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1. Drawing Number AO Al A2 A3 A4 Dimensions and notes AQ Al A2 A3 A4 APPENDIX C GENERAL PAPER OUTPUT PLOTTING SPECIFICATIONS BS 308 DRAWING SHEET PAPER SIZE mm DESIGNATION AQ 84 1189 54 55
2. options and information 10 Three palettes which may be frequently used are the Properties palette Design Centre palette and Tool palette To display a palette 1 Open the Tools menu point to Palettes 2 Click on the one you want PROPERTIES PALETTE This displays and allows you to change the properties of the currently selected object s B PRUPER ES T DESIGN CENTRE PALETTE Block Reference General Color Layer Linetype Linetype scale Plot style Lineweight Hyperlink Geometry Position X Position Y Position Z Scale X Scale Y Scale Z Misc Mame O ByLayer 0 ByLayer 1 ByColor MN Ey Layer 146 0809 221 5077 amp Fan and Motor with Bel This gives easy access to the blocks and other features of drawing files on the system including objects in the sample files that are supplied with AutoCAD The palette has four panes three of which are optional e Tree view This shows the folders which can be opened to show the drawings and their elements 11 e Preview This gives a close up of the selected block e Description This gives the specification of the selected block V e d fis EH Folders Open Drawings History DC Online Folder List X a H Analog Integrated Circuits d EN I pr 5 AutoCAD Textstyles and Lir E Fanand Motor Heater Feed 25 Basic Electronics dwg E nex ub aga pud l z za disp ie E COS Hiegated Grau
3. CHAPTER 3 FORMATTING Format pull down menu groups commands for setting features of a drawing that can be specified infrequently during the drawing These are features such as Layer Color Linetype Lineweight Text Style Dimension Style Plot Style Point Style Multi line style Units Thickness and Drawing Limits A property such as Layer can be made to house other properties such as Color Linetype Lineweight and Plot Style so that the other properties are Set by Layer Graphical objects created in the layer then inherit all properties set for the layer Opening the layer then defines properties on that layer for graphical objects created on it FORMATTING LAYERS When starting a drawing you can use a template depending on the colour and layout setting you want for your drawing The Acadiso dwt template is a metric unit drawing template while Acad dwt is an inch unit template However we may want our drawings to conform to another standard An example of a standard is the BS 308 British Standards This will be the reference standard used throughout this manual See Appendix A The lines to be used in this standard have different properties and line widths Each of these lines can be constructed by the use of layers A Layer is an equivalent of an overlay sheet in paper based drawing It helps to assign a colour line type and line weight to a layer which helps to identify sets of features and gives consistency to their appearance These
4. GENERAL FILE HANDLING File operations in AutoCAD resemble file operations in any other Windows program General file handling includes file opening file saving file closing and printing of drawings OPENING FILES You can have any number of files open at once in AutoCAD To open any file proceed as follows 1 Click the File menu and select Open A AutoCAD 2004 Drawing1 dwa F New Ctrl M d Open Ctri O Close A Partial Loac d Save Ctrl 5 At the Select file dialogue box browse through to the folder in the Look in slot Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the drawing EM File Edit B Beale AutoCAD Classic 8 pPRaxe Preview Views Y Tools v Look in E Documents Date modified 13 11 2008 18 16 10 09 2008 17 00 07 10 2008 11 43 Name FIFA 09 Le final fantasy 12 4 mgs2 4 My Recordings Nero Recode 4 NeroVision 4 New Folder de operations research no Drawingl FR Drawing2 FA drawing3 A plan 4 drawing3 PHPMM ADIALCOrnrTOLNN File name 26 10 2008 21 19 23 05 2008 01 48 26 07 2008 01 00 24 10 2008 16 35 03 12 2008 18 14 29 10 2008 20 49 18 06 2008 22 25 09 12 2008 13 57 29 10 2008 21 25 Select Initial View Files of type Drawing dwg Click Open to view the selected drawing SAVING FILES 1 Open the File menu and select Save As to open the Save Drawing as dialogue box A AutoCAD 2004 Draw
5. but to obtain properly scaled and professionally presented output layouts should be used LAYOUTS A layout is a view of model space prepared for output to a plotter or printer It can show the whole drawing or just a part of it It can include text dimensions and additional drawn items that are not present in model space e g a title bar Each layout is designed for a specific plotter printer and printer size and displays the drawing in a specific view To create a layout from scratch 1 Click on the layout tab ES Page Setup Layout2 ma EN g p Layo Layout name Page setup name Layoute lt select page setup ta apply MU Plot Device Layout Settings Paper size and paper units Drawing arientatian Plot device E Microsoft XPS Document Writer gt Portrait gt gt Paper size Landscape Printable area 273 05 x 209 55 mm O inches i mm Plot upside down Plot area Plot scale Shaded viewport options amp Layout 1 1 Shade plot As Displayed en Scale lineweights LIP 300 Co Display Plot offset Plot options M ew Center the plat Plot object linevweights 0 00 Plot with plot styles omm Plot paperspace last Hide paperspace objects 2 Atthe Page Setup dialog box first select the Printer plotter 3 Select the Paper size and Drawing orientation as required 47 5 6 Set the Plot scale to the design scale of the drawing The Fit to paper option may be available Click
6. 2004 Palettes Images and explanation of various toolbars used in AutoCAD 2004 CHAPTER 3 FORMATTING Formatting layers Tutorial on how to format Layers and their properties Formatting Dimension styles Tutorial on how to format Dimension styles Formatting Drawing units Tutorial on how to format Drawing units CHAPTER 4 STARTING AND SETTING UP DRAWINGS This would explain the various methods of starting drawings and when to use them CHAPTER 5 THE DRAW COMMANDS gt Images of the important Draw commands and how they are used Practice Exercises A series of drawings for the user to practice what he has learnt in the manual CHAPTER 6 THE MODIFY COMMANDS gt Images of the important Draw commands and how they are used CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONING gt Images of the various dimensioning lines available and their use 15 CHAPTER 8 PLOTTING AND VIEWPORTS Layouts How to use layouts and their editing Viewports How to set viewports and their editing Plotters and Plotting How to plot drawings APPENDIX gt Various British Standard BS 308 that are relevant to AutoCAD drawing are listed here 16 CHAPTER 8 8 0 RESULTS AUTOCAD 2004 TRAINING MANUAL The training manual 1s included as an Appendix 2 in the Appendix Section of the Report 17 CHAPTER 9 9 0 TESTING AND REVIEW After the manual was created it was important to test it in AutoCAD learning institutions and by professiona
7. can be turned on and off and can be moved to new positions To turn toolbars on and off 1 Right click on any toolbar and the full list will appear Those toolbars currently displayed will have ticks by their names 2 Click on a toolbar name to toggle its display on or off SNAP When snap is on the cursor under the mouse control can only be moved in Jumps from one snap point to another It is also toggled using F9 key GRID When on a series of grid points appears in the drawing area It is also toggled using the F7 key POLAR When set on a small tip appears showing the directions and length of lines etc in degree and units Toggled using F10 Key OTRACK When set on lines can be drawn at exact coordinates points and prepares angles ORTHO When on lines etc can only be drawn vertically or horizontally It is also toggled using the F8 Key OSNAP When on osnap Icon appears at the cursor pick box It is also toggled using the F3 Key LWT When set on line weights show on screen When set off line weights only show in plotted printed drawings NB When constructing drawings in Auto CAD It is advisable to toggle between Snap Ortho Osnap and the other functions in order to make constructing easier A left click of the clear screen button results in a screen clear of one but the menu bar and the command palette PALETTES A palette is a cross between a toolbar and a dialog box and provides alternative routes to commands
8. in figure 2 d see section 8 Drawing formats Drawing sheets have two formats a Portrait intended to be viewed with the longest side of the sheet vertical see figure 2 a b Landscape intended to be viewed with the longest side of the sheet horizontal see figure 2 b c and d 2 Scales General Every drawing should be drawn in proportion i e to a uniform scale The scale used should be stated on the drawing as a ratio e g ORIGINAL SCALE 1 2 The words full size half size etc should not be used Recommended scales These are as follows Full size 1 1 On drawings smaller than full size reduction scales 1 2 1 5 1 10 1 20 1 50 1 100 1 200 1 500 1 1000 On drawings larger than full size enlargement scales 2 5d 10 1 20 1 50 1 Choice of scales The scaleto be chosen for a drawing depends on the size of the drawing sheet and the size of the object to be depicted The scale should be large enough to permit easy and clear interpretation of the information Details that are too small for clear dimensioning in the main representation should be shown in a separate view to a larger scale See figure 13 21 3 Lines and linework Presentation All lines should be uniformly black dense and bold Lines should be all in pencil or all in black ink Line thickness Two thicknesses of line are recommended thick and thin Thick lines should be twice as thick wide as thin lines Types of line and thei
9. is used to move objects with greater accuracy MOVE TOOL 1 Click the Move tool select the objects and press Enter 2 Pick a base point in or near the objects 3 Type the coordinates or pick where you want to move the base point to ROTATE TOOL This 1s used to rotate an object about a point within its shape or outside of it 1 Click the Rotate tool O select the objects and press Enter 2 Type the coordinates or pick the point to rotate around 3 Type the angle or use the mouse to rotate the object 38 SCALE TOOL This tool makes an object uniformly larger or smaller by changing all the coordinates by the same factor and in relation to a given point l select the objects and press Enter 2 Pick a base point within the object to change its size without moving it or outside to change the size and position 3 Type the scale factor in the Command Line mE mE mE mE TRIM AND EXTEND TOOLS These are used to trim off excess or extend lines to make an exact fit Trimming can be done to where a line meets an existing line or newlines can be added to act as a cutting edge 39 similarly when extending lines an existing or a temporary line can act as the boundary edge To trim a line or shape dr zm E A m If necessary draw the cutting edge lines Click the Trim tool Select the lines to act as the cutting edge and press Enter Click on the lines or shapes where they project bey
10. key concepts and help the user remember them ii The manual was designed to be as short as possible so as to ensure it was not too bulky or too tedious to read while making it more interesting and encouraging for the user to read iv A number of graphics and images were added to incorporate a visual learning element to the manual and enable users learn faster as well as make it more interesting to read v An adobe PDF version of the manual was created to be used by users with computers for those who felt more comfortable learning AutoCAD 2004 through that means vi A series of practice exercises were included in the manual so as to enable users practice what they have learnt and perfect it 6 1 CREATION OF GRAPHICS AND IMAGES FOR MANUAL The creation of appropriate graphics and images to supplement the text used in the manual was a lengthy process and involved a combination of softwares For each graphic and image the general procedure was as follows 1 11 111 Using AutoCAD 2004 the appropriate operation 1s carried out until the screen displays the output you want to capture the graphic of A screen capture command is used to capture the contents of the whole screen currently on display The Print Screen button that is present on most keyboards can perform this function It is located in between the Scroll Lock and F12 keys It stores a snapshot of what 1s on the screen when the button is pressed Image editing so
11. modeling functionality which meant better navigation when working in 3D Moreover it became easier to edit 3D models It was now possible to do quality renderings AutoCAD s native file format DWG and to a lesser extent its interchange file format DXF have become de facto standards for CAD data interoperability AutoCAD in recent years has included support for DWF a format developed and promoted by Autodesk for publishing CAD data In 2006 Autodesk estimated the number of active DWG files to be in excess of one billion In the past Autodesk has estimated the total number of DWG files in existence to be more than three billion AutoCAD currently runs exclusively on Microsoft Windows desktop operating systems Versions for Unix and Mac OS were released in the 1980s and 1990s but these were later dropped Table 1 1 below shows the various versions of AutoCAD that have been released and their date of release AutoCAD is available for German French Italian Spanish Japanese Korean Chinese simplified Chinese Traditional Russian Czech Polish Brazilian Portuguese Danish Dutch Swedish Finnish Norwegian and Vietnamese The extent of localization varies from full translation of the product to documentation only TABLE 1 1 AUTOCAD RELEASES OFFICIAL DATE OF NAME VERSION RELEASE RELEASE AutoCAD Version 1 0 1982 December AutoCAD Version 1 2 12 2 1983 April AutoCAD Version 1 3 1 3 3 1983 August AutoCAD Version
12. that included file opening closing saving and printing of drawings It is used as a reminder in the use of these necessary techniques before we go into the main design chapters 11 The Start Up Screen This would provide an elementary knowledge of the first screen to be seen upon installation of the AutoCAD 2004 A snap shot of this screen with all components labeled was added to allow a student become visually familiar with the AutoCAD menus drawing area and controls iu Appendix This section of the manual was intended to provide useful information as relates to the British Standards BS 308 that 1s applicable in the use of AutoCAD 2004 to draw mechanical engineering components It would consist of three tables consisting of types of lines and their widths and applications text character heights and paper output plotting specifications 12 CHAPTER 6 6 0 FORMAT AND LAYOUT OF MANUAL The design and layout of the manual would have to be arranged in a way that was conducive for users to learn AutoCAD 2004 in the easiest and simplest way possible consisting of a minimum number of steps This was done by use of the following tools and methods i For any given task the most direct route with the fewest and simplest operations was used so as to enable the student grasp the concept being taught faster and more comfortably 1i Key words and functions within the manual that had importance were italicized and were made bold to add emphasis to
13. to avoid long and intersecting leader lines Leader lines Leader lines are used to show where dimensions or notes apply They are type B lines see table 1 ending in arrowheads or dots Arrowheads always touch and stop on a line dots should be within the outline of an object see figure 5 An arrowed leader line applied to an arc should be in line with the arc centre When applied to a straight line an arrowed leader line should be nearly normal to the line Long or intersecting leader lines should not be used even if this means repeating dimensions or notes see figure 6 or using letter symbols see figure 7 Leader lines should not pass through the intersection of other lines Arrowheads Arrowheads should be triangular with the length approximately three times the width formed with straight lines and symmetrically placed about the dimension line leader line or stem Arrowheads should be filled in Sizes Arrowheads on dimension and leader lines should be 3 mm to 5 mm long Arrows showing direction of viewing should have arrowheads 7 mm to 10 mm long The stem of such arrows should be approximately the same length as the arrowhead but not less than this 24 4 Lettering and numerals General Clarity style spacing and size are important Numerals especially should be drawn clearly as they often have to be read on their own All strokes should be black and of uniform density Style In general capital le
14. 1 4 AutoCAD Version 2 0 AutoCAD Version 2 1 AutoCAD Version 2 5 Version 2 6 AutoCAD Release 9 AutoCAD Release 10 1 4 4 5 AutoCAD 2 6 1983 October BEN 1984 October 1985 May 1986 June 1987 April 1987 September 1988 October AutoCAD Release 11 N A 11 1990 October AutoCAD Release 12 N A 12 1992 June AutoCAD Release 13 N A 13 1994 November AutoCAD Release 14 N A 14 1997 February AutoCAD 2000 15 15 1999 March AutoCAD 20001 15 1 16 2000 July AutoCAD 2002 15 6 1 2001 June AutoCAD 2004 16 l 2003 March AutoCAD 2005 16 1 1 AutoCAD 2006 16 2 2 AutoCAD 2007 17 21 ra 2004 March NN 2005 March 2006 March AutoCAD 2008 17 1 22 2007 March AutoCAD 2009 17 2 23 2008 March AutoCAD 2010 18 24 2009 March 24 For the purposes of simplicity availability and its ability to run on most standard machines available today AutoCAD 2004 Version 16 was selected as the version of AutoCAD on which the project would be based upon The minimum System Requirements for any Computer required to install run and utilize the AutoCAD 2004 program are Intel Pentium 3 or later with 800 MHz or faster processor or compatible Microsoft Windows XP Professional Home Edition or Tablet PC Edition Windows 2000 or Windows NT 4 0 Service Pack 6a or later 256 MB RAM 300 MB Free Disk space for installation 1024 768 Visual Graphics Array with true color Microsoft Internet Explore
15. 111 iv V The Adobe Creative Suite 3 software was installed into our computer Next Adobe Acrobat was added as a default printer using the Add Printer Wizard The text document to be converted was opened and the Print menu selected In the select printer option select the Adobe PDF printer and click Ok The save location and filename is chosen after which the Save button is selected 14 CHAPTER 7 7 0 STRUCTURE OF THE MANUAL Once the core chapters had been ascertained there now the problem of what were the most important concepts that were part of each chapter that had to be explained to students using the manual Each chapter was therefore systematically broken down into smaller subtopics that could be explained individually with the detail each required An effort was made to avoid any unnecessary content that would make the manual bulky After intensive deliberation the individual chapters were broken down into the following sub chapters or had the following information CHAPTER 1 GENERAL FILE HANDLING gt Opening files General tutorial on how to open files Saving files General tutorial on how to save files Closing files General tutorial on how to close files Printing or Plotting General tutorial on how to print or files CHAPTER 2 THE START UP SCREEN gt A labeled image of the start up screen is given with explanation The Toolbars Images and explanation of various toolbars used in AutoCAD
16. Acadiso dwt isthe normal standard template normally used 3 Click the OK button STARTING USING THE WIZARD Fm Dll E Use a Wizard Select a wizard Advanced Setup Quick Setup Wizard Description Sets the units angle angle measure angle direction and area For your new drawing Based on the template acadisa dwt 1 Atthe Create New Drawing dialog box click the Use a Wizard button 2 Select Advanced Setup andclick OK 3 Select the unit of measurement and precision and click Next Normally Decimal 25 Select the angle of measurement and precision and click Next Normally Decimal Degrees Select the direction to start angular measurements Select the orientation for angular measurements Select the drawing limits area Default is 420 by 297 mm for A3 paper output In the case an A4 paper output 1s required paper size should be set to 210 by 297 mm 26 CHAPTER 5 THE DRAW COMMANDS These are commands that are used in the creating of drawings They are obtained from the Draw Toolbar that is as shown below Construction Revision Insert Block Draw 2007Q B0YK 0088 Hb Ae Miu Text dato Rectangle Arc Block THE LINE TOOL This tool can be used to draw a single line or a continuous sequence with the endpoint of one being the start point of the next 1 Click the Line tool 4 2 Click on the drawing area where you want the line to start 3 Drag across the screen in the re
17. DS ccccscccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccocccs 34 Erase COOL suco ec ean L rate eet ne ete ae tee ttt tech eee acne EU EM cba edad 34 Qo Old ae T sota 34 ao OOL ott date tebe eel aerate hee ecto O DEUM rue d M Le rM uM 35 TTS CCU OO lars pokes carmen O I REEL orem c AD e LAO dC ee ees 35 A ii UU ET 36 IOVS 1E seater etes iu bento ahh A E du caet bl UE 38 I OU A PRENDE 38 Scale CO ae bo lad othe ctor E CE cece O a E och dienes EE Streak outa E I ashes eaten 39 TA A EN tool o M ter e LE AT ee 39 A AAA IN A LM A etc E E 4 O UTOR E METER 4 o RR ETE ERIT A cre een iia aera aaa Una nena 42 HDIMENSIONIN G ii P IE 43 MANIC Al MA he geo EE i IQ eL LLL ED Lt DP oe cee to 43 PRT STIS GCC NST OM a4 aioe nteda si laaa dec a N a 44 Radius and diameter dimensions ccccececoecocccceccccecccceccececcececencecencsceccececsccecensececessecenees 44 PATO UAL die SIONS ds 45 CS A MILI M DUI MI ere AES A 45 S PEOTTING AND VIEWPORUTS i iiieiseseskicsceseo usa ese pee Vaga oie eP Ere eae Ve Pu Do Veo Nae epe E ev Pu e Ev ED esae eoe eot are oo eor RUs 47 MAN OCS me C v 47 VINDO Sopa en apes potu EcL aca yu dota alan PARE S Eabb dU edo 50 Plotters ANC PIONI i cots ois cose A AA 52 APPENDIX 5 32 65 222 dada 53 Appendix A Line type and size standards sse eene eene eene eene 53 Appendix B Character Designation Appendix C Plotting specifications CHAPTER 1
18. Flexible Ca Circular Fin Plate Coil with Belt Gu with Air Outlet 2 5 Electrical Power dwg 2 5 Fasteners Metric dwg Eri 2 5 Fasteners U5 dwg z on 2 Home Space Planner dwg House Desianer dwg zt HVAC Heating Ventilation e i h Blocks Ha T Dimstyles Thermometer Valve Way Valve Valve TREE VIEW Lp Layer wave Vie B Layouts l mu Linetypes 4 o gt d Heater Unt Mixing Box Pressure Gage Pressure Stat Steam Turbine m H E Hydraulic Pneumatic dwg 2B Kitchens dwg 25 Landscaping dwg LESLUIMU ETM I ER En Blocks DesignCenter HVAC examples Ea v Dimstyles 3 D cde Lem i 5 C Program Files viutaCAD 2004 Sample DesignCenter HVAL Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning dwg Blocks 19 Item s PREVIEW TOOL PALETTE This holds different sets of tools giving access to all the essential tools for a variety of jobs It consists of a set of palettes fitted intone structure and has extra commands on the shortcut menu to control its contents 12 Imperial Hatt gt 8 al Mew Tool Palet I 0 Hatches IUL FALEI TES I e a T DRAWING STANDARDS AutoCAD provides several national drawing standards as well as International Standards Organization ISO standards Standards specify features such as the Drawing Paper sizes Appendix A B C shows drawing standards for linetype linesize and paper size according to British standard BS 308 13
19. ING DESIGN PROCESS IN AUTOCAD ee eee eee eene 10 25 1 Design Process Chapters necs i li 10 3 2 S ubsididib Chaplin o 12 FORMAT AND LAYOUT OF MANDAL e eee eee ee ee eee eee ee ee ee tette etae 13 6 1 Creation of graphics and images for manual sene 13 6 2 Conversion of manual into Adobe PDF format sss 14 STRUCTURE OF THE MANUAL caiaiatassctastcccetidensndedavecscacetosacastecssssscesestenssacaesdcandeseets 15 RESULTS AUTOCAD 2004 TRAINING MANUAL eee eee eee eerte enun oe e eene no 17 TESTING AND REVIEW asa ondaa eiii 1 10 0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ee eee eese ee eee eee ee eee eo soos sees esee oo Appendix CHAPTER 1 1 0 INTRODUCTION AutoCAD is a Computer Aided Design CAD application software for 2D and 3D design and drafting developed by Autodesk Inc It was first released in late 1982 AutoCAD was one of the first CAD programs to run on personal computers and notably the IBM PC Most CAD software at the time ran on graphics terminals connected to mainframe computers or mini computers It is widely used today in architectural and engineering drawings In earlier releases AutoCAD used primitive entities such as lines polylines circles arcs and text as the foundation for more complex objects AutoCAD includes a full set of basic solid modeling and 3D tools With the release of AutoCAD 2007 came improved 3D
20. OOD ALF 2007 Introduction to AutoCAD 2008 2D and 3D design Publisher Newnes Publications Branch of Elsevier s Science and Technology Department Oxford UK MAC BRIDE 2006 Teach yourself AutoCAD 2007 McGraw Hill Publications EN WIKIPEDIA ORG Online Encyclopedia AutoCAD 2004 Published by AUTODESK AutoCAD Learning Assistance 2000 Published by AUTODESK 20 APPENDIX 1 British Standards 308 1 Layout of drawings Drawing sheets The W series of drawing sheets shown in figure 1 is normally used The drawing area and title block should be within a frame border In general material within the frame border forms part of any contract requirements A4 210 mm x 297 mm A3 297 mm x 420 mm A2 420 mm x 594 mm Al 594 mm x 84 mm AO 847 mm x 1189 mm The sides of all sheets are in the ratio 1 V2 AQ is nominally one square metre in area and forms the basis of the series Figure 1 Relationship of the A sizes Title Block The title block should be at the bottom of the sheet us extending to the lower right hand corner of the rame Drawings should include the following basic information in title blocks la name b date c projection symbol see section 5 d original scale see section 2 e title f drawing number Types of drawings There are different types of drawings two of which are shown in figure 2 For further information on item referencing shown
21. PPENDIX 2 RESULTS AutoCAD 2004 TRAINING MANUAL 27 Table of Contents LGENERAL FILE HANDLINGQG iiiieis62555255010225542354255220212552300225500872255499466412059 0615 0000556 040 66 0002205069 4 Ot PES ea E A 4 Savio RI E E E A EE E EEUU I PG A TA 5 omae PO A m 6 Prt Or TORTE A E E E E A EE 6 2 IL HE START UP SCREEN 5 552 5555565505882266820 8645888932 9158898854049 eaae nor eeoa is soa INIRE Ed S siais 8 dd ABUSO lo T m 9 lg A A e e 10 IFPORMATTN Gini ia iia apose osk okosa su AR iii asias 14 cl A a oo Oo 5 E E E EA E E ET 14 Formatting Dimension SES unos 17 borm9gtins DrSIDP A 21 4 STARTING AND SETTING UP DRAWINGS ecce eee eee eee ee esee eno e eese eese eese e eese eese e eee eeee 23 A A 24 Starts usine a template cotton Ai Sapa partido lecda coda paa 25 Sed a AA 25 ID EINEN sss ssessscsansssasasessssedsnsssasassessssaacassasasssssseaseassasassnssssaacassasasssssssasesssesnseasss 27 Te Cne 2d odia PP ae ER E O E DIDI ERE 28 PORON FOG coste E ooo PRECII EUIS EE EU PP UNI 28 FRECE AMONG TOO lis 29 ATC COON mM 29 A WE ee 30 SPLINE OOM c 30 Elipse tar ds 31 IPPACICS CXC CISC 630 55 os Secreted dia saline ie M d RU Ma de ede aeons RAGES cans D EE 32 6 THE MODIFY COMMAN
22. PREPARATION OF AN AUTOCAD TRAINING MANUAL By OTIENO BOBYVICTOR OCHIENG F18 8299 2004 SAMNAKAY RAMEEZ RAUF F18 8292 2004 A Final Year Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Degree SUPERVISOR Eng G O Nyangasi JUNE 2009 ABSTRACT The primary objective was to produce an AutoCAD training manual for users with an existing knowledge of manual drawing The contents of the manual are basically an illustration of how to use the software consisting of chapters giving explanations and examples of methods of constructing drawings The first two chapters are concerned with introducing AutoCAD These are followed by several chapters on how to draw using the program The final chapter deals with plotting and printing of the finished drawings This report contains two appendices one being the manual itself and the other being drawing standards BS 308 The approach to creating the manual was to recreate the drawing process step by step and assign chapters in the manual in this sequence to allow users follow the drawing process more effectively The means of instruction involved the use of both text and images to ensure users were able to visually follow what they were being taught and hence make it easier for them to grasp the concepts taught This manual 1s intended to serve as an introduction to the use of the AutoCAD software ACKNO
23. TARTING AND SETTING UP DRAWINGS There are three ways to start a new drawing and two of them depend on the Startup setting in the Options menu To set it 1 Open the Tools menu and select options 2 Goto the System tab 3 In the General Options area at the top right drop down the Startup list and select show startup dialog box Eg Options AAA Current profile Unnamed Profile gt Current drawing Draringl dwg Display Open and Save Plotting System Drafting Current 30 Graphics Display General Options SHEIDHU Single drawing compatibility mode Display OLE properties dialog are Show all warning messages urrent Ponting Device E Beep on error in user input Current System Pointing Device m P P Load acad lep with every drawing Accept input from Allow long symbol names Digitizer only a ee Startup ahaw 3tartup dialog box an Digitizer and mouse ao Do not show a startup dialog Layout Regen Options Live Enabler Options C Regen when switching layouts 1 Check Web for Live Enablers 5 Cache model tab and last layout 5 Maximum number of unsuccesstul checks Cache model tab and all layouts dbConnect Options Store Links indes in drawing File Open tables in read only made If the Startup dialog box is turned on drawings can be started from templates or wizards or from scratch If it is off you can only start from a template There are different templates for a range of grid
24. WLEDGEMENTS The authors are extremely grateful to the Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing engineering of the University of Nairobi and its staff as well as the Numerical Machining Complex for permission to use their facilities and inputs towards production of the manual Thanks are also given to Engineer Nyangasi who has guided us and provided essential advice towards achieving our objectives We thank the following individuals for their support and ideas Hannington Yobera of Bell Institute of Technology Engineer Robert Kasamu of Numerical Machining Complex and Kisaka Fred 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 Table of Contents PRO SURACU Mee CP cr iii AC KNOW IE AS eME NS icy om Tera nao Pu rtg tud qot bean Dat Usu eite wale Raa uS utes iii INTRODUCTION susi 1 LITERATURE REVIEW A sans ssvscoaesedswssucsidsssbesseeseuscedssdsaessesseseostasdesssdsacsvacosees 4 2 1 S ott Wate COM PON DES il dia 4 2 2 Hardware Components iso 5 2 2 1 Computer System One Design Machine 5 2 2 2 Computer System Two Test Machine 5 2 3 Standards WI SCO c dioi ven rep Co Mu ed ee DeL Ete partea ib cotes ate eens 5 OBJECTIVES ronnie c 7 AUTOCAD VERSILN AND STANDARDS SELECTION ssscssssssssssssssssssees 8 A A SelecHormor AutoCAD VEO rato etit deti cota E Co ideas 8 4 2 Selection of appropriate Standards sese 9 THE ENGINEER
25. a in terms of text pictures and graphics in the manual were inputted into this software in order to enable it to be viewed appropriately by a user The developer was the Microsoft Corporation The Microsoft Excel 2007 component was used in the generation of graphs and tables AutoDesk Learning assistant 2000 This was software that aided in the learning of AutoCAD 2000 and it was used to provide useful ideas that could be carried over into our AutoCAD 2004 manual to pass learning instructions more effectively The developer of this software was AUTODESK Microsoft Paint This was one of the most important softwares we used and was essential to the inputting of graphics and images in the manual It was felt images and graphics would enable students grasp what was being taught in a faster and more effective way than plain text alone The developer was the Microsoft Corporation and the version used was Version 6 0 Build 6 001 Adobe Creative Suite 3 A very important software that enabled the conversion of all text and graphics into Adobe PDF format that was an easier format to utilize in the making of our manual This was done through Adobe Creative Suite 3 s Adobe Acrobat 8 Professional component In addition eraphics were retouched and edited using the Adobe Photoshop component of the suite The developer of both components was Adobe The version of Adobe Acrobat 8 Professional was version 8 0 while that of Adobe Photoshop was Version 10 0 In se
26. arc and the text has R at the start while the diameter line runs its full width and the text is prefixed by 1 Click on the Radius or Diameter Dimension tool 2 Click anywhere on the arc and drag around it to set the angle of the dimension line 3 Draw out from the arc to set the length of the line and the position of the text 44 SCC D4 ANGULAR DIMENSION This tool shows the angle between two lines which do not necessarily have to meet at a vertex 1 Click on the Angular Dimension tool 2 Click on the first line then on the second a curved dimension line will appear 3 Drag the dimension line into position of LEADERS A leader is a multiline caption with an arrowed line pointing to a feature on the drawing To create a leader line Click on the Quick Leader tool M Click on the object you want to label Drag and click to create a line from the drawing If a second line 1s required perhaps to angle around another object drag and click to create it porem 45 a Right click to end the line drawing part of the routine 6 The Command Line will prompt for the text width Type a value or Right Click to accept the default value 7 When prompted for text type the caption into the Command Line or right click to get the editing and formatting display Lentre OF ETE 46 CHAPTER 8 PLOTTING AND VIEWPORTS You can print directly from model space
27. are listed and explained indicating where and when each is suitable Creating Graphical Objects The drawing process is next to be carried out and is done using the draw tools Hence the next chapter would indicate the most important Draw Tools and their functions and uses A set of practice exercises would also be added at the end for the student to try replicate using the draw tools he she has learnt by reading through the chapter Modifying Graphical Objects During and after the drawing process modifications are normally done to the drawing Hence a detailed explanation on the most important Modify Tools and their functions Adding Dimensions After the drawing of any engineering component is complete dimensions are needed This chapter therefore explains each of the various kinds of dimension lines and types available as well as how and when to use them Plotting Output The final stage of the AutoCAD drawing process is the final output or plotting of the drawing on paper This chapter intended to show how to set up a printer assign the correct printing layout to any drawing and produce the final print out to meet required specifications 11 5 2 SUBSIDIARY CHAPTERS These chapters were to be used to assist the student better grasp the use of AutoCAD 2004 by giving extra information that was not necessarily part of the drawing process These included i General File Handling This chapter would explain common file handling techniques
28. are then used according to when they are needed To create a new layer 1 Open the Format menu and select Layer A AutoCAD 2004 File Edit View Insert Ens EE JUSO lve Color o qigt s n Linetype de O OH vat BL 0 Lineweight N Text Style Dimension Style Plot Style Point Style Multiline Style Units Thickness Drawing Limits 9 CAOrvxTOLN Re na me rrr 14 2 Click New so that a new layer is listed and replace the default name layer 1 with a more meaningful name Layer Properties Manager Named layer filters Show all layers 8 E Invert fiter mee Apply to layers toolbar EAT m Current Layer O State Manager Mame On Freeze Lock Color Linetype Lineweight Plot Style Plot 0 Q fis White Continuous Default Color ih a hite Continuous Default 3 With the toggles On Freeze Lock and Plot click on the icon or the checkbox in the Details area to switch them on or off 4 To set the Properties click on the icon to open the related dialog box or open the drop down lists in the Details area to select an option there The example below has created a layer used to create outlines and follows the BS 308 Llinetype and Lineweight specifications EL uires E E Named layer filters ee E E Invert filter en Apply ta layers toolbar Hide details Current Layer Outlines State Manager F
29. d for entering coordinates Commands can also be entered here though it is often simpler to use the menus or toolbars PULL DOWN MENUS These are menus that upon clicking pull down to reveal further sub menus STATUS BAR This bar indicates the coordinates in the x and y axis with reference to a base point of the mouse pointer within the drawing area THE TOOLBARS STANDARD TOOLBAR This toolbar contains the same filing printing and copying tools that you will find in most Windows applications plus tools to move and zoom around a drawing and ones to turn the more used palettes on and off Ea A DRAW TOOLBAR This holds the most commonly used drawing tools The full set can be found in the Draw menu 4f MODIFY TOOLBAR This has tools for moving rotating mirroring and otherwise manipulating objects ByLayer p ByLaver Bulolor PROPERTIES TOOLBAR This is used for setting the colour weight and style of lines S 9G n0 d e LAYERS TOOLBAR The main part of this toolbar consists of a drop down list where you can see and control the key properties of layers These key properties are explained in depth in Chapter 3 that deals with Formatting As Standard pal STYLES TOOLBAR This toolbar is used to control the text and the dimension lines used in AutoCAD drawings and alter their style to meet requirements The toolbar layout is not fixed and can easily be changed to suit your current drawing Toolbars
30. double dashed Application Visible outlines and edges Dimension rojection and food lines hatching outlines of revolved sections short centre lines imaginary intersections Limits of partial or Dues views an sections if the limit is not an axis Hidden outlines and edges Centre lines lines of symmetry trajectories and loci pitch lines and pitch circles Cutting planes Outlines and edges of adjacent parts outlines and edges of alternative and extreme positions of movable parts initial outlines rior to forming bond lines on developed blanks or patterns Coinciding lines When two or more lines of different type coincide the following order of priority should be observed a visible outlines and edges type A b hidden outlines and edges type E c cutting planes type G d centre lines etc types F and B e outlines and edges of adjacent parts etc type H f projection lines type B Figure 4 illustrates the more common priorities of coinciding lines visible edge over hidden detail hidden detail over centre line visible edge over centre line Figure 4 Priority of coinciding lines 23 THIS FACE a Leader line terminating in arrowhead b Leader lines terminating in dots Figure 5 Typical leader lines Figure 6 Dimensions repeated to avoid long leader lines 3x 12 Y a ae m Figure 7 Letter symbols used
31. e drawing process Every stage would have a chapter associated with 1t and the chapter sequence would mirror step by step that of the actual engineering drawing process e Subsidiary Chapters These chapters were not part of the actual engineering drawing process but were used to assist the student understand concepts relevant to the use of AutoCAD 2004 5 1 DESIGN PROCESS CHAPTERS These follow the steps required to create a complete AutoCAD 2004 engineering drawing from start to finish Each step has an associated chapter and the stages of the drawing process are as indicated below in Fig 5 1 Fig 5 1 THE DESIGN PROCESS FORMATTING FILE SETTING UP THE DRAWING CREATING GRAPHICAL OBJECTS 10 iil iV yi MODIFYING GRAPHICAL OBJECTS ADDING DIMENSIONS PLOTTING OUTPUT Formatting File This is the first stage of the drawing process when using AutoCAD After selection of our standards the drawing tools we would use needed to be assigned the correct format that adhered to our selected standards before any drawing takes place This chapter would thus explain how to adjust Layer Color Linetype Lineweight Text Style Dimension Style Plot Style Point Style Multi line style Units Thickness and Drawing Limits to do this Setting Up the Drawing The next stage would be to start and set up the drawing area in readiness for actual drawing Thus the three different methods that could be used to perform this function
32. e point which is used to place the copy at a certain required location NB By default only one copy is made at a time If several are required the multiple option at the start of the command can be switched on 24 MIRROR TOOL This tool produces a mirror image allowing the creation of a symmetrical object by drawing only half of it or even a smaller fraction To create a mirror image 1 Click the Mirror tool Ah Select the objects and press Enter 2 Pick the co ordinates of one point on the mirror line 3 Pick the second point to f1x the line 4 The command line will prompt Delete source objects Yes No lt N gt 5 Type Y to delete the object or press Enter to accept the default No OFFSET TOOL Offset creates copies of an outline within or outside the source shape You must start by selecting the tool or command and specify the offset distance before selecting the object SS Select the Offset tool dij Type the offset distance into the Command Line Click on the source object Click inside or outside of the object to tell AutoCAD whether to make an inner or outer offset Press Enter or right click to end 35 ARRAY TOOL This creates a regularly spaced array of copies The array can be a rectangular grid or a polar pattern radiating around a central point To create a rectangular array oo Click the Array tool HE select the objects and press Enter Select the Rectangular Ar
33. e the University of Nairobi Mechanical Engineering Department follows British Standards BS 308 as the standard of instruction in its Engineering Drawing FME 161 and FME 162 subject units it was decided that this standard would be appropriate to be used in this manual as it would be primarily used by students of the same Mechanical Engineering Department These standards specify the type of lines that can be used for any kind of intended application and the required line thickness for that application They also show Drawing sheet sizes available and their Designations as well as giving guide lines on text height spacing and character type that should be used in drawings The manual to be created would follow all the set specifications of British standards BS 308 CHAPTER 5 5 0 THE ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS IN AUTOCAD One of the important concepts in the manual was the selection and intended sequential arrangement of chapters The intended chapters were to enable the competent drawing of a component from its starting and setting up to its final form and output Therefore it had to be ensured that the entire Life Cycle for a mechanical engineering drawing was covered appropriately within the manual and that the chapters followed a clear concise and step by step arrangement from the start to the finish The manual would consist of the two following types of data e The Design Process Chapters These chapters described in detail each stage of th
34. es to layout to save the plot settings with the layout so that you do not have to reset them the next time you plot Click Ok to send the layout to the plotter o O a M amm Layout name Layout Name Fage setup name Save changes to layout select page setup to apply Plat Settings Plotter configuration A Name Gg Default Windows System Printer pc3 Plotter Microsott PS Document Writer Windows System Driver by Where AF5SPnrt Description Nore a Flo Plot style table pen assignments Plot stamp What to plot Plot to file a Current tab Selected tabs Plot to file C All layout tabs EE eel ner PIE FI ru Lm t Number of capies SL sers H ameez D ocuments A ew Foldersprapect bell Layout pl i ek 252 APPENDIX APPENDIX A BRITISH STANDARDS BS 308 PART 1 EXAMPLE OF TYPE OF LINE LINEWIDTH APPLICATION Used for visible Continuous 0 7mm outlines and edges Used for Continuous 0 3mm dimension lines and leader lines Used for limits of Continuous 0 3mm partial views or irregular thin sections when the line 1s not an axis Short dashes 0 3mm Used for hidden thin outlines and edges Chain 0 7mm Used for cutting 0 3mm planes Used in Chain thick 0 7mm identification of surfaces which have tomeet special requirements 53 APPENDIX B CHARACTER HEIGHT BS 308 APPLICATION DRAWING SHEET MINIMUM SIZE CHARACTER HEIGHT mm
35. ftware is now used to edit the selected captured screen We used Microsoft Paint for this purpose though Adobe Photoshop could also be used After running the Microsoft Paint application we used the Edit menu and selected the Paste option to paste the whole screen captured into the application Editing is now done and this includes cropping to extract only the necessary part wanted from the whole captured screen adding text and captions as well as adding colors leader lines and 13 iV finally saving the final version of the graphic Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Paint softwares were ideal for this purpose In the text editor Microsoft Word as we typed the document the relevant graphics and images were put into the required positions This was done by opening the saved Microsoft Paint edited screen shot we had captured edited and saved We then used the Select tool to select the area wanted right clicked and selected Copy The next step was to go to the point we wanted the graphic and right click again and select Paste to insert the graphic into the required place 6 2 CONVERSION OF MANUAL INTO ADOBE PDF FORMAT The text document would have to be converted into Adobe PDF format for easier use and to prevent students from tampering with the layout of the manual as well as to prevent mixing up of data when the document is opened up on different computers in the Microsoft Word format The general procedure followed was as follows 1 11
36. he above system was running on Windows Vista Home Premium Service Pack 1 Operating System 2 3 STANDARDS USED The standards chosen for use in this manual were The British Standard BS 308 The excerpts relevant to the manual are as shown below 1 Layout of drawings Drawing Sheets Title Block gt Types of Drawing Drawing Formats Scales Recommended Scales Choice of Scales Lanes and Linework Line thickness gt Types of lines and their application Lettering and Numerals Style Character Height Direction of Lettering Location of notes Underlining VVVVV Systems of Projection gt Projection Symbols CHAPTER 3 3 0 OBJECTIVES The primary objective of our project was to create an AutoCAD training manual that would assist users who have prior knowledge of manual drawing to be able to make drawings using the AutoCAD software As such this manual would Introduce AutoCAD as a tool that could be used in the technical drawing of engineering components to students who are already proficient in the technical drawing of mechanical components on paper Allow self learning of the software without necessarily having a tutor or lecturer giving instruction to the learner The manual would therefore be adequate for a student to learn the basics of AutoCAD without the aid of an external tutor Allow a student to be able to know the full range of AutoCAD operations required to produce a competent engi
37. hile looking at balancing the following factors e Availability The chosen version had to be readily available in the market whether for sale or for hire e In widespread use The version of AutoCAD would have to be in use in majority of engineering organizations or learning centers so as to ensure that students using the manual are learning what is relevant e Simplicity There was a need for the selected version of AutoCAD to perform all the necessary functions required pertaining to engineering drawing while still being relatively direct and simple to use e Minimum System Requirements Each version of AutoCAD has a different set of minimum system requirements to run any computer The newer the version of AutoCAD the higher these requirements and we had to ensure our selected version would run on most computers available today at moderate prices AutoCAD 2004 Version 16 was selected as the version of AutoCAD on which the project would be based upon as it scored highly in satisfying all the above factors as compared to other choices such as AutoCAD 20068 that required fairly high minimum computer system requirements and were not readily available on the one hand and other choices such as AutoCAD 2000 that are not in widespread use anymore 4 2 SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE STANDARDS The next decision at hand at hand was to choose the relevant standards by which engineering drawings would be created and whose specifications would be followed Sinc
38. ing1 dwa Edit View Insert Format Tools Draw Mew Ctrl M Open Ctrl O d P Close Partial Loac r Save Ctrl 5 y Save As Ctrl Shift S elransmit Q Publish to Web ry Export 2 Check that the folder in the Save In slot is the right one If it 1s not click the down arrow on the right of the box to select the right folder A AutoCAD 2004 C Users Rameez Documents New Folder 3d drawing 1 dwg File Edit View Insert Format Tools Draw Dimension Modify Window Help 6 9 golat S eu E uw IS uU E uS X a o a f a 0 D a fa v n E 42 L3 X EI amp L8 S9 se CS 7y Gra e AE E JGe woo E E pe Standard wt 150 25 O ByLaper BrLayer v i Pi Emm a 3d drawings amp dw X gi Views Took Q Preview Name Date modif Type L1 rJ Type AutoCAD Drawing 4 size 31 7 KB o Drawing Date modified 23 02 2009 14 19 i z File name 3d drawing 1 dwg T Save Files of type AutoCAD 2004 Drawing Edag Cancel 3 Give the file a meaningful name 4 Click Save NB To resave a file select Save from the File menu or click the Save button CLOSING FILES Open the File menu and select close If the file has not been saved recently you will be prompted to save it PRINTING OR PLOTTING Printing or plotting a drawing on screen using AutoCAD 2004 can be carried out from either Model Space
39. ion Lines Color ByBlock Lirieweight ByBlock Extend beyond dim lines 1 25 Offset fram origin 0 625 Suppress Ext Line 1 Dim Line 2 Ext Line 2 Primary Units _Altemate Units Tolerances TEUER Tsk Bw Closed filled end Be Closed filled Leader Be Closed filled Are size 25 Center Marks for Circles Type Mark Size 25 Cancel Text This controls the style font and formatting size colour position and alignment of text 18 JES Modify Dimension Style 150 25 EN x Lines and Arrows Test Fit Text Appearance Text style Standard Text color O ByBlack Text height Fraction height scale Draw frame around text Text Placement Text Alignment Vertical Above Horizontal Horizontal L entered e Aligned with dimension line Offset From dim line ISO Standard Cancel Fit This specifies what to do when there is not enough room for the text and arrows on dimension lines Either can be omitted or the text can be moved beside or over the line JE Modify Dimension Style ISO 25 EM X Lines and Arrows Text Fit Primary Units Alternate Units Tolerances Fit Options IF there isn t enough room to place both text and arrows inside extension lines the first thing to move outside the extension lines Is O Either the test or the arrows whichever fits best Arrows Text Bath test and arrows Always keep test be
40. it back into active use e On Off This toggles the visibility of a layer and when turned off a layer is not displayed or plotted It is used to hide layers on a temporary basis e Lock This prevents objects on a layer from being edited or deleted e Colour This shows the colour for lines and hatches on the layer lt 16 FORMATTING DIMENSION STYLE The style size colour and position of dimension lines arrows and text can be controlled to conform to our chosen standard To do this 1 Open the Format menu and select Dimension Style to open the Dimension Style Manager dialog box Current Cimetple 150 25 Styles Preview of 150 25 50 25 Set Curent Mew Override Compare List Description 150 25 All styles Don t list styles in Mrets 2 Highlight a style and click Modify The Modify Dimension Style dialog box will open Work through the tabs setting them according to our chosen standard and click OK at the end e Lines and Arrows This controls the length and colour of dimension and extension lines and allows the suppression of the display of any lines a e NES Modify Dimension Style I50 25 It also sets the style of arrowheads and the placing and size of centre marks and the arc length symbol Lines and Arrows Text Fit Dimension Lines Color O BrBlock Lineweight BrBlock Extend bevond ticks O Baseline pacing DO Suppress Dim Line 1 Extens
41. l users of AutoCAD who use it in industry Two field tests were conducted The first one was done at the Numerical Machining NMC Complex Ltd who are the premier dealers in AutoCAD software in Kenya and are Computer Aided Designers and manufacturers of industrial and automotive parts The review was done By Engineer Robert Kasamu who is the Production Engineer at NMC The manual was found to be very good for anyone just beginning to use the AutoCAD software and it was recommended as a starting point that could be used with or without physical tutoring It was felt that it covered most aspects of component drawing adequately and the flow of the document followed a good learning sequence The use of imaging was hailed as very helpful to the learner Its small size was seen as very convenient as well as its availability in Adobe PDF Microsoft Word and hard copy form However Engineer Kasamu felt the following should also perhaps have been included in the manual e A section on the use of the AutoCAD 2004 Help and how it can be used to assist in the drawing process e A section on the use of the User Coordinate System UCS relative and absolute coordinates as part of the introduction to drawing e More practice exercises on each of the tools and their uses The second field test was done at Bell Institute of Technology an Institute for AutoCAD training by Mr Hannington Yobera a Technical AutoCAD Instructor His view was that the manual
42. lecting the hardware components we needed to ensure that all the above softwares would be able to run on our system and had to be installed simultaneously This meant a Computer with much higher abilities would be required than just the minimum ability required to install and run AutoCAD 2004 To overcome the extremely heavy performance requirements required to install and run AutoCAD 2008 and Adobe Creative Suite 3 the following hardware components were used 2 2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 2 2 1 COMPUTER SYSTEM ONE DESIGN MACHINE 11 111 lv V vi vil viii 1X Intel Classic Series DG33FB Motherboard Core 2 Duo Processor E4500 2 2 GHz 2MB L2 Cache 800 MHz FSB Vitesta DDR2 800 2GB RAM Chip FSP Blue Storm 2 500 Watt Power Supply Unit 20X Internal Super Multi DVD rewriter CD DVD drive SBS A30 2 Watt RMS Creative Sound Output System Micro Genger 4GB Flash Disk Digitek Casing HighMark PS 2 Pointing device The above system was running on Windows Vista Ultimate Service Pack 1 Operating System 2 2 2 COMPUTER SYSTEM TWO TEST MACHINE This system was designated the brand name Compaq Presario CQ60 220US Notebook Pc and consisted of the following 1 11 111 lv V Mobile Intel R 4 Series Express Chipset family Intel R Pentium R Dual CPU T3400 2 16 GHZ 2 17 GHz Mobile Intel R GMA 4500M 2GB RAM TSST Corp CDDVDW TS L633M ATA Device CD DVD drive Microsoft PS 2 Pointing Device T
43. nate Units Unit format Decimal Precision 0 000 Multiplier for alt units 0 039370 Hound distances to 0 Prefix Placement a After primary value Suffix Below primary value ero Suppression Leading O Feet Trailing 0 Inches Cancel 20 e Tolerances This is used when tolerances are to be displayed with the same or different upper and lower values Iba Modify Dimension Style I50 25 Talerance Farmat Method Mane Precision 0 00 Upper value Lower value Scaling for height 1 Altemate Unit Tolerance Vertical position Bottom Precision 0 000 ero Suppression zero Suppression Leading O Feet Leading O Feet Trailing O Inches Trailing D Inches Cancel Help FORMATTING DRAWING UNITS 1 Open the Format menu and select Units 2 Atthe Drawing Units dialog box the Length and Angle units should be set Our standards dictate we use Decimal and Decimal Degrees Angle Type Type Decimal Decimal Degrees Precision Precision 0 0000 o Clockwise Drag and drop scale Units to scale drag and drop content Millirneters Sample Output 1 5 2 00 33 U0 345 0 Cancel Direction Help 3 Units to scale should be in millimetres or metres to conform with our standards 21 4 Precision determines how accurately values are displayed Set a level and click OK 22 CHAPTER 4 S
44. neering drawing from the starting and setting up of the drawing to its final plotting This would mean that the full life cycle for the drawing of any mechanical engineering component from start to finish would be covered in the manual Be a complete but yet simple document that would carry out the above tasks adequately This would be a manual that is small enough to print out for users as well as being designed in an easy to read and understand manner CHAPTER 4 4 0 AUTOCAD VERSION AND STANDARDS SELECTION 4 1 SELECTION OF AUTOCAD VERSION The first task in the production of the manual was to ensure what was being written was of direct use the engineering student and would enable him her complement what had already been taught in Engineering Drawing This would mean the engineering principles applied when drawing on paper would now have to be utilized on the computer using AutoCAD The manual would have to convey that that AutoCAD was just a tool used for making drawings in a format suited for computers just as a pencil and ruler were tools used to create drawings on paper Therefore all principles and rules applying to drawing on paper would apply to the computer drawings generated on the AutoCAD software The first decision to be made was to select an appropriate version of AutoCAD to base our manual on This would mean all instruction and imagery would be obtained from one chosen version of AutoCAD for uniformity The choice had to be made w
45. ns OR 1 Open the View menu point to Viewports and select New Viewports 2 The Viewports dialog box will open with the New Viewports tab at the front 5Q sese gt St ee rs New Viewports Hamed Viewports Current name Three 4bove Preview Standard viewparts Active Model Configuration Single Two Vertical Two Horizontal Curent Three Aight Three Left Above Three Below Three Vertical Three Horizontal Four Equal Curent Curent Viewpart Spacing Change view bo 3 Click on the name of a viewport to see a preview of the screen division and click Ok when a suitable layout is found We will use a two viewport screen division as shown below Sl PLOTTERS AND PLOTTING Plotters and printers should be installed in AutoCAD through the Plotter Mnager l 4 In the Tools menu point to Wizards and select Add Plotter Work through the wizard responding to the prompts At the Plotter Model stage select from the lists of Manufacturers and Models or click Have Disk to use the installation disk supplied with the device Carry on through the wizard When you have finished adding to the layout you can plot it directly or check the preview first To do this l 2 4 Right click on the layout tab and select Plot to open the Plot dialog box Check the settings and then click Preview to see the layout as it will look when plotted Click Save chang
46. ond the cutting edge Delete the cutting edge if it has no further purpose Cc To extend lines A e eS If necessary draw the boundary edge lines Click the Extend tool Select the lines to act as the boundary edge and press Enter Click on the lines to extend to meet the boundary edge Delete the boundary edge if 1t has no further purpose OG 40 BREAK TOOL This tool has two versions Break cuts a section out of a line or shape Break at a point cuts through a line or a shape creating two lines though the ends still meet To break a line 1 Select the Break tool 3 2 Click on the line at the point where you want to break it this selects the line and the break point 3 Click where you want the second breakpoint To break at a point 1 Select the Break at point tool 2 Click on the line or shape to select it 3 Click where you want the breakpoint JOIN TOOL Join will put back together a line arc circle polyline or spline that has been broken apart It is also used to join objects that were drawn separately in the first place though two lines can only be joint if there 1s direct communication between the two of them 41 FILLET TOOL This tool is used to round off any corner or draw any arc to join a pair of lines that intersect o could intersect if extended To make a fillet Click the Fillet tool Check the current settings Type R then the value to change the Radiu
47. or Paper Space In versions of AutoCAD before 2004 it was necessary to print or plot from PSpace 1 With a drawing to be printed or plotted on screen click the Plot tool icon in the Standard Annotation toolbar SIDAD O lO O amp Al 2 La D se Y OF plot Ctrl P 2 The Plot dialog appears Set the Printer Plotter to a printer or plotter currently attached to the computer and the Paper Size to a paper size to which the printer plotter 1s set File Ll 900 9 loa 1 w o e a gt CP amp cv amp x gemi Plot CAUsersiRameeziDodg J Layout name Plat Device Plat Settings Paper size and paper units Frintable area Plot area Limits Extents Display 4 i z j Hei E 2pZz sadoo0 OoXnlob uw X Window lt Gal ig E 88 s Model J Save changes to layout Paper size Letter Halr FIEL ELA SEA X amp 4 DW mH LL Be standard AMEE Fage setup name Plot device ES Microsoft MPS Document Writer 273 05 x 209 55 mm inches Plot scale Scaled to Fit 1 mm 1 095 unite Scale lineweights Plot offset E Center the plot 0 00 Y 0 00 Full Preview Partial Preview amp L S A m ti n m E 4 GAHE iml B Vl zl i DULL Byl ay el ls E Select page setup to apply Drawing orientatian Portrait w Landscape Plat upside down Shaded viewport options Shade plot lAs Displayed Quali
48. quired direction and click where you want the line to end then press Enter An easier method 1s to type in the required length into the Command Line and press Enter after the direction has been specified NB When constructing drawings in Auto CAD It is advisable to toggle between Snap Ortho Osnap and the other functions in order to make constructing easier They re uses are explained in Chapter 2 Eo y POLYLINE TOOL This tool 1s similar in use to the Line tool however when it is used in a continuous sequence it forms a single object clicking anywhere on a Polyline selects the whole set Line tool drawn lines on the other hand are always separate objects To use this tool 1 Click the Polyline tool Click at the point you want to start the line and drag to the required length or type the required length into the Command Line and press Enter Repeat this procedure as necessary 3 Press Enter or Right Click to end 7 POLYGON TOOL A polygon is a shape with any number of equal sides This tool can create squares triangles pentagons or any regular shape of up to 1024 sides This tool can be used in two ways To define a polygon by length of an edge pelle per Click the Polygon tool Q Type the number of sides required Type E to select edge mode Specify the point at one end of an edge Drag to draw the line the polygon based on this will take shape Click once to confirm the polygon To define a pol
49. r 6 0 Mouse trackball or compatible pointing device CD ROM drive CHAPTER 2 2 0 LITERATURE REVIEW A wide range of material and tools were used in the completion of this project Due to the computerized nature of the project requirements most of these materials tended to be in terms of computer software and hardware 2 1 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 11 iil yi AutoCAD 2004 This was the primary software used and was the basis on which the manual was created The developer was AUTODESK and the version of software was version 2004 0 0 The primary reason for its selection was its wide availability to users It is the most commonly found version of AutoCAD available in Kenya today It was also felt that despite there having been newer releases of AutoCAD AutoCAD 2004 has much of the same functionality and operating techniques as the newer versions Hence AutoCAD 2004 was the ideal choice on which to create our learning manual AutoCAD 2008 This was used merely as a comparison with the AutoCAD 2004 software to ensure that instructions being depicted in the 2004 version of AutoCAD would be applicable to the 2008 version In essence its use was to ensure future proofing of the user manual The developer was AUTODESK and the version we used was version B 51 0 UNICODE Microsoft Office 2007 This software was used as the primary means of instruction and exchange of information to the user through its Microsoft Word 2007 component All dat
50. r applications See table 1 and figure 3 Dashed lines type E The dashes should be of consistent length and spacing approximately to the proportion Shown in table 1 Dashed lines should start and end with dashes in contact with the hidden or visible lines from which they originate except when ihe hidden line continues a visible line Dashed lines should also meet with dashes at tangent points and corners B D Figure 3 Applications of the various types of line Chain lines type F G and H All chain lines should start and finish with a long dash but note the length of the thick dash at the ends of the cutting plane line type G and at the changes of direction Where centre lines define centre points they should cross one another at long dash portions of the line Centre lines should extend only a short distance beyond the feature or view to which they apply If required for dimensioning they should continue as projection lines Common centre lines should not extend across the space between adjacent views Centre lines should not stop at another line of the drawing Where angles are formed in chain lines long dashes should meet or cross at corners 22 Table 1 Types of line Line A Description Continuous thick Continuous thin Continuous thin irregular Continuous thin straight with zigzags Dashed thin Chain thin Chain thin thick at ends and changes of direction Chain thin
51. ray option at the top of the Array dialog box 3 Set the number of Rows and Column offsets the distance between the same points on two copies 4 The Angle of array tilts the array from the horizontal Set a value if required NO Rectangular Array Polar Array E Select objects O objects selected Rows ill Column Offset distance and direction Haw offset xi ag Column offset EJ A Angle of array By default if the row offset is negative rows are added downward f the Dk column offset i negative columns are TP added to the left Preview z Help 36 cgl IL AL LLL To create a Polar array 1 Start as for the Rectangular array but select the Polar Array option in the Array dialog box 2 Type the Center point coordinates or click and pick the point 3 Set the Total number of items and the Angle to fill 4 Tick or clear the Rotate items as copied checkbox on the bottom left as required 5 Click OK O Rectangular Array Polar Array ES select objects objects selected Center point A 150 Y 20 Method and values Method Total number of items amp Angle to Fill Total number of items Angle to fill Angle between Item For angle to fill a positive value specifies counterclockwise rotation A negative value OF ns specifies clockwise rotation Cancel Preview lt Rotate items as copied _ Mme y 37 y E E m The move tool
52. reeze Lock Color Linetype Lineweight Plot Style Plot ma White Continuous Default Color ies eg White Continuous 35 Details M ame Outlines OFF far display Color IW white Lack for editing Do not plot Lineweight E nm ul Freeze in all viewports Linetype Continuous Freeze in current viewport Flat style ByEolor Freeze in new viewparts 16 5 Click OK or close the Layer Properties Manager dialog box when finished Bile Properties Mops 7 1 m m o G Named layer filters Show all layers F Invert Filter Apply to layers toolbar E Current Layer Outlines Details Mame Calar Lineweight Linetupe 2 Total layers On Freeze Lock Color f white Peg white Outlines M white E FO mm Continuous ByColor 2 Layers displayed EN Save state State Manager Plot Style Color Linetype Lineweight Default me 0 0 mm Continuous Continuous OFF for display Lock for editing Do mot plot Freeze in all viewsports Freeze in current viewport Freeze In new viewports aS LAYER PROPERTIES IN THE LAYER TOOLBAR The main part of the Layers toolbar is a drop down list where you can see and control the key properties of layers e Freezing This makes layers invisible and when a layer is frozen AutoCAD completely ignores it when regenerating and redrawing a model The layer can be thawed to bring
53. rt point Specify the points to locate the curves along the line Press Enter at the end A straight line will appear connecting to the start point Move this to form the first curve Repeat for the end curve Ez Eom 30 ELLIPSE TOOL An ellipse has two axes that cross at right angles The shape is defined by the length of those axes and their angle to the grid To define an ellipse 1 Click on the Ellipse tool Specify the position of the start point of an axis a 3 Drag and click or type the coordinates to set the length and angle of the axis b 4 Specify the length of the other axis from the centre c to the edge d its angle will be 90 degrees to the first ed Cho 31 PRACTISE EXERCISES Use the above tools to create the following practise drawings All dimensions are in inches Do not forget to format units o 125 075 Ua Lew 0 20 LU 33 CHAPTER 6 THE MODIFY COMMANDS The modify commands are tools found on the Modify Toolbar and are key tools needed for manipulating objects The Modify Toolbar is shown below Mirror Array Rotate Stretch Extend Break Fillet X Ae HY DIET Y 3 Erase Copy OPY Offset Move Scale Trim Break Chamfer Explode At Point ERASE TOOL 1 Select the objects you want to remove 2 Click the Erase tool COPY TOOL 1 Select the objects you want to make copies of cn 2 Click the Copy tool m 3 Specify a bas
54. s Type T then the setting if you want to change the Trim mode Type U if you want to turn on the Multiple option Select the two lines to fillet p III 42 CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONING AutoCAD enables the calculation and display the dimensions of the lines curves and angles of drawings The size and style of the dimension text arrows and lines can be adjusted as necessary through the Dimension Style dialog box The dimension toolbar is shown below Angular Dimengion l E xil HA Al RI H PE a A LZ e 190 25 n Linear Ordinate Diameter Continue Quick LINEAR DIMENSION This 1s used on vertical or horizontal lines to give the length To use the tool 1 Click on the Linear Dimension tool 7 2 Click on one end of the line to be measured then on the other anew line will appear 3 Pull the dimension lineout and click when it is in clear space 105 35 43 ALIGNED DIMENSION This gives the length of angled lines but it works equally well on horizontal or vertical ones To use the tool 1 Click on the Aligned Dimension tool Sy 2 Click on one end of the line to be measured then on the other a new line will appear 3 Pull the dimension line outwards from the drawing and click when it 1s in clear space RADIUS AND DIAMETER DIMENSIONS These can be used on any arc or circle and work in the same way except that the Radius dimension line starts in the centre of the
55. s and information boxes 23 STARTING FROM SCRATCH 5 Clickthe New button L3 or select New from the File menu Start from Scratch Default Settings 5 Imperial feet and inches amp Metric Tip Uses the default metric settings 6 At the Create New Drawing dialog box click the Start from scratch button 7 Select your Default settings Imperial or Metric metric is used in Kenya 8 Click Ok 9 Open the Format menu and select Units 10 At the Drawing Units dialog box the Length and Angle units should be Decimal X Type Decimal Decimal Degrees Precision Precision 0 0000 Y Clockwise Drag and drop scale Units to scale drag and drop content Millinmeters Sample Output 1 5 2 00 33 0 3246 0 11 Units to scale should be in millimetres or metres 12 Precision determines how accurately values are displayed Set a level and click OK 24 STARTING FROM A TEMPLATE IES Create New Drawi TG a C PB EN Use a Template Select a Template Acad named plot styles dwat E Acad dwt 3 A cadizo named bs seers Ansi a portrait color dependent plot styles drst Ansi a portrait named plot styles duit Anel a color dependent plot styles dwt Template Description Normal international metric drawing template Uses Calor Dependent Plot Styles 1 At the Create New Drawing dialog box click the Use a Template button 2 Select the template wanted
56. simplicity Certain concepts such as the Help function and the User Coordinate System and 3D drawing were not able to be included The availability of the manual in Adobe PDF form was seen as accommodating to students who could not print out the whole document but had access to computers and could still therefore receive instruction in AutoCAD 2004 The manual was seen as suitable as a syllabus text and could adequately form a course text for the Introduction to AutoCAD course that the University of Nairobi wanted to introduce for Mechanical Engineering students The manual therefore managed to satisfy all required objectives adequately meaning it could now be produced or distributed as an official Mechanical Engineering Department document However we as authors had the following recommendations as regards to the manual The manual be distributed to Engineering Students as An Introduction to AutoCAD 2004 as part of their study of AutoCAD 2004 The manual be used as a main course text for the intended AutoCAD classes for engineering students The manual be supplemented with more practice exercises for each tool to enable more practice for users A second part to the manual be written as a final year project for the following year that will now cover the Advanced concepts of AutoCAD 2004 as a continuation to this manual These further topics include 3Ddrawing and the User Coordinate System UCS 19 REFERENCES YARW
57. the Preview button to see how it will look If necessary go back and adjust the settings Click Ok to close the dialog box In engineering drawings it is more appropriate to create and place drawings within title blocks These title blocks are created using the Layout Wizard To use the wizard l In the Tools menu point to Wizards and then select Create Layout 2 Select Printer Paper size and orientation as required Create Layout Orientation o Begin Select the orientation of the drawing on the paper Printer dd T i Portrait Paper Size F p Orientation E E se 3 m Landscape Title Block PP Define Viewports Pick Location Finish 3 At the Title Block step select a readymade block suitable for your paper size and orientation In our case 1t 1s advised to use one of the ISO standard title blocks to conform with our standards 48 Create Layout Title Block E o em Sm Begin Select a title block to use for the layout Select whether the title block will be i inserted as a block or attached as an Xref The title block will be placed at the Printer lower left comer of the paper margin Paper Size Path C UserssRamee 150 Ad title block portrait dwg Orientation DIN A1 title black dwg DIN A title block dwa Title Block DIN A3 title block dwg Define Viewports DIN M4 title block dwg me Mempo Generic 24in x 36in Title Block dv Pick Location ISO AQ title black d
58. tters should be used Some suggested examples of letters and numerals are shown in figure 8 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST UVWXYZ 1234567890 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP QRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 Figure 8 Examples of letters and numerals Character height The dimensions and notes should be not less than 3 mm tall Titles and drawing numbers are normally larger Direction of lettering Notes and captions should be placed so that they can be read in the same direction as the information in the title block For dimensions see section 11 Location of notes Notes of a general character should be grouped together and not spread over the drawing Notes relating fo specific details should appear near the relevant feature but not so near as to crowd the view Underlining Underlining of notes is not recommended Larger characters should be used to draw attention to a note or caption 3 Systems of projection General Either first or third angle projection may be used Mixed projections on one drawing are undesirable If exceptionally a view cannot be conveniently shown in its correct projected position the direction of viewing should be clearly shown An arrow and view title may be used similar to those in figure 12 Projection symbols The system of projection used on a drawing should be indicated by the appropriate symbol given in figure 9 Recommended proportions Figure 9 Symbols indicating method of projection 25 A
59. tween ext lines ee M IE Suppress arrows if they dont fit inside i Use overall scale of 1 the extension lines pev Scale dimensions to layout paperspace When text is not in the default position placet Fine Tuning 0 Beside the dimension line m Place test manually when dimensioning Over the dimension line with a leader Over the dimension line without a leader Always draw dim line between ext lines Cancel 19 e Primary Units This is used to set the format and accuracy of the values for the normal linear and angular dimensions ES Modify Dimension Style I50 25 Wd x Lines and Arrows Text Fit Primary Units Altemate Units Tolerances Linear Dimensions Unit format Decimal Precision 0 00 Fraction format Horizontal Decimal separator Period Round off D Prefix Cuffie Angular Dimensions Measurement Scale Units format Decimal Degrees Scale factor 1 Apply to layout dimensions only Precision O Zero Suppression Zero Suppression Leading O Feet Leading v Trailing D Inches Trailing Cancel e Alternate Units Used to display alternate units if required e g feet and inches on a metric drawing The display can be turned on off and the format set as well as the relationship to the primary units JE3 Modify Dimension Style 150 25 on EN So Lines and Arrows Text Fit Primary Units Alternate Unite Tolerances Display alternate units Alter
60. ty Normal kd 300 Plot options Plot object lineweights v Plot with plat styles Dabei cere E Lr Plot paperspace last I Hide paperspace objects OF Cancel 3 Click the Preview button of the dialog box and 1f the preview is ok in the right click menu that appears click OK CHAPTER 2 THE START UP SCREEN When the AutoCAD 2004 window first opens it should display a blank drawing ready for you to start work on a new project A AutoCAD 2004 Drawing1 dwg ex File Edit View Insert Format Tools Draw Dimension Modify Window Acrobat Markups AdobePDF Help e 9 9 D H 8 amp l 9 ise Gr a 2 48 Ev A S Vow 56 Ay Standard v 150 25 O ByLayer v ByLayer y MU ByLayer v ByColor PULL DOWN STANDARD TOOLBAR OOLBAR DRAWING AREA 2pi as o0 001loLvwX fh OMMAND LINE 44 gt bl NIE ALayoutl ALaygutz Command _ customize Tab index lt 0 gt 1 Command 4 267 0189 276 7633 0 0000 SNAP GRID ORTHO POLAR OSNAFP OTRACK LWT MODEL EE IIA A A 2 222 E S gt UNT Untitled Paint r AUTOCAD PROJECT ET AutoCAD 2004 Dr EN MOWE E 00 46 The main areas and features of AutoCAD window are indicated on the preceding screenshot Important features to note include DRAWING AREA This can display model space or paper layout space It 1s the area in which drawings are made and constructed COMMAND LINE WINDOW This is use
61. was a perfect introduction to 2D Drawing for students new to AutoCAD He especially commended the clarity of text and the systematic use of steps that follow each other in an organized fashion He also suggested the following e Slightly more information should be given on dimension styles and layers e More information should have been given on the use of the Text Tool and more explanation was needed on how to load Linetypes e An introduction to 3D drawing also be included as a chapter 18 CHAPTER 10 10 0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS After reviewing the final document and adequate testing on both engineering students as well as industrial AutoCAD users the following conclusions were arrived at The manual was a suitable instruction tool for AutoCAD 2004 software for and hence satisfied one of its principal objectives The manual was adequate for use for self learning of AutoCAD 2004 which was another objective that we needed to satisfy The step by step approach to each stage in making a drawing was suitable for the learning process The use of graphics was a very useful tool in the learning process of AutoCAD 2004 and together with text made it for an easier learning process The use of actual screenshots was innovative and made understanding concepts simpler and faster to grasp Due to the vast nature of AutoCAD not all concepts of AutoCAD 2004 was able to be included in the manual in the interest of cutting down on size and
62. wg Finish ISO 41 title block dw 150 A title block dwg 150 A3 title block dwo JIS AD title block dwg gt At the Define Viewports step select Single to use the current view 5 At the Pick Location step Click Select Location to go into the layout and draw a rectangle where you want the drawing Click Finish In our example the ISO A4 title block was selected Quantity Titlg Mame designation material dimension etc Article No Reference Designed by Checked by Approved hy date File name Date Scale AAA AAA AAA OOS 00 00 AAA OO e 00 04 1 1 49 6 To edit the text in the title block double click on it The Enhanced Attribute Editor dialog box will open Work through the tags clicking on each in turn and typing your details in as the value Click Ok when done E Enhanced Attribute Editor Block 150 44 title block portrait dug salas Tag EHECKED EY Attribute Text Options Tag Prompt CHECKED BY Checked by DESIGNED Designed by OWNER Owner Value Fredro star VIEWPORTS A viewport divides the screen into two or more areas so that you can look at your model in different ways at the same time The screen can be divided into up to four viewports You have a set of pre defined viewports to choose from or you may create your own To divide the screens 1 Open the View menu point to Viewports and select the number of viewports 2 Choose between Horizontal or Vertical divisio
63. ygon by its centre and radius arrr Click the Polygon tool and type the number of sides Specify the centre point Type I to select Inscribed or C for Circumscribed mode Type the radius or use the mouse to drag the polygon to size and rotate it as required clicking when it is in the right position 28 Inscribed Circumscribed RECTANGLE TOOL To use this tool 1 Click the Rectangle tool a 2 Click the point you would like to place a corner 3 Drag the rectangle till it is of the required size and click again to confirm ARC TOOL This creates an arc from the start end and another point anywhere else on the arc The arc will be drawn clockwise or anticlockwise depending upon the position of the points To draw an arc from three points 1 Click the Arc tool Specify the start point 3 Specify another point anywhere on the arc a straight line will temporarily link it to the start point 4 Specify the end point 29 THE CIRCLE TOOL To use this tool 1 Click the Circle tool O 2 Pick or type the centre coordinates 3 Type or drag and click to set the radius SPIINE TOOL This tool is used to draw a continuous line with multiple curves The line is defined largely by the points on the cusps of the curves The curves at the start and end are defined separately afterwards To use this tool Click on the Spline tool Click or type the coordinates to specify the sta

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