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VMA-200E ATM Adapter User`s Manual

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1. Figure A 1 shows the locations of the board and network status LEDs o m 5 Wn eee c WAWA ym uau Board Status Network Status DS1 DS3 Figure A 1 LED Locations The LEDs are 2 high single column Viewing the board with the 96 pin DIN connectors away the left LEDs DS1 indicate board status the right DS3 indicate network status Table A 1 defines the board status LEDs and Table A 2 defines the network status LEDs ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual A 1 m m 5 t LED Indicators Table A 1 Board Status LED DS1 Definitions Position Function Definition Top 1960 self test status Red Failed self test Green Passed self test Bottom VME64 status Off VME64 master transfer mode disabled Green VME64 master transfer mode enabled Table A 2 Network Status LED DS3 Definitions Position Function Definition Top ATM Transmit status Off No cell tra
2. I Q 9 5 c D 5 Figure 2 1 200 DIP Switch Locations ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 3 Hardware Installation 2 2 4 Slave Address Configuration If more than one VMA 200E will be installed in a E system the DIP switch settings will need to be changed See the following information for details To enable proper VMEbus address decoding two 8 position DIP switches are provided for address selection Switch SW1 is used to qualify the A16 short address space Switch SW2 is used to qualify the A32 extended address 2 2 1 1 VMEbus Short A16 Address Space The Short A16 address space is decoded using the four most significant bits of the 16 bit VME bus address 15 12 SW1 switch positions 1 through 4 must be configured to reflect the hexadecimal value chosen for the A16 base address The configuration files supplied by FORE E Systems require that the A16 address space DIP switches be set to either 1100 1101 1110 or 1111 The following Short base address configuration table shows SW1 configuratio
3. 1 17 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual TOC 1 Table of Contents CHAPTER 2 Hardware Installation 2 1 General Installation Requirements 2 1 2 1 1 Halting the System 2 2 2 2 Pre Installation Configuration 2 3 2 2 1 Slave Address 2 4 2 2 1 1 VMEbus Short A16 Address 2 4 2 2 1 2 VMEbus Identification 2 5 2 2 4 8 Host Control 2 5 2 2 1 4 VMEbus A32 Long Slave Address Space 2 6 2 2 2 VMEbus Interrupter ie 22 ta P ded wipe dic 2 7 2 2 3 VME64 Master 2 7 2 3 Installation in a Challenge or Onyx Deskside 2 8 2 3 1 Opening the System 2 8 2 3 2 VMA 200E 1 5 2 11 2 4 Installation in an IRIS Crimson Deskside 2 12 2 4 1 Opening the System 2 12 2 4 2 VMA 200E 1 5 2 15 CHAPTER 3 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 1 VMA
4. 4 7 4 2 3 2 Static 0 4 7 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Table of Contents 4 2 4 Disabling Signalling 4 8 4 2 5 Configuring an Outgoing IP 4 10 4 2 6 Configuring an Incoming IP 4 11 4 2 7 Verifying the PVC 4 12 4 2 8 IP Multicasting 4 12 4 2 9 IP Load Balancing and Automatic Failover across Multiple Adapters 4 13 4 2 10 Settable Peak Cell Rate for FORE IP 5 5 4 14 4 2 11 MT VET RAE idet ie mtd 4 15 4 2 12 User Configurable Network Interface 4 15 4 3 atmarp 86 io BAe UE EU went pt e eae 4 16 4 4 0 8 4 4 20 CHAPTER 5 Configuring Classical Network 5 1 5 1 5 1 1 Logical IP 5 2 5 1 2 Classical IP Interfaces 5 2 5 1 3 SPANS 5 3 5 2 Address Registration and 2 1 5 4 5 2 1 Addresses ses ee
5. 6 1 6 2 Emulated LAN 6 2 6 2 1 LAN Emulation Client 6 3 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 Table of Contents 6 2 2 LAN Emulation Configuration Server 6 3 6 2 3 LAN Emulation Server 5 6 3 6 2 4 Broadcast and Unknown Server 6 3 6 3 Emulated LAN 6 4 6 3 1 2 2 6 6 6 3 2 Registration and Address Resolution 6 6 6 3 3 Data Transfer essere e temet de Eher ge S ek 6 7 6 4 Configuring LEC orin a aina hh 6 8 6 4 1 Using the configure_lanem Script 6 8 6 4 1 1 configure lanem Script Questions and Responses 6 11 6 4 1 2 Administering LECs using the elconfig Command 6 13 64153 2215401 ed Pee ee 6 16 CHAPTER7 ATM Network Configurations 7 1 Back to Back Adapter Configuration 7 1 7 1 1 SPANS Signalling 22 55 perdu e De Wee De data hs 7 1 7 2 Adapter to FORE ATM Switch 7 2 7 3 Adapter to Other Vendor s Equipme
6. 6 2 Data Transfer 6 7 Initialization 6 6 Operation 6 4 Registration 6 6 Index 1 emulated LAN ELAN components 1 2 example configuration 1 3 failover mechanism 1 5 illustration 1 3 running multiple 1 5 enable SPANS signalling 4 8 enable UNI 3 0 signalling 4 8 enable UNI 3 1 signalling 4 8 example ELAN configuration 1 3 F failover ELAN 1 5 FDDI networks 1 5 tan tutta 4 5 H halting the system 2 2 hardware Overview 1 8 hardware requirements 1 11 host NSAP address 5 6 ifconfig has riod et 4 2 illustration emulated LAN example 1 3 EMI Min a td dd s 5 4 ILMI support 5 5 ILMI address registration 5 5 incoming IP PVC 4 11 initialization process LEC 1 4 Interim Local Management Interface 5 4 VP address eto texte teen tee 7 2 IP address reboot 4 3 IP addressing 4 4 L LAN Emulation Client 6 3 LAN emulation client LEC con
7. Any FORE Systems host or switch has the ability to be the ARP server for a network You must have exactly one ARP server on each Classical IP network You configure a host or switch to be the ARP server by specifying its ATM address as the ARP server s ATM address When the host or switch sees that its ATM address matches the ARP server s ATM address it will start acting as the ARP server for that Classical IP network ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 11 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration When using ILMI for address registration on the ARP server you will not know the ATM address that ILMI has assigned until installation is complete and the machine has rebooted Until then should enter temporary address such 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 a 40 character string of ones in response to this prompt You can then continue with the installation and reboot the machine After rebooting determine the ATM address for the machine by issuing the command usr etc fore etc atmarp z qaa0 You can then either put this number into the file etc init d clip replacing the 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 placeholder that is there or you can run the installation script again entering the correct ATM address in response to the above prompt In either case you should reboot your machine so that the change will take effect Write down the ARP server ATM addre
8. 3 D ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 9 1 Software Interfaces The listening file descriptor and the accepting file descriptor arguments to accept may but need not be different To implement a concurrent server once a call to atm listen returns the server should obtain a new file descriptor from atm open to use to accept the connection accept should then be called with the listening descriptor as well as the new accepting descriptor After atm accept returns successfully fork 2V can be called to spawn a new process to handle the new connection All calls to the atm recv and atm send family of functions within the new process should use the new accepting descrip tor 9 3 Rate Control Traffic is submitted to the network such that the specified peak cell rate PCR is not exceeded Rate control can be specified for the following types of connections e All PVCs e FORE IP SVCs e FORE API An option has been added to atmam to set the PCR for FORE IP PVCs and Classical IP PVCs See atmarp 8c on page 16 The Quality of Service QOS parameter is used to specify the PCR for FORE API connections only the peak_bandwidth argument within the QOS parameter is interpreted by the ATM layer 9 4 AAL NULL Support All FORE API connections can be segmented and reassembled using no AAL The AAL null software implements a procedure known as header coalescing All cells rece
9. Kbps kilobits per second thousand LAN Access Concentrator a LAN access device that allows a shared transmission medium to accommodate more data sources than there are channels currently available within the trans mission medium LAN Emulation Address Resolution Protocol LE ARP A message issued by a LE client to solicit the ATM address of another function LAN Emulation Client LEC the component in an end system that performs data forwarding address resolution and other control functions when communicating with other components within an ELAN LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS the LECS is responsible for the initial configura tion of LECs It provides information about available ELANs that LEC may join together with the addresses of the LES and BUS associated with each ELAN LAN Emulation Server LES the LES implements the control coordination function for an ELAN by registering and resolving MAC addresses to ATM addresses LAN Emulation LANE technology that allows an ATM network to function as a LAN back bone The ATM network must provide multicast and broadcast support address mapping MAC to ATM SVC management and a usable packet format LANE also defines Ethernet and Token Ring ELANs lane a program that provides control over the execution of the LAN Emulation Server LES Broadcast Unknown Server BUS and LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS on the local host Latency The t
10. configuration port sonet show Port Width Carrier Status Line Mode Loopback ClockSource Scramb IdleCells 1 1 sts3c 0x2 SMM sonet none internal on unassigned 1A2 sts3c no 0x2 SMM sonet none internal on unassigned 1A3 sts3c yes 0 1 SMM sonet none internal on unassigned 1A4 sts3c no 0x2 SMM sonet none internal on unassigned configuration port tp25 show Port Carrier Media Loopback RxTiming 1 no UTP none Yes A2 UTP none Yes A3 no UTP none Yes A4 UTP none Yes A5 no UTP none Yes A6 no UTP none Yes Bl yes UTP none Yes B2 yes UTP none Yes B3 no UTP none Yes B4 yes UTP none Yes B5 no UTP none Yes B6 yes UTP none Yes configuration port j2 show Port LineLength Loopback ClockSource 101 short none internal 1D2 short none internal 103 short none internal 104 short none internal ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 27 Troubleshooting 10 28 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 7 1 1 15 0191 LED Indicators This Appendix describes the LED indicators and shows the locations of the board and net work status LEDs A 1 LED Location
11. network An updated topology can be periodically re displayed by use of the interval command option Traffic the calls being sent and received over a communications network Also the packets that are sent on a data network Traffic Management TM The traffic control and congestion control procedures for ATM ATM layer traffic control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to avoid congestion condi tions ATM layer congestion control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to mini mize the intensity spread and duration of congestion The following functions form a framework for managing and controlling traffic and congestion in ATM networks and may be used in appropriate combinations Connection Admission Control Feedback Control Usage Parameter Control Priority Control Traffic Shaping Network Resource Management Frame Discard ABR Flow Control Traffic Parameter A parameter for specifying a particular traffic aspect of a connection Trailer the protocol control information located at the end of a PDU Transit Delay the time difference between the instant at which the first bit of a PDU crosses one designated boundary and the instant at which the last bit of the same PDU crosses a sec ond designated boundary Transmission Control Protocol TCP a specification for software that bundles and unbundles sent and received data into packets manages the transmission of packets on a network and ch
12. Current Configuration Information LECS ATM Address Well Known ELAN Automatic ELAN Adapter Number 0 Interface Name elo Do You Want To Modify Configuration Information n ENTER Save Configuration Information y ENTER Saving usr etc fore fore lanem conf Jou19y pue uonej eisu aoJewos If you chose to use an LECS the system specific information must also be entered in the LECS configuration file This may be done either with the VLAN Manager or with an editor E 5 5 This ends the LAN emulation configuration part of the script remaining portion of the script will appear whether you chose to configure LAN emulation or not ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 7 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Ready to configure kernel y Working this may take a few minutes Kernel build successful The new kernel is unix install Please move the original kernel unix to unix orig and then reboot your machine to begin running the new kernel Automatic installation has completed NOTE to start the FORE ATM LAN during system boot you must modify your initialization configuration For example you could make the following changes 1 In etc config netif options add the lines if2name fa0 if2addr SHOSTNAME atm 2 Create etc config ifconfig 2 options with the line up netmask Oxffffff00 3 Add S HOSTNAME at
13. Support for UNI 3 0 and UNI 3 1 signalling Support for ILMI Interim Local Management Interface Support for Classical IP Interfaces SNMP MIB access to adapter status ATM cell statistics cell errors and VPI VCI information Support for LAN Emulation Clients General Dimensions 6U 0 6 H x 6 3 W x 9 2 D 1 5 cm x 16 0 cm x 23 4 cm 9U 0 6 H x 14 4 W x 15 7 D 1 5 cm x 36 6 cm x 39 9 cm Weight 6U 10 8 oz 306 g 9U 32 5 oz 922 g Power Requirements 4 A maximum 45V 50 mA 12V Operating Temperature 32 F to 104 F 0 C to 40 C Operating Humidity 20 to 80 non condensing 40 C Compliance FCC Part15 Class A Verification UTP FCC Class B Certification fiber optic connectors Table 1 2 System Limitations Description Limiting Value Maximum number of streams open 255 Maximum number of connections per adapter 1024 Number of LECs supported per adapter 16 Maximum MTU size 65535 bytes Incoming outgoing receive send VPI support path 0 only 1 14 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 1 10 Cable Specifications The following tables list the recommended cable specifications for use with the adapter Table 1 3 Multi Mode Fiber Optic Cable Specifications Description Specification Core Diameter 62 5 um Fiber Diameter 125 um Wavelength 1310 n
14. Tachometer in ForeView the tachometer shows the level of activity on a given port The num ber in the tachometer shows the value of a chosen parameter in percentage with a colored bar providing a semi logarithmic representation of that percentage Tagged Cell Rate TCR An ABR service parameter TCR limits the rate at which a source may send out of rate forward RM cells TCR is a constant fixed at 10 cells second Telephony The conversion of voices and other sounds into electrical signals which are then transmitted by telecommunications media Telnet TCP IP protocol that defines a client server mechanism for emulating directly con nected terminal connections Terminal Equipment TE Terminal equipment represents the endpoint of ATM connection s and termination of the various protocols within the connection s Throughput Measurement of the total useful information processed or communicated by a computer during a specified time period i e packets per second Time Division Multiplexing TDM a method of traditional digital multiplexing in which a sig nal occupies a fixed repetitive time slot within a higher rate signal Token Ring a network access method in which the stations circulate a token Stations with data to send must have the token to transmit their data ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 33 Glossary topology program that displays the topology of a FORE Systems
15. correct Make sure that the default route is correct i e default Gateway address is correct Please refer to Chapter 4 of this manual for IP interface configuration 2 Follow IP troubleshooting procedures supplied with your system OS network troubleshooting guide 3 Call FORE Technical Support If the state is NOT Operational or Suspended proceed to the next question Is the ATM address assigned How to check Enter the command atmarp z qaa0 and check if the ATM address is assigned Possible Solutions If the ATM address is NOT assigned 1 Ensure that FORE snmpd or ilmid is running Check the syslog file to see if ILMI has registered the ATM address with the switch If not running reinstall the software OR call FORE Technical Support 2 Enterthe command atmstat 0 and observe the response If atmstat does not respond call FORE Technical Support If atmstat responds with cell counts and if you are using a non FORE switch make sure that the switch s address registration is working properly If you are using a FORE switch call FORE Technical Support If the ATM address is assigned proceed to the next question 10 16 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting What is the Last Error appearing in the output of the elconfig show configured command How to check z gt o 5 5 Enter the e1config show configured command and not
16. 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 1 Network Interface Administration 4 1 1 Network Interface Naming Conventions The default name for a FORE IP interface is a0 Subsequent interface names are fal 2 and so on depending on the number of installed adapter cards The default name for an emulated LAN interface is e10 Subsequent interface names are 11 e12 and so on depending on the number of installed ELANs For a Classical IP interface the naming convention begins with the prefix qa Subsequent let ters or numbers denote the physical unit number and or the interface number e All Classical IP interfaces associated with physical unit zero have a as the next let ter e Classical IP interfaces associated with physical unit one have b as the next let ter and so forth Each Classical IP interface has its virtual interface number as a suffix For example using this naming convention the name of the third Classical IP interface vir tual unit 2 on physical unit one is qab2 Throughout this chapter when an example uses the E interface name 0 any qaxx or elx interface name could also be used 4 1 2 Bringing up the VMA 200E Network Interface After you have successfully installed the 200 configured the kernel and established an Internet address for the VMA 200E interface you can configure the VMA 200E network interface by typing ifconfig 0
17. Attenuation 25 dB 9 16 mHz dB 1000 ft Max 52 dB 62 5 mHz 67 dB 100 mHz Maximum Run 100 m Connector Type RJ 45 1 Within a 100 meter run a maximum of two connections are permissible The pinouts for the RJ 45 connector on an VMA are as follows Table 1 6 CAT 5 UTP Pinouts Pin Signal 1 Transmit 2 Transmit 1 16 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction Table 1 6 CAT 5 UTP Pinouts Pin Signal Not Used Not Used Not Used Not Used Receive MY BY Qa o 5 1 11 Product Registration Information Please fill out the enclosed product registration card for your 200 ATM adapter and return it to FORE Systems ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 1 17 Introduction 1 18 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual ldir Hardware Installation This section is designed to guide you through the installation of the 200 in your sys tem The procedures contain step by step instructions for the successful installation of the VMA 200E into an available VMEbus slot in your system This chapter also contains handling and registration information Please read all of this information carefully before attempting installation 2 1 General Installation Requirements Installation of the VMA
18. CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4 1 Figure 4 2 Figure 4 3 CHAPTER 5 Figure 5 1 Figure 5 2 Figure 5 3 CHAPTER 6 Figure 6 1 Figure 6 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction An Example of an 1 3 VMA 200E Adapter 1 8 VMA Software 1 9 Hardware Installation VMA 200E DIP Switch Locations 2 3 Challenge or Onyx Deskside 2 8 Challenge or Onyx Latch Location and Operation 2 9 Challenge or Onyx VMA 200E Adapter Card Installation 2 10 IRIS Crimson Deskside 2 12 IRIS Crimson Latch Location and Operation 2 13 IRIS Crimson Deskside Server VMA 200E Adapter Card Installation 2 14 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Network Interface Administration Multi homing Network 4 5 ATM Network with Access to Ethernet 4 6 IP Permanent Virtual 4 10 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network Configuring a Third Party Host with No ILMI No RFC 1577 5 13 Configuring a Third Party Switch with ILMI Support 5 14 Confi
19. NOTE The VMA 200E has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equip ment is operated in a commercial environment This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference to radio commu nications Operation of the equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense DOC CLASS A NOTICE This digital apparatus does not exceed Class A limits for radio noise emission for a digital device as set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications Le present appareil numerique n emet pas de bruits radioelectriques depassant les limites applicables aux appareils nume riques de la class A prescrites dans le reglement sur le brouillage radioelectrique edicte par le ministere des Communica tions du Canada CLASS 1 NOTICE CORBI bY CEH HRE HAE 7 E SE E ESL EF tio Cy EERE SVF FLEVY IC ELE RZACEMSHN ET RRS TEL YRR This equipment is in the Class 1 category Infor
20. aown aown aown up ea Lea Lea ea Lea Lea ea Lea 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Troubleshooting S gt o 5 5 configuration uni30 show ILMI down down down up down down aown aown UNIside networ networ networ networ networ networ networ networ K K K K K K K Type auto auto auto auto auto auto auto auto configuration uni30 SigVCI ILMIVCI SigAAL MinVCI 5 6 Oy Oy OY 5 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 OperType RemoteAddress privateU privateU privateU privateU privateU privateU privateU privateU 169 144 64 108 show advanced MaxVC 5 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual SigBW ILMIBW 0 QC O oO Cx C 0 0 0 oO 10 25 Troubleshooting The following commands are run by logging in to the ATM Management Interface on the switch Enter the following parameters at the prompt for the type of network modules that are installed on your switch configuration port taxi show Port Carrier State Obuf Version Loopback Model 1A1 yes 81925 46 NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1A2 no down 8192 C none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1A3 no down
21. 10 2 2 3 Cells and AAL Errors Received by Remote If the remote workstation is receiving cells and AAL errors then the AAL types of the outgo ing entry on the local workstation and the incoming entry on the remote workstation probably do not match Check both ATM AAL types using atmarp to see if they match If they are dif ferent set the AAL parameter to the same type and rerun the test If they match and the error persists then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance 10 2 2 4 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting No Cells If the remote workstation is receiving cells with no errors but is not transmitting any cells then either the outgoing IP address on the remote end is incorrect or the IP encapsulation does not match on both ends A Classical IP PVC uses LLC SNAP encapsulation while a FORE IP PVC uses AAL5 based Multiplexing NULL encapsulation First check the outgoing IP address on the remote end using atmarp If it is not config ured properly then correct the configuration and rerun the test If the outgoing ARP entry is configured properly then check to see if the IP encapsulation matches on both ends using atmarp a If the IP encapsulation does not match on both ends then correct the configuration and rerun the test If the IP encapsulation matches on both ends and the error persists then there may be an IP routing problem on the remote host The network administrator should ve
22. 5 4 off Bd xS 5 off on off 7j 6 m 7 off off off 9 In the above table binary 0 and binary E 1 2 2 0 VME64 Master Mode VME64 Master mode is controlled with SW1 position 5 as shown in the following table Table 2 6 VME64 Master Mode Selector Mode SWipos 5 VME64 Master on VME32 Master only off ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 7 Hardware Installation 2 3 Installation in a Challenge or Onyx Deskside Server To install the VMA 200E adapter card into the Challenge or Onyx Deskside Server you must disconnect the power from the system open the system box select an unused VMEbus slot in which to install the VMA 200E adapter card and return power to the system These proce dures are covered in the following sections 2 3 1 Opening the System Controller There are two doors on the Challenge or Onyx Deskside Servers The small door on the right side of the front panel provides access to the SCSI drive rack that holds seven half height front loading devices and also to the control panel This door also provides access to the VMEbus where you will install the 200 adapter card System Controller d 22 Front Panel 222 N Xf N NN N NN NNN NNNNNN S AY AV W NN NN W NN N N N NN NNN N LY
23. During a system boot the ATM adapter automatically performs a self test of the hardware running a low level diagnostic which checks memory read write capability Upon completion of the self test a message is printed to the console of the workstation indicating whether or not the hardware failed If the self test is successful proceed to the instructions regarding the firmware download as described in the next subsection If the self test fails reseat the board by performing the following steps to ensure that failure was not due to improper insertion of the board 1 Halt the system being sure to follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter 2 Open the computer as shown in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter and reseat the board 3 Reboot the system If the board still fails after a reseat then it should be returned for repair Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance 10 1 3 Firmware Download Automatically Performed Before operating as an ATM interface the firmware is automatically downloaded from the system RAM to the onboard i960 processor during host system boot A message similar to 200 initializing is displayed on the console indicating that the board is being initial ized When the initialization is complete success is indicated with the message done and failure is indicated with the message failed If the download is successful
24. ES 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 17 Network Interface Administration v Display ARP Server connection information for the device device This information is useful for debugging It includes the VPVC over which we are communicating with the ARP Server the number of times we have unsuccessfully attempted to connect to the ARP Server whether or not we are in the process of connecting to the ARP Server meaning we have sent a SETUP but have not yet received a CONNECT or a RELEASE COMPLETE and the number of Inverse ARP packets we have sent device must be one which supports Q 2931 signaling e g qaa0 RESTRICTIONS Currently must be zero 0 and vci must be less than 1024 for all PVCs aal must be one of 3 4 or 5 encapsulation must one of null no encapsulation the default llc routed IEEE LLC encapsulation for routed PDUS or llc bridged 8023 IEEE LLC encapsulation for Ethernet 802 3 bridged PDUs If encapsulation is specified as Ilc_bridged_8023 the following argument must be the 6 byte colon separated destination MAC address decapsulation must be either null no decapsulation the default or llc IEEE LLC decapsulation On Solaris host when you use the u option to delete the default multicast PVC the user must also delete all system arp entries which use this PVC If not any traffic to that group will not use another entry created with the m option subsequently
25. For example if you set up a default multicast PVC on 0 150 and then change it to 0 200 you will have to delete the arp entry as shown atmarp m fa0 0 1505 send traffic to the group 224 10 10 10 which uses PVC 0 150 atmarp u atmarp m 0 0 200 5 traffic to 224 10 10 10 will not be sent till you do arp d 224 10 10 1 On the FORE 200E series adapters the peak rate will be automatically set to the closest ppo rate less than the specified rate The supported rates for SONET OC3 are listed in the following table 132500 45690 2819 8662 9014 120455 44167 27604 8151 8494 110417 42742 2704 7434 7982 101923 41406 26500 6987 7444 94643 40152 25980 6563 6901 88333 38971 2548 5964 6370 82813 37857 25000 5407 5827 71941 36806 24537 4888 5321 73611 35811 2409 4402 4783 89727 34868 23246 3802 4247 66250 33974 22845 3250 3722 63095 33129 22458 2740 3193 57609 32311 21721 2269 2655 55208 31548 213721 1726 2127 53000 30814 20703 1134 1594 50962 30114 20076 0600 1063 49074 29444 19776 0115 531 47321 28804 19203 9601 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration Rate control is only available on FORE 200 series adapters Attempts to use this optional parameter with 100 series adapters will result in an error EXAMPLE The following example displays the address mapping for hostname sugarmag atm An address is comprised of the ATM switch identifier and port number The host may be sp
26. If you are install ing more than one VMA 200E the next card should go in the next left most vacant VMEbus slot Fiber Cable FORE Systems faceplate w xmit recv connectors A 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 VMEbus Card Slots Chassis Front Door V VMEbus Card Cage Cover Figure 2 4 Challenge or Onyx VMA 200E Adapter Card Installation 2 10 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Hardware Installation 2 3 2 VMA 200E Installation Perform the following steps to install the VMA 200E into a Challenge or Onyx Deskside Server 1 Connect the fiber cable provided to the transmit receive connectors of the VMA 200E 2 Insert the VMA 200E into the left most available VMEbus slot 3 Install the FORE Systems faceplate and connectors provided into the VMEbus cover and connect the other end of the fiber cable to the respective transmit receive connectors on the faceplate Two faceplates are provided Determine which E fits your VMEbus card cage cover and assemble with the connectors provided 4 Replace the top and bottom airflow bars 5 Close the system unit 6 Reconnect the cable to the power supply on the system unit Plug the system s power cord into the AC power and power on the system I a 5 c D zm 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 11 Hardwar
27. VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration The configuration may then be checked by again using atmcon ig to display the current con figuration atmconfig 0 Interface configuration MTU 9188 ESI 0020480B009C FORE IP configuration Multicast enabled SVC rate unlimited Load balancing Failover enabled Groups 0 2 1 Failover poll interval 5 Failover poll duration 10 UNI configuration UNI Signaling version 3 0 vpi 0 vci 5 auto configuration on SPANS configuration SPANS disabled vpi 0 vci 15 CLS disabled vpi 0 vci 14 If the VMA 200E is connected to a SPANS capable device you may bypass this step in config uring the IP PVC For more information on the atmconfig command see Section 4 4 gt lt ez 36 5 3 _ 5 ES 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 9 Network Interface Administration 4 2 5 Configuring an Outgoing IP PVC The first step in configuring an IP PVC connection is to set up the outgoing link to the destina tion IP host The following parameters need to be determined before you configure this part of the connection outgoing device typically a0 destination IP hostname or address VPI VCI and AAL type 3 4 or 5 Once these have been determined the atmarp command is used to configure the outgoing link using the supplied parameters as follows atmarp s destination ip hostname device vpi vci aal typ
28. check to see if the hardware has been detected by the driver as described in the next subsection If the firmware failed to download then there is most likely a hardware problem Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance 10 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 1 4 Hardware Detected by Driver To determine if the driver software on the host has detected the presence of an ATM adapter board issue the following command once the host system has come up completely netstat i z gt o 5 5 If the driver has located the ATM board the screen output shows 0 or the interface name supplied during installation in response to the netstat command If there is more than one adapter card the next board will be named a1 and so on If you have configured a Clas sical IP interface this will also be shown The option shows the state of interfaces that were auto configured as happens when the FORE software is loaded and run upon system boot Interfaces statically configured in a system but not located at boot time are not shown If the driver does not see the ATM board no response will be given Reseat the board by per forming the following steps to ensure that failure was not due to improper insertion of the board 1 Halt the system being sure to follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter
29. listens for routing informa tion and update its routing tables accordingly If the routing daemon is used the ATM only workstation should be able to communicate to the Ethernet network nodes as soon as the routing tables are updated typically every thirty seconds or so 4 2 3 2 Static Routing To set up a static route first disable the routing daemon by preventing it from running Then establish either a default route or a specific route on both the ATM only workstation and the Ethernet workstation 1 Tosetup a default route type the following on the ATM only workstation route add default router atm 1 2 Thentype the following on the Ethernet workstation route add default router eth 1 lo maintain this default route simply add the destination into the file etc rc2 d S31network for example If you do not wish to use a default route you can also use a spe cific route to accomplish the correct routing 1 Todoso type the following on the ATM only workstation route add net eee eee eee router atm 1 2 Thentype the following on the Ethernet workstation route add net aaa aaa aaa router eth 1 3 Once a route has been established you should be able to tp files between the Ethernet workstation and the ATM only workstation by typing the following on the ATM host ftp ws2 eth gt lt ez 36 as ak 2 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 7 Network Interface A
30. maximum of 64 516 hosts Small networks are classified as Class C having addresses in the range 192 254 with a maximum of 254 hosts Addresses are given as dotted decimal numbers in the following format nnn nnn nnn nnn In a Class A network the first of the numbers is the network number the last three numbers are the local host address In a Class B network the first two numbers are the network the last two are the local host address In a Class C network the first three numbers are the network address the last number is the local host address The following table summarizes the classes and sizes Class First 4 Max Hosts A 1 126 16 387 064 B 129 191 64 516 C 192 223 254 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 17 Glossary Network mask values are used to identify the network portion and the host portion of the address Default network masks are as follows Class A 255 0 0 0 Class B 255 255 0 0 Class C 255 255 255 0 Subnet masking is used when a portion of the host ID is used to identify a subnetwork For example if a portion of a Class B network address is used for a subnetwork the mask could be set as 255 255 255 0 This would allow the third byte to be used as a subnetwork address AII hosts on the network would still use the IP address to get on the Internet Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP the protocol that handles errors and control mes sages at the IP layer ICMP
31. or via PVC 0 17 Once it knows the location of the LECS LEC1 establishes a configuration direct connection o to the LECS When connected the LECS provides LEC1 with the information necessary to con nect to the ELAN it wishes to join This information includes such parameters as the ATM address of the ELAN s LES the type of LAN being emulated maximum packet size and the name of the ELAN engineering for example This configuration information is contained in a configuration file that must be built and maintained by the network administrator 6 3 2 Registration and Address Resolution After obtaining the address of the LES LECI establishes a control direct connection to the LES The LES then assigns LEC1 a unique identifier and LECI then registers its own and ATM addresses with the LES The LES maintains a table containing the MAC addresses and corresponding addresses of all members of the ELAN At this point LEC1 has joined the ELAN The LES then establishes control distribute connection back to LEC1 Connections and can now be used by LECI to send LAN Emulation ARP LE ARP requests to the LES and receive replies LEC1 now sends an LE ARP request to the LES to get the ATM address of the BUS corre sponding to the broadcast MAC address FFFFFFFFFFFF The LEC then establishes a multi cast send connection to the BUS The BUS responds by setting up a multicast forward connection to the A
32. s hostname device vpi vci aal atmarp 1 device lt vpi gt vci aal If the ATM ARP cache entry is valid then perform the instructions in the next subsection for atmstat ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 11 Troubleshooting 10 2 2 atmstat To determine a particular failure state enter the following command on the remote worksta tion while continuously pinging atmstat 0 1 PHY ATM AAL statistics Output Input Errors ATM AAL ATM AAL 4B5B 4B5B ATM AAL AAL Cells CS PDUs Cells CS PDUs Framing Hdr CRC VPI VCI Proto 161747 153692 142289 134685 0 0 20 0 0 The failure states are determined by examining the output from the atmstat fa0 1 com mand string The failures are classified by whether or not cells are sent or received and whether or not errors are received The output shown above is typical of the first response from the atmstat 0 1command string Succeeding lines of data continue in the same col umn format Refer to the following subsections for a description of each type of failure 10 2 2 1 No Cells Received by Remote End If no cells are received by the remote end the Input ATM Cells field displays zero then run the following command on the local machine to verify that cells are going out the ATM inter face atmstat 0 1 If there are no cells going out the ATM Output Cells field shows zero then there is most likely a prob
33. such as the FORE Systems ASX series ATM switch must be used between the two adapters This configu ration is depicted in Figure 7 2 ForeRunner ForeRunner ATM Adapter Card ATM Adapter Card x mit 500000000 oo 00 oo x mit er 142000000009 re 219 OO 2 l ForeRunner ATM Switch Figure 7 2 Minimum Configuration with UNI 3 0 or UNI 3 1 Signalling 7 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Configurations 7 3 Adapter to Other Vendor s Equipment Configuration If an ATM adapter is connected to ATM equipment that does not support the SPANS signal ling UNI 3 0 signalling or UNI 3 1 signalling PVCs must be used for ATM connections In this case the devices must be properly cabled and correct IP addresses must be assigned to the various devices To make any connections SPANS signalling must be disabled on the adapter and PVCs must be established over the ATM adapter For additional information on connect ing an adapter card to other vendor s equipment please see Chapter 4 Network Interface Administration and Chapter 8 Additional Administration Information in this document ForeRunner ATM Adapter Card Other Vendor Equipment N L Figure 7 3 Ad
34. 1C 2 and 3 DSn a method defining the rate and format of digital hierarchy with asynchronous data rates defined as follows DSO 64kb s 1 voice channel 051 1 544Mb 5 24 0505 DS1C 3 152 Mb s 2 0515 DS2 6 312 Mb s 4 0515 DS3 44 736 Mb s 28 0515 Synchronous data rates SONET are defined as STS 1 OC 1 51 84 Mb s 28 0515 or 1 053 STS 3 OC 3 155 52 Mb s 3 STS 1s byte interleaved STS 3c OC 3c 155 52 Mb s Concatenated indivisible payload STS 12 OC 12 622 08 Mb s 12 STS 1s 4 STS 3cs or any mixture STS 12c OC 12c 622 08 Mb s Concatenated indivisible payload STS 48 OC 48 2488 32 Mb s 48 STS 1s 16 STS 3cs or any mixture DIP Dual In line Package Switch a device that has two parallel rows of contacts that let the user switch electrical current through a pair of those contacts to on or off They are used to reconfigure components and peripherals Domain Name Server a computer that converts names to their corresponding Internet num bers It allows users to telnet or FIP to the name instead of the number ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 11 Glossary Domain Naming System DNS the distributed name and address mechanism used in the Internet Duplex Two way communication DXI a generic phrase used in the full names of several protocols all commonly used to allow a pair of DCE and DTE devices to share the implementation of a particular WAN protocol The protocols define the packet for
35. 2 Ifthe LES finds an entry in its table for the destination MAC address it returns the destination NSAP address to the LEC 3 The LEC then opens up a point to point ATM connection to the destination host to send the packet 1 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 1 2 4 4 Multicast and Broadcast Packets The LEC sends outgoing multicast and broadcast packets to the BUS which uses a point to multipoint connection to send the packets to multiple NSAP addresses in the ELAN 1 2 4 2 Accessing Fast Ethernet and FDDI Networks Note that the diagram in Figure 1 1 shows dotted lines from the Powerhub 7000 to the Fast Ethernet and FDDI networks This is because the Powerhub does not use bridging to reach these networks but must route to them 1 2 5 Multiple ELANs It is possible to set up more than one ELAN in a FORE network For each new ELAN you must configure another LES and BUS instance for that LAN On the access devices bridge groups must be used to associate physical ports with ELANs on the side E An end station in the ELAN with a ForeRunner adapter can connect to up to 16 ELANs simul taneously 1 2 6 Failover ELANs To ensure that a single service failure does not cripple the entire ELAN ForeThought 4 1 sup ports a simple failover mechanism Rather than associating a single LES and BUS pair with a single ELAN the LEC maintains an ordered list of L
36. 2 9 2 16 4 29 19 925 204 5219528 529 29 229221 29 23 0 0 1 29 24 0 95 89 C 88 243 0 120 44 0 gt amp O mam Gateway netstat nr 27001 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 925 Aga 229 92 92 429 92 us 229 Vd 92 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 2243 2443 243 243 424355 2243 16 74 16 54 19 28 16 85 16 8 1542 L6 75 283 5 9 9 9 9 4 9 3 Refcnt Use 3 2264661 9751 123714 10892307 2080 0 2696 7853 0 9188789 1677 87706 0 16417 122721 e Q Q n 6 Gs a a C 6 cx Q am o UR 4X 0 Ch CON ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Interface 100 0 ied fad 0 ied ied ied 0 ied ied fad 0 0 ied Troubleshooting netstat in Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll 5 ecO 1500 192 88 243 192 88 243 171 1173050 39926 509363 0 107115 0 9188 1986 29 38 198 29 38 206 0 0 0 0 0 0 9180 198 29 22 198 29 22 206 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 9180 none 0 0 0 0 0 ER qaa2 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 qaa3 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 100 8304 127 127 0 0 1 32048 0 32048 0 0 adinfo 0 FORE Systems Release ForeThought 4 1 0 vma 200e media 4b5b 100 hw 1 0 0 fw 2 3 0 serial 2 slot 0 atmsta
37. 8192 C none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1A4 no down 8192 C none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1 5 down 8192 NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1A6 yes up 8192 C none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT configuration port ds3 show Port Carrier Status Mode Framing Loopback ClockSrc Scrambling IdleCells Length 141 0 80 hcs cbit diag internal off unassigned Gt225 1A2 no 0x24 plcp cbit none internal off unassigned Gt225 configuration port dsl show Port Carrier Status Mode Framing Loopback ClockSource LineLength IdleCells 1 1 yes 0 1 5 internal Lt110 unassigned 1C2 yes 0 1 5 internal Lt110 unassigned 1C3 no 0x60 hcs ESF none internal Lt110 unassigned 1C4 no 0x60 hcs ESF none internal Lt110 unassigned 1C5 no 0x60 hcs ESF none internal Lt110 unassigned 1C6 no 0x60 hcs ESF none internal Lt110 unassigned configuration port el show Port Carrier Status Mode LineType Loopback ClockSource LineLength IdleCells 101 yes 0 100 hcs CRC none internal Lt110 idle 1D2 yes 0x100 hcs CRC none internal Lt110 idle 10 26 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting configuration port e3 show Port Carrier Status Mode Loopback ClockSource Scrambling IdleCells 3 101 no 0x72 hcs none internal unassigned gt 102 Ox72 hcs none internal off unassigned 2 103 0 88 hcs internal off unassigned 8 104 0 88 hcs none internal off unassigned a
38. Bearer Class X Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for ATM transport service where AAL traffic type and timing requirements are transparent to the network ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 5 Glossary Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network B ISDN common digital network suitable for voice video and high speed data services running at rates beginning at 155 Mbps Broadband ISDN User s Part B ISUP protocol used to establish maintain and release broadband switched network connections across an SS7 ATM network Broadband Terminal Equipment B TE An equipment category for B ISDN which includes terminal adapters and terminals Broadcast Data transmission to all addresses or functions Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS in an emulated LAN the BUS is responsible for accept ing broadcast multicast and unknown unicast packets from the LECs to the broadcast MAC address FFFFFFFFFFFF via dedicated point to point connections and forwarding the pack ets to all of the members of the ELAN using a single point to multipoint connection Brouter bridging router a device that routes some protocols and bridges others based on con figuration information Buffer A data storage medium used to compensate of a difference in rate of data flow or time of occurrence of events when transmitting data from one device to another Building Integrated Timing Supply BITS a master
39. Drive Access Door 7 Drives Figure 2 2 Challenge or Onyx Deskside Server 2 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Hardware Installation To access the I O panel you must first open the front door by using the following instruc tions 1 Besure the system power is OFF see Section 2 1 1 Halting the System 2 Openthe drive door to expose the drives and front panel retainer latches 3 Release the two retainer latches by fully depressing and releasing each latch with a pointed object such as the tip of a Phillips screwdriver be careful not to mar the surface The pointed object must be narrow enough to depress the inner button completely See Figure 2 3 for the latch location and operation Releasing the Retainer Latches Figure 2 3 Challenge or Onyx Latch Location and Operation 4 Thechassis front door is released and can be pivoted on the hinge pins located on the left side of the door see Figure 2 3 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 9 Hardware Installation 5 Once the front door is open lower the cover for the VMEbus card cage When the cover for the VMEbus card cage has been lowered you can now remove the retain ing bars which help control the cooling airflow on the top and bottom of the chassis 6 Selecttheleft most vacant VMEbus slot to install the VMA 200E
40. EFCI bit set to 1 the receiving host notifies the sending host which should then reduce its transmission rate Explicit Rate ER The Explicit Rate is an RM cell field used to limit the source ACR to a spe cific value It is initially set by the source to a requested rate such as PCR It may be subse quently reduced by any network element in the path to a value that the element can sustain ER is formatted as a rate Extended Industry Standard Architecture EISA bus architecture for desktop computers that provides a 32 bit data passage and maintains compatibility with the ISA or AT architecture Extended Super Frame ESF a T1 framing format that utilizes the 193rd bit as a framing bit but whose Superframe is made up of 24 frames instead of 12 as in D4 format ESF also pro vides CRC error detection and maintenance data link functions Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP used by gateways in an internet connecting autonomous networks Fairness related to Generic Flow Control fairness is defined as meeting all of the agreed quality of service requirements by controlling the order of service for all active connections ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 13 Glossary Far End Block Error FEBE an error detected by extracting the 4 bit FEBE field from the path status byte G1 The legal range for the 4 bit field is between 0000 and 1000 representing zero to eight errors Any other value is in
41. Emulation Clients e failover e Multiple Virtual LANs e Ethernet emulation Additional software features include e FORE TP load balancing e FORE IP automatic failover e Support for UNI 3 0 and 3 1 signalling e Classical IP FORE API Each of these features is detailed in the appropriate chapters throughout the manual 1 10 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 1 6 Hardware Requirements The VMA 200E can be installed in an available VMEbus slot in any of the supported plat forms 1 6 1 VMA 200E Supported Platforms The following are the supported platforms for the 200 adapter card e Silicon Graphics Inc Challenge computer e Silicon Graphics Inc Power Challenge computer e Silicon Graphics Inc Crimson computer e Silicon Graphics Inc Onyx computer e Silicon Graphics Inc Power Onyx computer e VMEbus VME64 based system customer supplied drivers The SGI device driver for the VMA 200E is Eu multiprocessor safe 1 7 Software Requirements The supplied ForeRunner 200 device driver requires IRIX version 6 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 1 11 E Introduction 1 8 Unpacking Information Before unpacking your VMA 200E inspect the package for any damage that may have occurred during shipping If the package shows any signs of external damage or rough han dling notify your car
42. Figure 2 6 for the latch location and operation I Q 5 E D 5 Releasing the Retainer Latches Figure 2 6 IRIS Crimson Latch Location and Operation 4 The chassis front door is released and can be pivoted on the hinge pins located the left side of the door ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 13 Hardware Installation 5 Once the front door is open lower the cover for the VMEbus card cage When the cover for the VMEbus card cage has been lowered you can now remove the retain ing bars which help control the cooling airflow on the top and bottom of the chassis 6 Selecttheleft most vacant VMEbus slot to install the VMA 200E If you are install ing more than one VMA 200E the next card should go in the next left most vacant VMEbus slot Fiber Cable FORE Systems faceplate xmit recv connectors Figure 2 7 IRIS Crimson Deskside Server VMA 200E Adapter Card Installation 2 14 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Hardware Installation 2 4 2 VMA 200E Installation Perform the following steps to install the VMA 200E into an IRIS Crimson Deskside Server 1 Connect the fiber cable provided to the transmit receive connectors of the VMA 200E 2 Insert the VMA 200E into the left most available VMEbus slot 3 Install the FORE Systems faceplate and connectors provided into the VMEbus
43. IBM PC The origi nal bus supported a data path only 8 bits wide IBM subsequently developed a 16 bit version for its AT class computers The 16 bit AT ISA bus supports both 8 and 16 bit cards The 8 bit bus is commonly called the PC XT bus and the 16 bit bus is called the AT bus Isochronous signals carrying embedded timing information or signals that are dependent on uniform timing usually associated with voice and or video transmission International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications ITU T an international body of member countries whose task is to define recommendations and standards relating to the international telecommunications industry The fundamental standards for ATM have been defined and published by the ITU T Previously CCITT Glossary 18 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary J2 Wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Japan that carries data at a rate of 6 312 Mbps Jitter analog communication line distortion caused by variations of a signal from its reference timing position Joint Photographic Experts Group JPEG An ISO Standards group that defines how to com press still pictures 550 9 Jumper a patch cable or wire used to establish a circuit often temporarily for testing or nostics also the devices shorting blocks used to connect adjacent exposed pins on a printed circuit board that control the functionality of the card
44. Therefore over time the ARP server dynamically learns the IP to ATM address mappings of all the hosts in its LIS It can then respond to ARP requests directed toward it for hosts in its LIS In order for a host to communicate with an ARP E server it must have learned its own ATM address and have been configured with the ATM address of the ARP server A host will not be able to resolve the ATM addresses of hosts in its LIS unless it can communicate with its ARP server Since there is no mechanism for ARP servers to exchange mapping information with each other it is imperative that each LIS be configured with only one ARP server When a host wants to communicate with another host in its LIS it first sends an ARP request to the ARP server containing the IP address to be resolved When an ARP reply is received from the ARP server the host creates an entry in its ARP cache for the given IP address and stores the IP to ATM address mapping This ARP cache entry will be marked as complete To ensure that all of the IP to ATM address mappings known by a certain host are up to date hosts are required to age their ARP entries Every 15 minutes 20 minutes on the ARP server a host must validate its ARP entries Any ARP entries not associated with open connections are immediately removed A host validates its SVCs by sending an ARP request to the ARP server A host validates its PVCs and an ARP server validates its SVCs by sending an InARP r
45. VCI fields of each cell Switched Virtual Circuit or Channel SVC a channel established on demand by network sig nalling used for information transport between two locations and lasting only for the dura tion of the transfer the datacom equivalent of a dialed telephone call Switched Virtual Path Connection SVPC a connection which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling A Virtual Path Connection VPC is an ATM connec tion where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell Switching System A set of one or more systems that act together and appear as a single switch for the purposes of PNNI routing Symmetric Connection a connection with the same bandwidth specified for both directions Synchronous signals that are sourced from the same timing reference and hence are identical in frequency Synchronous Data Link Control SDLC IBM s data link protocol used in SNA networks Synchronous Optical Network SONET a body of standards that defines all aspects of trans porting and managing digital traffic over optical facilities in the public network Glossary 32 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Synchronous Payload Envelope SPE the payload field plus a little overhead of a basic SONET signal Synchronous Transfer Mode STM a transport and switching method that depends on infor mation occurring in regular fixed patterns with respect
46. a Classical Network 5 5 Debugging The atmarp utility on the host provides a number of useful options to aid communication debugging Some of this information can also be displayed on the switch using various AMI commands If an equivalent AMI command is available it will be listed here e Onthe host atmarp a shows the IP address of the entry the associated ATM address if the mapping is known the VPI VCI pair for an established connection and various flags The Classical IP flag indicates connections using Classical IP over UNI 3 0 or 3 1 Two other flags are especially important for connection state incomplete indicates that the IP to ATM address mapping is not yet known for the given IP address pending indicates that a connection has not yet been established On the switch AMI command configuration atmarp show pro vides the same information Onthehost atmarp z displays the ATM address of the given interface If the host is using ILMI for address registration the ATM address will be displayed as nonzero when the host has successfully registered its address with the network On the switch AMI command configuration atmarp getnsap inter face provides the same information Onthe host atmarp g displays the ATM address of the current ARP server for the LIS associated with the given interface On the switch AMI command configuration atmarp arpserver show interface provides the same information e Onthe ho
47. been configured the No Configuration Information mes sage appears If ELANs have been configured current configuration information appears Do You Want To Modify Configuration Information n mo 9 os gt 2 5 If you wish to configure or modify LAN Emulation respond with y Answering n ends the LAN Emulation Configuration process Detailed information about the establishment of E an ELAN is available in the on line e1config man page The elconfig man page text is also available for reference in Chapter 8 of this manual Note that a host may join more that one ELAN LEC must be configured for each ELAN that you wish to join Would you like to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information y Answer y to this question if you wish the local LEC to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information Answer n if you wish the local LEC to use an LES that you specify The following question does not appear if you answer n Use the Well Known LECS address y Answering y to this question instructs the local LEC to use the default well known ATM address for communicating with the LECS If you answer n you will be prompted to enter the ATM address of the LECS that the LEC is to use An Automatic ELAN is a special case where you do not specify the ELAN to join The ELAN is decided by the Administrator by configuring the LECS database Would you like to configure a Automatic ELAN y Ans
48. been disabled on both the ports of the switch and the ATM endstations SPANS must be disabled because it automatically creates ATM connections which may alter the test results of the test conditions are checked by running a continuous ping with the following com mand ping IP address of remote workstation 10 10 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 2 1 Verifying the Outgoing ATM ARP Entry To verify the outgoing ATM ARP cache entry for the endstation originating the ping enter the following command on the host atmarp a z gt o 5 5 The following is an example of a typical ARP cache display Outgoing connections fa0 ws2 atm 198 29 21 74 vpi vci 0 100 aal 5 switch port flags PVC encapsulation NULL peak rate unlimited fa0 ws3 atm 198 29 21 94 0 200 aal 5 switch port flags PVC encapsulation NULL peak rate unlimited Incoming connections fa0 switch port vpi vci 0 100 aal 5 flags PVC decapsulation NULL fa0 switch port vpi vci 0 200 aal 5 flags PVC decapsulation NULL Make sure the ARP cache entry does indeed match the IP address of the remote endstation and is using the PVC configured on the switch If the prompt is returned with no information displayed this indicates that the ATM ARP cache is empty Use the following two commands to create a PVC on the host atmarp
49. conf 6 12 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 4 1 2 Administering LECs using the elconfig Command LECs are controlled from the command line with the e1config command A detailed expla nation of the syntax and usage of the e1config command is available on line in the e1con fig man page in this manual in Chapter 8 LECs that you start with the elconfig E command require a functioning network interface for example e10 Refer to Section 4 1 of this User s Manual for information about configuring the appropriate network interface s Starting a LEC For example if you want to start a LEC that will attempt to join ELAN engineering enter the following command mo 38 os gt 25 elconfig add engineering By default the above command starts a LEC on the local host that attempts to contact the LECS on the well known address as defined by the Forum s LAN Emulation stan dards 47 0079 00 000000 0000 0000 0000 00A03E000001 00 This LEC by default has an ATM address based on the host adapter card s ATM an unused selector byte is chosen to make the resulting ATM address unique Consequently each LEC looks like just another adapter card to other users on the network You may also assign an ATM address to the LEC If you choose to assign LEC ATM addresses manually be careful that you assign each LEC a unique address Simi
50. configuration to your workstation the ASX ATM switch and also the external workstation s Specifically you need to configure your workstation and switch to enable them to recognize and reach the external workstation The external workstation needs the same capabilities Figure 4 2 below illustrates a basic network topology for this type of config uration 2 ws2 eth ETHERNET 2 200 T 2 6eee eee eee 10 router eth Ethernet to ATM Router aaa aaa aaa 10 aaa aaa aaa 11 router atm ASX ATM asx atm Switch aaa aaa aaa 1 ws1 atm Figure 4 2 ATM Network with Access to Ethernet As before you need to assign an IP address to your ATM interface on the ATM only worksta tion In this topology the ATM to Ethernet router is used to route IP traffic between the ATM and Ethernet networks To use the network in this configuration you must set up the IP routing There are two ways to handle the IP routing dynamically and statically The following section outlines these methods 4 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 2 3 Dynamic and Static IP Routing ATM Only Network 4 2 3 1 Dynamic Routing To use dynamic IP routing the IP routing daemon routed must be run on all the worksta tions in the network that are multi homed The routing daemon
51. dB a selectable output attenuation is generally required of DTE equipment typical selections include 0 0 7 5 and 15 dB of loss at 772 KHz Line Code Violations LCV Error Event A Line Coding Violation LCV is the occurrence of either a Bipolar Violation BPV or Excessive Zeroes EXZ Error Event Link An entity that defines a topological relationship including available transport capacity between two nodes in different subnetworks Multiple links may exist between a pair of sub networks Synonymous with logical link Link Access Procedure Balanced LAPB Data link protocol in the X 25 protocol stack LAPB is a bit oriented protocol derived from HDLC See also HDLC and X 25 Link Down Trap an SNMP trap sent when an interface changes from a normal state to an error state or is disconnected Link Layer layer in the OSI model regarding transmission of data between network nodes Link Up Trap an SNMP trap sent when an interface changes from an error condition to a nor mal state Load Sharing Two or more computers in a system that share the load during peak hours During periods of non peak hours one computer can manage the entire load with the other acting as a backup Local Access and Transport Area LATA Geographic boundaries of the local telephone net work specified by the FCC in which a single LEC may perform its operations Communica tions outside or between LATAs are provided by IXCs Local Area Ne
52. eee eine bres lii T WOR YIP doe deve en 4 4 technical support iii test AAL error 10 13 ents dene 10 12 us 10 7 diversos core es 10 5 fitinwate L5 ocio 10 4 10 4 looptest 10 3 network connectivity 10 10 no cell transmission 10 13 no cells received 10 12 physical link 10 7 self test Eu 10 4 VPI VClerror 10 13 Token Ring 1 5 topology redegi Pistia dete 8 2 Troubleshooting isi oue beo 10 21 atmstat eor CER xar 10 21 ifconfig 10 20 5 253 eR ee Eon 10 20 troubleshooting 10 1 U npacking cette Uie e niae 1 12 V validate SVC 5 8 Verity PVO 4 12 well known address 5 1 4
53. frame framing bit To be considered in support of D4 Framing a device must be able to synchronize and frame up on the 193rd bit Data Communications Equipment DCE a definition in the RS232C standard that describes the functions of the signals and the physical characteristics of an interface for a communication device such as a modem Data Country Code DCC This specifies the country in which an address is registered The codes are given in ISO 3166 The length of this field is two octets The digits of the data country code are encoded in Binary Coded Decimal BCD syntax The codes will be left justified and padded on the right with the hexadecimal value F to fill the two octets Data Link Communications connection used to transmit data from a source to a destination Data Link Connection Identifier DLCI connection identifier associated with frame relay pack ets that serves the same functions as and translates directly to the VPI VCI on an ATM cell Data Link Layer Layer 2 of the OSI model responsible for encoding data and passing it to the physical medium The IEEE divides this layer into the LLC Logical Link Control and MAC Media Access Control sublayers Data Set Ready DSR an 5 232 modem interface control signal sent from the modem to the DTE on pin 6 which indicates that the modem is connected to the telephone circuit Usually a prerequisite to the DTE issuing RTS Data Terminal Equipment DTE genera
54. from a 1 facility Glossary 14 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Frame a variable length group of data bits with a specific format containing flags at the beginning and end to provide demarcation Frame Check Sequence FCS In bit oriented protocols a 16 bit field that contains transmis sion error checking information usually appended to the end of the frame Frame Relay a fast packet switching protocol based on the LAPD protocol of ISDN that per forms routing and transfer with less overhead processing than X 25 550 9 Frame Synchronization Error an error in which one or more time slot framing bits in error Frame Based UNI FUNI An switch based interface which accepts frame based traffic and converts it into cells Frame Relay Service FRS A connection oriented service that is capable of carrying up to 4096 bytes per frame Framing a protocol that separates incoming bits into identifiable groups so that the receiving multiplexer recognizes the grouping Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM a method of dividing an available frequency range into parts with each having enough bandwidth to carry one channel Gbps gigabits per second billion Generic Cell Rate Algorithm GCRA an algorithm which is employed in traffic policing and is part of the user network service contract The GCRA is a scheduling algorithm which ensures that cells are mar
55. hy E e x REA 5 4 5 2 2 Operating with ILMI 5 5 5 2 3 Operating without ILMI 5 5 5 2 4 Configuration iis esu 5 5 5 3 ARP and ARP 5 6 5 3 1 EUR IM ME UP EE 5 6 5 3 2 Configuring a FORE Switch to be an ARP 5 7 5 3 3 Configuring a Host to be an ARP 5 7 5 3 4 Classical IP Operation 5 8 5 3 5 Operational 155 5 5 9 5 4 Classical IP PMGS c tude obese eed tst ERR LR D RR Ee eR Ee 5 10 5 4 1 Theory and 5 10 5 4 2 Revalidation and 5 10 5 5 Deb gging iicet e eR Reg PH RCM a SUR hash tx e e Rind f 5 11 5 6 Configuring the 5 12 5 6 1 Third Party Host with No ILMI and No RFC 1577 Support 5 13 5 6 2 Third Party Switch with ILMI 5 14 5 6 3 Third Party Switch with RFC 1577 and No ILMI Support 5 15 CHAPTER6 Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 1 Introductions ss eet aei es EDD
56. is actually a part of the IP protocol layer It can generate error mes sages test packets and informational messages related to IP Internet Engineering Task Force IETF a large open international community of network designers operators vendors and researchers whose purpose is to coordinate the operation management and evolution of the Internet to resolve short and mid range protocol and archi tectural issues Internet Protocol IP a connectionless best effort packet switching protocol that offers a com mon layer over dissimilar networks Internetwork Packet Exchange IPX Protocol a NetWare protocol similar to the Xerox Net work Systems XNS protocol that provides datagram delivery of messages Interoperability The ability of software and hardware on multiple machines from multiple vendors to communicate Interworking Function IWF provides a means for two different technologies to interoperate IP Address a unique 32 bit integer used to identify a device in an IP network You will most commonly see IP addresses written in dot notation e g 192 228 32 14 IP Netmask a 32 bit pattern that is combined with an IP address to determine which bits of an IP address denote the network number and which denote the host number Netmasks are use ful for sub dividing IP networks IP netmasks are written in dot notation e g 255 255 0 0 ISA Bus a bus standard developed by IBM for expansion cards in the first
57. loopback localhost 32072 0 32072 0 0 ALL SYSTEMS MCAST N asxmon switch name ASX 200 switch up 3 35 17 ports 9 active software 2 3 5 hardware 1 1 port name uptime VPs max VCs max Kb s free max total Mb Bl 198 29 22 34 2257 5 5 0 0 140000 847 B2 198 29 22 18 34 35 3 3 0 0 140000 141 C 198 29 22 2T 3 35 4 4 0 0 140000 83035 C2 9842972243 3 35 4 4 0 0 140000 11 D1 198 29 22 2 3 35 2 2 0 0 100000 LI D2 198 29 22 11 3 35 3 3 0 0 100000 11 198 29 22 37 3135 36 36 0 0 80000 203 In the output above the Kb s and free columns do not contain valid data cport switch name Input Output Port Type Mb s State Time VPs VCs BW Cells VPs VCs BW Cells user 00 down 9 5 0 82215 2 00 0 2 100 137783 B2 user 00 down 9 08 15 2 00 0 2 100 137784 B3 user 00 up 9 08 15 3 00 141332 4 100 149078 B4 user 00 down 9 08 15 2 00 0 2 100 137784 user 40 up 9 208215 4 40 140569 3 140 148928 C2 net 40 up 02 44 38 7 40 1046 M 6 140 193732 C3 net 40 up 9208 05 5 40 1297 6 140 455400 C4 user 40 up 9 06 57 5 40 138800 5 140 1046 M CTL user 80 up 9 08 13 22 80 1M 22 80 1M ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 23 Troubleshooting The following commands are run by logging in to the AMI on the switch The next three com mands show switch configuration and status configuration spans show Port VPI State Type CDVT Action RemoteAddress 0 down u
58. lose timing after receiving eight 0 s in a row a number of techniques are used to insert a 1 after every seventh consecutive 0 see Bit Stuffing Open Shortest Path First OSPF Protocol a routing algorithm for IP that incorporates least cost equal cost and load balancing Open Systems Interconnection OSI the 7 layer suite of protocols designed by ISO commit tees to be the international standard computer network architecture OpenView Hewlett Packard s network management software Operation and Maintenance OAM Cell a cell that contains ATM LM information It does not form part of the upper layer information transfer Glossary 24 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Optical Carrier level n OC n The optical counterpart of STS n the basic rate of 51 84 Mbps on which SONET is based is referred to as OC 1 or STS 1 Organizationally Unique Identifier OUI Part of RFC 1483 A three octet field in the SubNet work Attachment Point SNAP header identifying an organization which administers the meaning of the following two octet Protocol Identifier PID field in the SNAP header Together they identify a distinct routed or bridged protocol 550 9 Out of Band Management refers to switch configuration via the serial port or over Ethernet not ATM Out of Frame OOF a signal condition and alarm in which some or all framing bits are lost Packet An arbitrary colle
59. mind though that communication between LISs must occur through IP routers 5 1 2 Classical IP Interfaces In order to support routing between multiple LISs the host adapter software allows a host to be configured as a member of and a router between up to four distinct LISs per physical ATM interface Each LIS membership is through a separate Classical IP virtual network inter face Existing system level IP routing configuration tools are used to control routing through each of the virtual interfaces in the same manner as routing among several physical interfaces Note that even though each virtual interface associated with a given physical interface uses the same physical hardware they are each configured separately with their own MTU IP address and ATM address The name of each of the Classical IP interfaces begins with qa of the Classical IP inter faces associated with physical unit zero will have a as the next letter All of the Classical IP interfaces associated with physical unit one will have b as the next letter and so forth Finally each Classical IP interface has its virtual interface number as a suffix As an example of the above naming convention the name of the third Classical IP interface unit 2 on physical unit one is qab2 5 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical Network 5 1 3 SPANS Interface While each of the qa interfaces for a given physical inte
60. only those addresses that have been learned will be displayed In addition if connections exist to the LE Services the VPI VCI pairs for each connection are displayed Alternatively a single ELAN s configuration information may be displayed by specifying the single argument elan To retrieve the ATM address of the current LECS the lecs flag is used To retrieve the ATM address of adapter unit the addr flag is used add The add command enables the user to join a particular ELAN and specify certain configuration parameters The auto flag is used to specify that the LEC would join the ELAN that is returned by the LECS for this LEC The if flag maps elan to the network interface interface e g el0 providing a mapping between ELAN name and network interface name The les flag allows the specification of the LES s ATM address as ATMaddress for joining ELANs whose configuration information is either not returned by the LECS the LECS is not specified or one is not available lec sets the LEC s address to ATMaddress for communication with this ELAN s services If not specified the LEC will base the ATM address on the adapter s ATM address choosing an unused selector byte The unit option may be specified to add an ELAN on a physical interface other than the first This is only valid when used with the les flag ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Additional Administration Information delete Used with ela
61. or 9U VMEbus Compliance cell processing per ANSI 17151 5 92 002 3 ITU 1 361 and ATM Forum v3 0 and 3 1 UNI specifications Cabling Duplex 62 5 125 micron multi mode fiber 2 000 meters maxi mum 10 dB loss Single mode fiber per CCITT recommendation G 652 also known as EIA Class IVa 2 pair 100 ohm Category 5 or Category 5 screened UTP copper 100 meters maximum Connectors ST and SC Types for multi mode fiber SC Type for single mode fiber RJ 45 for Category 5 UTP copper Memory 256 kbytes on board RAM DMA Support Fly by scatter gather DMA support VMEbus Master A32 D32 64 word maximum block transfers A32 D64 512 word maximum block transfers Full 32 bit datapath VMEbus modes supported Master A32 D32 A32 D64 Slave A16 D16 A32 D32 Requester Level 3 only fair requester Interrupter Level 7 1 Transparent TCP IP protocol interface Software Enhanced performance ATM Application Programming Interface API Library ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 1 13 3 Qa o Introduction Table 1 1 VMA 200E Technical Specifications Continued SPANS Switched Virtual Circuit SVC signalling protocol Permanent Virtual Circuits PVC Application controlled multicasting and broadcasting with recipient add and delete capabilities Supports up to 1024 Virtual Circuit Identifiers VCIs
62. reconfigure the software to establish the desired network set up 3 2 1 4 Temporary Configuration There is one case where the software may require a second Classical IP configuration e If the host into which the adapter was installed will be the ARP server and the ARP server ATM address is assigned via ILMI For this case the suggested procedure is to perform an initial Classical IP configuration answering most questions by accepting the defaults The exceptions are the ATM address of the ARP server and the configuration of a Classical IP interface For the ATM address use a temporary number For the Classical IP interface respond y and configure just one 0 These steps are more fully explained in Section 3 2 3 2 If you will be using a host as an ARP server E this host MUST be configured first 3 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation Kernel Configuration On the ARP server once the software has been installed and the system has rebooted use the atmarp z qaa0 command to obtain the host s ATM address Write down the ATM address or store this data in a file It is easier to do a cut and paste from a file rather than retype a 40 character ATM address With the ATM address you can perform the full installation on the ARP server and all client hosts using all of the desired configuration parameters If you need to reconfigure the net work remember that it is easier to
63. response to a given E prompt it will appear in brackets 1 The user may accept the default response by pressing the ENTER key This example assumes that you are configuring LAN emulation clients The actual session for your installation will reflect the configuration that you wish to implement Detailed explana tions of the questions and answers presented below follow in Section 3 2 3 2 1 Changeto the installation directory by typing cd fore ENTER 2 To begin the software installation process run the fore install program by typing fore install ENTER When the fore install program is run the following appears on screen 3 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation Kernel Configuration Copyright c 1995 1997 FORE Systems Inc All rights reserved Release A ForeThought 4 1 0 Ck CK Ck FORE Systems adapter System Installation kkkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkkkxkkkkkkkkkxkxkkkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk k In order to properly install this distribution the following conditions must be true 1 You must run this program as root 2 You must have approximately 11MB of free disk space in the destination directory to hold the new distribution 3 You must have approximate
64. specified the Layer 3 eg IP address to MAC address table entries are also displayed If more than one MAC address is associated with address then all the MAC to ATM address mappings are shown in a single entry delete EXAMPLE The all and elan flags will delete all dynamic address mappings from the ARP table and close all SVCs to all hosts in the table or all hosts on elan elan respectively The mac flag will delete the single dynamic address mapping and SVC for MAC The address mappings and SVCs may also be deleted independently vc is used to only close the Svs specifed by all elan or mac addr is used to only delete the dynamic address mappings specified by all elan or mac from the ARP table The following examples display an address mapping for a host on elan FORE_elan example elarp show elan FORE_elan 0 20 48 10 d 65 at 0 45 0005804 1000000 215149 002048100465 02 ElanName FORE elan flags addrTTL 300 vcTTL 1200 vpi vci 0 49 example elarp show elan FORE_elan layer3 FORE_host 11 3 1 69 at 0 20 48 10 d 65 at 0x45 000580ffe1000000 f215149c002048100d65 02 ElanName FORE elan flags addrTTL 300 1200 vpi vci 0 49 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Additional Administration Information example elarp show all 8 0 9 e3 44 d0 8 0 20 7a c2 8d 8 0 20 78 ef 9a at 0x47 0005 80 ffe100 0000 f21a 264c 00a0360081da 00 ElanName grey flags addrTTL
65. sponding entity and transmits it to another corresponding entity Glossary 28 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Request To Send RTS an RS 232 modem interface signal sent from the DTE to the modem on pin 4 which indicates that the DTE has data to transmit Requests For Comment RFCs IETF documents suggesting protocols and policies of the Internet inviting comments as to the quality and validity of those policies These comments are collected and analyzed by the in order to finalize Internet standards RFC1483 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 RFC1490 Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay RFC1577 Classical IP and ARP over ATM RFC1755 ATM Signaling Support for IP over ATM Robbed Bit Signaling In refers to the use of the least significant bit of every word of frames 6 and 12 D4 or 6 12 18 and 24 ESF for signaling purposes Route Server A physical device that runs one or more network layer routing protocols and which uses a route query protocol in order to provide network layer routing forwarding descriptions to clients 550 9 Router a device that forwards traffic between networks or subnetworks based on network layer information Routing Domain RD A group of topologically contiguous systems which are running one instance of routing Routing Information Protocol RIP a distance vector based protocol that p
66. suppressed subcarrier at 4 43MHz The V R Y signal s phase is turned through 180 degrees on each alternate line This gets rid of NTSC s hue changes with phase errors at the expense of de saturation The carrier reference is sent as a burst in the back porch The phase of the burst is alternated every line to convey the phase switching of the V signal The burst s average phase is V see NTSC for U S Physical Layer PHY the actual cards wires and or fiber optic cabling used to connect com puters routers and switches Physical Layer Connection an association established by the PHY between two or more ATM entities A PHY connection consists of the concatenation of PHY links in order to provide an end to end transfer capability to PHY SAPs Physical Layer Convergence Protocol PLCP a framing protocol that runs on top of the T1 or E1 framing protocol Physical Medium PM Refers to the actual physical interfaces Several interfaces are defined including STS 1 STS 3c STS 12c STM 1 STM 4 051 E1 052 053 E4 FDDI based Fiber Channel based and 5 These range in speeds from 1 544Mbps through 622 08 Mbps Physical Medium Dependent PMD a sublayer concerned with the bit transfer between two network nodes It deals with wave shapes timing recovery line coding and electro optic con versions for fiber based links Plesiochronous two signals are plesiochronous if their corresponding significant instants occu
67. system activity and prepare the system for power off become a superuser and enter etc halt The etc halt command will gracefully shut down the system software and leave you at the firmware monitor level If you are remotely logged in to the system you will be prompted before the shutdown procedure is executed 1 Turn the System Controller key switch to the OFF position to eliminate all power to the boards and peripherals 2 Switch the system circuit breaker to the OFF position to eliminate all power to the workstation and backplane 3 Unplug the power cord from the socket to cut off all electrical power to the system For additional information about halting your system please refer to the Silicon Graphics Owner s Guide 2 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Hardware Installation 2 2 Pre Installation Configuration Before installing the VM A 200E be sure to make any needed modifications to the board The following information pertains to DIP switches on the 200 and their effect on the oper ation of the card The default settings are shown shaded below ON z 12345678 12345678 OFF
68. the DTE generally responds with an all ones Blue or AIS signal Management Information Base MIB the set of parameters that an SNMP management station can query or set in the SNMP agent of a networked device e g router Maximum Burst Size MBS the Burst Tolerance BT is conveyed through the MBS which is coded as a number of cells The BT together with the SCR and the GCRA determine the MBS that may be transmitted at the peak rate and still be in conformance with the GCRA Maximum Burst Tolerance the largest burst of data that a network device is guaranteed to handle without discarding cells or packets Bursts of data larger than the maximum burst size may be subject to discard Maximum Cell Delay Variance MCDV This is the maximum two point CDV objective across a link or node for the specified service category Maximum Cell Loss Ratio MCLR This is the maximum ratio of the number of cells that do not make it across the link or node to the total number of cells arriving at the link or node Maximum Cell Transfer Delay MCTD This is the sum of the fixed delay component across the link or node and MCDV Maximum Transmission Unit MTU the largest unit of data that can be sent over a type of physical medium Mbps megabits per second million Media Access Control MAC a media specific access control protocol within IEEE 802 specifi cations currently includes variations for Token Ring token bus CSMA C
69. the NASA Supplement to the FAR or any successor regulations Printed in the USA No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced in any form Reproduction adaptation or translation with out prior written permission is prohibited except as allowed under the copyright laws This publication is provided by FORE Systems Inc as is without warranty of any kind either express or implied includ ing but not limited to the implied warranties or conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose FORE Systems Inc shall not be liable for any errors or omissions which may occur in this publication nor for incidental or conse quential damages of any kind resulting from the furnishing performance or use of this publication Information published here is current or planned as of the date of publication of this document Because we are improving and adding features to our products continuously the information in this document is subject to change without notice RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use duplication or disclosure by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph c 1 ii of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252 227 7013 October 1988 and FAR 52 227 19 June 1987 FCC CLASS A NOTICE WARNING Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void this user s authority to operate this equipment
70. the corresponding cell entry event at the measurement point 2 e g the destination UNI for a particular connection The cell transfer delay between two measurement points is the sum of the total inter ATM node transmission delay and the total ATM node processing delay Channel A path or circuit along which information flows ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 7 Glossary Channel Associated Signaling CAS a form of circuit state signaling in which the circuit state is indicated by one or more bits of signaling status sent repetitively and associated with that specific circuit Channel Bank A device that multiplexes many slow speed voice or data conversations onto high speed link and controls the flow Channel Service Unit CSU An interface for digital leased lines which performs loopback testing and line conditioning Channelization capability of transmitting independent signals together over a cable while still maintaining their separate identity for later separation Circuit A communications link between points Circuit Emulation Service CES The ATM Forum circuit emulation service interoperability specification specifies interoperability agreements for supporting Constant Bit Rate CBR traffic over ATM networks that comply with the other ATM Forum interoperability agree ments Specifically this specification supports emulation of existing TDM circuits over ATM networks Classica
71. the first is sourced by a virtual source A virtual source implements the behavior of an ABR source end point Backwards RM cells received by a virtual source are removed from the connection Each ABR control segment except the last is terminated by a virtual destination A virtual destination assumes the behavior of an ABR destination endpoint Forward RM cells received by a virtual destination are turned around and not forwarded to the next segment of the con nection 550 9 Virtual Tributary VT a structure used to carry payloads such as 0515 that run at significantly lower rates than STS 1s Warm Start Trap an SNMP trap which indicates that SNMP alarm messages or agents have been enabled Wide Area Network WAN a network that covers a large geographic area Wideband Channel Communications channel with more capacity 19 2K bps than the stan dard capacity of a voice grade line X 21 ITU T standard for serial communications over synchronous digital lines The X 21 pro tocol is used primarily in Europe and Japan 25 well established data switching and transport method that relies on a significant amount of processing to ensure reliable transport over metallic media Yellow Alarm An alarm signal sent back toward the source of a failed signal due to the pres ence of an AIS may be used by APS equipment to initiate switching Zero Byte Time Slot Interchange ZBTSI A technique used with the T carrier e
72. these traffic types by accepting broadcast multicast and unknown unicast packets from the LECs to the broadcast MAC address FF FF FF FF FF FF via dedi cated point to point connections and forwarding the packets to all of the members of the ELAN using a single point to multipoint connection Each LEC is associated with only one active BUS ForeThought 4 1 0 also supports the use of intelligent BUSs that allow the BUS to use the LES s registration table to direct unicast traffic ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 3 Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 3 Emulated LAN Operation This section describes the operation of an ELAN and its components from the point of view of a LEC The operation of an ELAN may be divided into three phases 1 Initialization 2 Registration and Address Resolution 3 Data Transfer ELAN components communicate with each other using ATM connections LECs maintain sep arate connections for traffic control functions and data transfer The following connection types are used by the LEC when operating in an ELAN e Configuration Direct Connection a bidirectional point to point VCC set up by the LEC to the LECS e Control Direct Connection a bidirectional point to point VCC set up by the LEC to the LES This connection must be maintained for the duration of the LEC s partic ipation in the ELAN e Control Distribute Connection a unidirectional point to multipoint VCC set up by the LES
73. to be transferred from one computer to another over a network Twisted Pair Insulated wire in which pairs are twisted together Commonly used for tele phone connections and LANs because it is inexpensive Unassigned Cells a generated cell identified by a standardized virtual path identifier VPI and virtual channel identifier VCI value which does not carry information from an applica tion using the ATM Layer service Unavailable Seconds UAS a measurement of signal quality Unavailable seconds start accru ing when ten consecutive severely errored seconds occur UNI 3 0 3 1 the User to Network Interface standard set forth by the ATM Forum that defines how private customer premise equipment interacts with private ATM switches Unicasting The transmit operation of a single PDU by a source interface where the PDU reaches a single destination Universal Test amp Operations Interface for ATM UTOPIA Refers to an electrical interface between the TC and PMD sublayers of the PHY layer Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP a cable that consists of two or more insulated conductors in which each pair of conductors are twisted around each other There is no external protection and noise resistance comes solely from the twists Unspecified Bit Rate UBR a type of traffic that is not considered time critical e g ARP mes sages pure data allocated whatever bandwidth is available at any given time UBR traffic is given a bes
74. to configure a Automatic ELAN y ENTER Enter Adapter number 0 ENTER Enter Interface name el0 ENTER Enter ELAN name to configure return to end Information similar to the following appears if you have configured LECs ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 9 Configuring Emulated LAN LECS ATM Address Well Known ELAN Automatic ELAN Adapter Number 0 Interface Name elo Do You Want To Modify Configuration Information n ENTER Save Configuration Information y ENTER Saving usr etc fore etc fore lanem conf LECs configured with the configure_lanem script require a functioning network interface for example e10 Refer to Section 4 1 of this User s Manual for information about configuring the appropriate network interface s ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 4 1 1 configure lanem Script Questions and Responses When running the configure lanem script you are prompted for answers to questions that customize your ELAN configuration During your session you may not see all of the ques tions The prompts that you do see depend on your environment and on answers to previous questions In this section the questions are shown first in courier font and the explanations of the effects of the possible replies are shown after the questions No Configuration Information If LAN Emulation has not
75. when it starts up 1 The LEC obtains its own ATM address via address registration Optionally you can manually specify the ATM address when you install the Fore Runner ATM adapter driver 2 The LEC establishes a connection to the LECS using a well known address or the Permanent Virtual Circuit 0 17 Optionally you can manually specify the address of the LECS when you install the ForeRunner ELAN driver 3 The LEC requests the information necessary to join a specified ELAN or the default ELAN The LECS has information about available ELANs what ELANs each LEC can join and which ELAN the LEC should attempt to join first If the LECS is not available or if you choose not to use it you can manually spec ify the information required to join a specific ELAN 4 The LEC contacts the LES associated with the ELAN it wants to join and registers its MAC NSAP address pair It also contacts the BUS associated with the ELAN At this point the LEC and the LES have the information required to allow this host to communicate with other hosts on the ELAN as if it were an Ethernet or Token Ring network Refer to the following section for a description of how the LEC con nects to other hosts on the ELAN 1 2 4 The Connection Process To send packets to another host on the ELAN 1 The LEC calls the LES to map the MAC destination address into an ATM NSAP address The LES maintains a mapping table of the address of all LECs on the ELAN
76. 00 21510a00020481510a000 The response from this command also shows the interface name to which the ATM address is attached 2 Setthe ATM address of the ARP server for the interface name from step 1 to be the ATM address of that interface with the AMI command configuration atmarp arpserver set NSAPaddress interface For example configuration atmarp arpserver gt set 0x47 0005 80 ffe100 0000 215 10a 00020481510a0 00 0 This example shows the Classical IP interface E name of 0 used as the ARP server interface name Any of the Classical IP interface name qaa0 through qaa3 could be used as the ARP server name 5 3 3 Configuring a Host to be an ARP Server Typically you would define a host as an ARP server during the initial system installation and configuration This is fully explained in Chapter 3 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 7 Configuring a Classical Network 5 3 4 Classical IP Operation Once a host knows its own ATM address and the ATM address of its ARP server it will attempt to establish a connection to the ARP server which will be used to send ARP requests and receive ARP replies When the connection to the ARP server has been established the ARP server sends an inverse ARP InARP request on the new VC to learn the host s IP address When an InARP reply is received the ARP server places that host s IP address to ATM address mapping in its ARP cache
77. 1 4 1 2 4 The Connection Process 1 4 1 2 4 1 Multicast and Broadcast Packets 1 5 1 2 4 2 Accessing Fast Ethernet and FDDI Networks 1 5 1 2 5 Multiple 65 1 5 1 2 6 Failover ELANS eet EUR Ogun sb RAE S ANDR 1 5 1 2 7 Automatic ELAN 1 5 1 2 8 melget BUS 4 2 3 wea ERES tub ota 1 6 1 3 The ForeRunner VMA 200E 1 7 1 4 Hardware OVERVIEW te bean afte b x ed ex RU RI Pa o RU x 1 8 1 5 Software 1 9 1 5 1 VMA 200E Advanced Cell Processor 1 10 1 5 2 Software Features 1 10 1 6 Hardware 1 11 1 6 1 VMA 200E Supported Platforms 1 11 1 7 Software Requirements 1 11 1 8 Unpacking Intormation eei ree Re Peta eee 1 12 1 9 VMA 200E Technical 1 13 1 10 Cable 2 1 15 1 11 Product Registration Information
78. 176 vcTTL 922 vpi vci 0 291 RELEASE VERSION DATE SEE ALSO arp 8C 35 i 2D 5 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Additional Administration Information 8 2 2 elconfig 8c NAME elconfig ATM Forum LAN Emulation configuration tool SYNOPSIS elconfig show elan auto alll configured lecs lecs 1 unit unit elconfig add elan auto if interface ATMaddress les ATMaddress unit unit elconfig delete elan auto lecs unit unit elconfig set mtu elconfig set lecs ATMaddress wellknown manual unit unit DESCRIPTION elconfig is tool to display and modify FORE Systems Forum LAN Emulation Client LEC configuration elconfig allows the super user to set the ATM address of the LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS display the list of Emulated LANs ELANs configured in the LECS for this host display the list of ELANs locally configured along with the membership state of each and locally administer ELAN membership COMMANDS show If the single flag all is used the name and LES s ATM address for each ELAN returned by the LECS is displayed To display the name the ATM addresses of the LE Services and the local network interface name of each ELAN currently configured in the system the configured flag is used Since the LE Services ATM addresses may be acquired dynamically
79. 2 Open the computer as shown in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter and reseat the board 3 Reboot the system If the board still fails after a reseat then it should be returned for repair Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 5 Troubleshooting 10 1 5 Check Firmware To check whether or not the firmware is running correctly issue the following command atmstat 0 1 In this command the last parameter 1 causes the command to be repeated at one second intervals If the firmware is running correctly the response will show Input Output and Error Statistics for the adapter in the following format PHY ATM AAL statistics Output Input Errors ATM AAL ATM AAL 4B5B 4B5B ATM AAL AAL Cells CS PDUs Cells CS PDUs Framing Hdr CRC VPI VCI Pay CRC Proto 161747 153692 142289 134685 0 0 20 0 0 If the firmware is not running correctly atmstat hangs and nothing is returned indicating either a problem with the firmware a problem with the board or a severe software failure Run the following command several at least three times tmconfig dro 4d70 dev fa0 Check the first word at address 4d70 This value should change each time the above command is run If the value does not change call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assis tance If the input shows zeros for all possible values check the carrier state per th
80. 200E Installation 3 1 3 2 Software Installation and Kernel 3 2 3 2 1 Before You 3 2 3 2 1 1 Temporary Configuration 3 2 3 2 2 Software Installation 3 3 3 2 3 Load Software and Run Installation Script 3 3 3 2 8 1 Typical Installation Script Session 3 4 3 2 3 2 Installation Script Questions and Responses 3 9 3 2 4 Software Installation 3 15 3 2 5 Kernel 3 15 CHAPTER4 Network Interface Administration 4 1 Network Interface Configuration 4 1 4 1 1 Network Interface Naming Conventions 4 2 4 1 2 Bringing up the VMA 200E Network 4 2 4 1 3 Assigning IP Addresses During Reboots 4 3 4 2 VMA 200E Adapter in an Internet Protocol 4 4 4 2 1 Multi homing on and Ethernet 5 4 5 4 2 2 Configuring a Workstation as 4 6 4 2 3 Dynamic and Static IP Routing ATM Only Network 4 7 4 2 3 1 Dynamic Routing
81. 200E into the left most available VMEbus slot is a simple procedure The installation procedure differs slightly for the various systems Details for installation in each type of system are documented below Please refer to the section that applies to your sys tem for detailed instructions VMA 200E cards MUST ALWAYS be installed in the E left most available VME slot VME slots are labeled inside the card cage Be sure to put the VMA 200E ONLY in a VME slot CAUTION Use the included grounding strap when handling this or any other computer component The wrist grounding strap is just one portion of maintaining a static free environment Be sure to follow all necessary precautions to prevent an accidental static discharge which may damage the computer or any of its components Handle the 200 only by the edges avoiding contact with all components metal parts ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 1 I D 2 9 2 5 o gt a fe 5 Hardware Installation 2 1 1 Halting the System Before installing the 200 your system should be halted and powered down CAUTION The system should be halted in an orderly manner Always close all open files and quit user processes before halting Improperly aborting an application may damage files The system should be halted using the following routine 1 Saveall work and quit any applications 2 Tohaltthe operating
82. 31 ENTER Enter the UNI version to use for qab devices 30 31 30 ENTER Enter the UNI version to use for qac devices 30 31 ENTER Would you like to configure Classical IP n y ENTER Would you like to configure qaa0 y ENTER Enter the address for the ARP server on 0 0x47 0005 80 ffe100 0000 115 0bab 002048102fe4 00 lt ENTER gt Would you like to configure qaal n ENTER Would you like to configure LAN Emulation n y ENTER The following portion of the script represents a typical new LAN Emulation configuration If you answered n to the previous question this section of the installation script will not appear Responses to the following questions are system specific and must be determined by the system administrator prior to configuring LAN Emulation 3 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation Kernel Configuration No Configuration Information Would you like to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information y ENTER Use the Well Known LECS address y ENTER An Automatic ELAN is a special case where you do not specify the ELAN to join The ELAN is decided by the Administrator by configuring the LECS database Would you like to configure a Automatic ELAN y ENTER Enter Adapter number 0 ENTER Enter Interface name e10 ENTER Enter ELAN name to configure return to end
83. 7 Troubleshooting 10 2 Testing Network Connectivity Using PVCs The network connectivity tests require that two ATM adapters are connected to an ATM switch with PVCs as shown in Figure 10 2 The carrier lights should be unlit on the boards and on the switch indicating that the fibers are OK Local Host ATM Switch Remote Host 1_ am Run ping Run atmstat faO 1 Figure 10 2 Hardware Configuration for Checking PVCs The network connectivity test suite shown in Figure 10 3 examines higher level functionality after basic adapter board performance has been verified by passing all the tests and checks shown in Figure 10 1 10 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Anua ay 199402 diewe uny p UOUMS 1994102 diewe ung ejouJ8J WO snonunuo5 x99uo JeBeueui yomu Aq SJ0JJ8 OU saline uoneun6iuoo A olf jnsdeoue dl 49849 uoi BOUDI JoDeueu 9 SI BACH u SM 9 OWSI uo IOWIdA AjueA U
84. 9IIMS UO Or 4 Ae pue 1 sjoo uo SM d YOUMS uo Oe swe je90 uo sed Kua YY AHA ung S 99 ou ejouioJ A ejyouJeJ pue enn m S101419 fios Seria jow Aq 2 1 q S101419 OU 5 2 x IVY pue 5199 IONIdA PUE 199 192 ON U9UM pue uny A snonunuoo uo sue uny 9 S dewe ung euoeo NIV ue 918912 A A diewe uny ayoed WLY LOL aanbid UI 159 MO peog Figure 10 3 Networking Connectivity Using PVCs 10 9 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting This test sequence requires that the switch be configured with a valid PVC and the end sta tions have the proper IP configuration and ATM ARP cache entries See the atmarp man page and Chapter 4 of the ForeRunner Switch manual to determine if the PVCs are correctly configured The tests in Figure 10 3 assume that a ping was tried and there was no response ping failed The tests in Figure 10 3 also require that if a switch is used it is a FORE Systems switch on which SPANS has
85. AN it wishes to join before it may participate in the ELAN ForeThought 4 1 0 supports a maximum of 16 LECs per adapter card 6 2 2 LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS The LECS is responsible for the initial configuration of LECs It provides information about available ELANs that a LEC may join together with the address of the LES associated with each ELAN With ForeThought 4 1 0 the user may also use the LECS to associate multiple LESs with a given ELAN This feature allows LECs to failover to a hierarchy of redundant ser vices if the primary LES for an ELAN goes down mo 39 gt 2 5 6 2 3 LAN Emulation Server LES The LES implements the control coordination function for the ELAN The LES provides the service of registering and resolving MAC addresses to ATM addresses A LEC registers its own address with the LES A LEC also queries the LES when the client wishes to resolve a MAC address to an ATM address The LES either responds directly to the client or forwards the query to other clients so they may respond There is only one instance of an active LES per ELAN 6 2 4 Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS Unlike traditional shared media LAN architectures such as Ethernet and Token Ring ATM is connection based Therefore it has no built in mechanism for handling connectionless traffic such as broadcasts multicasts and unknown unicasts In an emulated LAN the BUS is responsible for servicing
86. AP address of the LAN Emulation Configuration Server display the list of Emulated LANs configured in the LECS for this host display the list of ELANSs locally configured along with the membership state of each and locally administer ELAN membership Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EEPROM an EPROM that can be cleared with electrical signals rather than the traditional ultraviolet light Electromagnetic Interference EMl signals generated and radiated by an electronic device that cause interference with radio communications among other effects Electronics Industries Association EIA a USA trade organization that issues its own stan dards and contributes to ANSI developed RS 232 Membership includes USA manufacturers Embedded SNMP Agent an SNMP agent can come in two forms embedded or proxy An embedded SNMP agent is integrated into the physical hardware and software of the unit Emulated Local Area Network ELAN A logical network initiated by using the mechanisms defined by LAN Emulation This could include ATM and legacy attached end stations Glossary 12 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary End System ES a system where an ATM connection is terminated or initiated an originat ing end system initiates the connection a terminating end system terminates the connection End System Identifier ESI This identifier distinguishes multiple nodes at the same level in cas
87. Answer y if you wish to enter the ATM address that the ELAN named in the previous prompt is to use when communicating with the LES Answer n if you wish ELAN members to use the LECS to discover the ATM address of the ELAN s LES ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 13 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Enter ELAN name to configure return to end If you wish to configure another ELAN enter the ELAN name here If you are finished config uring ELANS press the return key to end ELAN configuration The script then presents the current LAN emulation configuration similar to the following Current configuration information LECS ATM Address Well Known ELAN Automatic ELAN Adapter Number 0 Interface Name elo Do You Want To Modify Configuration Information n Answer y if you wish to change delete or add LAN emulation configuration information Save Configuration Information y n Answer y if you wish to save the configuration information that you have entered The system responds with a line indicating the configuration information is being saved in a file called fore lanem conf You must manually create a start link to etc init d clip An error occurred while trying to make a symbolic link from the file etc init d clip to etc rc2 d S99c1lip This symbolic link is used to insure that SNMP and Classical IP are initialized correctly You should manually create a symbolic link using t
88. Classical Network 5 16 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 1 Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 1 Introduction This chapter describes how to design configure and maintain an Emulated LAN ELAN over an ATM network An ELAN provides communication of user data frames among all members of the ELAN similar to a physical LAN One or more ELANs may run simulta neously and independently on the same ATM network Just as with physical LANs commu nication between ELANS is possible only through routers or bridges The current software release supports emulation of Ethernet IEEE 802 3 and Token Ring LANs Each ELAN is composed of a set of LAN Emulation Clients LECs a LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS a LAN Emulation Server LES and a Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS Each LEC resides in an ATM host system PC Macintosh Unix workstation or switch In the current software release the LECS LES and BUS may reside either in a Fore Runner switch or in a Unix workstation running SunOS version 4 1 x or Solaris versions 2 4 and 2 5 Additional software features include intelligent BUSs and a LEC failover mecha nism that can provide redundancy to an ELAN ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 1 38 gt 2 5 Configuring Emulated LAN 6 2 Emulated LAN Components The components of an emulated LAN include LAN Emulatio
89. Configurable ATM Network Interface Name The name to be used for all FORE IP SPANS interfaces can be chosen during installation This feature allows users to customize their environment but more importantly it allows FORE interfaces to be installed successfully along with other vendors products which hard code their name as a The interface name can be a maximum of eight E characters subject to possible limitations of specific operating systems gt lt ez 36 5 3 _ 5 ES 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 15 Network Interface Administration 4 3 NAME atmarp 8c atmarp manipulate Internet to ATM address mappings SYNOPSIS atmarp N hostname atmarp N a atmarp d hostname atmarp atmarp s hostname device vci aal encapsulation peak atmarp l device aal decapsulation atmarp x device vci atmarp hostname device vci revalidate peak atmarp hostname atmarp m device vci aal encapsulation peak atmarp u atmarp ATMaddress device atmarp 2 device atmarp hostname ATMaddress device atmarp ATMaddress device atmarp g device atmarp t device atmarp v device DESCRIPTION The atmarp program displays and deletes Internet to ATM address translation table entries used by the ATM address resolution protocol It also allows IP traffic to particular destinations to be ro
90. D the lower sublayer of the IEEE s link layer OSI which complements the Logical Link Control LLC Media Attachment Unit MAU device used in Ethernet and IEEE 802 3 networks that provides the interface between the AUI port of a station and the common medium of the Ethernet The MAU which can be built into a station or can be a separate device performs physical layer functions including conversion of the digital data from the Ethernet interface collision detec tion and injection of bits onto the network ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 21 Glossary Media Interface Connector MIC fiber optic connector that joins fiber to the FDDI controller Message Identifier MID message identifier used to associate ATM cells that carry segments from the same higher layer packet Metasignalling an ATM Layer Management LM process that manages different types of sig nalling and possibly semipermanent virtual channels VCs including the assignment removal and checking of VCs Metasignalling VCs the standardized VCs that convey metasignalling information across a User to Network Interface UNT Metropolitan Area Network MAN network designed to carry data over an area larger than a campus such as an entire city and its outlying area MicroChannel a proprietary 16 or 32 bit bus developed by IBM for its 5 2 computers inter nal expansion cards also offered by others Minimum Cell Rat
91. E IP information includes the state of load balancing automatic failover parameter settings and the state of multicast Load balancing and automatic failover groups are D including group number and the units belonging to that group Unit numbers followed by an asterisk indicate the unit is currently not operational SPANS information includes the state of the interface and the VPI and VCI values for SPANS signaling and connectionless messages 0 2931 information includes the state of the interface and the VPI and VCI values for Q 2931 signaling If the media type for the ATM device is OC3 the current OC3 configuration is also displayed For the current framing used frame and stream scrambling state device timing source and loopback state are displayed OPTIONS m Set the MTU on the specified interface The largest MTU permissible is 65535 bytes s Enable Disable SPANS signaling on the specified device u Set Disable Q 2931 signaling on the specified device It can be set to UNI3 0 UNI 3 1 or auto configuration mode ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration b Enable Disable IP load balancing When load balancing is enabled all IP traffic traveling over SVCs and destined for an ATM network will automatically be balanced at connection setup time based upon the total peak bandwidth of all connections through an interface across all FORE ATM interfaces attached to that
92. ES and BUS pairs for each ELAN While the LEC is only interacting with one LES at a time it is ready to move to the next LES and BUS in the list if the current LES fails If itis using a backup LES and BUS pair the LEC will period ically check if the primary LES and BUS pair in the failover sequence is again available If it is the LEC resumes the connection to the original pair 1 2 7 Automatic ELAN Selection To simplify configuration of the ELAN ForeThought 4 1 allows a host to join an ELAN without specifying an ELAN name If the LECS has been configured to provide the required informa tion and you do not manually specify an ELAN name to join when you configure the ELAN driver the host initially attempts to join the ELAN specified by the LECS The host successfully joins the ELAN if the LECS is available the proper LES address for the ELAN has been speci fied in the LECS and the LES and BUS are available Only one ELAN driver can use automatic ELAN selection When configuring other ELAN drivers you must specify the ELAN name ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 1 5 Introduction 1 2 8 Intelligent BUS This feature reduces broadcast traffic by using the MAC address information in the LES When an intelligent BUS receives a unicast frame the BUS first checks the LES s mapping table to see if the MAC address is registered there If it is the BUS routes the frame directly to the destination instead of broadca
93. FORE program used to manage virtual paths on a ForeRunner switch running asxd ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 9 Glossary cport a FORE program that monitors and changes the state of ports on a ForeRunner switch running asxd Cross Connection a mapping between two channels or paths at a network device Customer Premise Equipment CPE equipment that is on the customer side of the point of demarcation as opposed to equipment that is on a carrier side See also point of demarcation Cut Through Establishment of a complete path for signaling and or audio communications Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC an error detection scheme in which a number is derived from the data that will be transmitted By recalculating the CRC at the remote end and com paring it to the value originally transmitted the receiving node can detect errors D3 D4 Refers to compliance with AT amp T TR Technical Reference 62411 definitions for coding supervision and alarm support D3 D4 compatibility ensures support of digital PBXes M24 services Megacom services and Mode 3 D3 D4 channel banks at DS 1 level D4 Channelization refers to compliance with AT amp T Technical Reference 62411 regarding DS1 frame layout the sequential assignment of channels and time slot numbers within the DS1 D4 Framed Framing Format in T1 a 193 bit frame format in which the 193rd bit is used for framing and signaling information the
94. ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual F Q N MANUO073 01 April 1997 SYSTEMS Software Version 4 1 FORE Systems Inc 1000 FORE Drive Warrendale PA 15086 Phone 412 742 4444 FAX 412 772 6500 http www fore com Legal Notices Copyright 9 1995 1997 FORE Systems Inc All rights reserved FORE Systems is a registered trademark and ForeRunner ForeThought ForeView PowerHub and CellPath are trademarks of FORE Systems Inc All other brands or product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders U S Government Restricted Rights If you are licensing the Software on behalf of the U S Government Government the following provisions apply to you If the Software is supplied to the Department of Defense DoD it is classified as Commercial Computer Software under paragraph 252 227 7014 of the DoD Supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regu lations DFARS or any successor regulations and the Government is acquiring only the license rights granted herein the license rights customarily provided to non Government users If the Software is supplied to any unit or agency of the Government other than DoD it is classified as Restricted Computer Software and the Government s rights in the Soft ware are defined in paragraph 52 227 19 of the Federal Acquisition Regulations FAR or any successor regulations or in the cases of NASA in paragraph 18 52 227 86 of
95. I standard that extends the computer bus over fairly short distances at speeds of 800 and 1600 Mbps High Speed Serial Interface HSSI a serial communications connection that operates at speeds of up to 1 544 Mbps Host In a network the primary or controlling computer in a multiple computer installation HPUX the Hewlett Packard version of UNIX Hub a device that connects several other devices usually in a star topology Module FORE s interface cards for the LAX 20 LAN Access Switch designed to connect Ethernet Token Ring and FDDI LANs to ForeRunner ATM networks Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE world s largest technical profes sional society Based in the U S the IEEE sponsors technical conferences symposia amp local meetings worldwide publishes nearly 2576 of the world s technical papers in electrical elec tronics amp computer engineering provides educational programs for members and promotes standardization IEEE 802 Standards for the interconnection of LAN computer equipment Deals with the Data Link Layers of the ISO Reference Model for OSI IEEE 802 1 Defines the high level network interfaces such as architecture internetworking and network management IEEE 802 2 Defines the Logical Link Control interface between the Data Link and Network Layers IEEE 802 3 Defines CSMA CD Ethernet IEEE 802 4 Defines the token passing bus IEEE 802 5 Defines the Token Rin
96. NI Frame Based UNI Generic Connection Admission Control Generic Cell Rate Algorithm Generic Flow Control High Density Bipolar High Level Data Link Control Header Error Control High Performance Parallel Interface High Speed Serial Interface Internet Control Message Protocol ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Acronyms 3 gt 5 lt 3 Acronyms IDU Interface Data Unit IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IETF Internet Engineering Task Force ILMI Interim Local Management Interface IP Internet Protocol IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange IS Intermediate system ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISO International Standards Organization ITU T International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication IWF Interworking Function IXC Interexchange Carriers JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group Kbps Kilobits per second LAN Local Area Network LANE LAN Emulation LAPB Link Access Procedure Balanced LATA Local Access and Transport Area LBO Line Build Out LCV Line Code Violations LE ARP LAN Emulation Address Resolution Protocol LEC LAN Emulation Client LECS LAN Emulation Configuration Server LES LAN Emulation Server LLC Logical Link Control LOF Loss Of Frame LOP Loss Of Pointer LOS Loss Of Signal LSB Least Significant Bit MAC Media Access Control MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAU Media Attachment Unit MBS Maximum Burst Size MCDV Maximum Cell Dela
97. Table of Contents 10 2 1 Verifying the Outgoing ATM ARP Entry 10 11 10 2 2 T 10 12 10 2 2 1 No Cells Received by Remote 10 12 10 2 2 2 Cells and VPI VCI Errors Received by Remote 10 13 10 2 2 3 Cells and AAL Errors Received by Remote 10 13 10 2 2 4 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting No lt 10 13 10 2 2 5 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting 10 14 103 LAN Emulation 0 10 15 10 3 1 Troubleshooting 10 15 10 4 Collecting Additional Information 10 19 10 4 1 Basic Information ii pere tee erem p E Ai ec e 10 19 10 4 2 10 19 10 4 8 Switch Information 10 22 APPENDIX LED Indicators A 1 LED LOCation Gels 1 Acronyms Glossary Index ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 Table of Contents TOC 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual List of Figures CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 1 Figure 1 2 Figure 1 3 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 2 3 Figure 2 4 Figure 2 5 Figure 2 6 Figure 2 7
98. VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 21 Multi homing and Ethernet Networks If you wish to have your workstation reside on both an and Ethernet network you must assign an IP hostname and address on different networks to each interface Figure 4 1 illus trates the basic network topology for this type of configuration In this example to access the workstations on the or Ethernet side of the network you need only specify the IP host name or address of the specific workstation eee 1_ ETHERNET Ho ws1 eth N ATM wsi um E N aaa aaa aaa 2 ws2 atm Point to point or Through Switch Figure 4 1 Multi homing Network Configuration The following is an example of multi homing using the ftp command to transfer a file using either ATM or Ethernet In this example ws2 is the workstation to which you want to connect To use the command over type ftp ws2 atm To use the command over Ethernet type ftp ws2 eth gt lt ez 36 5 3 _ 5 ES 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 5 Network Interface Administration 4 2 2 Configuring a Workstation as ATM Only If you wish to have a workstation on an ATM only network but still have access to worksta tions outside the ATM network you need to add an ATM to Ethernet router and perform additional
99. VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 1 Glossary Address Resolution Protocol ARP a method used to resolve higher level protocol addressing such as IP into the appropriate header data required for i e port VPI and VCI also defines the AAL type to be used Agent a component of network and desktop management software such as SNMP that gathers information from MIBs alarm an unsolicited message from a device typically indicating a problem with the system that requires attention Alarm Indication Signal AIS In T1 an all ones condition used to alert a receiver that its incoming signal or frame has been lost The loss of signal or frame is detected at the receiv ing end and the failed signal is replaced by all the ones condition which the receiver interprets as an AIS The normal response to this is AIS is for the receiving end to generate a yellow alarm signal as part of its transmission towards the faulty end The AIS itself is sometimes called a Blue Signal A Law The PCM coding and companding standard used in Europe Allowable Cell Rate ACR parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic manage ment ACR varies between the MCR and the PCR and is dynamically controlled using con gestion control mechanisms Alternate Mark Inversion AMI A line coding format used on 1 facilities that transmits ones by alternate positive and negative pulses Alternate Routing A mechanism that supports t
100. aced by an eight bit code representing two inten tional bipolar pulse code violations 000V10V1 Glossary 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Bipolar Violation BPV an error event on a line in which the normal pattern of alternating high one and low zero signals is disrupted A bipolar violation is noted when two high sig nals occur without an intervening low signal or vice versa B ISDN Inter Carrier Interface B ICI An ATM Forum defined specification for the interface between public ATM networks to support user services across multiple public carriers 550 9 Bit Error Rate BER A measure of transmission quality generally shown as a negative expo nent e g 107 which means 1 out of 107 bits 1 out of 10 000 000 bits are in error Bit Interleaved Parity BIP an error detection technique in which character bit patterns are forced into parity so that the total number of one bits is always odd or always even This is accomplished by the addition of a one or zero bit to each byte as the byte is transmitted at the other end of the transmission the receiving device verifies the parity odd or even and the accuracy of the transmission Bit Robbing The use of the least significant bit per channel in every sixth frame for signaling Bit Stuffing A process in bit oriented protocols where a zero is inserted into a string of ones by the sender to prevent the receiver from inter
101. ack to back erp 7 1 Berkeley socket interface 9 1 Broadcast and Unknown Server 6 3 broadcast packets 1 5 cons da i4 E dud PEE 6 3 CONAN 8 2 Classical network 5 1 Classical IP Operation 5 8 Classical 5 10 Classical IP virtual network interface 5 2 Classical IP unsupported 5 9 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual configuration adapter to other vendor 7 3 emulated LAN example 1 3 configuration adapter switch 7 2 connection Configuration Direct 6 4 Control Direct 6 4 Control Distribute 6 4 Data Ditect iss 6 4 Multicast Forward 6 4 Multicast Send 6 4 connection process LEC 1 4 Cpatliz n bdo des 8 2 OPOLE od eei du p es 8 2 D debugging 5 11 DIP Switches e es 2 3 disable SPANS signalling 4 8 display current configuration 4 8 dynam clP RR exi 4 7 E ELAN Lester beet Rb pA 6 1 tubes oor pine se dd 8 2 elcontig s oec AR 8 3 Emu lated D AN 2 Rt bots 6s agente 6 1 Address Resolution 6 6 Components
102. al Area Network Virtual Path Virtual Path Connection Virtual Private Data Network Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Path Link Virtual Private Network Virtual Path Terminator Virtual Source Virtual Destination Virtual Tributary Wide Area Network Zero Byte Time Slot Interchange gt 5 lt 3 7 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Acronyms 7 Acronyms Acronyms 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 550 9 10Base T 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet specification utilizing twisted pair cabling Category 3 4 or 5 10BaseT which is part of the IEEE 802 3 specification has a distance limit of approx imately 100 meters per segment 802 1d Spanning Tree Bridging the IEEE standard for bridging a MAC layer standard for transparently connecting two or more LANS often called subnetworks that are running the same protocols and cabling This arrangement creates an extended network in which any two workstations on the linked LANs can share data 802 3 Ethernet the IEEE standard for Ethernet a physical layer standard that uses the CSMA CD access method on a bus topology LAN 802 5 Token Ring the IEEE physical layer standard that uses the token passing access method on a ring topology LAN AAL Connection an association established by the AAL between two or more next higher layer entities Adapter A fitting that supplies a passage betwee
103. annel Connection unidirectional concatenation of VCLs that extends between the points where the ATM service users access the ATM Layer The points at which the ATM cell payload is passed to or received from the users of the ATM Layer i e a higher layer or ATMM entity for processing signify the endpoints of a VCC Virtual Channel Identifier VCI the address or label of a VC a value stored in a field in the ATM cell header that identifies an individual virtual channel to which the cell belongs VCI values may be different for each data link hop of an ATM virtual connection Virtual Channel Link VCL a means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VCI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed Virtual Channel Switch a network element that connects VCLs It terminates VPCs and trans lates VCI values The Virtual Channel Switch is directed by Control Plane functions and relays the cells of a VC Virtual Connection an endpoint to endpoint connection in an ATM network A virtual con nection can be either a virtual path or a virtual channel Virtual Local Area Network VLAN Work stations connected to an intelligent device which provides the capabilities to define LAN membership Virtual Network Software VINES Banyan s network operating system based on UNIX and its protocols Virtual Path VP a unidirectional logical association or bundle of VCs Vir
104. apter to Other Vendor Configuration ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual e 3 E E 5 7 YAOMION NLY Network Configurations 7 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual VE Additional Administration Information 8 1 Additional Software and Manual Pages This ForeRunner 200 release contains administrative and example programs along with on line manual pages Please make these files accessible to ATM application program mers and system administrators as appropriate By adding the usr etc fore etc directory to the PATH environment variable the usr etc fore man directory to the MANPATH environment variable and the lib directory to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable you will make the files available from the working directories of the people who will use them If you installed your software in a directory other E than those given above be sure to set the environment variables accordingly ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual gt 3 5 n 2 zt fe El gt 2 2 z 5 D Additional Administration Information 8 2 VMA 200E Administrative Programs The following ForeRunner VMA 200E administrative programs are included with this release of the software asxmon atmarp atmconfig atmstat cchan cpath cport looptest snmpd top
105. arer Class X BECN Backward Explicit Congestion Notification BER Bit Error Rate BES Bursty Errored Seconds BGP Border Gateway Protocol B ICI B ISDN Inter Carrier Interface BIP Bit Interleaved Parity B ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network B ISUP Broadband ISDN User s Part ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Acronyms 1 gt 7 5 lt 3 Acronyms BITS Building Integrated Timing Supply BNC Bayonet Neill Concelman BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit bps Bits per Second BPV Bipolar Violation B TE Broadband Terminal Equipment BUS Broadcast and Unknown Server CAC Connection Admission Control CAS Channel Associated Signaling CBDS Connectionless Broadband Data Service CBR Constant Bit Rate CCITT International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee CCS Common Channel Signaling CDV Cell Delay Variation CE Connection Endpoint CEI Connection Endpoint Identifier CES Circuit Emulation Service CGA Carrier Group Alarm CIP Carrier Identification Parameter CIR Committed Information Rate CLIP Classical IP CLP Cell Loss Priority CLR Cell Loss Ratio 1 15 CLS Connectionless service CMIP Common Management Interface Protocol CMR Cell Misinsertion Rate CPE Customer Premise Equipment CRA Cell Rate Adaptation CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CRS Cell Relay Service cs Controlled Slip or Convergence Sublayer CSU Channel Service Unit CTD Cell Transfer Delay CTS Clear To Send DACS Digital Acces
106. be the case This section will describe how to configure a network with the following scenarios e Configuring a third party host that has no ILMI or RFC 1577 support e Configuring a third party switch that has support e Configuring a third party switch that has no ILMI support but has RFC 1577 sup port 5 12 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical Network 5 6 1 Third Party Host with No ILMI and No RFC 1577 Support In establishing this configuration the third party equipment must support 3 0 or 3 1 and have LLC SNAP encapsulation To configure a network with a third party vendor s host or an edge device that does not support ILMI or RFC 1577 as shown in Figure 5 1 perform the following steps go D O 223 O JE 5 m EE FORE Third Party Host No ILMI No RFC 1577 Figure 5 1 Configuring a Third Party Host with No ILMI and No RFC 1577 Support 1 Before you begin this process you must have already installed software on the FORE host which is the ARP server FORE software must also be installed and run ning on the other FORE equipment 2 Using the configuration software of the third party host assign an ATM address with the same prefix as its switch 3 Configure the switch so that it has a static route to the third party host using the following AMI command confi
107. bility of broken connections gt lt ez a3 ES 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 13 Network Interface Administration Load balancing should be off ie not used E when using the API library functions Refer to the atm gethostbyname 4N man page for more details The command atmconfig b is used to enable and disable IP load balancing and automatic failover IP load balancing and automatic failover are enabled by default The atmconfig g command is used to set the frequency at which the network interface is veri fied to be operational default is five seconds atmconfig h command sets the time to spend retrying a failed interface before declaring the interface down default is ten seconds Section 4 4 contains complete information on atmconfig For purposes of bandwidth comparison all E Unspecified Bit Rate UBR IP connections are assumed to have a peak rate of 50 Mbps The specific IP addresses assigned to multiple interfaces are not important to the load balancing operation Each of the interfaces may be configured to be on the same subnet or different subnets 4 2 10 Settable Peak Cell Rate for FORE IP SVCs The peak cell rate for FORE IP SVCs can be set Traffic over all FORE IP SVCs opened on a given interface is limited to the peak cell rate specified for that interface The q option in atmconfig 8c is used to set the peak cell rate to a spe
108. ble Processor Architecture Reduced instruction set Computer SPE Synchronous Payload Envelope SPVC Smart PVC SS7 Signaling System No 7 SSCOP Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol SSCS Service Specific Convergence Sublayer ST Straight Tip or Stick and Turn STM Synchronous Transfer Mode Acronyms 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual STS SVC SVCC SVPC TAXI TC TCP TCP IP TCR TCS TDM TE TFTP UAS UBR UDP UNI UPC UTOPIA UTP VBR VCL VINES VLAN VP VPC VPDN vPI VPL VPN VPT VS VD VT WAN ZBTSI Acronyms Shielded Twisted Pair Spanning Tree Protocol Synchronous Transport Signal Switched Virtual Circuit or Channel Switched Virtual Channel Connection Switched Virtual Path Connection Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver Interface Transmission Convergence Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol Tagged Cell Rate Transmission Convergence Sublayer Time Division Multiplexing Terminal Equipment Trivial File Transfer Protocol Traffic Management Unavailable Seconds Unspecified Bit Rate User Datagram Protocol User to Network Interface Usage Parameter Control Universal Test amp Operations Interface for ATM Unshielded Twisted Pair Variable Bit Rate Virtual Channel or Circuit Virtual Channel Connection Virtual Channel Identifier Virtual Channel Link Virtual Network Software Virtual Loc
109. blished IP datagrams are encapsulated using IEEE 802 2 LLC SNAP and are segmented into ATM cells using ATM Adaptation Layer type 5 AAL5 In addition the default Maximum Transmission Unit MTU is 9 180 bytes the SNAP header adds 8 more bytes with a maximum packet size of 65 535 bytes There is currently no support for IP broadcast datagrams or IP multicast datagrams in a Classical IP environment ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 1 Configuring a Classical Network 5 1 1 Logical IP Subnets An important concept in Classical IP networks is that of a Logical IP Subnet LIS An LIS isa group of hosts configured to be members of the same IP subnet that is they have the same IP network and subnetwork numbers In this sense one LIS can be equated to one legacy LAN Itis possible to maintain several overlaid LISs on the same physical ATM network Therefore in a Classical IP ATM network placing a host on a specific subnet is a logical choice rather than a physical one In this type of environment communication between hosts in different LISs is only permitted by communicating through an IP router which is a member of both LISs as per RFC 1577 The number of LISs and the division of hosts into each LIS is purely an administrative issue Limitations of IP addressing IP packet filtering and administrative boundaries may guide a manager into establishing several 1155 onto a single network Keep in
110. by the source Spanning Tree Protocol provides loop free topology in a network environment where there are redundant paths Static Route a route that is entered manually into the routing table Statistical Multiplexing a technique for allowing multiple channels and paths to share the same link typified by the ability to give the bandwidth of a temporarily idle channel to another channel Stick and Click SC Designation for an Optical Connector featuring a 2 5 mm physically con tacting ferrule with a push pull mating design Commonly referred to as Structured Cabling Structured Connectors or Stick and Click Stick and Turn ST A fiber optic connector designed by AT amp T which uses the bayonet style coupling rather than screw on as the SMA uses The ST is generally considered the eventual replacement for the SMA type connector Store and Forward the technique of receiving a message storing it until the proper outgoing line is available then retransmitting it with no direct connection between incoming and out going lines Straight Tip ST see Stick and Turn Structured Cabling SC see Stick and Click ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 31 Glossary Structured Connectors SC see Stick and Click Sublayer a logical subdivision of a layer SubNetwork Access Protocol SNAP specially reserved variant of IEEE 802 2 encoding SNAP indicates to look further into the packe
111. byte cells Each cell has a 5 byte header that identifies the cell s route through the network and 48 bytes containing user data This user data in turn carries any headers or trailers required by higher level protocols Perhaps the single most important advantage offered by ATM in addition to data transfer speed is its open ended growth path ATM is not locked into a single physical medium or speed The fixed size ATM cell allows traffic from multiple sources simultaneous video audio and data communication to be switched to multiple destinations by fast ATM switches For example a ForeRunner ASX 1000 ATM Switch can connect up to 96 users and has an aggregate capacity of 10 gigabits per second Larger LANs can be built by interconnecting multiple ForeRunner ATM switches ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Qa A o Introduction 1 2 Overview of LAN Emulation FORE System s ForeThought 4 1 LAN Emulation LANE software is compliant with the ATM Forum s LAN Emulation Over ATM Version 1 0 specification LAN Emulation allows higher level protocols and LAN applications to interoperate without modifications with an ATM network The LANE components running on the ATM network work together to emulate an Ethernet or Token Ring LAN This emulated Ethernet or Token Ring LAN is called an emulated LAN ELAN The ELAN components resolve MAC addresses to ATM addresses replace the connectionless op
112. c cable in which the signal or light propagates in multiple modes or paths Since these paths may have varying lengths a transmitted pulse of light may be received at different times and smeared to the point that pulses may interfere with surrounding pulses This may cause the signal to be difficult or impossible to receive This pulse dispersion sometimes limits the distance over which a MMF link can operate Multiplexing a function within a layer that interleaves the information from multiple connec tions into one connection see demultiplexing Glossary 22 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Multipoint Access user access in which more than one terminal equipment TE is supported by a single network termination Multipoint to Multipoint Connection a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links and their associated endpoint nodes with the following properties 1 All N nodes in the connection called Endpoints serve as a Root Node in a Point to Multi point connection to all of the N 1 remaining endpoints 550 9 2 Bach of the endpoints can send information directly to any other endpoint but the receiv ing endpoint cannot distinguish which of the endpoints is sending information without additional e g higher layer information Multipoint to Point Connection a Point to Multipoint Connection may have zero bandwidth from the Root Node to the Leaf Nodes and non zero return band
113. ccessible by any SNMP network management system The software supports the UNI 3 0 and UNI 3 1 signalling standards The current revision of software ForeThought 4 1 is also compliant with the Forum s LAN Emulation over Version 1 0 standard The ForeRunner API library supplied with the VMA 200E offers applications access to the unique features of ATM such as guaranteed bandwidth reservation per connection selection of 5 3 4 or O null and multicasting with dynamic addition and deletion of recipients APPLICATION SOFIWARE EXISTING TCP IP INTERFACE NEW ATM API INTERFACE SOCKET INTERFACE P SIGNALLING Figure 1 3 Software Architecture ForeRunner 200 VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 Qa o Introduction 1 5 4 200 Advanced Cell Processor Architecture The VMA 200E s Advanced Cell Processor Architecture provides optimized on board cell pro cessing functions including segmentation and reassembly The software device driver pro vides a high performance packet level interface to the cell processing engine The driver identifies the data packets to be communicated over ATM the cell processing engine does the rest 1 5 2 Software Features The 4 1 release of ForeThought software supports the Forum LAN Emulation Over Version 1 0 standard The particular features supported include LAN
114. cific value or to turn off peak cell rate control The effect of this option differs for VMA 200 versus VMA 200E adapters For example on the VMA 200 the command atmconfig q 0 does not limit the peak cell rate However send ing the same command to the VMA 200E sets the peak cell rate to the nearest supported rate 587K b s See Section 4 4 for more information 4 14 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 2 11 MTU Size An interface s maximum transmission unit MTU can be set up to 65535 bytes Certain operat ing systems have maximum values for the MTU which in some cases are much smaller than 65535 bytes for example the maximum MTU size for the FORE API under SunOS 4 1 3 is 32763 On these systems an attempt to increase the MTU past the maximum value supported by the operating system results in the MTU being set to the maximum supported value The default MTU is 9188 bytes for FORE IP interfaces 9180 bytes for Classical IP interfaces and 1516 bytes for an emulated LAN interface e10 ell 12 etc 65535 byte MTU is sup ported for AAL types null 0 four 4 and five 5 CAUTION Caution should be used when increasing the MTU A large MTU increases the probability of cell loss which therefore increases the probability of packet loss due to reassembly errors Cell loss may increase due to buffer overflow in the network and on the adapter cards 4 2 12 User
115. cification is a standard feature Multicasting is per formed by the switch hardware Multicasting can be performed over SVCs as well as PVCs Multicast SVCs are created using the SPANS UNI and SPANS NNI protocols Multicasting is also supported for LAN emulation Applications wishing to use multicast SVCs join and leave multicast groups under their own control can use the standard socket options IP ADD MEMBERSHIP and IP DROP MEMBERSHIP 4 12 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration FORE IP multicasting is only available on E platforms with OS support for IP multicast All Internet Group Membership Protocol IGMP messages are transmitted to all members of an IP multicast group using the connectionless service This drastically reduces the number of VCs required in the ATM network for IP multicast support since a host which is strictly receiving from a group need not have a connection open for transmission to the group When a host opens a connection to transmit to an IP multicast group it automatically adds the address DVMRP MCAST NET 224 0 0 4 as a member of that group Since all IP multicast routers are members of the DVMRP MCAST NET group routers now have the ability to route IP multicast packets from an ATM network to other networks There are two modes possible for PVCs In the first case a PVC is created for every multicast group to which the host wishes to send traffic In t
116. contains a Class 1 laser Safety Agency Compliance This preface provides safety precautions to follow when installing a FORE Systems Inc prod uct Safety Precautions For your protection observe the following safety precautions when setting up your equip ment e Follow all warnings and instructions marked on the equipment e Ensure that the voltage and frequency of your power source matches the voltage and frequency inscribed on the equipment s electrical rating label e Never push objects of any kind through openings in the equipment Dangerous voltages may be present Conductive foreign objects could produce a short circuit that could cause fire electric shock or damage to your equipment Modifications to Equipment Do not make mechanical or electrical modifications to the equipment FORE Systems Inc is not responsible for regulatory compliance of a modified FORE product vi ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual e PY Iz Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the ATM Standard and the FORE Systems VMA 200E adapter It details the hardware and software requirements necessary to use the VMA 200E and also provides information on the contents of the 200 package 1 1 Overview of the ATM Standard Asynchronous Transfer Mode or ATM is a communication architecture based on the switch ing of small fixed length packets of data called cells In ATM all data is transferred in 53
117. cover and connect the other end of the fiber cable to the respective transmit receive connectors on the faceplate Two faceplates are provided Determine which E fits your VMEbus card cage cover and assemble with the connectors provided Replace the top and bottom airflow bars 5 Close the system unit 6 Reconnect the cable to the power supply on the system unit Plug the system s power cord into the AC power and power on the system I a g 5 D z 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 15 Hardware Installation ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation and Kernel Configuration The following instructions detail the software installation and kernel configuration proce dures for the VMA 200E adapter software and device driver In order to take full advantage of the 200 a new kernel must be created containing the 200 device driver This must be done to enable the card to support the Internet Protocol suite and the user level ATM API Application Programming Interface 3 1 VMA 200E Installation Requirements The following are requirements to ensure proper installation of the 200 software e RIX53 e Root Password e Approximately 18 5 Mb of disk space to untar the tape e Approximately 10Mb of space in Usr for applications firmware etc e Approximately 3 8 Mb in to hold th
118. ction of data grouped and transmitted with its user identification over a shared facility Packet Assembler Disassembler PAD interface device that buffers data sent to from charac ter mode devices and assembles and disassembles the packets needed for X 25 operation Packet Internet Groper ping a program used to test reachability of destinations by sending them an ICMP echo request and waiting for a reply Packet Level Protocol PLP Network layer protocol in the X 25 protocol stack Sometimes called X 25 Level 3 or X 25 Protocol Packet Switched Network PSN a network designed to carry data in the form of packets The packet and its format is internal to that network Packet Switching a communications paradigm in which packets messages are individually routed between hosts with no previously established communications path Payload Scrambling a technique that eliminates certain bit patterns that may occur within an ATM cell payload that could be misinterpreted by certain sensitive transmission equipment as an alarm condition Payload Type PT bits 2 4 in the fourth byte of an cell header The PT indicates the type of information carried by the cell At this time values 0 3 are used to identify various types of user data values 4 and 5 indicate management information and values 6 and 7 are reserved for future use Peak Cell Rate at the PHY Layer SAP of a point to point VCC the Peak Cell Rate is the inverse
119. ded by read accesses to maintain register state The register is accessed via VMEbus data bits 7 0 The following table shows bit definitions and function descriptions for the register s write and read states I a 0 5 o D 25 Table 2 3 Host Control Register VME Data Bit Write Description Read Description 0 CPU reset sticky maintains state CPU reset Resets the i960 and periphery logic 1 Hold Lock sticky bit maintains state Hold Lock Sets the 1960 hold local bus request input 2 Sets the 1960 slave interrupt VME64 mode 3 None 1960 Fail output 4 None Board test mode ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 5 Hardware Installation 2 2 1 4 VMEbus A32 Long Slave Address Space VMEbus A32 Extended Slave address space is decoded using the eight most significant bits of the 32 bit VMEbus address bus A31 24 Therefore SW2 switch positions 1 through 8 must be configured to reflect the byte wide hexadecimal values chosen for A32 base addressing In the following table binary 0 and binary E 1 OFF Table 2 4 A32 Base Addressing VME Long base addr SW2 SW2 SW2 SW2 SW2 SW2 SW2 SW2 VA31 24 hex 1 2 pos 3 4 5 pos 6 pos 7 pos 8 00 01 off 02 on on o
120. dministration To maintain this route across a reboot add the appropriate route command to your etc rc2 d S3lnetwork file 4 2 4 Disabling Signalling If your VMA 200E adapter is connected to a SPANS capable device such as a ForeRunner ASX ATM switch you may ignore this step in configuring the IP PVC If your VMA 200E adapter is not connected to another SPANS capable device such as a ForeRunner ASX ATM Switch you must disable SPANS signalling in the device driver for that unit Disabling the signalling informs the device driver that it may send and receive cells without knowing its physical address which is typically supplied by the SPANS capable device The atmconfig command can enable disable or report on the state of signalling SPANS UNI 3 0 and UNI 3 1 for a particular unit The syntax is as follows atmconfig device display current configuration atmconfig s on device enable SPANS signalling atmconfig s off device disable SPANS signalling atmconfig u 30 device enable UNI 3 0 signalling atmconfig u 31 lt device gt enable UNI 3 1 signalling atmconfig u auto device instructs the device to contact the switch to determine the appro priate version of UNI signalling to use auto is the default set ting atmconfig u off device disable UNI signalling For example to disable SPANS signalling on device a0 enter the following command atmconfig s off fa0 4 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E
121. e For example to set up an outgoing connection from wsl1 atm to ws2 atm using the 0 device VPI of 0 VCI of 100 and AALS5 you would specify on host ws1 atm atmarp s ws2 atm 0 0 100 5 Generic WS1 atm ATM m WS2 atm Switch Figure 4 3 IP Permanent Virtual Circuit You also need to set up an equivalent outgoing connection from ws2 atm to wsl atm using the 0 device To set up this connection with VPI of 0 VCI of 100 and AALS type the following on host ws2 atm atmarp s wsl atm 0 0 100 5 4 10 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 2 6 Configuring an Incoming IP PVC The second step in configuring an IP PVC connection is to link an incoming VPI VCI to the IP queue see Figure 4 3 The following parameters should be determined before configuring this part of the connection incoming device VPI VCI and AAL type 3 4 or 5 Once these have been determined the atmarp command is used to configure the incoming link using the parameters as follows atmarp 1 device vpi vci aal type For example to set up an incoming connection to wsl atm from ws2 atm using the 0 device VPI of 0 VCI of 100 and AAL 5 you would enter the following on host ws1 atmarp 1 fa0 O 100 5 This command links cells coming in on device a0 on VPI VCI of 0 100 using AALS to the IP queue on ws1 atm Similarly to set up the incomi
122. e MCR parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic manage ment defined only for ABR transmissions and specifying the minimum value for the ACR Most Significant Bit MSB highest order bit in the binary representation of a numerical value Motion Picture Experts Group MPEG ISO group dealing with video and audio compression techniques and mechanisms for multiplexing and synchronizing various media streams MPOA Client A device which implements the client side of one or more of the MPOA proto cols i e is a SCP client and or an RDP client An MPOA Client is either an Edge Device Functional Group EDFG or a Host Behavior Functional Group HBFC MPOA Server An MPOA Server is any one of an ICFG or RSFG MPOA Service Area The collection of server functions and their clients A collection of physi cal devices consisting of an MPOA server plus the set of clients served by that server MPOA Target A set of protocol address path attributes e g internetwork layer QoS other information derivable from received packet describing the intended destination and its path attributes that MPOA devices may use as lookup keys Mu Law The PCM coding and companding standard used in Japan and North America Multicasting The ability to broadcast messages to one node or a select group of nodes Multi homed a device having both an ATM and another network connection like Ethernet Multimode Fiber Optic Cable MMF fiber opti
123. e Installation 2 4 Installation in an IRIS Crimson Deskside Server To install the VMA 200E into the IRIS Crimson Deskside Server you must remove the power from the system open the system box select an unused VMEbus slot in which to install the VMA 200E and return power to the system These procedures are covered in the following sections 2 41 Opening the System Controller There are two doors on the IRIS Crimson Deskside Server The small door on the right side of the front panel provides access to the SCSI drive rack that holds six half height front loading devices and also to the control panel This door also provides access to the VMEbus where you will install the 200 System Controller Front Panel Drive Access Door Front Loading Drives Figure 2 5 IRIS Crimson Deskside Server 2 12 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Hardware Installation To access the I O panel you must first open the front door by using the following instruc tions 1 Besure the system power is OFF see Section 2 1 1 Halting the System 2 Openthe drive door to expose the drives and front panel retainer latches 3 Release the two retainer latches by fully depressing and releasing each latch with a pointed object such as the tip of a Phillips screwdriver be careful not to mar the surface The pointed object must be narrow enough to depress the inner button completely See
124. e adapter must be cabled correctly and IP addresses must be assigned for more infor mation on IP address assignment see Chapter 4 Network Interface Administration An intervening switch is NOT needed to establish this connection This configuration is depicted in Figure 7 1 x mit x mit recv recv e 5 E 2 7 Adapter Cards Figure 7 1 Back to Back Configuration with SPANS Signalling ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 7 1 Network Configurations 7 2 Adapter to FORE ATM Switch Configuration ForeRunner ATM switches support the SPANS signalling protocol If an ATM adapter is con nected to a ForeRunner ATM switch connections can be automatically created between the adapter and other SPANS capable devices such as other ForeRunner ATM adapters and the switch itself In this topology the only requirements are the physical connection between the adapter and assignment of correct IP addresses to ensure proper communication for more information on assigning IP addresses see Chapter 4 Network Interface Administration When UNI 3 0 or 3 1 signalling is used it is no longer possible to connect adapters directly in a back to back mode because the signalling protocols UNI 3 0 and UNI 3 1 do not support a direct adapter to adapter connection Instead a UNI 3 0 or 3 1 compliant switch
125. e have your support contract ID number and serial number ready also 10 4 2 Adapter Information On the host at a command line type the following six commands and note the responses e uname a Shows operating system and platform names and versions e ifconfig fa0 Shows adapter interface configuration e netstat nr Shows routing table with destinations gateways and flags e netstat in Shows device names and addresses and usage information e adinfo fa0 Shows adapter device name and version information e atmstat d fa0 Shows carrier state and a variety of error counters e hinv e versions b grep patch e Ifthe system crashes the file var adm crash analysis X Typical responses are shown under each command The responses from these commands enable support to gather sufficient information to resolve the majority of problems ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 19 Troubleshooting The assumed adapter name in the examples is 0 On your particular system the adapter may have a different designation To check the name your adapter use the command netstat 1 of uname IRIX marlin 5 3 11091812 IP22 mips ifconfig fa0 fa0 flags 863 lt UP BROADCAST NOTRAILERS RUNNING MULTICAST gt inet 198 29 38 206 netmask Oxffffff00 broadcast 198 29 38 255 Routing tables Destination 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 10 20 21 98 default 329 16 204 929525 29265
126. e instructions in Section 10 1 6 If the output shows zeros for all possible values the firmware may not have been initialized Make sure that installation occurred without problems and re install if needed and then reboot the system If there is still a problem call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance 10 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 1 6 Check Physical Link To see the carrier state of the board issue the following command atmstat d 0 The d option displays device statistics in the following format z gt o 5 5 Device statistics Buffer Allocation Failures Type 1 Type 2 Small Large Small Large Receive Queue Full Carrier 0 0 0 0 0 ON If ON is displayed in the Carrier field then the physical link is fine If the board does not see a carrier OFF is displayed in the Carrier field then there is either a problem with the loopback fiber or there is a hardware problem with the optical drivers on the board Check the fiber If the fiber is bad replace the fiber and run looptest again If the fiber is not bad then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance Alternatively if you have access to the back of the host and can see the LED displays on the adapter backplate a red LED on the R Receive port also indicates carrier failure ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10
127. e kernel which will be built e Successful installation of the VMA 200E 5 pue uonejeisu ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 1 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 2 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 2 1 Before You Begin Before installing FORE software and configuring a Classical IP interface or configuring LAN emulation you should read through the entire installation Classical IP configuration instruc tions and LAN Emulation configuration instructions These instructions begin in Section 3 2 32 Detailed explanations of the various E questions and answers that may appear in the installation and configuration scripts are found in Section 3 2 3 2 Please note that LAN Emulation need not be configured as part of installation You may con figure LAN Emulation separately by running configure lanem as described in Chapter 6 If you are unsure of the responses to the questions on network configuration please contact your network administrator If you are a network administrator and are unsure of the responses to the questions please contact FORE Systems Technical Support For many installations you will need to configure the software once However in some situa tions you may need to establish a temporary kernel configuration and then based on infor mation obtained from the temporary configuration
128. e running looptest you must couple the E Receive and Transmit connectors on the backplate of the card to each other using a short loop of fiber optic cable or a UTP connector wired for loopback as applicable to your adapter This cable should remain on throughout this test The looptest utility uses FORE Systems ATM user level Application Programming Interface For proper operation looptest requires read write access to the ATM device To run looptest enter the following command at the system prompt in the working directory looptest fa0 where a0 is the default device name for a single ATM adapter The looptest utility verifies that the board of an adapter is operating correctly Correct operation means that all of the following conditions are true 1 Theself test has been passed successfully 2 The firmware has been downloaded successfully 3 The driver has detected the existence of the hardware 4 The firmware is running 5 The physical link is up If Looptest passes then the board hardware of the adapter is OK The next step is to test the software as shown in Figure 10 3 If looptest fails the point of failure will be indicated by messages generated for each of the five items above Refer to the following subsections for instructions about testing the individ ual items ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 3 Troubleshooting 10 1 2 Check Self Test Automatically Performed
129. e the last error message in the output Possible Solutions Last error messages and corrective actions are mentioned with each case below e LES address is zero only in autoconfig mode or VCI not assigned for LES only man ual configuration 1 LECS failed to find ELAN Ensure that the ELAN name is correct and is registered with the LECS in case of auto configuration only 2 LECS failed to respond If in auto configuration mode make sure that the LECS is started and is running 3 failed to connect to LES or Could not connect to the BUS Make sure that the services LES BUS are up and that the services machine is connected to the switch Make sure that the ATM address of the services machine is correct in the LECS database 4 If services are UP check the syslog file if enabled for any ERROR conditions and make corrections as appropriate If services are UP but syslog is not enabled call FORE Technical Support 5 Enter the command atmstat fa0 1 and observe the response a If atmstat does not respond call FORE Technical Support ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 17 Troubleshooting b Ifatmstat responds check if you can troubleshoot the switch Oth erwise call FORE Technical Support e LES address is assigned in auto configuration mode only and BUS address is not assigned 1 LE ARP for BUS failed or BUS connection dropped or LES connection drop
130. e the lower level peer group is partitioned End to End Connection when used in reference to an ATM network a connection that travels through an ATM network passing through various ATM devices and with endpoints at the termination of the ATM network 550 9 Enterprise Terminology generally referring to customers with multiple non contiguous geo graphic locations Equalization EQL the process of compensating for line distortions Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EPROM A PROM which may be erased and rewritten to perform new or different functions normally done with a PROM burner Errored Second ES a second during which at least one code violation occurred Ethernet a 10 Mbps coaxial standard for LANs in which all nodes connect to the cable where they contend for access Excessive Zeroes EXZ Error Event An Excessive Zeroes error event for an AMI coded signal is the occurrence of more than fifteen contiguous zeroes For a 875 coded signal the defect occurs when more than seven contiguous zeroes are detected Explicit Forward Congestion Indication EFCI the second bit of the payload type field in the header of an ATM cell the EFCI bit indicates network congestion to receiving hosts On a con gested switch the EFCI bit is set to 1 by the transmitting network module when a certain number of cells have accumulated in the network module s shared memory buffer When a cell is received that has its
131. ecified by name or by number using Internet dot notation example atmarp sugarmag atm fa0 sugarmag atm 192 168 51 54 vpi vci 0 380 aal 5 switch port f215149c 19 flags encapsulation NULL peak rate 81046 RELEASE VERSION DATE SEE ALSO arp 8C cport 8C cpath 8C cchan 8C gt lt ez 36 5 3 _ 5 ES 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 19 Network Interface Administration 4 4 NAME atmconfig 8c atmconfig Interface IP SPANS Q 2931 OC3 configuration tool for FORE ATM devices SYNOPSIS atmconfig device atmconfig m mtu device atmconfig s p 1 on off device 30 31 auto off device on off seconds atmconfig u atmconfig b atmconfig g m atmconfig h seconds atmconfig f sonet sdh device atmconfig i idle unassigned device atmconfig t external internal device atmconfig q peak Kb sec off device DESCRIPTION atmconfig is a tool to display the current configuration of an ATM device The interface IP SPANS Q 2931 and configurations may be viewed It also can be used to enable and disable SPANS IP load balancing and IP multicast as well as to modify the operation of an OC3 interface where applicable If no action is indicated for the specified device the configuration information for the device is displayed The interface information includes the MTU FOR
132. ecks for errors Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP set of communications protocols that has evolved since the late 1970s when it was first developed by the Department of Defense Because programs supporting these protocols are available on so many different computer systems they have become an excellent way to connect different types of computers over networks Transmission Convergence TC generates and receives transmission frames and is responsi ble for all overhead associated with the transmission frame The TC sublayer packages cells into the transmission frame Transmission Convergence Sublayer TCS This is part of the ATM physical layer that defines how cells will be transmitted by the actual physical layer Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver Interface TAXI Encoding scheme used for FDDI LANs as well as for ATM supports speed typical of 100 Mbps over multimode fiber Glossary 34 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Transport Layer Layer Four of the OSI reference model that is responsible for maintaining reliable end to end communications across the network trap a program interrupt mechanism that automatically updates the state of the network to remote network management hosts The SNMP agent on the switch supports these SNMP traps 550 9 Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTP Part of simplified version of FIP that allows files
133. ed by opposite and alternating high and low voltages and where there is no return to a zero ref erence voltage between encoded bits Non Return to Zero Inverted NRZI A binary encoding scheme that inverts the signal on a 1 and leaves the signal unchanged for a 0 Also called transition encoding Nonvolatile Storage Memory storage that does not lose its contents when power is turned off NuBus a high speed bus used in Macintosh computers structured so users can put a card into any slot on the board without creating conflict over the priority between those cards nx64K This refers to a circuit bandwidth or speed provided by the aggregation of nx64 kbps channels where n integer gt 1 The 64K or DSO channel is the basic rate provided by the T Carrier systems Nyquist Theorem In communications theory a formula stating that two samples per cycle is sufficient to characterize a bandwidth limited analog signal in other words the sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency component of the signal i e sample 4 KHz analog voice channels 8000 times per second Object Identifier OID the address of a MIB variable Octet a grouping of 8 bits similar but not identical to a byte One s Density The requirement for digital transmission lines in the public switched telephone network that eight consecutive 0 s cannot be in a digital data stream exists because repeaters and clocking devices within the network will
134. el Berkeley socket interface or any APIs that use the TCP IP protocol suite System functions that use the socket interface such as NFS and NIS as well as socket based applications will work as is over your ATM network 9 2 Application Programming Interface The VMA 200E device driver also supports FORE Systems user level ATM API Application Programming Interface The API allows you to develop an application that creates a connec tion with another ATM API application on the ATM network Once a connection is estab lished data may be transmitted via the ATM API from one ATM application to another An in depth description of the ATM API can be found in the atm intro man page Consult the ATM API man pages located in Section 4 of the on line manual for more information Load balancing should be off i e not used when E using the API library functions Refer to the atm gethostbyname 4N man page for more details 9 2 1 Concurrent Server Model for the API FORE s ATM API supports both the concurrent server model and the iterative server model A concurrent server can handle multiple client requests simultaneously As each new client con nection is established the server spawns a new process to handle the connection The new server process communicates with the client exclusively and then terminates when complete The original server process is free to listen for new client connections during this interval e o 9 5
135. em that provides forwarding functions or relaying functions or both for a specific ATM connection OAM cells may be generated and received 550 9 International Standards Organization ISO a voluntary non treaty organization founded 1946 that is responsible for creating international standards in many areas including comput ers and communications International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee CCITT the international stan dards body for telecommunications Internet note the capital I the largest internet in the world including large national back bone nets and many regional and local networks worldwide The Internet uses the TCP IP suite Networks with only e mail connectivity are not considered on the Internet internet while an internet is a network the term internet is usually used to refer to a collec tion of networks interconnected with routers Internet Addresses the numbers used to identify hosts on an internet network Internet host numbers are divided into two parts the first is the network number and the second or local part is a host number on that particular network There are also three classes of networks in the Internet based on the number of hosts on a given network Large networks are classified as Class A having addresses in the range 1 126 and having a maximum of 16 387 064 hosts Medium networks are classified as Class B with addresses in the range 128 191 and with a
136. equest on the VC If a reply is not received the ARP entry is marked invalid Once an ARP entry is marked invalid an attempt is made to revalidate it before transmitting Transmission will proceed only when validation succeeds If a VC associated with an invalid ARP entry is closed the entry is removed 5 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical Network 5 3 5 Operational Issues Certain hosts in an LIS may not support Classical ARP It is still possible to communicate with these hosts and for these hosts to communicate themselves by using static ARP entries If a host does not support Classical its IP to address mapping should be placed in its ARP server s cache as a static entry This allows other hosts that do support Classical ARP to contact their ARP server as usual and obtain the correct address mapping If a host that does not support Classical ARP wants to initiate connections the IP to ATM address mappings of the destination hosts should be put in its ARP cache again as static entries By using static ARP entries in the above fashion the ability for all hosts to communicate can be maintained P 2 0 99 z5 9 gt E Bunn yuo There are some restrictions on the number of hosts that can be maintained dynamically They are as follows e In the default configuration a host can only have approximately 250 virtual con nections open simulta
137. er sistent across reboots but if it is configured using atmarp p it will not be persistent across reboots Persistent configuration of an ARP server on the host is discussed more completely in Chapter 3 Since only one ARP server can be functioning at a time in a given LIS and since the ARP server s address is manually configured into each host it is not possible to use multiple redundant ARP servers to improve robustness If an ARP server becomes nonfunctional a new ARP server must be configured and then each host within the LIS must be configured to use the new ARP server To configure a new ARP server address on a host run atmarp p to set the new address then bring the appropriate interface down and back up ifconfig qaXX down ifconfig qaXX up for the change to take effect Make this change to etc rc2 d S99clip so that the change will persist across reboots FORE s ATM switches also have the capability of being an ARP server This process is described in the next section 5 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical Network 5 3 2 Configuring a FORE Switch to be an ARP Server To configure a FORE switch as an ARP server perform the following steps 1 Using the AMI on the switch determine the ATM address of the switch with the command go D z53 O JE E 5 EE configuration atmarp getnsap qaa0 NSAP address 47000580ffe10000
138. er of a CE that can be used to identify the con nection at a SAP Connectionless Broadband Data Service CBDS A connectionless service similar to Bellcore s SMDS defined by European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI Connectionless Service a type of service in which no pre determined path or link has been established for transfer of information supported by AAL 4 Connectionless Service CLS A service which allows the transfer of information among ser vice subscribers without the need for end to end establishment procedures Connection Oriented Service a type of service in which information always traverses the same pre established path or link between two points supported by AAL 3 Constant Bit Rate CBR a type of traffic that requires a continuous specific amount of band width over the ATM network e g digital information such as video and digitized voice Controlled Slip CS a situation in which one frame s worth of data is either lost or replicated A controlled slip typically occurs when the sending device and receiving device are not using the same clock Convergence Sublayer CS a portion of the AAL Data is passed first to the CS where it is divided into rational fixed length packets or PDUs Protocol Data Units For example AAL 4 processes user data into blocks that are a maximum of 64 kbytes long Corresponding Entities peer entities with a lower layer connection among them cpath a
139. eration of legacy LANs with point to point connections and provide broad cast and multicast services The ELAN consists of a LAN Emulation Client LEC running on each host in the ELAN and the following LANE Services e the LAN Emulation Server LES e Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS e the LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS In ForeThought 4 1 the LANE services operate on a FORE Systems switch or SunOS or Solaris workstation ForeThought 4 1 uses UNI 3 0 or 3 1 signalling In order to understand ForeThought 4 1 it is important to understand how these components work together to provide LAN Emulation 1 2 1 The ELAN Components The ELAN includes a number of components LAN Emulation Client LEC Runs on each end station the ELAN Communicates with other ELAN components the LES and BUS to resolve MAC addresses into ATM addresses LAN Emulation Runs on a SunOS or Solaris workstation or in a FORE Configuration Server LECS Systems switch Maintains information about all ELANSs within the administrative domain When the LEC successfully communicates with the LECS the LECS provides a list of ELANs which the LEC can join LAN Emulation Server LES Runs on a SunOS or Solaris workstation or in a FORE Systems switch Maintains information about the LECs within a single ELAN and performs address resolution 1 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Broadcast Unknown Server BUS In
140. erface reply n You will also be prompted to configure qaa2 and then qaa3 if you have configured all of the previous interfaces Enter the ATM address for this node If you replied that you will not be using ILMI for address registration you will now be asked to manually configure the ATM address for this workstation If you are using ILMI for address registration you will not see this prompt The ATM address should be supplied by your system administrator It is a 20 byte number and must be unique You should input it using 40 hexadecimal digits You may precede the ATM address with a 0x and you may use dots periods as separators but neither is necessary As an example 0x47 0005 80 ffe100 0000 115 0bab 002048102fe4 00 47 0005 80 ffe100 0000 115 0bab 002048102fe4 00 47000580ffe1000000 1150bab002048102Fe400 are all valid ATM addresses Remember that you must also configure this ATM address in the switch to which this host is directly connected if ILMI is not used for address registration Enter the ATM address for the ARP server on 0 The ARP server ATM address must be configured into each workstation including the ARP server itself It is suggested that you first configure the ARP server and then configure all other hosts with the ARP server s ATM address ARP server configuration for a switch as an ARP server is covered in Chapter 5 E 5 5 Jou19y pue uonejeisu
141. etwork Configurations Contains examples of various physical configu rations for the VMA 200 Chapter 8 Additional Administration Information Provides information on administra tion commands on line manual pages and available administrative programs Chapter 9 Software Interfaces Provides information on software interfaces supported by the VMA 200 device driver Chapter 10 Troubleshooting Provides information on tests to perform to isolate and locate possible communications problems Appendix A LED Indicators Describes the reset state LED indicator and shows the location of the carrier and status LEDs ii ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Technical Support In the U S A you can contact FORE Systems Technical Support by any one of four methods 1 Ifyou have access to Internet you may contact FORE Systems Technical Support via E Mail at the following Internet address support fore com 2 You may FAX your questions to 412 933 3416 3 You may send questions via U S Mail to the following address FORE Systems Inc 1000 FORE Drive Warrendale PA 15086 4 You may telephone your questions to 800 671 FORE or 412 635 3700 Technical support for non U S A customers should be handled through your local distributor No matter which method is used for contacting Technical Support please be prepared to pro vide your support contract ID number the serial number s of the product s a
142. face for a given physical inter face uses the same prefix and ESI the selector field is the part that indicates the number of the specific virtual interface The selector field is 00 for 0 01 for qaa1 02 for qaa2 and 08 for qaa3 5 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical Network 5 2 2 Operating with ILMI Support FORE Systems switches running ForeThought software version 3 0 or greater provide support for ILMI If ILMI is supported on all of the switches and hosts in a given network when a switch boots up ILMI enables the switch to discover all of the hosts attached to it and to send its ATM prefix associated with the port to those hosts dynamically In return the host prepends that prefix to its ESI and selector fields forming a complete ATM address The host then notifies the switch of its complete ATM address These registration messages are sent and received over AAL5 using VPI 0 VCI 16 Once ILMI registration has been completed then connection setup can occur go 283 4 5 5 E EE z If a host changes network ports after an ATM address has been registered for its interface all existing connections will be closed If the new port is on a different switch a new ATM address with a different network address prefix will be registered The host can then begin to establish new connections 5 2 3 Operating without ILMI Suppo
143. fied no rate control is applied p lt Attach IP to an incoming PVC All traffic received on the interface device with VPI vpi VCI vci and AAL type aal will be decapsulated based upon decapsulation and handed over to IP device must be one which supports SPANS signaling e g fa0 x Detach IP from an incoming SVC or PVC IP traffic will no longer be accepted on the specified VPI and VCI Set ARP entry for 1577 Classical IP Permanent Virtual Channel PVC Also attach IP to this PVC traffic to hostname will be sent via the device interface on VPI opi VCI vci using AAL type 5 device must be one which supports Q 2931 signaling e g qaa0 Specifying peak will limit all traffic to hostname to peak kilobits per second If peak is not specified no rate control is applied The entry will be revalidated by sending an InARP request over the PVC at 15 minute intervals if revalidate is non zero To disable this feature use 0 for the revalidate parameter r Remove ARP entry for RFC 1577 Classical IP Permanent Virtual Channel PVC Also detach IP from this PVC IP traffic will no longer be accepted on VPI VCI associated with this entry m Set IP multicast default outgoing PVC All traffic destined for an IP multicast address not found in the ARP table will be encapsulated based on encapsulation and sent via the device interface on VPI VCI vci using AAL type aal Specifying peak will limit all traffic sent o
144. figurations may be handled with mtu NOTES Solaris only Although the interface MTU may be modified through ifconfig 1M elconfig is the recommended method for modifying the interface MTU of LECs For compliance with the ATM Forum LAN Emulation 1 0 specification the interface MTU must not exceed the MAXIMUM FRAME SIZE of the Emulated LAN of which it is a member elconfig ensures this compliance RESTRICTIONS On Solaris systems an ELAN can be deleted only when there are no longer users attached through DLPI For attached protocols the associated interface must first be configured down through ifconfig 8C to detach them from the ELAN If the user attempts to delete an ELAN which has any DLPI user the message elconfig ELAN in use will be displayed 3 gt On other systems the interface associated with an ELAN must first be configured down EgEl gt through ifconfig 8C before deleting the ELAN If the user attempts to delete an ELAN which is up the message elconfig ELAN in use will be displayed D 2 9 RELEASE 552 VERSION DATE SEE ALSO ifconfig 8C ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 8 7 Additional Administration Information 8 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Interfaces 9 1 Berkeley Socket Interface The VMA 200E device driver supports network communication using the Internet protocol family via the user lev
145. figured for each ELAN that you wish to join Would you like to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information y Answer y to this question if you wish the local LAN Emulation Client LEC to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information Answer n if you wish the local LEC to use an LES that you specify for configuration information The following question will not appear if you answer n Use the Well Known LECS address y Answering y to this question instructs the local LEC to use the default well known address for communicating with the LECS If you answer n you will be prompted to enter the ATM address of the LECS that the LEC is to use An Automatic ELAN is a special case where you do not specify the ELAN to join The ELAN is decided by the Administrator by configuring the LECS database Would you like to configure a Automatic ELAN y Answer y if you wish to configure an Automatic ELAN You will then be prompted to enter the adapter number and interface name to be used by the Automatic ELAN LEC If you answer n the following two prompts will not appear Enter Adapter number 0 Enter Interface name e10 Enter ELAN name to configure return to end The name of the emulated LAN that you wish to configure for example marketing is entered in response to this prompt Jou19y pue uonejeisu 5 Enter LES address Manually
146. g Network Management Station NMS system responsible for managing a network or portion of a network by talking to network management agents which reside in the managed nodes Network Module ATM port interface cards which may be individually added to or removed from any ForeRunner ATM switch to provide a diverse choice of connection alternatives Network Parameter Control NPC Defined as the set of actions taken by the network to moni tor and control traffic from the NNI Its main purpose is to protect network resources from malicious as well as unintentional misbehavior which can affect the QoS of other already established connections by detecting violations of negotiated parameters and taking appropri ate actions Refer to UPC ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 23 Glossary Network Redundancy Duplicated network equipment and or data which can provide a backup in case of network failures Network Service Access Point NSAP OSI generic standard for a network address consisting of 20 octets ATM has specified E 164 for public network addressing and the NSAP address structure for private network addresses Network to Network Interface or Network Node Interface NNI the interface between two pub lic network pieces of equipment Node computer or other device when considered as part of a network Non Return to Zero NRZ a binary encoding scheme in which ones and zeroes are represent
147. g ILMI snmpd or just use ILMI snmpd iorilmid The commands to run the chosen daemon or to configure a host s ATM address statically when not running ILMI are placed in etc rc2 d S99clip and etc rc2 d S27atm ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 5 Configuring a Classical Network 5 3 ARP and ARP Servers 5 3 1 Theory In order for a host to establish a connection to another host it must first determine the other host s ATM address ATMARP ATM address resolution protocol is the procedure used to resolve an IP address into an ATM address Since the ATM standards do not currently support broadcast on an ATM LAN address resolution is performed by direct communication with a special ARP server rather than broadcasting ARP requests as is done in legacy LANs Each LIS must have only one ARP server configured but a single ARP server can be the server for several LISs Each host in an LIS must be configured with the ATM address of the host providing ARP ser vice for its LIS On a host ARP server the ATM address of the ARP server can be obtained by running atmarp z remember to use the interface associated with the given LIS The ARP server address is normally configured into each host at installation time the appropriate com mands are placed in etc rc2 d S99clip but it may be done at any time by running atmarp Ifthe ARP server address is configured in etc rc2 d S99clip it will be p
148. g access methodology This standard incorporates IBM s Token Ring specifications IEEE 802 6 Defines Metropolitan Area Networks IEEE 802 7 The broadband technical advisory group IEEE 802 8 The fiber optics technical advisory group IEEE 802 9 Defines integrated data and voice networks Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN an emerging technology that is beginning to be offered by the telephone carriers of the world ISDN combines voice and digital network ser vices into a single medium or wire Interexchange Carriers IXC Long distance communications companies that provide service between Local Access Transport Areas LATAs Interface Data the unit of information transferred to from the upper layer in a single interac tion across a SAP Each Interface Data Unit IDU controls interface information and may also contain the whole or part of the SDU Interface Data Unit IDU The unit of information transferred to from the upper layer in a sin gle interaction across the SAP Each IDU contains interface control information and may also contain the whole or part of the SDU Glossary 16 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Interim Local Management Interface ILMI the standard that specifies the use of the Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP and an ATM management information base MIB to provide network status and configuration information Intermediate System IS a syst
149. guration nsap route new NSAP mask port port lt gt Be sure to use a mask value of 152 4 Configure the ARP server edit etc rc2 d S99clip with a static IP to mapping for the third party host ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 13 Configuring a Classical Network 5 6 2 Third Party Switch with ILMI Support To configure a network with a third party vendor s switch that supports ILMI as shown in Figure 5 2 perform the following steps mi Third Party Switch with ILMI j uU Figure 5 2 Configuring a Third Party Switch with ILMI Support 1 This process assumes that FORE software has been installed on all hosts and that ILMI was set in the installation process ILMI dynamically performs address reg istration for all of the hosts 2 Referto the ForeRunner ATM Switch Configuration manual for procedures to con figure the following a Configure a static ATM route on FORE switch B to the third party switch b Configure IISP on FORE switch Be sure to use a mask value of 104 3 Configure two static ATM routes on the third party switch one to each of the FORE switches using the switch vendor s configuration software Be sure to use a mask value of 104 5 14 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical Networ
150. guring a Third Party Switch with RFC 1577 and No ILMI Support 5 15 Configuring an Emulated LAN Basic Emulated LAN 6 2 ELAN 6 5 LOF 7 List of Figures CHAPTER 7 Figure 7 1 Figure 7 2 Figure 7 3 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 Figure 10 1 Figure 10 2 Figure 10 3 APPENDIX A Figure A 1 LOF 8 Network Configurations Back to Back Configuration with SPANS Signalling 7 1 Minimum Configuration with UNI 3 0 or UNI 3 1 Signalling 7 2 Adapter to Other Vendor 7 3 Additional Administration Information Software Interfaces Troubleshooting Adapter Hardware Troubleshooting Flowchart 10 2 Hardware Configuration for Checking lt 10 8 Networking Connectivity Using 10 9 LED Indicators LED E cations 2 lla I RRII e we Re eie 1 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual The intent of this manual is to supply users of the ForeRunner VMA 200 ATM VMEbus adapter hereafter referred to as VMA 200 with all the necessary information to successfully install the VMA 200 and its accompanying software This document also provides general product information network configuration information and information on software adm
151. he command 1n s in the etc rc2 d directory that points to the file etc init d clip This symbolic link should begin with a high number such as 99 Ready to configure kernel y Answering y to this question will cause autoconfig to run generating a new kernel You must generate a new kernel in order for the installation process to be complete You can do this manually if you like or let the installation script do it for you Answering n to this prompt will cause the script to exit 3 14 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation Kernel Configuration 3 2 4 Software Installation Verification An indication that the software installation was successful is that the system finds the FORE Systems adapter card and responds with the following or similar information after the automatic software installation is completed you will receive the following mes sage Reboot to start using the reconfigured kernel after the system has rebooted you will receive the following message Initializing FORE ATM done The system is ready login If you encounter any problems with the new kernel configuration contact FORE Systems Technical Support 3 2 5 Kernel Configuration In most cases the fore install program will automatically handle kernel configuration Please contact FORE Systems Technical Support for assistance if the install program encounters a system co
152. he same time as FORE s SNMP agent one agent must run on a different set of ports If you do not wish to run both SNMP agents reply to this question with a y If you must run both reply to this question with a n and continue with the next two questions UDP port to use to receive SNMP messages not containing TRAP PDUs UDP port to use to send SNMP messages containing TRAP PDUs These two questions ask for new UDP port numbers to use for SNMP queries and trap mes sages In addition to supplying the new port numbers here you must also configure any net work management applications such as ForeView to query the agent using the new ports These port numbers are stored in the file etc rc2 d S99clip Will you be using ILMI for Address Registration y The Interim Local Management Interface ILMI is a protocol used to dynamically assign an ATM address to a UNI 3 0 or 3 1 port This ATM address is used in UNI 3 0 and 3 1 signalling messages to identify the workstation If you plan to use UNI 3 0 or 3 1 signalling it is recom mended that you respond y to this question If you choose to reply n and you will be using UNI 3 0 or 3 1 signalling you will need to manually configure an ATM address in the host and in the switch to which it is connected You will be prompted for the ATM address of the host later in the installation process See Section 5 2 for more information on ILMI and address reg istration ilmid the ILMI agent is executed fro
153. he second case one PVC is created to trans mit traffic for all groups This PVC can be viewed as the default multicast PVC That is if an explicit ATM ARP table entry is not found for a given IP multicast address traffic is sent on the default multicast PVC if it exists If a default multicast PVC does not exist the host driver will automatically attempt to create a multicast SVC Extensions to the host adapter management tool atmarp see Section 4 3 were made to support multicast PVCs 4 2 0 IP Load Balancing and Automatic Failover across Multiple Adapters IP load balancing can make multiple adapters appear to be a single network interface When load balancing is enabled all IP traffic traveling over SVCs and destined for an ATM network is automatically balanced at connection set up time based upon the total peak bandwidth of all connections through an interface across all FORE ATM interfaces attached to that same physical network Balancing occurs on both incoming and outgoing connections across differ ent series and speeds of FORE adapters IP load balancing can also provide a means of fault tolerance called Automatic Failover If an interface is configured down all IP SVCs currently using that interface are closed New con nections are created on demand and balanced across all interfaces currently alive When an interface fails all connections across it are broken Therefore fault tolerant applications must account for the possi
154. he use of a new path after an attempt to set up a connection along a previously selected path fails American National Standards Institute ANSI a private organization that coordinates the set ting and approval of some U S standards It also represents the United States to the Interna tional Standards Organization American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII standard character set that typically assigns a 7 bit sequence to each letter number and selected control characters AppleTalk a networking protocol developed by Apple Computer for communication between Apple s products and other computers Independent of the network layer AppleTalk runs on LocalTalk EtherTalk and TokenTalk Application Layer Layer seven of the ISO reference model provides the end user interface Application Program APP a complete self contained program that performs a specific func tion directly for the user Application Program Interface API a language format that defines how a program can be made to interact with another program service or other software it allows users to develop custom interfaces with FORE products Assigned Cell a cell that provides a service to an upper layer entity or ATM Layer Manage ment entity ATMM entity asxmon a FORE program that repeatedly displays the state of the switch and its active ports Glossary 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Asy
155. ime interval between a network station seeking access to a transmission chan nel and that access being granted or received Layer Entity an active layer within an element Layer Function a part of the activity of the layer entities Layer Service a capability of a layer and the layers beneath it that is provided to the upper layer entities at the boundary between that layer and the next higher layer ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 19 Glossary Layer User Data the information transferred between corresponding entities on behalf of the upper layer or layer management entities for which they are providing services le FORE program that implements both the LAN Emulation Server LES and the Broad cast Unknown Server BUS Leaky Bucket informal cell policing term for the Generic Cell Rate Algorithm which in effect receives cells into a bucket and leaks them out at the specified or contracted rate i e PCR Least Significant Bit LSB lowest order bit in the binary representation of a numerical value lecs a FORE program that implements the assignment of individual LECs to different emu lated LANs leq a FORE program that provides information about an ELAN This information is obtained from the LES and includes MAC addresses registered on the ELAN together with their corre sponding ATM addresses Line Build Out LBO Because T1 circuits require the last span to lose 15 22 5
156. in istration capabilities This document was created for users with various levels of experience If you have any questions or problems with the installation please contact FORE Systems Tech nical Support ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Chapter Summaries Chapter 1 Introduction Provides an overview of ATM and LAN Emulation a VMA 200 hardware and software overview and general information to prepare for the installation of the VMA 200 adapter card Chapter 2 VMA 200 Hardware Installation Guides you through the installation of your VMA 200 Included are hardware installation instructions an installation test verifying the proper installation of the adapter card and product registration information Chapter 3 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Contains the requirements and instructions for installation of the VMA 200 software Also contains kernel configuration and verification information Chapter 4 Network Interface Administration Provides network configuration information such as assigning an IP address configuring your workstation as a multi homed or ATM only workstation and the dynamic and static IP routing of information for an ATM only network Chapter 5 Classical IP ATM Network Configurations Discusses how to implement ATM into legacy LANs Chapter 6 Configuring an Emulated LAN Provides information on the methods for config uring emulated LANs Chapter 7 ATM N
157. internet address gt netmask netmask value broadcast broadcast value ENTER Please note that the ifconfig line may differ from this example if you are using a separate subnet for your ATM LAN Specifically the arguments for netmask and broadcast may be dif ferent from this example See also the ifconfig 1M man page Once you have configured the interface use the p ng command to verify your connection and to confirm the presence of others connected to the network 4 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 1 3 Assigning IP Addresses During Reboots To have your workstation correctly assign the IP addresses during reboots you must modify the initialization configuration In this example it is assumed that SHOSTNAME atm has also been defined as an alias For example the following changes could be made 1 In etc config netif options add the lines if2name fa0 if2addr HOSINAME atm 2 Create etc config ifconfig 2 0ptions with the line up netmask OxffififOO 3 Add SHOSTNAME atm to etc hosts file on the workstation to add the IP host name to address mapping for the ATM interface gt lt ez 36 5 3 _ 5 ES 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 3 Network Interface Administration 4 2 VMA 200E Adapter in an Internet Protocol Network The VMA 200E device driver supports the TCP IP protocol sui
158. ion the Forum promotes industry cooperation and awareness Inverse Multiplexing AIMUX A device that allows multiple 1 or E1 communications facilities to be combined into a single broadband facility for the transmission of ATM cells ATM Layer link a section of an ATM Layer connection between two adjacent active ATM Layer entities ATM entities ATM Link a virtual path link VPL or a virtual channel link VCL ATM Management Interface AMI the user interface to FORE Systems ForeThought switch con trol software SCS AMI lets users monitor and change various operating configurations of FORE Systems switches and network module hardware and software IP connectivity and SNMP network management ATM Peer to Peer Connection a virtual channel connection VCC or a virtual path connection VPC directly established such as workstation to workstation This setup is not commonly used in networks ATM Traffic Descriptor a generic list of parameters that can be used to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of a requested ATM connection ATM User to User Connection an association established by the ATM Layer to support com munication between two or more ATM service users i e between two or more next higher layer entities or between two or more ATM entities The communication over an ATM Layer connection may be either bidirectional or unidirectional The same Virtual Channel Identifier VCI is used for both d
159. irections of a connection at an interface ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 3 Glossary atmarp a FORE program that shows and manipulates ATM ARP entries maintained by the given device driver This is also used to establish PVC connections ATM attached Host Functional Group AHFG The group of functions performed by an ATM attached host that is participating in the MPOA service atmconfig a FORE program used to enable or disable SPANS signaling atmstat a FORE program that shows statistics gathered about a given adapter card by the device driver These statistics include ATM layer and ATM adaptation layer cell and error counts This can also be used to query other hosts via SNMP Attachment User Interface AUI IEEE 802 3 interface between a media attachment unit MAU and a network interface card NIC The term AUI can also refer to the rear panel port to which an AUI cable might attach Auto logout a feature that automatically logs out a user if there has been no user interface activity for a specified length of time Automatic Protection Switching APS Equipment installed in communications systems to detect circuit failures and automatically switch to redundant standby equipment Available Bit Rate ABR a type of traffic for which the ATM network attempts to meet that traffic s bandwidth requirements It does not guarantee a specific amount of bandwidth and the end station must re
160. ith the mtu option to ifconfig 1M or can be set to value at boot time For FORE IP add the line set fore atm fore mtu value at the end of the system configuration file e g etc system For changing the Classical IP MTU to value add the fine set fore atm fore classical mtu value to the system configuration file e g etc system Using a shorter IP failover validation interval failure conditions are more quickly detected but more host and network resources are consumed due to frequent revalidation Using a shorter IP failover retry duration failure conditions are detected more quickly but there is a higher probability of false failure conditions on busy hosts Setting a longer duration allows hosts to endure heavier traffic without indicating a failure condition but takes longer to detect real failure conditions The use of IP SVC rate control limits the peak bandwidth of all IP SVC traffic out the specified interface If peak rate is modified or disabled the connection must be torn down see atmarp 8c and re established for the new rate to take effect See atmarp 8c for how the peak rate is calculated Modifying OC3 parameters may cause communication problems The parameters must agree with the parameters chosen at the far end or intermediate switching module ERRORS gt lt ez 36 4 22 on 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 21 Network Interface Administration N
161. ived on an AAL null connection with identical headers will be grouped together into batches These batches of cells are then delivered to the application as a group The maximum number of cells in a group can be controlled though atm_setbatchsize 4n the default is one cell The net effect is that cells received on an AAL null connection will be buffered in the driver until either a cell arrives on that same connection with a different header or the number of cells buffered equals the current batch size AAL null cells are received by an application through atm recv null 4n with the most significant four bytes of the ATM header the header excluding the HEC returned in the last argument See atm_recv_nu11 4n for more information 9 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual oTt Troubleshooting The troubleshooting tests detailed in this chapter will clearly indicate and identify the most common problems in establishing ATM networks Therefore before calling FORE Systems Technical Support perform these tests to correct or at least pinpoint the problem If you need to call Technical Support please have the results of these tests ready in addition to the information requested in Section 10 4 when reporting your problem 10 1 Adapter Hardware Troubleshooting The flowchart in Figure 10 1 illustrates the tests used to check the basic hardware functionality of a FORE Systems adapter with the adapter card isolated fro
162. k 5 6 3 Third Party Switch with RFC 1577 and No ILMI Support To configure a network with a third party vendor s switch that does not support ILMI but does support RFC 1577 as shown in Figure 5 3 perform the following steps go 283 n FE E p EE z Third Party Switch RFC 1577 no ILMI g a FORE Systems host Figure 5 3 Configuring a Third Party Switch with RFC 1577 and No ILMI Support 1 This process assumes that FORE software has been installed on all hosts and that ILMI was set in the installation process ILMI dynamically performs address reg istration for all of the FORE hosts and switches 2 Statically configure the amp hosts with ATM addresses on Solaris systems edit etc rc2 d S99clip using the same switch prefix for all of the hosts 3 Configure a static ATM route on FORE switch B to the third party switch using the following AMI command configuration nsap route new NSAP mask port port vpi lt vpi gt Be sure to use a mask value of 104 Also be sure to use the same prefix that was used to configure the hosts 4 Configure two static ATM routes on the third party switch one to each of the FORE switches using the switch vendor s configuration software Be sure to use a mask value of 104 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 15 Configuring a
163. ked as conforming when they arrive when expected or later than expected and non conforming when they arrive sooner than expected Generic Connection Admission Control GCAC This is a process to determine if a link has potentially enough resources to support a connection Generic Flow Control GFC the first four bits of the first byte in an ATM cell header Used to control the flow of traffic across the User to Network Interface UNI and thus into the net work Exact mechanisms for flow control are still under investigation and no explicit defini tion for this field exists at this time This field is used only at the UNI for NNI NNI use between network nodes these four bits provide additional network address capacity and are appended to the VPI field GIO a proprietary bus architecture used in certain Silicon Graphics Inc workstations Header protocol control information located at the beginning of a protocol data unit Header Error Control HEC a CRC code located in the last byte of an ATM cell header that is used for checking cell header integrity only High Density Bipolar HDB3 A bipolar coding method that does not allow more than 3 con secutive zeroes High Level Data Link Control HDLC An ITU TSS link layer protocol standard for point to point and multi point communications ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 15 Glossary High Performance Parallel Interface HIPPI ANS
164. l IP CLIP IP over ATM which conforms to RFC 1577 Clear to Send CTS and 5 232 modem interface control signal sent from the modem to the DTE on pin 5 which indicates that the attached DTE may begin transmitting issuance in response to the DTE s RTS Clocking Regularly timed impulses Closed User Group A subgroup of network users that can be its own entity any member of the subgroup can only communicate with other members of that subgroup Coaxial Cable Coax is a type of electrical communications medium used in the LAN environ ment This cable consists of an outer conductor concentric to an inner conductor separated from each other by insulating material and covered by some protective outer material This medium offers large bandwidth supporting high data rates with high immunity to electrical interference and a low incidence of errors Coax is subject to distance limitations and is rela tively expensive and difficult to install Cold Start Trap an SNMP trap which is sent after a power cycle see trap Collision Overlapping transmissions that occur when two or more nodes on a LAN attempt to transmit at or about the same time Committed Information Rate CIR CIR is the information transfer rate which a network offer ing Frame Relay Services FRS is committed to transfer under normal conditions The rate is averaged over a minimum increment of time Common Channel Signaling CCS A form signaling in which a g
165. larly if you want to start a LEC that will attempt to join an ELAN already specified for that LEC in the LECS configuration file enter the following command elconfig add auto If you want a LEC to use an LECS running at an address other than the well known one enter a command similar to the following elconfig set lecs address where address is the ATM address of the LECS that you want the LEC to use If you do not want the LEC to use an LECS enter the following command elconfig set lecs manual ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 13 Configuring an Emulated LAN In this case you must specify the ATM address of the LES that you want the LEC to use when you start the LEC For example elconfig add engineering les address where address is the ATM address of the LES that you want the LEC to use Deleting a LEC If you want to delete a LEC from an ELAN engineering for example enter the following command elconfig delete engineering This terminates the connections to the engineering LES and BUS and removes the network interface e g e10 associated with the LEC CAUTION If you configure two LECs on the same ELAN each having IP ARP table entries for the other in their respective system ARP caches then later remove the LECs from the ELAN you must manually delete the system ARP cache if you want to add the LECs back again to the same ELAN and IP subnet Failure to do
166. lem on the local machine rather than the remote host or the network Please have your network administrator check the IP configuration If cells are going out the ATM Output Cells field shows a value other than zero then the PVC on the switch may be configured incorrectly Check the PVC configuration If it is not set up properly then correct the PVC and rerun the test If the PVC is configured correctly and the error persists call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance 10 12 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 2 2 2 Cells and VPI VCI Errors Received by Remote If the remote workstation is receiving cells and is receiving VPI VCI errors then this indicates that cells are coming into the workstation but are on a VPI VCI that may not be configured correctly Check the PVC configuration If it is not set up properly then correct the PVC and rerun the test If the PVC is configured correctly and the error persists then the incoming ARP entry on the remote workstation is most likely the problem List the ARP cache using atmarp and check the incoming ARP entry for that connection z gt o o 5 5 If the incoming ARP entry is not configured properly then correct the configuration rerun the test If the incoming ARP entry is configured properly and the error persists then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance
167. lize the VMA 200E If the directory is remote the files will not be available usr etc fore already exists should I remove it y If the directory into which the firmware etc should be installed already exists we would like to remove the directory and start fresh If itis ok to remove it respond to the prompt with a y ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 9 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration If not the directory will remain but we will overwrite as necessary to install the latest utilities and firmware Any other files in the directory will remain untouched Would you like to use FORE s SNMP agent y If you use the SNMP agent supplied by FORE Systems you will have access to the FORE Sys tems Management Information Base MIB Using this in conjunction with applications such as ForeView or other network management applications enables you to remotely monitor your VMA 200E adapter card Answering y to this question will cause snmpd to run It is started from the script etc rc2 d S99clip Answering n to this question will suppress execution of snmpd and will circumvent the next three questions in the installation script Would you like to use the standard UDP ports for SNMP 161 162 y SNMP agents generally use port 161 to receive queries and port 162 to receive trap messages Only one agent can bind to these ports at a time Therefore in order to run a vendor supplied SNMP agent at t
168. ll This command deletes all ELAN related dynamic address mappings and closes the corre sponding SVCs to all hosts in the table 6 16 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring Emulated LAN Likewise to delete all ARP table entries associated with the engineering ELAN enter elarp delete elan engineering Similarly to delete the ARP table entry for a given MAC address enter elarp delete mac MAC address moO 38 gt 2 5 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 17 Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 18 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual es P 1l i2 A Network Configurations After installing a FORE Systems ATM adapter there are several physical configurations net work topologies that may exist The most likely configurations are e FORE adapters in a back to back configuration in which they are directly con nected to one another e FORE adapters connected to a ForeRunner ATM Switch FORE adapter connected to an ATM product from a different manufacturer This chapter describes methods for ensuring communications in all these network configura tions 7 1 Back to Back Adapter Configuration 7 1 4 SPANS Signalling When using FORE s proprietary signalling protocol SPANS it is possible to configure two FORE adapters in a back to back mode for a direct connection To ensure proper communica tion th
169. lly user devices such as terminals and computers that connect to data circuit terminating equipment They either generate or receive the data carried by the network Glossary 10 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Data Terminal Ready DTR an 5232 modem interface control signal sent from the DTE to the modem on pin 20 which indicates that the DTE is ready for data transmission and which requests that the modem be connected to the telephone circuit Datagram a packet of information used in a connectionless network service that is routed to its destination using an address included in the datagram s header 550 9 DECnet Digital Equipment Corporation s proprietary LAN Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA the US government agency that funded the ARPANET Demultiplexing a function performed by a layer entity that identifies and separates SDUs from a single connection to more than one connection see multiplexing Destination End Station DES An ATM termination point which is the destination for ATM messages of a connection and is used as a reference point for ABR services See SES Digital Access and Cross Connect System DACS Digital switching system for routing T1 lines and DS 0 portions of lines among multiple T1 ports Digital Cross connect System DCS an electronic patch panel used to route digital signals in a central office Digital Standard n 0 1
170. lowing information when running the configure lanem script e Whether or not LECs are to use an LECS and if so whether they to contact the LECS via the well known address or an ATM address that you supply The name of each ELAN for which you will configure an LEC If you choose not to use an LECS the ATM address of the LES associated with each ELAN for which you will configure an LEC 6 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN Execute the configure lanem script as follows 1 Loginas root 2 Type the following command to run the configure lanem script usr etc fore etc configure lanem The path to the configure lanem command may vary from that given above depending on where you installed the FORE ATM files Responses to the following typical session s questions are system specific and must be deter mined by the system administrator prior to configuring an ELAN If you wish to use an LECS the system specific information must also be entered in the LECS configuration file moO 3g gt 2 5 w No Configuration Information Would you like to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information y ENTER Use the Well Known LECS address y ENTER An Automatic ELAN is a special case where you do not specify the ELAN to join The ELAN is decided by the Administrator by configuring the LECS database Would you like
171. ly 8MB of free disk space in the root directory for the installation of a new kernel Are all three conditions true y Enter the name for the FORE ATM interfaces fa The interfaces will be called fa Which device driver should be installed 1 GIA 200 2 ESA 200 3 VMA 200 Device driver number 3 lt ENTER gt Installing kernel configuration files for the VMA 200 Ready y lt ENTER gt ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 5 E D 5 pue Software Installation and Kernel Configuration VMA 200 driver object module installed VMA 200 master file installed with minor number 114 VMA 200 master d entry installed Entries for VMA 200 installed in var sysgen system fore atm sm Creating device nodes in dev Device nodes sucessfully created Into which directory should firmware utilities and man pages be installed usr etc fore ENTER Installing initialization script etc init d fore atm Installing FORE applications in usr etc fore etc Installing man pages in usr etc fore man Would you like to use FORE s SNMP agent y ENTER Would you like to use the standard UDP ports for SNMP 161 162 y ENTER Will you be using ILMI for Address Registration y ENTER Would you like to use ILMI for UNI auto configuration y n ENTER Enter the UNI version to use for qaa devices 30 31
172. m Loss characteristic 0 5 dB km S Connector Style SC or ST Power Budget 11 dB Maximum run approximately 2 km Transmit Power 19 dBm minimum Receive Power 30 dBm minimum 1 Tf a 50 um core fiber is used the power budget should be derated by 4dB Table 1 4 Single Mode Fiber Optic Specifictaions Transmitter Optical Interface Specifications Wavelength 1261 1360 nm Spectral Width 7 7 nm rms maximum Mean Launch Power 15 to 8 dBm Extinction Ratio 8 2 dB minimum Receiver Optical Interface Specifications Sensitivity 28 dBm minimum Overload 8 dBm minimum Optical path power penalty 1 dB ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 1 15 Introduction Table 1 4 Single Mode Fiber Optic Specifictaions Continued Interconnecting Link Specifications Connector Type Duplex SC Fiber Specification Per CCITT recommendation G 652 also known as EIA Class IVa Mode Field Diameter 9 10 micrometers Fiber Cladding Diameter 125 micrometers Fiber Loss Characteristics 1 0 dB km typical Power Budget 12 dB Maximum Link Length 10 km includes 2 dB connector loss 91 0 dB km The VMA 200E is available with UTP connectors The requirements and pinouts for this cabling are given below Table 1 5 CAT 5 UTP Cable Specifications Description Specification AWG 24 Impedance Q 100 1596
173. m another computer over a network ftp is usually the name of the program the user invokes to accomplish this task First In First Out FIFO method of coordinating the sequential flow of data through a buffer Flag a bit pattern of six binary 1 s bounded by a binary 0 at each end forms a 0111 1110 or Hex 7 It is used to mark the beginning and or end of a frame Flow Control The way in which information is controlled in a network to prevent loss of data when the receiving buffer is near its capacity ForeThought PNNI FT PNNI FORE Systems routing and signalling protocol that uses pri vate ATM NSAP addresses a precursor to Forum PNNI see PNNI Forward Error Correction FEC A technique used by a receiver for correcting errors incurred in transmission over a communications channel without requiring retransmission of any information by the transmitter typically involves a convolution of the transmitted bits and the appending of extra bits by both the receiver and transmitter using a common algorithm Forward Explicit Congestion Notification FECN Bit set by a Frame Relay network to inform data terminal equipment DTE receiving the frame that congestion was experienced in the path from source to destination DTE receiving frames with the FECN bit set can request that higher level protocols take flow control action as appropriate Fractional T1 the use of bandwidth in 64Kbps increments up to 1 544Mbps
174. m etc rc2 d S27atmon bootup Would you like to use ILMI for UNI auto configuration y Answering y allows ILMI to auto configure the UNI version Answering n results in the fol lowing question Enter UNI version to use for devices 30 31 Respond with the UNI version that you wish the adapter 0 to use 30 or 31 3 10 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation Kernel Configuration Enter UNI version to use for qab devices 30 31 This promt appears if a second ATM adapter is present in your system This prompt will be repeated for each ATM adapter present in your system Would you like to configure Classical IP n Classical IP is a standard method for sending and receiving IP traffic over an ATM network This protocol utilizes 3 0 or 3 1 signalling to set up and tear down connections to other IP stations If you would like to use this protocol respond y to the question Otherwise respond with n Would you like to configure qaa0 qaa0 is the name of an interface which will support Classical IP If you will be using Classical IP you should configure 0 by replying with y then entering the addresses as requested by the next two prompts After configuration of 0 is complete you will be prompted for configuration of 1 If you would like more than one Classical IP interface reply y to the question about 1 If you would only like one int
175. m the network The tools used to perform the tests are provided by FORE Systems and the computer hardware vendor Each of the tests indicated by the diamond shaped blocks in Figure 10 1 is described individually in the following subsections ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 1 z gt o 5 a Troubleshooting Test the Lobptest software as in passed Figure 10 3 y Have you tried Self test n Reseat the 2 reseating the passed board board y Firmware n download successful Run netstat i n Have you tried Reseatthe Has driver detected reseating the Board presence of board oard y firmware Have you tried running rebooting the preis correctly system Sy Run atmstat d b fs n m iber cable Is the physical link bad Replace fiber cable Figure 10 1 Adapter Hardware Trouble 10 2 shooting Flowchart ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 1 1 Run Looptest To determine if an interface is functioning properly run the looptest utility on a host that has been disconnected and isolated from the network z gt o 5 5 Befor
176. m to etc hosts In step 3 of the example at the end of the script session above it is assumed that HOSTNAME atm has also been defined as an alias 3 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation Kernel Configuration 3 2 3 2 Installation Script Questions and Responses After starting the installation script with the fore install command you will be prompted for answers to a number of questions These questions are shown below in courier font During your individual software installation you may not see all of the questions The prompts that you do see depend on your environment and on answers to previous questions In this section the question will be shown first and the explanations of effects of the possible replies are shown after the questions A sample installation session is shown in Section 3 2 3 1 Installing kernel configuration files for the VMA 200 Ready y This is a warning that new files will be installed and offers a chance to halt installation up front Replying with n will exit the script Answering y will continue the process var sysgen boot fore atm a exists overwrite y Answering y to this prompt will cause the old version of the device driver to be overwritten When installing a new release you should overwrite the old file to ensure that the most cur rent version of FORE software is used If you answer n the old file will not be overwritten but the i
177. m to lose IP connectivity ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 15 moO 3 9 gt 2 5 Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 4 1 3 Using elarp The elarp command is used to display and optionally delete MAC to ATM ARP table entries used in conjunction with ELANs ARP table entries that are not related to ELANs may be displayed and controlled with the arp command as described in Chapter 4 Displaying ARP Table Information You can display all of the current ARP table ELAN related entries by entering the following command elarp show 11 Similarly to display all of the ARP table entries for the engineering ELAN you would enter elarp show elan engineering Finally to display the ARP table entry for a particular host enter elarp show mac The following is the format of a typical ARP table entry displayed in response to an elarp show command 00 20 48 10 0D 65 at 0x45 000580ffe1000000 215149c002048100d65 02 ElanName engineering flags addrTTL 300 vcTTL 1200 vpi vci 0 49 The first line gives the MAC to ATM address mapping The second line gives the name of the ELAN flag status the address mapping time to live and connection time to live in seconds and the virtual path and channel identifiers used by the host at the mapped address Deleting ARP Table Information All ELAN related ARP table entries may be deleted by entering the following command elarp delete a
178. mation Technology Equipment to be used in commercial and or industrial areas and conforms to the standards set by the Voluntary Control Council For Interference by Information Technology Equipment aimed at preventing radio interference in commercial and or industrial areas Consequently when used in a residential area or in an adjacent area thereto radio interference may be caused to radios and TV receivers etc Read the instructions for correct handling CE NOTICE Marking by the symbol CE indicates compliance of this system to the EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility directive of the European Community and compliance to the Low Voltage Safety Directive Such marking is indicative that this system meets or exceeds the following technical standards EN 55022 Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interference Characteristics of Information Tech nology Equipment EN 50082 1 Electromagnetic compatibility Generic immunity standard Part 1 Residential commercial and light industry IEC 1000 4 2 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment Part2 Electrostatic discharge requirements IEC 1000 4 3 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment Part3 Radiate electromagnetic field requirements IEC 1000 4 4 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment Part 4 Electrical fast transient burst requiremen
179. mats used to transport data between DCE and DTE devices DXI Frame Address DFA a connection identifier associated with ATM DXI packets that serves the same functions as and translates directly to the VPI VCI on an ATM cell Dynamic Allocation A technique in which the resources assigned for program execution are determined by criteria applied at the moment of need E 164 A public network addressing standard utilizing up to a maximum of 15 digits ATM uses 164 addressing for public network addressing E1 Wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at a rate of 2 048 Mbps E1 lines can be leased for private use from common carriers E3 Wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at a rate of 34 368 Mbps E3 lines can be leased for private use from common carriers Edge Device A physical device which is capable of forwarding packets between legacy inter working interfaces e g Ethernet Token Ring etc and ATM interfaces based on data link and network layer information but which does not participate in the running of any network layer routing protocol An Edge Device obtains forwarding descriptions using the route distri bution protocol elarp a FORE program that shows and manipulates MAC and ATM address mappings for LAN Emulation Clients LECs elconfig a FORE program that shows and modifies LEC configuration Lets the user set the NS
180. may be configured simultaneously but they must be in sepa rate subnets Remember that Classical IP specific configuration changes can only be done with the qa devices while SPANS specific configuration changes can only be done with the a devices ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 3 Configuring a Classical Network 5 2 Address Registration and ILMI Before a host can establish connections over a physical interface the host must know the ATM address for that interface The primary purpose of Interim Local Management Interface ILMI is to discover and register these ATM addresses dynamically 5 2 1 Addresses For private ATM networks addresses uniquely identify ATM endpoints UNI 3 0 and 3 1 address format is modeled after that of an OSI Network Service Access Point Three address formats have been specified DCC ICD and E 164 Per the UNI 3 0 and 3 1 specifications all private networks should accept initial call setup messages containing ATM addresses with any of the approved formats and forward the calls as necessary An ATM address consists of the following e a13 byte network side prefix The prefix is the ATM prefix of the switch to which the host is attached e aseven byte user side part This consists of the following six byte End System Identifier ESI The ESI is the unique IEEE MAC address of the interface aone byte selector Although each virtual inter
181. n Table 2 1 Short Base Address Configuration VME Short base address SW1 SW1 SW1 SW1 VME addr lt 15 12 gt binary pos 1 pos 2 pos 3 pos 4 0000 on on on on 0001 on on on off 0010 on on off on 1101 off off on off 1110 off off off on 1111 off off off off 2 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Hardware Installation In addition to the A16 short base address further address decoding is used to specify the indi vidual devices The VMEbus address bits 11 10 provide access to the following short devices lt The defined short data access width is 16 data bits with only 8 data bits significant Table 2 2 Device Access Decoding Information VMEbus addr lt 11 10 gt VME valid data Device Access 00 D15 8 Board ID prom Read only 01 D7 0 Host control register Read Write 10 D7 0 Interrupt vector register Read Write 2 2 1 2 VMEbus Identification PROM The VMEbus ID prom is a read only byte access device The device contains FORE Systems information specific to the card such as serial number hardware version number etc This is a read only device and drives VME data bits 15 8 2 2 1 3 Host Control Register The host control register provides various functions to the host processor to drive and monitor board control and status data This register is a read modify write type register Consequently all write operations are prece
182. n unjoin the specified ELAN terminating connections to both its LES and BUS and removing the network interface associated with this ELAN Some systems do not delete the system arp cache entries when the network interface is deleted On such systems if the interface is brought down or deleted and the remote system s MAC address changes then when the interface is brought up connectivity may not be established due to wrong arp cache entries The system administrator must delete such arp cache entries manually auto flag is used to delete Automatic ELAN that was specifed by auto flag during the add operation Used with the lecs flag remove the current LECS from the configuration This command is only allowed if no ELANs are currently configured from this LECS set If the single argument ATMaddress is used set the ATM address of the LECS to ATMaddress and mark this LECS as current If another set command is invoked with a different LECS address this LECS is now marked as current The add and delete commands may only be applied to returned by the current LECS The manual flag places the host in a manual configuration mode configuration information will not be retrieved from the LECS and the addition of ELANS will require the user to set the LES address set Solaris only Used with the mtu flag sets the interface MTU to match that of the associated ELAN elconfig handles the initial interface MTU configuration subsequent MTU recon
183. n Clients LECs and LAN Emu lation Services consisting of a LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS a LAN Emula tion Server LES and a Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS Each of these services may reside in the same physical system or in separate physical systems For example the LECS could reside in a switch while the LES and BUS reside in a workstation In the current Fore Thought 4 1 0 software the LECS LES and BUS are supported for systems runing SunOS or Solaris and for ASX 200 series and ASX 1000 switches The functional interconnections of a simple ELAN consisting of two LECs an LECS LES and BUS are shown in Figure 6 1 Workstation LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS LAN Emulation Server LES LAN Emulation LAN Emulation Client Client LEC Broadcast and Unknown LEC Server BUS LAN Emulation Services Figure 6 1 Basic Emulated LAN Interconnections 6 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 2 1 LAN Emulation Client LEC The LEC is the component in an end system that performs data forwarding address resolu tion and other control functions when communicating with other components within the ELAN It also provides a MAC level emulated Ethernet or Token Ring interface and appears to higher level software as though a physical interface is present Each LEC must register with both the LES and BUS associated with the EL
184. n on on on off on FD off off off off off off on off FE off off off off off off off on FF off off off off off off off off The configuration files supplied by FORE E Systems require that a card which is assigned A16 address space 1100 also be assigned A32 address space 1A Similarly A16 address space 1101 goes with A32 address space 1B 1110 goes with 1C and 1111 goes with 1D 2 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Hardware Installation 2 2 2 VMEbus Interrupter The VMEbus Interrupter circuitry consists of a programmable vector ID register an interrupt level selector and hardware daisy chain logic The VMEbus interrupter functions as a single level interrupt generator and as an interrupt acknowledge cycle participator Prior to interrupt cycle operations the user and the host driver must initialize the card First the user must choose the VMEbus interrupt request level for the VMA 200E card The inter rupt level is then encoded into DIP switch SW1 positions 6 through 8 The encoding is similar to the short and long address initializations This procedure is performed only during a non powered situation After power up the host must initialize the 8 bit vector ID register prior to interrupt generation by the VMA 200E to the host Table 2 5 Interrupt Request Level VMEbus Interrupt request level SW1 SW1 SW1 pos 6 pos 7 pos 8 off 2 off eu S 3 on off off 2
185. n terms of the following attributes of the end to end ATM connection Cell Loss Ratio Cell Transfer Delay Cell Delay Variation Queuing Delay QD refers to the delay imposed on a cell by its having to be buffered because of unavailability of resources to pass the cell onto the next network function or element This buffering could be a result of oversubscription of a physical link or due to a connection of higher priority or tighter service constraints getting the resource of the physical link Radio Frequency Interference RFI the unintentional transmission of radio signals Computer equipment and wiring can both generate and receive RFI Real Time Clock a clock that maintains the time of day in contrast to a clock that is used to time the electrical pulses on a circuit Red Alarm In T1 a red alarm is generated for a locally detected failure such as when a condi tion like OOF exists for 2 5 seconds causing a CGA Carrier Group Alarm Reduced Instruction Set Computer RISC a generic name for CPUs that use a simpler instruc tion set than more traditional designs Redundancy In a data transmission the fragments of characters and bits that can be elimi nated with no loss of information Registration The address registration function is the mechanism by which Clients provide address information to the LAN Emulation Server Relaying a function of a layer by means of which a layer entity receives data from a corre
186. n the PVC to peak kilobits per second If peak is not specified no rate control is applied u Remove IP multicast default outgoing PVC traffic destined for an IP multicast address not found in the ARP table will be sent over a multicast SVC if one can be created to the appropriate multicast group n Configure the ATM address for device device The ATM address is specified as 40 hexadecimal characters with or without a leading and interspersed dots e g 0x0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314 NOTE The last two digits will be ignored and qaa0 will get 00 1 will get 01 etc z Display the ATM address for device device device must be one which supports Q 2931 signaling e g qaa0 Add an ATM address to IP address mapping to the ARP table The address is specified as 40 hexadecimal characters with or without a leading Ox and interspersed ots e g 0x01 0203 04 050607 0809 0a0b 0c0d 0e0f10111213 14 This creates a single ARP entry for hostname and is used to connect to hosts which do not support ARP Set the ARP server s ATM address for the device device The ATM address is specified as 40 hexadecimal characters with or without a leading 0 and interspersed dots e g 01 0203 04 050607 0809 0a0b 0c0d 0e0f10111213 14 g Get the ARP server address that has been configured for the device device t Tell whether or not we are the ARP server for device s IP subnet gt lt ez 5 3 Oo 5
187. n two sets of equipment when they cannot be directly interconnected Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ADPCM A technique that allows analog voice signals to be carried on a 32K bps digital channel Sampling is done at 8Hz with 4 bits used to describe the difference between adjacent samples Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation APCM A technique that effectively reduces occupied band width per active speaker by reducing sampling rates during periods of overflow peak traffic Address A unique identity of each network station on a LAN or WAN Address Complete Message B ISUP call control message from the receiving exchange to sending exchange indicating the completion of address information Address Mask a bit mask used to identify which bits in an address usually an IP address are network significant subnet significant and host significant portions of the complete address This mask is also known as the subnet mask because the subnetwork portion of the address can be determined by comparing the binary version of the mask to an IP address in that sub net The mask holds the same number of bits as the protocol address it references Address Prefix A string of 0 or more bits up to a maximum of 152 bits that is the lead portion of one or more ATM addresses Address Resolution The procedure by which a client associates a LAN destination with the ATM address of another client or the BUS ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM
188. nchronous Time Division Multiplexing ATDM a multiplexing technique in which a trans mission capability is organized into a priori unassigned time slots The time slots are assigned to cells upon request of each application s instantaneous real need Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM a transfer mode in which the information is organized into cells It is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic 550 9 Adaptation Layer AAL the AAL divides user information into segments suitable for packaging into a series of ATM cells AAL layer types are used as follows AAL 1 constant bit rate time dependent traffic such as voice and video AAL 2 still undefined a placeholder for variable bit rate video transmission AAL 3 4 variable bit rate delay tolerant data traffic requiring some sequencing and or error detection support originally two AAL types connection oriented and connectionless which have been combined AAL 5 variable bit rate delay tolerant connection oriented data traffic requiring minimal sequencing or error detection support ATM Address Defined in the UNI Specification as 3 formats each having 20 bytes in length ATM Forum an international non profit organization formed with the objective of accelerating the use of ATM products and services through a rapid convergence of interoperability specifi cations In addit
189. ncy Shielded Pair Two insulated wires in a cable wrapped with metallic braid or foil to prevent interference and provide noise free transmission Shielded Twisted Pair STP two or more insulated wires twisted together and then wrapped a cable with metallic braid or foil to prevent interference and offer noise free transmissions Signaling System No 7 SS7 The SS7 protocol has been specified by ITU T and is a protocol for interexchange signaling Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer SEAL also called AAL 5 this ATM adaptation layer assumes that higher layer processes will provide error recovery thereby simplifying the SAR portion of the adaptation layer Using this AAL type packs all 48 bytes of an ATM cell infor mation field with data It also assumes that only one message is crossing the UNI at a time That is multiple end users at one location cannot interleave messages on the same VC but must queue them for sequential transmission Simple Gateway Management Protocol SGMP the predecessor to SNMP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP the Internet electronic mail protocol used to transfer electronic mail between hosts Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP the Internet standard protocol for managing nodes on an IP network Glossary 30 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Simple Protocol for Network Signalling SPANS FORE Systems proprietary signalling protoc
190. nd as much information as possible describing your problem question ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Typographical Styles Throughout this manual specific commands to be entered by the user appear on a separate line in bold typeface In addition use of Enteror Retum keys is represented as ENTER following example demonstrates this convention cd usr ENTER Commands menu items and file names that appear within the text of this manual appear in bold Courier font For example atmarp command shows a user the current connec tions to the adapter as well as the ATM address Any messages appearing on your screen during software installation and network interface administration will appear in the Courier font to distinguish them from the rest of the text For example Are all three conditions true iv ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Important Information Indicators To call your attention to safety and otherwise important information that must be reviewed to insure correct and complete installation as well as to avoid damage to the adapter or your sys tem FORE Systems utilizes the following WARNING CAUTION NOTE indicators WARNING statements contain information that is critical to the safety of the operator and or the system Do not proceed beyond a WARNING statement until the indicated conditions are fully understood or met This information could preve
191. nection process 1 4 initialization 1 4 LAN Emulation Configuration Server 6 3 LAN emulation overview 1 2 LAN Emulation Server 6 3 LAN emulation server LES loss of 1 5 LAN Emulation Services 6 2 EEG ai sd p t e Ote 6 3 LEGS tn ere 6 3 legacy iis cadet hte 5 1 DES ies stich a Er dE VM EDI bts 6 3 TIS xoc ha xot cette tdeo edd Peter 5 2 Logical IP Subnet LIS 5 2 Cetero abiens 8 2 M multicast packets 1 5 multicast PVC 4 13 multicasting 4 12 multi homing 4 5 N network interface configuration 4 1 network topology 7 1 no Classical IP support 5 9 NSAP address 5 4 outgoing PVC 4 10 overview of LAN emulation 1 2 P DV rtt E e Le d P 7 3 PVC verification 4 12 Q O29391 Qu Eure net mut teer UAE 5 1 reboot IP address 4 3 rentes eot ma me 5 2 S SNMP eta ts Beh eee 8 2 software overview 1 9 SPANS x RU 7 3 SPANS interface 5 3 static IP routing 4 7 SUPPONE so
192. neously This means that an ARP server can only serve 250 clients since each client must maintain a connection with its ARP server This may be a limitation if the ARP server is servicing multiple LISs e tis possible to increase the number of connections allowed by using the AMI pro gram see the ForeRunner ATM Management Interface Manual e Hosts support a maximum of 1 024 connections per adapter ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 9 Configuring a Classical Network 5 4 Classical IP PVCs 5 4 1 Theory and Configuration Normally ATM connections in a Classical IP environment are established dynamically using UNI 3 0 or 3 1 ILMI and UNI 3 0 or 3 1 all work together as described previously to set up an SVC If a host from another vendor does not support Classical ARP or ILMI it is still possible to setup an SVC using work arounds If a host or switch in an LIS does not support UNI 3 0 or 3 1 however it is not possible to establish an SVC In this case a Classical IP PVC can be used for communication On each of the hosts atmarp c is used to establish the PVC An unused VPI VCI pair must be chosen for each host PVCs using the chosen VPI VCI pairs must also be setup from each of the hosts to their connecting switch and then on all of the switches between the two con necting switches Both the incoming and outgoing connections are E set up simultaneously on the host but they mus
193. nfiguration it cannot handle Jou19y pue uonejeisu E 5 5 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 15 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 16 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual e P Network Interface Administration This chapter provides network configuration information such as assigning an IP address configuring your workstation as a multi homed or ATM only workstation and dynamic and static IP routing information for a multi homed workstation 4 1 Network Interface Configuration After installating the VM A 200E hardware and software some additional configuration tasks must be performed before using the VMA 200E as an ATM network interface First a unique legal IP address must be assigned to the network interface The Internet address that is assigned to the VMA 200E interface should be within the subnet that is assigned to the ATM LAN by the system administrator If you are unsure of how to do so it is strongly recommended that you consult the Silicon Graphics IRIX Site and Server Administration Guide for more information about creating and configuring subnets You should also consult your system administrator for additional help The adapter cards receive only on VPI 0 incoming E virtual path The incoming VCI may be from 1 through 1023 gt lt ez 396 5 ES
194. ng connection to ws2 atm from wsl1 atm using the 0 device VPI of 0 VCI of 100 and AAL 5 you would enter the following on host ws2 atmarp 1 fa0 O 100 5 This command links cells coming on device 0 on VPI VCI of 0 100 using AALS to the IP queue on ws2 atm For more information about the atmarp command see Section 4 3 gt lt ez 36 5 3 _ 5 ES 58 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 11 Network Interface Administration 4 2 7 Verifying the PVC Configuration The atmarp command can also be used to view the ARP cache in the device driver This com mand can be used to view the ARP cache entry of the newly created PVC for verification To view the ARP cache enter atmarp a The following is displayed Outgoing connections 0 ws2 atm 198 29 21 74 vpi vci 0 100 aal 5 switch port flags PVC encapsulation NULL peak rate unlimited Incoming connections fa0 switch port vpi vci 0 100 aal 5 flags PVC decapsulation NULL For a SPANS PVC the incoming and outgoing connection appears in the output with the flags indicating that this entry is a PVC With a Classical IP PVC there is only an entry in the Outgoing section For more information about the atmarp command see Section 4 3 4 2 8 IP Multicasting Support The OS must support IP multicasting or have IP E multicasting extensions installed Multicasting support per RFC 1112 spe
195. ni 250 tag 2 0 down uni 250 tag 0 down uni 250 tag 4 0 up uni 250 tag 169 144 60 108 0 down uni 250 tag 1 2 0 down uni 250 tag 1 3 0 down uni 250 tag 1 4 0 down uni 250 tag 0 up uni 0 tag 10 10 10 48 configuration spans show advanced Port VPI SigVCI CLSVCI AAL MinVCI MaxVCI SigBW CLSUPC 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 1 2 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 LC3 0 4 4 32 5 0 0 4 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 D 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 1 2 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 LD3 0 4 4 32 5 0 0 1 4 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 configuration port show Port Carrier Mb s iVPs iVCs iBW oVPs oVCs oBw Model no 55 0 4 5550 4 55 0 OC3 C2 no 55 0 4 55 0 4 55 0 OC3 C3 no 55 0 4 55 0 4 55 0 4 yes 55 0 4 55 0 4 55 0 OC3 D1 no 55 0 2 55 0 3 0 0 OC3 D2 no 55 0 5 55 0 4 55 0 D3 no 55 0 4 55 0 4 55 0 D4 no 55 0 4 55 0 4 55 0 OC3 80 0 28 0 0 36 0 0 5 10 24 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Port CZ C4 D2 D3 D4 CTL Port 2 4 102 LD3 LD4 ICTL Port 2 LC3 4 LD2 LD3 1 4 CDVT 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 5000 VPI OO CF C O x VPI Or x configuration port show advanced Policing VBROB BuffOB enabl enab enab enabl enab enab enabl enab enab State aown aown aown
196. nsert the CD ROM into the system s CD ROM drive and execute the following command E o 5 Jou19y pue uonejeisu mount t cdfs device filename directory name ENTER where device filenam is the name of your CD ROM eg dev scsi sc0d610 and directory name is the name of the directory you created in step 3 Consult the IRIX documentation if your CD ROM drive is addressed differently from the example device filename ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 3 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 5 Un tar the file by entering a command of the following form tar xvf directory name sgi tar filename ENTER where directory name is the directory that you created in step 3 of this procedure and tar_filename is the path and filename of the IRIX tar file on the CD ROM For example tar xvf CDROM sgi irix62 irix62 esa gia vma 4 1 0 tar A ore directory will be created underneath the current directory by the tar command The installation files will be copied into that directory 3 2 3 1 Typical Installation Script Session The following screens present typical questions that must be answered for proper kernel con figuration and contain samples of the text that will appear on your screen during file modifi cation and configuration User inputs to prompts you receive are indicated in bold e g y lt ENTER gt If there is a default
197. nsmission occurring Green Cell transmission occurring Bottom Receive status Bright Red No PMD receive carrier Dim Red SONET error Green Cell reception occurring A 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual LED Indicators r m 5 5 7 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual LED Indicators ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Acronyms The networking terms in the following list are defined in the Glossary of this manual Glos sary items are listed alphabetically according to the full term AAL ATM Adaptation Layer ABR Available Bit Rate ACM Address Complete Message ACR Allowable Cell Rate ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AHFG ATM attached Host Functional Group AIMUX ATM Inverse Multiplexing AIS Alarm Indication Signal AMI Alternate Mark Inversion AMI ATM Management Interface ANSI American National Standards Institute APCM Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation API Application Program Interface APP Application Program APS Automatic Protection Switching ARP Address Resolution Protocol ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ATDM Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode AUI Attachment User Interface B8ZS Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution BCOB Broadband Connection Oriented Bearer BCOB A Bearer Class A BCOB C Bearer Class C BCOB X Be
198. nstallation will continue var sysgen master d fore atm exists overwrite y Answering y to this prompt will cause the old fore atm file to be overwritten with the new one When installing a new release you should overwrite the old file This file defines the type of the device driver such as a STREAMS driver the prefix for the driver the device number etc If you answer n at this prompt the old file will not be overwritten but the instal lation will continue var sysgen system fore atm sm exists overwrite y Answering y to this prompt will cause the old fore atm sm file to be overwritten with the new one This file tells the system the address space used on the GIO bus by the VMA 200E Into which directory should firmware utilities and man pages be installed usr etc fore The VMA 200E firmware along with utilities to download the firmware and configure the kernel are needed at system boot time These files will be copied into usr etc fore etc or your specified directory et c The rest of FORE s utilities will also be copied to that direc tory In addition FORE Systems man pages will be copied to usr etc fore man Jou19y pue uonej eisu E 5 5 It is important that the directory that you specify be local to the machine on which you doing the installation That is because the firmware and utilities will be needed at system boot time to initia
199. nsure that the host hardware switches workstations adapters etc that is run ning the various LAN emulation software processes LECS LES BUS LEC is correctly connected powered up and functional e Perform the appropriate hardware troubleshooting Section 10 1 of this manual provides adapter E hardware troubleshooting procedures Refer to the documentation supplied with your host system as well as any hardware involved in running LAN emulation processes for appropriate hardware troubleshooting e Obtain the appropriate network parameters from your system administrator that define how your host should be configured for the ELAN that you are trouble shooting This information should include the ELAN name thename assigned to your interface theIP address assigned to your interface the ATM address of the system on which the ELAN s services is running ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 15 z gt o 5 5 Troubleshooting Is the ELAN state Operational How to check Enter the command elconfig show configured and check if the ELAN state is Opera tional Also note the Last Error from the output Possible Solutions If the state is Suspended 1 Ensure that the interface is assigned the correct IP address and is UP If the state is Operational 1 Check routing entries Make sure that the Destination and Gateway addresses
200. nt Configuration 7 3 CHAPTER8 Additional Administration Information 8 1 Additional Software and Manual 8 1 8 2 VMA 200E Administrative lt 8 2 8 2 1 8 4 8 2 2 elconfig Bc eee vex et Y ads 8 6 CHAPTER9 Software Interfaces 9 1 Berkeley Socket Interface 9 1 9 2 Application Programming 9 1 9 2 1 Concurrent Server Model forthe API 9 1 9 3 Fate Control axe esas ance Am quet Gach aiid rece dane ove 9 2 9 4 AAL NULL Support obi goed tea gaan seeds Gen baad Gale ogee ge 9 2 CHAPTER 10 Troubleshooting 10 1 Adapter Hardware 0 10 1 10 1 1 Ruri Eooptest c ed foe eta tes Pee ree T E xd 10 3 10 1 2 Check Self Test Automatically 10 4 10 1 3 Firmware Download Automatically Performed 10 4 10 1 4 Hardware Detected by Driver 10 5 10 1 5 Gheckc Firmware s ieee 10 6 10 1 6 Check Physical Link 10 7 10 2 Testing Network Connectivity Using 10 8 TOC 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual
201. nt serious injury to the operator and damage to the adapter the system or currently loaded software and will be indicated as WARNING Hazardous voltages are present To lessen the risk of electrical shock and danger to personal health follow the instructions carefully Information contained in CAUTION statements is important for proper installation opera tion Compliance with CAUTION statements can prevent possible equipment damage and or loss of data and will be indicated as CAUTION You risk damaging your equipment and or software if you do not follow these instructions Information contained in NOTE statements has been found important enough to be called to the special attention of the operator and will be set off from the text as follows Steps 1 3 5 are similar to the installation E for the computer type above Review the previous installation procedure before installation in your particular model ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Laser Notice Class 1 Laser Product This product conforms to applicable requirements of 21 CFR 1040 at the date of manufacture Class 1 lasers are defined as products which do not permit human access to laser radiation in excess of the accessible limits of Class 1 for applicable wavelengths and durations These lasers are safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation The FORE Systems adapter model VMA 200E SME SGI
202. nterface or Private Network to Network Interface Point to Point Protocol Programmable Read Only Memory Primary Reference Source Packet Switched Network Payload Type Permanent Virtual Circuit or Channel Permanent Virtual Channel Connection Permanent Virtual Path Connection Queuing Delay Quality of Service gt lt 3 7 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Acronyms 5 Acronyms RD Routing Domain RFCs Requests For Comment RFI Radio Frequency Interference RIP Routing Information Protocol RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer RTS Request To Send SA Source Address SA Source MAC Address SAP Service Access Point SAR Segmentation And Reassembly SC Structured Cabling or Structured Connectors or Stick and Click SCR Sustainable Cell Rate SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control SDU Service Data Unit SEAL Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer SECAM Systeme En Coleur Avec Memoire SEL Selector SES Severely Errored Seconds SF Super Frame SGMP Simple Gateway Management Protocol SIR Sustained Information Rate SLIP Serial Line IP SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMF Single Mode Fiber SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNA Systems Network Architecture SNAP SubNetwork Access Protocol SNI Subscriber Network Interface SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SONET Synchronous Optical Network SPANS Simple Protocol for ATM Network Signalling SPARC Scala
203. o such device This indicates that the specified device is invalid RELEASE VERSION DATE SEE ALSO atmarp 8c 4 22 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical ATM Network go D O 223 O 5 5 5 8 EE 5 1 Introduction This chapter describes how design configure and maintain a Classical network The term classical indicates that the ATM network has the same properties as existing legacy LANs That is even though ATM technology allows for large globally connected networks for example it is only used in the LAN environment as a direct replacement of existing LAN technology The classical model of LANs connected through IP routers is maintained in ATM networks RFC 1577 provides the standard for Classical IP over ATM Classical IP over ATM is different than IP in legacy LANs in that ATM provides a virtual con nection environment through the use of PVCs and or SVCs SVC management is performed via UNI 3 0 or UNI 3 1 signalling UNI 3 0 and 3 1 are broadband signalling protocols designed to establish connections dynamically UNI 3 0 and 3 1 use Service Specific Connec tion Oriented Protocol SSCOP as a reliable transport protocol and all signalling occurs over VPI 0 VCI 5 UNI 3 0 and 3 1 connections are bi directional with the same VPI VCI pair used to transmit and receive Once a Classical IP connection has been esta
204. oS parameter and acceptable values are network specific The objective is to minimize CLR provided the end system adapts the traffic to the changing ATM layer transfer characteristics The Cell Loss Ratio is defined for a connection as Lost Cells Total Transmitted Cells The CLR parameter is the value of CLR that the network agrees to offer as an objective over the lifetime of the connection It is expressed as an order of magnitude having a range of 10 1 to 10 15 and unspecified Cell Misinsertion Rate CMR the ratio of cells received at an endpoint that were not originally transmitted by the source end in relation to the total number of cells properly transmitted Cell Rate Adaptation CRA a function performed by a protocol module in which empty cells known as unassigned cells are added to the output stream This is because there always must be a fixed number of cells in the output direction when there are not enough cells to transmit unassigned cells are added to the output data stream Cell Relay Service CRS a carrier service which supports the receipt and transmission of ATM cells between end users in compliance with ATM standards and implementation specifications Cell Transfer Delay the transit delay of an ATM cell successfully passed between two desig nated boundaries See CTD Cell Transfer Delay CTD This is defined as the elapsed time between a cell exit event at the measurement point 1 e g at the source UNI and
205. obtain the ARP server address from a running system 3 2 2 Software Installation The VMA 200E device driver library installation and administration programs LAN emulation programs and on line manual pages are contained on the software distribu tion tape The configuration files supplied by FORE Systems will support up to 4 VMA 200E adapter cards per system without modification The following instructions detail the software installation and kernel configuration proce dures for the VMA 200E software and the GIO bus device driver In order to take full advan tage of the VMA 200E a new kernel must be created containing the VMA 200E device driver The kernel must contain the VMA 200E device driver to enable the card to support the Inter net protocol suite and the user level ATM API Application Programming Interface 3 2 3 Load Software and Run Installation Script The VMA 200E device driver for the IRIX operating system library installation and administration programs and on line manual pages are contained on the CD ROM provided with your adapter 1 Log in as root 2 If the media daemon mediad is running loading the CD ROM into the drive results in the automatic mounting of its file system on a directory in e g CDROM Proceed to Step 5 below If mediad is not running continue with step 3 3 Create a read only directory on which the CD ROM file system will be mounted e g CDROM 4 I
206. of the minimum inter arrival time TO of the request to send an ATM SDU Peak Cell Rate PCR parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic management In CBR transmissions PCR determines how often data samples are sent In ABR transmissions PCR determines the maximum value of the ACR Peer Entities entities within the same layer Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI a local bus standard created by Intel ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 25 Glossary Permanent Virtual Channel Connection PVCC A Virtual Channel Connection VCC is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI VCI fields of each cell A Perma nent VCC is one which is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely Permanent Virtual Circuit or Channel PVC a circuit or channel through an ATM network provisioned by a carrier between two endpoints used for dedicated long term information transport between locations Permanent Virtual Path Connection PVPC A Virtual Path Connection VPC is an ATM con nection where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell A PVPC is one which is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely Phase Alternate Line PAL Largely a German British development in the late 60s used in the UK and much of Europe The B Y and R Y signals are weighted to U and V then modulated onto a double sideband
207. ol used for establishing SVCs between FORE Systems equipment Single Mode Fiber SMF Fiber optic cable in which the signal or light propagates in a single mode or path Since all light follows the same path or travels the same distance a transmitted pulse is not dispersed and does not interfere with adjacent pulses SMF fibers can support longer distances and are limited mainly by the amount of attenuation Refer to MMF 550 9 Small Computer Systems Interface SCSI a standard for a controller bus that connects hard ware devices to their controllers on a computer bus typically used in small systems Smart PVC SPVC a generic term for any communications medium which is permanently provisioned at the end points but switched in the middle In ATM there are two kinds of SPVCs smart permanent virtual path connections SPVPCs and smart permanent virtual channel connections SPVCCs snmpd an SMNP agent for a given adapter card Source Part of communications system which transmits information Source Address SA The address from which the message or data originated Source MAC Address SA A six octet value uniquely identifying an end point and which is sent in an IEEE LAN frame header to indicate source of frame Source Traffic Descriptor a set of traffic parameters belonging to the ATM Traffic Descriptor used during the connection set up to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of the connec tion requested
208. ology elarp Displays the state of the switch and of all its active ports Shows and manipulates ATM Address Resolution Protocol entries maintained by the VMA 200E device driver This is also used to establish PVC connections Used to enable or disable SPANS signalling Also used to set MTU size OC3 and various other parameters Shows statistics gathered about the VMA 200E by the device driver These statistics include ATM layer and ATM adaption layer cell and error counts This can also be used to query other hosts via SNMP Used to manage virtual circuits on a FORE Systems switch Used to manage virtual paths on a FORE Systems switch Used to monitor and change the state of ports on a FORE Systems ATM switch Tests an ATM interface for basic cell reception and transmission functionality It is usually used for diagnostic purposes to determine if an interface is functioning properly An SNMP agent for the VMA 200E Displays the topology of a FORE Systems ATM network An updated topology can be periodically re displayed by use of the interval option Shows and manipulates MAC and ATM address mappings for LAN Emulation Clients LECs ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Additional Administration Information elconfig Shows and modifies LEC configuration Allows the user to set the ATM address of the LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS display the list of Emula
209. or transmitting packets over serial point to point links Policing the function that ensures that a network device does not accept traffic that exceeds the configured bandwidth of a connection Port Identifier The identifier assigned by a logical node to represent the point of attachment of a link to that node Presentation Layer Sixth layer of the OSI model providing services to the application layer Primary Reference Source PRS Equipment that provides a timing signal whose long term accuracy is maintained at 1 x 10 11 or better with verification to universal coordinated time UTC and whose timing signal is used as the basis of reference for the control of other clocks within a network Primitive an abstract implementation independent interaction between a layer service user and a layer service provider Priority the parameter of ATM connections that determines the order in which they are reduced from the peak cell rate to the sustained cell rate in times of congestion Connections with lower priority 4 is low 1 is high are reduced first Private Branch Exchange PBX a private phone system switch that connects to the public telephone network and offers in house connectivity To reach an outside line the user must dial a digit like 8 or 9 Private Network Node Interface or Private Network to Network Interface PNNI a protocol that defines the interaction of private ATM switches or groups of private ATM switche
210. ped Check for direct vpi vci to LES in the elconfig output Make sure that the LES is running if vpi vci is not assigned Check the LES log if enabled and contact FORE Technical Support for any ERROR conditions e addresses are assigned but VCIs are not assigned 1 LES connection dropped or BUS connection dropped Make sure that the services are running 2 Enter the command atmstat fa0 1and observe the response a Ifatmstat does not respond call FORE Technical Support b Ifatmstat responds troubleshoot the switch Otherwise call FORE Tech nical Support 10 18 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 4 Collecting Additional Information Once basic adapter installation and network connectivity have been tested this section explains how to obtain all of the additional information that you need to have ready before calling FORE Systems Technical Support This information should exist either on line by redirecting the output to a file or in hard copy form z gt o 5 a 10 4 1 Basic Information The following basic network information is very useful in helping FORE s Technical Support staff troubleshoot your problem 1 Host platform configuration Vendor name Platform type RAM MB Disk drive size approximate 2 Patches installed 3 Network topology physical configuration Sketch and FAX in if possible Pleas
211. preting valid user data the string of ones as control characters a Flag character for instance Border Gateway Protocol BGP used by gateways in an internet connecting autonomous net works It is derived from experiences learned using the bps bits per second Bridge a device that expands a Local Area Network by forwarding frames between data link layers associated with two separate cables usually carrying a common protocol Bridges can usually be made to filter certain packets to forward only certain traffic Bridge Protocol Data Unit BPDU A message type used by bridges to exchange management and control information Broadband a service or system requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than the Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN primary rate Broadband Access an ISDN access capable of supporting one or more broadband services Broadband Connection Oriented Bearer BCOB Information in the SETUP message that indi cates the type of service requested by the calling user BCOB A Bearer Class A Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection ori ented constant bit rate service The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element IE BCOB C Bearer Class C Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection ori ented variable bit rate service The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element IE BCOB X
212. r slave and interrupter capabilities With the VMA 200E users can add networking capabilities to their applications leaving the low level ATM cell processing seg mentation and reassembly and signalling to the 200 hardware and device driver SSNN Figure 1 2 VMA 200E Adapter Card 1 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 1 5 Software Overview The VMA 200E adapter uses ForeThought s market proven support for TCP IP protocols see Figure 1 3 allowing existing applications to operate with no modifications Major advantages include high performance network throughput delivered to applications and the flexibility for future upgrades The VMA 200E software driver implements the SPANS Switched Virtual Circuits SVC sig nalling protocol to give applications end to end ATM connectivity including on demand access to ForeRunner ATM switch multicast functions An ATM Forum compliant SNMP Man agement Information Base MIB is a
213. r at nominally the same rate with variations in rate constrained to specified limits Point of Demarcation the dividing line between a carrier and the customer premise that is governed by strict standards that define the characteristics of the equipment on each side of the demarcation Equipment on one side of the point of demarcation is the responsibility of the customer Equipment on the other side of the point of demarcation is the responsibility of the carrier Glossary 26 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Point to Multipoint Connection a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links with associated endpoint nodes with the following properties 1 One ATM link called the Root Link serves as the root in a simple tree topology When the Root node sends information all of the remaining nodes on the connection called Leaf nodes receive copies of the information 550 9 2 Each of the Leaf Nodes the connection can send information directly to the Root Node The Root Node cannot distinguish which Leaf is sending information without additional higher layer information See the following note for Phase 1 3 The Leaf Nodes cannot communicate directly to each other with this connection type Note Phase 1 signalling does not support traffic sent from a Leaf to the Root Point to Point Connection a connection with only two endpoints Point to Point Protocol PPP Provides a method f
214. r the connection cchan a FORE program that manages virtual channels on ForeRunner switch running asxd Glossary 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Cell an ATM Layer protocol data unit PDU The basic unit of information transported in ATM technology each 53 byte cell contains a 5 byte header and a 48 byte payload Cell Delay Variation CDV a quantification of cell clumping for a connection The cell clump ing CDV yk is defined as the difference between a cell s expected reference arrival time ck and its actual arrival time ak The expected reference arrival time ck of cell k of a specific connection is max T is the reciprocal of the negotiated peak cell rate 550 9 Cell Delineation the protocol for recognizing the beginning and end of cells within the raw serial bit stream Cell Header ATM Layer protocol control information Cell Loss Priority CLP the last bit of byte four in an ATM cell header indicates the eligibility of the cell for discard by the network under congested conditions If the bit is set to 1 the cell may be discarded by the network depending on traffic conditions Cell Loss Ratio In a network cell loss ratio is 1 x y where y is the number of cells that arrive in an interval at an ingress of the network and x is the number of these y cells that leave at the egress of the network element Cell Loss Ratio CLR CLR is a negotiated Q
215. rface is designed to support Classical IP using UNI 3 0 or 3 1 signalling there also exists a SPANS interface usually called a but user configurable for each physical interface The a interface supports FORE IP on top of SPANS signalling FORE IP allows communication using AAL4 or AALS5 with no encapsula tion uses a broadcast ARP for SPANS address resolution and supports direct communication of all hosts on a physical ATM network without the use of IP routers Since SPANS and UNI 3 0 or 3 1 signalling use different VCIs a host can simultaneously support FORE IP over SPANS as well as Classical IP over UNI 3 0 or 3 1 on the same physical interface go 283 25 o E EE z As a result of standard IP routing all traffic sent out an interface will use FORE IP while all traffic sent out a qa interface will use Classical Each of the interfaces should be assigned an IP address on a subnet different than the subnets of any of the qa interfaces It is permissible to place multiple fa interfaces on the same subnet and the driver will load bal ance connections across these interfaces It is only necessary to configure the a and qa interfaces if the specific service provided by that interface is required A host sending only Classical IP need not configure the a inter faces Likewise a host sending only FORE IP would not need to configure the qa interfaces Both the a and qa interfaces
216. rier s representative When unpacking the 200 be sure to keep all original packing materials They may be needed for storing transporting or returning the product CAUTION products returned to FORE Systems under warranty must be packed in their original packing materials CAUTION The VMA 200E contains static sensitive devices Keep the adapter in its protective bag until installation Electronic components are subject to damage from even small amounts of static discharge Therefore be sure to have your equipment properly grounded The ForeRunner VMA 200E adapter package contains the following e VMA 200E Adapter e VMA 200E Software on CD ROM with license e VMA 200E ATM Adapter User s Manual this manual e Anti static Grounding Strap e Warranty Registration Card If any of the above items are missing or damaged please contact FORE Systems Technical Support immediately 1 12 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 1 9 VMA 200E Technical Specifications The capabilities and physical parameters of the VMA 200E are detailed in the table below Table 1 1 VMA 200E Technical Specifications Architecture Hardware On board 25 MHz i960 cell processor AAL Support Special purpose on board hardware for HEC CRC and AAL5 and 3 4 calculations UNI Physical Layer 155 Mbits sec SONET STS 3c SDH STM 1 Form Factor Single slot 6U
217. rify the IP routing If there is still a problem then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 13 Troubleshooting 10 2 2 5 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting Cells If the remote end is receiving cells with no errors and is transmitting cells in response then the remote end is OK Looking at Figure 10 2 reverse the direction From the remote host start a continuous ping and then run these same tests starting again with Section 10 2 1 Watch the results of these tests on the local host 10 14 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 3 LAN Emulation Troubleshooting The following procedures provide a top down series of troubleshooting procedures for LAN emulation from the point of view of the host in which your adapter resides Troubleshooting procedures for the host system as well as for equipment to which your adapter may be con nected are referenced as necessary If you have any questions about troubleshooting LAN emulation as employed with this adapter contact FORE Systems Technical Support 10 3 1 Troubleshooting Procedures If your host system is unable to communicate with other members of the ELAN review the following questions and procedures for possible solutions Before You Begin Before attempting to troubleshoot suspected LAN emulation problems perform the follow ing e E
218. rk protocol s frames arrive in the proper order If no response is received to the ARP LEC1 continues to send data via the BUS while con tinuing to LE ARP until a response is received and a data direct connection to LEC2 estab lished If LECI already has a data direct connection to a MAC address it wishes to reach it need not go through the LE ARP process again Instead it continues to use the current connection This is possible because each LEC maintains a cache of MAC address to ATM address mappings that it receives in response to the ARPs it has sent Entries in this cache are aged out over a period of time Data direct connections are also cleared if they remain inactive for a period of time ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 7 Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 4 Configuring a LEC Currently only local LAN Emulation Clients may be configured on hosts running under IRIX Two methods for configuring a LEC are presented in the following sections l usingthe configure lanem script 2 at the command line using the elconfig command 6 4 1 Using the configure 1 Script Before You Begin Before running the script you should read E through this entire section Detailed explanations of each of the prompts appearing in the script session may be found in Section 6 4 1 1 You should know the topology of the ELAN or ELANS that you want to administer You will be asked to supply the fol
219. roup of circuits share a sig naling channel Refer to 557 Glossary 8 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Common Management Interface Protocol CMIP An ITU TSS standard for the message for mats and procedures used to exchange management information in order to operate adminis ter maintain and provision a network Concatenation The connection of transmission channels similar to a chain Concentrator communications device that offers the ability to concentrate many lower speed channels into and out of one or more high speed channels 550 9 Configuration The phase which the LE Client discovers the LE Service Congestion Management traffic management feature that helps ensure reasonable service for VBR connections in an ATM network based on a priority sustained cell rate SCR and peak cell rate PCR During times of congestion bandwidth is reduced to the SCR based on the priority of the connection Connection the concatenation of ATM Layer links in order to provide an end to end informa tion transfer capability to access points Connection Admission Control CAC the procedure used to decide if a request for an ATM connection can be accepted based on the attributes of both the requested connection and the existing connections Connection Endpoint CE a terminator at one end of a layer connection within a SAP Connection Endpoint Identifier CEI an identifi
220. rovides a measure of distance or hops from a transmitting workstation to a receiving workstation Routing Protocol A general term indicating a protocol run between routers and or route servers in order to exchange information used to allow computation of routes The result of the routing computation will be one or more forwarding descriptions SBus hardware interface for add in boards in later version Sun 3 workstations Scalable Processor Architecture Reduced instruction set Computer SPARC a powerful work station similar to a reduced instruction set computing RISC workstation Segment a single ATM link or group of interconnected ATM links of an ATM connection Segmentation And Reassembly SAR the SAR accepts PDUs from the CS and divides them into very small segments 44 bytes long If the CS PDU is less than 44 bytes it is padded to 44 with zeroes A two byte header and trailer are added to this basic segment The header identi fies the message type beginning end continuation or single and contains sequence number ing and message identification The trailer gives the SAR PDU payload length exclusive of pad and contains a CRC check to ensure the SAR PDU integrity The result is a 48 byte PDU that fits into the payload field of an ATM cell Selector SEL A subfield carried in SETUP message part of ATM endpoint address Domain specific Part DSP defined by ISO 10589 not used for ATM network routing used by ATM end s
221. rt If ILMI is not supported on a particular switch or host in a given network then the ATM addresses must be manually configured If a given switch does not support ILMI it can not supply an ATM prefix to the hosts Therefore the user must assign a unique valid prefix to the switch Additionally the same prefix should be used for all hosts attached to that switch On the host atmarp n is used to configure the ATM address for a specific interface The switch directly attached to this interface is then informed of this ATM address port combina tion through commands in AMI The UNI signalling type 3 0 or 3 1 must then be set using the atmconfig u UNI type command where UNI type is either 30 or 31 UNI type may also be set as part of the installation session see Chapter 3 Once the host and net work have both been informed of this ATM address port pair the host may begin signalling Once an interface s ATM address has been set it is possible to change it by first running atmarp to set the new address and then bringing the interface down and back up ifconfig qaXX down ifconfig qaXX up for the address change to take effect 5 2 44 Configuration The choice to use ILMI for address registration is made at software installation time Since ILMI uses SNMP as its management protocol the use of ILMI is tied into snmpd The choice can be made to run FORE s SNMP agent and use ILMI snmpd run FORE s SNMP agent without usin
222. s Programmable Read Only Memory PROM a chip based information storage area that can be recorded by an operator but erased only through a physical process Protocol a set of rules and formats semantic and syntactic that determines the communica tion behavior of layer entities in the performance of the layer functions ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 27 Glossary Protocol Control Information the information exchanged between corresponding entities using a lower layer connection to coordinate their joint operation Protocol Data Unit PDU a unit of data specified in a layer protocol and consisting of protocol control information and layer user data Proxy the process in which one system acts for another system to answer protocol requests Proxy Agent an agent that queries on behalf of the manager used to monitor objects that are not directly manageable Public Data Network PDN a network designed primarily for data transmission and intended for sharing by many users from many organizations Pulse Code Modulation PCM a modulation scheme that samples the information signals and transmits a series of coded pulses to represent the data Q 2931 Derived from Q 93B the narrowband ISDN signalling protocol an ITU standard describing the signalling protocol to be used by switched virtual circuits on ATM LANs Quality of Service QoS Quality of Service is defined on an end to end basis i
223. s and Cross Connect System DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DCC Data Country Code DCE Data Communications Equipment DCS Digital Cross connect System DES Destination End Station DFA DXI Frame Address DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier Acronyms 2 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual DNS DSn DSR DTE DTR EEPROM EFCI EGP EIA EISA ELAN EMI EPROM EQL ER ES ESF ESI EXZ FC FCC FCS FDDI FDM FEBE FEC FECN FERF FIFO FRS FTP FT PNNI FUNI GCAC GCRA GFC HDB3 HDLC HEC HIPPI HSSI ICMP Acronyms Domain Naming System Digital Standard n n 0 1 1C 2 and 3 Data Set Ready Data Terminal Equipment Data Terminal Ready Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Explicit Forward Congestion Indication Exterior Gateway Protocol Electronics Industries Association Extended Industry Standard Architecture Emulated Local Area Network Electromagnetic Interference Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Equalization Explicit Rate End System or Errored Second Extended Super Frame End System Identifier Excessive Zeroes Error Event Face Contact Federal Communications Commission Frame Check Sequence Fiber Distributed Data Interface Frequency Division Multiplexing Far End Block Error Forward Error Correction Forward Explicit Congestion Notification Far End Receive Failure First In First Out Frame Relay Service File Transfer Protocol ForeThought PN
224. same physical network g Set IP automatic failover validation interval the frequency at which the network interface is verified to be operational This option is only applicable to a SPANS interface The default is 5 seconds h Set IP automatic failover retry duration the maximum time spent retrying a failed interface before declaring the interface down ie the RUNNING flag is removed This option is only applicable to a SPANS interface The default is 10 seconds p Enable Disable IP multicast on the specified interface Enable Disable internal loopback mode Set OC3 framing type to either SONET or SDH i Set OC3 module to insert idle cells ITU T standard or unassigned cells ATM Forum and ANSI standard t Set OC3 timing source to external or internal q Set Disable IP SVC rate control on the specified device This option is only applicable to a SPANS interface NOTES Care should be taken when setting large MTUs since large packets increase the probability of packet loss due to reassembly errors from cellloss Certain operating systems may not the maximum MTU On these platforms the interface MTU will be limited to the maximum allowed value atmconfig cannot be used to dynamically change the interface MTU on Solaris platforms On these machines the m option changes the MTU only for STREAMS traffic including FORE Systems API For Solaris platforms the interface MTU can be dynamically changed w
225. so may result in the two systems being unable to re establish IP connectivity 6 14 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN LEC Failover An added feature of ForeThought 4 1 0 software is the LEC failover mechanism This feature allows multiple redundant services to be configured for an ELAN Consequently to start LECs that join ELAN ma rketing and make use of the failover mechanism enter the following com mands elconfig add marketing O followed by elconfig add marketing 1 and then elconfig add marketing 2 Be sure to use the single quote marks to enclose E the ELAN names because of the use of the shell meta character above commands start three LECs Initially the LEC that connects to ELAN marketing O services is the active LEC If marketing O services fail the LEC associated with ELAN marketing 1 services becomes active Periodically the LEC associated with ELAN marketing 0 attempts to re establish service If both marketing 0 and marketing 1 services fail the LEC associated with ELAN marketing 2 will then become active and periodically attempt to reconnect to marketing 0 and marketing 1 Note that you may define as much redundancy into your system as resources allow CAUTION Deleting the currently active failover LEC removes the network interface e g 10 associated with all of the failover LECs causing the other LECs in the failover mechanis
226. ss E because you will need it to configure each of your workstations If you are not using ILMI for address registration your system administrator will be able to supply you with the ATM address of the ARP server Use this number in response to the prompt ATM addresses may be specified as when entering an ATM address for a node with or with out dots and a leading 0x Would you like to configure LAN Emulation n If you answer n the configure lanem script will not execute If you answer y the configure lanem script will execute The sample session is described as follows Current Configuration HARKS Configuration Information If LAN Emulation has not been configured the No Configuration Information mes sage appears If emulated LANs have been configured current configuration information will appear followed by the next question Do You Want To Modify Configuration Information y n If you wish to configure or modify LAN Emulation respond with y Answering n ends the LAN Emulation Configuration process 3 12 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation Kernel Configuration Detailed information about the E establishment of an emulated LAN ELAN is available in the on line e1config man page elconfig man page text is also available for reference in Chapter 8 of this manual Note that a host may join more that one ELAN A LEC must be con
227. st atmarp t indicates whether this host is the ARP server for the LIS associated with the given virtual interface On the switch AMI command con figuration atmarp arpserver show interface provides the same infor mation Onthehost atmarp v displays the status of the ARP server connection One of the first things to check in a trouble state is that a connection to the ARP server is fully established If the ARP server connection is established the ARP VPI VCI will be nonzero The CALLING SERVER flag indicates whether or not an attempt is currently being made to connect to the ARP server The retry count indicates the number of attempts to connect to the ARP server which have been unsuccess ful since the last successful attempt The InARP count indicates the number of InARP requests that have been sent on the ARP server connection without a response ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 11 P 2 0 99 z5 9 gt E 5 5 5 Configuring a Classical Network 5 6 Configuring the Network In an ATM network before any connections can be made the two parties must know each other s ATM address in order to set up that connection To allow those connections to work the ideal scenario is for all hosts and switches in the net work to have support for both ILMI and for 1577 Classical IP over However when using non FORE equipment this may not
228. sting 1 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 1 3 The ForeRunner VMA 200E Adapter The VMA 200E is a high performance adapter designed for use in VMEbus VME64 based systems The VMA 200E adapter provides ATM connectivity for the host systems and is able to support evolving signalling and standards The adapter features FORE Systems Advanced Cell Processing architecture providing maximum network performance to all run ning applications In addition the 200 provides transparent support for TCP IP Switched Virtual Circuits SVCs through the SPANS and UNI 3 0 or 3 1 signalling protocols Permanent Virtual Circuits PVCs Classical IP LAN emulation an ATM Applications Pro grammer Interface API and an SNMP agent for network management The VMA 200E supports high quality image full motion video CD quality audio and high speed data communications over a single ATM network connection Each physical connection in an ATM LAN is a point to point link between switches and or hosts ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 Qa a o m Introduction 1 4 Hardware Overview The VMA 200E features FORE s Advanced Cell Processing Architecture which utilizes a dedi cated embedded Intel 1960 RISC processor along with special purpose AAL5 and 3 4 Segmen tation and Reassembly SAR hardware and scatter gather DMA The VMA 200E provides VMEbus maste
229. t be set up individually on the switches The same VPI VCI pair is used by a host to send on the PVC as well as receive on the PVC The IP datagrams are sent over the PVC using AAL5 with LLC SNAP encapsulation 5 4 2 Revalidation and Removal Normally the device driver periodically checks that its PVCs are still established and func tioning A host revalidates a PVC every 15 minutes by sending InARP requests over the PVC if the user specifies that revalidation should occur by choosing 1 as the revalidate option to atmarp c If non FORE equipment supports revalidation the same command atmarp c and the revalidate option of 1 must be used If an InARP reply is not received the revalidation fails the PVC is marked invalid as shown through atmarp a and communication over the PVC is no longer possible Once a PVC is marked invalid an attempt is made to validate the PVC before transmitting Transmission will proceed only when validation succeeds It is possible to disable this revali dation feature by specifying 0 as the revalidate option to atmarp c This is often desirable when the remote end of the PVC such as a video camera does not support InARP A Classical IP PVC is removed on the host side using atmarp r Both the incoming and out going connections are removed simultaneously The PVC must then be removed from each of the network switches involved 5 10 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring
230. t d 0 Device statistics Buffer Allocation Failures Type 1 Type 2 Small Large Small Large Receive Queue Full Carrier 0 0 0 0 0 ON ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 21 Troubleshooting 10 4 3 Switch Information On the host at a command line type the following commands and note the responses e atmstat fa0 command e netstat ai command e asxmon command e cport command On the switch log in to the ATM Management Interface AMI to check the following configuration spans show configuration port show configuration uni30 show e Configuration of Network Modules TAXI 05 3 DS 1 OC 3c E 3 and or J 2 Typical responses are shown under each command The responses from these commands enables support to gather sufficient information to resolve the majority of problems atmstat 0 PHY ATM AAL statistics Output Input Errors ATM AAL ATM AAL 4B5B 4B5B ATM AAL AAL Cells CS PDUs Cells CS PDUs Framing Hdr CRC VPI VCI Pay CRC Proto 476058 469354 276580 273789 0 0 0 0 0 10 22 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting netstat ai Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll 5 0 1500 fore gar eth 1174803 39928 509563 0 107117 ALL SYSTEMS MCAST N D 08 00 69 07 3 93 8 fa0 9188 198 29 398 198 29 38 206 0 0 0 0 0 ALL SYSTEMS MCAST N e qaa0 9180 fore sw 198 29 22 206 0 0 0 0 0 qaal 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 100 8304
231. t effort priority in an ATM network with no guarantee of successful transmis sion Uplink Represents the connectivity from a border node to an upnode Usage Parameter Control UPC mechanism that ensures that traffic on a given connection does not exceed the contracted bandwidth of the connection responsible for policing or enforcement UPC is sometimes confused with congestion management see congestion man agement User Datagram Protocol UDP the TCP IP transaction protocol used for applications such as remote network management and name service access this lets users assign a name such as RVAX 2 S to a physical or numbered address User to Network Interface UNI the physical and electrical demarcation point between the user and the public network service provider ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 35 Glossary V 35 ITU T standard describing a synchronous physical layer protocol used for communica tions between a network access device and a packet network V 35 is most commonly used in the United States and Europe and is recommended for speeds up to 48 Kbps Variable Bit Rate VBR a type of traffic that when sent over a network is tolerant of delays and changes in the amount of bandwidth it is allocated e g data applications Virtual Channel or Circuit VC communications path between two nodes identified by label rather than fixed physical path Virtual Ch
232. t this point the LEC is ready to transfer data 6 6 ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 3 3 Data Transfer When 1 receives a network layer packet from a higher layer protocol to transmit to some destination MAC address for example LEC2 LEC1 initially does not know the correspond ing address of the destination Consequently transmits an ARP request to the LES The example shown in Figure 6 2 assumes that E LEC2 has already registered with the LES and that connections similar to those described for already exist While waiting for the LES to respond LEC1 forwards the packet to the BUS The BUS broad casts the packet to all LECs on the ELAN This is done to avoid data loss and to circumvent connection setup latency due to the ARP process that may not be acceptable to some net work protocols mo 38 gt 2 5 If the ARP response is received LECT establishes data direct connection Q to the desti nation address of LEC2 It is this path that will be used for subsequent data transfers Before LEC begins to use this connection it first sends a flush packet via the BUS to the destina tion LEC2 When LEC2 acknowledges receipt of this packet signifying that the BUS path is empty only then does LEC1 begin to use the data direct connection for data transfer This process ensures that the netwo
233. t where it will fine a Type field Subscriber Network Interface SNI the interface between an SMDS end user s and the network directly serving the end user supported by either a DS1 or DS3 access arrangement Super Frame SF a term used to describe the repeating 12 D4 frame format that composes a standard non ESF 1 service Super User a login ID that allows unlimited access to the full range of a device s functionality including especially the ability to reconfigure the device and set passwords Sustainable Cell Rate SCR ATM Forum parameter defined for traffic management For VBR connections SCR determines the long term average cell rate that can be transmitted Sustained Information Rate SIR In ATM this refers to the long term average data transmis sion rate across the User to Network Interface In SMDS this refers to the committed informa tion rate similar to CIR for Frame Relay Service Switch Equipment used to interconnect lines and trunks Switched Connection A connection established via signaling Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMDS a high speed datagram based public data net work service expected to be widely used by telephone companies in their data networks Switched Virtual Channel Connection SVCC A Switched VCC is one which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling A Virtual Channel Connection VCC is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI
234. te as well as the ATM API In order to use your VMA 200E adapter card in an IP network you must set your workstation in one of two configurations 1 Multi homed with a network attachment to both ATM and Ethernet or other leg acy network technology 2 ATM network only This chapter assumes a working knowledge of TCP IP and in particular IP addressing and routing issues In the following discussion two example Class C IP network addresses have been used The network address aaa aaa aaa XX is the ATM IP network and the network address eee eee eee XX is the Ethernet network The network portion of the IP address must be different for the ATM and Ethernet networks A FORE Systems ASX switch can be configured to be multi homed i e both an ATM and Ethernet network attachment and can be used to route IP traffic between the ATM and Ether net networks The addresses used should be specific to your E network topology To proceed with your network configuration you need access to the following information e P network number for the ATM network e network addresses and names for each ATM and Ethernet interface If you are installing the VMA 200E adapter card into a multi homed environment your Ethernet interface is probably already installed correctly This text does not describe the steps required for E the use of IP subnets Consult your system administrator for this information 4 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E
235. ted LANs ELANs configured in the LECS for this host display the list of ELANs locally configured along with the membership state of each and locally administer ELAN membership An overview of the administrative programs listed above is found in the atm intro 8C manual page For more details about these programs please see the ATM network manage ment manual pages located in Section 8 of the on line manual The man pages for LAN emula tion commands are reproduced on the following pages for reference ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual gt 3 3 m 2 gt 2 2 z 5 D Additional Administration Information 8 2 1 elarp 8c NAME elarp display or manipulate MAC to ATM address mappings SYNOPSIS elarp show all elan elan mac MAC layer3 elarp delete all elan elan mac MAC unit unit vc addr DESCRIPTION elarp is a tool to and delete MAC to ATM address table entries and associated Switch Virtual Circuits VCs Used in conjunction with the ATM Forum LAN Emulation Client LEC COMMANDS show If the all flag is used all current ARP table entries are displayed The elan flag will display all ARP entries for elan elan If the mac flag is used the ARP entry for MAC address MAC is displayed The time to live TTL in seconds for both the connections and address mappings are displayed If the layer3 flag is
236. terpreted as zero errors Far End Receive Failure FERF a line error asserted when a 110 binary pattern is detected in bits 6 7 8 of the K2 byte for five consecutive frames A line FERF is removed when any pat tern other than 110 is detected in these bits for five consecutive frames Far End in a relationship between two devices in a circuit the far end device is the one that is remote Face Contact FC Designation for fiber optic connector designed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone which features a movable anti rotation key allowing good repeatable performance despite numerous mating Normally referred to as Fiber Connector FC actually stands for Face Contact and sometimes linked with PC Point Contact designated as FC or FC PC FCC Part 68 The FCC rules regulating the direct connection of non telephone company pro vided equipment to the public telephone network Federal Communications Commission FCC a board of commissioners appointed by the Pres ident under the Communications Act of 1934 with the authority to regulate all interstate tele communications originating in the United States including transmission over phone lines Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI high speed data network that uses fiber optic as the physical medium Operates in similar manner to Ethernet or Token Ring only faster File Transfer Protocol FTP a TCP IP protocol that lets a user on one computer access and transfer data to and fro
237. timing supply for an entire building which is a master clock and its ancillary equipment The BITS supplies 51 and or composite clock timing references for synchronization to all other clocks and timing sources in that building Bursty Errored Seconds BES a BES contains more than 1 and fewer than 320 path coding violation error events and no severely errored frame or AIS defects Controlled slips are not included in determining BESs Bursty Second a second during which there were at least the set number of BES threshold event errors but fewer than the set number of SES threshold event errors Byte A computer readable group of bits normally 8 bits in length Call an association between two or more users or between a user and a network entity that is established by the use of network capabilities This association may have zero or more connec tions Carrier a company such as any of the baby Bell companies that provide network commu nications services either within a local area or between local areas Carrier Group Alarm CGA A service alarm generated by a channel bank when an out of frame OOF condition exists for some predetermined length of time generally 300 millisec onds to 2 5 seconds The alarm causes the calls using a trunk to be dropped and trunk condi tioning to be applied Carrier Identification Parameter CIP A 3 or 4 digit code in the initial address message identi fying the carrier to be used fo
238. to a reference such as a frame pattern Synchronous Transport Signal STS a SONET electrical signal rate 550 9 Systeme Coleur Avec Memoire SECAM Sequential and Memory Color Television Started in France in the late 60s and used by other countries with a political affiliation This is The B Y and R Y signals are transmitted on alternate lines modulated on an FM subcarrier The memory is a one line delay line in the receiver to make both color difference signals available at the same time on all lines Due to FM the signal is robust in difficult terrain Systems Network Architecture SNA a proprietary networking architecture used by IBM and IBM compatible mainframe computers T1 a specification for a transmission line The specification details the input and output char acteristics and the bandwidth lines run at 1 544 Mbps and provide for 24 data channels In common usage the term T1 is used interchangeably with DS1 T1 Link A wideband digital carrier facility used for transmission of digitized voice digital data and digitized image traffic This link is composed of two twisted wire pairs that can carry 24 digital channels each operating at 64K bps at the aggregate rate of 1 544M bps full duplex Also referred to as DS 1 a specification for a transmission line the equivalent of 28 lines T3 lines run at 44 736 Mbps In common usage the term T3 is used interchangeably with DS3
239. to the LEC This connection must be maintained for the duration of the LEC s participation in the ELAN e Multicast Send Connection a bidirectional point to point VCC set up by the LEC to the BUS for sending multicast data to the BUS The LEC must attempt to main tain this connection while participating in the ELAN e Multicast Forward Connection a unidirectional point to multipoint VCC set up from the BUS to LECs participating in the ELAN This VCC must be established before a LEC participates in an ELAN The LEC must attempt to maintain this connection while participating in the ELAN e Data Direct Connection a bidirectional point to point VCC set up between LECs that want to exchange unicast data traffic For the following discussion please refer to Figure 6 2 6 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN CONFIGURATION DIRECT CONTROL DIRECT CONTROL DISTRIBUTE mo 9 5 2 Q os 25 MULTICAST SEND MULTICAST FORWARD Q DATA DIRECT engineering Figure 6 2 ELAN Operation ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 5 Configuring Emulated LAN 6 3 1 Initialization Upon initialization LEC1 obtains its own address via address registration LEC1 obtains the address of the LECS in one of three ways via manual configuration via the well known address
240. transmit any information that did not reach the far end Backbone the main connectivity device of a distributed system All systems that have con nectivity to the backbone connect to each other but systems can set up private arrangements with each other to bypass the backbone to improve cost performance or security Backplane High speed communications line to which individual components are connected Backward Explicit Congestion Notification BECN A Resource Management cell type gener ated by the network or the destination indicating congestion or approaching congestion for traffic flowing in the direction opposite that of the BECN cell Bandwidth usually identifies the capacity or amount of data that can be sent through a given circuit may be user specified in a PVC Baud unit of signalling speed equal to the number of discrete conditions or signal events per second If each signal event represents only one bit the baud rate is the same as bps if each signal event represents more than one bit such as a dibit the baud rate is smaller than bps Bayonet Neill Concelman BNC a bayonet locking connector used to terminate coaxial cables BNC is also referred to as Bayonet Network Connector Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution B8ZS a technique used to satisfy the ones density requirements of digital T carrier facilities in the public network while allowing 64 Kbps clear channel data Strings of eight consecutive zeroes are repl
241. troduction Runs on a SunOS or Solaris workstation or in a FORE Systems switch Provides services within a single ELAN allowing broadcasts multicast and unknown unicasts 1 2 2 Example Configuration Figure 1 1 shows an example configuration of a single ELAN in a FORE network The ELAN includes e Workstations PCs Macintoshes and UNIX boxes running a LEC Each has a ForeRunner adapter the ForeRunner driver for the adapter and one or more ForeRunner ELAN drivers installed e Two ASX 200 switches running One switch is also running the LECS the LES and the BUS e Powerhub 7000 running a LEC and providing access to non ATM networks 3 Qa o m Each of l Each of fd r these runs 18 these runs PC Unix a LEC PC Unix aLEC mz zl Runs a LECS LES BUS and ASX 200 RunsaLEC ASX 200 ud LEC ATM LJ Runs a LEC Powerhub 7000 ute Fast Ethernet FDDI Tx Figure 1 1 An Example of an ELAN ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 1 2 3 The Initialization Process The LEC running on the workstation goes through the following process
242. ts SAFETY CERTIFICATIONS ETL certified to meet Information Technology Equipment safety standards UL 1950 CSA 22 2 No 950 and EN 60950 TRADEMARKS FORE Systems is a registered trademark and ForeRunner ForeThought and ForeView are trademarks of FORE Systems Inc All other brands or product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders Table of Contents Chapter Summaries ve re roe Eee OR REA a ERIS SS ii Technical SU ppOfkt R necu EH Rn Catena Mant E PE iii Typographical Styles gt oP eta Important Information 1 V Laser iore hess vids Pee Safety Agency vi Safety Precautions ev v ete datei eub Ra vi Modifications to Equipment CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1 Overview of the ATM 1 1 1 2 Overview 1 2 1 2 1 The ELAN 1 2 1 2 2 An Example 1 3 1 2 3 The Initialization 5
243. tual Path Connection VPC a concatenation of VPLs between virtual path terminators VPTs VPCs are unidirectional Virtual Path Identifier VPI the address or label of a particular VP a value stored in a field in the ATM cell header that identifies an individual virtual path to which the cell belongs A vir tual path may comprise multiple virtual channels Virtual Path Link VPL means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VPI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed Virtual Path Switch a network element that connects VPLs it translates VPI not VCI values and is directed by Control Plane functions The Virtual Path Switch relays the cells of a Virtual Path Virtual Path Terminator VPT a system that unbundles the VCs of a VP for independent pro cessing of each VC Glossary 36 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Virtual Private Data Network VPDN a private data communications network built on public switching and transport facilities rather than dedicated leased facilities such as T1s Virtual Private Network VPN a private voice communications network built on public switch ing and transport facilities rather than dedicated leased facilities such as T1s Virtual Source Virtual Destination VS VD ABR connection may be divided into two or more separately controlled ABR segments Each ABR control segment except
244. twork LAN a data network intended to serve an area of only a few square kilo meters or less Because the network is known to cover only a small area optimizations can be made in the network signal protocols that permit higher data rates Glossary 20 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Logical Link Control LLC protocol developed by the IEEE 802 committee for data link layer transmission control the upper sublayer of the IEEE Layer 2 OSI protocol that complements the MAC protocol IEEE standard 802 2 includes end system addressing and error checking Loopback a troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that the signal can be analyzed for errors Typically a loopback is set at various points in a line until the section of the line that is causing the problem is discovered 550 9 looptest program that tests an interface for basic cell reception and transmission functional ity usually used for diagnostic purposes to determine if an interface is functioning properly Loss Of Frame LOF a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines Loss Of Pointer LOP a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines Loss Of Signal LOS a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines or a condition declared when the DTE senses a loss of a DS1 signal from the CPE for more the 150 milliseconds
245. uted over Permanent Virtual Circuits PVCs This functionality is only needed for special applications which may require the use of PVCs for IP traffic This program does not actually control the creation of the PVCs If the single argument hostname is given the ATM ARP entry for hostname is displayed When used with the flag the network address is displayed in numerical form When the N flag is not specified both the symbolic and numerical forms are displayed OPTIONS a Display all of the current ATM ARP table entries When used with N flag the network address is displayed in numerical form When N flag is not specified both the symbolic and numerical forms are displayed d Delete address mapping for specified hostname from the ATM ARP table If an ATM connection is open to the specified host then the connection is closed ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration Delete all dynamic address from the ARP table and close all Switched Virtual Channels SVCs to all hosts in the table Set ARP entry for outgoing Permanent Virtual Channel PVC All traffic to hostname will be encapsulated based on encapsulation and sent via the device interface on VPI opi VCI using type aal device must one which supports SPANS e g 0 Specifying peak will limit all traffic to hostname to peak kilobits per second If peak is not speci
246. wer y if you wish to configure an Automatic ELAN If you answer n the following two prompts will not appear ForeRunner VMA 200E VME Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 11 Configuring Emulated LAN Enter Adapter number 0 Enter Interface name e10 Enter ELAN name to configure return to end The name of the emulated LAN that you wish to configure for example marketing is entered in response to this prompt Enter LES address Manually n Answer y if you wish to enter the ATM address that the ELAN named in the previous prompt is to use when communicating with the LES Answer n if you wish ELAN members to use the LECS to discover the ATM address of the ELAN s LES Enter ELAN name to configure return to end If you wish to configure another ELAN enter the ELAN name here If you are finished config uring ELANs press the return key to end ELAN configuration The script presents the current LAN emulation client configuration similar to the following LECS ATM Address Well Known ELAN Automatic ELAN Adapter Number 0 Interface Name elo Do You Want To Modify Configuration Information n Answer y if you wish to change delete or add LAN emulation configuration information Save Configuration Information y Answer y if you wish to save the configuration information that you have entered The system responds with a line indicating the configuration information is being saved in a file called fore lanem
247. width from the Leaf Nodes to the Root Node Such a connection is also known as a Multipoint to Point Connection Multiprotocol over ATM MPOA An effort taking place in the ATM Forum to standardize pro tocols for the purpose of running multiple network layer protocols over ATM Narrowband Channel sub voicegrade channel with a speed range of 100 to 200 bps National TV Standards Committee NTSC Started in the US in 1953 from a specification laid down by the National Television Standards Committee It takes the B Y and R Y color differ ence signals attenuates them to I and Q then modulates them using double sideband sup pressed subcarrier at 3 58MHz The carrier reference is sent to the receiver as a burst during the back porch An industry group that defines how television signals are encoded and trans mitted in the US See also PAL SECAM for non U S countries Near End in a relationship between two devices in a circuit the near end device is the one that is local Network Layer Layer three In the OSI model the layer that is responsible for routing data across the network Network Management Entity NM body of software in a switching system that provides the ability to manage the PNNI protocol NM interacts with the PNNI protocol through the MIB Network Management Layer NML an abstraction of the functions provided by systems which manage network elements on a collective basis providing end to end network monitorin
248. xtended super frame format ESF in which an area in the ESF frame carries information about the location of all zero bytes eight consecutive 0 s within the data stream Zero Code Suppression The insertion of a 1 bitto prevent the transmission of eight or more consecutive 0 bits Used primarily with T1 and related digital telephone company facilities which require a minimum 1 s density in order to keep the individual subchannels of a mul tiplexed high speed facility active Zero Bit Insertion A technique used to achieve transparency in bit oriented protocols A zero is inserted into sequences of one bits that cause false flag direction ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 37 Glossary Glossary 38 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Index A adapter switch configuration 7 2 an teet ee 9 1 Application Programming Interface 9 1 ARP reply i o Rn REIR 5 8 ARP request ee emet ve dA 5 8 ARP restrictions 5 9 ARP 5 6 ASKMON ate wee eg sacs por ep ee 8 2 ATM Forum LAN Emulation Over ATM Ver ade e eae 1 2 definition 1 1 eroe bebe d 8 2 1 2 a 8 2 ATM only ee eo ae VR RP 4 6 8 2 10 21 automatic failover 4 13 B b
249. y Variance MCLR Maximum Cell Loss Ratio MCR Minimum Cell Rate MCTD Maximum Cell Transfer Delay MIB Management Information Base MIC Media Interface Connector MID Message Identifier MMF Multimode Fiber Optic Cable MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MPOA Multiprotocol over ATM Acronyms 4 ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual MSB MTU NM NML NMS NNI NPC NRZ NRZI NSAP NTSC OAM OC n OID OOF OSI OSPF OUI PAD PAL PBX PCI PCM PCR PDN PDU PHY ping PLCP PLP PM PMD PNNI PPP PROM PRS PSN PT PVC PVCC PVPC QD QoS Acronyms Most Significant Bit Maximum Transmission Unit Network Management Entity Network Management Layer Network Management Station Network to Network Interface or Network Node Interface Network Parameter Control Non Return to Zero Non Return to Zero Inverted Network Service Access Point National TV Standards Committee Operation and Maintenance Cell Optical Carrier level n Object Identifier Out of Frame Open Systems Interconnection Open Shortest Path First Protocol Organizationally Unique Identifier Packet Assembler Disassembler Phase Alternate Line Private Branch Exchange Peripheral Component Interconnect Pulse Code Modulation Peak Cell Rate Public Data Network Protocol Data Unit Physical Layer Packet Internet Groper Physical Layer Convergence Protocol Packet Level Protocol Physical Medium Physical Medium Dependent Private Network Node I
250. ystems only ForeRunner VMA 200E ATM VME Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 29 Glossary Semipermanent Connection a connection established via a service order or via network man agement Serial Line IP SLIP A protocol used to run IP over serial lines such as telephone circuits or RS 232 cables interconnecting two systems Service Access Point SAP the point at which an entity of a layer provides services to its LM entity or to an entity of the next higher layer Service Data Unit SDU a unit of interface information whose identity is preserved from one end of a layer connection to the other Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol SSCOP an adaptation layer protocol defined in ITU T Specification Q 2110 Service Specific Convergence Sublayer SSCS The portion of the convergence sublayer that is dependent upon the type of traffic that is being converted Session Layer Layer 5 in the OSI model that is responsible for establishing and managing ses sions between the application programs running in different nodes Severely Errored Seconds SES a second during which more event errors have occurred than the SES threshold normally 10 3 Shaping Descriptor n ordered pairs of parameters LL used to define the negotiated traffic shape of an APP connection The traffic shape refers to the load balancing of a network where load balancing means configuring data flows to maximize network efficie

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