carbonyl should be used in an approved gas storage cabinet equipped with monitoring devices and failure alarms and vented through a scrubbing system OSEM is to be consulted on these installations A PERFORMANCE MEASURES AND MAINTENANCE All lab hoods should have a real time air flow monitor installed which should include warning lights and alarms if the air flow deviates from a set safe operating range Fume hood alarms must be installed on every new or upgraded fume hood at the SI SI policy stipulates that the average face velocity of an enclosure hood should be 80 100 linear feet per minute Ifpm for use with low to moderate toxicity materials or 100 120 Ifpm for use with high toxicity materials 33 Chemical fume hoods and capture hoods will be inspected at least annually by OSEM for proper air flow through face velocity measurements and visual smoke tests Stickers will be placed on the hood indicating the results and as appropriate the proper sash height necessary to achieve the required control face velocity or the maximum safe distance the capture hood can be placed away from the point source The OFEO Office of Facilities Management and Office of Facilities Reliability engineers will be in charge of routine maintenance and repair of air exhaust systems in accordance with their service agreement with the facility Preventive maintenance inspections on the alarm units themselves may be the responsibility of the facili
70. nd security products and services up to date OSHA standards company profiles training articles and self inspection checklists Casarett and Doull s Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons Casarett Louis J New York Macmillan 1995 RA1211 C296 1996X MSC Reference A comprehensive guide to modern toxicology that includes information on general principles specific toxic agents environmental toxicology and applications of toxicology including new coverage of risk assessment CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety Edited by A Keith Furr 4 ed Boca Raton FL CRC Press 1995 QD51 C73 1995X MSC Reference Provides information on planning and building a facility developing an organization infrastructure planning for emergencies and contingencies choosing the correct equipment developing operational plans and meeting regulatory requirements Itis the ideal reference to OSHA safety standards and government regulations Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials 6th ed National Fire Protection Association Boston c1975 155 3 H3N27 1997 MSC Includes four NFPA documents that classify materials so that personnel can safely handle emergencies such as fires and accidental releases Contains routine storage and handling guidelines for the full range of hazardous substances Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene Edited by Barbara A Plog and Jill Niland 4th ed Itasca Ill National Safety Council 1996 RC967 F85 19
71. ng the session each individual will be fit tested to determine which respirator model and size provides the best protection This course is mandatory for OSEM approved respirator users and their supervisors 47 Future Chapter 16 LABORATORY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 48 Appendix A EXAMPLE OUTLINE SITE SPECIFIC LABORATORY SAFETY PLAN Directions for Lab Staff Developing this Plan It is intended that the Laboratory Supervisor or LSO have flexibility in the selection of format and preparation of contents for the LSP The following format is offered as a downloadable guideline with specific contents to be added by the laboratory As an alternative for smaller operations the lab could insert safety warning boxes into protocol documents A large department might want to create a more generic LSP with individual attachments for each research project or procedure The Laboratory Safety Manual itself forms a valuable technical background for understanding the individual lab plans Therefore the Manual should be easily accessible and reviewed by staff Each proposed section in the attached example Plan has some standard explanatory text that we recommend you keep or edit in your own LSP Contact your facility Lab Safety Officer and or Safety Manager for assistance on writing your Plan To cut and paste sections from the Manual itself go to the Office of Facilities Engineering and Operations OFEO web site on Pri
72. nic acids e g glacial acetic acid are combustible and should be stored separately or with flammables rather than with inorganic acids Several inorganic acids are oxidizers and therefore incompatible with organics Perchloric acid and picric acid require special handling gt Picric acid is reactive with metals or metal salts and is potentially explosive when dry Contaminated picric acid is particularly dangerous as picrate metal salts are potentially explosive compounds Picric acid must be stored wet with at least 10 water Store picric acid in a cool dry non ventilated area away from incompatibles or ignition sources gt Perchloric acid at elevated temperature is a very strong oxidizer It can react with metals wood and other combustibles to form potentially explosive compounds For information on the handling storage and use of perchloric acid contact your LSO Corrosives Bases Bases are corrosive and react violently with acids Examples ammonium hydroxide sodium hydroxide calcium hydroxide organic amines Segregate bases from acids Bases are also corrosive to skin and tissue Pay meticulous attention to personal protective equipment when using bases Reactive Oxidizers Appendix l Oxidizers react vigorously with reducing materials The reaction can lead to fires or explosions Oxidizers will increase the burning rate of combustible materials and contribute oxygen to a combustion reaction Examples halogens
73. nsultations such as for the use of respiratory protection or for animal handlers 12 Chapter 5 SPECIAL RESTRICTIONS The LSP is to state which activities are prohibited when working alone or whether special provisions are required to be made for a person to work alone during any phase of the activity A Highly Hazardous Materials Highly hazardous refers to chemical carcinogens reproductive toxins including teratogens and mutagens acutely toxic substances and highly reactive materials as defined by OSHA and per Chapter 9H of this Manual Use of materials deemed highly hazardous requires the most rigorous review and approval by the LSO No modifications to LSPs involving highly hazardous materials can be made without re approval by the LSO B Working Alone Individuals using highly hazardous chemicals which could cause immediate serious injury or incapacitation as a result of an accident should not work alone Another individual capable of coming to the aid of the worker should be in visual or audio contact f working alone is absolutely necessary the worker should have a phone immediately available and should be in contact with another person who knows that he or she is being relied upon at least every 30 minutes The laboratory supervisor or PI is responsible for determining whether the work requires special precautions such as having two people in the same room for particular operations C Unattende
74. nt e g burners inside a hood used for flammable liquids or gases ADDITIONAL NOTES FOR PROPER USE OF CAPTURE HOODS Capture hoods do not enclose the source but are designed to exhaust air at a velocity sufficient to move contaminated air into the hood from a distance The acceptable working distance is a critical variable in the formula which must be provided to lab designers in order to provide a safe system for your needs Conversely for existing capture hoods the OSEM hood test sticker 3D should be noted which will indicate the maximum distance the hood can be placed away from a source and still exhaust effectively typically 80 lfm with effective smoke test capture 36 Chapter 12 RADIATION SAFETY LASER SAFETY The use storage and display of radioactive materials and lasers must be in compliance with the SI s Radiation Protection Program as outlined in Chapter 30 of the SD 419 The Program ensures compliance with U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations and licenses as well as all applicable State agreements All users of radioactive materials must be in contact with the respective facility s assigned Radiation Safety Coordinator RSC who is responsible for conducting routine health physics surveys of all laboratories and storage areas supervising radioactive waste disposal maintaining an inventory of all radioactive materials authorizing procurement receipt and distribution of all radioisotopes and
75. nt for repair or maintenance or packaged for transport in accordance with applicable local state or federal regulations before removal from the facility 11 Spills and accidents which result in overt exposures to infectious materials are immediately reported to the laboratory director Medical evaluation surveillance and treatment are provided as appropriate and written records are maintained 12 Animals not involved in the work being performed are not permitted in the lab BSL 2 Safety Equipment Primary Barriers 1 Properly maintained biological safety cabinets preferably Class II or other appropriate personal protective equipment or physical containment devices are used whenever Procedures with a potential for creating infectious aerosols or splashes are conducted These may include centrifuging grinding blending vigorous shaking or mixing sonic disruption opening containers of infectious materials whose internal pressures may be different from ambient pressures inoculating animals intranasally and harvesting infected tissues from animals or eggs High concentrations or large volumes of infectious agents are used Such materials may be centrifuged in the open laboratory if sealed rotor heads or centrifuge safety cups are used and if these rotors or safety cups are opened only in a biological safety cabinet 42 2 Face protection goggles mask faceshield or other splatter guards is used for anticipated splash
76. ny protection program is to either eliminate the hazard or minimize the risk through engineering controls some operations will still require additional personal protection It is the responsibility of each supervisor to match the proper type of personal protective equipment to the hazard s involved with each laboratory operation A EYE and FACE PROTECTION All safety eye and face wear must meet the criteria established in OSHA Standards 29 CFR 1910 134 139 and the principles of ANSI Z87 1 2003 Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Safety eyewear that complies with the ANSI standards will be marked with the symbol Z87 Eye and face protection is required at all times in the laboratory when there is the potential for exposure to flying particles or sparks molten metal hazardous chemicals biohazardous materials or hazardous light radiation For protection against the impact of physical hazards such as flying particles glass or metal shards safety glasses with side shields are to be worn in the laboratory Safety glasses will not protect the eyes from mists dusts gases vapors or liquid splashes When working with liquid chemicals gases or fine particulates indirectly vented or unvented safety goggles will be used gt Direct vented goggles offer the least protection and should not be used gt Indirect vented goggles will deflect minor chemical splash from entering the goggles while preventing f
77. ogging gt Unvented goggles are to be used when the hazard is a gas or vapor such as ammonia or formaldehyde which can be irritating to the eyes or easily absorbed through the eye When working with large volumes of hazardous materials when the potential exists for significant chemical splash to the face neck and ears face shields in addition to safety glasses or goggles shall be worn When working with operations producing harmful light radiation i e welding UV light lasers eye protection must have filter lenses with shading of a certain degree selected on the basis of the harmful wavelengths involved Consult your LSO or OSEM for technical guidance Contact lenses may be worn in hazardous environments when appropriate safety eye and or face protection is also worn 29 C EMERGENCY EYEWASH and SAFETY SHOWERS Every laboratory room must be equipped with an eyewash connected to the domestic water supply that is capable of providing 15 minutes of continuous flushing Safety showers shall be available within 100 feet of all laboratories In the event of eye injury eyes must be flushed with copious amounts of plain water for at least 15 minutes Personnel must not attempt to neutralize or counteract the injury unless expressly instructed to do so by a physician Local emergency medical personnel must be contacted immediately All persons working in the laboratory shall be trained in the use of the emergency shower
78. oncentration Organic Diviny ether Divinyl acetylene Isopropyl ether Vinylidene chloride Inorganic Potassium metal Potassium amide Sodium amide Tal Appendix K CARCINOGENS Source Report on Carcinogens Tenth Edition U S Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service National Toxicology Program December 2002 http ehp niehs nih gov roc toc10 html Known Carcinogens Substances or groups of substances occupational exposures associated with a technological process and medical treatments that are known to be carcinogenic For the purpose of this list known carcinogens are defined as agents with sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates a causal relationship between exposure to the agent substance or mixture and human cancer Aflatoxins Alcoholic Beverage Consumption 4 Aminobipheny Analgesic Mixtures Containing Phenacetin See Phenacetin and Analgesic Mixtures Containing Phenacetin Arsenic Compounds Inorganic Asbestos Azathioprine Benzene Benzidine See Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds 1 3 Butadiene 1 4 Butanediol Dimethylsulfonate Myleran Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds Chlorambucil 1 2 Chloroethyl 3 4 methylcyclohexyl 1 nitrosourea MeCCNU bis Chloromethyl Ether and Technical Grade Chloromethy Methyl Ether Chromium Hexavalent Compounds Coal Tar Pitche
79. orking with that chemical is the probability that this exposure dose will occur OSEM is responsible for conducting environmental and personal exposure assessments and should be contacted to schedule monitoring 202 275 1167 Exposure monitoring is required by certain OSHA standards as listed in Appendix D Airborne inhalation exposure samples and skin glove wipe samples can be used to determine exposure by looking at the concentration of the chemicals in the work environment available to be inhaled ingested or absorbed Airborne concentrations can be measured via calibrated personal sampling pumps and appropriate collection media worn by the employee through the course of the work activity Radiation dose is measured through ambient instrumentation and by personal dosimetry through the SI Radiation Dosimetry Program see Chapter 12 of this Manual Biological Monitoring exhaled breath urine and blood is useful if significant exposure can occur through routes other than inhalation This testing reflects absorption by all routes of entry and offers information beyond that provided by air sampling alone HOWEVER routine exposure monitoring in a chemical laboratory is often not practical when use of many different chemicals in short time increments creates short term exposure peaks that are difficult to detect through traditional monitoring The emphasis in laboratory safety and health is in designing safe work practices and engineering
80. ough a material from the start of contact on one side to the detection of chemical on the other side Units of breakthrough time are usually expressed in minutes or hours and a typical test takes up to 8 hours If no measurable breakthrough is detected after 8 hours the result might be reported as a breakthrough time of gt 8 hours Degradation and loss of elasticity potential of the material is rated in terms of a change in one or more physical properties after contact with the chemical includes cracking swelling shrinking stretching and dissolving It is a more subjective observation but factors into the recommendations of both manufacturers and independent raters Note that a good degradation value does not mean the chemical will not permeate 30 Thin surgical type gloves latex vinyl nitrile are most common are somewhat protective against incidental contact with certain chemicals and allow dexterity but may not be protective against full immersion or prolonged contact Latex natural rubber CPC must not be used by persons allergic to latex If in doubt use another material with equal or better protection rating for the chemical s used Shoes that offer complete foot coverage i e no sandals or open toed shoes are to be worn in the chemical laboratory or any work area with the potential for chemical spills or broken glass Safety shoes will be recommended only when the process or task warrants such protection i e if
81. pecific as to chemical ACCUMULATION START DATE If a reagent container label has been removed or becomes illegible and the identity of the contents is unknown the container must be disposed as soon as possible by arrangement with the facility hazardous waste coordinator Prior to the departure of staff or visiting scientist chemicals for which that person was responsible are to be inventoried and discarded or returned to storage Pouring hazardous waste chemicals down the drain adding them to regular trash or evaporating them in a local exhaust hood are illegal actions Section 9 TRAINING Refer to Chapter 15 of this Manual and list the types and frequency of training courses applicable to the processes described by this LSP Either maintain documentation of training with this LSP or specify where it is filed 54 Appendix B SAFETY AND HEALTH LITERATURE AT MSC SIL Call numbers included Artist Beware McCann Michael New York Watson Guptill Publication 1979 RC963 6 A78M32 1992X MSC Presents current information on chemical and physical hazards and practical advice on how to eliminate or minimize them Recommendations are specific for various art and craft techniques and materials that have been shown to be hazardous those which are benign are so described Best s Safety and Security Directory Oldwick N J A M Best Co T55 A1B56 MSC 1999 edition on shelf Contains the latest safety a
82. r be removed or changed while chemical remains in the container NOTE the external Department of Transportation DOT shipping label is NOT as specific and only lists the most urgent information Toxicology and Safety Information Web Sites The MSDSs are often not updated as new toxicological data is published The texts and web sites listed in Appendix C are excellent references for most current toxicological and safety related data Collections Based Hazards A compendium of collections based hazards can be found on http ofeo si edu safety_health Environmental 20Management 20Programs html under Collections management work practices Radiation safety and laser safety are addressed fully in SD419 Chapters 30 and 34 9 respectively as well as in selected resources in Appendix C Biohazards including work with microbiological and zoonotic agents are best characterized in Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 4 or most current Edition and in the references in Appendix C SAFETY RISK ANALYSIS TOOLS A Job Safety Analysis JSA can be adapted to reviewing laboratory bench protocols for potential hazards Strike a balance between breaking down your work processes into an unnecessarily large and detailed number of steps and making the breakdown so general that critical steps are not included Use this Manual and its references to highlight the hazards associated with each step being careful to
83. r lab BASICS OF BIOSAFETY LEVEL 1 Biosafety Level 1 BSL1 practices represent a basic level of containment that relies on standard microbiological practices and basic safety equipment and lab design for laboratories in which work is done with defined and characterized strains of viable microorganisms not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans Many agents not ordinarily associated with disease processes in humans are however opportunistic pathogens and may cause infection in the young the aged and immuno deficient or immuno suppressed individuals BSL 1 Standard Microbiological Practices 1 or oND BSL 1 _ BSL 1 Access to work areas is limited at the discretion of the principal scientist doors should be closed during work with research materials Hands must be washed after handling biological materials removing gloves or before leaving work area No eating or drinking will be allowed in the work area Only mechanical devices will be used for pipetting Safety devices or non sharps are to be used as an alternative to sharps Sharps used are to be handled and disposed properly Activities that are likely to create splashes sprays or aerosols are to be minimized Work surfaces are to be decontaminated at least daily and after any spills Waste materials are to be decontaminated before disposal by an approved method such as autoclaving A biohazard sign is to be posted on entrances to work
84. rate normal CH3 CH2 2 NO3 Sodium chlorate NaClO3 Sodium chlorate NaClO2 Sodium perchlorate NaC104 Sodium peroxide Na202 70 Appendix J PEROXIDE FORMING MATERIALS Types of Compounds Known to Auto Oxidize to Form Peroxides Source Prudent Practices in the Laboratory 1995 e Aldehydes groups vinylidenes e Compounds containing benzylic hydrogens e Compounds containing allylic hydrogens including most alkenes vinyl and e Compounds containing a tertiary C H group e Ethers especially cyclic ethers and those containing primary and secondary alkyl Classes of Chemicals that can Form Peroxides Upon Aging Source Prudent Practices in the Laboratory 1995 Unsaturated materials may polymerize violently due to peroxide initiation Acrylic acid Methyl methacrylate Vinyl chloride Acrylonitrile Styrene Vinyl pyridine Butadiene Tetrafluoroethylene Vinylidene chloride Chlorotrifluoroethylene Vinyl acetylene Chlorobutadiene chloroprene Vinyl acetate Peroxide hazards upon concentration distillation evaporation Acetal Dicyclopentadiene Methyl acetylene Cumene Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Methyl cyclopentane Cyclohexene Diethyl ether Methyl I butyl ketone Cyclooctene Dioxane Tetrahydrofuran Cyclopentene Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Tetrahydronaphthalene Diacetylene Furan Vinyl ethers Peroxides derived from the following may explode without c
85. rature with your LSO and consult OSEM for guidance 2 Physical Requirements of the Work Remember the most perfect glove is useless if easily cut torn or damaged For highly physical work double gloving is an alternative or using dipped multi compound or multilayered gloves Consider the following Will tasks lead to puncture abrasion or tearing of the glove i e will palms or fingers need to be lined with abrasion resistant material Will tactile sensitivity or extra grip be needed Will the weight of heavy gloves impair work or lead to fatigue and other related safety hazards may need to alter the task or institute more frequent breaks Will there be extreme temperature or humidity conditions if so check with manufacturer on what effect this may have such as brittling or faster breakthrough permeation amp breakthrough tests are done at a specified temperature Will the glove be used extensively outdoors Will sunlight ozone UV degrade the product more quickly Is the glove material flammable Or flame resistant 3 Research published rating charts Scan safety catalogues for a wide variety of CPC manufacturers then review each manufacturer s charts for your specific chemicals Do not rely on charts that indicate the protective ability of a certain material against an entire class of chemicals such as acids Reputable manufacturers will list at least permeation data Call the manufacturer with question
86. rial it will continue to diffuse toward the interior a phenomenon known as persistent permeation even after the surface has been wiped clean with soap and water The next workday some absorbed chemical may reach the inside of the glove This amount should be insignificant through a glove of highly resistant material However it may be a critical factor if purchasing gloves for highly toxic or carcinogenic materials of which any amount inside a glove is undesirable or highly viscous materials which are difficult to remove Consider quality construction of the CPC Clothing lab coats aprons etc are rated in same manner with same standards However the swatch of material does not include seams Seams are either stitched which can leave holes or welded with a welding cementing tape over the stitching The latter seam type is more expensive but offers the best splash protection Quality gloves will have stitched seams overlaid with tape or sealed with a coating For clothing multiple layers of fabric overlap should be present to avoid penetration of chemical A special note on latex gloves If using surgical type barrier gloves for handling objects they should be vinyl material not latex Latex gloves particularly when powdered can cause a mild to severe allergic reaction in sensitive individuals The use of vinyl barrier gloves disposed after use is highly recommended when handling objects potentially contaminated with residual part
87. rosopyrrolidine N Nitrososarcosine Norethisterone 75 Ochratoxin A 4 4 Oxydianiline Oxymetholone Phenacetin See Phenacetin and Analgesic Mixtures Containing Phenacetin Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride Phenolphthalein Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride Polybrominated Biphenyls PBBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCBs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs Procarbazine Hydrochloride Progesterone 1 3 Propane Sultone a Propiolactone Propylene Oxide Propylthiouracil Reserpine Safrole Selenium Sulfide Streptozotocin Styrene 7 8 oxide Sulfallate Tetrachloroethylene Perchloroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Tetranitromethane Thioacetamide Thiourea Toluene Diisocyanate Toluidine and Toluidine Hydrochloride See Toluidine and Toluidine Hydrochloride Toxaphene Trichloroethylene 2 4 6 Trichlorophenol 1 2 3 Trichloropropane Ultraviolet A Radiation See Ultraviolet Radiation Related Exposure Ultraviolet B Radiation See Ultraviolet Radiation Related Exposure Ultraviolet C Radiation See Ultraviolet Radiation Related Exposure Urethane Vinyl Bromide 4 Vinyl 1 cyclohexene Diepoxide 76 Appendix L ACUTE TOXICANTS This discussion is adapted from Prudent Practices in the Laboratory 1995 National Academy Press Acute toxicity is the ability of a chemical to cause a harmful effect after a single exposure Among the most useful parameters for assessing the risk of acute toxicity of a chemical are
88. rugs and Biologicals Edited by Susan Budavari 12th ed Rahway N J U S A Merck 1996 RS51 M4 1996X MSC Reference This standard trusted reference tool describes common organic chemicals and laboratory reagents naturally occurring substances and plants inorganic chemicals endogenous substances and biological agents Entries include the chemical abstracts name alternate chemical names percentage composition molecular weight molecular formula patent and chemical information literature references biological and pharmacological information structure including stereochemistry if relevant physical data drug code number derivatives trademarks and or synonyms of derivatives and therapeutic category in humans NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Upland PA Diane Publishing Co 1997 T55 3 H3N105 MSC Reference Also available in html format http Awww cdc gov niosh npg pgdstart html Intended as a source of general industrial hygiene information on several hundred chemicals classes for workers employers and occupational health professionals The information found in the NPG should help users recognize and control occupational chemical hazards Information includes chemical structures and formula identification codes synonyms exposure limits chemical and physical properties incompatibilities and reactivities measurement methods respirator selections signs and symptoms of exposure and procedures for emergency
89. s See Coal Tars and Coal Tar Pitches Coal Tars See Coal Tars and Coal Tar Pitches Coke Oven Emissions Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporin A Ciclosporin Diethylstilbestrol Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine See Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine Environmental Tobacco Smoke See Tobacco Related Exposures Erionite Estrogens Steroidal Ethylene Oxide Melphalan Methoxsalen with Ultraviolet A Therapy PUVA Mineral Oils Untreated and Mildly Treated Mustard Gas 2 Naphthylamine Nickel Compounds See Metallic Nickel and Nickel Compounds Radon Silica Crystalline Respirable Size Smokeless Tobacco See Tobacco Related Exposures Solar Radiation See Ultraviolet Radiation Related Exposures Soots Strong Inorganic Acid Mists Containing Sulfuric Acid 72 Sunlamps or Sunbeds Exposure to See Ultraviolet Radiation Related Exposures Tamoxifen 2 3 7 8 Tetrachlorodibenzo p dioxin TCDD Dioxin Thiotepa Thorium Dioxide Tobacco Smoking See Tobacco Related Exposures Vinyl Chloride Ultraviolet Radiation Broad Spectrum UV Radiation See Ultraviolet Radiation Related Exposures Wood Dust Probable Carcinogens Substances or groups of substances and medical treatments which may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogens For the purpose of this report substances which may reasonable be anticipated to be carcinogens are defined as those agents with e Limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in
90. s Manual and for the implementation of a site specific LSP for laboratory work under their control Employees are to adhere to assigned LSPs and other precautions set forth by supervisory personnel report any unsafe conditions to their supervisor and notify supervisors or Occupational Health Services Division OHSD OSEM of a significant change in the employee s health status which would warrant additional safety precautions to prevent adverse occupational exposure The Office of Safety and Environmental Management OSEM upon request or as warranted will offer direction medical consultation and technical assistance in occupational safety fire safety industrial hygiene environmental management and occupational health and to museum facility safety coordinators laboratory safety officers hazardous waste coordinators and radiation safety coordinators in implementing the requirements of this Manual OSEM will also be responsible for reviewing and updating the contents of this Manual at least annually to reflect current codes and regulations as well as best practices The Office of Facilities Engineering and Operations OFEO will 1 ensure prompt correction of mechanical and utility system deficiencies identified through annual maintenance testing or inspections 2 report scheduled outages of ventilation electrical and other building systems to laboratory supervisors and 3 train custodial and maintenance workers as to the prec
91. s and be comfortable that the product was tested under similar work and environmental conditions Forsberg amp Mansdorf recommends starting with a material that has at least a 4 hour breakthrough time then looking at permeation rates 4 Chemical Mixtures Remember that no one clothing material will be a barrier to all chemicals it may be more efficient to purchase different gloves for distinct purposes than to search for a wonder glove In fact the OSHA Standard recommends that for mixtures of chemicals a glove should be selected on the basis of the chemical component with the shortest breakthrough time 5 Manufacturer Variability The chemical resistance of a certain material may vary widely from manufacturer to manufacturer depending on construction methods and even from lot to lot for a given source So check with a specific manufacturer on the match i e not everyone s nitrile glove protects equally Also check with the manufacturer on specific storage or shelf life requirements of its products 78 Material Thickness Immersion Time Usually the thicker the glove the slower the permeation rate for a given chemical Likewise your potential exposure to a chemical increases if you are immersing your entire hand in a chemical as opposed to just handling a contaminated surface with fingertips Once again know your task Persistent Permeation Note also that once a chemical has begun to diffuse into a plastic rubber mate
92. se Appendix A provides an outline for a LSP which can be tailored to address the specific protocols of each laboratory The Manual chapters themselves provide technical guidance to support the development of each LSP section and as a resource supplement to the SI Safety Handbook SD 419 The Office of Safety and Environmental Management OSEM also offers group Lab Safety Workshops and technical assistance to individual laboratories departments and facilities in the development of their LSPs The Manual will be periodically reviewed by the facility appointed Laboratory Safety Officers and members of the SI science community Updates and new fact sheets will be added as needed to the document and as postings to the OFEO OSEM website ofeo si edu as accessed through Prism Comments and suggestions are welcome and should be forwarded to OSEM through your facility Laboratory Safety Officer or Safety Manager SCOPE All employees visiting researchers including those with short term appointments or interagency agreements volunteers interns or contractors assigned to laboratory work must be advised of the provisions of their LSP before working with chemicals or processes in the laboratory and are expected to utilize the specified safe work practices A laboratory is defined as any Smithsonian workplace for testing analysis research instruction or similar activities that involve the use of small quantities of multiple hazardous chemicals
93. sm ofeo si edu and access Safety and Health Environmental Man Prog scroll down to Lab Safety and Health 49 LABORATORY SAFETY PLAN Department Laboratory Name amp Room No if applicable FACILITY EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Security or other Number PER FACILITY S EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN for reporting emergencies fires amp chemical spills IMPORTANT CONTACTS insert name amp phone number for each below Principal Investigator or Responsible Supervisor gt Responsible for ensuring laboratory workers understand the hazards of their work follow the controls in the Lab Safety Plan and are provided with the necessary controls and protective equipment Laboratory Safety Officer gt Responsible for reviewing and approving individual LSPs within their assigned area and acting as a liaison for technical information between the lab and the facility safety manager or OSEM Safety Manager Coordinator gt Responsible for management of SI safety and health policy within the facility including ensuring that and maintaining records to show that required lab safety training is conducted and LSPs are reviewed annually Hazardous Waste Coordinator gt Callin case of chemical spill to ask about hazardous waste labeling and storage or to arrange for its pickup and disposals If applicable Radiation Safety Coordinator gt Manages the personnel dosimetry monitoring program ensures compliance wit
94. tate the most effective control measures needed to eliminate those risks or at least reduce them to acceptable levels The three general control methods are in order of preference 1 Engineering ventilation controls or complete product process substitution 2 Good laboratory work practices 3 Personal protective equipment respirators gloves eye protection Suggestion Create a table of the major steps in your protocols and list the following information for quick reference Consult applicable chapters in Manual Major Steps in Anticipated Required PPE for Required Work Special notes on Special Precautions Process Health or Safety Each Step Practices compatible safe for Highly Hazardous Hazards including local storage amp Materials exhaust handling Another Suggestion if your experimental protocol is short or straightforward Insert the above information as highlighted text boxes at various points throughout the protocol document 52 Section 5 ENSURE GOOD WORKING CONDITION OF CONTROLS Describe the signs of control failure such as cracks in gloves or poor air flow through a hood Describe how to routinely inspect safety controls mechanical or PPE to ensure that they are working properly before use Describe what steps to follow and who to notify should a control failure be discovered Section 6 SPECIAL CHEMICAL STORAGE and HANDLING PRACTICES
95. tection B Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers C Skin Protection D Respiratory Protection E Hearing Protection Chapter 11 Ventilation Controls Page A Performance Measures and Maintenance B Special Procedures for MSC Constant Volume Hoods C Safe Work Practices for Proper Use of Fume Hoods D Additional Notes for Proper Use of Capture Hoods Chapter 12 Radiation Safety Laser Safety Chapter 13 Biohazards and Zoonoses A General B Basics of Biohazard Safety Level 1 C Basics of Biohazard Safety Level 2 Chapter 14 Hazardous Waste Disposal Chapter 15 Training Appendices A Example Outline Site Specific Laboratory Safety Plan B Safety and Health Literature at MSC SIL C Safety and Health Web Based Resources amp Other Publications D OSHA Standards with Exposure amp Medical Monitoring Requirements OSHA Select Carcinogens E Chemical Incompatibilities Selected Listing F Flammable Combustible Liquids Maximum Allowable Container Capacity G Maximum Quantities of Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Liquified Flammable Gases in Sprinklered Laboratory Units Outside of Inside Liquid Storage Areas H Maximum Quantities of Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Liquified Flammable Gases in Non Sprinklered Laboratory Units Outside of Inside Liquid Storage Areas High Energy Oxidizers J Peroxide forming Materials K Carcinogens L Acute Toxicants M Considerations for Selecting Gloves amp
96. tection Agency s National Priorities List and develops toxicological profiles of chemicals found at these sites Publishes hazard info on various chemicals http Awww atsdr cdc gov toxfaq html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http www cdc gov Working with states and other partners CDC provides a system of health surveillance to monitor and prevent disease outbreaks including bioterrorism implement disease prevention strategies and maintain national health statistics CDC National Center for Environmental Health http www cdc gov nceh Research on environmental public health issues CDC National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH http www cdc gov niosh homepage html Conducts research and training in occupational safety and health issues certifies respirators issues health hazard alerts and other publications conducts health hazard evaluations upon employer or employee request maintains extensive databases of literature including NIOSHTIC Funds Educational Research Centers located at many universities across the country providing training courses and information to employees and employers Special link NIOSH Chemical Protective Clothing selection guide http www cdc gov niosh npptl chemprcloth html Special link NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazard http www cdc gov niosh npg npg html on line includes many additional databases and literature citations not included in the printed version
97. terials INVENTORY CONTROL Purchase chemicals only in the quantities needed and in containers of the smallest practical size Although the cost may be higher significant savings will be gained by reduced hazardous waste disposal or clean up costs Consider purchasing pre made molar or normal solutions Avoid glass containers Purchase plastic bottles or shatter resistant plastic coated glass bottles Inventory your chemical supplies at least annually and actively share or distribute excess stocks with other departments to minimize waste Dispose of all unused and outdated chemicals through the SI hazardous waste program Products that could also be purchased for home use such as soap oil or cleaning sprays must be part of your chemical inventory and have an MSDS on file if the product will be used in an occupational setting and could cause a health exposure in the workplace If someone brings in say an ant or cockroach insecticide from home to treat some areas of the collection not only is that product now part of your industrial chemical inventory but the activity is now regulated in the workplace as a pesticide application requiring a licensed applicator and proper work precautions and any disposal of the spray can must be included in the facility hazardous waste disposal program Before a scientist or researcher retires or leaves the lab all leftover chemicals are to be inventoried and distributed or disposed 21 LABELING
98. tests for the agents handled or potentially present in the laboratory e g hepatitis B vaccine or TB skin testing When deemed appropriate by OSEM OHSD and considering the agent s handled baseline serum samples for laboratory and other at risk personnel are collected and stored Additional serum specimens may be collected periodically depending on the agents handled or the function of the facility A LSP with these biosafety provisions is prepared or adopted Personnel are advised of special hazards and are required to read and to follow instructions on practices and procedures Laboratory personnel receive appropriate training on the potential hazards associated with the work involved the necessary precautions to prevent exposures and the exposure evaluation procedures Personnel receive annual updates or additional training as necessary for procedural or policy changes A high degree of precaution must always be taken with any contaminated sharp items including needles and syringes slides pipettes capillary tubes and scalpels Needles and syringes or other sharp instruments should be restricted in the laboratory for use only when there is no alternative such as parenteral injection phlebotomy or aspiration of fluids from laboratory animals and diaphragm bottles Plasticware should be substituted for glassware whenever possible Only needle locking syringes or disposable syringe needle units i e needle is integral to t
99. the eyes must be protected with a full face shield Insulating gloves must be worn when handling anything that is or that may have come into contact with the liquid Gloves must be loose fitting Leg wear must not be tucked inside foot wear when liquids are poured from or used in open containers Only authorized personnel are to be allowed to repair or make adjustments to cryogenic 19 systems All cryogenic storage vessels shall be chosen to withstand the weights and pressures of the material used and shall have adequate venting to prevent pressure buildup Cryogenic fluids are to be used in equipment and systems that are free from contaminating materials that could create a hazardous condition upon contact with the cryogen Mixtures of gases and fluids must be closely controlled to prevent the formation of flammable or explosive mixtures Evacuated glassware commonly Dewar flasks must be shielded against implosion 20 Chapter 9 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL STORAGE AND HANDLING Laboratory chemical storage and handling hazards can be effectively managed if you Maintain good inventory control and purchase use the least amount possible Label all stored and in process chemicals clearly and completely Adopt safe handling practices Use secondary containment and practice your spill response plan Segregate incompatible chemicals and store in appropriate cabinets or special cold storage Develop special controls for highly hazardous ma
100. to a local exhaust device Chemicals and apparatus are to be placed back from edges of tables or benches Access must be kept clear to safety showers and eye washes exits and emergency equipment must not be blocked and stairwells and hallways must not be used to store material Equipment is to be used only for its designed purpose Only authorized personnel are allowed to make repairs or adjustments on equipment Damaged glassware is not to be used Extra care is to be used with Dewar flasks and other evacuated glass apparatus which should be shielded or wrapped to contain chemicals and fragments should implosion occur 15 Ensure all employees are educated on Stop Drop and Roll should their clothing catch on fire Ensure gas shut off valves are properly marked and readily accessible Hands and areas of exposed skin are to be washed well and often while in the lab and before leaving All food beverages cosmetics and medications are to be stored outside the laboratory Lab sink areas are not to be used for washing storing food and beverage utensils coffee makers microwaves etc The lab sink and eye wash station water supply are not to be used for drinking water due to the potential for chemical contamination Skin that could be exposed to chemical splash is to be covered Shoes must cover the entire foot Long hair and loose clothing are to be secured to prevent them from coming in contact with contaminated materials or
101. treatment 56 Patty s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 3d rev ed Patty Frank Arthur New York Wiley 1978 RC967 P37 1978X MSC vols 1 2a and 2b An earlier edition of the standard reference in occupational health and safety A sampling of topics pulmonary effects of inhaled mineral dust occupational dermatoses workplace sampling and analysis potential endocrine disruptors in the workplace and measurement and control of odors Proctor and Hughes Chemical Hazards of the Workplace Proctor Nick H Edited by Gloria J Hathaway 4 ed New York Van Nostrand Reinhold 1996 RA1229 P76 1996X MSC Reference Accurate analyses of over 600 potentially dangerous chemicals Each description covers chemical formula CAS number Threshold Limit Value physical properties uses route of exposure toxicological details carcinogenicity mutagenicity and fetotoxicity Prudent Practices in the Laboratory Handling and Disposal of Chemicals National Research Council Washington D C National Academy Press 1995 T55 3 H3P78 1995X MSC Reference Explores the current culture of laboratory safety and provides an updated guide to federal regulations Organized around a recommended workflow protocol for experiments offers planning procedures and safe practices with information on assessing hazards managing chemicals and disposing of wastes Quick Selection Guide to Chemical Protective Clothing 3rd edition Forsberg
102. ty itself and should be clarified in the facility OFEO service agreement Biological safety cabinets require a more extensive certification of the effectiveness of the internal filtration in accordance with National Science Foundation Standard No 49 and are to be inspected and certified annually by an accredited Biological Cabinet Field Certifier Contact OSEM for a list a local contractors If the flow alarm triggers regardless of activity in the hood place a call to the proper building authorities and do not use the hood until the problem is identified and repaired If the hood is being used for reactions and the flow alarm triggers or in the event of a power failure or if you think the hood is not working properly stop the reaction or other work in the hood lower the sash leave the lab and close the lab door notify supervision and the proper building authorities SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR MSC CONSTANT VOLUME HOODS The hoods with Phoenix Controls have been balanced to operate at an average of 100 linear feet per minute providing constant volume exhaust If the exhaust becomes less than 80 lfm or greater than 120 lfm air flow alarms will flash and sound Normal fume hood use When user is present and working at the fume hood the hood may open hood to full position unless hood is otherwise marked When not in use keep sash open 2 5 inches This will put the fume hood into standby operation mode MSC fume hoods will go into alarm i
103. unknown the container must be disposed as soon as possible by arrangement with the facility hazardous waste coordinator Prior to the departure of staff or visiting scientist chemicals for which that person was responsible are to be inventoried and discarded or returned to storage Pouring hazardous waste chemicals down the drain adding them to regular trash or evaporating them in a local exhaust hood are illegal actions 44 Chapter 15 TRAINING Training and education in laboratory safety need to be an ongoing process not just an annual presentation The most effective way to reinforce good work practices is to involve staff from principal researchers to interns in regular periodic reviews and updates of the Laboratory Safety Plan Documentation of all forms of training is to be maintained in the laboratory as well as reported to the facility safety coordinator INITIAL LAB HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING as part of the Smithsonian Hazard Communication Program must as a minimum be provided to all employees prior to actual lab work and prior to assignments involving new potential exposures This course can be scheduled with OSEM on a group basis or provided individually by the LSO and PI Information should include The location and availability of the LSP chemical inventory Material Safety Data Sheets MSDSs applicable regulatory exposure limits and other reference material regarding the safe handling storage and disposal of haz
104. urdy and spaces between benches cabinets and equipment are accessible for cleaning If the laboratory has windows that open they are fitted with fly screens A method for decontamination of infectious or regulated laboratory wastes is available e g autoclave chemical disinfection incinerator or other approved decontamination system An eyewash facility is readily available The laboratory should be at negative pressure with respect to areas outside the lab Hoods and biosafety cabinets should be positioned away from doors supply vents windows heavy traffic patterns and other crossdrafts 43 Chapter 14 HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL Every SI facility has a Hazardous Waste Coordinator HWC and a specific hazardous waste disposal protocol based on the regulations of the state or local government in which the facility is located The facility HWC is to be consulted on procedures to follow within that facility or to assist in classifying a material as hazardous waste Details on SI regulations can also be found in the SI Safety Handbook Chapter 26 SI Hazardous Waste Disposal Program Each container of hazardous waste is to be labeled with the following legends Pre printed labels are also available through the facility HWC HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTENTS be specific as to chemical ACCUMULATION START DATE If a reagent container label has been removed or becomes illegible and the identity of the contents is
105. use and Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC regulations Topics to be addressed will include The SI Radiation Safety Program fundamentals of ionizing radiation principles and practices of radiation protection radiation surveys monitoring and instrumentation health effects associated with exposure to various forms of radiation health risk assessment and exposure guidelines current and proposed federal state and NRC regulations Site specific topics will be 46 addressed based upon the sources of radiation used by participants radioisotopes X rays VDTs EMF etc Radiation Protection For Lasers This class is intended primarily for SI staff whose responsibilities include the use of lasers or work in the proximity of lasers Topics will include Bioeffects ANSI Z 136 Standard nominal hazard zone control measures beam characteristics protective eyeware and barriers and non beam hazards Site specific applications may be used to tailor the class to more directly applicable situations Respiratory Protection This course is designed for those SI employees volunteers interns and visiting researchers who have been approved by OSEM to wear respirators The course discusses 1 the differences and limitations of various respirator types 2 the nature of workplace hazards and specific respirator selection 8 how to properly wear the respirator and check for fit and 4 proper cleaning inspection storage and maintenance Duri
106. y from electrical equipment Do not use electrical equipment while standing on a wet surface or when hands are wet Electrical panels in the laboratory must be easily accessible Do not store materials on the floor in front of panels Avoid working on live circuits Connect power only to perform necessary tests and disconnect when finished When building new equipment or repairing the 115 volt alternating current AC portion of an existing chassis cover the bare connections with insulation or install a protective shield Completely de energize a system before conducting any electrical work with exposed circuits or contacts having a potential to ground of greater than 30 volt alternating current AC or 6 volt direct current DC Adequate safeguards must be in place to prevent the system from accidentally being re energized Replacement parts should have the same or higher voltage current ratings as originals Safety interlocks are not to be bypassed unless necessary to service equipment When necessary care should be taken to avoid voltage hazards and to remove the bypass when finished Laboratory work areas laboratory units and laboratory hood interiors generally shall be considered as unclassified electrically with respect to Article 500 of NFPA 70 the NEC It may however be necessary under special conditions to classify a portion or all of a laboratory work area as a hazardous location Only trained personnel may repa
107. ylphosphoramide Hydrazine and Hydrazine Sulfate See Hydrazine and Hydrazine Sulfate Hydrazobenzene Indeno 1 2 3 cd pyrene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Iron Dextran Complex Isoprene Kepone Chlordecone Lead Acetate See Lead Acetate and Lead Phosphate Lead Phosphate See Lead Acetate and Lead Phosphate Lindane and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers 2 Methylaziridine Propylenimine 5 Methylchrysene See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 4 4 Methylenebis 2 chloroaniline 4 4 Methylenebis N N dimethyl benzenamine 4 4 Methylenedianiline and 4 4 Methylenedianiline Dihydrochloride See 4 4 Methylenedianiline and its Dihydrochloride Salt Methyleugenol Methyl Methanesulfonate N MethyI N nitro N nitrosoguanidine Metronidazole Michler s Ketone 4 4 Dimethylamino benzophenone Mirex Nickel Metallic See Nickel and Nickel Compounds Nitrilotriacetic Acid Nitroanisole 6 Nitrochrysene See Nitroarenes selected Nitrofen 2 4 Dichlorophenyl p nitrophenyl ether Nitrogen Mustard Hydrochloride 2 Nitropropane 1 Nitropyrene See Nitroarenes 4 Nitropyrene See Nitroarenes N Nitrosodi n butylamine N Nitrosodiethanolamine N Nitrosodiethylamine N Nitrosodimethylamine N Nitrosodi n propylamine N Nitroso N ethylurea 4 N Nitrosomethylamino 1 3 pyridyl 1 butanone N Nitroso N methylurea N Nitrosomethylvinylamine N Nitrosomorpholine N Nitrosonornicotine N Nitrosopiperidine N Nit

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