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final report - Worcester Polytechnic Institute

1. Figure 9 Solar Water Heater Model 25 Solar Water Pump Model We found that people in rural and farming communities were not supplied water from a municipality Instead these people rely on boreholes and use diesel water pumps to supply water for themselves and livestock A solar water pump model was not on the trailer so we created one to represent a solar water pump that can be placed inside boreholes to pump water using electricity generated by solar panels This model presents an alternative to purchasing costly fossil fuels for pumping water We placed a water pump that can be used inside actual boreholes as deep as 40 meters inside a piece of PVC pipe 50cm long and 15cm in diameter We sealed the pipe on the bottom to ensure no water could leak out We left the top of the PVC pipe open so that people were able to see the water flowing from the pump through the rubber hose then back up to the top of the pipe The pump model seen in Figure 10 is placed a meter away from the trailer and is plugged into a special power outlet that runs off of the solar panels Figure 10 Solar Water Pump Model Energy Efficient Shack Model The United Nations Development Program s 2005 Human Development Report indicates that 34 9 of the population of Namibia earns just US 1 per day and 55 8 earns US 2 per day CIA 2005 We found that because of these low incomes many people live in informal shacks constructed of scrap metal and vari
2. 14 be applicable to other countries like Namibia with similar challenges Currently 30 of Bangladesh is connected to a power grid After evaluating several possibilities of improvement methods it was determined that solar and biomass options would be best for the population off the grid Islam Islam amp Rahman 2005 Many organizations agree that using solar energy in Bangladesh homes 1s feasible but also that biomass options are not environmentally friendly or as easily accepted Biswas 2002 Different organizations have conducted projects creating central solar photovoltaic PV charging stations in Bangladesh Some researchers have concluded however that these stations have been largely ineffective because of the high costs absence of national policy lack of understanding of the technologies and shortage of information and trained personnel Awal 2000 Charging stations may not be feasible without proper education Users in Bangladesh undercharged the batteries and eventually overused them ARMCO 1997 This example suggests that education can be important when introducing new power technologies Another factor that could hinder the acceptance of RE and EE technologies is the high initial cost Prokaushali Sangsad a Non governmental Organization conducted a survey finding that only 8 8 of households in Bangladesh were interested in buying solar home systems SHS either with cash or on credit at the current financing rates B
3. Figure 8 Energy Efficient Light Bulb If utilized RE and EE technologies could help to alleviate the strains of Namibia s energy crisis Even the simple solutions like the solar box cookers could lower the demand for electricity and fossil fuels but they may not be taken advantage of if the public is not informed of the current energy shortage available energy options and means of purchasing these technologies Energy Technology Financing The cost of renewable energy and energy efficient technologies puts them out of reach for many Namibians In Namibia there is a network of dealers that sell renewable energy technologies such as solar water heaters and solar home systems This network 13 has made arrangements with local financial institutions to provide financing for these rather expensive devices Both the Bank of Windhoek and Konga Investments issue loans for the purchase of these items Konga Investment s purpose is to administer the Solar Revolving Fund SRF The SRF is a loan financing scheme formed to stimulate the demand for renewable energy technologies in Namibia Konga s goal is to provide energy solution payment options to off grid communities so they no longer have to rely as heavily on expensive fuels Konga Investments 2006 Qualifying Namibians who intend to purchase renewable energy technologies are eligible for Konga Investments five year loan with five percent interest per year The Namibian governm
4. and urban communities were recommended by our liaison Robert Schultz an Energy Researcher at the HRDC and Nils Wormsbaecher our Technical Advisor We selected the Science and Environmental Club from the A Shipena Secondary School for a practice demonstration because of the school s close proximity to the HRDC Because the trailer was not complete at the time the demonstration was scheduled a contingency plan was to allow the students to visit the HRDC and take part in demonstrations similar to the ones that were on the trailer During the demonstration two team members presented set up and explained various RE and EE technologies while the other two team members documented the students reactions to the demonstrations Following an explanation of the RE and EE technologies we gave the students time to freely ask questions about the technologies that interested them The two team members that recorded reactions looked for which demonstrations attracted the students attention by observing which demonstrations provoked questions and discussion The rural community of Okondjatu was selected for our first demonstration with the trailer This demonstration site was divided into two separate demonstrations During a morning and afternoon session we demonstrated for the rural electrified village and into the evening we conducted another demonstration with the members of the rural un electrified area By doing so we had the opportunity to pre
5. we found that it is difficult and unsafe to maintain a fire while performing other demonstrations Use Bushblok in the wood efficient stoves Using Bushblok in the stoves was an informative addition to the cooking demonstrations because farmers were interested once they knew where the Bushblok came from With the rapid spread of bush encroachment in Namibia Bushblok can be demonstrated as a renewable energy which benefits the environment Boil water with the parabolic cooker By boiling water participants can actually see the parabolic cooker working This is typically a popular demonstration due to its aesthetic characteristics and its high heat generation capability Use food coloring in the water of the solar water pump model We found that the solar water pump model attracted people because they saw and heard the water flowing from the hosing We concluded that using food coloring in the water during the demonstration will enhance the model s aesthetics and show the water flowing through the piping more clearly 44 Site specific recommendations This section makes recommendations for visits to different types of communities including O Schools or groups of children We recommend hands on interactive demonstrations to keep the children s attention Asking simple questions about energy kept the children engaged during demonstrations Hand outs are recommended for the children to take home to think about the demonstrations lat
6. 200km northeast of Windhoek in order to determine the people s energy sources uses of energy and what technologies to emphasize during our visit with the trailer During this preliminary visit we found that only public buildings stores and community members with formal homes had access to electricity Wood was found to be the main fuel used for cooking and heating purposes for those without electricity Most homes did not use any fuel for heating water Very few solar or wind systems were found to be used in the community and these were owned by the wealthiest members Expensive technologies such as solar home systems were not found to be practical for a majority of the main village community We found that people did not have access to banking excluding them from loan possibilities for these technologies A complete community profile can be found in Appendix D Based on our findings we decided to emphasize cooking technologies in the subsequent trailer demonstration visits because cooking 1s the primary use of energy in this community We traveled to Okondjatu with the trailer and spent one day in the village This was the first time the trailer was set up for a demonstration and during set up we noticed several things that could be improved upon in regards to its structure and amount of hardware including e Insufficient support for the tongue of the trailer once it was removed from the vehicle e Too much dust collected inside the trail
7. 4 Vesto Stove Solar cookers require no wood at all they harness the sun s radiant energy and convert it to heat to cook food Solar Cookers International 2005 Examples of solar cookers can be seen in Figure 6 and Figure 7 A solar box cooker can be purchased for approximately N 600 and can cook a chicken in 2 to 3 hours The temperature inside the solar box cooker can reach up to 90 C Schultz 2005 The advantages of solar box cookers versus other RE technologies are their affordability and ease of use A parabolic solar cooker can be purchased for approximately N 450 and temperatures at the center of the cooker can reach over 100 C These energy efficient products reduce the emissions of harmful gases that are produced in most communities that use clay or paraffin stoves Pemberton Pigott n d 12 Figure 6 Solar Box Cooker Figure 7 Parabolic Solar Cooker Energy efficient lighting is another affordable EE technology that can reduce costs in homes These compact fluorescent lights such as that shown in Figure 8 use 80 of the electricity they consume to produce light unlike incandescent bulbs which can waste up to 78 of electricity consumed to produce unwanted heat Schultz 2006 Lowered power consumption can lower electricity costs if homes receive electricity from a utility provider These lights also work well in conjunction with solar home systems saving energy that can be used for other home appliances
8. 7 2006 from http www asianresearch org articles 2 166 html Ford N 2005 December Fast track treatment over land redistribution In African Business 56 2 Retrieved January 28 2006 from Expanded Academic ASAP via Thomson Gale http find galegroup com ips infomark do amp contentSet IA C Documents amp type retrieve amp tabID T002 amp prodid IPS amp docld A139915066 amp sou rce gale amp userGroupName mlin_c_ worpoly amp version 1 0 Gack J Ray R Solorazano H amp Vaughan C 1999 The Effect of Environmental Education on Schoolchildren Their Parents and Community Members A Study of Intergenerational and Intercommunity Learning The Journal of Environmental Education 31 5 8 Retrieved February 19 2006 from http www icomvis una ac cr publ_ pdfs vaughanenvironeducat_1999 pdf Getaway Africa 2005 Retrieved February 6 2005 from http www getawayafrica com index php 1d 245 Grameen S 2000 Grameen Shakti Status Report Grameen Bank Bhaban 2 1216 Habitat Research and Development Centre n d Retrieved 21 January 2006 from http www interact com na hrdc Harris P 2005 December 12 Science Fair Project Retrieved 4 May 2006 from http www ees adelaide edu au pharris biogas SciFair html Hite J 2004 January 31 NamPower Retrieved 22 January 2006 from http www nampower com na nampower2004 news index asp r 23 1 Hubbard A amp Fong C 1995 Community Energy Workbook A Guid
9. TE amp SP Rural Electrified Community Rural Un electrified Farming Community School Community Urban Electrified Community Urban Un electrified Community New User Demonstration SF CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS all Project Outcomes User Manual Recommendations for Trailer Operations and Support Recommendations for Additional Modifications to the Trailer TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRAC WV aiiiesesdascecsnsessacaodaecedunassusceadausedsadetsadassancddusteiedasadancduunsaiaacancaucedeateieloaadessevssecieass ii EXE CUTTY E SUIVIVEARY eciccone occie avectsecsusaioasuuacsvestuncavsubacisecscsaiesaueacivauns iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ioiiiiscnnoiicenie n i ix AUFHORSHIP vocni aoa o oen Ee EOE ANE USEE SOENT saent X TABELE OF CONTENTS oaeiae eaa a aaia xi DIST OF FIGURES taiiaiiannini tiie eaiaetin ie Ea ia xiii LISFOF TABLES nieron a E Ea EEEREN XIV CHAPTER 1T INTRODUCTION ccein anea eana ea Eaa aA NA 1 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND ainicootin re inean a na a aeaa a aaa aaa aAa 4 The Energy Crisis in Southern Africa and Namibia ccccccccecececeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeseeseeees 4 Use and Sources of Electricity in Namibia cc ccceeeesseseeeeecceeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaeeeeeeseeees 5 Residential Use of Wood and Fossil Fuels 0 0 0 ccesssesessseeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeees 7 Renewable P IOO y emma e e 8 Enero y Biticient PeCiniGlo C168 o ccs6 onsduscedervatseenscnacecsmectaeanedasseoursaceuctsssancesse tan Tina 11 Enersy Technology F
10. Windhoek Tel 061 268200 Fax 061 268 201 Contact Wit Jacques Komubel D RFN willbe part ofthe Traker HRI Cis part of the Traller Projet Field Tests Renewable Erergy Suppliers Fior compare ard product bro dores busie ss cards DVDs o VHS posters Conder ce PO Box 64 22 Windhoek Tel 061 236336 Fax 061 256726 TNH 5SHS PVE Solar Age Namibia PO Box 9987 Wimdhoek Tel 061 215509 Fan 061 215793 SHS PVE SP OW SOR TERRASOL PO Box 6036 Windhoek Tel 061 239454 Fax 061 239454 PVP SWH SPONSOR Excelaor PO Box 11 manmi Tel 064 570328 Fax 064 570452 SWH Pe Solar ove Project Private Bag 5516 Oshakati Tel 065 231463 Fax 065 231463 SBC EEE whi cc PO Box 2837 Swakoprurd Tel 081242375645 SWH chhostevragiiotinallcom 63 Namika Enginering C onporation PO Box 5052 Windhoek Tel 061 236720 Fax 06 232375 TNH 5HS PVE Sol Tec cc PO Box 315 Windhoek Tel 061 235646 Fax 061 250460 TNH 5HS PVE Free Energy Ew ope Free Ena gy Foundation Teeererzy europe Gena ll com Contact Arrele s With s SPON SOR Org avere Solar PO Box tft Wivdhoek Tel 0811275409 SHS PVE SH Solar greb co ra Peter Kalimba PO Box 1784 Oshakati Te 1 081327934 38 Solar Te chiruc lar Richard Khachab POBox 29 Otnararonzo Te 1 08 124228 26 Solar Te ckuruc iar Blas Styrene PO Box 215 Fond Tel 0811410465 Solar Techruciar Willem Kaveyo PO Box 1594 Oshakati Tel 0811290291 Solar Techrucian Mate
11. and Future of Renewable Energy Technologies University of NSW Retrieved February 18 2006 from http wwwphys murdoch edu au Solar2004 Proceedings Developing 20Countrie s Biswas Paper Bangladesh pdf CIA 2005 The World Factbook Namibia Retrieved January 25 2006 from http www cia gov cia publications factbook geos wa html Danish Wind Industry Association n d Did you know Retrieved January 24 2006 from http www windpower org en didyouknow htm Davis M amp Wamukonya N 2001 Socio Economic impacts of rural electrification in Namibia Comparisons Between Grid Solar and Unelectrified Households Energy for Sustainable Development Desert Research Foundation of Namibia 2005 The Vesto Stove pamphlet Dwyer T 1999 May 4 Instructions for Building a Solar Box Cooker Retrieved 4 May 2006 from http www exoticblades com tamara sol_cook instruct html Economic Highs and Lows of 2005 2005 December 22 The Namibian Retrieved January 22 2006 from http www namibian com na 2005 December marketplace 05F664710E html EECA n d Biogas and Landfill Gas Retrieved 1 May 2006 from http www ececa govt nz renewable energy bioenergy biogas html 50 EPA 2006 Glossary of Green Power Terms Retrieved 16 March 2006 from http www epa gov greenpower whatis glossary htm Fang W amp Zhen W 2004 June 21 China Restricts electricity in 20 Provinces Association for Asian Research Retrieved Febuary
12. between 100W to 6 kW The advantage of wind chargers is their efficiency over PV cells Schultz 2005 but wind chargers are still relatively expensive 10 Biomass in the form of invader bush is considered a renewable energy due to its rapid growth throughout Namibia Wormsbaecher 2006 Invader bush species are rapidly taking over open spaces and are negatively impacting the environment by destroying many species habitats Bush encroachment is the suppression of palatable grasses and herbs by encroaching woody species often unpalatable to domestic livestock Saltz Ward amp Wirgand n d The excess biomass is being harvested and processed into compact logs known as Bushblok which can be used for cooking or home heating fuel USAID 2005 There is also a vast potential for the use of biogas in Namibia due to the large number of livestock communities Ngatjizeko n d A biogas digester can be installed in the home reducing the amount of smoke emitted when compared to the use of paraffin LPG or wood stoves New Age 2005 A biogas digester is a spherical container that holds biological matter such as animal manure As the biological matter breaks down methane gas is emitted The methane is then burned and converted to carbon dioxide The energy produced from burning methane can be utilized for cooking lighting and heating EECA n d Energy Efficient Technologies Like renewable energy technologies energy ef
13. can affect a community s knowledge and willingness to adopt the new technologies Immediate Retained Retained Group taught 1 vs 2 1 vs 3 2 vs 3 Students 71 67 5b Parents of students 38 52 10 Control adults 0 29 33 ty 21 Four questions had correct answers that significantly decreased Note 1 Test 1 which was given before the course began July l 4 2001 2 Test 2 which was given immediately after the course ended July 31 August 3 2001 3 Test 3 which was given amp months after the course ended March 15 17 2002 Table 2 Improvement in Correct Responses to Questionnaire Source http www icomvis una ac cr publ_pdfs vaughanenvironeducat_1999 pdf According to the Community and Energy Workbook another step toward a successful education program is to set up a committee consisting of community leaders who believe RE and EE can positively affect their community Hubbard amp Fong 1995 These ideas were based on American communities but were designed to achieve the same goal of meeting energy needs This study found that researchers attempting to implement ideas in a community may face problems because they are not members of the community A supportive local committee can help spread the ideas to other members of the community The Energy Demonstration Trailer The Energy Demonstration Trailer is a community outreach initiative intended to travel to rural and urban communities and schools to ed
14. easily reached by citizens of electrified and un electrified urban areas We informed people gathered around the trailer about the various technologies and information the trailer has 22 to offer Following this demonstration we met with our liaison and assessed the demonstration and trailer materials We discussed the same questions we had after concluding our Okondjatu village demonstration Improving the Trailer and its Contents Our final objective was comprised of three parts developing recommendations implementing recommendations that were feasible within our time constraints and creating a user manual to aid in the use of the trailer These three deliverables were intended to help our liaison further develop the Energy Demonstration Trailer to encourage the use of RE and EE technologies We made recommendations based on our hands on experience with the trailer and our observations of people who interacted with it These recommendations included emphasizing appropriate demonstrations in specific communities We developed these recommendations after discussing which demonstrations received attention in communities We also developed recommendations for improving demonstrations and models based on difficulties we had explaining and performing demonstrations We made recommendations for improving the construction of the trailer and adding necessary hardware to the trailer based on our observations during the set up of the trailer and
15. how the model represented home solar water heaters and referred to fact sheets placed on pegboards near the model Few questions were asked perhaps because a solar water heating company was explaining the same technology at the Open Day We put the solar water pump model at the front of the trailer and allowed it to continuously run throughout the day People at the demonstration received water from the city and therefore did not ask many questions about the pump We explained to people that all the electrical appliances on the trailer were being powered by electricity from the solar panels and wind charger We had many appliances available to demonstrate the abilities of these electrical systems such as a fan hair clippers an air compressor and a television We received at least twenty questions regarding the size of the solar home system needed to power the appliances people used in their homes We also received many questions about the feasibility of using wind chargers in Windhoek as well as their availability Some recurring questions we received throughout the day included what financing options were available for purchasing renewable energy technologies and where to purchase the cooking technologies presented We found that our research into loan programs prepared us to answer these finance questions We were able to direct people to suppliers of the cooking technologies that were also at the Open Day 39 Urban Un electrified Commun
16. including Namibia The energy use of Namibia increased approximately 37 between 1995 and 2003 Energy Information Administration 2003 This energy use includes electricity residential use of fossil fuels and renewable energies In this section we will discuss the uses for and sources of these types of energy Southern Africa Total Energy Use Quadnilion BTU 1995 2009 1995 996 1997 1993 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Angola 0 067 0 084 0 094 0 085 0 094 0 091 0 119 0 127 0 135 Botswana 0 043 0040 0042 0 045 0 041 0 056 0 050 0 050 0 052 Congo Brazzaville 0 015 0 015 0 015 0 014 0 012 0 013 0 016 0 015 0 015 Congo Kinshasa j 0 112 0113 0102 0 105 0 093 0 091 0 080 OOF 0 080 Kenya O14 O14 0145 O151 0144 01443 0145 0 150 O154 Madagascar 0 022 0022 O025 0 023 0 023 0 031 0 033 0 038 0 037 Mozambique 0 022 0022 0 0265 0 031 0 078 0 092 O100 0 133 0 166 Namibia 0 032 0 031 0 030 0 035 0 039 0 042 0 047 0 050 0 051 Rwanda 0 012 0012 0012 0 012 0 012 0 012 0 012 0 014 0 014 South Africa 4107 4162 4555 4 347 4491 4609 4540 4 582 4901 swaziland 0 016 0 015 0 015 0 016 0 019 0 021 0 021 0 021 0 021 Tanzania 0 049 0 051 0 0485 0 055 0 0568 0 058 0 068 0 07S 0 078 zambia 0 101 0 098 0 108 0 102 0 098 0 096 0 112 0 111 0 108 Zimbabwe 0 196 0 205 0 198 0 195 0 225 0 210 0 192 0 190 0 189 Southern Afnca Total 4 955 5 016 5 413 5 216 5 425 5 565 5 535 5 634 6 004 Table 1 Southern Africa Energy Use Source http www eia doe gov pub international ieal
17. inner box bottom and the glass and keeps the glass from sliding around The weatherstripping also makes the glass easier to hold on to when lifting it off the inner box bottom so you can get your hot food out of the oven 102 Constructing the inner box lid The cardboard lid for the inner box holds the inner box bottom and glass together The open center allows the sun s rays to enter the oven The 5 wide strip of cardboard 1s first cut and scored Then foil is applied to the cardboard which adds extra insulation to the outside of the inner box Finally it is folded into a rectangle and taped in place Follow these five steps to cut and score the cardboard for the inner lid 1 Use the straight edge T square and marking pen to mark a line the length of the cardboard and 1 from one of the long edges of the 5 wide strip of cardboard 2 The 62 length of cardboard is divided into 4 sections Mark a line the width of the cardboard 12 1 4 from one end Mark a second line 18 3 4 from the first Mark the third line 12 1 4 from the last line This last line should be 18 3 4 from the end 3 Use the box knife to cut through the cardboard at black lines shown in Figure 11 J cardboard along black lines t cardboard along yellow lines Figure 11 Cut and score the 5 strip of cardboard for the inner box lid 4 Score cardboard along the yellow lines indicated in Figure 11 Refer to the hints in the Skill Ti
18. shows the completed inner box lid with its open center which will allow the sunlight into the oven Figure 14 Fold the flaps down to make a box lid with open center 5 Turn the lid so the folded in flaps are face down on the table Apply a strip of the 1 2 adhesive backed foam insulation to the inside corner of the box lid 104 Congratulations Figure 15 from top to bottom shows the inner box lid the piece of glass and the inner box bottom Check the fit of the three pieces you have made which fit together to create the inner box of the solar box cooker Figure 15 The inner box lid the glass and the inner box bottom pieces fit together to create the inner box If the sun is straight overhead this inner box alone will heat to temperatures of about 180 degrees in twenty minutes The reflector which is built next increases the amount of sunlight which strikes the box Constructing the Reflector The reflector is easy to finish though a bit cumbersome The final step of constructing the reflector requires a very large flat space to lay the four pieces out before taping them together A clear space on the floor is probably best for this last part 1 Get the four pieces cut for the reflector and lay them out 105 2 Glue aluminum foil to the top trapezoidal shaped parts of the cardboard reflectors as illustrated by the gray areas in Figure 16 Refer back to the Skill Tip Gluing Foil to Cardboard for tips 3 Mar
19. so that it can be properly aligned with the sun Based on the interest shown in the cooker while on a proper stand during our demonstration with the school audience we believe the parabolic cooker will attract more attention 1f properly aligned with the sun for cooking or water boiling demonstrations While attached to the trailer in Okondjatu the parabolic cooker was not properly aligned unable to boil water and did not attract as much attention as during the demonstration with the children of the A Shipena Secondary School 42 e Improved the solar water heater model The original solar water heater model produced hot water only after several hours and did not insulate the water that was eventually heated The heater was also too large to store on the trailer and was quite difficult for demonstrators to fill and use The new model 1s smaller and heats water more quickly e Painted warning stripes on extruding poles for safety The poles were previously painted an inconspicuous black and were a hazard because 1f someone walked into them the doors of the trailer could collapse and cause injury We painted yellow stripes on these poles as a caution e Added a diesel versus solar water pump chart Solar water pumps are only appropriate for a certain combination of water volume and borehole depth This chart seen in Appendix K explains when diesel or solar power would be more efficient for pumping water Since the prices of solar water pumps
20. Another significant recommendation for the trailer is to provide a way for people to order the solar cookers and efficient wood stoves from the trailer Orders could be places after demonstrations with a down payment and a second trip could be made to the community to deliver and explain the products This recommendation is based on our visit to Okondjatu during which we were asked numerous times if people could purchase the demonstration cookers 46 Conducting demonstrations with four possibly multilingual demonstrators for groups of more than thirty people The trailer 1s equipped for two demonstrators to travel to communities for overnight visits We recommend that the trailer be equipped for four demonstrators when presenting to groups of more than thirty people After conducting demonstrations we found that two demonstrators were inadequate to handle large crowds whereas with four we could handle approximately sixty people Multilingual demonstrators could also be an advantage when traveling with the trailer We struggled to communicate with some people and believe that demonstrators familiar with many languages could be more effective Charging product suppliers a fee for advertising Charging suppliers advertising fees could provide financing for implementing some recommendations and future trips with the Energy Demonstration Trailer During our trips with the trailer we found that many people were interested in where to purchase prese
21. During this visit we believed that the solar water pump model should also be emphasized based on our visit to the village of Okondjatu We spent one night in the farming community of Okondjatu and our demonstrations were performed at night without sunlight This was made possible because the batteries on the trailer had been charging throughout the day while the village demonstration took place Approximately sixty people consisting of elders and young adults gathered for our demonstrations We found that only the young adults gathered around the technologies and models while the elders remained seated around the trailer expecting a formal presentation Due to the expectation of a formal presentation not all demonstration stations were set up for this community The solar box cooker Tsotso stove solar water pump solar panels and wind generator and energy efficient lighting display were presented to the young adults who were interested in the technologies The trailer s computer was used to present a slide show and during this show questions from the elders were answered with the aid of a translator from the DRFN We set up the solar box cooker but since it was dark by this time we were unable to perform a cooking demonstration We explained how the cooker worked and discussed example cooking times for different foods Due to the price of the technology and lack of local suppliers many of the young adults were interested in how to construct
22. ENERGY DEMONSTRATION TRAILER ASSESSMENT An Interactive Qualifying Project Report submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science by Tarra Epstein Steven Feroli Andrew Kennedy Sara Praschak Date May 4 2006 Report Submitted to Prof Chrysanthe Demetry Prof Richard Vaz Dr Robert Schultz amp the Habitat Research and Development Centre Windhoek Namibia ABSTRACT The Energy Demonstration Trailer is a mobile showcase of renewable energy and energy efficient technologies The trailer was developed by the Habitat Research and Development Centre in Namibia with the intention to enhance awareness of sustainable energy alternatives Our project involved preparing the trailer for use by expanding the trailer s educational capacities We conducted three demonstrations with the trailer and assessed its performance and the audience s interactions Modifications were made to the trailer based on the assessment along with recommendations for additional improvements il EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Like many countries in the developing world Namibia is struggling to provide reliable and affordable electricity to its population The national demand for electricity 1s growing while the generation and transmission system is ageing and insufficient In 2005 Namibia had to import 1 065 billion kWh of electricity from South Africa roughly 45
23. after our visits As we developed these recommendations we implemented many of them We completed the changes that our team believed would make the demonstration trailer more effective and could be executed in the time available Finally we created a user manual that explains how the trailer and each technology are set up and demonstration techniques we found to be effective The manual was intended to provide recommendations for performing demonstrations in different types of communities based on our experience in the various communities we visited 23 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS In the first part of this chapter we describe additions that we made to the trailer before its first use based on our assessments of energy technologies that would be relevant in a variety of communities In the second section of the chapter we describe four different demonstrations we conducted and report the assessment results from each We used results from each community to develop guidelines to use when preparing for demonstrations at the corresponding site types We present the results from rural Okondjatu demonstrations demonstrations with the students of the A Shipena Secondary School and demonstrations at the Habitat Research and Development Centre s HRDC Open Day located in an urban area We also present findings from a preliminary visit to the urban Barcelona community Trailer Hardware and Demonstration Development Before the trailer wa
24. al structural change to the trailer and renovations to demonstration models In this chapter we present details on the specific methods we used to accomplish these objectives Assessing Energy Use and Constraints in Communities The goal of the Energy Demonstration Trailer is to encourage the use of RE and EE technologies throughout Namibia and we aimed to develop recommendations for accomplishing this goal in different types of communities throughout the country When selecting sites to bring the trailer for its first demonstrations we intended to choose different types of communities that were familiar with presentations of new ideas from research organizations By doing so we hoped to receive constructive feedback and information during these inaugural trials To tailor demonstrations for various communities based on their energy needs we assessed the energy use in electrified and un electrified rural areas and electrified and un electrified urban areas We conducted preliminary visits to rural and urban communities in order to gather information regarding current energy needs uses and constraints We visited electrified and un electrified areas of Okondjatu a rural town approximately 200 km northeast of Windhoek which was involved in a range management project with the Desert Research Foundation of Namibia DRFN To understand energy use and needs in an urban un 18 electrified community we visited Barcelona which is an informa
25. ally surprised to see the water boiling Approximately ten people were interested in purchasing the parabolic cooker and we were able to direct them to a local supplier We set up the solar box cooker but were not able to perform a cooking demonstration with it as we needed to attend to the fires in the Vesto and Tsotso stoves When presenting the cooker we opened the lid and encouraged people to feel the heat inside Approximately fifteen people asked us where they could purchase the cookers and we told them to contact the HRDC 38 We set up the energy efficient lighting display with only the incandescent bulb not completely inserted in the socket We advised people to watch the amperage consumption meter on the side of the trailer as we inserted the bulb and the meter showed a large increase in consumption We then unscrewed the bulb again to show the consumption decrease This method prompted many people to ask where to purchase these fluorescent light bulbs We also encouraged them to feel the fluorescent light bulbs and explained that electricity was not consumed to create heat We addressed people s concerns about the ambiance of these bulbs by describing lighting fixtures that can be placed over the bulbs to create lighting similar to an incandescent bulb We placed the renovated solar water heater model in sunlight and recorded the initial temperature of the water on the whiteboard next to the model During demonstrations we explained
26. at least 10 degrees Centigrade between the energy efficient shack and the inefficient shack We found that people from Katutura were interested in the demonstration and asked many questions about the techniques that could be implemented in their own homes We also found that people living outside of Katutura were not as interested in and did not spend as much time at this demonstration We lit a fire in the Vesto stove using Bushblok and explained how the design of the Vesto stove is more efficient than a traditional wood stove We cooked sausage and onions on the Vesto stove to demonstrate how quickly it can cook a meal Distributing the food attracted more people to the demonstration and prompted more questions Many people told us they planned on purchasing a Vesto stove in the immediate future We also lit a fire in the Tsotso stove using Bushblok and explained how it 1s more efficient than a traditional wood stove We placed a pot of water on the Tsotso to demonstrate how quickly it could be brought to a boil During the demonstration we picked up and moved the Tsotso stove to demonstrate its convenience and mobility People asked many questions about the Tsotso stove but asked more questions about purchasing the Vesto stove We set up the parabolic cooker on a stand with a pot of water to demonstrate how the sun can quickly bring the water to a boil We encouraged people to feel the heat concentrated on the pot and we found that people were gener
27. at can be extracted This information can be seen in the table in Appendix J Solar water heating uses radiant energy to warm a liquid and can replace electric or gas water heaters National Center for Appropriate Technology n d Solar water heating is an efficient use of solar energy and the only requirement for installing a purchased solar water heating system 1s a 20 degree angle roof facing north Wormsbaecher 2006 Solar water heaters store the water heated throughout the day in an insulated tank so that it can be used at anytime The typical price for a solar water heating system in Windhoek is approximately N 18 000 and the break even point for purchasing a system is approximately 4 9 years Ministry of Mines and Energy 2005 A solar water heating system can be seen in Figure 3 Figure 3 Solar Water Heater Wind power is also a viable resource for Namibia but just as solar power can only be collected when there is sunlight wind power can only be collected when there 1s ample wind The coastal regions of Namibia receive a South Atlantic breeze but for other areas in Namibia wind power may not be a reasonable option Wind chargers are similar to solar home systems but rather than a solar panel and an inverter a wind turbine and a wind generator are used Wind chargers can be purchased for homes or to power wind water pumps The size of a wind charger indicates how much electricity it can produce and chargers typically range
28. boiling water to speed up the process Remove the lid to show people that the water is boiling but use a towel or pot holder as the lid will be hot 7 Reposition the cooker every half hour to keep the reflected sunlight concentrated on the pot 8 Take the pot off the cooker and dismantle the stand when finished at the demonstration site Put the stand back into the cabinet at the front of the trailer and attach the cooker to the back of the trailer 86 Vesto Stove 1 Remove the Vesto stove from the trailer and place on level ground 2 Start fire in the center of the stove if desired for demonstration If available use Bushblok and explain the fuel during demonstrations 3 Place grate or pot supports on rim of the stove 4 Place pot or pan on the grate or supports 5 If cooking food for a demonstration which may attract people to the stove put it onto the pan or in the pot Distribute the food to people around the stove 6 Allow the stove to cool completely before cleaning and storing in the trailer 87 Tsotso Stove 1 Remove the Tsotso stove from the trailer and place on level ground 2 Place pot supports on rim of stove 3 Start a small fire and continue feeding the fire through the opening at the bottom of the stove if a fire is desired for the demonstration 4 Place a pot or pan on the supports 5 If cooking food for a demonstration which may attract people to the stove put it onto the pan or in t
29. ce its effectiveness in encouraging the use of RE and EE technologies CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND In this chapter we will explain the energy crisis common throughout much of Africa and how these issues specifically affect Namibia We will also describe current commercially available renewable energy RE and energy efficient EE technologies as well as financing plans for these technologies We will report research from projects involving community education to specify which techniques we considered to be practical for the trailer Finally we will report on the construction and intentions of the Energy Demonstration Trailer on which this project is based The Energy Crisis in Southern Africa and Namibia According to the Energy Information Administration power usage in Southern African countries jumped an average of 2 3 each year from 1995 2003 as can be seen in Table 1 Energy Information Administration 2005 This growth is the result of increasing economic development and population growth The trend towards higher standards of living may also contribute to the growth of power usage More households throughout Southern Africa are connecting to the power grid and investing in high energy appliances Hite 2004 Investing in conventional fuel burning power plants is not an appealing solution for developing countries since they are expensive to construct and harmful to the environment These problems are prevalent through much of Africa
30. ch as empty cans or wide mouth jars 97 The following items are needed to use the solar oven once it is complete e Sunglasses one pair for everyone looking at the solar box cooker while it is in the full sun e Oven mitts e Leather gloves e Oven thermometer to measure temperature of oven e Candy or meat thermometer to measure temperature of food e Two ten inch bungee cords e Clothespins and heavy string e Three bricks Instructions for Building a Solar Box Cooker Read the instructions in the previous section Supplies and Equipment for information about the materials After all the supplies are gathered the first step in constructing the solar box cooker is cutting the cardboard and foil backed foam board insulation into the correct sizes Once the cardboard and foil backed foam board insulation are cut into the correct sizes the actual construction begins The box knife is used to score the cardboard to make neat folds Elmer s glue adheres the foil to the cardboard Aluminum foil tape holds all the pieces together Components in completed solar oven Inner box lid constructed from a five inch strip of cardboard Inner box bottom constructed using the lid of an office paper box Cardboard and foil reflector made of two large boxes Plate glass 12 1 4 by 18 3 4 Outer box approximately 15 by 22 and at least 6 deep 1757 me _ Reflector Inner Box Lid k Glass Inner Box Bottom pi a Outer Box F
31. e first visit We took the trailer on three trips where we performed demonstrations During these trips demonstrations and trailer contents were assessed and recorded Finally we used these assessments to make improvements to the trailer and its contents We improved models and displays and added hardware to the trailer that would aid in performing demonstrations We also made recommendations on how to perform the demonstrations in various communities In order to assess energy use and constraints in communities we made trips to an urban un electrified community and to rural electrified and un electrified communities During our first trip to Okondjatu a rural community northeast of Windhoek we visited the electrified community and un electrified farming village We also visited the Barcelona settlement an un electrified urban community in Katutura During each trip we interviewed community members to better understand their energy uses and constraints From this information we developed community profiles to aid in the enhancement of the trailer s educational capacity We also assessed the needs of an urban electrified community through background research From these assessments we determined what technologies to emphasize at each location and added information about technologies that address the communities energy needs We found that electrified communities may be interested in energy saving lighting technologies and un electrified c
32. e glue silicon sealant to hold a plastic tube from the top of the gas space running out through the side of the digester bucket you will notice a liquid leak with enough slack to allow the gas holder to rise See sketch below 2004 version guides not shown a challenge for you Zo RN ER L imm chu a ma 100 vies 44 t a yii weight ie Caie Bow E JE yot le eh Via kube teo Pe waler Prea E yav of Wweolew en PLH 26 2o04 lont enw Jar ji Digester I hope by this stage you have read and understood the safety page http www ees adelaide edu au pharris biogas safety html although it is written with larger digesters in mind for example you do not have to have the flame 20 m from the digester or have a flame trap as in the most unlikely event of the flame burning back to the digester you will not get much more of a bang than when lighting a gas stove with such a small digester Can you get some cow manure make sure NO antibiotics are given to the animals enough to quarter fill the digester container I have found that dog manure does not work on its own like poultry manure or food waste you may still need some cow manure as a starter Fill the rest of the digester with water and mix it up then place the gas holder on top and let all the air out some weight on the gas holder will help The digester needs to 108 be placed somewhere warm 15 20 C or 60 70 F and gas production should
33. e setup of all demonstration materials included on the Energy Demonstration Trailer It also provides recommendations on how to perform demonstrations using the materials Display Boards 1 Determine where each demonstration model will be placed for demonstrations Divide laminated posters and sheets among the four display boards placing relevant information sheets near technologies being demonstrated For example the Solar Versus Diesel Water Pump chart should be placed near the water pump model demonstration area 3 Pin the posters and sheets onto the boards using push pins 4 Remove all posters and sheets from the boards before packing back onto the trailer 79 Energy Efficient Lighting Display 1 Disentangle the lighting display if it was disturbed during travel 2 String the lights around the sides of the set up gazebos 3 Insert light bulbs into sockets putting the incandescent light bulb last on the strand 4 Plug in the string of lights to the trailer and make sure the power strip is on 5 Begin demonstrations with the incandescent light bulb slightly out of the socket so it is not lit 6 Advise the audience to watch the consumption meter on the side of the trailer while completely inserting the incandescent bulb so it is lit The meter will show a higher current being drawn 7 Again slightly remove the incandescent bulb to show the changing consumption meter 8 Touch and invite people to touch the fluoresce
34. e stove and how much wood it can save compared to traditional wood stoves This demonstration included the use of Bushblok which prompted many questions about how it is made We found that the students did not show much interest in the wood stoves which may be because their families rarely use wood for cooking purposes Handouts prompted detailed questions about how each technology worked We could not take an interactive approach to demonstrate a solar home system solar water pump and wind charger because the trailer was not complete so we placed handouts on a bulletin board and then we discussed them with the students After we answered questions students took the handouts with them as inspiration for science project ideas Urban Electrified Community We performed demonstrations with the trailer at the Habitat Research and Development Centre s Open Day Advertising for the event attracted people from different income levels of Windhoek The trailer had approximately 10 people gathered around the demonstrations during the four hours they were set up The demonstrations 37 presented at this site consisted of a redesigned energy efficient shack model a Vesto stove a Tsotso stove a parabolic cooker a solar box cooker an energy efficient lighting display a redesigned solar water heater model a solar water pump model and solar panels and a wind charger We presented a renovated shack model that showed a temperature difference of
35. e the Tsotso stove we placed a log of Bushblok in the center of the stove and described how it concentrated heat to burn less wood than traditional wood stoves We did not find lighting a fire in the stove practical due to the large volume of people present during the demonstrations A fire could not be watched and attended to and therefore would not have been safe Even without a fire lit people were still interested in the stove and asked questions regarding its design Questions were also asked about where Bushblok could be purchased and how it was made To demonstrate the solar box cooker we placed a carton of eggs in the cooker in the morning and described how the cooker worked to each group of participants When the eggs were cooked we distributed them to participants to demonstrate the cooker s abilities Afterwards we allowed people to place their hands inside the cooker to feel the heat contained inside This interactive method of demonstrating proved very effective especially for children who requested to feel inside the box repeatedly 30 We first assembled the energy efficient shack model in its most inefficient construction This involved covering the windows removing all insulation and facing the dark surface of the shack outward The temperature inside the shack was then taken but this took some time as the shack needed to heat up and the thermometers did not take instant readings Once a participant took a reading we assembl
36. e to Building a Sustainable Economy Colorado Rocky Mountain Institute INFORSE Secretariat n d INFORSE Regional Members Organisation Retrieved 21 January 2006 from http www inforse dk regions_ showmembers php3 1d 8 Islam S Islam M amp Rahman T 2005 Effective renewable energy activities in Bangladesh Renewable Energy 677 688 Retrieved 4 February 2006 from Science Direct database Katswara R 2006 9 March Scheme to boost solar power usage Namibian Times Retrieved 9 March 2006 from http www namibian com na 2006 March marketplace 06E3 1CAD2 html 51 Kalompo L 2006 Konga Investments Personal Correspondence Konga Investments 2006 15 March Personal correspondence Ministry of Mines and Energy 2000 December Rural Electrification in Namibia p 10 Ministry of Mines and Energy 2005 Ministry of Mines and Energy Study Muller H n d Home Power Awareness Financing Training Namibia Deutsche Gesellschaft f r Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH Retrieved 24 February 2006 from http resum ises org documents HomePowerNamibia pdf Mumford A J Sulzmann J A amp Tippett J D 2004 Energy Efficiency Guidelines in Low Cost Housing Unpublished Interactive Qualifying Project Worcester Polytechnic Institute Namibia braces for reduced power supply from South Africa 2005 April 6 BBC Monitoring NamPower 2005 Harnessing the Power Retrieved 27 March 2006 from http www nampow
37. ect sunlight Position the angled side of the cooker toward the sun Lift blue lid to reveal Plexiglas and position so the reflected sunlight is concentrated in the center of the box Use the black stick stored under the lid to keep it in this position Tighten the drawstring attached to the lid Lift the metal latch at the back of the cooker Lift the yellow lid so the inside of the box is accessible If desired place food or liquid to be cooked or heated inside the box cooker in a black pot or pan An open carton of eggs can be placed in the cooker to cook and hand out during demonstrations If not cooking food people can reach in the box cooker to feel the heat inside See w We 83 10 Close the yellow lid of the box cooker and latch 11 Reposition the cooker and or lid every hour to keep the reflected sunlight concentrated in the center of the box 84 Parabolic Cooker 1 Remove bungee cords from the parabolic cooker if not already removed 2 Remove nuts and bolts holding the cooker onto the doorframe 3 3 Fold out legs of parabolic cooker stand and tighten wing bolts 4 Place parabolic cooker on stand and tighten 85 5 Position the cooker facing the sun tilted so the reflected sunlight 1s concentrated in the center of the cooker This is easier to align with a black pot on the cooker 6 Put food or water in the pot to demonstrate how the parabolic cooker works Keep the lid on the pot if
38. ed a developing nation in an impoverished part of the world Like many countries in the developing world Namibia is struggling to provide reliable and affordable electricity to its population Namibia has few power generation facilities and imports roughly 50 of its electricity from South Africa NamPower Namibia s electricity distributor has warned that electricity demand in Namibia could exceed supply in the upcoming years while South Africa s demand could exceed supply by 2010 Hite 2004 Continuing to import energy will be costly and is not a long term solution to Namibia s electricity generation problems An additional challenge that Namibia faces is extending power lines to people in informal settlements and remote regions In 2001 less than 10 of the rural population was provided with electricity and the government has set a goal of increasing that to 25 by the year 2010 Davis amp Wamukonya 2001 However NamPower has not made expanding the grid to these rural areas a priority due to the high cost of installing power lines Few people in settlements and rural areas can afford electricity so running lines into these poor rural areas 1s not cost effective Ministry of Mines and Energy 2000 Currently the Namibian power grid is supplying electricity to mainly urban and high density areas while the remaining population relies on fossil fuels and wood for much of their cooking lighting and heating The thousands of Namibians w
39. ed the shack in its most efficient construction to demonstrate the temperature difference This also took an inconvenient amount of time as the air needed to circulate inside the shack and the thermometers did not read instantly This model did not attract as much interest as other demonstrations as the temperature difference measured was small at most five degrees Centigrade We set up the solar water heater model on the side of the trailer facing the sun An initial temperature was taken and recorded on the whiteboard next to the model When demonstrating to the community we explained how home water heating systems work and referred to a fact sheet on the pegboard next to the model Temperature readings were taken approximately every hour and recorded on the whiteboard to demonstrate how the sun heats water The temperature change was not dramatic over short periods of time and the water temperature increased just six degrees Centigrade over the course of the five hour demonstration This demonstration was not particularly impressive and people did not see substantial benefits of solar water heating systems We also found that this technology was not appropriate for most of the community since energy was often not used for home water heating due to its high costs We set the parabolic cooker up at the front of the trailer because its position at the rear of the trailer did not face the sun It would have been difficult to move the trailer once it
40. eees 97 APPENDIX L Biogas Model Design ccccccsssssssssssssscccccccccssssssscccccsssseesssseecs 108 xii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 NamPower Transmission Network cccsssseseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeseeseeseeeeesees 7 Figure 2 Solar FOME Sye a T alee ates 9 Figure 3 Dolar Water Heat sisun E E 10 Pigura Vesto SOVE gaa e E a a T Giles 12 Pieure o P SOtSO SOVE aena E E ae ss 12 Figure 6 Solat Box COOKE sreco insien e eiet ves EEEa O Eea viet NEES E E 13 FPigure 7 gt Parabolic Solair COOKEL oreen a a 13 Figure 8 Energy Efficient Light Bul Dorssen ele 13 Figure 9 Solar Water Heater Model ccccccessssseseseeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 25 Figure 10 Solar Water Pump Mode lerrisisiinnene a ust ic eamual sacbteateeacioues 26 Figure I Eneroy Eficient Shack Model asciscn cites owed corcveites ea e 2 Figure 12 Energy Efficient Light Display icsesigievcsigecipeslyaeoelidecelah Wi lesteevicivin ease diacdes 28 Figure 13 Young Adult of Okondjatu Demonstrating Use of a Tsotso Stove 33 Figure 14 Okondjatu Farming Community Presentation ccccccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 35 xili LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Southern Africa Energy Use Table 2 Improvement in Correct Responses to QuestiOnnalre cccccccecseeseeeeeeeeeeees 16 X1V CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Since receiving its independence from South Africa in 1990 Namibia has remain
41. eks to find the boxes of the right size All the other items are readily available at most hardware or grocery stores Supplies A solar box cooker is constructed mainly of cardboard and aluminum foil Building a solar box cooker made requires the items on this list e Cardboard for reflectors heavy duty two ply corrugated cardboard such as two computer monitor boxes 14 feet by 3 feet total e Cardboard for inner box lid of a standard 10 ream office paper box 11 1 2 by 18 e Cardboard for inner box lid enough to make a strip 5 wide and 62 long e Cardboard for outer box box approximately 16 by 22 and at least 6 deep e Heavy duty aluminum foil one 75 square feet roll e Plate glass 12 by 18 1 2 e Foil backed foam board insulation about 1 2 inch thick sold in 4 by 8 sheets The whole 4 by 8 sheet is not used for one cooker You may be able to find discarded scraps of insulation to use for the project e Aluminum foil tape available where insulation is sold 2 by 50 yard roll e 6 roll of 1 2 wide adhesive backed foam weatherstripping e One quart white glue such as Elmer s Equipment These tools will not be used up in the process of making the solar cooker and can be reused e Box knife and sharp blades e Measuring tape or yardstick e T square and protractor e Marking pen e Brushes and rollers to spread glue e Containers to hold glue and water mixture su
42. emonstrations in an Urban Electrified Community cc ceeeeeees 93 Performing Demonstrations in an Urban Un electrified Community eee 94 DETT ih OE E E E E se cece E S E O E E AA 95 67 1 Initial Trailer Set up This section is intended to assist with the initial set up of the trailer upon arrival at a demonstration site This process may take approximately 30 minutes Unhitching the Trailer 1 Park the trailer on hard level ground 2 Lower the front wheel of the trailer onto a hard level surface 3 Lower safety bar and tighten wing bolt 4 Disconnect hitch unplug electrical wires and move the vehicle out of the demonstration area 5 Lower rear supports and tighten wing bolts 68 Setting up the Wind Charger p Remove the top bolt while charger is folded down Remove bungee cords 3 Lift wind charger up with yellow handle until it is perpendicular to the top of the trailer 4 Insert and tighten top bolt 5 Bolt tail onto back of wind charger 6 Raise charger with yellow handle until warning line is reached about 1m above top of trailer and firmly tighten yellow wing bolt 7 Attach power cord to pole of charger ma 69 Setting up the Solar Panels Note This step requires at least two people ARN Loosen bolts at the top back end of the trailer keeping the solar panel support rails in place Pull the solar support rails out to the indicating lines Ti
43. ent is now involved in financing schemes for renewable energy technologies The government has an arrangement with Bank Windhoek to provide funding to emerging small and medium enterprises and end users in the renewable energy segment Katswara 2006 The agreement intends to help small and medium enterprises to do business The conditions of the arrangement make these loans available at prime rate minus three to five percent Katswara 2006 Community Outreach Initiatives Promoting Renewable Energy Educational initiatives are commonly used to spread awareness about the limitations of fossil fuels and the potential financial and environmental benefits associated with RE and EE technologies Examining past renewable energy projects in other developing countries can aid in determining what lessons can be taken advantage of Technological community education has proven important when introducing financing education Children have also been found to play an important role in spreading awareness in communities This information was determined in studies conducted in Bangladesh Costa Rica and the United States Bangladesh is a small country struggling to provide energy employment food and water to its people Biswas 2002 As in Namibia a large part of the country lives in rural areas A group of scientists from the Islamic University of Technology has recently performed a study on effective renewable energy activities in Bangladesh which could
44. er com na 2005 pages kudugas 1 asp National Center for Appropriate Technology n d The Power of Solar Energy Learning about Renewable Energy Retrieved February 4 2006 from http www montanagreenpower com solar curriculum background html Wind 2 OQpower Natsource 2006 Glossary of terms Retrieved 16 March 2006 from http www natsource com markets index asp s 104 New Age 2005 Use of biogas on rise in Pabna Retrieved 1 May 2006 from http www newagebd com 2005 may 20 home html Ngatjizeko Immanuel n d Energy resources in Namibia Retrieved 1 May 2006 from http www worldenergy org wec geis global downloads first africa ngatjizeko pdf Pemberton Pigott J n d New Dawn Engineering Retrieved 24 January 2006 from www newdawnengineering com website stove singlestove vesto vestol php Poor Can Now Warm Up Their Shacks 2004 July 9 Africa News Power Firms Join Hands to Light up Continent 2004 December 4 Business Day Africa Retrieved 18 January 2006 from LiquidA frica com 52 Saltz D Ward D amp Wiegand K n d Bush encroachment as an integral part of savanna dynamics Retrieved 28 March 2006 from http abstracts co allenpress com pweb esa2000 abstracts K ER 3 37 20 html Schultz R 2005 06 Project description and personal correspondence Smith T B 2003 India s Electric Power Crisis Why Do the Lights Go Out Asian Survey University of California Press Retrieved 2 February 2006
45. er during travel 29 e Access to the computer wiring was difficult e No ratchet or socket set in tool kit made setting up the wind charger and solar panels difficult e Side door supports where not brightly colored and were a hazard e The nuts and bolts that fastened the solar panel to the trailer had fallen off and had no sealant around them e The solar panels and pin boards whiteboards were in the way of the parabolic cooker mounted on the back of the trailer Once the trailer was set up demonstrations took place throughout the morning and afternoon for approximately five hours Community members came and went during this period of time and the audience size was generally around 60 people A majority of these participants were children and educators though young adults and elders of the community were also present With such a large number of participants we found that all four team members and our liaison were constantly presenting to community members The method we found most appropriate was to systematically walk groups of people through each demonstration station we had set up We designated eight separate demonstration stations for the technologies we were presenting These sites consisted of the Tsotso stove the solar box cooker the energy efficient shack model the solar water heater model the parabolic cooker the solar water pump the energy efficient lighting display and the solar panels and wind charger To demonstrat
46. er or show to their parents We also encourage demonstrators to emphasize simple techniques such as painting a house a light color Rural electrified communities We recommend emphasizing cooking technologies because we found wood and propane were common fuels for cooking even in communities with electricity We found that RE and EE suppliers may not be located in rural communities so readily available contact information will be helpful We also found that many rural communities consist of farmers so solar water pumps used to draw water for livestock was of interest Energy efficient lighting was an inexpensive technology that people in electrified rural communities may be able to use to save money on electricity Rural un electrified communities In communities where elders and or community leaders play an important role in decision making we found that a presentation was expected in addition to our demonstrations As in rural electrified communities RE and EE suppliers may not be local and supplier information will be helpful Movies are of special interest in un electrified communities since television sets are not likely to be used at home Gatherings to watch movies are a good opportunity to get feedback from the community or allow people to ask further questions Urban electrified communities We concluded that emphasizing cooking technologies was effective because wood and propane were common fuels for cooking even in communities
47. er pump s capabilities Energy efficient lighting is a relatively inexpensive technology that can be adopted in communities that have electricity and should be emphasized and explained during demonstrations Energy efficiency in the home demonstrated by the shack model tends to be of interest when temperature differences can be seen Do not assume simple techniques such as painting a house a light color are already known Hands on interactive demonstrations should be emphasized especially when children attend the demonstrations People enjoy gathering to watch a movie on the trailer and this gathering 1s an opportunity for them to ask more questions and to present technologies again 9 Performing Demonstrations for a Rural Un electrified Farming Community e Wood and or propane are commonly used cooking fuels for communities without electricity Solar and wood efficient stoves should be emphasized because they will reduce daily costs or efforts for obtaining these fuels e Providing water to livestock is important in farming communities and solar water pumps may be of particular interest in these rural communities Information on solar water pumping capabilities should be provided to clarify what size or type of system is needed for particular farms e Local RE and EE technology suppliers may not exist in rural farming communities Contact information for suppliers should be readily available e Movies are of special i
48. es which would cost millions of dollars The addition of these settlements to the grid would also contribute to the already overloaded power grid Epupa Baynes Divundu Popa Falls Omaere Paratus E AN Generation ri Existing Generation Potential owes 400kV owe 330kV oe 220kV oes 132kV ome 66kV Figure 1 NamPower Transmission Network Source http www nampower com na 2005 docs transmission o20network pdf Residential Use of Wood and Fossil Fuels Some of the most common energy sources used in Namibia are wood kerosene charcoal propane and paraffin Of these fuels wood is the only source that can be considered a renewable resource however all these fuels are expendable and their consumption has negative effects on the community and environment Wood is a commonly used fuel for the cooking and heating needs of people in informal settlements and rural areas and it can cost a family up to N 300 per month for cooking purposes alone Poor Can Now Warm Up Their Shacks 2004 The widespread use of wood is creating deforestation which may lead to additional desertification of Namibia At the current rate trees are falling it has been estimated that by 2045 there will be no trees left in all of Namibia Terrasol 2005 There are many disadvantages to traditional fuels other than the high costs to Namibians Wood paraffin candles and kerosene which are all used as heat and light sources are the lead
49. es work closely to educate Namibians in energy conservation and renewable energy INFORSE n d The Habitat Research and Development Centre is the only institution of its kind in Namibia The HRDC provides its research and resources to its partners in the public and private sectors first being the City of Windhoek Windhoek utilizes research made by the HRDC in order to accommodate the city s development The NHE is a publicly chartered business that provides home loans and other financial services to Namibians in order to make the housing market more fair and equitable It 1s then the HRDC s goal to make these homes safer environmentally friendly and energy efficient Habitat Research and Development Centre n d The problem that Windhoek is faced with is not something that one person can solve alone The importance of energy conservation and education in informal settlements is an issue that our sponsor wants to address The HRDC aims to find a way with the use of the demonstration trailer to convey the importance convenience and ease of using alternate forms of energy Part of the HRDC s mission is problem solving 55 in the field of housing Since many informal residency fires are caused by the use of kerosene and other inefficient fuels renewable energy provides a safe and economic alternative By educating villagers of informal settlements the HRDC can improve housing conditions Located in Windhoek the HRDC can observe the
50. ezoid with a long side of 34 marked as the top a short side of 14 and a height of 20 drawn on the cardboard 5 Mark the bottom rectangle shown under the trapezoidal shape in Figure 7 Draw a straight line from the short side of the trapezoid to the bottom of the reflector The rectangle should have two sides of 14 and two 15 sides 100 6 Cut along the outlines marked on the cardboard and shown in Figure 7 Do not cut along the solid line that connects the trapezoid and the rectangle 7 Repeat steps one through six to create the second narrow reflector You have now cut the pieces necessary to construct the solar box cooker The next three stages of the construction will not require extensive cutting but you will need the box knife to score the cardboard so it folds easily Constructing the Inner Box The inner box of the solar box cooker traps the heat used for cooking The food to be cooked is placed inside the inner box which is covered with the piece of glass The sun s rays enter through the glass top The heat from the sun s rays 1s trapped heating the inside to temperatures over 200 degrees It is important that the inner box be very well insulated and constucted of material that withstand high heat The inner box has three parts the bottom the glass cover and the lid The bottom is constructed by insulating the lid from an office paper box The glass is checked for fit and strips of adhesive backed foa
51. f tablee1 xls Use and Sources of Electricity in Namibia The current electricity demand in Namibia greatly exceeds the amount of electricity being produced in the country From 2003 through 2005 Namibia used an average 2 372 billion kWh each year while it only produced an average of 1 464 billion kWh Namibia imported roughly 1 065 billion kWh 45 from South Africa during each of these years CIA 2005 Due to development in each of these countries South Africa may not have enough surplus electricity to sell to Namibia in the upcoming years Namibia s electricity provider NamPower has recently warned that with current economic development trends electricity demand in Namibia is steadily encroaching upon and could exceed supply in a few years while South Africa s demand could exceed supply by 2010 The economic development of South Africa over the last twenty years has resulted in greater utilization of their electric resources There has already been one instance where South Africa had to cancel power to Namibia because a power plant went off line Hite 2004 To compensate for the loss of power NamPower had to run Namibia s only coal plant at full capacity at a much higher cost Hite 2004 It is only a matter of time before Namibia requires more electricity than South Africa and NamPower can provide Namibia has limited power generation facilities the country has only three power plants one being a hydroelectric plant that ca
52. fficient than diesel pumps but we explained that with the use of smaller boreholes the pumps could be implemented We explained that electricity to run the slideshow presentation on the computer had been collected using solar panels and a wind generator The community asked many questions regarding solar and wind energy such as which would be more efficient in their community The lighting display was presented in conjunction with the solar home system to emphasize the need to conserve electricity with the system This demonstration set up can be seen in Figure 14 As electricity was not being used in the community for lighting the display did not attract much interest or provoke many questions 2 A i I AN KD Figure 14 Okondjatu Farming Community Presentation After the presentation we showed a movie on the trailer s monitor and we found that this was considered a luxury for this community because people did not have television sets Most of the people present during the presentation stayed for the movie and we used this gathering time to answer any final questions 35 Based on our observations during the brief demonstrations and the presentation in the farming community of Okondjatu we found that purchasing large technologies such as solar water pumps and solar home systems was of interest to the elders of the community We found that constructing cooking technologies such as the Tsotso stove and box cooker was of
53. ficient techniques can reduce the amount of fossil fuels consumed EE technologies refer to products or systems that do the same or better job than conventional products or systems while using less energy According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency Energy efficiency saves energy saves money on utility bills and helps protect the environment by reducing the amount of electricity that needs to be generated EPA 2006 EE technologies that may be appropriate for Namibia are wood efficient stoves solar cookers and energy efficient lighting Efficient wood stoves and solar powered cookers can reduce fuel costs for consumers A Vesto Stove found in Figure 4 requires 70 less fire wood than traditional wood stoves by protecting the fire from wind and focusing heat directly onto 11 the pot These stoves cost approximately N 380 which is relatively inexpensive when compared to some RE technologies Desert Research Foundation of Namibian 2005 The Tsotso stove is another wood efficient stove that reduces the amount of wood needed for cooking This stove can reduce wood consumption by up to 60 when compared to the use of a traditional wood stove These stoves typically cost about N 150 Desert Research Foundation of Namibia 2005 The stove is convenient for cooking and providing warmth when outside as it can be moved while a fire is lit A Tsotso stove can be seen in Figure 5 Figure 5 Tsotso Stove Figure
54. from http www jstor org view 00044687 d10 14520 00p0272z 0 Solar Cookers International 2005 How Solar Cookers Work Retrieved 5 February 2006 from http solarcookers org SWERA 2006 January 1 Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment Retrieved 4 February 2006 from http swera unep net swera index php id 28 Terrasol 2005 Vesto Stove poster Tyaronda W 2004 September 14 Slow Response to Solar Technologies Retrieved 23 February 2006 from http www queensu ca msp pages In The News 2004 September Namibia htm Tumuinaro C 2001 Solar Water Heating Systems Which One is Right for You Retrieved 4 February 2006 from http www energymatch com features article asp articleid 19 USAID 2005 March 10 New Bushblok Factory Benefits Cheetah Retrieved March 28 2006 from http www usaid org na pronews asp proid 3 Venn A J Yemaneberhan H Bekele Z Lewis S A Parry E amp Britton J 2001 Increased Risk of Allergy Associated with the Use of Kerosene Fuel in the Home American Journal of Medical and Critical Care Medicine 164 1660 1664 World Bank 2005 World Development Indicators Retrieved 28 January 2006 from http econ worldbank org WBSITE EX TERNAL EXTDEC 0 menuPK 476823 pagePK 64165236 piPK 64165141 theSitePK 469372 00 html Wormsbaecher N 2006 Personal correspondence Ying W 2006 This Year Will See End of Power Shortages China Daily Retrieved 20 February 2006 from ht
55. ghten the bolts to keep the rails in place Remove bungee cord over solar panel Slowly and carefully flip solar panel on the hinge so it rests on the rails ay OF 4 Di 7 ot y ae me eos a A t lt gt 7 a 7 V en 3 Pg 70 Preparing the Trailer 1 Remove bungee cords from parabolic cooker 2 Rotate parabolic cooker away from the trailer to access the rear door and remove the cooker from the trailer 3 Unlock all trailer doors 4 Use the four 4 thin black and yellow poles in front compartment to support the sides of the trailer that flip up 71 5 Turn power inverter on 12 7 Insert the four 4 larger square black and yellow poles at each corner of the trailer 8 Hang a whiteboard corkboard on each of the poles at the corners of the trailer 9 Use air compressor to clean dust out of the trailer paying special attention to the computer area 10 Turn on the computer and fridge if not already on 11 Take green storage bins out of trailer 73 12 Insert TV tray onto arm that held the parabolic cooker 13 Place VCR and TV onto the TV tray and secure with a bungee cord 14 Take out and plug in all display appliances such as the fan hair clippers and radio 74 2 Setting up Camping Equipment This section is intended to help in setting up all camping equipment including the collapsible gazebos that may be used even if not spending the n
56. gies The Habitat Research and Development Centre HRDC a non governmental organization that addresses energy issues in Namibia has developed an Energy Demonstration Trailer intending to alleviate Namibia s energy problems Birmingham et al 2005 The purpose of the Energy Demonstration Trailer is to travel to rural and urban communities and schools to educate people about available renewable energies and how to conserve energy In 2005 the HRDC involved a team of Worcester il Polytechnic Institute WPI students in the design of the energy trailer and its contents The trailer contains electrical appliances that are powered by solar panels and a wind charger For a listing of the contents of the trailer refer to Appendix B The basic trailer components were completed in early 2006 but did not yet have a complete educational program and had not been tested The goal of this project was to deliver recommendations to the Habitat Research and Development Centre HRDC to enhance the Energy Demonstration Trailer s ability to encourage Namibians use of energy efficient techniques and renewable energy technologies In order to accomplish our goal we devised and executed four objectives First we assessed energy use and constraints in various types of communities in order to better understand peoples energy needs We then used that knowledge to expand the educational capacity of the trailer making some additions and modifications before th
57. h the rust side of the shack outward The temperature could then be measured again with the energy efficient techniques implemented to demonstrate the temperature difference Figure 11 Energy Efficient Shack Model Zi Energy Efficient Lighting Demonstration We found during our preliminary visits to electrified communities that most people were using incandescent light bulbs throughout their homes for lighting These bulbs are between 40 100W have 12 efficiency last an average of 6 months and can cost 30 60 per month on electricity bills Schultz 2006 The trailer did not present any efficient lighting displays so we created an energy efficient lighting display as seen in Figure 12 to demonstrate the efficiency and advantage of fluorescent lighting versus standard incandescent lighting These lights are between 7 20W have 80 efficiency can last about 3 years and only cost between 8 15 dollars per month to power Schultz 2006 We found energy efficient lights were simple technologies to implement compared to other more expensive technologies on the trailer such as solar home systems We also found that these lights are readily available in most hardware stores for people to purchase We inserted various fluorescent light bulbs ranging from 7W to 15W in sockets on 14 gauge wire roughly seven meters long and hung this on the frame of the trailer s collapsible gazebo The lights are different shapes and colors and are displa
58. had been brought to every demonstration they began giving the demonstrations to non English speaking elders We interpreted this to mean that they understood the technologies and our education techniques were effective This was helpful during our demonstrations as we did not have a translator present that spoke Herrero the community s native language A young adult performing a Tsotso stove demonstration can be seen in Figure 13 Figure 13 Young Adult of Okondjatu Demonstrating Use of a Tsotso Stove Based on our observations during our demonstrations in the village community of Okondjatu we found that cooking technologies energy efficient housing techniques efficient lighting and solar water pumps were the most relevant technologies to emphasize in similar rural communities Based on this visit we also identified opportunities for improvements in the shack and water heating models and peoples interest in purchasing information for energy efficient stoves Rural Un electrified Farming Community The Okondjatu un electrified community is comprised of farmers who live several kilometers west of the main village of Okondjatu Much like the main village wood is collected for cooking and heating and very few solar or wind systems were being used Unlike the main village there is no electricity provided to any buildings in this area Again we decided to emphasize cooking technologies during our visit with the trailer 33
59. he complete list of demonstration materials compiled by the team can be found in Appendix B The team s design was complete in May 2005 construction of the trailer began and a training manual was completed The trailer was completed in early 2006 but did not yet have a complete educational program and had not been tested Funding is available to construct additional trailers but this will be done only after the evaluation of the first in order to make possible improvements Improvements may be helpful to enhance the effectiveness of the trailer demonstrations and activities in various communities 17 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY The goal of this project was to deliver recommendations to the Habitat Research and Development Centre HRDC to enhance the Energy Demonstration Trailer s ability to encourage Namibians use of energy efficient EE techniques and renewable energy RE technologies In attempt to accomplish our goal we devised and executed four objectives First we assessed energy uses and constraints in various types of communities in order to better understand peoples energy needs We then used that knowledge to expand the educational capacity of the trailer making some additions and modifications before the first visits Our third objective was to perform and assess demonstrations we conducted Our experiences during these demonstrations were used to make improvements to the trailer and its contents in the form of a user manu
60. he pot Distribute the food to people around the stove 6 Allow the stove to cool completely before cleaning and storing in the trailer Note The Tsotso stove can be moved while a fire is lit using the handles on either side of the stove 88 Energy Efficient Shack Model 1 Remove the energy efficient shack models from the trailer and place in direct sunlight on a green bin 2 Insert thermometers inside shacks to monitor internal temperature 3 Monitor the temperature inside each of the shacks throughout the day to demonstrate the effectiveness of the energy efficient shack When demonstrating temperature difference to an audience lift the lid of the efficient shack to show insulation overhang and windows for cross ventilation 89 4 Site Specific Recommendations This section provides recommendations for performing demonstrations in different types of communities A visit to demonstration sites before bringing the Energy Demonstration Trailer is recommended in order to determine exactly what 1s expected during demonstrations Performing Demonstrations for Schools or Groups of Children Hands on and interactive demonstrations should be emphasized such as letting the children check the shack model temperatures themselves or allowing them to feel the heat concentrated in the parabolic cooker Simple energy questions should be asked in order to keep children involved For example o What is the purpose of the reeds in the ene
61. ight at a demonstration Setting up the Gazebos 1 Remove gazebo from top shelf of trailer 2 Take the gazebo out of the outer green bag 3 Pull the legs of the gazebo outward until fully extended 5 Raise legs until snapped into place 6 Attach elastics in center of each side to the rods of the gazebo 75 Setting up the Table and Chairs Remove table and chairs from the bottom shelf of the trailer Unfold the table top side toward the ground Lift legs until vertical Insert bottom half of legs that were attached by magnets Slide rings to ends of table to keep legs sturdy ee te 6 Unfold chairs and place on even surface 76 Setting up the Tent ee oo Rake away rocks and sticks from area where tent will be placed Remove tent from outer bag Unroll tent and remove polls from bag Face tent entrance in desired direction Untie black rods and place center X at center of tent Insert rod ends to connect into four poles Tie the rods center X at the center of the tent Bend the rods to fit ends into holes at each corner of the tent Attach hooks along the sides of the tent to the rods Hammer stakes into the ground through the holes in the cloth on the sides and corners of the tent T7 11 Lay tan rain cover over the top of the tent and attach hooks to the open holes on the tent 78 3 Setting up and Performing Demonstrations This section is intended is intended to assist in th
62. igure 6 Diagram of complete solar oven The instructions cover constructing the three part inner box which is insulated to trap the heat used for cooking The reflector four pieces of sturdy cardboard covered with foil 1s constructed next The last stage 1s to use the outer box and bungee cords to hold the reflector and inner box together Use Figure 6 a diagram of the complete solar oven to help identify the parts Preparing Supplies by Cutting Them to the Correct Sizes Instructions for cutting the cardboard and insulation for the inner box are first The cardboard for the reflectors is next The reflectors are an odd shape and big but the illustration for them is carefully made to scale Cutting cardboard for the inner box This first piece 1s the easiest Cut on a protected surface and use the straight edge and T square to make strips of even widths I suggest using aluminum foil tape to tape pieces together throughout the project as all other tapes dry and crack when exposed to high temperatures 1 Cut 5 wide strips of cardboard until you have 62 when they are placed end to end 2 Use the aluminum foil tape to tape the pieces together to create the 5 wide and 62 long strip Cutting insulation for the inner box Now that you have practiced cutting 5 wide rectangles on cardboard cutting the pieces of foil backed foam board insulation will be easier I prefer to wear leather gloves when handling insulation t
63. in Appendix K to use as a reference in the design of an instructional hand out 47 e Downloading music onto the computer s hard drive Downloading music to the computer s hard drive eliminates the need for a separate source of music on the trailer With music installed on the trailer s computer demonstrators will not need to rewire speakers to play music e Laminating all posters and paper display materials We recommend that all posters and paper display materials be laminated for future demonstrations Having experienced rain during a demonstration we came to the conclusion that all materials will be protected and last longer if laminated This will reduce the cost of replacing posters and other materials that may be destroyed by water or that will be handled frequently e Include a pamphlet that includes purchasing information about all technologies presented Konga Investments may be willing to provide such a pamphlet which they have already compiled We believe this pamphlet could be a helpful tool to be included on the Energy Demonstration Trailer The business cards and pamphlets that we passed around were helpful but because we only had a limited number we had to write the information on pieces of paper and hand them out when asked for supplier contact information This pamphlet will also reduce the overall number of pamphlets to keep stocked on the trailer e Constructing a biogas demonstration model Another addition to the E
64. inancing raren E wl ae E 13 Community Outreach Initiatives Promoting Renewable Energy 14 The Energy Demonstration Trailer peiriera e a TR ENRE t 16 CHAPTER 3s ME THODOEOG N suseccsesvscececcaccconcstedicexcuseccssevececcecuacsusestncsieccesasescsvesiscet 18 Assessing Energy Use and Constraints in Communities cc cece ccc ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 18 Expanding the Educational Capacity of the Trailer cccccccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 20 Performing and Assessing Demonstrations at Selected Sites ccececcceeceeeeeeeeeeeeees 20 Improving the Trailer and its Contents cccccccesssssesseesseeseeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 23 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS eeeeeeececcccccccsecsccccessessessesseesessssesesesssee 24 Trailer Hardware and Demonstration Development ccccccccccccecesssseeeeeeceeeeaaneeees 24 Slat Water Heater NOC SM cas teeta atta ote adn natin steal arecun nies hat ate ah bat tesa necueti aes 25 Solar Water PUMP MOUE late wt ienee r e E went E O N 26 Energy Efficient Shack Modeleren siaine aiai a aa a aaa 26 Energy Efficient Lighting Demonstration 2 2ccec wncesin e E E 28 Community Visits and Demonstration Results ccccccccssssssseeesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaas 29 Rural Elected Onimiinity sasssa a a E mente 29 Rural Un electitied Farming C omimunily sorea eae E E S 33 COO C OMINUNILY corer renier a onar A 36 Urban Elecmined Community aee a 37 Urban Un electritted Community sissors aea a
65. ing cause of shack fires Poor Can Now Warm Up Their Shacks 2004 Using wood charcoal kerosene or liquefied petroleum gas LPG as fuel for cookstoves as done in many developing countries results in the production of carcinogenic hydrocarbons Zhang amp Smith 1996 Studies have been conducted concluding that the use of kerosene and gas for cooking in the home also has a direct association with allergic symptoms Venn et al 2001 Renewable Energy It may not be feasible to reduce the energy demand in Namibia however with the use of renewable energy RE technologies the strain on the earth s resources could be lessened RE is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible such as wind photovoltaic solar thermal energy and in some cases wood Natsource 2006 An unending potential resource available to Namibia is solar power With nearly 300 days of sunlight people in Namibia can harness these sun rays through many different solar energy processes Getaway Africa 2005 Photovoltaic energy solar water pumps solar water heating and solar cooking are some of the ways in which solar energy can be used One way of capturing solar energy is to use photovoltaic PV panels These panels convert light to electricity that can be stored in specially designed deep cycle batteries and used during periods with little or no sunlight The batteries are connected to an inverter and a collector which houses sockets for a
66. interest to the community as well School Community When we presented renewable energy and energy efficient technologies to the students of the A Shipena Secondary School the Energy Demonstration Trailer was not complete so it was unavailable We brought the students to the Habitat Research and Development Centre to demonstrate various technologies The student group we presented to was the Science and Environmental Club consisting of 15 students approximately 15 17 years old Our findings were based on students interactions with technologies that are included on the trailer such as the solar box cooker parabolic cooker and Vesto stove We did not conduct a preliminary visit with the students because they would have to be removed from class time so as a result we collected home energy use data during demonstrations Since most students at the A Shipena Secondary School Demonstration lived around the school in low income housing we considered that a financial priority of the students families may not be to purchase expensive solar power equipment such as solar home systems We found that most of the students homes receive water from the city so solar water pumps may not be practical We found these housing details through informal interviews with the students during demonstrations and students also freely answered questions about their home energy use We found that electricity from NamPower was used in most students homes w
67. iswas 2002 To address this cost issue Grameen Shakti a non profit company created by Grameen Bank sells SHSs on credit in Bangladesh with a low financing rate Grameen Shakti 2000 Children can play a valuable role in community education programs An intergenerational and intercommunity learning study was conducted in the town of Quebrada Ganado Costa Rica The study was conducted to advocate environmental education and stimulate resource management Gack Ray Solorazano amp Vaughan 1999 A conservation questionnaire was given to children in a school before immediately after and 8 months following an environmental education course The same three tests were given to the parents of the students and other adults the control group who did not have children involved with the course Students showed an average score increase of 67 when comparing the final test to the initial test Parents of these students showed an average of 52 increase when comparing the same two tests Adults without 15 children though not showing much improvement on the second test experienced an average 29 increase when comparing the third to the first test These results can be found in Table 2 The study concluded that learning transferred from students to parents and later to other adults of the community Gack et al 1999 This study illustrates the importance of including children in community education programs RE and EE courses conducted in schools
68. ith the exception of one student who said his family had a solar home system on their farm Most students said their family s electric bill was between N 200 and N 300 per month A community profile for the A Shipena Secondary School can be found in Appendix E 36 We set up the parabolic cooker and boiled water in order for the students to see the high heat the cooker generates We placed several eggs in this water and later distributed the cooked eggs to the students We also encouraged the students to place their hands where the sunlight was concentrated so they could feel the heat directed on the pot This interactive approach prompted many questions from the students about how the parabolic cooker worked and how they could construct their own We set up the solar box cooker and placed a carton of eggs inside intending to hand them out when they were cooked When presenting the cooker we opened the lid and encouraged the students to feel the heat inside Students asked many questions about the construction of the box cooker and how it worked Students were interested in developing solar cookers for school science projects Because we repeatedly opened the box cooker so that students could feel the heat the eggs did not fully cook before the end of our demonstration and we were unable to distribute them We cooked sausages and onions on the Vesto stove to show students how the energy efficient wood stove worked We explained the design of th
69. ithout electricity are relying on fuels like wood kerosene charcoal propane and paraffin Reliance on these fuels has created new problems for Namibia and its population The widespread use of wood is resulting in deforestation which may lead to desertification and at the current rate trees are falling it has been estimated that by 2045 there could be no trees left in all of Namibia Terrasol 2005 Other problems associated with using wood charcoal kerosene or liquefied petroleum gas LPG are the production of carcinogenic hydrocarbons Zhang amp Smith 1996 and the possibility of shack fires Poor Can Now Warm Up Their Shacks 2004 One possible approach to reduce dependence on NamPower and fossil fuels is to encourage the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficient techniques Renewable energy RE is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible such as wind photovoltaic and solar thermal energy Natsource 2006 Energy efficiency EE refers to products or systems that perform as well as or better than conventional products or systems while using less energy Energy efficiency has been shown to save energy save money and help protect the environment by reducing the amount of electricity that needs to be generated While broader use of RE and EE technologies in Namibia has the potential to address the country s energy supply problems there are barriers to the adoption of these new technologies Lac
70. ity Upon our initial visit to the Barcelona community we assessed the community s energy sources and uses to determine what technologies should be emphasized during a later visit We found that the community was not electrified and was relying on costly fuels such as wood and propane We were told that community members were spending approximately N 130 every two weeks on propane used for cooking three meals a day for five to six people No energy was used specifically for heating in the homes Most of the homes in this community were shacks made from metal tin and other gathered materials The community profile created using data collected from this visit can be found in Appendix F From our findings we believe that cooking technologies and small solar home systems may be options for this community Since this is a residential area the majority of energy consumed goes towards cooking and lighting Community members also expressed interest in having appliances such as a refrigerator and a television which indicates that the homeowners may be interested in solar home systems While these individuals may not have a lump sum of money to purchase these technologies they should be presented in tandem with financing options Energy technology financing loans may be an option for people in Barcelona because the community members revealed that they have bank accounts Although we are not able to return to the site to perform a demonstration with the t
71. k a line 5 below the base of the foiled trapezoid as illustrated by the yellow line in Figure 16 Score and fold the cardboard along this line Refer back to the Skill Tip Scoring and Folding Cardboard if necessary 4 Lay the four reflectors out alternating wide and narrow in the shape shown in Figure 17 Using aluminum foil tape tape the reflectors together along three of the angled sides Clue foil to the four reflectors Score along the yellows lines Figure 16 Glue foil to the four reflectors Score the cardboard along the yellow line 5 below the base of the trapezoid Tape the four reflectors tagether Figure 17 Tape the four reflector pieces together The reflector is now completed The final step of folding it into the rectangular funnel shape that reflects light down into the solar oven is included in the last stage of 106 construction assembling the oven Follow these four steps to assemble the solar box cooker Assembling the Solar Box Cooker The inner box and the reflector are now completed The outer box does not require any construction If it is bigger than 16 by 22 or deeper than 6 you may need to use some wadded up newspaper or scrap cardboard to hold the inner box and reflector in place The bungee cords and clothespins are used to hold the reflector closed around the inner box 1 Fold the reflector along the taped seams to form a rectangular funnel shape as illustrated in Fig
72. k of information and high costs are two factors that hinder the expansion of RE and EE technology use Konga Investments a local financing company in Windhoek Namibia has issued only 375 loans for renewable energy technology purchases over the past year Kalompo 2006 With approximately fifty percent of the Namibian population below the poverty level investing in alternative energy may not be a high priority CIA 2005 On the other hand there are several RE and EE cooking technologies that are quite affordable but that many people are not aware of The Habitat Research and Development Centre HRDC is an organization that attempts to address the barriers to RE and EE technology adoption The HRDC has many RE and EE resources that distant communities may not have the opportunity to utilize due to its sole location in Windhoek and its hours of operation all major towns of Namibia are located at least 100km from Windhoek With so many Namibians living in remote areas information regarding RE and EE technologies is not conveniently accessible In order to address some of these barriers a demonstration trailer focusing on RE and EE technologies was proposed by the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Bureau of Namibia R3E to popularize energy efficient technologies among people in primarily rural areas Tjaronda 2004 The Energy Demonstration Trailer was designed through a collaborative effort of the HRDC the Desert Research Foundation of Na
73. l settlement on the outskirts of Windhoek previously involved in projects with the HRDC This was an important objective in order to determine what would be emphasized on the Energy Demonstration Trailer during demonstrations By determining the energy uses and constraints we focused on the technologies and information that could possibly be most beneficial or relevant to the particular community During these preliminary visits we met with community leaders who could give us a better understanding of the community such as how it operates or what its primary concerns are During these visits we introduced ourselves the goal of our project and what we would like to do in the community We also asked community leaders and representatives about energy needs common fuel sources how these fuel sources are used and how much they are currently spending on these fuels We explained the materials on the trailer and discussed the feasibility of the adoption of these technologies To compile the data received during the preliminary visits we constructed profiles of individual communities Each profile contains data concerning energy needs the amount of money spent on energy per household and the types of energy sources used This profile template can be seen in Appendix C By analyzing these profiles we could see the differences in communities ways of life and how these affect their energy needs We then determined which activities and technologies sho
74. ler project having provided technologies for the demonstrations We set up and conducted meetings with business representatives during which we explained how and why we intended to distribute the information and materials we sought Several of these representatives provided us with brochures business cards and or posters regarding RE and EE products and information In addition we compared the energy needs in various types of communities with the types of technologies currently available on the trailer Where there were gaps we decided on additional models and activities to provide education in those areas These models were created by the team in the Terrasol workshop owned and operated by Werner Schultz We also collected financial materials such as loan applications to present steps that may be taken in order for RE and EE technologies to be purchased and implemented We met with a representative of Konga Investments a local financial institution involved in the Solar Revolving Fund to obtain detailed instructions for their loan application process By relaying the provided application instructions in a simple manner we hoped to encourage the use of RE and EE technologies by simplifying the purchasing process Performing and Assessing Demonstrations at Selected Sites We took the trailer for inaugural visits to test 1ts performance and assess demonstrations and activities Several demonstration sites including a school and rural 20
75. m insulation are applied to the edges The inner box lid is constructed by scoring the 5 wide strip of cardboard so it will fold easily lining it with foil then folding and taping it in place Constructing the inner box bottom The bottom of the inner box is constructed by insulating the lid of the office paper box with aluminum foil and foil backed sheathing Follow these four steps to create a well insulated inner box bottom 1 Line the inside of the box with aluminum foil Glue the foil to the inside of the box following the instructions in the Skill Tip Gluing Foil to Cardboard below Tape this seam last Cover the top edge of the cardboard Tape this seam second 2 Fold any foil that extends above the top edge of Tape this seam first the box to the outside 3 Fit the 5 pieces of foil backed sheathing to the outside of the box Figure 8 illustrates how the five pieces fit around the box Use a few dabs of unthinned white glue to hold them in place temporarily Figure 8 Fit the five pieces of sheathing to the bottom and sides of the box 4 Permanently attach the sheathing to the outside of the box by taping in place with the aluminum foil tape Figure 9 illustrates where to tape the pieces in place 101 Note The sheathing has friable fiberglass that will flake away over time Cover all exposed edges with the aluminum foil tape Skill Tip Gluing Foil to Cardboard Follow these steps to glue foil to cardb
76. mendations specific to demonstrations the trailer operations and trailer modifications We have implemented several recommendations which are described in this chapter We will also describe recommendations we believe can enhance the trailer s effectiveness if implemented in the future Project Outcomes After performing our initial demonstrations with the Energy Demonstration Trailer we implemented many of our own preliminary recommendations for improvement that we found would be useful before future trips with the trailer We have e Constructed a more durable energy efficient shack model Participants were interested in hearing about ways in which they can keep their homes cool in the summer and warm in the winter The model did not need to be reversible simply showing an efficient shack versus an inefficient shack next to each other was found to be more effective Taking the model apart and reversing it to show what an inefficient shack construction was not useful in presenting new information and the new model is easier to demonstrate The new model is able to show larger temperature differences between the efficient and inefficient shacks On hot days the model can demonstrate a temperature difference of at least 10 degrees Centigrade e Arranged for construction of a collapsible stand for the parabolic cooker The parabolic cooker may attract more participants if taken off its mounted hinged frame and placed on the collapsible stand
77. mibia and a team of WPI students in 2005 The trailer was intended to be brought to communities throughout Namibia to demonstrate RE technologies and EE techniques and includes various sample technologies to be used in demonstrations as well as supplies for the demonstrators The trailer contains electrical appliances that are powered by solar panels and a wind charger For a listing of the contents of the trailer refer to Appendix B The trailer was completed in early 2006 but did not yet have a complete educational program and had not been tested In order to enhance the trailer s effectiveness in different communities the HRDC wants to understand which educational approaches with the trailer will be appropriate and accepted by communities Therefore the goal of this project was to deliver recommendations to the HRDC to enhance the Energy Demonstration Trailer s ability to encourage Namibians use of energy efficient techniques and renewable energy technologies We researched the energy uses and constraints of each type of community we visited and modified the trailer s educational materials and contents based on our research We conducted demonstrations with children and adults in several types of communities and determined the appropriateness of the trailer s contents and educational approaches in each setting We have made suggestions to the HRDC for future alterations and additions to the Energy Demonstration Trailer aiming to enhan
78. monstrations The visits were also useful in making contacts in the communities to be sure an audience would be present when we conducted demonstrations This initial visit also allows the demonstrators to create demonstration tactics that suite the communities expectations For example in the farming community of Okondjatu the elders expected a presentation during our preliminary visit so we were prepared to present one when visiting with the trailer Showing movies at night after demonstrations To entertain people at night while they linger around the trailer after demonstrations movies can be shown The loud speaker system and the action on the screen attracted attention during our visit to Okondjatu While people are gathered before a movie there is an opportunity for discussion in order to receive feedback about demonstrations Showing a picture slideshow with music during demonstrations We concluded that showing a picture slideshow with a variety of music playing on the computer can be used to attract people to the side of the trailer that has the computer monitor wind charger output display and solar panels output display The pictures that were displayed were of RE and EE technologies and some of them were located at local communities and businesses We found this created a welcoming atmosphere during our demonstrations and the children enjoyed dancing to the music Providing a way for people to order cooking technologies
79. n Un electrified Community e Wood and or propane are commonly used cooking fuels for communities without electricity Solar and wood efficient stoves should be emphasized because they will reduce daily costs or efforts for obtaining these fuels e Energy efficiency in the home demonstrated by the shack model tends to be of interest when a temperature difference can be seen Do not assume simple techniques such as painting a house a light color are already known e Solar water heaters should be emphasized since banking is available in urban communities and obtaining low interest loans for this technology may be possible e Solar home systems should be presented along with emphasis on the use of efficient appliances and lighting to maximize the potential of the system e Loan opportunities should be presented to urban communities to demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining larger expensive technologies like solar home systems 94 Inventory Camping Equipment 1 Folding plastic table 60X60X10 cm folded 2 Folding chairs 1 Camping Tent 4 person max 3 Folding gazebo tents 1 Cast iron pot 1 Double sided frying pan 1 Dishwashing Stand 1 Ground mat 3X3m 1 20 liter water can 1 Braai set 2 Canvis water bags 1 Grilling rack w handle General Equipment 4 Plastic storage bins 40X50X30 cm 1 Fire extinguisher 1 5kg dry chemical 1 Refrigerator 1 4 5kg propane bottle with burner attachment 1 20 liter petrol can 1 Fi
80. n only operate at full capacity for 4 months each year The other two generation facilities include a coal fired plant in Windhoek and a diesel fired plant on the coast Plans have been made to build an 800 MW power plant in Namibia but in order to supply this large combined cycle gas turbine power plant there will need to be offshore gas field drilling Ford 2005 There are environmental and health risks associated with burning gas fuels and the building of this power plant will be costly The current estimated cost is N 7 317 billion and the emissions would create higher levels of nitrogen oxide and sulfuric gases NamPower 2005 Another issue regarding Namibia s electricity problem is that the power grid does not include many rural areas and informal settlements on the outskirts of urban regions which leaves tens of thousands of Namibians with no access to electricity NamPower s current transmission network seen in Figure 1 shows the large regions which are un electrified The present status of electrification is estimated at 75 in urban areas and 9 in rural areas Namibia s 1998 White Paper on Energy Policy suggests electrification targets of 90 and 25 respectively by 2010 Power Firms Join Hands to Light up Continent 2004 NamPower has left these rural areas and informal settlements un electrified because there are not enough paying customers within these communities to justify the expenditure of extending the transmission lin
81. needs of the villagers including energy needs first hand Information can also be obtained from the HRDC s partners the MRLGH the NHE and the City of Windhoek The centre includes a library to conduct necessary research as well as on site training facilities such as those to train the demonstrators travelling with the energy trailer Laboratory and testing facilities are located at the centre so that much needed information can be obtained first hand The site provides a display area for visitors to view beneficial products Visitors can also learn methods developed by the centre using available materials such as solar panels and cookers Habitat Research and Development Centre n d 56 APPENDIX B Trailer Demonstration Materials One radio One television and VCR One 40L refrigerator One solar water pump One fan One 12V mini tire compressor One set electric hair clippers Five 75W solar panels Five 12V deep cycle batteries One voltage inverter One non electric iron One solar box cooker One solar parabolic cooker One Vesto stove One Tsotso stove One 9kg wind generator Models of a shack a solar water heater and energy efficient lighting 57 APPENDIX C Community Profile Form 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location of Community Common types of residences buildings 1 e tin shacks apartments modern houses etc What types of energy sources are the residents currently relying on the most W
82. nergy Demonstration Trailer we recommend is a biogas demonstration model Included on the trailer are educational biogas posters to be distributed to communities but there is not a model to demonstrate the value or efficiency of biogas Based on our conclusion that interactive demonstrations attract interest and are found most convincing a biogas model and demonstration may prove more valuable than distributing posters alone A feasible biogas demonstration to be included on the trailer can be seen in Appendix L e Altering the trailer s structure and making hardware and supply additions Through use of the Energy Demonstration Trailer during demonstrations we found additions and alterations that we believe should be implemented to the hardware of the trailer These supply additions include food coloring for the solar water pump display and trash bags We also recommend dust covers for the computer and refrigerator as these electronics gathered large amounts of dust during travel To determine whether the trailer 1s effective in spreading the use of RE and EE technologies either with or without implementing all of our recommendations we recommend further studies be carried out Additional visits to the demonstration sites some time after demonstrations are conducted will determine if any of the demonstrated 48 technologies or techniques have been purchased or employed once the Energy Demonstration Trailer has left The intention of our
83. ng the demonstrations Our findings were drawn from background research data collected and observations made during each of our demonstrations in Okondjatu and at the HRDC We compiled a list of recommendations based on our experiences with the trailer in the visited communities and implemented several of them We found that most demonstrations were effective in communicating their purposes but there were alterations that could be made which we believe would improve the trailer as a whole In order to improve the trailer we e Constructed a more durable energy efficient shack model The new model has two differently designed shacks side by side This approach helps to presents a more effective demonstration by showing a greater temperature difference between the two shacks Arranged for construction of a collapsible stand for the parabolic cooker The parabolic cooker may attract more participants if taken off its mounted hinged frame and placed on the collapsible stand so that it can be properly aligned with the sun Improved the solar water heater model The original solar water heater model produced hot water only after several hours and did not insulate the water that was eventually heated The new model is smaller and intended to heat water more quickly Improved the trailer s structure and made hardware additions Improvements to the trailer were made such as strengthening the jockey pulley adding a plank under the computer s mo
84. nitor to access the back of the computer installing a venting system to reduce overpressure and sealing the screws for the solar array Hardware additions consisted of a ratchet a jack and a tire iron Created a User Manual This manual is intended to be used by individuals setting up the trailer and performing demonstrations This manual includes instructions for o Initial trailer set up o Setting up camping equipment o Setting up and using the demonstration o Site specific recommendations Types of sites include urban electrified urban un electrified rural electrified rural un electrified and schools Based on our experiences with the Energy Demonstration Trailer in different communities we developed recommendations for the operations and long term financial support of the trailer These recommendations consist of Conducting visits to demonstration sites before bringing the trailer We found initial visits to communities to be useful in gaining the communities trust and ensuring an audience is present for demonstrations Showing movies at night after demonstrations To entertain people at night while they linger around the trailer after demonstrations movies can be shown While people are gathered before a movie there is an opportunity for discussion in order to receive feedback about demonstrations Providing a way for people to order technologies Another recommendation is to provide a way for people to order the sola
85. nt lights to show how cool they are Emphasize that electricity is not wasted to produce heat only light is produced by the bulbs 9 When taking down the light display remove bulbs before unstringing the display from the gazebo 80 Water Pump Model 1 Fill the blue PVC pipe of the water pump model with water 2 Plug the pump into the energy trailer in its designated outlet 3 Add water into the blue PVC pipe until clear tubing and PVC pipe are full of water and water is flowing freely 4 Refer to the Solar Versus Diesel Water Pump chart which should be placed on the display board near the pump model during demonstrations 5 Empty all water from the model before packing back onto the trailer 8 1 Water Heater Model 1 Fill black container with water 2 Position heater facing the sun 3 Place container on surface above the water heater 4 Refill black container until tubing container and piping inside the heater are filled with water assuring all air is removed from the heater 5 Record initial water temperature and post using dry erase markers on the white board closest to the model 6 Record black container water temperature every hour or two on whiteboard adjacent to display 7 Empty all water from the model before packing back into the trailer 82 Solar Box Cooker ee Se ote Remove solar box cooker from middle shelf of the trailer from the back Place box cooker on level ground in dir
86. nted technologies We distributed many specific suppliers contact information and our sponsor could be compensated for this service We recommend that further research be conducted on this topic such as how to provide suppliers with evidence that the trailer advertising works Recommendations for Additional Modifications to the Trailer We recommend that further additions and modifications be made to the trailer and its demonstration material to enhance its design and make demonstrations more interactive and informative These additions and modifications include Constructing a solar water heater model using a washing stand We recommend that a solar water heater model be created using a dish washing stand to store water so participants can feel the warm water Participants cannot actually use or feel the water that gets heated in the black jug currently used for storage and we believe this is the reason for their lack of interest We also recommend showing a small scale cross section poster or model of how home solar water heating systems work Since the model is not an exact replica of the actual system we found that a direct reference would be helpful when explaining how the system works Designing a hand out on how to construct a solar box cooker Solar box cookers are easy to use and have a simple design People were interested in constructing their own solar box cooker during our visit to Okondjatu so we provided an example found
87. nterest to rural un electrified communities since television sets are not likely to be used in homes e In communities where elders and or community leaders play an important role in decision making presentations may be expected in addition to standard demonstrations A PowerPoint presentation on the trailer s computer may aid in this process 92 Performing Demonstrations in an Urban Electrified Community Wood and or propane may still be a common fuel for cooking in urban communities where there 1s electricity For this reason emphasis should be placed on cooking technologies that can save people money on these fuels Energy efficient lighting is a relatively inexpensive technology that can be adopted in communities that have electricity and should be emphasized and explained during demonstrations Energy efficiency in the home demonstrated by the shack model tends to be of interest when a temperature difference can be seen Do not assume simple techniques such as painting a house a light color are already known Solar water heaters should be emphasized due to the fact that water heating can be a large portion of an electricity bill Since banking is available in urban communities obtaining low interest loans for this technology may be possible Loan opportunities should be presented to urban communities to demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining larger expensive technologies 93 Performing Demonstrations in an Urba
88. ntersect the horizontal line at the marks drawn in step two 4 Check the measurements You should have a trapezoid with a long side of 40 marked as the top a short side of 20 and a height of 20 drawn on the cardboard 5 Mark the bottom rectangle shown under the trapezoidal shape in Figure 7 Draw a straight line from the short side of the trapezoid to the bottom of the reflector The rectangle should have two sides of 20 and two 15 sides 6 Cut along the outlines marked on the cardboard and shown in Figure 7 Do not cut along the solid line that connects the trapezoid and the rectangle 7 Repeat steps through 6 to create the second wide reflector The instructions for the two narrower reflectors are very similar but the entire set of instructions is repeated to avoid confusion To create the two narrower reflectors as shown on the right 1 Cut a rectangle 34 by 35 Mark one of the 34 sides as the top of the reflector 2 Measure and mark a horizontal line parallel to the top 20 from the top of the reflector Make a mark 10 from each side along this line This marks where the next line should intersect 3 Turn the cardboard so the top is facing towards you Use the protractor to measure and mark a 22 1 2 degree angle at each end of the 34 width Make the resulting lines long enough to intersect the horizontal line at the marks drawn in step two 4 Check the measurements You should have a trap
89. o avoid itchy hands 1 Cut two strips that are 5 wide by 18 long and two strips 5 wide by 12 1 2 long 2 Next cut a rectangular piece 12 1 2 by 19 3 Check the fit the five pieces should fit around the office paper box lid as shown in Figure 8 in the next section Cutting cardboard for the reflectors The hardest cutting was saved for last The four trapezoid shaped reflectors form the reflector illustrated Figure 6 when fastened together The inner box is rectangular so two of the reflectors that surround it are wider than the other two The illustration in Figure 7 shows one of the wider reflectors with a width of 20 at the narrow base on the left The reflector on the right is one of the two narrower reflectors with a width of 14 at the narrow base The instructions will cover cutting each size separately Figure 7 Cutting cardboard for the reflectors Cut two of each size 99 To create the two wider reflectors as shown on the left 1 Cut a rectangle 40 by 35 Mark one of the 40 sides as the top of the reflector 2 Measure and mark a horizontal line parallel to the top 20 from the top of the reflector Make a mark 10 from each side along this line This marks where the next line should intersect 3 Turn the cardboard so the top is facing towards you Use the protractor to measure and mark a 22 1 2 degree angle at each end of the 40 width Make the resulting lines long enough to i
90. oard neatly 1 Mix 1 3 part water to 2 3 parts glue 2 Wet the brush with glue 3 Apply a thin even coating of glue to the cardboard 4 Lay a sheet of foil in place 5 Use a damp paper towel to smooth the foil out Start in the middle and work out to the edges Gently press foil into folds 6 Repeat steps 2 through 5 until all surfaces are covered 7 Wipe up any glue that seeps out at Scams Preparing the glass The piece EE of glass lays on top of the inner weatherstrigping box bottom constructed in the to the glass last phase There are two steps to preparing the glass to use in the inner box 1 check the fit and 2 apply weatherstripping Figure 9 Tape the sheathing in place with aluminum foil tape 1 The glass which covers the top is 12 by 18 1 2 Now that the 1 2 thick sheathing has been attached to all four sides of the box lay the glass on the inner box bottom and check the fit It should cover the inner box bottom completely If it does not fit carefully measure the outside length and width of the inner box bottom and get a piece of glass to fit those measurements 2 Once you have checked that the that the piece of glass is the right size apply the 1 2 wide adhesive backed foam weatherstripping Place it along the four edges on one side of the glass where the glass rests on the top edge of the inner box bottom as shown in Figure 10 The weatherstripping seals the gap between the
91. of the electricity consumed that year CIA 2005 Namibia s electricity provider NamPower has recently warned that with current economic development trends electricity demand in Namibia is steadily encroaching upon and could exceed supply in a few years and by 2010 South Africa may not have a surplus supply to sell to Namibia Hite 2004 The problem of insufficient electricity generation 1s compounded by the fact that the power grid is limited and excludes many poor urban communities and rural villages This leaves thousands of Namibians without electricity leaving them to rely on fuels like wood kerosene charcoal propane and paraffin Reliance on these fuels has created new problems for Namibia and its population The widespread use of wood is resulting in deforestation which may lead to desertification and at the current rate trees are falling it has been estimated that by 2045 there could be no trees left in all of Namibia to see or burn Terrasol 2005 Other problems with using wood charcoal kerosene or liquefied petroleum gas LPG are the production of carcinogenic hydrocarbons Zhang amp Smith 1996 and the possibility of shack fires Poor Can Now Warm Up Their Shacks 2004 The escalation of each of these problems suggests the importance of addressing Namibia s energy situation and presents the opportunity of developing sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions using renewable energy and energy efficient technolo
92. olar box cookers and parabolic cookers seemed to be feasible options for this community due to their ease of use and low cost 7 Which technologies did NOT seem feasible for the community Solar home systems and solar water heaters did not seem feasible for the average community member mainly because their low income and lack of banking would make it difficult to apply for a loan for these products 59 APPENDIX E A Shipena Secondary School Profile 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location of Community Secondary school located in Katutura Common types of residences buildings 1 e tin shacks apartments modern houses etc Most students live in local low income housing The school is a large cement _ modern building complex What types of energy sources are the residents currently relying on the most Wood Propane Kerosene Solar Electricity Other How much is spent on individual fuels and what percentage of income is this Students and the teacher said N 200 300 was spent on electricity each month We do not know what percentage of their income this is Which members of the community all business owners farmers etc are involved in banking n a Which technologies seemed feasible for the community _ Students showed a lot of interest in the parabolic cooker and talked about making __ their own as well as inquiring about the price They seemed interested in adapting fluorescent lights and convincing their pa
93. oli Andrew Kennedy Sara Praschak Table of Contents Bs nar AICI SC UD gcse seas cccacceesacececsoncedcenccensscscccsesevsasccesecsntseucsssevavscessasveeseceesscsss 68 Ma CSS E LE r E E E NEE A EAE E A 68 S A O E E E E N A E E 69 S ne Soar Pan E e eee ee E 70 ig oy Oy 14100240 8 Tae o eee ee ae E A 71 2 Setting up Camping Equipment eeseoossssssececccosssssccccoccssssseececossssssececossssssscecesssssoe 75 SCEE A DO e S E 75 Settimo p the Table and ChaifS accra aeeecttncesszedseeceonenesenvnenee enc e E EEEE EA 76 DC Elm TID e Te eer E EE E EE 71 3 Setting up and Performing DemonstratiOns cccccccccccsssssssssssscccccssssessssssecs 79 DTS VAT OS ae EE AE EE E E E EAE EA 79 Perey Pimnere nt Ia ote Display spissi EES 80 Water Pump Modeleeserssircin tesniace nine E EE NEER 81 VAST e re ILO CN E E E E E E 82 oe DE C OOK T E E E E S 83 Par Done C OOR T Tr E A Rone tr ene eer A A E E 85 NETO VS e E E E E seein cee soeceen ee 87 e ea e E A E EE E AT EE E ET 88 Energy Eificient Shack Model ene eee enn ee ee en ene an 89 4 Site Specific RecOMMENAALTIONS ccccccccssssssccccssssscsccccssssssscccscsssssccccssssssssccsseees 90 Performing Demonstrations for Schools or Groups of Children ccceecceeeeeeeeeeees 90 Performing Demonstrations for a Rural Electrified Community cccccccccccceeeeeees 91 Performing Demonstrations for a Rural Un electrified Farming Community 92 Performing D
94. ommunities may be interested in solar cookers and efficient wood stoves Also those living in urban communities typically have bank accounts so they may be interested in the financing options available to them We then collected relevant materials from suppliers such as business cards and pamphlets We also constructed four models that applied to the energy needs of these communities and packed them in the trailer These models were a fluorescent light display and energy efficient shack model a solar water heater model and solar water pump model In order to provide recommendations for demonstrations in various types of communities we took the trailer on its first visits and assessed these visits We performed demonstrations in two communities of Okondjatu and at the HRDC Open Day We made suggestions on how to best use the materials on the trailer as well as how to interact with the audience Our assessments were based on discussion of the following questions e Did we have difficulty explaining any demonstrations If so what materials would be needed to make explanations simpler e Did any questions from participants recur throughout the demonstration If so what were they e Did any of the models fail to fulfill their purpose If so how can they be improved e Which demonstrations received the most attention in the community The trailer s structure and sturdiness were also observed during travel to demonstration sites and duri
95. onstration Trailer has left The adoption of the technologies the Energy Demonstration Trailer presents could decrease the use of current non renewable energy sources including wood propane and electricity from power plants These same technologies may also potentially result in reduced demand from power plants and lower rates of desertification and health problems in Namibia due to the burning of wood and fossil fuels Vill ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On behalf of our project group there are a number of individuals that we must thank for help and guidance throughout this project Robert Schultz our liaison who gave us the foundation for this project and provided direction guidance and encouragement for the duration of the project Nils Wormsbaecher our technical advisor for filling in for Robert when Robert was not available Jacques Korrubel director of the HRDC for allowing us use of the facilities at the HRDC Professors Chrys Demetry and Rick Vaz our project advisors whose knowledge and experience served as critical guidance throughout the entire project Jackson Hindjou and the DRFN staff for arranging our introduction to the Okondjatu community as well as for their translation services Werner Schultz and the Terrasol staff for allowing us to utilize his workshop to work on the trailer and other associated projects and we would also like to thank his staff who aided in the implementation of some of our recommendations Theo Kari
96. ood Propane Kerosene Solar Electricity Other How much is spent on individual fuels and what percentage of income is this Which members of the community all business owners farmers etc are involved in banking Which technologies seemed feasible for the community Which technologies did NOT seem feasible for the community 58 APPENDIX D Okondjatu Community Profile 1 Location of Community Rural community approximately 300km from Windhoek _ 2 Common types of residences buildings 1 e tin shacks apartments modern houses etc Some of the homes that were near the center of town and the school were one room buildings made of concrete block Further out from the center of town homes were generally shacks made of various materials such as tin roofing and wood planks 3 What types of energy sources are the residents currently relying on the most Wood Propane Kerosene Solar Electricity Other Some of the businesses and homes in the center of town were electrified most relied heavily on wood for cooking and heating 4 How much is spent on individual fuels and what percentage of income is this The cost of using wood comes from the expense of fuel used in vehicles to gather it 5 Which members of the community all business owners farmers etc are involved in banking No members of the community have available banking 6 Which technologies seemed feasible for the community Efficient wood stoves s
97. ous materials These homes are often very hot during the day and cold at night The trailer did not present information on how to improve these shacks in order to make them more energy efficient and comfortable We created an energy efficient shack model to demonstrate relatively inexpensive and simple techniques that can be implemented to create an energy efficient shack or make existing shacks more energy efficient 26 The model seen in Figure 11 was constructed of corrugated metal which we found is often used for roofing on full scale shacks in both urban and rural communities The shack we created was reversible one side was painted white to reflect sunlight and make the inside of the model cooler while the other side was painted a dark rust color to absorb the sunlight and heat the shack We designed the model to be easily taken apart and folded up for storage The model has windows on its sides to allow cross ventilation and a slanted roof which over hangs the north side shading the doorway from the sun and allowing rain to run off There are two means of insulation that can be used underneath the roof of the model shack store bought insulation and collected reeds We mounted each of these on cardboard that could easily be placed over or removed from the shack We also fitted cardboard insulation for the walls of the shack model The temperature inside the model could be measured before any energy efficient techniques were applied wit
98. p Scoring and Folding Cardboard below to score the cardboard for neat folds 5 Check the fit of the inner box lid Fold it into a rectangle and slide it over the inner box bottom It should slide over the bottom easily but without too much extra space Skill Tip Scoring and Folding Cardboard Follow these steps demonstrated in Figure 12 to make neat folds in cardboard 1 Cut through one layer of the corrugated cardboard with the box knife 103 2 Completely retract the box knife blade Use the blade end of the closed box knife to make a channel along the cut surface of the cardboard 3 Place a straight edge along the channel and gently fold Tape corner Figure 12 Score cardboard for neat folds Insulating and taping the inner box lid Now that the piece of cardboard used for the inner box lid is cut and scored you can cover it with foil tape it into a rectangle and apply a strip of weatherstripping Follow these steps using the illustrations for more information 1 Lay the cardboard out flat and glue aluminum foil to both sides Press the foil gently into the score lines 2 Use aluminum foil tape to seal the top and bottom edges Cut through the tape at the three 1 deep cuts along the top edge 3 Fold into a rectangle and tape as illustrated in Figure 13 Figure 13 Fold the 5 wide strip of cardboard into a rectangle Tape the ends together 4 Fold the top flaps down and tape into place Figure 14
99. ppliances as seen in Figure 2 These sockets can then provide energy for lights radio and other electrical appliances Using energy efficient electronic devices can maximize the use of this energy These solar home systems SHS range in capacity from 50W to 800W Suitable appliances that can be utilized through a SHS are florescent light bulbs cell phone chargers fans radios and televisions A SHS is not suitable for appliances such as stoves irons kettles geysers or body insulated refrigerators and freezers Schultz 2005 Figure 2 Solar Home System Source http astralsolar ebigchina com sdp 340604 4 pd 1519698 1607295 762069 html Solar home systems can be relatively expensive and this cost may be too much for Namibians living in low income areas such as informal settlements Solar power also requires more education to operate and maintain than other RE methods Wormsbaccher 2006 These drawbacks may make it improbable to implement the systems into many homes but small businesses which use low energy devices may profit from these systems An efficient application for photovoltaic panels 1s providing electricity for solar water pumps These pumps can be used to draw water from boreholes wells rivers or dams These pumps are wired directly to photovoltaic panels and can provide steadily pumping water throughout the day There are limitations to the depth at which these pumps can operate and the liters of water per day th
100. r heating water We believed it was important to demonstrate a water heating technology on the trailer because solar water heaters can reduce energy consumption and save people money on electricity or fuels used for heating water Solar water heaters are very efficient in utilizing solar energy for water heating and can reduce a household s electricity expenditure by up to 50 Schultz 2006 The trailer was not equipped with a solar water heating system and therefore we created a model to demonstrate how solar water heaters work Copper piping was painted black and fastened into a black wooden box lined with aluminum foil and covered with a sheet of glass Valves were connected to the copper piping through the wooden box so that it could be filled with water Rubber hosing was fastened to the valves and to a black plastic jug which stored the water The jug was intended to be elevated above the solar water heater during demonstrations and the xX system to be filled with water until no air was present in the rubber and copper piping When the model is placed in the sun water heats up in the copper piping and rises through the rubber hose into the top of the black water jug Cool water sinks to the bottom of the jug flows through the piping and the process repeats This system seen in Figure 9 was designed to act like a large solar water heater that can heat up to 200 liters of water and is mounted on the roof of a building or home
101. r cookers and efficient wood stoves from the trailer This recommendation is based on our visit to vi Okondjatu during which we were asked numerous times if people could purchase the demonstration cookers Conducting demonstrations with four possibly multilingual demonstrators for groups of more than thirty people After conducting demonstrations we found that two demonstrators were inadequate to handle large crowds whereas with four we could handle approximately sixty people Multilingual demonstrators could also be an advantage when traveling with the trailer Charging product suppliers a fee for advertising Charging suppliers advertising fees provides financing for implementing some recommendations and for future trips with the Energy Demonstration Trailer We distributed many specific suppliers contact information and our sponsor could be compensated for this service We recommend that further research be conducted on this topic such as how to provide suppliers with evidence that the trailer advertising works Further additions and modifications can be made to the trailer and its demonstration material to enhance its design and make demonstrations more interactive and informative We recommend that the HRDC Construct a solar water heater model using a washing stand We recommend that a solar water heater model be created using a dish washing stand to store water so participants can feel the warm water We also recommend sho
102. railer the information we have collected could be useful for future demonstrations New User Demonstration After we compiled the user manual and we implemented some recommendations the trailer was taken by representatives of the Namibia Renewable Energy Programmes NAMREP to a trade show in Ondangwa Namibia This demonstration was performed by members of NAMREP without the assistance of our liaison or our team members We gave a training session to NAMREP before they took the trailer to ensure they knew how to use all of the equipment a copy of the user manual was also supplied 40 Upon returning from the trade show NAMREP informed us that all demonstrations went smoothly and there were no technical problems The user manual we gave them helped in setting up the trailer and performing demonstrations with the technologies Overall NAMREP was very pleased with the trailer s performance and returned it to our liaison in its original condition 4 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on our findings we have concluded that the Energy Demonstration Trailer has significant potential to accomplish its goals of raising awareness and encouraging the use of renewable energy RE and energy efficient EE technologies The recommendations presented in this chapter are intended to help our sponsor advance the trailer s capabilities and effectiveness Our recommendations focus on the creation of a user manual as well as recom
103. rated and once everything is going well maybe a week or so add some more waste no more than 1 20 of the liquid volume each day to feed the digester the overflow is good organic manure 109 Here is my 2005 version made out of soft drink bottles and containing the smell better 12 1 2005 14 53 i It is a bit hard to see but the smaller plastic jar inverted in the right hand container is for gas storage and the water level in the inner jar is slightly below that in the outer container If you look carefully you will see the tube connecting the digester head space left container to the gas storage headspace right container The tube coming off to the front is the gas outlet As gas is generated the inverted jar will rise 110
104. recommendations is to enhance the Energy Demonstration Trailer s ability to encourage Namibians use of renewable energy technologies and energy efficient techniques The adoption of the technologies the Energy Demonstration Trailer presents could decrease the use of current energy sources including electricity from power plants wood and propane Decreased reliance on current energy sources may potentially result in lower rates of desertification fewer health problems in Namibia due to burning fossil fuels and reduced demand from power plants 49 WORKS CITED ARMCO Associated Resource Management Co 1997 Feedback and Recommendations Relevant to Extension of The Solar Photovoltaic Pilot Project at Narshingdi Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board Bangladesh Awal K O 2000 Prospects and problems of solar photovoltaic in the 21st century Sandwip PV project experience National Workshop on Research Promotion and Policy support on Application of PV and Biomass briquetting Technology in Bangladesh organized by Grameen Shakti Centre for Mass Education in Science and Bangladesh Institute of Technology Khulna Birmingham N J Gottardi E A Otterman A D amp Thayer A P 2005 Energy Demonstration Trailer Spreading Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency throughout Namibia Interactive Qualifying Project Worcester Polytechnic Institute Biswas W K 2002 Bangladesh s Energy Sector The Past Present
105. rents to do so which 1s not too expensive Bushblok was also feasibility Which technologies did NOT seem feasible for the community The children were educated about the RE and EE products Feasibility in the homes was not determined 60 APPENDIX F Barcelona Community Profile 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location of Community_ Urban settlement in Katutura Common types of residences buildings i e tin shacks apartments modern houses etc Most homes were tin shacks and shacks made from other various gathered materials There were a few concrete one to two room homes however What types of energy sources are the residents currently relying on the most Wood Propane Kerosene Solar Electricity Other There is no electricity to the settlement Gas stoves are used for much of the cooking and sometimes wood Paraffin is used for lighting but since it is so expensive candles are sometimes used Nothing is generally used for heating in the homes at night Batteries are used for radios How much is spent on individual fuels and what percentage of income is this A 9kg gas bottle costs about N 130 with transport and lasts about 2 weeks when cooking 3 meals a day for 5 6 people Wood costs N 5 per bundle and the bundle lasts about 2 days Paraffin costs N 5 per liter and lasts for just 2 nights for lighting Batteries for the radio cost N 15 and last for about one month Which members of the community all bu
106. repare for demonstrations 5 1 Arrange transportation 5 2 Purchase supplies 5 3 Pack trailer Perform demonstration 6 1 Individual informal interviews 6 2 Erect trailer displays 6 3 Conduct demonstrations 6 4 Conduct community interview 6 5 Energy entertainment 6 6 Record feedback Review trailer and contents 7 1 Arrange internal feedback session 7 2 Make recommendations 7 3 Finalize user manual 7 4 Implement recommendations Outputs Meeting conducted List of missing components Components acquired Trailer 1s packed List of materials List of materials Materials acquired and compiled Materials packed Inventory list List of sites contact details Pre visit conducted Profile compiled Completed recommendations in profile Itinerary Meeting with DRFN Training date Training conducted Written procedure Updated contents Confirmed transportation Supplies Trailer packed Interviews complete Displays erected Demonstrations complete Interview complete Community interaction with trailer Feedback recorded Session complete Recommendations Completed user manual Changes made to trailer and materials 65 Time 2d lh Sd ld ld lh Sd Id Id 3d 3d 3d 3d 2d Id Id 2d lw 3h 3d 2d 3d 6h 3d 3d 2d 3d lw 3d lw APPENDIX I User Manual Energy Demonstration Tratler User Manual Compiled by WPI students SALTS Tarra Epstein Steven Fer
107. rgy efficient shack insulation o How does a solar home system provide electricity at night batteries Cooking food on the various solar and wood efficient cookers and distributing it is a good way to draw children s attention to these technologies Eggs are a simple food to cook and distribute Children enjoy watching movies and gathering for this purpose may be an opportunity to present technologies again and ask more energy questions Children appreciate informational hand outs that can be taken with them after the demonstrations Energy efficiency in the home demonstrated by the shack model tends to be of interest to children Do not assume simple techniques such as painting a house a light color are already known 90 Performing Demonstrations for a Rural Electrified Community Wood and or propane may still be a common fuel for cooking in rural communities where there is electricity For this reason emphasis should be placed on cooking technologies that can save people money on these fuels Food can be cooked and distributed if demonstrating for a small crowd People in rural communities may not have RE and EE suppliers locally so contact information for suppliers should be readily available Many rural communities are farmlands and providing water to livestock is a daily concern For this reason solar water pumps to be used in boreholes may be of interest to the community Point out the chart showing the solar wat
108. rst aid kit 1 Tool set Demonstration Equipment 1 Vesto stove 1 Tsotso stove 1 Solar box cooker 1 Parabolic cooker w stand 4 Pinboard whiteboard 60X90cm 10 Flourescent light bulb 1 Incandescent light bulb 1 Light bulb strand 5m 1 Light bulb strand 1m 1 Computer w monitor and 5 speaker sound system 1 Television set 1 VCR 1 Hair clipper set 1 Fan 1 AM FM Radio 95 APPENDIX J Diesel Versus Solar Water Pump Chart Ministry of Mines and Energy Study 2005 Cost Benefit Analysis between Diesel and PVP Water Pumps At 100 m water level depth and 7 000 litres per day PVP NS 4 for every m 1 000 litres pumped by Year 5 Diesel N 13 every m 1 000 litres pumped by Year 5 at N 3 96 per litre Diesel Borehole water levels and daily water deliveries where PVP is most optimally suited Total Pumpimg Head SO m 100 m Solar Solar Solar Solar Diesel polar Thesel Diesel Diesel Tnesel 50 000 Diesel Thesel Litres per day 96 APPENDIX K Building a Solar Box Cooker Source http www exoticblades com tamara sol_cook instruct html Supplies and Equipment Gathering the supplies and equipment required to build a solar oven is a time consuming aspect of the whole project The insulation and aluminum foil tape are items you may not have worked with before They are found in the insulation section of larger hardware or home supply stores The cardboard is a common material but 1t may take a few we
109. s 40 New User Demonstration ssodrensis niise oien r erie orr a eoa Fairo ni 40 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS essssessssseeeeccccccsesee 42 Pro Sot OUCOMES Saroa E E E EAE 42 User Manda Despre ree a T ne re ee eee eT 43 Xi Recommendations for Trailer Operations and Support cccccccsssseeeeecceeeeeeaeeeeees 46 Recommendations for Additional Modifications to the Tratler ceccececccceee ee eeeeees 47 WORKS CIFED oasis cacscere occ sectec seats niece E cee 50 APPENDIX A Habitat Research and Development Centre Profile 000 55 APPENDIX B Trailer Demonstration Materials ccccccccsssssssssssscccccsssssssssssees 57 APPENDIX C Community Profile Form oossssssecccoccsssssssseecocosssssscccocossssescecesssssoe 58 APPENDIX D Okondjatu Community Profile oooooooooossssssseesccccseococoossssssssseseseseee 59 APPENDIX E A Shipena Secondary School Profile sssssssssscccccccscessssssees 60 APPENDIX F Barcelona Community Profile ccccsscccccsssssssssssscccccsscsessssssees 6l APPENDIX G COM ACIS osorno 63 APPENDIX H Project Implementation Plam ccssscsccccccccccccccccssssssssssssccees 65 APPENDIX Te User Minuakin a 66 APPENDIX J Diesel Versus Solar Water Pump Chart essssssccccsssseecccssssceccsssscesosso 96 APPENDIX K Building a Solar Box Cooker ccc cccccssssssssssssssscscscsssssssssss
110. s taken out on its first demonstration additions were made in order to expand the trailer s educational capacity To demonstrate renewable energy RE and energy efficient EE technologies not included on the trailer we created several models and added them to the trailer s demonstration materials While the models were made special attention was placed on the need for the models to be compact and lightweight Most of the work on the trailer and its contents was completed in the Terrasol workshop in collaboration with our liaison Robert Schultz the owner of Terrasol Warner Schultz and Terrasol employees The trailer was originally equipped with solar panels an inverter five deep cycle batteries a wind charger a computer monitor and power strips The additions we made at Terrasol were e Mounting and wiring of the subwoofer and 5 speaker system e Layout of how supplies equipment models and demonstration would be stored and secured on the trailer e Creation of a solar water heater model e Creation of a solar water pump model e Creation of a collapsible energy efficient shack model e Creation of a energy efficient lighting display 24 We created models and displays to provide interactive demonstration materials for inclusion on the trailer The following sections describe the purposes and construction of these models Solar Water Heater Model Through our preliminary visits we found that electricity was commonly used fo
111. s to emphasize that electricity is not used to create heat as with incandescent lighting An incandescent bulb was also set up for comparison We explained how using the efficient lighting could save money on electricity bills and presented the prices of each bulb to demonstrate the quick payback period People showed interest in the lighting but local stores did not carry the bulbs and traveling to buy them did not seem realistic When showing people the slide show on the computer s monitor we demonstrated the use of electricity from the solar panels and wind charger on the trailer We explained the process of storing energy from the sun and wind and referred to fact sheets on the trailer s pegboards People asked many questions about how the technologies worked but they seemed to lose interest once we told them the price Therefore we found these technologies to be too expensive to be implemented by most people in this community During demonstrations at the stations for each model a recurring question was the price of the presented technology We were able to verbally provide the answer to this question and write the prices down into notepads if requested Many people also asked for contact information of suppliers of the technologies We were able to verbally answer this question but we only had supplier pamphlets or business cards to distribute for a few technologies presented 32 Once young English speaking adults of the community
112. sent the trailer in different settings as well as with different audiences During our visit to the electrified village of Okondjatu we set up the demonstrations behind the local secondary school principal s home where people were invited to participate Community members were greeted by one of our four team members or our liaison Robert Schultz and taken around in groups to the different demonstrations where we explained the technologies and models in detail Following the demonstrations we met with our liaison to discuss which demonstrations attracted the most and least interest from the community We discussed questions about the demonstrations such as e Did we have difficulty explaining any demonstrations If so what materials would be needed to make explanations simpler 21 e Did any questions from participants recur throughout the demonstration If so what were they e Did any of the models fail to fulfill their purpose If so how can they be improved e Which demonstration received the most attention in the community Which tended to initiate questions and physical or tactile interaction Which demonstrations did people return to At this time we also assessed the trailer and demonstration materials to determine the structural improvements we could make to perform future demonstrations more smoothly Our visit to the Okondjatu farming community located approximately twenty kilometers west of the village took place during
113. siness owners farmers etc are involved in banking All members of the settlement are involved in banking or at least have access to it Which technologies seemed feasible for the community Efficient wood stoves solar box cookers and parabolic cookers seemed to be feasible options for this community due to their ease of use and low cost when compared to current energy source costs People seemed somewhat interested in the box cookers when brought up Shack insulation should also be emphasized Which technologies did not seem feasible for the community 6l Solar home systems and solar water heaters did not seem feasible for the average community members mainly because the high cost of the systems 62 APPENDIX G Contacts Oreanisations For energy ated ermitet brockoires Wte ss cards Dubs or VHS posters Ninety of hine amd Energy Private Baz 13297 Windhoek Tel 061 2849111 Fax 061 26453603 Contact Wir Hoddy Hparge bra UND F Namibia Prerate Bag 133290 Windhoek Te L061 2046111 Fax 061 2046203 Contact Me Martha Mierandingi UND Fi Amie of the Energy Trailer Narnia Renewable Enerey Propraniune Private Eag 13297 Windhoek Tel O61 2548111 Fax 061 2645173 Contact it Shar7yrefileru Harrthyre D aert Research Foulaton of Namihia PO Box 20232 Windhoek Tel 061 377500 Fax 061 230172 Contact bi Jom Falet Amiold Lucky or Boos Habitat Research amp Development Centre PO Box 63036
114. start in a day or so Put the free end of the plastic tube in a jar of water to seal it If you are in a hurry 35 40 C 95 105 F will give quicker response Let the gas holder fill up the volume will probably be a bit less than the volume of liquid I hope and discard this gas as the first gas will be mainly carbon dioxide CO2 and won t burn it will actually extinguish a match but don t allow smoking as there may be some methane present all being well To make a burner you need a small hole for the jet into a larger tube as a mixer a bit like a bunsen burner as used in chemistry labs but I do not worry about the air holes I use a 1 mm hole into 12 mm tube so a 1 16 jet opening into 1 2 tube this should be metal would work well with enough weight to make about 25 mm 1 water pressure more weight may blow out the flame and less may not give enough gas About 20 litres I think that s 5 gallons of gas will normally boil a cup of water You may find that you get a bluish flame when the match 1s held there but the flame goes out without the match that means you have less than 50 methane in the biogas or the pressure is too high just remove some weight and if the flame still goes out burn off the gas and try again in a few days As methane is a greenhouse gas try to burn off the excess gas rather than just letting it escape to atmosphere You could measure how high the gas container rises each day to record the volume of gas gene
115. the box cooker themselves We provided general advice on the construction and provided those interested with a pamphlet that illustrated a cooker but we did not have pamphlets explaining the box cooker s construction The Tsotso stove attracted young adults interest because it used wood which 1s part of their congregational cooking style Bushblok a fuel log made from invader bush was used in a cooking demonstration to prepare our dinner and during this demonstration questions were asked regarding the stove s construction This stove has a more straightforward design than the solar box cooker and our explanations were sufficient During the presentation some men picked up the stove brought it to their sitting area and used it for warmth We found that Bushblok was a popular product with this community because it is made from bush much like that encroaching their farmland We 34 received many question regarding where Bushblok could be purchased and we found that people were disappointed that we did not have any for sale We set up the solar water pump model as we had in the village community of Okondjatu but the model was not presented until our formal presentation had begun During this presentation many questions were asked regarding whether the solar water pumps were appropriate for the boreholes the community currently used It was decided that too much water was pumped from the boreholes for the solar water pumps to be more e
116. the late afternoon and into the night Community members convened around the trailer s computer monitor to watch a PowerPoint presentation our team and our liaison gave The presentation included a question and answer session to ensure that everyone s questions on the particular technologies of interest were answered We set up some of the technologies on the trailer such as the Tsotso stove and explained them to young adults of the community In order to analyze which technologies and demonstrations should be emphasized in this community we noted which technologies received the most questions during the PowerPoint presentation and which technologies attracted the most interest based on our informal conversations with community members Many of these informal conversations took place while a movie was played on the trailer s computer following the presentation Following the four hour drive on unpaved roads from Okondjatu we unpacked and cleaned the trailer We checked all the equipment for damage sustained due to travel We recorded any damage or problems that we noticed to develop recommendations for changes to the trailer The Habitat Research and Development Centre s Open Day was the site for our final trailer visit The director of the HRDC Jacques Korrubel invited us to demonstrate at the Open Day so that RE and EE technologies on the trailer could be viewed and explained The HRDC is located in an urban area of Windhoek where it can be
117. tp www chinadaily com cn english doc 2006 02 20 content_521804 htm 53 Zhang J amp Smith KR 1996 Apr Jun Hydrocarbon emissions and health risks from cookstoves in developing countries PubMed Retrieved 22 January 2006 from http www ncbi nlm nih gov entrez query fcg1 cmd Retrieve amp db PubMed amp list _ulds 8792294 amp dopt Citation 54 APPENDIX A Habitat Research and Development Centre Profile The Habitat Research and Development Centre HRDC is a Non Governmental Organization that addresses housing issues in Namibia As stated by the HRDC the mission of the organization is to promote the use of indigenous building materials and designs to engage multi disciplinary teams in the basic research the adaptation of existing knowledge and applied research to achieve a holistic approach to problem solving in the field of housing and related issues Habitat Research and Development Centre n d The HRDC is comprised of several departments that come together for one common interest The partners involved with this organization include the Ministry of Regional Local Government and Housing and Rural Development MRLGH the National Housing Enterprise NHE and the City of Windhoek The Director oversees the internal workings of the HRDC which are broken into four departments Research Department Public Relations Department Technical Training and Support Department and Financial and Administrative Department All parti
118. ua principal of the secondary school in the Okondjatu community who made the arrangements for our demonstrations and allowed us to camp on his property Ms Swaartbool principal of the A Shipena Secondary School for arranging our demonstration with the school s science club Polytechnic of Namibia Transportation Department for transportation throughout our stay at the Polytechnic AUTHORSHIP All sections of this report have been reviewed by all members of the team Tarra Epstein TE Steven Feroli SF Andrew Kennedy AK Sara Praschak SP ABSTRACT AK EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TE amp AK amp SP CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION all CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND all The Energy Crisis in Southern Africa and Namibia Use and Sources of Electricity in Namibia Residential Use of Wood and Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Energy Efficient Technologies Energy Technology Financing Community Outreach Initiatives Promoting Renewable Energy The Energy Demonstration Trailer CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY all Assessing Energy Use and Constraints in Communities Expanding the Educational Capacity of the Trailer Performing and Assessing Demonstrations at Selected Sites Improving the Trailer and its Contents CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Trailer Hardware and Demonstration Development SF Solar Water Heater Model Solar Water Pump Model Energy Efficient Shack Model Energy Efficient Lighting Demonstration Community Visits and Demonstration Results
119. ual useful when performing their first demonstration The manual 43 which can be found in Appendix B may need to be translated to different languages in the future in order to increase its effectiveness The manual includes sections on Setting up the trailer This section describes how to unhitch the trailer set up the wind charger and solar panels open the trailer display doors and turn the power on Setting up camping equipment This section explains how to set up the gazebos the table the chairs and the tent Setting up and using the demonstrations This section explains how to prepare each model on the trailer for demonstrations and recommendations for how to perform these demonstrations We make recommendations to O Cook food in the solar box cooker While demonstrating the solar box cooker we recommend that food be cooked throughout the day so that participants can sample the food and witness the cooker working Hardboiled eggs seemed to be a popular food are inexpensive and only take about an hour to cook with uninterrupted sun Cook with the Vesto or Tsotso for small audiences We concluded that for small audiences or night demonstrations a fire in a Vesto or Tsotso stove with a pot of boiling water or cooking food attracts people During cooking demonstrations participants can immediately see that they can save money and time by using these low cost wood efficient stoves However if a large audience is present
120. ucate Namibians about available 16 RE and EE technologies and encourage their use in attempt to address Namibia s energy problems The trailer was funded by the Desert Research Foundation of Namibia DRFN as an educational tool and was overseen by the Habitat Research and Development Centre HRDC Birmingham et al 2005 The HRDC is a non governmental organization that addresses housing and related energy issues in Namibia The HRDC provides its research and resources to its partners including the City of Windhoek and the National Housing Enterprise The HRDC works with these partners to make homes safer environmentally friendly and energy efficient Habitat Research and Development Centre n d For a more complete profile of the HRDC refer to Appendix A Many Namiubians cannot travel to the HRDC to learn of alternative energy options so the Energy Demonstration Trailer will bring the centre s resources to various communities In 2005 the HRDC involved a team of Worcester Polytechnic Institute WPI students in the design of the trailer and its contents The student team conducted research and interviews to determine available products that could be used for instructional demonstrations Formal quotes from suppliers were obtained by the team to determine which exact products should be included in the trailer design Some appliances include solar cookers solar panels a voltage converter a wind generator and a wood efficient stove T
121. uld be included and emphasized during an actual visit with the trailer By doing so we hoped to better tailor the Energy Demonstration Trailer so that visits would be more engaging and useful for each community To determine energy use and constraints for urban electrified communities we conducted informal interviews with residents of electrified areas of Windhoek We asked how much money was typically spent on electricity monthly what appliances were used in the home and if any fuels were used to provide energy We used this information to provide recommendations regarding how to modify trailer demonstrations when visiting an urban electrified community 19 Expanding the Educational Capacity of the Trailer Once we assessed communities different energy needs we set out to gather materials to address those needs and include the material on the trailer Product and environmental information was collected to be included on the trailer in order to increase awareness by educating people on the various energy options that are available Models and additional demonstrations were also created in order to visually explain some of the information that was being presented We were provided with a list of local contacts which our liaison Robert Schultz believed could be helpful in supplying information and educational materials Many of these local companies and organizations listed in Appendix G are stakeholders in the Energy Demonstration Trai
122. ure 18 Figure 18 The reflector folded into a rectangular shape 2 Fold the bottom of the reflectors along the score line to form a base 3 Place the reflector in the outer box and ask someone to hold it in place 4 Place the inner box into the center of the reflector It is heavy enough that it will anchor the reflector in place Fasten the reflector closed with bungee cords at the base and clothespins and string along the top edge The construction of the solar box cooker is now complete The next section Tips for Use will guide you through the first heating of the oven in the sun which will drive off any fumes from the construction materials and allow you to check the oven s performance After the box cooker s first heating it is time to cook and experiment 107 APPENDIX L Biogas Model Design Source http www ees adelaide edu au pharris biogas SciFair html There are plenty of options for anaerobic digesters as all you need is a gas tight container and some organic waste I think the simplest method is if you can find two buckets containers such that one will fit upside down inside the other with some clearance not that easy to do in spite of the proliferation of plastic containers The bottom container holds the digesting liquid and the inverted one becomes the gas holder it may need some guides so it does not topple over as it rises with gas To avoid the possibility of a gas leak I would use waterproof tap
123. us My ambali PO Box 2333 dangwa Tel 08 12432 192 Solar Techrucian Renewable Energy Finan ing Epas Kaaful Private Bag 5543 Oshakati Tel 0812972927 solar Te chiruk iat Josty Lubin PO Box 259 Katina bhuib Tel 0812459036 Solar Te ckiruc iat Prescott Fambure POBox 987 Wird ek Tel 0811287168 Solar Techr im For comp arer brockores busite s cards application f onne Bank Windhoek PO Box 15 Windhoek Tel 061 2990380 Fax 061 299 282 Contact LE Eama Hdiula Kanga Investments PO Box 40303 Windhoek Tel 61 25 9961 Fax 6 25 9962 Contact We Loide Ealompa Useful Contacts Bor compare brochres buste ss cards Applic ation Forre SchoolMet Hamb i Tel 0811244200 Contact LE Joris Eoret Schvool data 64 APPENDIX H Project Implementation Plan Activities Finalize trailer hardware 1 1 Check status 1 2 Identify missing components 1 3 Finalize components 1 4 Pack components Finalize training and demonstration contents 2 1 Check status 2 2 Identify missing contents 2 3 Finalize contents 2 4 Pack contents 2 5 Provide content inventory Arrange demonstrations 3 1 Identify sites 3 2 Conduct pre visit 3 3 Community profile 3 4 Customised awareness approach 3 5 Finalize demonstration schedule Arrange training session 4 1 Contact DRFN 4 2 Finalize training date 4 3 Conduct training 4 4 Finalize demonstration procedure 4 5 Update contents P
124. vary with the depth of the boreholes farmers who require large amounts water from deep boreholes may find this chart useful if contemplating the purchase of a solar water pumping system e Installed DVD software onto the trailer s computer We found that DVD software should be installed on the trailer s computer to increase the ease of use during demonstrations The computer did not have the proper DVD software to play movies which was found to be enjoyable after demonstrations and an opportunity to collect feedback from the community e Improved trailer s structure and made hardware additions Improvements to the trailer were made such as strengthening the jockey pulley and sealing the screws for the solar array Hardware additions consisted of two bayonet fitting light bulbs for the lighting display a ratchet a jack and a tire iron We also added rubber plugs for the ends of extruding poles for safety purposes and labeled all keys for the trailer The plank under the trailer s monitor was made removable in order to access the back of the computer A venting system was added to reduce the overpressure created inside of the trailer during travel User Manual We created a user manual to instruct future demonstrators how to set up the trailer and demonstration materials when visiting a community Though our team was familiar with the trailer because we were involved in its completion future demonstrators may find an instruction man
125. was set up so the cooker was removed and simply rested against the trailer s hitch Without a proper stand the cooker was difficult to position and the water in the pot placed on the cooker never reached a full boil When the water steamed and people could feel the heat concentrated at the center of the cooker people at the demonstration were interested and asked more questions about how it worked Questions were also asked about how long food typically takes to cook but the intense heat the parabolic cooker can create could not be shown 31 We allowed the solar water pump model to run continuously and the running water attracted people to the display During demonstrations we explained how the pumps worked and referred to a fact sheet that was displayed on the pegboard next to the model When explaining at what depths and for what volumes of water a diesel pump would actually be more cost efficient a chart would have been helpful but was not available The solar water pumps attracted much interest from the community and generated many questions The community was concerned with providing water to its many cattle and the solar water pumps presented an alternative to pumps that used costly fossil fuels We wrapped the energy efficient lighting display around the frame of the gazebos which were placed in front of the trailer s monitor and speaker system When performing this demonstration we encouraged people to touch the fluorescent bulb
126. wing a small scale cross section poster or model of how home solar water heating systems work Design a hand out on how to construct a solar box cooker Solar box cookers are easy to use and have a simple design People were interested in constructing their own solar box cooker during our visit to Okondjatu so information on how to do so will be useful on the trailer Design a pamphlet that includes purchasing information about all technologies presented A helpful tool to be included on the Energy Demonstration Trailer is a pamphlet that includes all purchasing information about each technology being presented This pamphlet will reduce the overall number of pamphlets to keep stocked on the trailer Make further alterations to the trailer s structure and hardware additions Hardware additions include food coloring for the solar water pump display and trash bags We also recommend dust covers for the computer and refrigerator as these electronics gathered large amounts of dust during travel Vil In order to determine how effective the trailer is in spreading the use of renewable energy and energy efficient technologies either with or without implementing all of our recommendations we recommend further studies be carried out Specifically we recommend that additional visits to demonstration sites be conducted in the future to determine if any of the demonstrated technologies or techniques have been purchased or employed once the Energy Dem
127. with electricity Energy efficiency in the home tended to be of interest when a temperature difference could be seen in the shack model We recommend emphasizing simple techniques such as painting a house a light color We also recommend demonstrators to emphasize solar water heaters because water heating can be a large portion of an electricity bill Since banking is available in most urban communities low interest loans for technologies may be possible and instructions for obtaining these loans will be helpful during visits Urban un electrified communities Like urban electrified communities cooking technologies and energy efficiency in the home are likely to be effective demonstrations Banking is also available in most urban un electrified areas and we concluded that solar home systems may be of 45 interest in these communities Presenting loan information during these demonstrations will be useful Recommendations for Trailer Operations and Support Based on our experiences with the Energy Demonstration Trailer in different communities we developed recommendations for the operations and long term financial support of the trailer These recommendations consist of Conducting visits to demonstration sites before bringing the trailer We found initial visits to communities to be useful in determining their energy uses and constraints This knowledge assists demonstrators in determining which technologies to emphasize during de
128. yed so that people can not only see their brightness but also feel the amount of energy that 1s given off as heat instead of light We also added a 60W incandescent light bulb to the strand in order for people to feel and see the differences in the fluorescent and incandescent light bulbs When the incandescent light bulb was lit the amperage meter on the trailer showed an increase of current being drawn compared to the reading of current drawn only by the fluorescent bulbs We intended for this demonstration to illustrate how people can make use of several fluorescent lights using the same amount of power that a single incandescent light would consume Figure 12 Energy Efficient Light Display 28 Community Visits and Demonstration Results Each community we visited with the trailer provided us with different information to analyze in order to make site specific recommendations The types of communities we visited were a rural electrified community a rural un electrified farming community an urban school an urban electrified community and an urban un electrified community The demonstrations and technologies emphasized in each of the areas differed due to the financial and energy resources available to its people therefore different results were found in each of these communities Rural Electrified Community We conducted a preliminary visit to Okondjatu a village located in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia approximately

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