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ThermaCAM™ B2 User`s manual

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1. 24 7 2 4 1 General information ssssessss 24 7 2 4 2 Commented building structures 24 7 2 4 8 Commented infrared images 26 7 2 5 Moisture detection 3 Decks amp balconies sseee 26 7 2 5 1 General information eessessseeeeeeneeeneeen nennen 26 7 2 5 2 Commented building structures esses 27 7 2 5 8 Commented infrared images sssssseeee 29 7 2 6 Moisture detection 4 Plumbing breaks amp leaks 29 7 2 6 1 General information 29 7 2 6 2 Commented infrared images 30 7 2 7 Air infiltration C 32 7 2 7 1 General information eee neret nter nene s 32 7 2 7 2 Commented building structures sssseeeee 32 7 2 7 8 Commented infrared images sssseenee 34 7 2 8 Insulation deficiencies 35 7 2 8 1 General information EC 7 2 8 2 Commented building structures 35 7 2 8 3 Commented infrared images ccc eee eee reeeeeeeeee teens 37 49 Theory of DUIING SCIONCE avisi eoi nter ert trc ter ee e re ee ende 39 7 3 1 General information iron terme e ette eed eed 39 7 9 2 The effects of testing and checking sss 40 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Xi xii 7 3 3 Sources of disruption in thermo
2. Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 67 8 Tutorials For more information about the battery system see section 11 Electrical power system on page 89 68 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 9 Camera overview 9 1 Camera parts 10308903 a5 ER JF XU 6 Figure 9 1 Camera parts front view Callout Description of part 1 LCD 2 m 3 Lid of the battery compartment 4 Ring for hand strap Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 69 9 Camera overview Callout Description of part Laser LocatlR with lens cap Please note the following Alaser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatlR is switched on a Since the distance between the laser beam and the image center will vary by the target distance Laser LocatlR should only be used as an aiming aid Always check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly into the laser beam When not in use the Laser LocatlR should always be protected by the lens cap Focus ring Lens cap 70 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 9 Camera overview 10315803 a4 Figure 9 2 Camera parts view from below Callout Description of part Tripod mount Trigger Lid of the battery compartment Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February
3. Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 77 10 Camera program 10 2 System messages 10 2 1 Status messages Status messages are displayed at the bottom of the screen or in the top left part of the screen Here you will find information about the current status of the camera Figure 10 2 Status messages a few examples Message Frozen Manual Explanation Message is displayed when the image is frozen Message is displayed when the camera is currently in manual adjust mode Please wait Restarting Message is displayed during operations that take some time Message is displayed when the software is restarted i e after Fac tory default Saving as Message is displayed while an image is being saved 10 2 2 Warning messages Warning messages are displayed in the center of the screen Here you will find impor tant information about battery status for example Figure 10 3 Critical camera information a few examples Message Battery low Shutting down Shutting down in 2 seconds 78 Explanation The battery level is below a critical level The camera will be switched off immediately The camera will be switched off in 2 seconds Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 10 Camera program 10 3 Selecting screen objects 10 3 1 Selecting screen objects Some screen objects e g the scale the information fi
4. lt 1 second 9 25 C 77 F Detector type Spectral range 14 2 Image presentation Display Video output 14 3 Laser LocatiR Classification Type 14 4 Focal Plane Array FPA uncooled microbolometer 160 x 120 pixels 7 5 13 um 2 5 color LCD 16 bit colors Composite video CVBS ITU R BT 470 PAL SMPTE 170M NTSC Class 2 Semiconductor AlGalnP diode laser 1 mW 635 nm red Electrical power system Battery type Battery operating time Battery charging Rechargeable Li lon battery 1 5 hours Display shows battery status Internal AC adapter or 12 VDC car adapter 2 bay desktop charger AC operation Voltage Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 AC adapter 90 260 VAC 50 60 Hz 12 VDC out 11 16 VDC 99 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings Power management Automatic shut down and sleep mode user se lectable 14 5 Operating temperature range Environmental specifications For camera type 215 amp 247 15 45 C 5 113 F For camera type 243 15 50 C 5 122 F The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Storage temperature range 40 70 C 40 158 F Humidity Operating amp storage 10 95 non condensing IEC 359 Encapsulation IP 54 Shock 25 g IEC 68 2 29 Vibration EMC 14 6 Weight
5. Size L x W x H 2 g IEC 68 2 6 The applicable EMC standards depend on the three digit camera type number One or more of the following standards apply EN 61000 6 3 2001 EN 61000 6 2 2001 EN 50081 2 emission EN 50082 2 immunity FCC 47 CFR Part 15 B The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Physical specifications 0 7 kg 1 54 Ib including battery and 17 mm lens 246 x 80 x 135 mm 9 7 x 3 2 x 5 3 with 17 mm lens Tripod mount Housing 14 7 Standard 1 4 20 Plastics amp rubber Communications interfaces USB 100 Image transfer to PC USB Rev 2 0 full speed 12 Mbit Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings RS 232 optional Image transfer to PC 14 8 Pin configurations 14 8 1 RS 232 USB connector 10384403 a4 Figure 14 1 Pin configuration RS 232 USB on camera operator s side Figure 14 2 Pin configuration Signal name USB RS 232 TX GND N C USB POWER USB N C RS 232_RX 14 8 2 Power connector 10402503 a1 Figure 14 3 Pin configuration for power connector on camera operator s side A Center pin B Chassis Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 101 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings Connector type Sign
6. Emissivity tables Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 T 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated on 22 JT 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 160 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1
7. Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 Ji 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 3H 0 07 2 iron Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 T 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 T 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor 164 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 Water frost crystals 10 iT 0 98 Water ice covered with O T 0 98 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 thick Water snow T 0 8 Water snow 10 T 0 85 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 Wood 19 LLW 0 962
8. ated locations In thermography such variations can have a clear effect on the mea surement results It has been demonstrated experimentally that the differential pressure on a facade exposed to an average wind force of about 5 m s 16 3 ft s will be about 10 Pa Mechanical ventilation results in a constant internal negative or positive pressure depending on the direction of the ventilation Research has showed that the negative pressure caused by mechanical extraction kitchen fans in small houses is usually between 5 and 10 Pa Where there is mechanical extraction of ventilation air e g in multi dwelling blocks the negative pressure is somewhat greater 10 50 Pa Where there is so called balanced ventilation mechanically controlled supply and extract air this is normally adjusted to produce a slight negative pressure inside 3 5 Pa The differential pressure caused by temperature differences the so called chimney effect airtightness differences of air at different temperatures means that there is a negative pressure in the building s lower part and a positive pressure in the upper 46 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography part At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same see the figure on page 48 This differential pressure may be described by the relationship Ap 9xp Xh 1 4 Pa 1 Air p
9. Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 12 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 54 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 110 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564603 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 36 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 8 89 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or T sm ors aan ova 155 a0 77a ssc _m jor os e oa ose m 9 se me bor cse em va aac ava mean o 9 _ bor em m mi se 950 vara ses o a0 oo coe oro 020 ons om Sm Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 13 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 36 mm IR lens Applies to camera type
10. Fax 86 10 8532 2460 E mail beijing flir com cn Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Shanghai Representative Office Room 6311 West Building Jin Jiang Hotel 59 Maoming Road South Shanghai 200020 PRC Phone 86 21 5466 0286 Fax 86 21 5466 0289 E mail shanghai flir com cn Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Guangzhou Representative Office 1105 Main Tower Guang Dong International Hotel 339 Huanshi Dong Road Guangzhou 510098 PREG Phone 86 20 8333 7492 Fax 86 20 8331 0976 E mail guangzhou flir com cn Web www flirthermography com FRANCE FLIR Systems 10 rue Guynemer 92130 Issy les Moulineaux Cedex FRANCE Phone 33 0 1 41 33 97 97 Fax 33 0 1 47 36 18 32 E mail info flir fr Web www flirthermography com GERMANY FLIR Systems Berner Strasse 81 D 60437 Frankfurt am Main GERMANY Phone 49 0 69 95 00 900 Fax 49 0 69 95 00 9040 E mail info flir de Web www flirthermography com GREAT BRITAIN FLIR Systems 2 Kings Hill Avenue Kings Hill West Malling Kent ME19 4AQ UNITED KINGDOM Phone 44 0 1732 220 011 Fax 44 0 1732 843 707 E mail sales flir uk com Web www flirthermography com HONG KONG FLIR Systems Room 1613 15 Tower 2 Grand Central Plaza 138 Shatin Rural Committee Rd Shatin N T HONG KONG Phone 852 27 92 89 55 Fax 852 27 92 89 52 E mail flir flir com hk Web www flirthermography com IT
11. Manual adjust Automatic adjust on page 82 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 73 9 Camera overview Button Comments Pull the trigger to do one of the following Trigger 74 Save the image Switch on or switch off the Laser LocatlR Autoadjust the camera Update ref temp The function of the trigger depends on the trigger settings in the Settings dialog box For more information about trigger settings see section 10 4 8 1 Settings on page 85 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 9 Camera overview 9 3 Laser LocatlR By pulling the trigger on the bottom side of the camera body a laser dot appears approx 40 mm 1 57 above the target Please note the following A laser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatlR is switched on Since the distance between the laser beam and the image center will vary by the target distance Laser LocatlR should only be used as an aiming aid Always check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly into the laser beam When not in use the Laser LocatlR should always be protected by the lens cap For more information about trigger settings see section 10 4 8 1 Settings on page 85 10376403 a2 LASER RADIATION y DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM N CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT Figure 9 4 Wavelength 635 nm Max output power 1 mW This product complies with
12. TRefl to display the information field and the reflected ambient temperature Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 85 10 Camera program Trigger Laser Save Disabled One shot autoadjust Update ref temp LCD intensity Low intensity of the LCD Medium High Explanation Select Laser to activate the laser when pulling the trigger Select Save to save the current image when pulling the trigger Select Disabled to disable the trigger Select One shot autoadjust to autoadjust the camera when pulling the trigger Select Update ref temp to update the reference temperature when pulling the trigger If Update ref temp is selected By pulling the trigger for more than 1 second a dialog displaying the message Restart ref temp at nn n C will appear Do one of the following Select OK to purge the internal camera buffer and begin a new sampling sequence Select Cancel to leave the dialog box Select Low to setthe LCD intensity to the lowest level Select Medium to set the LCD intensity to medium level Select High to set the LCD intensity to the highest level Auto power off Display power off If the camera is switched on but currently not used it will automatically be switched off after a specified time Set the time by pressing the navigation pad left right If the camera is switched on but currently not used the display will automatically be switched off
13. amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 8 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 17 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 106 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10565103 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 9 2 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 43 8 o gt 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or T cse ono 101 Re ron amr me m ror e oso v1 3 cse sae 2016 om _m_ hor asi soa mes sre soar as ae 3 om _ in e aam ese e cao svar m uma a bor oo e se o mm omes m oro o aro cem ovo cem cim ss sm m o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 9 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 9 2 mm IR le
14. and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 135 16 Thermographic measurement techniques INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 136 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 17 History of infrared technology Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 17 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in teles
15. in into a mains supply If you are using the power supply the mains cable may not be properly plugged in into the power supply Verify that the mains plug is properly plugged in Verify that the mains cable is properly plugged in The LCD displays an im age but it is of poor quality The level needs to be changed Change the level The span needs to be changed Change the span The camera needs to be autoadjusted Carry out an autoadjust maneuver The target may be hotter or colder than the temperature range you are currently using A different palette may be more suitable for imaging the target than the one you are currently using If your camera features an additional range change the range Change the palette The LCD displays an im age but it is blurry The LCD displays an im age but it is of low con trast The target may be out of focus The contrast ofthe LCD may have accident ly been set to too low a value Focus the camera by rotat ing the focus ring on the lens Change the contrast of the LCD Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 97 13 Troubleshooting Problem The trigger button does not work as expected The trigger button does not work at all When connecting the in frared camera to an exter nal video monitor no image appears The LCD does not display the correct date amp time It
16. 21 CFR 1040 10 and 1040 11 except for deviations pursuant to Laser Notice No 50 dated July 26th 2001 10311303 a4 40 mm 1 57 Figure 9 5 Distance between the laser beam and the image center Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 75 9 Camera overview 9 4 LED indicator on keypad Figure 9 6 Explanations of the LED indicator on the keypad Indicator mode Continuous green light Flashing green light 0 25 sec switched on 0 25 sec switched off Explanation Powering up or operating Battery charging in standby mode Flashing green light 3 sec switched on 0 06 sec switched off No light 76 Battery charging in power on mode The camera is switched off or the LCD is temporar ily switched off Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 10 Camera program 10 1 Result table The results of measurement markers are displayed in a result table in the top right hand corner of the screen Figure 10 1 Explanation of measurement markers appearing in the result table Icon Explanation Spot Area maximum temperature Area minimum temperature Area average temperature Color alarm above Color alarm below The symbol indicates uncertain result due to an internal updating process after the range has been changed or the camera has been started The symbol disappears after 15 seconds
17. NO 73 SAVE FRZ 73 SEL 73 location MENU YES 72 navigation pad 72 PWR NO 72 SAVE FRZ 72 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Index L keys continued location continued SEL 72 Kirchhoff Gustav Robert 142 L labels Alarm 82 Alarm output 82 Alarm temp 82 Auto power off 86 Date format 88 Day 87 Delta alarm 82 Display power off 86 Hour 87 Info field 85 Language 87 LCD intensity 86 Meas mode 81 Minute 87 Month 87 Ref temp 82 Scale 85 Second 87 Temp unit 88 Time format 88 Trigger 86 Video output 88 Year 87 Landriani Marsilio 137 Langley Samuel P 140 language changing 63 Language label 87 Laser LocatlR classification 99 description 75 distance 75 output power 75 overriding 84 type 99 warning 75 wavelength 75 laser pointer overriding 84 laws Planck s law 143 Stefan Boltzmann s formula 146 Wien s displacement law 144 laying out measurement area 58 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 laying out continued spot 58 LCD intensity label 86 LCD protection 1 86 leaks 29 external 19 internal 19 LED indicators on battery charger 92 legal disclaimer viii lens cleaning 95 focus ring 65 66 locking ring 65 66 removing 66 lens cap camera body in packing list 11 Leopoldo Nobili 139 level changing 62 82 Local settings command 87 dialog box 87 locking ring 65 66 low slop
18. No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 29 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 6 2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks amp leaks Infrared image Comment Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured 10555603 a1 Water from plumbing leak was found to have mi grated farther than originally anticipated by the contractor during remediation techniques of cutting back carpet and installing dehumidifiers 30 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment ee The infrared image of this vinyl sided 3 floor apartment house clearly shows the path of a seri ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor which is completely hidden within the wall 10555803 a1 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 31 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 7 Air infiltration 7 2 7 1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building a negative pre
19. Off to disable the alarm Dew point Select Dew point to trigger an alarm when a Above measurement marker detects a cold surface Below where there is risk of humidity falling out as liq uid water Select Above to assign an alarm color to all pixels above the alarm temperature Select Below to assign an alarm color to all pixels below the alarm temperature Alarm output Color only Select Color only to assign only a color to the Silent pixels when an alarm is triggered Beep Select Silent to additionally make the font of the temperature result increase in size and be displayed against a red background i e a visu al alarm Select Beep to additionally make the camera trigger a beep when an alarm is triggered Delta alarm Enter an delta alarm value by pressing the naviga tion pad left right This label is only available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box Ref temp User defined For information purposes only The reference temperature is calculated and updat ed on the fly This label is only available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box Alarm temp User defined Enter a temperature value by pressing the naviga tion pad left right 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust Point to Manual adjust and press MENU YES to manually select eve and span set tings The level command can be regarded as the brightness while the span com
20. XML Readers interested in the history amp theory of markup languages may also want to visit the following sites m http www gla ac uk staff strategy information socarcpj m http www renater fr Video 2002ATHENS P DC History plan htm A note on the typeface used in this manual This manual was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of Max Miedinger s Helvetica typeface Max Miedinger was born December 24th 1910 in Z rich Switzerland and died March 8th 1980 in Z rich Switzerland 10595503 a1 Pd m 1926 30 Trains as a typesetter in Z rich after which he attends evening classes at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Z rich m 1936 46 Typographer for Globus department store s advertising studio in Z rich m 1947 56 Customer counselor and typeface sales representative for the Haas sche SchriftgieBerei in M nchenstein near Basel From 1956 onwards freelance graphic artist in Z rich m 1956 Eduard Hoffmann the director of the Haas sche SchriftgieBerei commissions Miedinger to develop a new sans serif typeface m 1957 The Haas Grotesk face is introduced m 1958 Introduction of the roman or normal version of Haas Grotesk m 1959 Introduction of a bold Haas Grotesk m 1960 The typeface changes its name from Neue Haas Grotesk to Helvetica m 1983 Linotype publishes its Neue Helvetica based on the earlier Helvetica For more information about Max Miedinger his typeface and its influences
21. a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry 140 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 18 Theory of thermography 18 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 18 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those
22. a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 55 8 Tutorials 8 2 8 2 1 Working with images Acquiring an image Point the camera at a warm object like a face or a hand Adjust the focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on page 65 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens If the camera is in manual adjust mode press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera Freezing an image Adjust focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on page 65 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens If the camera is in manual adjust mode press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera 8 2 3 Briefly pressing SAVE FRZ will display a confirmation box To save the image press YES Toleave the confirmation box without saving the image press NO Saving an image Adjust the focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on page 65 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens If the camera is in manual adjust mode press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the cam
23. blocks has also demonstrated this The figures quoted are probably not representative of buildings in general since the investigation data cannot be said to be significant for the entire building stock A cautious assessment however would be that effectively testing and checking a building s thermal insulation and airtightness can result in a reduction in energy consumption of about 1096 Research has also shown that increased energy consumption associated with defects is often caused by occupants increasing the indoor temperature by one or a few de grees above normal to compensate for the effect of annoying thermal radiation towards cooled surfaces or a sensation of disturbing air movements in a room 7 9 3 Sources of disruption in thermography During thermography the risk of confusing temperature variations caused by insulation defects with those associated with the natural variation in U values along warm sur faces of a structure is considered slight under normal conditions Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 41 7 Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident wi
24. cancel any changes press PWR NO For more information about emissivity and reflected ambient temperature see section 16 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 131 and section 18 Theory of thermography on page 141 Please note the following Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 83 10 Camera program When the scale is selected you can change the emissivity directly by using the navigation pad f you enter an emissivity value less than 0 30 the emissivity box will begin flashing to remind you that this value is unusually low 10 4 5 Palette 10382603 a4 Pate EES Figure 10 12 Palette dialog box Point to Palette on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES to display the Palette dialog box To select another palette press the navigation pad left right To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO 10 4 6 Hide graphics Show graphics Point to Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES to hide all graphics currently displayed on the screen To display the graphics again either Point to Show graphics on the menu or Briefly press SEL or Briefly press MENU YES or Briefly press PWR NO The laser icon overrides the Hide graphics menu selection This means that even though Hide graphics is selected when the Laser LocatlR is lit the laser icon will still be displayed on the screen 10 4 7 File 10382903 a3 Delete
25. due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 D 2 3 4 10m 100m 1km 10 nm 1mm 10mm 100mm 1m 2um 13 um Figure 18 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 jum and the extreme infrared 15 100 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 141 18 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 18 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body cap
26. individual buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems The effects of testing and checking a building s insulation and airtightness are partly physiological and partly financial The physiological experience of an indoor climatic environment is very subjective varying according to the particular human body s heat balance and the way the indi vidual experiences temperature The experience of climate depends on both the indoor air temperature and that of the surrounding surfaces The speed of movement and moisture content of indoor air are also of some significance Physiologically a draft produces the sensation of local cooling of the body s surface caused by a excessive air movements in the occupied zone with normal air temperature normal air movements in the occupied zone but a room temperature that is too low substantial radiated heat exchange with a cold surface It is difficult to assess the quantitative effects of testing and checking a building s thermal insulation Investigations have shown that defects found in the thermal insulation and airtightness of buildings cause heat losses that are about 20 30 more than was expected Monitoring energy consumption before and after remedial measures in relatively large complexes of small houses and in multi dwelling
27. is not possible to store any more images in the camera 98 Possible reason The function of the trigger button may have accidently been changed The trigger button may have accidentally been disabled The video cable connector may not be properly inserted into the video connector on the camera Solution Change the function of the trigger button Enable the trigger button Verify that the video connec tor is properly inserted The video cable connector may not be properly inserted into the video connector on the external monitor The camera may have accidentally been set to PAL video format while the external video monitor is set to NTSC video format and vice versa The camera may have accidentally been set to the wrong date amp time The internal flash memory may be full Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Verify that the video connec tor is properly inserted Change the video format Change the date amp time To be able to save more images download the im ages to your computer us ing ThermaCAM Quick View 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts and accessories and other items or change specifications at any time without prior notice 14 1 Focus Imaging performance Manual Start up time Approx 15 seconds Start up time from stand by
28. middle infrared 141 near infrared 141 battery 89 cover 69 71 in packing list 11 inserting 67 operating time 99 removing 67 type 99 battery charger internal 89 battery charging externally 92 internally 91 battery system 89 blackbody construction 142 explanation 142 practical application 142 breaks plumbing 29 building codes national 53 regional 53 building science 39 building structures commented 21 24 27 32 35 buttons functions MENU YES 73 PWR NO 73 SAVE FRZ 73 SEL 73 location MENU YES 72 navigation pad 72 PWR NO 72 SAVE FRZ 72 SEL 72 C cables cleaning 95 167 Index D calibration 1 time between 1 camera switching off 55 switching on 55 camera body cleaning 95 Camera info command 88 dialog box 88 camera overview 70 camera parts location 69 battery cover 69 71 focus ring 70 Laser LocatlR 70 LED indicator 72 lens cap 70 MENU YES 72 navigation pad 72 PWR NO 72 ring for hand strap 69 SAVE FRZ 72 SEL 72 trigger 71 tripod mount 71 camera warm up time 58 canceling selections 81 cavity radiator applications 142 explanation 142 certification 53 changing audible alarm 61 color alarm 60 date amp time 64 date format 63 emissivity 83 focus 66 language 63 level 62 82 palette 84 reflected ambient temperature 83 span 62 82 system settings date amp time 64 date format 63 language 63 temperature unit 63
29. operation time of the camera when run on a battery is substantially shorter in low temperatures 90 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 11 Electrical power system 11 1 Internal battery charging To charge the battery using the internal battery charger follow the instructions below Make sure that the battery is correctly inserted into the camera Connect the power cable to the camera While charging the battery status symbol will pulse until the battery is fully charged When the battery is fully charged the battery symbol will stop pulsing and be completely filled 10305803 a2 Figure 11 2 Battery full symbol Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 91 11 Electrical power system 11 2 External battery charging External battery charger is an extra option You can also charge the battery by using the external battery charger The battery status during charging is indicated by a number of LEDs 10379603 a4 CE A ee Hi Figure 11 3 LED indicators on the external battery charger Figure 11 4 LED indicators explanations of callouts Situation The charger is under power but no battery is inserted The charger is under power and a battery is inserted The battery is too cold or too warm The battery is out of order The battery is now being charged 92 LED indicator no Color amp mode
30. please visit http www rit edu rlv5703 imm project2 index html The following file identities and file versions were used in the formatting stream output for this manual 20234203 xml a29 20234303 xml a25 20234403 xml a32 20234603 xml a20 20234703 xml a34 20234803 xml a21 20234903 xml a11 20235003 xml a34 20235103 xml a17 20235203 xml a18 20235303 xml a13 20236403 xml b9 20236703 xml a32 20236903 xml a10 20237003 xml a8 20237403 xml a11 20237603 xml a22 20248603 xml b12 20254903 xml a25 20255203 xml a4 20273903 xml a2 20275203 xml a3 R0063 rcp a15 config xml a4 176 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 BELGIUM FLIR Systems Uitbreidingstraat 60 62 B 2600 Berchem BELGIUM Phone 32 0 3 287 87 11 Fax 32 0 3 287 87 29 E mail info flir be Web www flirthermography com BRAZIL FLIR Systems Av Antonio Bardella 320 CEP 18085 852 Sorocaba S o Paulo BRAZIL Phone 55 15 3238 8070 Fax 55 15 3238 8071 E mail paul verminnen flir com br E mail flir flir com br Web www flirthermography com CANADA FLIR Systems 5230 South Service Road Suite 125 Burlington ON L7L 5K2 CANADA Phone 1 800 613 0507 ext 30 Fax 905 639 5488 E mail IRCanada flir com Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Beijing Representative Office Rm 203A Dongwai Diplomatic Office Building 23 Dongzhimenwai Dajie Beijing 100600 PRG Phone 86 10 8532 2304
31. pressing the navigation pad left right Delta alarm will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box 8 4 2 2 Setting up a color alarm without using the menu system Press SEL until the color alarm symbol and the color alarm temperature in the top right hand corner of the screen is selected The color alarm symbol is an arrow pointing upwards or downwards Press the navigation pad up down to change the color alarm temperature 60 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials 8 4 3 Setting up a silent alarm i e a visual alarm Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Meas mode and press YES to display the Meas mode dialog box Select Meas mode by pressing the navigation pad left right The alarm function is typically used together with Area max For Alarm select one of the following by pressing the navigation pad left right Above a Below For Alarm output select Silent by pressing the navigation pad left right Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the navigation pad left right Alarm temp will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box 8 4 4 Specify Delta alarm by pressing the navigation pad left right Delta alarm will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box Setting u
32. program Ue e dies MED te Mec Len ed LAO Leti dia TO Res l tables ta oe a LEE Lue erede tecta a i Oe 10 2 System messag6esS oe tee nenne HA A HP Hp en ML ede ecd 10 2 1 Status messages 10 2 2 Warning messages 10 3 Selecting screen objects 10 3 1 Selecting screen objects eie dieron beendet 79 10 3 2 Examples of selected screen objects ssssssssesseneeeneennretes 79 10 4 Menu SyStera oe ose aem Leodii tees brads trail ee leoi ip eds Hc LE 81 10 4 4 Navigating the menu system sssssssseeeneem eene 81 10 4 2 Meas mode uu eee 81 10 4 8 Manual adjust Automatic adjust 82 10 4 4 Emissivity oe 83 10 4 5 Palette dee ee ee ee ehe et ee ecc eec aea 84 10 4 6 Hide graphics Show graphics s sss 84 10 2 7 EI itte dtr Medie beenden tc oM dco cuit teas 84 104 8 Set p iei nnnc retine the d M ee de e e alt 85 10 4 8 1 Settings 85 10 4 8 2 Date time 87 10 4 8 3 Local settings 87 10 4 8 4 Gamer amp info eme i de ni dg e tete dede 88 10 4 8 5 Factory default 2 1 cte tret tineis 88 Electrical power system eee ete de c e ea et de vn v a e ted 89 11 1 Internal battery charging tre teret eere nde eic tercer 91 11 2 Externial battery charging crore eee eere cavet tps 92 11 3 Battery Safety Warnih j8 vecvecc nde ren rne gage EEEREN 93 Maintenance amp cleaning terr be PR Reden res 95 12 4 Camera body cabl
33. tables Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 Aluminum dipped in HNO3 100 T 0 05 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 Aluminum polished plate 100 P 0 05 Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 1Oum 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 iI 0 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder ln 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 152 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables Aluminum oxide pure powder alu T 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 T 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 35
34. the camera to the first person with a normal face temperature and pulling the trigger will display the message Sampled nn n C After having carried out the same procedure on the following 9 persons you can do one of the following Actively continue to sample every new person by pulling the trigger button and let camera update the reference temperature Stop sampling and let the camera trigger an alarm as soon as the alarm condi tions are met gt reference temperature delta alarm value 8 4 2 Setting up a color alarm 8 4 2 1 Setting up a color alarm using the menu system Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Meas mode and press YES to display the Meas mode dialog box Select Meas mode by pressing the navigation pad left right The alarm function is typically used together with Area max For Alarm select one of the following by pressing the navigation pad left right a Above a Below For Alarm output select Color only by pressing the navigation pad left right Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the navigation pad left right You can also change the color alarm without using the menu system by pressing the navigation pad up down after having selected the temperature result by pressing SEL A se lected temperature result is highlighted in yellow Alarm temp will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box Specify Delta alarm by
35. the navigation pad left right to change the span Two arrows pointing away from each other or towards each other will be displayed For more information about span see section 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust on page 82 62 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials 8 6 8 6 1 1 Changing system settings Changing language Action Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to select Language Press the navigation pad left right to change the language Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box Changing temperature unit Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to select Temp unit Press the navigation pad left right to change the temperature unit Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box Changing date format Action Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to select Date format Press the navigation pad left right to change the date format Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box Changing time format Action Press MENU YES to display th
36. time format 63 temperature unit 63 time format 63 168 changing continued T Refl 83 visual alarm 61 charging battery externally 92 internally 91 checking effects of 40 cleaning accessories 95 cables 95 camera body 95 lenses 95 color alarm changing 60 commands Automatic adjust 82 Camera info 88 Date time 87 Delete all images 85 Delete image 85 Emissivity 83 Factory default 88 File 84 Hide graphics 84 Local settings 87 Manual adjust 82 Meas mode 81 Open 84 Palette 84 Settings 85 Setup 85 Show graphics 84 commented building structures 21 24 27 32 35 commented infrared images 22 26 29 30 34 37 commercial fagades 24 commercial roofs low slope 19 communcations interfaces RS 232 101 USB 100 conditions measuring 49 pressure 43 wind 46 confirming selections 81 copyright viii courses 53 D Date time command 87 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Index E Date time continued dialog box 87 date amp time changing 64 date format changing 63 Date format label 88 Day label 87 decks 26 deficiencies insulation 35 40 definition of dew point 52 Delete all images command 85 Delete image command 85 deleting file 57 image 57 Delta alarm label 82 detection moisture 19 detector type 99 deviations 51 Dewar James 140 dew point definition of 52 dialog boxes Camera info 88 Date time 87 Emiss
37. to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory Copyright FLIR Systems 2006 All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This manual must not in whole or part be copied photocopied rep
38. to radio communications It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference An infrared camera is a precision instrument and uses a very sensitive IR detector Pointing the camera towards highly intensive energy sources such as devices emitting laser radiation or reflections from such devices may affect the accuracy of the camera readings or even harm or irreparably damage the detector Note that this sensitivity is also present when the camera is switched off and the lens cap is mounted on the lens Each camera from FLIR Systems is calibrated prior to shipping It is advisable that the camera is sent in for calibration once a year For protective reasons the LCD where applicable will be switched off if the detector temperature exceeds 60 C 149 F and the camera will be switched off if the detector temperature exceeds 68 C 154 4 F The camera requires a warm up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements where applicable can be expected Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006
39. trademarks viii warranty viii focus adjusting 66 focusing 66 focus ring 65 66 formulas Planck s law 143 Stefan Boltzmann s formula 146 Wien s displacement law 144 FOV 99 freezing image 56 G glossary 130 graybody 147 guidelines air infiltration 18 general 17 insulation deficiencies 18 moisture detection 18 mold detection 18 water damage 18 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 142 H hand strap in packing list 11 heat picture 139 Herschel William 137 Hide graphics command 84 history 6 E series 7 first thermo electrically cooled 6 infrared technology 137 model 525 6 model 650 6 model 750 6 model 780 6 model P60 7 thermo electrically cooled first 6 Hour label 87 humidity 100 absolute 51 170 humidity continued relative 51 l image acquiring 56 deleting 57 freezing 56 opening 57 saving 56 image presentation 99 imaging performance 99 indicators LED 72 on battery charger 92 infiltration air 32 Info field label 85 infrared images commented 22 26 29 30 34 37 interpretation of 49 infrared semi transparent body 149 infrared technology history 137 inserting battery 67 insulation deficiencies 35 40 interfaces RS 232 101 USB 100 internal battery charger 89 internal leaks 19 interpretation of infrared images 49 irregularities 51 ISO 9001 viii J James Dewar 140 Josef Stefan 146 K keys functions MENU YES 73 PWR
40. 0 Ji 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 T 0 06 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 emery Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 153 19 Emissivity tables Brick fireclay 1000 T 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 T 0 59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 1 tered Brick red common 20 iT 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 1 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 1 SiOz 64 Al0O3 Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 5 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 9 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 9 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 T 0 55 1 Bronze powder T 0 76 0 80 1 Car
41. 00 Show graphics command 84 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Sir James Dewar 140 Sir William Herschel 137 size 100 Sources of disruption 41 span changing 62 82 specifications environmental EMC 100 encapsulation 100 humidity 100 operating temperature range 100 shock 100 storage temperature range 100 vibration 100 physical size 100 tripod mount 100 weight 100 technical 99 spectral range 99 spectrum thermometrical 138 spot laying out 58 Stefan Josef 146 storage temperature range 100 surface temperature 43 switching off camera 55 switching on camera 55 system messages status messages 78 warnings 78 T technical specifications 99 technical support 10 temperature measuring 58 temperature surface 43 temperature range operating 100 storage 100 temperature unit changing 63 temperature variations 41 Temp unit label 88 testing effects of 40 theory of thermography 141 thermograph 139 178 Index U thermographic measurement techniques introduction 131 thermographic theory 141 thermometrical spectrum 138 thermos bottle 140 time format changing 63 Time format label 88 trademarks viii training 53 TrainlR CD in packing list 11 T Refl changing 83 trigger function 74 Trigger label 86 tripod mount 100 turning off camera 55 turning on camera 55 tutorials acquiring image 56 adjusting focus 66 changing a
42. 006 3 Welcome 10401503 a1 Figure 3 6 LEFT Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot for camera testing and calibration Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 9 3 Welcome 3 2 Comments amp questions FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development and although we have tested and verified the information in this manual to the best of our ability you may find that features and specifications have changed since the time of printing Please let us know about any errors you find as well as your suggestions for future editions by sending an e mail to documentation flir se Do not use this e mail address for technical support questions Technical support is handled by FLIR Systems local sales offices 10 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 4 Packing list The ThermaCAM B2 and its accessories are delivered in a hard transport case which typically contains the items below On receipt of the transport case inspect all items and check them against the delivery note Any damaged items must be reported to the local FLIR Systems representative immediately Description Part Number Battery 1195 106 Hand strap 1 195 221 Lens cap for camera body 1 120 987 Operator s manual 1557882 Power supply 1 909 528 ThermaCAM B2 infrared camera with lens Configuration dependent TrainlR CD 1195 494 USB cab
43. 1 1 Warnings amp cautions INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 2 Important note about this manual As far as it is practically possible FLIR Systems configures each manual to reflect oH each customer s particular camera configuration However please note the following exceptions The packing list is subject to specific customer configuration and may contain more or less items FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts and accessories and other items or change specifications at any time without prior notice n some cases the manual may describe features that are not available in your particular camera configuration Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 3 2 Important note about this manual INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 4 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 3 Welcome Thank you for choosing the ThermaCAM B2 infrared camera the industry standard tool for carrying out building thermography inspections The ThermaCAM B2 IR camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature The camera system also features a laser pointer a 2 5 color LCD an IR lens a removable battery and a range of accessories The camera is very ea
44. 10 results in an internal camera buffer and calculates the average temperature value after having discarded the two highest and two lowest values in the event of erroneous samples Every time a new sample is saved to the internal buffer the oldest sample will be discarded and a new reference temperature will be calculated on the fly Using an alarm that takes into account the reference temperature means that an alarm output will only be triggered if the temperature value exceeds the sum of the average temperature value in the buffer the user defined delta alarm offset value 8 4 1 Setting the reference temperature 1 Press YES to display the vertical menu bar 2 Point to Settings on the Setup menu and press YES 3 In the Settings dialog box press the navigation pad up down to go to Trigger button 4 Press the navigation pad left right to select Update ref temp 5 Press the navigation pad up down to go to Shutter period 6 Press the navigation pad left right to select shutter period Although the shutter period works independently of other functions described in this document FLIR Systems recommends that Short is selected when using the camera for detection of face temperature Selecting Normal will calibrate the camera at least every 15th minute while se lecting Short will calibrate the camera at least every 3rd minute Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 59 8 Tutorials Pointing
45. 131 16 1 Introduction 16 2 EMISSIVIty 2 rci niei certe pie ena eate eec gH irte d ete tet d atre n 131 16 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample sess 16 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 16 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature 17 History of infrared technology ssssssssseeneneenneneenennenennennnnetntnnnre ntn nna 137 18 Theory of thermography nee RPG EP PR OR ERR RR eres 18 1 Introduction oe 18 2 The electromagnetic spectrum 18 3 Blackbody radiation 18 317 Plancks la Wr RERO ewe DDR 18 3 2 Wien s displacement law eerte aae aaa aa eaa aaae ettet 144 18 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law o oo eee eee eerie tennessee senate 146 18 3 4 Non blackbody emitters sssssssssseeeeenneeeee enne nenne 146 18 4 Infrared semi transparent materials sssssssssssssseseeneeeneeenennrnnnnntennnns 149 19 Emissivity tables 19 1 References n 19 2 Important note about the emissivity tables i5 19 3 Tables dete ed eee ae ea eec ete dee De en od tere M nte ENT 151 bI qr 167 xiv Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 1 Warnings amp cautions m 10474103 a1 This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause inter ference
46. 243 only Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 111 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564903 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 17 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 18 7 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee som e 7 o T ee oma cse vas a0 eas rear 7 ror cem es oo mm e sre omes 39m 7 bor e 206 are 020 Hm e on m 0 _ inc aer aam ese es 3o mar eam umar a ior T cse e 216 sao v000 2700 o m 70 o aoe cem oro om om om aos anf _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 14 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 17 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 112 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10565203 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 9 2 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixel
47. 28 2006 71 9 Camera overview 10310603 a5 5 A C A e Il lt gt V For more information about the functionality of this button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 73 Figure 9 3 Camera parts view from above Callout Description of part SEL button SAVE FRZ button For more information about the functionality of this button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 73 Navigation pad For more information about the functionality of the navigation pad see section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 73 LED indicator MENU YES button For more information about the functionality of this button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 73 PWR NO button For more information about the functionality of this button see section 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions on page 73 72 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 9 Camera overview 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions Button Comments SAVE FRZ button a Briefly press SAVE FRZ to freeze the current image and display a dialog box where you can choose to save or cancel the image Press and hold down SAVE FRZ for more than one second to save the current image without previewing The image will be saved according to the syntax Rnnnn jpg where nnnn is a unique counter The counter can be reset by pointing t
48. 3 SS aa 122 mm 4 80 Figure 14 27 Overall dimensions of the battery charger 124 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 12 Battery dimensional drawing x ps f NC e E E amp A o N 92 mm 3 62 42 mm 1 65 Figure 14 28 Overall dimensions of the battery Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 125 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 126 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 15 Glossary Term or expression Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number be tween 0 and 1 ambient Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction autopalette The IR image is shown w
49. 7882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain which may lead to local leakage around the channel Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof outlet 7 2 3 4 Commented infrared images How do you find wet insulation below the surface of the roof When the surface itself is dry including any gravel or ballast a sunny day will warm the entire roof Early in the evening if the sky is clear the roof will begin to cool down by radiation Because of its higher thermal capacity the wet insulation will stay warmer longer than the dry and will be visible in the infrared imager see photos below The technique is partic ularly effective on roofs having absorbent insulation such as wood fiber fiberglass and perlite where thermal patterns correlate almost perfectly with moisture 22 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations common in many single ply systems are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low slope commercial roofs Infrared image C
50. 95 128 11 1195 221 11 1 195 494 11 1 909 528 11 1 909 775 11 patents viii patents pending viii physical specifications size 100 tripod mount 100 weight 100 pin configuration RS 232 101 USB 100 Planck Max 143 plumbing breaks 29 postal address viii power supply 89 in packing list 11 pressure dynamic 44 static 44 total 44 pressure conditions 43 product warranty viii PWR NO function 73 location 72 Q quality assurance viii quality management system viii R radiators cavity radiator 142 graybody radiators 147 selective radiators 147 reflected ambient temperature changing 83 explanation 135 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Index S Ref temp label 82 relative humidity 51 removing battery 67 lens 66 requests for enhancement 10 residential facades 24 result table screen object 77 signs in 77 RFE 10 roofs low slope commercial 19 RS 232 interface 101 pin configuration 101 S safety precautions 20 Samuel P Langley 140 SAVE FRZ function 73 location 72 saving file 56 image 56 Scale label 85 Science building 39 screen objects result table 77 selecting 79 season measuring 49 Second label 87 SEL function 73 location 72 selecting screen objects 79 selections canceling 81 confirming 81 semi transparent body 149 Settings command 85 dialog box 85 Setup command 85 menu 85 shock 1
51. ALY FLIR Systems Via L Manara 2 20051 Limbiate MI ITALY Phone 39 02 99 45 10 01 Fax 39 02 99 69 24 08 E mail info flir it Web www flirthermography com SWEDEN FLIR Systems Worldwide Thermography Center P O Box 3 SE 182 11 Danderyd SWEDEN Phone 46 0 8 753 25 00 Fax 46 0 8 753 23 64 E mail sales flir se Web www flirthermography com USA FLIR Systems Corporate headquarters 27700A SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville OR 97070 USA Phone 1 503 498 3547 Web www flirthermography com USA Primary sales amp service contact in USA FLIR Systems USA Thermography Center 16 Esquire Road North Billerica MA 01862 USA Phone 1 978 901 8000 Fax 1 978 901 8887 E mail marketing flir com Web www flirthermography com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Operations 70 Castilian Dr Goleta CA 93117 3027 USA Phone 1 805 964 9797 Fax 1 805 685 2711 E mail sales indigosystems com Web www corebyindigo com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Operations IAS Facility 701 John Sims Parkway East Suite 2B Niceville FL 32578 USA Phone 1 850 678 4503 Fax 1 850 678 4992 E mail sales indigosystems com Web www corebyindigo com
52. Contact your sales location if any of these problems are observed n the event that the battery leaks and the fluid gets into one s eye do not rub the eye Rinse well with water and immediately seek medical care If left untreated the battery fluid could cause damage to the eye When charging the battery only use a specified battery charger Do not attach the batteries to a power supply plug or directly to a car s cigarette lighter Do not place the batteries in or near fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment is activated preventing the battery from charging further and heating the battery can destroy the safety equipment and can cause additional heating breaking or ignition of the battery Do not continue charging the battery if it does not recharge within the specified charging time Doing so may cause the battery to become hot explode or ignite The temperature range over which the battery can be charged is 0 45 C 32 113 F Charging the battery at temperatures outside of this range may cause the battery to become hot or to break Charging the battery outside of this temperature range may also harm the performance of the battery or reduce the battery s life expectancy Do not discharge the battery using any device except for the specified device When the battery is used in devices aside from the specified device it may damage the performance of the battery or red
53. Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 9 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 9 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 9 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 9 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Gold polished 130 T 0 018 1 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 Gold polished highly 100 ii 0 02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 8 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 9 samples Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 9 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 1 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 1 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 1 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 1 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 2 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 4 156 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 ED 0 87 0 95 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 Iron and steel electrolytic ca
54. Figure 7 7 A Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit B Maximum amount of water in gr ft3 at sea level Example The relative humidity of a certain volume of air at a temperature of 30 C 86 F is 40 96 RH Amount of water in 1 m 35 31 ft3 of air at 30 C 30 44 x Rel Humidity 30 44 x 0 40 12 18 g 187 96 gr 7 3 7 2 Definition of dew point Dew point can be regarded as the temperature at which the humidity in a certain volume of air will condense as liquid water Example The relative humidity of a certain volume of air at a temperature of 30 C 86 F is 40 96 RH Amount of water in 1 m 35 31 ft of air at 30 C 30 44 x Rel Humidity 30 44 x 0 40 12 18 g 187 96 gr In the table above look up the temperature for which the amount of water in air is closest to 12 18 g This would be 14 0 C 57 2 F which is the approximate dew point 52 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 4 Disclaimer 7 4 1 Copyright notice Some sections and or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow ing organizations and companies FORMAS The Swedish Research Council for Environment Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning Stockholm Sweden TC Infrared Training Center Boston MA United States Stockton Infrared Thermographic Services Inc Randleman NC United States Profess
55. Fixed red light Fixed green light Flashing green light Flashing red light Pulsing green light from LED no 5 to LED no 2 Each LED represents 25 bat tery capacity and will be lit ac cordingly Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 11 Electrical power system 11 3 Battery safety warnings Do not place the battery in fire or heat the battery Do not install the battery backwards so that the polarity is reversed Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with any metal object such as wire Do not pierce the battery with nails strike the battery with a hammer step on the battery or otherwise subject it to strong impacts or shocks Do not solder directly onto the battery Do not expose the battery to water or salt water or allow the battery to get wet Donotdisassemble or modify the battery The battery contains safety and protection devices which if damaged may cause the battery to generate heat explode or ignite Donotplace the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature locations When the battery is worn out insulate the terminals with adhesive tape or similar materials before disposal Immediately discontinue use of the battery if while using charging or storing the battery the battery emits an unusual smell feels hot changes color changes shape or appears abnormal in any other way
56. H EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice Air infiltration in a concrete floor over crawl space due to cracks in the brick wall facade The air infiltration enters the room beneath the skirting strip Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 33 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 7 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred Infrared image Comment Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern a Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern The white area to the left is a radiator eae Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern 34 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 8 Insulation deficiencies 7 2 8 1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure Since these air pockets have a di
57. History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 17 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays lronically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to th
58. Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 2 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper black T 0 90 1 Paper black dull y 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper blue dark iT 0 84 1 Paper coated with black Ji 0 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 1 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 161 19 Emissivity tables Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper yellow T 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 5 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 6 treated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 9 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 9 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 9 dull structured Plas
59. Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 3 68 o gt e 100 200 soo vom aee somo e 7 or on ons arn oma ose ver azz se ror ee es avo e S9 av 38 sm ior em Rm 2m Re e van m 9m n e aae sss e 3o mar eam umar ee or T en oar se s Rm sae es me 8 o orf oma aoa cem ar ce m Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 11 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 87 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 109 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564303 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 54mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 5 93 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or T 005 oro an oma 100 xm sm ow _m bor ee ove aro e m mm 9 m hor em oes am 3 eem m e cans om _ fo e aam sss es cao svar cmm Rmar a o oor oma aos orn os om om om o Legend D
60. Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 9 65 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee somo ee 7 or T oe ow ae ome 100 ama aaa toes _m mor ee orn ces 99 Se 3 sm o bor ase es Re es mee e s ess om _ nc e aas sss e cao svar eam smar a o oo cem oon om ova cm 208 ces Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 19 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 36 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 117 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10565003 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 17 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 20 2 o gt eso 100 200 soo E or are 026 ara 19 sm e cae cs bor ee em ce m 9 sn ome 99 7 bor me me es as m e zm 0 n e aam ase es cao mar eam uma ne o aoe cem ave om one 220 ao amo _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of vi
61. SYSTEMS ThermaCAM B2 ici Manual do dtilizadgie User s manual Publ No 1557882 Revision a156 Language English EN Issue date February 28 2006 Warnings amp cautions Important note about this manual Welcome Packing list System overview Connecting system components Introduction to building thermography Tutorials Camera overview Camera program Electrical power system Maintenance amp cleaning Troubleshooting Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings Glossary Thermographic measurement techniques History of infrared technology Theory of thermography Emissivity tables ThermaCAM B2 User s manual ELIR SYSTEMS Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction All products not manufactured by FLIR Systems included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only and FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable
62. U YES to confirm selections in menus and dialog boxes Press PWR NO to exit the menu system Press PWR NO to cancel selections in menus and dialog boxes Press the navigation pad up down to move up down in menus submenus and di alog boxes Press the navigation pad right left to move right left in menus and submenus and to change values in dialog boxes 10 4 2 Meas mode 10429603 a2 Meas mode Spot Alarm Alarm output Color only Delta alarm Alarm temp Figure 10 8 Meas mode dialog box Figure 10 9 Explanations of the Meas mode dialog box Explanation Meas mode a None Select None to disable the measurement mode Spot Select Spot to lay out a spot where the temper a Area max ature of the spot will be displayed in the result Area min table Area avg Select Area max to lay out an area on the Diff spots screen where the maximum temperature in the area will be displayed in the result table Select Area min to lay out an area on the screen where the minimum temperature in the area will be displayed in the result table Select Area avg to lay out an area on the screen where the average temperature in the area will be displayed in the result table Select Diff spots to calculate the difference between two spots and display this difference in the result table Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 81 10 Camera program Explanation Select
63. Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 Wood pine 4 different 70 LW 0 81 0 89 samples Wood pine 4 different 70 SW 0 67 0 75 samples Wood planed 20 T 0 8 0 9 Wood planed oak 20 T 0 90 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0 88 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0 77 Wood plywood smooth 36 SW 0 82 dry Wood plywood untreat 20 SW 0 83 ed Wood white damp 20 T 0 7 0 8 Zinc oxidized at 400 C 400 T 0 11 Zinc oxidized surface 1000 1200 T 0 50 0 60 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 165 19 Emissivity tables polished 200 300 0 04 0 05 sheet 50 0 20 166 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Index 1 Index 1 1 120 987 11 1195 49 11 1 195 106 11 1 195 128 11 1195 221 11 1 909 528 11 1 909 775 11 A about FLIR Systems 6 absolute humidity 51 accessories cleaning 95 acquiring image 56 address viii adjusting audible alarm 61 color alarm 60 focus 66 level 62 span 62 system settings date amp time 64 date format 63 language 63 temperature unit 63 time format 63 visual alarm 61 air infiltration 32 air movement 41 airtightness 41 Alarm label 82 Alarm output label 82 Alarm temp label 82 area laying out 58 audible alarm changing 61 Automatic adjust command 82 Auto power off label 86 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 B balconies 26 bands extreme infrared 141 far infrared 141
64. a Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody tem peratures that limit the current calibration Atemperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number be tween 0 and 1 relative humidity Percentage of water in the air relative to what is physically possible Air temperature dependent Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 129 15 Glossary Term or expression saturation color span spectral radiant emittance temperature range temperature scale Explanation The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level span settings are colored with the saturation colors The saturation colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually ex pressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody tem peratures that limit the current calibration The way in which an IR image currently is dis played Expressed as two temperature values lim iti
65. able of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Figure 18 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example 142 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 18 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation inc
66. after a specified time Set the time by pressing the navigation pad left right Q For protective reasons the LCD will be switched off if the detector temperature exceeds 60 C 149 F and the camera will be switched off if the detector temper ature exceeds 68 C 154 4 F 86 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 10 Camera program 10 4 8 2 Date time 10382103 a3 Datestime 11 19 10 Minute 37 RST Texe Te lie Figure 10 18 Date time dialog box Figure 10 19 Explanations of the Date time dialog box Explanation 1970 2036 1 12 12a m 12 p m 1 24 The format depends on the settings in the Local Settings dialog box Minute 00 59 Second 00 59 10 4 8 3 Local settings 10567103 a2 Local settings Language Video output NTSC Temp unit C Date format YYYY MM DD Time format 24 Hour Figure 10 20 Local settings dialog box Figure 10 21 Explanations of the Local settings dialog box Language Configuration dependent Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 87 10 Camera program Explanation Video output NTSC PAL Temp unit C degrees Celsius or F degrees Fahrenheit Date format YYYY MM DD YY MM DD MM DD YY DD MM YY Time format 24 hour AM PM 10 4 8 4 Camera info The camera info panel shows information about memory usage battery status serial numbe
67. al drawings 10384503 a4 80 mm 3 1 262 mm 10 3 Figure 14 24 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 36 mm IR lens Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 121 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10384603 a4 80mm 3 1 246 mm 9 7 M ii TIT MVWLYYYY Figure 14 25 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 17 mm IR lens 122 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10384703 a4 262 mm 10 3 AV EY SN WI NW NW Figure 14 26 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 9 2 mm IR lens Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 123 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 11 Battery charger dimensional drawing ta ey E E E PIN 1 195 106 WARNING ONLY TO BE USED WITH SPECIFIC BATTERIES PIN 1 195 106 SPECIFIC BATTERIES ONLY TO BE USED WITH 120 mm 4 72 m E moooo L1 L3 L3 L3 L
68. al field investigations 7 2 1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection This section gives a summary of these guidelines 7 2 1 1 General guidelines The emissivity of the majority of building materials fall between 0 85 and 0 95 Setting the emissivity value in the camera to 0 90 can be regarded as a good starting point An infrared inspection alone should never be used as a decision point for further actions Always verify suspicions and findings using other methods such as con struction drawings moisture meters humidity amp temperature datalogging tracer gas testing etc Change level and span to thermally tune the infrared image and reveal more details The figure below shows the difference between a thermally untuned and a thermally tuned infrared image 10552103 a2 21 7 C E 20 18 16 14 9 Figure 7 1 LEFT A thermally untuned infrared image RIGHT A thermally tuned infrared image after having changed level and span 21 7 C r 20 r15 10 0 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 17 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 1 2 Guidelines for moisture detection mold detection amp detection of water damages Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when heat has been applied to the surfa
69. al name Pin number CENTER PIN 14 8 3 10402503 a1 CVBS connector CHASSIS Figure 14 4 Pin configuration for CVBS connector on camera operator s side A Center pin B Chassis Connector type RCA PHONO Signal name Type Pin number CENTER PIN 102 CHASSIS Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 9 Relationship between fields of view and distance 10563503 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 87 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 4 87 fo gt oso 100 200 soo vom E o aoe om arr oma sm 2a em sm _m bor ee ons ee em cse 9 avo s hor em e ee s a m en s 9 o gt ae aam ese e cao mar eam umar 8 bor em se as 9 sma ome R99 8 o oor oma coef ovo am cem vos 2m _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 5 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 87 mm IR lens Applies to camera t
70. and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Atransmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one external optics filter FOV FPA graybody IFOV Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens Focal plane array A type of IR detector An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geo metrical resolution of an IR camera image correction internal or external A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabiliz ing the camera infrared Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um IR infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image isothermal cavity that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform tempera ture viewed through the bottleneck Laser LocatlR laser pointer 128 An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera An electrically powered light source on the ca
71. atent 1188086 viii Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Designation Status Germany Patent 60004227 8 Great Britain Design Patent 106017 Great Britain Design Patent 3006596 Great Britain Design Patent 3006597 Great Britain Patent 1188086 International Design Patent DM 057692 International Design Patent DM 061609 Japan Application 2000 620406 Japan Application 2002 588123 Japan Application 2002 588070 Japan Design Patent 1144833 Japan Design Patent 1182246 Japan Design Patent 1182620 Japan Pending 2005 020460 PCT Application PCT SE01 00983 PCT Application PCT SE01 00984 PCT Application PCT SE02 00857 PCT Application PCT SE03 00307 PCT Application PCT SE 00 00739 Sweden Application 0302837 0 Sweden Design Patent 68657 Sweden Design Patent 75530 Sweden Patent 518836 Sweden Patent 522971 Sweden Patent 524024 U S Application 09 576266 US Application 10 476 217 U S Application 10 476 760 U S Design Patent 466540 US Design Patent 483782 U S Design Patent 484155 U S Patent 5 386 117 U S Patent 5 637 871 U S Patent 5 756 999 US Patent 6 028 309 U S Patent 6 707 044 U S Patent 6 812 465 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 eames ied NNNM X Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Table of contents Warnings amp Cautlons 2 eat
72. ay need to be shut off several hours before a thermographic survey The room air temperature must not fall so much as to affect the surface temperature distribution on the structure s surfaces There is little timelag with electric radiators so they cool down relatively quickly once they have been switched off 20 30 minutes Lights placed against walls should be switched off when the infrared image is taken During thermography there should not be any disruptive air flows e g open windows open valves fans directed at the surface being measured that could affect the surfaces being thermographed 42 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces e g as a result of surface condensation have a definite effect on heat transfer at the surface and the surface temperature Where there is moisture on a surface there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees There is risk of surface condensation at major thermal bridges and insulation defects Significant disruptions of the kind described here can normally be detected and eliminated before measuring If during thermography it is not possible to shield surfaces being measured from disruptive factors these must be taken into account when interpreting and evaluating the results The conditions in which the thermography was carried out should
73. be recorded in detail when each measurement is taken 7 3 4 Surface temperature and air leaks Defects in building airtightness due to small gaps in the structure can be detected by measuring the surface temperature If there is a negative pressure in the building under investigation air flows into the space through leaks in the building Cold air flowing in through small gaps in a wall usually lowers the temperature in adjacent areas of the wall The result is that a cooled surface area with a characteristic shape develops on the inside surface of the wall Thermography can be used to detect cooled surface areas Air movements at the wall surface can be measured using an air velocity indicator If there is a positive pressure inside the building being investi gated warm room air will leak out through gaps in the wall resulting in locally warm surface areas around the locations of the leaks The amount of leakage depends partly on gaps and partly on the differential pressure across the structure 7 3 4 1 Pressure conditions in a building The most important causes of differential pressure across a structural element in a building are wind conditions around the building the effects of the ventilation system temperature differences between air inside and outside thermal differential pres sure The actual pressure conditions inside a building are usually caused by a combination of these factors The resultant pressure gradie
74. bon candle soot 20 T 0 95 2 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 1 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 di 0 98 2 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 1 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 6 154 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 Concrete 20 T 0 92 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 iE 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 08 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 155 19 Emissivity tables Ebonite T 0 89 1 Emery coarse 80 T 0 85 1 Enamel 20 T 0 9 1 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 1
75. ce e g from the sun The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of the building material It may also change the surface temperature of building mate rial due to evaporative cooling Thermal conductivity is a material s ability to conduct heat while thermal mass is its ability to store heat Infrared inspection does not directly detect the presence of mold rather it may be used to find moisture where mold may develop or has already developed Mold requires temperatures between 4 C to 38 C 40 F to 100 F nutrients and moisture to grow Humidity levels above 5096 can provide sufficient moisture to enable mold to grow 10556003 a1 Figure 7 2 Microscopic view of mold spore 7 2 1 3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration amp insulation deficiencies For very accurate camera measurements take measurements of the temperature and enter this value in the camera t is recommended that there is a difference in pressure between the outside and the inside of the building structure This facilitates the analysis of the infrared images and reveals deficiencies that would not be visible otherwise Although a negative pressure of between 10 and 50 Pa is recommended carrying out the inspection at a lower negative pressure may be acceptable To do this close all windows doors and ventilation ducts and then run the kitchen exhaust fan for some time to reach a negative pressure of 5 10 Pa applies
76. color alarmi ec ede t t eet ee a ipt 8 4 2 1 Setting up a color alarm using the menu system 60 8 4 2 2 Setting up a color alarm without using the menu system 60 8 4 3 Setting up a silent alarm i e a visual alarm eee ence 61 8 4 4 Setting up an audible alarm 8 5 X Changing level amp span 8 5 1 Changing level 8 5 2 Changing Spar c t eee a eet mee tarot nde HR ee 8 6 Changing system settings 2i toe t i E ADEL REEL LM cu Ld 8 6 1 Changing language eerte th e aet t i Ma etia 8 6 2 Changing temperature unit reet teile e deis 8 6 3 Changing date format 8 6 4 Changing time format 8 6 5 Changing date amp time 8 7 Working with the Camieta i e eec re eniti et ei dees TELE dde a 8 7 1 Removing te deNSki sarret eti eet tene rd nee enda 8 7 2 Adjustingithe focus eese eder e n t en ede egt 8 7 3 Inserting amp removing the battery sse 8 7 3 1 Inserting the battery 8 7 3 2 Removing the battery Camera Overview C 9 1 Camera Pants Arai e aE NEE EANA atau esas usr oun th does does TEES 9 2 Keypad buttons amp functions 9 3 kaser tocat t eee tock Alias ee E SAE ENSERES 9 4 LED indic tor ON Keypad oer neenon recon aiaa doe ra Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 10 11 12 13 14 15 Camera
77. copes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 137 17
78. dly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a3 Figure 18 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 109 um 2 Wavelength um 18 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have des 2898 um This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of Ajax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um 144 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 18 Theory of thermography 10399403 a1 Figure 18 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperatur
79. e 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths 10327203 a3 Figure 18 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 145 18 Theory of thermography 18 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance Wy of a blackbody W cT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to max is only 25 of the total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 10399303 a1 Figure 18 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to ca
80. e newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s 138 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 17 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 17 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing 3 meters away 10 ft The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the resu
81. e commercial roofs 19 Ludwig Boltzmann 146 Macedonio Melloni 138 Manual adjust command 82 Marsilio Landriani 137 Material Safety Data Sheets 95 Max Planck 143 Meas mode command 81 dialog box 81 label 81 measurement area laying out 58 measuring conditions 49 measuring season 49 measuring temperature 58 mechanical ventilation 46 Melloni Macedonio 138 MENU YES function 73 location 72 menus File 84 Setup 85 171 Index N menu system canceling selections 81 confirming selections 81 displaying 81 exiting 81 navigating 81 messages 78 middle infrared band 141 minimum focus distance 99 Minute abel 87 moisture detection 19 commercial amp residential fa ades 24 decks amp balconies 26 ow slope commercial roofs 19 plumbing breaks amp leaks 29 mold 18 Month abel 87 movement air 41 MSDS 95 N navigating menu system 81 navigation pad function 73 location 72 near infrared band 141 Nobili Leopoldo 139 non blackbody emitters 146 NTSC EIA 99 O Open command 84 opening file 57 image 57 operating temperature range 100 operating time 99 P packing list 11 battery 11 hand strap 11 lens cap camera body 11 power supply 11 TrainlR CD 11 USB cable 11 172 packing list continued video cable 11 PAL CCIR 99 palette changing 84 Palette command 84 dialog box 84 part numbers 1 120 987 11 1 195 106 11 1 1
82. e d tete cene ence n ete HRS 1 Important note about this manual sssssssee eene 3 WEICOME N M 5 3 1 About FLIR Systems 6 3 1 1 A few images from our facilities sese 8 32 Commierits amp questioris 5er etae erai VAVE Ea ATEEN eaa eddie ILE LA T 10 Packing Stienen iaiia ene eee estet bec alle ttes cese La M eue 11 System OoVerview tees p dd aa ea va dn de dade erar ea dena tern d 13 Connecting system components 0 een ee ener einen nner seceneesneenane 15 Introduction to building thermography ssssssen enn 17 7 1 Important note 7 2 Typical field investigations 7 2 1 Guidelines 7 2 1 1 General g idelins 2 acier t eden rta 17 7 2 1 2 Guidelines for moisture detection mold detection amp detection of water damadg6S nere re ree tbe ete tA 18 7 2 1 3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration amp insulation deficiencies 18 7 2 2 About moisture detection 19 7 2 3 Moisture detection 1 Low slope commercial roofs 19 7 2 3 1 General information 4419 7 2 9 2 Safety precautiglis cernere cnr Bere re annie a en 20 7 2 9 8 Commented building structures sse 21 7 2 3 4 Commented infrared images 7 2 4 Moisture detection 2 Commercial amp residential fa ades
83. e infrared inspection person to know them all If additional information about a certain roof is needed the architect or contractor of the building can usually supply the relevant information Common causes of roof failure are outlined in the table below from SPIE Thermosense Proceedings Vol 371 1982 p 177 Poor workmanship Roof traffic Poor design Trapped moisture Materials Age amp weathering Potential leak locations include the following Flashing Drains Penetrations Seams Blisters 7 2 3 2 Safety precautions Recommend a minimum of two people on a roof preferably three or more Inspect the underside of the roof for structural integrity prior to walking on it Avoid stepping on blisters that are common on built up bitumen and gravel roofs Have a cell phone or radio available in case of emergency Inform local police and plant security prior to doing nighttime roof survey 20 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 3 3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low slope commercial roofs Comment Structural drawing Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct Md Roof membrane inadequately sealed around roof access hatch 21 Publ No 155
84. e vertical menu bar 2 Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU YES 3 Press the navigation pad up down to select Time format 4 Press the navigation pad left right to change the time format Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 63 8 Tutorials Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box 8 6 5 64 Changing date amp time Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Date time on the Setup menu and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to select year month day hour minute and second Press the navigation pad left right to change each parameter Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials 8 7 Working with the camera 8 7 1 Removing the lens Please note the following Before trying to remove fingerprints or other marks on the lens elements see section 12 2 Lenses on page 95 Removing an IR lens will expose very sensitive camera parts Do not touch any exposed parts Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure below Trying to remove the lens by rotating the focus ring may damage the lens 10374803 a4 Figure 8 1 Removing a lens 1 Locking ring 2 Focus ring Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 65 8 Tutorial
85. eld a spot etc can be se lected by pressing SEL repeatedly until the object is either highlighted or surrounded by small brackets After three seconds the cursor will automatically be hidden Pressing SEL or the navigation pad will display the cursor again When an object is selected you can use the navigation pad to change its value or where applicable change its position 10 3 2 Examples of selected screen objects 10383303 a4 2002 11 19 13 29 35 e 0 96 Figure 10 4 A selected measurement marker spot Press the navigation pad at this stage to move the spot 10383503 a4 2002 11 19 13 30 19 e 0 96 Figure 10 5 A selected temperature scale Press the navigation pad up down atthis stage to increase de crease the evel and left right to increase decrease the span Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 79 10 Camera program 10383403 a3 50 2002 11 19 13 29 50 e 0 96 Figure 10 6 A selected color alarm Press the navigation pad up down at this stage to increase decrease the color alarm temperature 10383803 a3 2002 11 19 13 51 04 Gea Figure 10 7 A selected emissivity field Press the navigation pad up down at this stage to increase decrease the emissivity 80 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 10 Camera program 10 4 Menu system 10 4 1 Navigating the menu system Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Press MEN
86. era Briefly press SAVE FRZ to freeze the image This will display a confirmation box where you will be prompted to accept or cancel the image Accepting the image will save it to the internal memory 56 To save an image directly without freezing the image first press SAVE FRZ for more than 1 second Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials 8 2 4 Deleting one or several images Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to File on the vertical menu bar and press the MENU YES Point to Delete image or Delete all images and press MENU YES to delete one or several images Opening an image Action Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to File on the vertical menu bar and press the MENU YES Point to Open and press MENU YES to open the most recently saved or viewed image To view another image use the navigation pad to select the image Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 57 8 Tutorials 8 3 Working with measurements 8 3 1 Laying out a spot The camera requires a warm up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements can be expected Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Meas mode on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Select Spot in the Meas mode dialog box and press MENU YES Press SEL until small brackets appear around the spot You can
87. es amp accessories sssssssssssseeeeneeneeeee eene 95 12 2 Lenses A A e EI NOR set ric eiie te bein nate ere rares 95 Troubleshooting nsin Ai A e e ene CHE HT ce ede i HE de Ted eus 97 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings sse 99 144 Imaging performan E ssip nce eee e E aAa AEAEE ar e de ee anes 99 14 2 Image presentation io ener ye denen vete e Ded v Eo e eee s 99 14 3 e L ser LocatlR He 99 144 Electrical DOWeF SVStBITI 0 i or anea ain aE aAa Ea aeaa ree 99 14 5 Environmental specifications sss nennen tnnt 100 14 6 Physical specifications 14 7 Communications interfaces essssssssssseseee retener terne rete atre tette n teintes ta taa 100 14 85 Pir config ratioriSs 5 3 soci tract steer Decii m re AAE ve De bee NN eee 101 14 84 RS 232 USB connector eiecti erected i a ora od De etg 101 14 8 2 Power connector 14 83 CVBS connector 14 9 Relationship between fields of view and distance ssssssse 103 14 10 Camera dimensional drawings 14 11 Battery charger dimensional drawing sssee enn 124 14 12 Battery dimensional drawing ssessenennee eene 125 GOSS ANY 127 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 xiii 16 Thermographic measurement techniques sssss emen
88. ew in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 20 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 17 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only 118 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10563603 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 9 2 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 36 5 b gt e 100 200 soo vom aee somo e 7 o T csm one rm 220 sm em sao coon 7 bor ces oso aso em em m mn 9 _m_ bor 207 ara nas s e as mesa nor 0m in aer aam ese es 320 svar m uma a or T e e em em me serv ee mese ae or oa Sep s se oes oa eas 9n 8 o oo ors oa om ce ao e ces Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 21 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 9 2 mm IR le
89. fferent thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed the air pockets can be detected during a building ther mography inspection As a rule of thumb areas with insulation deficiencies typically have higher temperatures than where there is only an air infiltration When carrying out building thermography inspections aimed at detecting insulation deficiencies be aware of the following parts in a building structure which may look like insulation deficiencies on the infrared image Wooden joists studs rafter beams Steel girders and steel beams Water piping inside walls ceilings floors Electrical installations inside walls ceilings floors such as trunking piping etc Concrete columns inside timber framed walls Ventilation ducts amp air ducts 7 2 8 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of details of building structures with in sulation deficiencies Structural drawing Comment 10553203 a2 MM Insulation deficiencies and air infiltration due to improper installation of insulation batts around an electrical mains supply This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 35 7 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing 10553103 a2 Comment Insulation deficiencies due
90. g on wind effects ventilation and internal external temperature difference 1 Wind direction T Thermodynamic air temper ature outdoors in K T Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K If the whole of the dynamic pressure becomes static pressure then C 1 Examples of stress concentration factor distributions for a building with various wind directions are shown in the figure on page 46 The wind therefore causes an internal negative pressure on the windward side and an internal positive pressure on the leeward side The air pressure indoors depends on the wind conditions leaks in the building and how these are distributed in relation to the wind direction If the leaks in the building are evenly distributed the internal pressure may vary by 0 2 para If most of the leaks are on the windward side the internal pressure increases somewhat In the opposite case with most of the leaks on the leeward side the internal pressure falls Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 45 7 Introduction to building thermography 10551903 a1 v 2047 0 01 2 V 90 ne 0 65 0 47 0 65 0 43 0 77 0 50 0 60 T 0 72 M v 30 0 18 0 63 0 45 0 45 0 39 0 11 Figure 7 4 Stress concentration factor C distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities v relative to a building Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ
91. graphy essen 41 7 3 4 Surface temperature and air leaks 43 7 3 4 1 Pressure conditions in a building 43 7 3 5 Measuring conditions amp measuring season 22 49 7 3 6 Interpretation of infrared images sese 49 7 3 7 Humidity amp dow POIt asserena reete tnm ick Otani 51 7 3 7 1 Relative amp absolute humidity 0 0 0 51 7 9 7 2 Definition of dew point eene 52 7 4 Disclaimet nete RehSI 53 7 4 1 Copyright notice 53 7 4 2 Training amp certification 53 7 4 3 National or regional building codes ssm en 53 uheprirseeee EE 55 8 1 Switching on amp switching off the camera ssssssssssssesseeneeeeenenennennnennee 55 8 1 1 Switching onthe Camera cuenten eite eere dat 55 8 1 2 Switching off the camera tui eden tbe n e eie 55 8 2 Working with images isan eee eicere nci eite cte een nde de nnde Re eee a 8 2 1 Acquiring an image 8 2 2 Freezing an image 8 2 3 Saving an image 8 2 4 Deleting one or several images ssssssem nnns 8 2 5 Opening arnirmage e iei en eed Mie diated 8 3 Working with measurements sse nennen enne nnne nnns 8 3 1 Laying o t a SpOLt o e eee es MEE gH MATE MARIAM 8 3 2 Laying out a measurement area 8 4 Working with alarms eeeee 8 4 1 Setting the reference temperature 8 4 2 Setting p amp
92. heet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron 158 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 Lead oxidized gray 22 F 0 28 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 Lead unoxidized pol 100 T 0 05 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 Lime T 0 3 0 4 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 Magnesium 538 T 0 18 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 Magnesium pow T 0 86 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 159 19
93. image Delete all images Figure 10 13 File menu Figure 10 14 Explanations of the File menu Command Explanation Open Pointto Open and press MENU YES to open the most recently saved or viewed image To view another image use the navigation pad to select the image 84 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 10 Camera program Command Explanation Delete image Point to Delete image and press MENU YES to delete a recalled image This choice will display a confirmation box where you can either confirm or cancel the deletion Delete all images Pointto Delete all images and press MENU YES to delete all images This choice will display a confirmation box where you can either confirm or cancel the deletion Approx 200 radiometric JPG images can be saved 10 4 8 Setup 10383003 a4 Date time Local settings Camera info Factory default Figure 10 15 Setup menu 10 4 8 1 Settings Settings Scale Info field Trigger button Disabled LCD intensity Auto power off Display power off 30 sec Figure 10 16 Settings dialog box Figure 10 17 Explanations of the Settings dialog box Explanation Scale On Select On to display the scale on the screen Off Select Off to hide the scale Info field On Select On to display the information field at the Off bottom of the screen a On TRefl Select Off to hide the information field Select On
94. ing solu tion of 50 acetone ie dimethylketone CH3 CO and 50 ethyl alcohol C2H5OH may be used Please note the following Excessive cleaning of the lenses may wear down the coating The chemical substances described in this section may be dangerous Carefully read all warning labels on containers before using the substances as well as appli cable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 95 12 Maintenance amp cleaning 96 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 13 Problem Troubleshooting The LCD displays no image at all Possible reason Solution The camera may have been switched off Press PWR NO to switch on automatically due the settings in the Set the camera tings dialog box The LCD may have been switched off auto Press PWR NO to switch on matically due to the settings in the Settings the camera dialog box There is no battery in the battery compart ment There is a battery in the battery compart ment but the battery is depleted If you are using the power supply the connector may not be properly inserted into the power connector on the camera Insert a fully charged bat tery Charge the battery Verify that the power supply connector is properly insert ed If you are using the power supply the mains plug may not be properly plugged
95. ing to the design can be converted into an expected surface temperature dis tribution for the surface under investigation if the measuring conditions at the time when the measurements are taken are known Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 49 7 Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures com prising both defect free structures and structures with in built defects Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 7 2 Typical field investigations beginning on page 17 If infrared images of structural sections taken during field measurements are intended for use as comparison infrared images then the structure s composition the way it was built and the measurement conditions at the time the infrared image was taken must be known in detail and documented In order during thermography to be able to comment on the causes of deviations from the expected results the physical metrological and structural engineering pre requisites must be known The interpretation of infrared images taken during field measurements may be de scribed in brief as follows A comparison infrared image for a defect free structure is selected on the basis of the wall structure under investigation and the condit
96. ion source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 16 2 1 Reflection source 132 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 16 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings a Emissivity 1 0 Doy 0 You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 l Figure 16 3 1 Reflection source Please note the following Using a thermocouple to measure reflecting temperature is not recommended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 16 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 133 16 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the alumi
97. ional Investigative Engineers Westminster CO United States 7 4 2 Training amp certification Carrying out building thermography inspections requires substantial training and experience and may require certification from a national or regional stan dardization body This section is provided only as an introduction to building thermography The user is strongly recommended to attend relevant training courses For more information about infrared training visit the following website http www infraredtraining com 7 4 3 National or regional building codes The commented building structures in this chapter may differ in construction from country to country For more information about construction details and standards of procedure always consult national or regional building codes Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 53 7 Introduction to building thermography INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 54 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials 8 1 Switching on amp switching off the camera 8 1 1 Switching on the camera Insert the battery into the battery compartment Press PWR NO to switch on the camera 8 1 2 Switching off the camera Action To switch off the camera press and hold down PWR NO until the message Shutting down appears Briefly pressing PWR NO when the camera is in menu mode will cancel menu selections Publ No 1557882 Rev
98. ions under which the field mea surement was taken An infrared image of the building element under investigation is then compared with the selected infrared image Any deviation that cannot be ex plained by the design of the structure or the measurement conditions is noted as a suspected insulation defect The nature and extent of the defect is normally determined using comparison infrared images showing various defects If no suitable comparison infrared image is available evaluation and assessment are done on the basis of experience This requires more precise reasoning during the analysis When assessing an infrared image the following should be looked at Uniformity of brightness in infrared images of surface areas where there are no thermal bridges Regularity and occurrence of cooled surface areas e g at studding and corners Contours and characteristic shapes in the cooled surface area Measured temperature differences between the structure s normal surface temper ature and the selected cooled surface area Continuity and uniformity of the isotherm curve on the surface of the structure In the camera software the isotherm function is called Isotherm or Color alarm de pending on camera model 50 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects There may obv
99. iously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image Section 7 2 Typical field investigations beginning on page 17 shows examples of interpretations of infrared images When taking infrared images of the same building the infrared images from different areas should be taken with the same settings on the infrared camera as this makes comparison of the various surface areas easier 7 9 7 Humidity amp dew point 7 3 7 1 Relative amp absolute humidity Humidity can be expressed in two different ways either as relative humidity or as absolute humidity Relative humidity is expressed in percent of how much water a certain volume of air can hold at a certain temperature while absolute humidity is expressed in percent water by weight of material The latter way to express humidity is common when measuring humidity in wood and other building materials The higher the temperature of air the larger the amount of water this certain volume of air can hold The following table specifies the maximum amounts of water in air at different temperatures Figure 7 6 A Temperature in degrees Celsius B Maximum amount of water expressed in g m3 at sea level Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 51 7 Introduction to building thermography
100. isture detection 3 Decks amp balconies 7 2 5 1 General information Although there are differences in design materials and construction decks plaza decks courtyard decks etc suffer from the same moisture and leaking problems as low slope commercial roofs Improper flashing inadequately sealed membranes and insufficient drainage may lead to substantial damage in the building structures below Balconies although smaller in size require the same care in design choice of mate rial and workmanship as any other building structure Since balconies are usually supported on one side only moisture leading to corrosion of struts and concrete re inforcement can cause problems and lead to hazardous situations 26 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 5 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies Comment Structural drawing Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet leading to leakage during rain 10555203 a2 No flashing at deck to wall connection leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation 10555103 a2 27 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade quately sized drop apron a
101. ith an uneven spread of colors displaying cold objects as well as hot ones atthe same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature blackbody radiator An IR radiating equipment with blackbody proper ties used to calibrate IR cameras calculated atmospheric transmission cavity radiator Atransmission value computed from the tempera ture the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck color temperature The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction The process that makes heat spread into a materi al continuous adjust convection difference temperature dual isotherm Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting bright ness and contrast according to the image content The process that makes hot air or liquid rise A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature values An isotherm with two color bands instead of one 127 15 Glossary Term or expression Explanation emissivity emissivity factor emittance estimated atmospheric transmission The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number be tween 0
102. ivity 83 Local Settings 87 Meas mode 81 Palette 84 Settings 85 dimensional drawings 99 displaying menu system 81 Display power off label 86 disruption sources of 41 E education 53 effects of checking 40 testing 40 electrical power system 89 power management 100 specifications 99 voltage 99 electromagnetic spectrum 141 EMC 100 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 emissivity changing 83 data 151 explanation 131 tables 151 Emissivity command 83 dialog box 83 encapsulation 100 environmental specifications EMC 100 encapsulation 100 humidity 100 operating temperature range 100 shock 100 storage temperature range 100 vibration 100 error messages 78 exiting menu system 81 external leaks 19 extreme infrared band 141 F fa ades commercial amp residential 24 Factory default command 88 far infrared band 141 field of view 99 file deleting 57 opening 57 saving 56 File command 84 menu 84 FLIR Systems about 6 copyright viii history 6 E series 7 first thermo electrically cooled 6 model 525 6 model 650 6 model 750 6 model 780 6 model P60 7 thermo electrically cooled first 6 ISO 9001 viii legal disclaimer viii patents viii patents pending viii postal address viii 169 Index G continued product warranty viii quality assurance viii quality management system viii requests for enhancement 10 RFE 10
103. ixels Field of view in degrees 11 7 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee som e 7 or aro oar on e 205 s roa 056 _m ror ee ons oan cem se 3 n o9 9 bor se mm Rose mes s Row e 9 _ inc e aa sss e a270 svar team smar a bor 9 em vor asa se oe mm oss o oo cem avo cem om es 2 soc o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 7 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 36 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 105 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564803 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 17 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 24 5 b gt 050 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or az om 07 ae es em ave anf m mor ar6 oan e e aa ere em 065 _m hor o ova sea no aa n es o mm 7 o gt e sas ese e c3 svar m uma a or cse on am ose vor om se n o Legend D Distance to target in meters
104. l applications predictive maintenance Model 750 1975 1st TV compatible system Model 525 1978 1st dual wavelength scanning system capable of real time analog recording of thermal events Model 780 Instrumental in R amp D market development 1983 1st thermal imaging and measurement system with on screen temperature measurement 1986 1st TE thermo electrically cooled system 1989 1st single piece infrared camera system for PM predictive maintenance and R amp D research amp development with on board digital storage 1991 1st Windows based thermographic analysis and reporting system 1993 1st Focal Plane Array FPA system for PM and R amp D applications 1995 1st full featured camcorder style FPA infrared system ThermaCAM 1997 1st uncooled microbolometer based PM R amp D system 6 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 3 Welcome 2000 1st thermography system with both thermal and visual imaging 2000 1st thermography system to incorporate thermal visual voice and text data logging 2002 1st automated thermography system model P60 to feature detachable re motely controllable LCD JPEG image storage enhanced connectivity including USB and IrDA wireless thermal visual voice and text data logging 2002 1st low cost ultra compact hand held thermography camera E series Revolutionary ergonomic design lightest IR measurement camera available 2003 1st low co
105. lculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 18 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost black 146 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 18 Theory of thermography There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction T may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spect
106. le 1 195 128 Video cable 1 909 775 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 11 4 Packing list INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 12 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 5 System overview This system overview shows all accessories that are possible to order for a Therma CAM B2 4 1195461 1195577 10396703 a4 e 36mm 1 195 272 17mm 1 195 271 3 300 985 rd 9 2 mm 1 195 273 1122000 vii 1195 143 1909 528 1195 129 1195 106 1195 221 Figure 5 1 System overview Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 18 5 System overview INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 14 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 6 Connecting system components 10438303 a2 Figure 6 1 How to connect system components Figure 6 2 Explanations of callouts Power supply cable 11 16 VDC USB RS 232 cable Video cable CVBS i e composite video Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 15 6 Connecting system components INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 16 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup ported by your particular camera configuration 7 2 Typic
107. lt of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 17 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 139 17 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters 1311 ft An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for
108. mand can be regarded as the contrast Press the navigation pad up down to change the level indicated by an arrow pointing upwards or downwards in the temperature scale Press the navigation pad left right to change the span indicated by two arrows pointing away from each other or towards each other 82 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 10 Camera program 10392103 a3 Figure 10 10 Symbols in the temperature scale indicating 1 increasing span 2 decreasing span 3 increasing level and 4 decreasing level Pointto Automatic adjust and press MENU YES to put the camera in automatic mode continuously optimizing the image for best level and span 10 4 4 Emissivity 10567303 a2 Emissivity T Reflected 20 0 C T Atmosphere 20 0 fC Rel Humidity 30 Figure 10 11 Emissivity dialog box Point to Emissivity on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES to display the Emissivity dialog box To change the emissivity press the navigation pad right left To display an emissivity table and select a value from the table press Emissivity table To change the parameters for the dew point alarm enter a value for atmospheric temperature T Atmosphere and relative humidity Rel Humidity To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO To change T Refl reflected ambient temperature press the navigation pad right left To confirm the choice press MENU YES To
109. mera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front ofthe camera Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 15 Glossary Term or expression Explanation level manual adjust NETD noise object parameters object signal palette pixel radiance radiant power The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters Noise equivalent temperature difference A mea sure of the image noise level of an IR camera Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity ambient temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object The set of colors used to display an IR image Stands for picture element One single spot in an image Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement reference temperature reflection limitation of an IR camer
110. nd combinations of materials function in practice Effective testing and checking as well as experiential feedback can be used to achieve the required development in this area The contractor is keen on more testing and inspection in order to ensure that the structures keep to an expected function that corresponds to established require ments in the regulations issued by authorities and in contractual documents The contractor wants to know at an early stage of construction about any changes that may be necessary so that systematic defects can be prevented During construction a check should therefore be carried out on the first apartments completed in a mass production project Similar checking then follows as production continues In this way systematic defects can be prevented and unnecessary costs and future problems can be avoided This check is of benefit both to manufacturers and to users For the developer and the property manager it is essential that buildings are checked with reference to heat economy maintenance damage from moisture or moisture infiltration and comfort for the occupants e g cooled surfaces and air movements in occupied zones 40 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised requirements in terms of the building s thermal insulation and airtightness For the
111. nd has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement SECURITY RISK 10554903 a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall SECURITY RISK 28 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 5 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies Infrared image Comment 10555303 a1 Improper flashing at balcony to wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a loft complex 10555403 a1 A missing composite drainage plane or medium on a below grade parking garage plaza deck 7 structure resulted in standing water between the structural concrete deck and the plaza wearing surface 7 2 6 Moisture detection 4 Plumbing breaks amp leaks 7 2 6 1 General information Water from plumbing leaks can often lead to severe damage on a building structure Small leaks may be difficult to detect but can over the years penetrate structural walls and foundations to a degree where the building structure is beyond repair Using building thermography at an early stage when plumbing breaks and leaks are suspected can lead to substantials savings on material and labor Publ
112. ng the colors thermogram transmission or transmittance factor transparent isotherm 130 infrared image Gases and materials can be more or less transpar ent Transmission is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors in stead of covering the highlighted parts of the im age Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 16 Thermographic measurement Be techniques 16 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the came
113. now move the Spot by pressing the navigation pad left right or up down The temperature will be displayed in the top right corner of the LCD 8 3 2 Laying out a measurement area The camera needs a warm up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements can be expected Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Meas mode on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Select Area max Area min or Area avg in the Meas mode dialog box and press MENU YES The temperature will be displayed in the top right corner of the LCD 58 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials 8 4 Working with alarms You can choose between the following alarm outputs a color alarm which will assign a color to all pixels above or below a preset tem perature level asilent alarm which compared to the color alarm will make the font of the temper ature result increase in size and its background turn red an audible alarm which compared to the visual alarm also triggers a beep A settings can also be made in the camera so that an alarm output takes into account the reference temperature A typical application when you would want to use an alarm that takes into account the reference temperature is screening of people for face temperature detection Firstly the reference temperature is set by screening 10 persons with normal face temperature The camera puts each of these
114. ns Applies to camera type 215 only Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 107 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10563703 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 4 5 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 78 8 o gt 050 100 200 soo vom aee som e 7 o T ose vse Rm ama vee an Ras een 7 or ase 9 3e cse om e se m 7 bor cse xe mas a rs cuan ae re om _ n aes aas ese eso cao svar eam smar a bor ool sof so 020 oaf ms o e e o oem oo om com 05 worn aaa ons _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 10 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 4 5 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 108 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564003 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 87 mm
115. ns Applies to camera type 247 only Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 119 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10563903 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 4 5 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 68 0 fo gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee somo e 7 or ose vas 270 oro an are mae us 7 for o rai se sm mee 99 8e m 7 hor m ea e m Re m as cn 0 _ n e aam sss e 320 svar eam uma a bor e a oon wor aaa ces are cm o arr cem 065 em sae cem ves vars o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 22 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 4 5 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only Figure 14 23 F number and close focus limits for various lenses 0 70 0 30 0 01 Close focus limit m Close focus limit ft f number 120 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 14 10 Camera dimension
116. nsure that their intended insulation and airtightness functions are actually achieved In its structural engineering application thermography is used to study temperature variations over the surfaces of a structure Variations in the structure s thermal resis tance can under certain conditions produce temperature variations on its surfaces Leakage of cold or warm air through the structure also affects the variation in surface temperature This means that insulation defects thermal bridges and air leaks in a building s enclosing structural components can be located and surveyed Thermography itself does not directly show the structure s thermal resistance or air tightness Where quantification of thermal resistance or airtightness is required addi tional measurements have also to be taken Thermographic analysis of buildings relies on certain prerequisites in terms of temperature and pressure conditions across the structure Details shapes and contrasts in the thermal image can vary quite clearly with changes in any of these parameters The in depth analysis and interpretation of thermal images therefore requires thorough knowledge of such aspects as material and structural properties the effects of climate and the latest measuring techniques For assessing Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 39 7 Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements there are special requiremen
117. nt across the various structural elements can be illustrated by the figure on page 45 The irregular effects of wind on a building means that in practice the pressure conditions may be relatively variable and complicated Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 43 7 Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow Bernoulli s Law applies pv E p constant where Air density in kg m Wind velocity in m s Static pressure in Pa and where 2 pu 9 p denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure The total of these pressures gives the total pressure Wind load against a surface makes the dynamic pressure become a static pressure against the surface The magnitude of this static pressure is determined by amongst other things the shape of the surface and its angle to the wind direction The portion of the dynamic pressure that becomes a static pressure on the surface Pstat is determined by what is known as a stress concentration factor G Pitat pv 2 If p is 1 23 kg m density of air at 15 C 59 F this gives the following local pressures in the wind flow 2 2 pu v w SOXA EX P stat 2 1 63 Pa 44 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography 10551803 a1 1 Figure 7 3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building s enclosing surfaces dependin
118. num foil and write it down 10727003 a2 Figure 16 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil Step 2 Determining the emissivity Action Select a place to put the sample 2 Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous pro cedure 3 Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample 4 Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even 5 Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image 6 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 7 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 8 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions a Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity 9 Write down the temperature 10 Move your measurement function to the sample surface 11 Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement 134 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 16 Thermographic measurement techniques a Write down the emissivity Please note the following Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent
119. o Factory default on the Setup menu Q Approx 200 JPG images can be saved SEL button Press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera a Briefly press SEL to show current navigation pad focus i e which screen object you can change or move by using the navigation pad Press SEL repeatedly to switch between different screen objects MENU YES button Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Press MENU YES to confirm selections in dialog boxes Press MENU YES to display the graphics if you have previously selected Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar PWR NO button a Press PWR NO when the camera is switched off to switch on the camera Press PWR NO to cancel selections in dialog boxes Press and hold down PWR NO for more than two seconds to switch off the camera Press PWR NO to leave freeze and recall mode Press PWR NO to display the graphics if you have previously selected Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar Navigation pad In menu mode Press left right or up down to navigate in menus and dialog boxes Press left right or up down to change or move a screen object previously selected by using SEL In manual adjust mode Press up down to change the level after having selected the scale by pressing SEL Press left right to change the span after having selected the scale by pressing SEL For more information about level and span see section 10 4 3
120. omment 10554003 a1 Moisture detection on a roof recorded during the evening Since the building material affected by moisture has a higher thermal mass its temperature decreas es slower than surrounding areas 10554103 a1 Water damaged roofing components and insula tion identified from infrared scan from the under side of the built up roof on a structural concrete tee deck Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding sound areas due to conductive and or thermal capacitive effect 10554203 a1 Daytime survey of built up low slope commercial roof Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding dry areas due to conductive and or thermal capacitive effect Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 23 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 4 7 2 4 1 General information Moisture detection 2 Commercial amp residential facades Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential facades Being able to provide a physical illustration ofthe moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost effective than large intrusive test cuts 7 2 4 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on commercial and residential facades Structural drawing Comment Pelting rain penet
121. on to building thermography 7 3 Theory of building science 7 3 1 General information The demand for energy efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times Developments in the field of energy together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments have resulted in ever greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems Defective insulation and tightness in highly insulated and airtight structures can have a great impact on energy losses Defects in a building s thermal insulation and airtight ness do not merely entail risk of excessive heating and maintenance costs they also create the conditions for a poor indoor climate A building s degree of insulation is often stated in the form of a thermal resistance or a coefficient of thermal transmittance U value for the various parts of the building However the stated thermal resistance values rarely provide a measure of the actual energy losses in a building Air leakage from joints and connections that are not airtight and insufficiently filled with insulation often gives rise to considerable deviations from the designed and expected values Verification that individual materials and building elements have the promised prop erties is provided by means of laboratory tests Completed buildings have to be checked and inspected in order to e
122. ook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 Ohman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 19 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used by caution 19 3 Tables Figure 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 0 67 9 70 SW dull Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 151 19 Emissivity
123. p an audible alarm Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Meas mode and press YES to display the Meas mode dialog box Select Meas mode by pressing the navigation pad left right The alarm function is typically used together with Area max For Alarm select one of the following by pressing the navigation pad left right Above Below For Alarm output select Beep by pressing the navigation pad left right Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the navigation pad left right Alarm temp will only be be available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box Specify Delta alarm by pressing the navigation pad left right Delta alarm will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 61 8 Tutorials 8 5 Changing level amp span 8 5 1 Changing level Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Press the navigation pad up down to change the level An arrow pointing upwards or downwards will be displayed For more information about level see section 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust on page 82 8 5 2 Changing span Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES Press
124. ra The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 16 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 131 16 Thermographic measurement techniques 16 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 16 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 16 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 16 1 1 Reflect
125. ral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation a pyr For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows PAL s Wy Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which e varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey 05 From this we obtain for an opaque ma
126. rates the facade due to badly executed bed joints Moisture builds up in the masonry above the window Pelting rain hits the window at an angle Most of the rain runs off the window edge flashing but some finds its way into the masonry where the plaster meets the underside of the flashing 24 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Rain hits the fagade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion Rain splashes on the fagade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption which eventu ally leads to frost erosion Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 25 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 4 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial amp residential facades Infrared image Comment 10554703 a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte rior living space 10554803 a1 Moisture migration into drywall from capillary drive and interior finish components from inadequate clearance and slope of grade from vinyl siding facade on an apartment complex 7 2 5 Mo
127. reases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 18 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 18 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula 2xhc x10 wati m um where Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 10 34 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um The factor 109 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m m If the factor is excluded the dimension will be Watt m2um Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 143 18 Theory of thermography Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at 0 then increases rapi
128. reful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 sheet Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 Iron and steel oxidized 100 y 0 74 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 iT 0 78 0 82 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 i 0 89 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 Ji 0 88 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0 98 Iron and steel polished 100 jJ 0 07 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 157 19 Emissivity tables Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 T 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 Ji 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized s
129. ressure differential within the structure in Pa 9 81 m s Air density in kg m Thermodynamic air temperature outdoors in K Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K Distance from the neutral zone in meters If p 1 29 kg m density of air at a temperature of 273 K and 100 kPa this pro T Ap x 13x h 1 E T a With a difference of 25 C 77 F between the ambient internal and external tem peratures the result is a differential pressure difference within the structure of about 1 Pa m difference in height 3 28 Pa ft Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 47 7 Introduction to building thermography 10552003 a1 Figure 7 5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings and where the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature 1 Neutral zone 2 Positive pressure 3 Negative pressure h Distance from the neutral zone in meters The position of the neutral zone may vary depending on any leaks in the building If the leaks are evenly distributed vertically this zone will be about halfway up the building If more of the leaks are in the lower part of the building the neutral zone will move downwards If more of the leaks are in the upper part it will move upwards Where achimney opens above the roof this has a considerable effect on the position of the neutral zone and the result may be a negative pressure throughout
130. rior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as 1 p l Ta L PT TA When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp l A This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 149 18 Theory of thermography INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 150 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 19 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handb
131. rmographic imaging and for as long as the procedure takes For the same period the ambient temperature difference must not vary by more than 30 of the difference when the thermo graphic imaging starts During the thermographic imaging the indoor ambient temperature should not change by more than 2 C 3 6 F For a number of hours prior before thermographic imaging and as long as it con tinues no influencing sunlight may fall upon the relevant part of the building Negative pressure within the structure 10 50 Pa When conducting thermographic imaging in order to locate only air leaks in the building s enclosing sections the requirements in terms of measuring conditions may be lower A difference of 5 C 9 F between the inside and outside ambient temperatures ought to be sufficient for detecting such defects To be able to detect air leaks certain requirements must however be made with regard to the differential pressure about 10 Pa should be sufficient 7 3 6 Interpretation of infrared images The main purpose of thermography is to locate faults and defects in thermal insulation in exterior walls and floor structures and to determine their nature and extent The measuring task can also be formulated in such a way that the aim of the thermography is to confirm whether or not the wall examined has the promised insulation and air tightness characteristics The promised thermal insulation characteristics for the wall accord
132. roduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice Patents This product is protected by patents design patents patents pending or design patents pending One or several of the following patents design patents patents pending or design patents pending apply to the products and or features described in this manual Designation Status China Application 00809178 1 China Application 01823221 3 China Application 01823226 4 China Design Patent 235308 China Design Patent ZL02331553 9 China Design Patent ZL02331554 7 China Pending 200530018812 0 EPC Patent 1188086 EPO Application 01930377 5 EPO Application 01934715 2 EPO Application 27282912 EU Design Patent 000279476 0001 France P
133. rs software revisions etc No changes can be made 10 4 8 5 Factory default Point to Factory default and press MENU YES to reset all camera settings to factory settings 88 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 11 Electrical power system The camera s electrical power system consists of the following parts aremovable battery a power supply an internal battery charger The camera may powered either by using the battery or by using the power supply When using the power supply the battery will if it s inserted in the battery compart ment automatically be charged You can still use the camera during charging Please note the following The camera is shipped with charged batteries To increase the battery life the battery should be fully discharged and charged a couple of times by using the camera or leaving the camera on until the camera says Battery low The same power supply can be used for both the internal battery charger and the external battery charger Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 89 11 Electrical power system 10306103 a4 Figure 11 1 Battery and battery compartment Callout Description of part Battery Battery cover Release button The removable battery gives an operation time of approx 1 5 2 hours When Battery low is displayed on the screen it is time to charge the battery The
134. s 10396303 a3 Rotate the locking ring on the camera 30 counter clock wise until the index mark is lined up with the laser window Carefully pull out the lens Do not use excessive force 8 7 2 Adjusting the focus Q Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in figure 8 1 on page 65 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens cs To adjust the focus rotate the focus ring clock wise or counter clock wise 8 7 3 Inserting amp removing the battery The camera is shipped with charged batteries To increase the battery life the battery should be fully discharged and charged a couple of times You can do this by using the camera until the battery is fully depleted 66 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials 8 7 3 1 Inserting the battery 10396403 a2 Action Remove lid of the battery compartment by pressing the locking mechanism Insert the battery with the connectors facing the rear end of the camera and the arrow symbol facing the front end of the camera Replace the lid of the battery compartment 8 7 3 2 Removing the battery 10396503 a2 Remove the lid of the battery compartment by pressing the locking mechanism Remove the battery by firmly grabbing its rear end and carefully lifting it out from the battery compartment Replace the lid of the battery compartment
135. s Field of view in degrees 33 8 o gt 050 100 200 soo E or 020 oar v22 aor 600 sma aa me _m bor em ows S omm Rome 22a ses _m_ bor m am e m sno s me 0 _ inc e aas sss ea 320 mar eas mar 8 ior T em 200 sm e ee m mo m a bor oor ors 020 ors m E rao vase in Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 15 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 9 2 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 113 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10563803 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 243 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 4 5 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 63 7 b gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee somo e 7 o ase rae 20 oma naa nn Rx e e mor e os Sep cse s asm sor a bor se ms eas 3 08 nen nao 70s 0 _ n ve aas sss eso 30 svar eam uma a or ors cen om sa se reo em me _in_ Legend D Distance to target in meters amp fee
136. ssure of 2 5 Pa can be expected When this negative pressure leads to cold air entering the building structure due to deficiencies in building insulation and or building sealing we have what is called air infiltration Air infiltration can be expected at joints and seams in the building structure Due to the fact that air infiltration creates an air flow of cool air into e g a room it can lead to substantial deterioration of the indoor climate Air flows as small as 0 15 m s 0 49 ft s are usually noticed by inhabitants although these air flows may be difficult to detect using ordinary measurement devices On an infrared image air infiltration can be identified by its typical ray pattern which emanates from the point of exit in the building structure e g from behind a skirting strip Furthermore areas of air infiltration typically have a lower detected temperature than areas where there is only an insulation deficiency This is due to the chill factor of the air flow 7 2 7 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of details of building structures where air infiltration may occur Structural drawing Comment 10552503 a2 Insulation deficiencies at the eaves of a brickwall y house due to improperly installed fiberglass insu lation batts y p The air infiltration enters the room from behind the P cornice 32 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLIS
137. st ultra compact infrared camera for fixed installation intended for automation and security applications Exceptionally user friendly due to standard interfaces and extensive built in functionality 2004 1st camera models specially designed for building thermography B1 B2 and B20 10401603 a3 Figure 3 3 LEFT FLIR Systems Thermovision Model 661 The photo is taken on May 30th 1969 at the distribution plant near Beckomberga in Stockholm Sweden The camera weighed approx 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR Systems ThermaCAM Model E2 from 2002 weight 0 7 kg 1 54 Ib including battery With this tradition of unparalleled technical excellence and innovative achievements FLIR Systems continues to develop new infrared products educational venues and applications expertise to meet the diverse demands of thermographers worldwide Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 3 Welcome 3 1 1 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 3 4 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 10401403 a1 Figure 3 5 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 8 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2
138. storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be devel oped during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure communications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to
139. sy to use It is operated by using a few buttons which are con veniently placed on the camera allowing fingertip control of major functions A built in menu system also gives easy access to an advanced simple to use camera software for increased functionality To document the object under inspection it is possible to capture and store images to the camera s internal memory The images can be analyzed either in the field by using the real time measurement functions built into the camera or in a PC using FLIR Systems ThermaCAM Reporter software by downloading the images from the camera using ThermaCAM QuickView Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 5 3 Welcome 3 1 About FLIR Systems With over 40 years experience in IR systems and applications development and over 30 000 infrared cameras in use worldwide FLIR Systems is the undisputed global commercial IR industry leader 10380703 a2 Figure 3 1 FLIR Systems Boston USA FLIR Systems Danderyd Sweden and FLIR Systems Portland USA 10570303 a2 Figure 3 2 Indigo Operations Niceville USA and Indigo Operations Santa Barbara USA Indigo Operations is a division of FLIR Systems As pioneers in the IR industry FLIR Systems has a long list of firsts the world of in frared thermography 1965 1st thermal imaging system for predictive maintenance Model 650 1973 1st battery operated portable IR scanner for industria
140. t HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 16 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 4 5 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 243 only 114 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564103 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 87 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 4 00 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee som e m o o oar are os a7 5 se sm _m ror ee os avo es ase m 2a saa _m_ ior em om oar ave aa tom mae 9 0m _ fo e a8 ese es 3o mar m uma 8 or T cen em se es xm sa nas naar a bor oo ow oaf one mm xo s va e or oor oma oo om ovr om ons mE Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 17 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to
141. target 87 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 115 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564403 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 54 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 6 44 o gt oso 100 200 soo vom aee som e 7 o 008 on azn ose 11a amr sa vias _m bor aoe ove arr oe se an am se bor e ovo van asa 700 so aso m 9 fos ve a8 ese toa a270 svar eam mvar 8 ior T ee em ae 1s se em ee sm 0 o oor oma 00s ore oe ooo mE 2m o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 18 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 54 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 247 only 116 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564703 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 247 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 36 mm
142. terial since a p 1 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 147 18 Theory of thermography amp p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p 1 For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W eoT Watt nm This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 10401203 a1 Figure 18 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 148 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 18 Theory of thermography 10327303 a3 3 10 Da SDE o ELS H um 15 0 i Figure 18 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 18 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the inte
143. th characteristically shaped sharp contours The temperature pattern is usually asymmetrical During thermography and when interpreting an infrared image comparison infrared images can provide valuable information for assessment The sources of disruption in thermography that occur most commonly in practice are the effect of the sun on the surface being thermographed sunlight shining in through a window hot radiators with pipes lights directed at or placed near the surface being measured air flows e g from air intakes directed at the surface the effect of moisture deposits on the surface Surfaces on which the sun is shining should not be subjected to thermography If there is a risk of an effect by sunlight windows should be covered up closing Venetian blinds However be aware that there are building defects or problems typically moisture problems that only show up when heat has been applied to the surface e g from the sun For more information about moisture detection see section 7 2 2 About moisture detection on page 19 A hot radiator appears as a bright light surface in an infrared image The surface temperature of a wall next to a radiator is raised which may conceal any defects present For maximum prevention of disruptive effects from hot radiators these may be shut off a short while before the measurement is taken However depending on the con struction of the building low or high mass these m
144. the building This situation most commonly occurs in small buildings In a larger building such as a tall industrial building with leaks at doors and any windows in the lower part of the building the neutral zone is about one third of the way up the building 48 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 3 5 Measuring conditions amp measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible The imaging process is therefore carried out indoors i e where a building is heated the structure s warm surfaces are exam ined Outdoor thermography is only used to obtain reference measurements of larger fagade surfaces In certain cases e g where the thermal insulation is very bad or where there is an internal positive pressure outdoor measurements may be useful Even when investigating the effects of installations located within the building s climatic envelope there may be justification for thermographic imaging from outside the building The following conditions are recommended The air temperature difference within the relevant part of the building must be at least 10 C 18 F for a number of hours before the
145. thod is quick The method only detects surface temperature The method is a non intrusive means of investi differentials and can not see through walls gation The method can not detect subsurface damage The method does not require relocation of the i e mold or structural damage occupants The method features an illustrative visual pre sentation of findings The method confirms failure points and mois ture migration paths 7 2 3 Moisture detection 1 Low slope commercial roofs 7 2 3 1 General information Low slope commercial roofing is one of the most common roof types for industrial building such as warehouses industrial plants machinery shops etc Its major ad vantages over a pitched roof is the lower cost in material and building However due to its design where snow and ice will not fall off by itself as is the case for the major ity of pitched roofs it must be strongly built to support the accumulated weight of both roof structure and any snow ice and rain Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 7 Introduction to building thermography Although a basic understanding of the construction of low slope commercial roofs is desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection expert knowledge is not necessary There is a large number of different design principles for low slope com mercial roofs both when it comes to material and design and it would be impossible for th
146. tic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 9 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 162 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 Rubber hard 20 RD 0 95 Rubber soft gray rough 20 T 0 95 Sand T 0 60 Sand 20 T 0 90 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 Silver pure polished 200 600 JT 0 02 0 03 Skin human 32 T 0 98 Slag boiler 0 100 1 0 97 0 93 Slag boiler 200 500 F 0 89 0 78 Slag boiler 600 1200 Ji 0 76 0 70 Slag boiler 1400 1800 Ji 0 69 0 67 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 500 T 0 35 18 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 163 19 Emissivity tables
147. to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in side of the ceiling This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image 36 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts creating an air pocket on the outside of an inclined ceiling This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography 7 2 8 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies Infrared image Comment 10553303 a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 10553403 a1 Improperly installed fiberglass batts in a suspend ed ceiling Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 37 7 Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503 a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 38 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introducti
148. to residential houses only 18 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 7 Introduction to building thermography Adifference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10 15 C 18 27 F is recommended Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure e g a facade that is to be inspected from the inside The sunlight will heat the facade which will equalize the temperature differences on the inside and mask deficiencies in the building structure Spring seasons with low nighttime temperatures 0 C 32 F and high daytime temperatures 14 C 57 F are especially risky 7 2 2 About moisture detection Moisture in a building structure can originate from several different sources e g External leaks such as floods leaking fire hydrants etc Internal leaks such as freshwater piping waste water piping etc Condensation which is humidity in the air falling out as liquid water due to conden sation on cold surfaces Building moisture which is any moisture in the building material prior to erecting the building structure Water remaining from firefighting As a non destructive detection method using an infrared camera has a number of advantages over other methods and a few disadvantages Advantage Disadvantage The me
149. ts in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements e g by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body 7 3 2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work There are certain factors involved in assembling the various components and building elements that can have a considerable impact on the final result The effects of transport handling and storage at the site and the way the work is done cannot be calculated in advance To ensure that the intended function is actually achieved verification by testing and checking the completed building is required Modern insulation technology has reduced the theoretical heat requirement This does mean however that defects that are relatively minor but at important locations e g leaking joints or incorrectly installed insulation can have considerable conse quences in terms both of heat and comfort Verification tests e g by means of ther mography have proved their value from the point of view both of the designer and the contractor and of the developer the property manager and the user For the designer the important thing is to find out about the function of various types of structures so that they can be designed to take into account both working methods and functional requirements The designer must also know how different materials a
150. uce its life expectancy and if the device causes an abnormal current to flow it may cause the battery to become hot ex plode or ignite and cause serious injury Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 93 11 Electrical power system The temperature range over which the battery can be discharged is 15 45 C 18 8 113 F Use of the battery outside of this temperature range may damage the performance of the battery or may reduce its life expectancy 94 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 12 Maintenance amp cleaning 12 1 Camera body cables amp accessories The camera body cables and accessories may be cleaned by wiping with a soft cloth To remove stains wipe with a soft cloth moistened with a mild detergent solution and wrung dry then wipe with a dry soft cloth Q Do not use benzene thinner or any other chemical product on the camera the cables or the accessories as this may cause deterioration 12 2 Lenses All lenses are coated with an anti reflective coating and care must be taken when cleaning them Cotton wool soaked in 96 ethyl alcohol C H5OH may be used to clean the lenses The lenses should be wiped once with the solution then the cotton wool should be discarded If ethyl alcohol is unavailable DEE i e ether diethylether C4H4 0 may be used for cleaning Sometimes drying marks may appear on the lenses To prevent this a clean
151. udible alarm 61 color alarm 60 date amp time 64 date format 63 focus 66 language 63 level 62 span 62 temperature unit 63 time format 63 visual alarm 61 deleting file 57 image 57 freezing image 56 inserting battery 67 laying out area 58 spot 58 opening file 57 image 57 174 tutorials continued removing battery 67 lens 66 saving file 56 image 56 switching off camera 55 Switching on camera 55 U unpacking 11 USB interface 100 pin configuration 100 USB cable in packing list 11 V ventilation mechanical 46 vibration 100 video cable in packing list 11 Video output label 88 visual alarm changing 61 Ww warm up time 58 warning messages 78 warnings battery 93 intensive energy sources 1 interference 1 Laser LocatlR 75 radio frequency energy 1 warranty viii weight 100 Wien Wilhelm 144 Wilhelm Wien 144 William Herschel 137 wind conditions 46 working with camera adjusting focus 66 inserting battery 67 removing battery 67 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Index Y working with camera continued removing continued lens 66 Y Year label 87 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 175 A note on the technical production of this manual This manual was produced using XML eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML point your browser to http www w3 org
152. ype 215 only Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 103 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 1056420323 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 54 mm Resolution 160 x 120 pixels Field of view in degrees 7 83 o gt 050 100 200 soo vom 2500 somo e 7 or o ore 027 om mp 3a sm o ror ee ovo aan cem vos m sa omm bor oa ons mn em R9 Re 88 es 9m _ fo ve aam ese es 3o svar eam Rmar ne or azz e 000 25 nm me wmf a for o one oor se se es o o e oma oor ov cem cm mE im o Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Figure 14 6 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets D distance to target 54 mm IR lens Applies to camera type 215 only 104 Publ No 1557882 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications amp dimensional drawings 10564503 a3 This table only applies to camera type number 215 The three digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Focal length 36 mm Resolution 160 x 120 p

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